Comments by "Stella Maris" (@SuperGreatSphinx) on "Al Jazeera English"
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Israeli law is based mostly on a common law legal system, though it also reflects the diverse history of the territory of the State of Israel throughout the last hundred years (which was at various times prior to independence under Ottoman, then British sovereignty), as well as the legal systems of its major religious communities.
The Israeli legal system is based on common law, which also incorporates facets of civil law.
The Israeli Declaration of Independence asserted that a formal constitution would be written, though it has been continuously postponed since 1950.
Instead, the Basic Laws of Israel (Hebrew: חוקי היסוד, ħuqey ha-yesod) function as the country's constitutional laws.
Statutes enacted by the Knesset, particularly the Basic Laws, provide a framework which is enriched by political precedent and jurisprudence.
Foreign and historical influences on modern-day Israeli law are varied and include the Mecelle (Hebrew: מג'לה; the civil code of the Ottoman Empire) and German civil law, religious law (Jewish Halakha and Muslim Sharia; mostly pertaining in the area of family law), and British common law.
The Israeli courts have been influenced in recent years by American Law and Canadian Law, and to a lesser extent by Continental Law (mostly from Germany).
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Yemen (Arabic: ٱلْيَمَن, romanized: al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia.
It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the north and Oman to the northeast, and shares maritime borders with Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia.
Yemen is the second-largest Arab sovereign state in the Arabian Peninsula, occupying 555,000 square kilometres (214,000 square miles), with a coastline stretching about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles).
Its constitutionally stated capital, and largest city, is Sanaa.
As of 2023, Yemen has an estimated population of 34.2 million.
In ancient times, Yemen was the home of the Sabaeans, a trading state that included parts of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Later, in 275 AD, the Himyarite Kingdom was influenced by Judaism.
Christianity arrived in the fourth century.
Islam spread quickly in the seventh century, and Yemenite troops were crucial in the early Islamic conquests.
Several dynasties emerged in the 9th to 16th centuries, such as the Rasulid dynasty.
The country was divided between the Ottoman and British empires in the 1800s.
The Zaydi Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was established after World War I, before the creation of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1962.
South Yemen remained a British protectorate - as the Aden Protectorate - until 1967, when it became an independent state, and later, a Marxist-Leninist state.
The two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah) in 1990.
President Ali Abdullah Saleh was the first president of the new republic, until his resignation in 2012 in the wake of the Arab Spring.
Since 2011, Yemen has been in a state of political crisis, starting with street protests against poverty, unemployment, corruption, and president Saleh's plan to amend Yemen's constitution and eliminate the presidential term limit.
Since then, the country has been in a civil war (alongside the Saudi Arabian-led military intervention, aimed at restoring Hadi's government against Iran-backed Houthi rebels) with several proto-state entities claiming to govern Yemen: the government of President Hadi - which became the Presidential Leadership Council in 2022, the Houthi movement's Supreme Political Council, and the separatist Southern Movement's Southern Transitional Council.
The ongoing humanitarian crisis and conflict has received widespread criticism for having a dramatic worsening effect on Yemen's humanitarian situation, that some say has reached the level of a "humanitarian disaster" - and some have even labelled it as a genocide.
Yemen is a member of the Arab League, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
It is one of the least developed countries, referring to its numerous "severe structural impediments to sustainable development", and has been the poorest country in the MENA region in recent history.
In 2019, the United Nations reported that Yemen is the country with the most people in need of humanitarian aid, about 24 million people, or just under 75% of its population at the time.
As of 2020, the country is placed the highest in the Fragile State Index, the second worst in the Global Hunger Index, surpassed only by the Central African Republic, and has the lowest Human Development Index out of all non-African countries.
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Enrique Peña Nieto, GCB, GCIH, RE (born 20 July 1966) is the 62nd President of Mexico.
Educated as a lawyer, Peña Nieto had served as Secretary of Administration for the State of Mexico from 2000-2002, as Representative of the 13th District of the State of Mexico from 2003-2004, and as Governor of the state from 2005-2011 prior to becoming President.
