Hearted Youtube comments on Celtic History Decoded (@celtichistorydecoded) channel.
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I also have wondered why the Banshee wasn’t discussed more. When Colm talks about the Banshee, he says maybe she doesn’t wail, but just observes and takes notes, you have to start thinking about all the scenes with the Banshee in it. She enjoys gossip and stirring up trouble. When she is in the store with the lady who enjoys gossip, and then again outside the store, you never see anyone interact with her, do they even see her? When Siobhan is on the edge of the lake, the Banshee is waiving her over, Siobhan doesn’t have shoes on….I think she was contemplating taking her life, but then Dominic ends up drowned and it’s the Banshee who leads his father to his body. I think if you were to watch the movie again, with the Banshee in mind, you would see many little details like these. The inclusion of the Banshee gives the whole story a fable like quality. A brilliant movie…
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Interesting. Of course, I thought Mrs. McCormick was one of the Banshees. I didn’t think Siobhán was the other Banshee. I thought the other Banshee was the statue of the Virgin Mary.
The reason I think it wasn’t Siobhán, it was the statue, is because Gleason characterized the banshees as figures that “didn’t wail, but sat back and watched”. Siobhán, as a character, was too involved to fit that criteria.
But the statue of Virgin Mary, which is obviously quite spiritual and mystical and nature, silently presided above the town. It very much fit Gleason’s characterization.
I felt Mrs. McCormick represented, or connected the characters to a “dark” pre-Christian past.
And that The Virgin Mary represented the presence and prevalence of Christianity, and the societal troubles that revolves around it in their present Ireland.
McCormick, a living artifact of the past, and the statue, a lifeless monument to the forces of change that were imposed upon Irish.
McCormick was mystical, and in touch with the nature of things to a supernatural extent. She was so in tune with the tides of things that she could be called prophetic. She was a force of uncompromising, and often undesired, truth, however grim or bleak it may be.
And the Virgin Mary, a symbol for salvation, for reprieve, for comfort and for sanctuary from the unrelenting bleak hopelessness of their situation.
Rather than serving as a figure that would help people to cope with reality by confronting it’s ugliness, the Statue of the Virgin Mary served as a figure that helped people cope through her gentle placation.
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I'm an American from the South, which has always been (along with parts of New England) very ethnically homogeneous among the European derived population - mainly British, broadly speaking.
My maternal grandfather was an Englishman from the midlands, and he married an American from an Ulster Scot/German family. On my father's side, we are a mashup of English, Welsh, Scottish, and Irish, in approximately that order. I'm sort of a bastard son of the entirety of the British Isles :D
I would love to have some comprehensive genetic tests done, to compare to your excellent research; but I am wary of giving my genetic information to anyone lightly. Perhaps you could suggest some trustworthy sources that you might know of?
Thanks for all your work, I always look forward to new videos.
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Without having seen this video, or known much about banshees beforehand, it was clear to both me and my husband that the old woman doubled as a mythological figure - both real and archetypal at the same time. At times it also seemed like Dominic was something of the holy fool, which led us to wondering if all the figures were archetypal in some way. SO speculated the film was about depression at heart, and certainly the isolation and the tension of small communities, where horrors (domestic and sexual abuse in this one) are often known, yet go unchecked because the community does not know how to deal with them. But perhaps really the core relationship breakdown is a reflection of the civil war, as you point out, and Colm cutting off his fingers and preventing himself from doing the very thing he end his friendship with Padraic for, reflects the futility and sacrifice of civil war? Perhaps the fact that there are so many layers is what makes this such a good film though, and trying to fix on one meaning or another, or find a definitive reading, is actually a way of reducing the film. It’s certainly a film which warrants more than one watch, that’s for sure though.
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Just to be pedantic, sorry, but I am a biochemist, lactase is an enzyme that digests lactose (milk sugar), so that the calorific yield of milk digestion is maximised. In most mammals it is only present in the young, who are being suckled. In some humans this enzyme continues to be produced in adulthood so that drinking milk (from cows, goats etc) remains very metabolically profitable, this is 'lactASE persistence', which confers 'lactOSE tolerance' - there is no 'lactase tolerance'. It is very easy to confuse the names, though one being a sugar (lactose) and the other an enzymatic protein (lactase), they are very different chemically.
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Cool video Steven, Thankyou.
My family tree and ancestry, dna, is England (including north western France & Belgium) Wales, Scotland and Norway. I’ve already traced my Dads Welsh side back to The House of Mathrafal, and way further back to Afallach, the son of Beli Mawr. My Mother still insists on the story that my Nan passed on, that we are descended from Sir James Douglas of Lanarkshire, which I haven’t found a trace of yet. I love my Ancestry so much, its fascinating. Your Norway info, might be a lead I need to look into…but I’m not sure I’ll find a Viking in any records Lol 😆
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I had a discussion a few months ago with a Russian friend of mine about the Udmurt people, and he was saying that in Russia, the stereotype is for red-heads to be Jewish. Yet the Udmorts are anything but Jewish, mostly Orthodox, some other Christian denominations or Muslim. So they are a very notable exception to that Russian stereotype. You see, there was a Russian girl on our tennis team with gorgeous waist-length red hair that I was curious about... but it turns out she has a Muslim father from the Caucasus region, so not Jewish and not Udmort. I was also reading at the time the story "The Desert Lich" by Frank Belknap Long, where one of the characters is a Central Asian (presumably somewhere in central Russia) Muslim man with red hair. So while my friend insists red-heads in Russia are mostly Jewish, I had several examples to hand suggesting otherwise. But, you know, stereotypes... hard to shake them once you get them in your head.
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A really overlooked topic, and a great history, essentially swept under the carpet. The people of England are just as 'british' as any welshperson, and even today the Welsh still refer to England as Lloegr, the ancient name for the areas east of the severn, and south of the humber. The people were the Lloegrwys or Lloegrians, and were of the same ancient stock as the Cymry. When you consider that before 1700ad there was no celtic or even saxon consiousness in britain, you have to wonder what happened to our original histories, that celebrated victories over the Romans for example. Now the Romans are placed on a pedestal, everything dug up of any importance is immediately labelled Roman. NEVER British.....really strange....especially when a so called 'Roman' villa lies unexcavated in south Wales. This place is known to have been built for a British king 'in the roman style' and is dateable to around 200ad. Which is awkward, as we are supposed to be uncivilised 'celts', stomped over for 400yrs. Fishbourne roman palace gets funding and a visitor centre, Caermead gets turfed over. Skullduggery is rife in academia it seems🤔
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I was taking a zoom lecture for archaeology in University College Dublin when the lecturer claimed that the Celts never existed. That was the day i discovered Celtoscepticism, or as i like to call it, Celto-denialism.
