Comments by "Frankie and Benjy Mouse" (@boterlettersukkel) on "Why People Think the World is Flat" video.

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  22.  @tbrown3356  " distance to the horizon cannot be farther than 1.225 times the square root of the observer height (q)" CALCULATED horizon.. That is without atmosphere. Are you still breathing??? If you read this than you are breathin so there is an atmoSPHERE!!!!!! What you see is the VISIBLE/OBSERVABLE horizon. There are some phenomena that happens in the atmoSPHERE when warm air is above cold water. It is call refraction. It is a well known phenomena that EVERY sailor is familiar with.. Take a look at your black swan. There is not a straight line in that distorted photo. If you think that is the normal way a rig looks, there is something wrong with you. Light is refracted as it passes through the atmosphere. When refraction is normal, objects appear slightly elevated, and the visible horizon is farther from the observer than it otherwise would be. Since the effects are uniformly progressive, they are not apparent to the observer. When refraction is not normal, some form of mirage may occur. A mirage is an optical phenomenon in which objects appear distorted, displaced (raised or lowered), magnified, multiplied, or inverted due to varying atmospheric refraction which occurs when a layer of air near the Earth's surface differs greatly in density from surrounding air. This may occur when there is a rapid and sometimes irregular change of temperature or humidity with height. If there is a temperature inversion (increase of temperature with height), particularly if accompanied by a rapid decrease in humidity, the refraction is greater than normal. Objects appear elevated, and the visible horizon is farther away. Objects which are normally below the horizon become visible. This is called looming. If the upper portion of an object is raised much more than the bottom part, the object appears taller than usual, an effect called towering. If the lower part of an object is raised more than the upper part, the object appears shorter, an effect called stooping. When the refraction is greater than normal, a superior mirage may occur. An inverted image is seen above the object, and sometimes an erect image appears over the inverted one, with the bases of the two images touching. Greater than normal refraction usually occurs when the water is much colder than the air above it. If the temperature decrease with height is much greater than normal, refraction is less than normal, or may even cause bending in the opposite direction. Objects appear lower than normal, and the visible horizon is closer to the observer. This is called sinking. Towering or stooping may also occur if conditions are suitable. When the refraction is reversed, an inferior mirage may occur. A ship or an island appears to be floating in the air above a shimmering hori zon, possibly with an inverted image beneath it. Conditions suitable to the formation of an inferior mirage occur when the surface is much warmer than the air above it. This usually requires a heated landmass, and therefore is more common near the coast than at sea. When refraction is not uniformly progressive, objects may appear distorted, taking an almost endless variety of shapes. The Sun, when near the horizon, is one of the objects most noticeably affected. A fata morgana is a complex mirage characterized by marked distortion, generally in the vertical. It may cause objects to appear towering, magnified, and at times even multiplied. Source, The American Practical Navigator. edition 2019.
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  62. Light bend down over long distances. It is called refraction and is a well studied subject. It is the main reason mariners never use stars below 30 degrees over the horizon in sextant observation. Light is refracted as it passes through the atmosphere. When refraction is normal, objects appear slightly elevated, and the visible horizon is farther from the observer than it otherwise would be. Since the effects are uniformly progressive, they are not apparent to the observer. When refraction is not normal, some form of mirage may occur. A mirage is an optical phenomenon in which objects appear distorted, displaced (raised or lowered), magnified, multiplied, or inverted due to varying atmospheric refraction which occurs when a layer of air near the Earth's surface differs greatly in density from surrounding air. This may occur when there is a rapid and sometimes irregular change of temperature or humidity with height. If there is a temperature inversion (increase of temperature with height), particularly if accompanied by a rapid decrease in humidity, the refraction is greater than normal. Objects appear elevated, and the visible horizon is farther away. Objects which are normally below the horizon become visible. This is called looming. If the upper portion of an object is raised much more than the bottom part, the object appears taller than usual, an effect called towering. If the lower part of an object is raised more than the upper part, the object appears shorter, an effect called stooping. When the refraction is greater than normal, a superior mirage may occur. An inverted image is seen above the object, and sometimes an erect image appears over the inverted one, with the bases of the two images touching. Greater than normal refraction usually occurs when the water is much colder than the air above it. If the temperature decrease with height is much greater than normal, refraction is less than normal, or may even cause bending in the opposite direction. Objects appear lower than normal, and the visible horizon is closer to the observer. This is called sinking. Towering or stooping may also occur if conditions are suitable. When the refraction is reversed, an inferior mirage may occur. A ship or an island appears to be floating in the air above a shimmering horizon, possibly with an inverted image beneath it. Conditions suitable to the formation of an inferior mirage occur when the surface is much warmer than the air above it. This usually requires a heated landmass, and therefore is more common near the coast than at sea. When refraction is not uniformly progressive, objects may appear distorted, taking an almost endless variety of shapes. The Sun, when near the horizon, is one of the objects most noticeably affected. A fata morgana is a complex mirage characterized by marked distortion, generally in the vertical. It may cause objects to appear towering, magnified, and at times even multiplied. Source, The American Practical Navigator. edition 2019.