He was elected President on July 1, 2012, winning 39% of the vote and returning the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) to power after a twelve-year hiatus.
The PRI had governed Mexico uninterrupted for 71 years until it was defeated by the National Action Party (PAN) in 2000.
Peña Nieto took office on December 1, 2012, succeeding Felipe Calderón.
Protests against the election of Peña Nieto drew tens of thousands of people across Mexico, particularly from the #YoSoy132 student movement, who protested alleged voting irregularities and media bias.
Peña Nieto began his term as President with an approval rating of approximately 50%, but the falling value of the Mexican Peso and sluggish economic growth had caused this figure to drop to 35% by 2015.
Prone to gaffes, Nieto has also faced several major controversies as President, including the escape of famed drug lord Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman from Altiplano prison in 2015, and accusations that he had plagiarized his law school thesis.
He has also faced criticism for his handling of the abduction and murder of 43 teachers' college students in the State of Guerrero in 2014.
According to the Newspaper Reforma, Peña Nieto's approval ratings had dropped to 23% by August 2016 - the lowest for any president since Ernesto Zedillo in 1995 (who was also from the PRI).
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Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, is a charity that provides humanitarian medical care.
It is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) of French origin known for its projects in conflict zones and in countries affected by endemic diseases.
The organisation provides care for diabetes, drug-resistant infections, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, tropical and neglected diseases, tuberculosis, vaccines and COVID-19.
In 2019, the charity was active in 70 countries with over 35,000 personnel; mostly local doctors, nurses and other medical professionals, logistical experts, water and sanitation engineers, and administrators.
Private donors provide about 90% of the organisation's funding, while corporate donations provide the rest, giving MSF an annual budget of approximately US$1.63 billion.
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Mali - officially the Republic of Mali - is a landlocked country in West Africa.
Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi).
The country is bordered on the north by Algeria, on the east by Niger, on the northwest by Mauritania, on the south by Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire, and on the west by Guinea and Senegal.
The population of Mali is 21.9 million.
67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017.
Its capital and largest city is Bamako.
The sovereign state of Mali consists of nineteen regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert.
The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through.
The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining.
One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the continent of Africa.
Mali was home to the man reputed to be the richest man who has ever lived, known as Mansa Musa.
The country is also known for its exports of salt.
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Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the "news of the day" and that informs society to at least some degree of accuracy.
The word, a noun, applies to the occupation (professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles.
The appropriate role for journalism varies from countries to country, as do perceptions of the profession, and the resulting status.
In some nations, the news media are controlled by government and are not independent.
In others, news media are independent of the government and operate as private industry.
In addition, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech, freedom of the press - as well as slander and libel cases.
The proliferation of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century.
This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers, magazines, or television news channels.
News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print.
Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues.
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Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία, dēmokratía literally "rule of the people"), in modern usage, is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament.
Democracy is sometimes referred to as "rule of the majority".
Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes.
The uncertainty of outcomes is inherent in democracy, which makes all forces struggle repeatedly for the realization of their interests, being the devolution of power from a group of people to a set of rules.
Western democracy, as distinct from that which existed in pre-modern societies, is generally considered to have originated in city states such as Classical Athens and the Roman Republic, where various schemes and degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population were observed before the form disappeared in the West at the beginning of late antiquity.
The English word dates to the 16th century, from the older Middle French and Middle Latin equivalents.
According to political scientist Larry Diamond, democracy consists of four key elements: (a) A political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; (b) The active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; (c) Protection of the human rights of all citizens, and (d) A rule of law, in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens.
In the 5th century BC, to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens, the term is an antonym to aristocracy (ἀριστοκρατία, aristokratía), meaning "rule of an elite".
While theoretically these definitions are in opposition, in practice the distinction has been blurred historically.
The political system of Classical Athens, for example, granted democratic citizenship to free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation.
In 1906, Finland became the first government to herald a more inclusive democracy at the national level.
In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history, democratic citizenship consisted of an elite class until full enfranchisement was won for all adult citizens in most modern democracies through the suffrage movements of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is either held by an individual, as in an absolute monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of individuals, as in an oligarchy.