His argument was that they never referred to themselves as Celts, and that they were never united. I argued that if those were the reasons to denie their existence, then you have to deny the existence of other language families and culture groups like Bantu, Polynesian, Micronesia, Melanesian, Mayans, Turkmen, and many others if you have to apply that logic to the Celts.
Instead of coming up with a good argument, he just went on about how culture and ethnicity has caused some of the worlds greatest atrocities (i would argue religion has done just as much). Seems like he's putting an agenda before facts and logic.
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Great video, thank you! Can you please do a video on the Celts of the Alps in Noricum? Likely the term Galatians is derived from Proto-Celtic *galnati (“to be able”). See also Κελτός (Keltós) and Latin Gallus, which might be from the same source. Even the name Portugal contains the same root (gal for Gaul i.e. harbour of the Gauls of port of the Celts). Even the name Britain is likely of Celtic origin. As Brittānia from the 1st century B.C.E., from Ancient Greek Πρεττανία (Prettanía), used by Diodorus, earlier νῆσος (nêsos) Πρεττανική (Prettanikḗ) or Βρεττανίαι (Brettaníai), used by Pytheas (4th century B.C.E.) of the entire archipelago now known as the British Isles. The Ancient Greek name is ultimately from a Celtic ethnonym, reconstructed as early Brythonic *Pritani, perhaps from a Proto-Celtic *Kʷritanī, *Kʷritenī, whence Welsh Prydyn (“Picts”), Old Irish Cruthne, Cru(i)then-túath (“Picts”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do”).
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At the battle of Glen Fruin around 350 to 400 of Clan Gregor's men defeated 800 of Colquhoun's men who were funded by King James VI to teach the MacGregor's a lesson. Although the MacGregor force were outnumbered at least two to one the battle ended up a rout for the MacGregor's, the Colquhoun dead numbered 150 to 200, there were only a handful of MacGregor deaths, one of them was John MacGregor the brother of the clan chief Allaster MacGregor of Glenstrae. 500 of Clan Colquhoun's men were on horseback and the remaining 300 were on foot, all of Clan Gregor's men were on foot.
The MacGregor men split into two forces, the main force led by Allaster and the second force was led by John MacGregor, as the two MacGregor forces closed in on the approaching Colquhoun's who were going up the centre of the glen. The mounted Colquhoun's were forced into the boggy ground at the head of the glen and the weight of horse and rider caused therm to sink into the bog, the rout had begun for the MacGregor's. After the battle the wives of the dead Colquhoun's dipped their husband's shirts in sheeps blood, the took them to Edinburgh and showed them to the king who couldn't stand the sight of blood, he believed what the women told him and he then proscribed Clan Gregor, they became nameless, landless and stateless and were forced to become outlaws to survive. In 1604 the chief, Allaster MacGregor and eleven opf his chieftains were hung at Edinburgh's market cross.
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it’s interesting because culturally speaking, the Picts did vastly differ from Britons, P Gaelic and Q Gaelic (Irish and Scots), certainly in artwork, but many sources seem to indicate that despite these differences in language and culture (a massive one being the decent of kings in Pictish culture being matriarchal, and not through only one line), they (for the most part) got a long well with the Scots, and the best researched and reasoned explanation for the end of the celts would have been the culture death, when Scottish nobles (and regular Scots) merged when they moved to the Pictish heartlands, to escape the increasing Viking raids in the west. At this point, I believe, the scots carried Christianity over too.
I can’t source this well so read this as any other you tube comment, simply as I cannot recall endless sources articles and documents I’ve accumulated my knowledge with, however a very very good read on this subject (with a good bibliography) is a book simply called ‘Picts’ (or the Picts?).
Cheers for the video, although my biggest question is where your accents from, I’m fully Scottish but for some reason I cant figure it out. It is quite soft, suggesting a northern accent, Aberdeenshire region, but something tells me it is more lowlands…. Any clues?
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OAP Here, I have DNA of all Four, British isles ,,Nations,,, I don’t think I need to Name um.. But I will.. Scottish., Irish , Welsh, English.. am British…..🏴😇🏴🥃🇬🇧🍺👍🍻🥃
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I am Irish and from the Northern Ireland border area (Monaghan).
in my honest opinion and based on my honest experience, the real and single root cause to the division of the 2 traditions in ireland and the big sticking point is the british monarchy.
now things have certainly festered and complicated over the years, but i would put it as the real and single source of the divide.
- many calm headed unionists could be persuaded into a united irish state with an all-ireland parliament + all-ireland government (in their eyes, effectively an extension of what stormont in belfast is).
- but losing the british monarchy as their head of state would be very hard for unionists to accept. it is everything that they stand for.
- that is the real love, affection and loyalty which unionists have. its not to westminster. its to the british crown. take the orange order and similar institutions. their reason for existence and loyalty is to the british crown.
the ulster plantation, the battle of the boyne, the formation of the orange order, it all happened before ireland was part of the uk, but under the british crown.
- remember also, an independent scotland would likely still have the british monarch as its head of state.
- but ofcourse in reverse, nationalist ireland would really struggle to have an involvement from the british monarchy and would want an all-ireland irish president.
thats the real conundrum.
remember the british monarchy is an exclusively protestant institution with the british monarch being the head of the church of ireland.
still today, if a catholic or any other member of a christian church or other religion were to marry into the british monarchy, they would need to leave their church or religion and join the anglican church. (not just the anglican church, but the church of england).
the reason i am saying all this is, if there is a real seriousness to reunite the island, the real reason for there to have been division in the first place, needs to be fully understood.
regarding an all-ireland flag / coat-of-arms / anthem, with time, these can be agreed on.
there is the harp, shamrock, arms of the 4 provinces and much older irish tunes which can be re-discovered to unite all irish people and from all traditions.