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  75. All observations over water have problems with refraction. That is the reason why laser tests over water are not reliable. It all depends on the temperature difference and amount of water vapour in the air. Nobody can ever know all the density changes in the air and all temperatures, etc. Sailors are very well aware of those problems. That is why they never do sextant observations of objects lower than 30 degrees over the horizon. I have a piece here from the American Practical Navigator here, the Navigators bible, better known as the Bowditch that explains thing that can happen. Light is refracted as it passes through the atmosphere. When refraction is normal, objects appear slightly elevated, and the visible horizon is farther from the observer than it otherwise would be. Since the effects are uniformly progressive, they are not apparent to the observer. When refraction is not normal, some form of mirage may occur. A mirage is an optical phenomenon in which objects appear distorted, displaced (raised or lowered), magnified, multiplied, or inverted due to varying atmospheric refraction which occurs when a layer of air near the Earth's surface differs greatly in density from surrounding air. This may occur when there is a rapid and sometimes irregular change of temperature or humidity with height. If there is a temperature inversion (increase of temperature with height), particularly if accompanied by a rapid decrease in humidity, the refraction is greater than normal. Objects appear elevated, and the visible horizon is farther away. Objects which are normally below the horizon become visible. This is called looming. If the upper portion of an object is raised much more than the bottom part, the object appears taller than usual, an effect called towering. If the lower part of an object is raised more than the upper part, the object appears shorter, an effect called stooping. When the refraction is greater than normal, a superior mirage may occur. An inverted image is seen above the object, and sometimes an erect image appears over the inverted one, with the bases of the two images touching. Greater than normal refraction usually occurs when the water is much colder than the air above it. If the temperature decrease with height is much greater than normal, refraction is less than normal, or may even cause bending in the opposite direction. Objects appear lower than normal, and the visible horizon is closer to the observer. This is called sinking. Towering or stooping may also occur if conditions are suitable. When the refraction is reversed, an inferior mirage may occur. A ship or an island appears to be floating in the air above a shimmering hori zon, possibly with an inverted image beneath it. Conditions suitable to the formation of an inferior mirage occur when the surface is much warmer than the air above it. This usually requires a heated landmass, and therefore is more common near the coast than at sea. When refraction is not uniformly progressive, objects may appear distorted, taking an almost endless variety of shapes. The Sun, when near the horizon, is one of the objects most noticeably affected. A fata morgana is a complex mirage characterized by marked distortion, generally in the vertical. It may cause objects to appear towering, magnified, and at times even multiplied. Source, The American Practical Navigator. edition 2019.
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  102. Light is refracted as it passes through the atmosphere. When refraction is normal, objects appear slightly elevated, and the visible horizon is farther from the observer than it otherwise would be. Since the effects are uniformly progressive, they are not apparent to the observer. When refraction is not normal, some form of mirage may occur. A mirage is an optical phenomenon in which objects appear distorted, displaced (raised or lowered), magnified, multiplied, or inverted due to varying atmospheric refraction which occurs when a layer of air near the Earth's surface differs greatly in density from surrounding air. This may occur when there is a rapid and sometimes irregular change of temperature or humidity with height. If there is a temperature inversion (increase of temperature with height), particularly if accompanied by a rapid decrease in humidity, the refraction is greater than normal. Objects appear elevated, and the visible horizon is farther away. Objects which are normally below the horizon become visible. This is called looming. If the upper portion of an object is raised much more than the bottom part, the object appears taller than usual, an effect called towering. If the lower part of an object is raised more than the upper part, the object appears shorter, an effect called stooping. When the refraction is greater than normal, a superior mirage may occur. An inverted image is seen above the object, and sometimes an erect image appears over the inverted one, with the bases of the two images touching. Greater than normal refraction usually occurs when the water is much colder than the air above it. If the temperature decrease with height is much greater than normal, refraction is less than normal, or may even cause bending in the opposite direction. Objects appear lower than normal, and the visible horizon is closer to the observer. This is called sinking. Towering or stooping may also occur if conditions are suitable. When the refraction is reversed, an inferior mirage may occur. A ship or an island appears to be floating in the air above a shimmering hori zon, possibly with an inverted image beneath it. Conditions suitable to the formation of an inferior mirage occur when the surface is much warmer than the air above it. This usually requires a heated landmass, and therefore is more common near the coast than at sea. When refraction is not uniformly progressive, objects may appear distorted, taking an almost endless variety of shapes. The Sun, when near the horizon, is one of the objects most noticeably affected. A fata morgana is a complex mirage characterized by marked distortion, generally in the vertical. It may cause objects to appear towering, magnified, and at times even multiplied. Source, The American Practical Navigator. edition 2019.