Nevertheless, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic elements.
Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders and to oust them without the need for a revolution.
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Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (born 21 October 1949) is an Israeli politician serving as the 9th and current Prime Minister of Israel since 2009, previously holding the position from 1996 to 1999.
Netanyahu is also currently a member of the Knesset and the Chairman of the Likud party.
He is the first Israeli Prime Minister born in Israel after the establishment of the state.
Born in Tel Aviv to secular Jewish parents, Netanyahu joined the Israel Defense Forces shortly after the Six-Day War in 1967, and became a team leader in the Sayeret Matkal special forces unit.
Netanyahu took part in many missions, including Operation Inferno (1968), Operation Gift (1968) and Operation Isotope (1972), during which he was shot in the shoulder.
Netanyahu fought on the front lines in the War of Attrition and the Yom Kippur War in 1973, taking part in special forces raids along the Suez Canal, and then leading a commando assault deep into Syrian territory.
Netanyahu achieved the rank of captain before being discharged.
After graduating from MIT with Bachelor of Science (SB) and Master of Science (SM) degrees, Netanyahu was recruited as an economic consultant for the Boston Consulting Group.
Netanyahu returned to Israel in 1978 to found the Yonatan Netanyahu Anti-Terror Institute, named after his brother Yonatan Netanyahu, who died leading Operation Entebbe.
Netanyahu served as the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations from 1984 to 1988.
He became the leader of Likud in 1993 and won the 1996 elections, becoming Israel's youngest-ever Prime Minister, serving his first term from June 1996 to July 1999.
Netanyahu moved from the political arena to the private sector after being defeated in the 1999 election for prime minister by Ehud Barak.
Netanyahu returned to politics in 2002 as Foreign Affairs Minister (2002–2003) and Finance Minister (2003–2005) in Ariel Sharon's governments, but he departed the government over disagreements regarding the Gaza disengagement plan.
As Minister of Finance, Netanyahu engaged in a major reform of the Israeli economy, which was credited by commentators as having significantly improved Israel's subsequent economic performance.
Netanyahu retook the Likud leadership in December 2005, after Sharon left to form a new party, Kadima.
In December 2006, Netanyahu became the official Leader of the Opposition in the Knesset and Chairman of Likud.
Following the 2009 parliamentary election, in which Likud placed second and right-wing parties won a majority, Netanyahu formed a coalition government.
After the victory in the 2013 elections, he became the second person to be elected to the position of Prime Minister for a third term, after Israel's founder David Ben-Gurion.
In March 2015, Netanyahu was elected to his fourth term as prime minister.
Netanyahu has been elected Prime Minister of Israel four times, matching David Ben-Gurion's record.
Netanyahu is the only prime minister in Israel's history to have been elected three times in a row.
Netanyahu is currently the second longest-serving Prime Minister in Israel's history after David Ben-Gurion.
If Netanyahu wins a snap election in 2019 he is set to become the longest-serving Prime Minister in Israeli history.
On 28 February 2019, the Israeli attorney general announced that he would be seeking indictments against Netanyahu on bribe and fraud charges in three different cases.
Netanyahu would become the first sitting prime minister in Israeli history to be charged with a crime.
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Homelessness is defined as living in housing that is below the minimum standard or lacks secure tenure.
People can be categorized as homeless if they are: living on the streets (primary homelessness); moving between temporary shelters, including houses of friends, family and emergency accommodation (secondary homelessness); living in private boarding houses without a private bathroom and/or security of tenure (tertiary homelessness).
The legal definition of homeless varies from country to country, or among different jurisdictions in the same country or region.
According to the UK homelessness charity Crisis, a home is not just a physical space: it also provides roots, identity, security, a sense of belonging and a place of emotional wellbeing.
United States government homeless enumeration studies also include people who sleep in a public or private place not designed for use as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings.
People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, secure and adequate housing due to a lack of (or an unsteady) income.
Homelessness and poverty are interrelated.
In 2005, an estimated 100 million (1 in 65 at the time) people worldwide were homeless, and as many as 1 billion people live as squatters, refugees, or in temporary shelter, all lacking adequate housing.