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Scythian connections?? Found this interesting in my research:
They have been called variously Scythians, Thracians, Cimmerians (and Kurgan Culture), Sarmatians, Cumans, Alans, Huns, Tatars, Turks, Slavs, Bulgars and Goths. In Saratov on the Lower Volga River in Russia, up to 1 in between 3 and 4 people possess this distinctive marker. In Slovenia, at the crossroads of Barbarian incursions into the Roman Empire, as many as 22% of the inhabitants carry it. It is also notable in Ashkenazi Jews, certain Mongols and some Turks. Minimal frequencies occur, on the other hand, in Asians like the Chinese or Indians. One minor branch is found in Malaysia and Australian Aboriginals, pointing to the relatedness of all humans. Another expansion centered on Egypt and became prominent among Berbers..
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I'm not an official "member" of any, but descended from Burns, Boyd, MacDonald, Murray, among others. Burns has been a confounding one concerning its origins. I have a lot of "cousins" from the Scottish Borders, but my Y-DNA now seems to point directly to the O'Bjorn/O'Beirnes "Burns" of Roscommon, Connacht, Ireland. So at least Boyd, MacDonald, and Murray among others.
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Very interesting. Let’s face it though - the Scythian origin story was never going to be anything more than myth. The Picts were Bell Beakers, the same as all North-West Europeans. It’s not only those 8 medieval samples that show it. If the Picts were Scythians, then Scythian DNA would show up in modern Scotts. It doesn’t.
It seems quite likely that the Picts were the northern end of a language-cultural-ethnicity continuum running from the North of Scotland to the South of England. Once Rome conquered the southern 2/3 of Britain, they built their wall(s), and they referred to the people in their imperial province of Britain as Britons, and came up with another name - Pict - for the Britons to the north of the Empire’s northern limit. It was quite possibly the Roman Empire that created an ethnic distinction between people who previously would have been a continuous series of Brythonic tribes north-to-south. It’s also interesting that the word Briton (Pritani in Brythonic Celtic) means Painted People also. The Roman word for the people to the North of the Empire has the same meaning, but in Latin instead of Brythonic.
It is also possible, however, that the Picts could have spoken a pre-Celtic Bell Beaker derived language? When the Celtic language/s entered Britain probably in the Iron Age, Celtic came to dominate, but perhaps in the far north the pre-existing language survived? I can’t remember where, but I saw something reported from some genetics/linguistics paper somewhere that seemed to suggest that as a possibility. If that were the case, then that probably would mean an ethnic split between a Britonic south and Pictish far north even before the Romans split the island. That has a certain romantic appeal. But if I had to bet, I would bet it was the Romans what done it…
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Very deep, man. I read a fictional history novel called the Bard, thar explained the Scottish/Irish (Gaelic) origin, with Mil and Armegin and in that order and if one look at the migration of the Proto Indo Europeans/Celtic people you see a pattern there. Perhaps traces of the Scythians and even the Cimmerians in Britain and Iberia and even the America's. A bit fringey but, it maybe a good look at, though, I was wondering, with all my rambling, if you can look at the journeys of St. Brandon, the Bless and Henry Sinclair and and alleged voyages the the connections to America, especially withe with the socalled Durhare and what was known as a Great Ireland. Just a suggestion, and thanks for the history and of part my culture. Slania😊✌️
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The opening paragraph from Alfred The Great's Anglo Saxon Chronicle from the 1st century AD says
The Island of Britain is 800 miles long and 200 miles broad. And there are in the Island 5 nations ; English, Welsh (British), Scottish, Pictish and Latin. The 1st inhabitants were the Britons (Welsh), who came from Armenia and peopled Britain Southward. Then happened it, that the Picts came South from Scythia, with longships, not many, and landing 1st in the North part of Ireland, they told the Scots that they must dwell there. But they wouldn't give them leave, for the Scots told them that they could not all dwell there together ; "But", said the Scots, "we can nevertheless give you advice. We know another Island to the East. There you may dwell, if you will, and whosoever with standeth you, we will assist you, that you may gain it". Then went the Picts and entered this land Northward. Southward the Britons possessed it, as we before said. And the Picts obtained wives of the Scots, on condition that they chose their Kings always on the female side ; which they have continued to do, so long since. And it happened, in the run of years, that some party of Scots went from Ireland into Britain, and acquired some portions of this land. Their leader was called Reoda, from whom they are named Dalreodi (or Dalreathians).
I have also heard tales that an Egyptian princess called Scotia went to Ireland or Scotland which were both considered Scottish at that time and lived out her life there. And that her Burial site is in Ireland. Apparently the Egyptians called Brigit's Isles ; The Isle of the Dead because it was always covered in mist and exceedingly cold
The Scythians did not originate in the Ukraine/Russia. They came from the Northern part of the Israelite's province's and were part of the 12 tribes and in probability came from Scythopolis before they made their mass exidos and eventually made their way to the Slavic countries and spoke a Slavik Yiddish. Before going further North into Sweden and West into Scotland. They were on average the 6ft tall, blue eyed, and blonde haired Ashkenasi who brought with them their skills in fine metalwork. Before they were Israelites they came from Turkey and Iran and they were Aryians.
You are featured on one of Robert Sepehr"s (anthropologist) youtube videos entitled Secret History of the Scythians & Lost Tribes 😁
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Another great video filled with detail and an excellent presentation, thank you.
So I’ve taken probably to many dna test and played around in some calculators. The results I get from the main players, such as 23&me, Ancestry and FTDNA, show up as Norwegian, British and Swedish. British being mostly English with some Scottish, depending on the company, and a little Irish, and Welsh. This is more or less what I new about my family.
Now when I get into some of the other companies and calculators, that’s when things like Balitic, Asian or Native American, most definitely Sami, start to show up. Hints of Roma trail as well. The biggest take away though is the high Celtic dna I get quite often in these calculators, which have their biases and limitations, but when you see a continuous pattern and then studies and videos like this come out, it makes sense. Celtic from my British, Celtic from a bit of German and French I have and then Celts in Sweden and Norway. Man exciting, but exhausting sometimes. 😂
I hope by sharing my findings and videos like this will help people in their ancestry quest.
Thanks again:)
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Love your interpretation. I saw this a a kind of fable as well; the characters not so much characters as representations. One key theme I did not hear you describe is Denial, which comes up in so many ways. "there are no banshees here" for example. Ignorance about the civil war in the background. Colm's denial of pain, well everyone's denial of pain. As for the title, your take is interesting; maybe there's a double meaning... I took it to mean the island of Erin, or Ireland itself; and the drama representing a psychodrama of Ireland struggling with its own story of pain, having suffered centuries of oppression, and finally thrown off the oppressor, descending into its own civil war, friend against friend. But denying the tension and pain this causes, right up to the point of sacrificing life itself. And in the way of perpetuating conflict, the counterposing of the banshee herself against the symbols of catholicism that abound, the co existence or even battle between the ancient spirits and the church.