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  156. I have a list here. The whole list is to long to post. It is larger than YT allows. • No working model, or map. • No way to determine proper distances, or directions between two point on the earth not sharing the same longitude. • No explanation for how the sun and the moon circle the earth, or how the sun migrates from the tropic of Capricorn to the tropic of Cancer and back over the year. • No idea why the ancient Greeks such as Pythagoras, Aristotle, Eratosthenes and Aristarchus believed the earth was a sphere. • No idea what P and S shockwaves detected by seismology equipment tells us about the internal structure of the earth, and the shape and dimensions of the surface of the earth. • No idea what powers the sun and the stars. • No idea of the distance to the stars. • Clueless as to why almost all stars don't appear to change position in the sky from opposite sides of earth's orbit around the sun when the phenomena of parallax says they should, and why we can only use the parallax method for measuring the distance of stars that are closest to the earth. Luckily, Polaris is one that we can determine the distance to using parallax, because it is also a Cepheid variable star, which allows the distance to be measured to much more distant stars where the parallax method not longer works. • No idea of the distance from the earth to the planets, or even much about them at all. • No idea why binary stars obey Newton's law of gravitation. • No explanation as to why we can only see 59% of the total surface area of the moon when, from a flat earth perspective we should be able to see most of it, including the dark side of the moon. • No idea why the moon appears upside down in the southern hemisphere compared to how it looks in the northern hemisphere, and why the phases of the moon are on opposite sides of the Moon, and why it looks circular from all vantage points on the earth. • No idea why sunspots rotate in the opposite direction in the southern and northern hemispheres, or even what sun spots are. • No believable explanation for how GPS is implemented across the world. • No explanation as to why aircraft carry ring laser gyros onboard capable of detecting the rotation of the earth. • No idea how it is possible to develop gravitational maps of the earth's surface, or why anyone would want one, or how they could be used. • No explanation for how eclipses work, especially lunar eclipses, or how to predict them correctly. • No idea why the Humber bridge, the Verrazzano Narrows bridge are built to account for the earth's curvature. • No idea why CERN, LIGO and the Stanford linear accelerator vacuum rings and arms are constructed to take account of the earth's curvature. • No idea why physicists working on LIGO, the gravity wave detector, were awarded Nobel prizes in physics. • No idea why geodetic surveyors keep claiming the earth is an oblate spheroid. • No idea why Google Earth does not publish its underlying flat earth model that allows it to project the earth as a globe. • No explanation as to why the sun rises due east for everyone on the earth on the equinox. • No idea why an observer on the equator during an equinox does not see the sun set at an angle 19° above the horizon. • No idea why there should be a discernible horizon that looks like the edge of the ocean viewed from a beach. The horizon should really be a blur as the farther we look out across the flat earth, the more light is scattered and the more particles in the atmosphere obscuring the view. • No idea how it is possible to see the sun set twice simply by changing your height above the earth (quickly by just a few tens of metres). • No reasonable explanation as to how Polaris can be used in conjunction with a sextant in the northern hemisphere to determine latitude. • No explanation as to why the Artic and Antarctic experience months of days and nights at differ times of the year. • No explanation why bright little objects called satellites by some are regularly visible in the night sky following a predicted path across the sky • No explanation for how tides work. • No explanation how (most times) boats disappear over the horizon when they should be visible on a flat earth. • No explanation as to why the horizon does not rise to eye level. • No credible explanation why helium balloons fitted with non-fish eye cameras often detect the curvature of the earth. • No credible explanation for the existence of the "Downward" force called gravity. • No explanation that does not implicitly make use of the theory of gravity for the atmospheric pressure gradient from high to low pressure with altitude, especially if we live in a dome. • No idea why (almost without exception) hurricanes and typhoons rotate in opposite directions in northern and southern hemispheres respectively. • No explanation for the Coriolis effect observable in controlled experiments such as those conducted by Ascher H. Shapiro in the 1960s. • No explanation as to why the northern celestial pole rotates counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and the southern celestial pole rotates clockwise in the southern hemisphere. • No idea what Antarctica even looks like, and where the South Pole is physically located. • No idea why Venus has phases. Bye bye Geocentric system. • No idea why planets, e.g. Mars, exhibit retrograde motion. Hello Heliocentric system. • No idea why