Historically, in the Western countries, the majority of homeless have been men (50–80%), with single males particularly over-represented.
In 2015, the United States reported that there were 564,708 homeless people within its borders, one of the higher reported figures worldwide.
These figures are likely underestimates, as surveillance for the homeless population is challenging.
When compared to the general population, people who are homeless experience higher rates of adverse physical and mental health outcomes, which renders them vulnerable to health conditions associated with changes in climate.
Chronic disease severity, respiratory conditions, rates of mental health illnesses and substance use (and abuse) are all (often) greater in homeless populations than in the general population.
Homelessness is also associated with a high risk of suicide attempts.
People experiencing homelessness have limited access to resources and are often disengaged from health services, making them that much more susceptible to extreme weather events (e.g., extreme cold or heat) and ozone levels.
These disparities often result in increased morbidity and mortality in the homeless population.
There are a number of organizations who provide help for the homeless.
Most countries provide a variety of services to assist homeless people.
These services often provide food, shelter (beds) and clothing, and may be organized and run by community organizations (often with the help of volunteers) or by government departments or agencies.
These programs may be supported by the government, charities, churches and individual donors.
Many cities also have street newspapers, which are publications designed to provide employment opportunity to homeless people.
While some homeless have jobs, some must seek other methods to make a living.
Begging or panhandling is one option, but is becoming increasingly illegal in many cities.
People who are homeless may have additional conditions, such as physical or mental health issues, or substance addiction; these issues make resolving homelessness a challenging policy issue.
Homeless people, and homeless organizations, are sometimes accused or convicted of fraudulent behaviour.
Criminals are also known to exploit homeless people, ranging from identity theft to tax and welfare scams.
These incidents often lead to negative connotations on the homeless as a group.
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A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by a state to enforce the law, to protect people and property, and to prevent crime and civil disorder.
Their powers include the power of arrest and the legitimized use of force.
The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility.
Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.
The police force is usually a public sector service, funded through taxes.
Law enforcement is only part of policing activity.
Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order.
In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property.
Police forces have become ubiquitous in modern societies.
Some are involved to varying degrees in corruption, police brutality and the enforcement of authoritarian rule.
Alternative names for a police force include constabulary, gendarmerie, police department, police service, crime prevention, protective services, law enforcement agency, civil guard or civic guard.
Members may be referred to as police officers, troopers, sheriffs, constables, rangers, peace officers or civic/civil guards.
The word police is most universal and can be seen in many non-English speaking countries.
As police are often interacting with individuals, slang terms are numerous.
Many slang terms for police officers are decades or centuries old with lost etymology.
One of the oldest, "cop", has largely lost its slang connotations and become a common colloquial term used both by the public and police officers to refer to their profession.
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Rape is a type of sexual assault involving sexual intercourse - or other forms of sexual penetration - carried out against a person without their consent.
The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority, or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious, incapacitated, has an intellectual disability, or is below the legal age of consent.
The term rape is sometimes used interchangeably with the term sexual assault.
The rate of reporting, prosecuting, and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions.
Internationally, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana - with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median.
Worldwide, sexual violence, including rape, is primarily committed by males against females.
Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and male-on-male and female-on-female prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape.
Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., war rape) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict.
These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes.
Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group.
People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop post-traumatic stress disorder.
Serious injuries can result, along with the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.
A person may face violence or threats from the rapist, and, sometimes, from the victim's family and relatives.
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Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.
Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice.
Nurses practice in many specialties with differing levels of prescription authority.
Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional role has shaped the public image of nurses as care providers.
However, nurse practitioners are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings.
In the postwar period, nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials, and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing.
Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient's family and other team members, that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life.
In the United States and the United Kingdom, advanced practice nurses, such as clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners, diagnose health problems and prescribe medications and other therapies, depending on individual state regulations.
Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of a multidisciplinary health care team, such as therapists, medical practitioners and dietitians.
Nurses provide care both interdependently, for example, with physicians, and independently as nursing professionals.
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