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I am a green-eyed, very freckled redhead. I am Irish and German on my dad's side, but I have, surprisingly, my Italian mother's coloring (except she didn't have freckles). Her father, grandfather, and many relatives many generations back, all pure Italian both maternal and paternal, were all redheads. And this is southern Italian -- Naples and Salerno -- not northern Italy, where I understand people are fairer in coloring. I'm guessing it is somehow due to a Viking/Norman ancestor? (BTW, no redheads on my dad's side of the families -- all blue-eyed and with either blonde or light brown hair, which is what my siblings had.) I've been researching this for a couple of years but would welcome ideas from my brother and sister redheads. Redheads rule!
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My father's mother (Jane Rankin Rennick) was born in Broomhouse (which is now a part of Glasgow) in 1902 The Scottish surnames that I have found are Stewart, Paterson, Aitchison, Rankin, Thomson, Fife, Brown, Black, Millar, and Walker. The areas that her branches are from are Lanarkshire, Clackmannanshire, and Ayrshire. Although her mother (Agnes Aitchison) was born at Burns of Carnock in the parish of Carnock, Fifeshire, her father (James Thomson Aitchison) came from Coatbridge, Lanarkshire to Dollar, Clackmannanshire, where he married Jane Rankin, then they moved to Carnock, Fifeshire, then moved back to Coatbridge. where the youngest two children were born.
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I know that my Scottish origins are mostly Norman, I would like to know about, the Setons, Montgomery, Douglas, Hamilton, Maxwell, Irwin, McCall, Grierson, Bruce, Sinclair, Stewarts and Stuarts (any difference?). Thank you so much for your specialized knowledge,
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Long live Scotland 🏴 and love to all my female Scottish Matriarchs:
Jaine Jane Jean Glas Glass
Born: 1570 Edinburgh, Scotland (Central Lowland)
Death:
Issobel Liddalil Ure (Anglicized: Black)
Born: 1605 Edinburgh, Scotland (Central Lowland)
Death: ? Scotland
Margaret Wairdendownie Anderson
Born: 1650 Culross, Scotland (Northwest Lowland)
Death: 1728 Culross, Scotland (Northwest Lowland)
Dame Elizabeth Dunbar
Born: 1677 Inverness (Isle of Sky), Scotland or Aberdeenshire, Scotland (Northeast Highland/Lowland)
Death: 1756 Edinburgh, Scotland (Central Lowland)
Lucia Anna Gordon
Born: 1700 Iverness (Isle of Sky), Scotland or Moray (Drainie), Scotland (Northeast/Southern Highland)
Death: 1725 or 1726 Screven, Georgia
Effie Mary Maclean
Born: 1726 Inverness, Scotland (Northeast Highland)
Death: 1843 Walton, Florida or Laurel Hill (Okaloosa), Florida
Margaret Campbell
Born: 1754 Strathglass, Scotland (Northwest Highland)
Death: ? North Carolina
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Excellent video. Greetings from ireland. ❤ i can confirm that irish and Latin are riddled with cognate words.....cred...to believe, mara...the sea, capall....horse, luain....the moon, coinin....rabbit, con....hound, marbh....death, Dé.....god, the numbers, days of the week, etc etc. Interesting when u remember the Romans never conquered ireland.
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hey there, i am portuguese and as far as i am aware my ancestors lived in portugal since the end of the 18 century, my dad is 75 y talish, 1,80cm in is 20s, green eyes. my mom 65 y 1,65 cm, in her 20s, and brown eyes, i am 28 y 1,87 cm brown eyes and hair, so i think apart from height i do represent the portuguese population, i did a ancestry test myancestry dna and i was 31% portuguese, 30% northen and west european, 15% italian, 14% sardinian, 5% northen african, 4% british and 1% nigerian, precentages are rounded. taking in consideration that napoleans army spent weeks in my area discounting on the sardinian, northen european and italian side i do belive that portuguese people ar 35% portuguese/iberian 15% french, 10% german, 10% british, 10% arabs, 10% italians 4% Jewish 1% african 5% flamish/ belgians
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MacDonnachaidh- Robertson, Mackenzie, Johnston, Fisher, Murray, Rollo Kirkcaldy, Grey, Brown,
😂 Could you do Irish too? Norman Gael & Ulster Scots?
O'Neills & Úneill- MacNeill,especially?
Then maybe Wales?
Rhys, Ellis & the Joneses...
What about Cornwall?😂
Moyles etc...
And the Midlands?
Ok I'll shut up now.
You're work & channel is alot of fun & amazing! Thankyou!
Slàinte mhòr agad.
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Although, penned centuries later by the wisp of Ayr. I say " Wha for Scotland's king and law, Freedom's sword will strongly draw, Freeman stand, or freemen fa', Caledonia ! on wi' me ! " All the best, from Charleston, South Carolina. Where , it was said by my great, great grand father, " an insult will not finish leaving your mouth before you be meeting the ground." Care to guess from whence he came.
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DNA has really helped us to understand the history of the British home nations. While some haplogroups are too general to furnish ties with particular tribes, others can still provide some insight. I'm no expert, but most of the research papers I have seen implied that the 'average' English person is about 38% Frisian (and Dane Viking), 30% Brythonic Celt, 20% Northwest European (N.France & W.Germany), 6% Norwegian Viking, the remainder is mainly Iberian derived. This is pretty similar to the average Lowland Scot. Interestingly, the Brythonic and pre-Brythonic population is higher in Cornwall and Devon, but still very similar to the English average. Also noteworthy, there is much more diversity between the acknowledged Celtic nations, which would seem to support more of a cultural link. Useful video!
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About three weeks ago my DNA results came , they also sent me printed letter to explain a few things, my results told me that my heritage is a very high 81% Anglo Saxon, the Angles, Saxon's and Jutes From South Denmark and Northern Germany. 9% Southern Sweden 10% Norwegian, a bit of a mixture, but they all settled in what is now England. As for Celts or early Britons most were driven out of what is now England or simply killed off, so very little if any DNA remains. The Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Danes who occupied England first unified about 927 AD out of previous Kingdoms of Saxons Jutes and Angles. Athelstan being the first King of England but it wasnt called England until around 1000AD the it was first referred to as Engla Land two words prior to that it was the Land of the Angles or Saxons and part of Land of the Danes, collectively Anglia, and yes I am a Historian.