the planets and their moons in the solar system appear to be obeying Newton's laws of planetary motion. • No explanation whatsoever why Stellar Aberration occurs. • No idea why clouds are illuminated from the bottom at sun set. • Can't explain how a commercial aircraft can fly from Perth to Sydney in only 4 hours 10 mins across the flat earth, as to achieve this, it would need to fly faster than an F18 on afterburner all the way. • No idea why the CO2 atmosphere of Mars appears to "Cling" to the exterior of its spherical spinning surface without the need for physical containment. This phenomenon is observable on others planets too. • No idea why the sun and the moon don't change in angular size from rising to setting by a factor of 2 to 3 since they are local to the earth, and no idea why the sun according to the inverse law of radiation is not 4 to 9 times brighter at midday than at sunset and sunrise when viewed from Australia. • No credible reason why millions of people (mostly scientists, engineers and technicians ) over decades would lie to keep the globe earth alive, and why nations and commercial enterprises, accountable to the voters and shareholders respectively, would spend (waste) $2 trillion a year , each and every year to maintain the globe lie. • No idea how it is possible to measure the value of G, the universal gravitational constant and in so doing, verify the theory of gravity. • No scientific papers publish in the last 100 years supporting the flat earth. • No idea why there is snow on hight moutains with a local sun as it has to get warmer and snow should melt if you get closer to the sun. Now the globe earth and the heliocentric model have answers that are consistent with each other to all of the above that the flat earth can't explain, but the globe earth is wrong and the flat earth is correct , even although the flat earth model is almost useless at explaining anything? Have I understood the situation correctly? The flat earth is gaslighting to the power infinity
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  172.  @neiljohnson7914  And we have A WINNER!! Everybody take a shot!!! By saying "it is just a theory" you removed yourself from any scientific discussion. You've been told that "gravity is just a theory", a guess, a hunch, and not a fact, not proven. You've been misled. Keep reading, and in less than two minutes from now you'll know that you've been misinformed. We're not going to try and change your mind about gravity. We just want to point out that "it's just a theory" is not a valid argument* . The Theory of Gravity is a theory, but guess what? When scientists use the word theory, it has a different meaning to normal everyday use.1 That's right, it all comes down to the multiple meanings of the word theory. If you said to a scientist that you didn't believe in gravity because it was "just a theory", they'd probably be a bit puzzled. In everyday use, theory means a guess or a hunch, something that maybe needs proof. In science, a theory is not a guess, not a hunch. It's a well-substantiated, well-supported, well-documented explanation for our observations.2 It ties together all the facts about something, providing an explanation that fits all the observations and can be used to make predictions. In science, theory is the ultimate goal, the explanation. It's as close to proven as anything in science can be. Some people think that in science, you have a theory, and once it's proven, it becomes a law. That's not how it works. In science, we collect facts, or observations, we use laws to describe them, and a theory to explain them. You don't promote a theory to a law by proving it. A theory never becomes a law. This bears repeating. A theory never becomes a law. In fact, if there was a hierarchy of science, theories would be higher than laws. There is nothing higher, or better, than a theory. Laws describe things, theories explain them. An example will help you to understand this. There's a law of gravity, which is the description of gravity. It basically says that if you let go of something it'll fall. It doesn't say why. Then there's the theory of gravity, which is an attempt to explain why. Actually, Newton's Theory of Gravity did a pretty good job, but Einstein's Theory of Relativity does a better job of explaining it. These explanations are called theories, and will always be theories. They can't be changed into laws, because laws are different things. Laws describe, and theories explain. Just because it's called a theory of gravity, doesn't mean that it's just a guess. It's been tested. All our observations are supported by it, as well as its predictions that we've tested. Also, gravity is real! You can observe it for yourself. Just because it's real doesn't mean that the explanation is a law. The explanation, in scientific terms, is called a theory . When are you going to present a map of the flat earth that conforms to reality and that can be used for navigation? When are you going to present the model of the flat earth that explains all observations? What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence. No map, NO model, NO FLAT EARTH. You are just a coward that thinks hiding behind his religioun is a smart move
