Comments by "" (@sir_humpy) on "Rise and decline of science in Islam" video.
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My take is that geograpical, political and economical situation since the 13th century favoured European science development. Many competing states well within travel reach and letter exchange with relatively affluent economies capable of sustaining a class of free-thinkers with a foundation on a very rich documented greco-roman philosophical tradition worked better than gynormous empires that channeled most of their efforts and money on countering centrifugal forces.
As to why the Ottomans didn't try to reform since Vienna, it's more obvious to me. Even despite Vienna (1 and 2) they retained huge territories in the Balkans so it's not like they crumbled, the expansion was checked but little more. The only visible, tangible measure of success from the ruling class perspective at that time was military power and land. Until Ottomans started losing all the wars and century-held territories in Europe to Russians, West. Europeans and national movements (Greece etc) they didn't have any serious reason or stimuli to think themselves inferior to European powers. When it became apparent that something needs to be done, it was already too late. My guess is they didn't realise how European philosophical, scientific and industrial development in the 17-18th cc. would translate into military advantage a century later. We know this now with hindsight but who would really understand that at the time?
One last thing, if you, as a country, decide to reform along somebody's lines, you at least implicitely recognize the superiority of that other line as opposed to your own. It's a very bitter pill to swallow both to the ruling class and the populace, admitting own faults always is. A lot of resentment, opposition and "let's return to our true olden ways" is to be expected, like what we see in the case of Afghanistan and Iran. Mostly all modernisation stops at half measures, it's neither here nor there, with both parties, progressists and conservatives/retrogrades, unhappy. Ataturk is the only successful example of a profound core modernisation of a muslim country that leaps to my mind and yet, it would seem that Erdogan's attempts of going back on some civilizational gains a century later still garner a certain support among the Turks.
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