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Very interesting. I really like this video. Ill watch the red hair video next.
The current chief of my clan is Robin Malcolm who lives in Duntrune Castle in County Argyle. Our clan has a connection to clan Campbell. In 1685, Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyle, led a rebellion in protest to a Catholic becoming King of Britain. Archibald was caught, tried, and beheaded. As far as we know, John Neil McCollum, my ancestor, was in that rebellion. He was sentenced to be "transported" to New Jersey to work on the king's plantation. Do you know what my family would look for in a DNA test?
Also, my Daddy was a redhead as were 3 of my brothers. My Daddy had hazel eyes. They were kinda a mix of brown and blue. 2 of my brothers had red hair/blue eyes. I was blond with blue eyes. Also, my blood type is A and RH negative. I only bring up the RH factor because it's rare but very common in Red heads and blue eyes and Scotland is one of the nations where RH negative is more common, like the Basque region, and since Rh negative is recessive it must run in my family.
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My mother comes from clan Lamont. I have done quite a bit of family history. My grandfather Lamont could name his clan chiefs. They came from Skye. My 4th great grandfather, Murdoch Buie Lamont was born circa 1725 in Valtos, on the East side of the Isle of Skye, in the district of Trotternish. He was son of John Lamont, and John was noted to be living in Valtos in 1733.
Family historian William Dawson Lamont said of Murdoch Buie Lamont, that "he is said to have built boats and violins. He must have been an interesting character, as he joined the unofficial contingent which followed Bonnie Prince Charlie in the '45. This would place his birth at perhaps 1725, surely not later than 1730. The name of his wife is unknown, and we have no information of children other than Malcolm."
Murdoch's son Malcolm Lamont emigrated to Prince Edward Island in 1829, and he was accompanied by his nephew Murdoch Lamont, so we know for certain, that Murdoch Buie Lamont had at least one other son on Skye.
As for "Buie", Murdoch's middle name, this points to the probability that Buie was his mother's maiden name. If so, than she would no doubt have come from the Isle of Colonsay, where the name is common, being spelled in various different fashions, Bue, Buie, Bowie, etc.
In days gone by, it was traditional for Scottish boys to "Name their Chief". This meant memorizing by heart, the names of all their ancestors before them, and how they were related to their chief. Consequently, Murdoch Buie Lamont learned that he was son of John, son of Duncan, son of Donald, son of Murdoch, son of Duncan, son of Kenneth Lamont.
Fortunately for modern genealogy, this tradition was kept alive by the descendants of Murdoch Buie Lamont, and the descendants of the Lamonts who emigrated to the new world still know their ancestery by heart, even today."
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Its an interesting question. I dont really think the people of Scotland today are related to Scythians. I think this came from the idea in the bible that the Scythians were related to one of the lost tribes of Israel. In the middle ages it was seen as important and gave people, especially of royal descent, great prestige, to describe themselves as being descended from people who came from the holy land. The land or people that Jesus came from. People of the bible. When the declaration of Arbroath was written, it included a letter asking the pope for his recognition of the legitimacy of Robert the Bruce as the rightful heir to the Scottish throne, and Scotland to be recognised as an independent country.
If the pope agreed to this, (which he did) then it was hard for anyone to disagree with it. To help put forward their point, and argue Scotlands case, a long list of kings in a line of descent was given, which went way back beyond the first king of Scotland , Kenneth MacAlpine. It names lots of supposed kings going back to a line of Scythian kings. I dont think there is any real evidence of these names being really connected to Scotland, or if these people really existed. This was done to show how legitimate, and also how holy the line was. It was meant to show the Scottish line of decent goes back to the holy land.
Scotland was not the only country to do this at the time. Lots of other royal lines claimed to show descendants from the lost tribes of Israel, and other people in the holy land and bible. They did it to give them more legitimacy, and so their kings could say they were ordained by God.
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I think the Welsh and the Irish were, in the beginning, the same people.
I believe they sojourned up from the Basque people of Spain, just like
Bede said.
But thousands of years ago, the British Isles was still connected to Europe, so they didn't
boat over, they walked to the new land and settled in.
As ice caps melted further up north, the land mass began to flood,
creating the Celtic Sea, & English Channel, and causing the British Isles to separate from Europe.
And lastly, the Irish Sea separating the two groups: Irish on one side,
the Welsh on the other.
Only God knows exactly how they first arrived, but one thing for sure, at some time
in the distant past, the British Isles were not isles at all,
but was connected to the European land mass.
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Im a example of a melting pot 😂 , born in nz, father brit with blue blood found out he was english,scots,french,and some Indian and persian from everyone going all over the place.
Even on my mothers side her great grandfather brother married a lady from ghana , mother french english,Italian,beligian,viking,welsh
But im 40 percent french which was a shock, heard Portuguese could be in there aswell
I thought my father was just a brit because he came from a high up family in uk but because everyone was military they loved woman and travel 😂 so we got intresting results even relations to st george ❤
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Very interesting video that explains well influences on Irish DNA, in fact I'd love more detail on this Irish DNA Atlas research. One thing I didn't realise, and isn't that obvious, especially to those with just modern knowledge of Ireland and the state of affairs on the island would be to think that because of the proximity to Scotland Ulster would have more Scottish (even though the name Scotland actually comes from an Irish tribe, the Scotia).
Obviously there was the Kingdom of the Dal Riata that existed between the 5th and 9th centuries that contained the North East Antrim coast and the West coast of Scotland, but after the Norman invasion of Ireland with the backing of Henry II, with Strongbow (the military leader not the cider) Ulster was the province that remained the most under the control of the Irish clans and kept their language and customs.
This is why when it was subdued and finally conquered it was planned, first privately in Counties Antrim and Down in the time of Elizabeth I, and then latterly in the other counties of Ulster in the reign of James I was a way to reward his Scottish supporters with new lands and as a way to remove some troublesome sheep raider families from the border regions of England and Scotland, but before this time it was the most Gaelic of all the Irish provinces, which is ironic because today it is still part of the UK (6 counties out of the 9, Cavan, Monaghan, and Donegal being the only 3 in the Republic), and something that surprised me massively when doing some genealogical research into a not very distant relative in my family tree. I had always thought that this wouldn't have been the case.