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  190.  @chichomrt6459  And we have A WINNER!! Everybody take a shot!!! By saying "it is just a theory" you removed yourself from any scientific discussion. You've been told that "gravity is just a theory", a guess, a hunch, and not a fact, not proven. You've been misled. Keep reading, and in less than two minutes from now you'll know that you've been misinformed. We're not going to try and change your mind about gravity. We just want to point out that "it's just a theory" is not a valid argument* . The Theory of Gravity is a theory, but guess what? When scientists use the word theory, it has a different meaning to normal everyday use.1 That's right, it all comes down to the multiple meanings of the word theory. If you said to a scientist that you didn't believe in gravity because it was "just a theory", they'd probably be a bit puzzled. In everyday use, theory means a guess or a hunch, something that maybe needs proof. In science, a theory is not a guess, not a hunch. It's a well-substantiated, well-supported, well-documented explanation for our observations.2 It ties together all the facts about something, providing an explanation that fits all the observations and can be used to make predictions. In science, theory is the ultimate goal, the explanation. It's as close to proven as anything in science can be. Some people think that in science, you have a theory, and once it's proven, it becomes a law. That's not how it works. In science, we collect facts, or observations, we use laws to describe them, and a theory to explain them. You don't promote a theory to a law by proving it. A theory never becomes a law. This bears repeating. A theory never becomes a law. In fact, if there was a hierarchy of science, theories would be higher than laws. There is nothing higher, or better, than a theory. Laws describe things, theories explain them. An example will help you to understand this. There's a law of gravity, which is the description of gravity. It basically says that if you let go of something it'll fall. It doesn't say why. Then there's the theory of gravity, which is an attempt to explain why. Actually, Newton's Theory of Gravity did a pretty good job, but Einstein's Theory of Relativity does a better job of explaining it. These explanations are called theories, and will always be theories. They can't be changed into laws, because laws are different things. Laws describe, and theories explain. Just because it's called a theory of gravity, doesn't mean that it's just a guess. It's been tested. All our observations are supported by it, as well as its predictions that we've tested. Also, gravity is real! You can observe it for yourself. Just because it's real doesn't mean that the explanation is a law. The explanation, in scientific terms, is called a theory . Try again, loser.
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  248.  @mlooker2126  And we have a WINNER again who doesn't know what a scientific theory is. You've been told that "gravity is just a theory", a guess, a hunch, and not a fact, not proven. You've been misled. Keep reading, and in less than two minutes from now you'll know that you've been misinformed. We're not going to try and change your mind about gravity. We just want to point out that "it's just a theory" is not a valid argument* . The Theory of Gravity is a theory, but guess what? When scientists use the word theory, it has a different meaning to normal everyday use.1 That's right, it all comes down to the multiple meanings of the word theory. If you said to a scientist that you didn't believe in gravity because it was "just a theory", they'd probably be a bit puzzled. In everyday use, theory means a guess or a hunch, something that maybe needs proof. In science, a theory is not a guess, not a hunch. It's a well-substantiated, well-supported, well-documented explanation for our observations.2 It ties together all the facts about something, providing an explanation that fits all the observations and can be used to make predictions. In science, theory is the ultimate goal, the explanation. It's as close to proven as anything in science can be. Some people think that in science, you have a theory, and once it's proven, it becomes a law. That's not how it works. In science, we collect facts, or observations, we use laws to describe them, and a theory to explain them. You don't promote a theory to a law by proving it. A theory never becomes a law. This bears repeating. A theory never becomes a law. In fact, if there was a hierarchy of science, theories would be higher than laws. There is nothing higher, or better, than a theory. Laws describe things, theories explain them. An example will help you to understand this. There's a law of gravity, which is the description of gravity. It basically says that if you let go of something it'll fall. It doesn't say why. Then there's the theory of gravity, which is an attempt to explain why. Actually, Newton's Theory of Gravity did a pretty good job, but Einstein's Theory of Relativity does a better job of explaining it. These explanations are called theories, and will always be theories. They can't be changed into laws, because laws are different things. Laws describe, and theories explain. Just because it's called a theory of gravity, doesn't mean that it's just a guess. It's been tested. All our observations are supported by it, as well as its predictions that we've tested. Also, gravity is real! You can observe it for yourself. Just because it's real doesn't mean that the explanation is a law. The explanation, in scientific terms, is called a theory .