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Hi there,
I’ve got loads of old family documents, family trees and books even. My father’s family crossed over to The Antrim Coast and Belfast City from Scotland 🏴 but I don’t know if it was during The Ulster Plantation of King James I/VI or after. My grandmother was born in Belfast as were her parents and grandparents.
On my mother’s side, my mother is a Wallace. My Wallace family came to The American Colonies and Canada from Ballymena, NI. Some of my ancestors were from Inverness, Argyle, Rothesay Bute, Skye and many more from the Lanarkshire area.
One family document tells quite a story of a Clan Buchanan battle fought and won in Argyle. Some were the victims of Clearances having sided with Bonnie Prince Charlie in The 45/46 and had their lands confiscated and gifted to The Duke of Argyle which was odd considering they were “staunch Presbyterians.” They too moved back and forth between Scotland and Ireland before emigrating North America. Most settled in Pennsylvania, The Carolinas and Canada. This “Gailey Family document reports turmoil in Scotland and in Ireland but that some of the family remained in Scotland or returned. My maternal great grandmother was a Gailey and she was the one who had all of the detailed documents. I have them all now and everything points to constant conflict and hardship as the reason for their leaving Scotland and Ireland.
I have traveled over to Scotland and NI frequently since I was a teenager, about 30 years, just returned to The USA in October after a month in Scotland, The Outer Hebrides and NI.
Really enjoy your videos and learning about my ancestors and what life was like for the poor souls.
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@celtichistorydecoded That sounds great and we're looking forward to it. I am in the same boat with all other amateurs, so unfortunately I have no real advice on how to go about these things. I follow the archeogenetics studies, I consider any genealogy I can get my hands on, I have a Big Y-700 and autosomal test through FamilytreeDNA which I upload to anywhere freely accepting of it. I make use of linguistics, etymology, and surnames in a schizophrenic manner. Aside from concrete genealogy and genetic testing, it's all just tossing stones in the dark 🤷🏼 I'm relying on intuition/instinct through most of this because although I have genealogy mapped out extensively, my paternal line is a gray area. My paternal grandfather's surname was Morey/Morrey, which I haven't come across in genetic testing in the 3 years that I've been after this. My closest surnames matches paired with haplogroup subclades I'm downstream from are: (newest to oldest surnames/subclades) Whitehead>Keeton/Keating>McKenzie>Matheson
There are others I match close with as well though we don't share the same subclade branches 🤯
Scaledinnovation.com has been an invaluable tool as well.
I wish I had something of substance to add but I am just a normal guy working with what I've got!
Best of luck 🤞🏼 In my opinion, there are not enough folk interested in such things, I'd like to see more participation from those like myself.
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A Grandfather came over on the first ship with passengers for Selkirk, Manitoba, Canada. He was Alexander Gunn and his wife was Christian (either Fraser or Gordon). Christian died of typhus when they landed and Alexander and his second son (William), moved on to Ontario during the Pemmican Wars, he later married a McBeath. After him, his oldest son came to Manitoba with his wife, Nancy Anna Sutherland. We are related (on this side), to Sutherland's, McBeath's, Ross's, Sinclair's...most of the highland settlers. Even my paternal Grandmother's Metis side goes back to Scottish settlers. 💙
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Clan MacFarlane, Clan MacDonnachaidh, Clan Crawford, Clan Hunter, Clan Scott, Clan Lennox, Clan Calder, Clan MacAllister, Clan Wishart, Clan Baillie, Clan MacAulay, Clan Chaomanach, Clan Tuite, Clann Olachtna
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I think the important thing about the name of the island is how placenames work in Irish, i.e. Inish means island, Inishmore is derived from Inish-Mór, "Mór" meaning big, big-island. If you break it down like that its Inish Erin, Erin being a traditional name for Ireland itself, derived from the name of the goddess Éiru. So the film is not just about a wee island off the coast, its a commentary on Ireland in its totallity, its about the darkness that would follow it into independence and haunts it today with its current economic, political and social woes, about the failure of the Irish revolution and the Hauntology of the lost Gaelic socialist republic that the Martyrs of 1916 and the generations that followed them fought and died for.
The Banshee and the meaning of the Banshee is very explicitly outlined in the scene where Brendan Gleeson's character explains why he called the song he created The Banshees Of Inisherin. "Banshees don't need to scream anymore..." I don't really think you need to know much more about it than just what's said in the text of the film itself to get that part.
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I've built my family tree, it wasn't that difficult once you work out your recent relatives I mean grandparents, great grandparents. It might sound odd but many people don't know their grandparents, and definitely don't know their great grandparents. I was born in Malta, and as I said once you get through the recent relatives it's easy to go further via church records that a Mr. Adami recorded by copying church records from each church. The problem of course is missing records, and with Maltese people the habit of naming children after Joseph and Mary, and the many very common surnames. So far, my ancestors are holding up by dna testing. As far as the ethnicity of my ancestors, it's not important to me, and anyway I use G25 coordinates and Yahaduo to work out my ancient ancestry from Neolithic farmers, Steppe herders, HGs ....
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Braxton, Ferguson, McDonald, Stewart, Bruce, Irwin, Keith, Sinclair, Campbell, Hunter, McDaniel, McAlpin, Douglas & (Walker, but I think that was a sub clan of the McGregor’s? Not sure!) There are others but I would have to look them up!
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I have green eyes very pale skin jet black hair same as my dad, mum strawberry blonde, very pale skin, blue eyes, sister black hair, blue eyes pale skin, brother fair haired blue eyes fair skin, husband blonde hair, brown eyes fair skin, son fair skin, medium brown hair, blue eyes
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Congratulations, good explanation, I really appreciated, thanks! But, I still think that european H, V, J, T, U, K mtdna (and their autosomal features) does also have effect on north european blue eye tendency. Additionally, my grandfather had ice blue eyes (possibly from his maternal side), but my father and my uncle has hazel eyes and I have light brown eyes. I am a turkmen originated turkish man.
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Im mexican, and I have hazel eyes, as well as my three brothers, my DNA test from 23 and me is 58% Iberian from Galicia and Basque from Spain, 48% indigenus from central Mexico and 2% black from Congo central Africa. 2% french, my father has hazel eyes, my mother has green eyes, my granfhader and may granmother form my fhader side, they have both brown eyes, my granfaher from my mother side blue eyes, and my gran mother from my mother side gray eyes, I Love your videos.