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  306. And we have A WINNER!! Everybody take a shot!!! By saying "it is just a theory" you removed yourself from any scientific discussion. You've been told that "gravity is just a theory", a guess, a hunch, and not a fact, not proven. You've been misled. Keep reading, and in less than two minutes from now you'll know that you've been misinformed. We're not going to try and change your mind about gravity. We just want to point out that "it's just a theory" is not a valid argument* . The Theory of Gravity is a theory, but guess what? When scientists use the word theory, it has a different meaning to normal everyday use.1 That's right, it all comes down to the multiple meanings of the word theory. If you said to a scientist that you didn't believe in gravity because it was "just a theory", they'd probably be a bit puzzled. In everyday use, theory means a guess or a hunch, something that maybe needs proof. In science, a theory is not a guess, not a hunch. It's a well-substantiated, well-supported, well-documented explanation for our observations.2 It ties together all the facts about something, providing an explanation that fits all the observations and can be used to make predictions. In science, theory is the ultimate goal, the explanation. It's as close to proven as anything in science can be. Some people think that in science, you have a theory, and once it's proven, it becomes a law. That's not how it works. In science, we collect facts, or observations, we use laws to describe them, and a theory to explain them. You don't promote a theory to a law by proving it. A theory never becomes a law. This bears repeating. A theory never becomes a law. In fact, if there was a hierarchy of science, theories would be higher than laws. There is nothing higher, or better, than a theory. Laws describe things, theories explain them. An example will help you to understand this. There's a law of gravity, which is the description of gravity. It basically says that if you let go of something it'll fall. It doesn't say why. Then there's the theory of gravity, which is an attempt to explain why. Actually, Newton's Theory of Gravity did a pretty good job, but Einstein's Theory of Relativity does a better job of explaining it. These explanations are called theories, and will always be theories. They can't be changed into laws, because laws are different things. Laws describe, and theories explain. Just because it's called a theory of gravity, doesn't mean that it's just a guess. It's been tested. All our observations are supported by it, as well as its predictions that we've tested. Also, gravity is real! You can observe it for yourself. Just because it's real doesn't mean that the explanation is a law. The explanation, in scientific terms, is called a theory .
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  549. The northstar is not constant. It moves. Observed, documented and tested. 2000 years ago polaris was Thuban designation Alpha Draconis (α Draconis, abbreviated Alpha Dra, α Dra), is a star (or star system) in the constellation of Draco. A relatively inconspicuous star in the night sky of the Northern Hemisphere, it is historically significant as having been the north pole star from the 4th to 2nd millennium BC. Precession and Nutation The Earth's axis precesses: the motion of its rotation axis is similar to that of a top spinning with its axis tilted. The precession is in response to torques principally by the Sun and Moon. The spinning Earth responds to these torques in the manner of a gyroscope. The result is a slow westward movement of the equinoxes and solstices. This westward motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic is called precession of the equinoxes. The precession has a period of about 25,800 years. There are also a series of short period motions of the Earth's axis of rotation called nutation. The nutations are all quite small. The largest nutation has an amplitude of 0.'2 and a period of 18.6 years. The next largest nutation has an amplitude of just 0.'01 and a period of 0.5 years. The sidereal hour angle is measured from the vernal equinox, and declination from the celestial equator, so the coordinates of celestial bodies change because of precession. The total motion with respect to the ecliptic, called general precession, is about 50."29 per year. It may be divided into two components with respect to the celestial equator: precession in right ascension (about 46."12 per year) measured along the celestial equator, and precession in declination (about 20."04 per year) measured perpendicular to the celestial equator. The annual change in the coordinates of any given star, due to precession alone, depends upon its position on the celestial sphere. Since precession changes the direction of Earth's pole, Polaris will not always be Earth's “Pole Star”. Currently, the north celestial pole is moving closer to Polaris because of precession. It will pass at a distance of approximately 28' about the year 2102. Afterward, the polar distance will increase, and eventually other stars, in their turn, will become the Pole Star. Apparent Motion due to Movement of other Celestial Bodies Each celestial body makes its own contribution to its apparent motion: The Moon revolves about the Earth each month, rising in the west and setting in the east. Its orbital plane is slightly inclined to the ecliptic (see Section 1319), and is continuously changing in response to perturbations in its motion, primarily by the Sun. The planets revolve about the Sun (technically, the solar system barycenter, which is within the sun's interior). The inferior planets, Mercury and Venus, appear to move eastward and westward relative to the Sun. The period for Mercury's motion is 116 days and the period for Venus is 584 days. The superior planets make an apparent revolution around the Earth, from west to east. The periods for their motion varies from 780 to 367 days, depending on the planet. The stars revolve about the galactic center. As they move about the galactic center, the stars, including the Sun, move with respect to one another. The component of their motion across the line of sight is called proper motion. The maximum observed proper motion is that of Barnard's Star, which is moving at the rate of 10.3 seconds of arc per year. Barnard's Star is a tenth-magnitude star, not visible to the unaided eye. Rigil Kentaurus has the greatest proper motion of the 57 stars listed on the daily pages of the almanacs, about 3.7 seconds per year. Arcturus has the greatest proper motion of the navigational stars in the Northern Hemisphere, 2.3 seconds per year. Over the course of a few years, proper motions are very small; they can be ignored when reducing celestial navigation sights. A few thousand years of proper motion is sufficient to materially alter the look of some familiar constellations.