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I actually like the story in the Channing Tatum movie The Eagle. Where, after the battle, instead of fighting their way back to the wall, the Roman soldiers scattered across the land, getting some independent villages to take them in, and after a while they married barbarian women, had kids, started families, etc. Nice to think, though they lost the battle and were trapped behind enemy lines, they made the best of it and had fruitful lives.
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To answer your question, I just looked in the mirror. I’d always assumed my eyes were brown but never really thought about it .
I could see some Green around the circumference of my irises, so I ask my wife of 30-odd years -
Hazel, she says without hesitation. Right. I have brown in my passport, driver’s licence and anywhere else such things are recorded. Fancy finding something out about yourself in your 50s! But for great looking eyes, my wife takes the biscuit. A light-mid grey, that like the song says, sometimes looks blue and sometimes looks green.
I’ve never really thought about my eye colour, other than when asked for ID purposes, and I’ve always said brown. 😀 I do notice other people’s eyes because as a sometime artist, I find the human eye one of the most beautiful objects in this world. I just never really thought about mine.
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Although I'm a R1b, supposedly with some R1a via genealogy, I really hope there's some Western Hunter Gatherer still knocking about in there.
As to the theories:
Although logical, there isn't any greater evidence of WHG coming through the matriarchal DNA, as far as I know. So I'm not convinced of the 'kill all the men and take all the women' theory. I still think there's a larger underlying 'failure to reproduce' issue here; whether that is the WHGs were already teetering on the edge of extinction (like our Neanderthal cousins before them) or a viral pandemic carried by the Yamnaya that principally effected the WHGs, or a massive and immensely effective genocide.
The genocide theory seems too centralised and too based on a massive cultural investment of all Yamnaya in removing the 'natives'; although possible we're not finding mass war graves (as yet).
The 'technological superiority' theory doesn't hold in any way true as better technology always assimilates into earlier cultures after the shock of the new is absorbed, eg: the horse and the gun into Native American culture.
Lactose tolerance would also have been assimilated genetically by interbreeding (if people from the two cultures interbred, as did Homo Sapien and Neanderthal before) after a few generations, no surprise that our first herder ancestors developed lactose tolerance. Not convinced that WHGs all committed suicide by drinking milk either.
The jury is still out on this ... I'm edging closer to the 'plague' idea though, which might explain why we're not finding inhumations or cremations of WHGs. You die the survivors simply walk away from the body, no ceremony, just fear.
If anyone knows of any relatively up-to-date scientific/academic research relating to this mystery, that is publicly available (no space aliens or ancient Atlanteans, thank you) I'd be really interested to know.
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I thought the same thing after I saw the movie - why no mention of even the one bean sídhe? I liked the comment made in the film that they don't scream any more, they just quietly watch. I forget who says this though - maybe Colm?
The film was also made an Achill Island off of Co. Mayo. Any hilly areas in the film, like Colm's house or the pub, I think, were filmed on Achill. Inishmore has cliffs around much of the island and is flat or gently rolling on top, with a lot of glacial carved rock. Pádraig's and Siobhán's cottage is on Inishmore.
I loved the film and so did my husband. I thought setting it against the backdrop of the Irish Civil War and so much senseless death dealt by friend against friend, neighbor against neighbor, etc. was brilliant. Maybe the banshees are quiet now because they're all screamed out from potato famines to Irish uprisings to civil war, and on and on. Too much death, even for a banshee to deal with.
The acting was fantastic. I knew what to expect from Gleeson and Farrell - love their work, especially Gleeson's - but I had never seen Kerry Condon before, and when I saw Barry Keoghan I realized I had seen him at least in Dunkirk and The Killing of a Sacred Deer, also with Farrell. But they were both great. I especially loved the character of the wise fool, poor Dominic. It was heartbreaking but not unexpected that one so vulnerable as he might end up dead somehow, whether by suicide or accident. I have to confess that I was equally sad about the untimely death of Jenny, Pádraig's adorable mini donkey. Awww, Jenny.
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Alabamian here. I found out that I’m 46% Scots. Some of my family names are Ingram, Denson, Johnson, Johnstone, Bell, Blair, Patterson, Wright, Scott, Mureheid, Fergus, Smith/Smythe, and Grant.
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I was born in Barcelona 77 years ago, my AVI, POP his nickname was EL VIKINGO.
he was blonde and blue eyes, so were his 3 daughters, the youngest, my mum.
I have blue eyes, my late husband had hazel eyes, we produced, 1 brown eye,
1 green eye and 2 blue eyes. It's so interesting, I have lived in OZ since I was 14.
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I am from Spanish/Catalan heritage, my grand parents had blue eyes, their 3 daughters
one, my mum, all blue eyes, grand children 4, all blue eyes, including me, I married a
hazel eye man, no longer on this earth plane, we had, 2 children with blue eyes , like
me and 2 hazel like my hubby, the 2 with hazel eyes married brown eyes, these
children 4 of my grand children, have brown eyes, the other 2, blue eyes, it's nice
to see, once you marry different colour eyes it's amazing how it changes.
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Westros and Easteros were inspired by Wester Ross and Easter Ross, where the author literally went for inspiration! Also at 0:53 I see a Red Banner with 3 Lions, the Great Clan Ross ruled by the War Master and Chief the Earls of Ross (1st which being Fearchar the Son of the Priest) has 3 Lions on a Red Background as our Crest. Go Check out the 1st Stuart Kings 2nd Wife's Dress, a Queen Consort Ross, it's Red with 3 Lions because that is our Pedigree! There was a Queen Ross in France at some point, and we sided with the French against the English in the 100 Years War at Times, but the picture at 53 shows that Clan Ross Battle Flag, but everyone refuses to talk about us, and has some real Hatred for Ross, kind of seems like this Guy from this Channel has a Problem with Ross if he will make a Video like this and never mention Westeros is Wester Ross, and how the Author literally went their for Inspiration!
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I've dreamed of Brighid occasionally. For some reason in my late 20s i started having these 'goddess' dreams. And the other goddess i've dreamed of is whom i simply call the 'cow goddess' and i tend to identify her with Hathor for obvious reasons, yet both Brighid and Hathor are both identified with cattle .. mothering, nurturing, and fertility. And i've dreamed of both in threefold form also ... the main identifiers being that in the Brighid dreams there is always some reference to her red/golden hair, and with the cow goddess dreams she always shows as half woman, half cow or just as a cow and there is nearly always water in those dreams also, like a river, canal, or lake. One time she was a cow with three faces. And with Brighid, she has appeared more than once as three sisters or close female friends, and In those dreams she always seems to write my name in a book, and on two occasions carries a musical instrument. They seem to show up when there's a romantic interest in my life.
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Hazel eyes from the US. My DNA says I am 20% Spanish, 30% Scottish, 12% Northern European, 2% North African, 1% Indigenous Puerto Rican and the rest English, Irish and Welsh. Typical American, or what we call Heinz 57! We are all from somewhere else! My paternal grandmother, my father, my brother and myself all have hazel eyes. My brothers three children all have hazel eyes. My sister has brown eyes, but her three children have hazel eyes as well.I had no idea it was a rarity, as it is so common in my family. Thank you @celtichistorydecoded!
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Lots of clans in my ancestry, 18 identified on paternal side, at least 2 on maternal. Most recent ancestors had the names of Fernee, Reid, Wilson and Wallace, with Campbell. Bruce, Stewart, Robertson, Mackintosh and Mackenzie a bit further back, and even more further back than that. I've traced most of my ancestral lines back to at least my 6x great grandparents, some even further back than that.
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I have hazel eyes. I was born in England but I am 25% Northern Irish, 25% Scottish (Isles of Skye and Lewis, and Aberdeenshire) and 50% English (Northumbria, Wiltshire, Shropshire and Yorkshire). My Dad also had hazel eyes, his parents had blue and green eyes. My Mum has brown eyes and so did both her parents. Two of my sisters along with my brother have brown eyes, my youngest sister has blue eyes. We all tan easily and I have been mistaken for being Spanish, Greek, Cypriot, and Yugoslavian. However, I do believe it is down to Celtic DNA. Scottish names from my ancestry are McLean, McLeod, McMillan, Duncan, and Fowler.❤
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My surname is Lamb, but my paternal grandfather's surname is Scurr, and I can trace his ancestor to Aberdeen whose surname is Smith.
But the funny thing is, I did the FamilyTreeDNA Big-Y and it turns out I match with three people bearing the Keith surname, with one claiming to be a direct descendant of the Earl Marischal line.
Hervey de Keith, the supposed founder of the clan, is suspected to be a Norman/French knight that came to Scotland and became Marischal. My Y-DNA is: R-FTE46171. Which is a subclade of the broader U152 and L2 subclades, which are most commonly found in France and the rest of the West European Continent.
I conclude I'm possibly a descendant of Clan Keith, and I might of never knew without taking this Y-DNA test. But that's still a maybe, as I also match with a Fergusson and two Gourlay(s). They all match with me very closely, with common ancestors ranging from 1300-1600, and they all have some connection to Aberdeen.
Interesting, yet a little confusing 😅
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I don't know if I have any clan affiliation, I'd be very interested to find out. My g-g-g grandparent are E'Lillis MacPherson, Birth 1802 • Brannockburn, Scotland/ Marriage,1 Apr 1822 • Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland to John Downie, Birth 20 Apr 1804 • Edinborough, Scotland. Their first child was born 15 months later, July 1823, in Montréal, Quebec, Canada. I've always wondered what was going on in Scotland at that time that prompted them to move to Canada.
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I am a blue eyed blonde with a Finn/Swede descent father and a Norman, Saxon, Welsh, Scot, English, French, German, Swede, Dane, Norwegian, Italian, Castilian and Middle Eatern mother.
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Awesome video! I really believe that "she" is important on the matter of the meaning behind the film. As watching it, because of the dialogue, I made a connection between the bombs of the war in the continent and the screams of the banshees as a sign of dead. But, in Brazil, where I'm from, the title of the movie was translated to "Os Banshees de Inisherin", as if the "banshees" were male figures, and it leads to an incomplet understanding of the movie and the importance of the character of Mrs. McCormick on it!
Luckly, I'm a huge mitology entusiast and, in my researches on the movie, I found your video, and it gave me a deeper understanding on the magic of this movie I really liked!
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Hi, film/theatre student here! My interest is piqued by the other Japanese mask in Colm's house. It comes from Noh theater and while it is less striking than the Oni Baba mask, it has a lot of significance. Noh theater is, much like the film, intended to be slow, spiritual, folk-lore based and meditative, contrasting Kabuki which is sort of an everyman's version, much more crowd pleasing and accessible to understand. Anyway, in Noh theater the actor puts on their mask and embodies his character from that moment on. The masks are designed in a way that, depending on how you tilt the face, they take on different expressions. I think this speaks a lot to Colm's character. He looks the same as he always did but when he turns you see nuance, like his pain or fear. For masked Noh actors, the performance begins in the dressing room when the mask is put on. Colm's adoption of his new philosophy/persona took place in private, with others unaware of the change, if there was one. As in o theater, only the main and supporting actors interact with masks, as in the film, and supporting characters wear themselves more plainly. Like a Noh actor he's sort of fused to his mask, one that looks pretty similar to "real life" but reveals key differences over there...I'm by no means an expert and there are probably a lot of other similarities between Japan and Ireland that the director hints at that I haven't even picked up on. The Great Kanto Earthquake was also in 1923, so maybe McDonagh was thinking of cultural parallels there….Food for thought✨🤗
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Though I live in America, I have lots of Scottish roots and connections. Some of the surnames from which I descend are (Donnachaidh) Robertson, Davidson, Fotheringham, Lawson, Muir, Brown, Pitkethly, Gordon, Malcolm, Hutchinson, Constable, Barclay, and many, many more!
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This is a deeply, profoundly spiritual film. Theologically, it is worth considering that, in the order of virtue, the four cardinal virtues are preceded by the three theological virtues; those being Faith, hope and charity (love) which are Divine in origin.
The Divine towers over this film from the cinematography (God wrote two books; scripture and nature), the ever present Crucifix, Our Lady's statue and the donkey symbolising Christ's entry into Jerusalem. Despite this 'presence' the locals are blinded to this reality, blinded to life; note the absence of children and infants throughout, sinful behaviour being barren, sterile.
Where virtue is absent, the opposite takes it's place, even among His anointed (note the conduct of the priest at confession). We witness gossip, abuse, mutilation, rejection, isolation and profanity. We Irish are well-versed with what the Banshee represents and this informs our childhood.
This is an unsettling, masterpiece and one can draw many parallels with what we encounter today in the secular realm. In the order of virtue, Faith comes first, without which there is no hope and no love. Ne timeas +.
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