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  953. I have them on file. Part 1 of 3 The geocentric flat earth has ... • No working model, or map. • No way to determine proper distances, or directions between two point on the earth not sharing the same longitude. • No explanation for how the sun and the moon circle the earth, or how the sun migrates from the tropic of Capricorn to the tropic of Cancer and back over the year. • No idea why the ancient Greeks such as Pythagoras, Aristotle, Eratosthenes and Aristarchus believed the earth was a sphere. • No idea what P and S shockwaves detected by seismology equipment tells us about the internal structure of the earth, and the shape and dimensions of the surface of the earth. • No idea what powers the sun and the stars. • No idea of the distance to the stars. • Clueless as to why almost all stars don't appear to change position in the sky from opposite sides of earth's orbit around the sun when the phenomena of parallax says they should, and why we can only use the parallax method for measuring the distance of stars that are closest to the earth. Luckily, Polaris is one that we can determine the distance to using parallax, because it is also a Cepheid variable star, which allows the distance to be measured to much more distant stars where the parallax method not longer works. • No idea of the distance from the earth to the planets, or even much about them at all. • No idea why binary stars obey Newton's law of gravitation. • No explanation as to why we can only see 59% of the total surface area of the moon when, from a flat earth perspective we should be able to see most of it, including the dark side of the moon. • No idea why the moon appears upside down in the southern hemisphere compared to how it looks in the northern hemisphere, and why the phases of the moon are on opposite sides of the Moon, and why it looks circular from all vantage points on the earth. • No idea why sunspots rotate in the opposite direction in the southern and northern hemispheres, or even what sun spots are. • No believable explanation for how GPS is implemented across the world. • No explanation as to why aircraft carry ring laser gyros onboard capable of detecting the rotation of the earth. • No idea how it is possible to develop gravitational maps of the earth's surface, or why anyone would want one, or how they could be used. • No explanation for how eclipses work, especially lunar eclipses, or how to predict them correctly. • No idea why the Humber bridge, the Verrazzano Narrows bridge are built to account for the earth's curvature. • No idea why CERN, LIGO and the Stanford linear accelerator vacuum rings and arms are constructed to take account of the earth's curvature. • No idea why physicists working on LIGO, the gravity wave detector, were awarded Nobel prizes in physics. • No idea why geodetic surveyors keep claiming the earth is an oblate spheroid. • No idea why Google Earth does not publish its underlying flat earth model that allows it to project the earth as a globe. • No explanation as to why the sun rises due east for everyone on the earth on the equinox. • No idea why an observer on the equator during an equinox does not see the sun set at an angle 19° above the horizon. • No idea why there should be a discernible horizon that looks like the edge of the ocean viewed from a beach. The horizon should really be a blur as the farther we look out across the flat earth, the more light is scattered and the more particles in the atmosphere obscuring the view. • No idea how it is possible to see the sun set twice simply by changing your height above the earth (quickly by just a few tens of metres). • No reasonable explanation as to how Polaris can be used in conjunction with a sextant in the northern hemisphere to determine latitude. • No explanation as to why the Artic and Antarctic experience months of days and nights at differ times of the year. • No explanation why bright little objects called satellites by some are regularly visible in the night sky following a predicted path across the sky • No explanation for how tides work. • No explanation how (most times) boats disappear over the horizon when they should be visible on a flat earth. • No explanation as to why the horizon does not rise to eye level. • No credible explanation why helium balloons fitted with non-fish eye cameras often detect the curvature of the earth. • No credible explanation for the existence of the "Downward" force called gravity. • No explanation that does not implicitly make use of the theory of gravity for the atmospheric pressure gradient from high to low pressure with altitude, especially if we live in a dome. • No idea why (almost without exception) hurricanes and typhoons rotate in opposite directions in northern and southern hemispheres respectively. • No explanation for the Coriolis effect observable in controlled experiments such as those conducted by Ascher H. Shapiro in the 1960s. • No explanation as to why the northern celestial pole rotates counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and the southern celestial pole rotates clockwise in the southern hemisphere. • No idea what Antarctica even looks like, and where the South Pole is physically located. • No idea why Venus has phases. Bye bye Geocentric system. • No idea why planets, e.g. Mars, exhibit retrograde motion. Hello Heliocentric system. • No idea why the planets and their moons in the solar system appear to be obeying Newton's laws of planetary motion. • No explanation whatsoever why Stellar Aberration occurs. • No idea why clouds are illuminated from the bottom at sun set. • Can't explain how a commercial aircraft can fly from Perth to Sydney in only 4 hours 10 mins across the flat earth, as to achieve this, it would need to fly faster than an F18 on afterburner all the way. • No idea why the CO2 atmosphere of Mars appears to "Cling" to the exterior of its spherical spinning surface without the need for physical containment. This phenomenon is observable on others planets too. • No idea why the sun and the moon don't change in angular size from rising to setting by a factor of 2 to 3 since they are local to the earth, and no idea why the sun according to the inverse law of radiation is not 4 to 9 times brighter at midday than at sunset and sunrise when viewed from Australia. • No credible reason why millions of people (mostly scientists, engineers and technicians ) over decades would lie to keep the globe earth alive, and why nations and commercial enterprises, accountable to the voters and shareholders respectively, would spend (waste) $2 trillion a year , each and every year to maintain the globe lie. • No idea how it is possible to measure the value of G, the universal gravitational constant and in so doing, verify the theory of gravity. • No scientific papers publish in the last 100 years supporting the flat earth. • No idea why there is snow on hight moutains with a local sun as it has to get warmer and snow should melt if you get closer to the sun. Now the globe earth and the heliocentric model have answers that are consistent with each other to all of the above that the flat earth can't explain, but the globe earth is wrong and the flat earth is correct , even although the flat earth model is almost useless at explaining anything? Have I understood the situation correctly? The flat earth is gaslighting to the power infinity
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  959.  @sebastiaanjacobs1885  Earth Acceleration due to gravity (standard) _ _ _ _ = 980.665 centimeters per second per second = 32.1740 feet per second per second Mass-ratio—Sun/Earth _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 332,958 Mass-ratio—Sun/(Earth & Moon) _ _ _ _ _ _ = 328,912 Mass-ratio—Earth/Moon _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 81.30 Mean density _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 5.517 grams per cubic centimeter Velocity of escape _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 6.94 statute miles per second Curvature of surface _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 0.8 foot per nautical mile World Geodetic System (WGS) Ellipsoid of 1984 Equatorial radius (a) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 6,378,137 meters = 3,443.918 nautical miles Polar radius (b) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 6,356,752.314 meters = 3432.372 nautical miles Mean radius (2a + b)/3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 6,371,008.770 meters = 3440.069 nautical miles Flattening or ellipticity (f = 1 – b/a) _ _ _ _ _ = 1/298.257223563 = 0.003352811 Eccentricity (e = (2f – f2)1/2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 0.081819191 Eccentricity squared (e2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 0.006694380 Only fools think that a distorted photo can prove a flat earth. All your black swan proved is that REFRACTION is real. Your black swan was stot down, barbequed and eaten the day it showed it's ugly face. Oakley is lying to you. Calculator: http://walter.bislins.ch/bloge/index.asp?page=Advanced+Earth+Curvature+Calculator As a SHIP passes over the horizon the hull starts to disappear. There is no way that zooming in will ever bring back a ship in to full view once it has gone over the horizon and its hull has disappeared. There is no flerf that ever made a video to prove that point. Be a hero and make that video to prove us all wrong. It can't be done. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSMRhTPMSfk Try again. Bring EVIDENCE .
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  988. When scientists use the word theory, it has a different meaning to normal everyday use.1 That's right, it all comes down to the multiple meanings of the word theory. If you said to a scientist that you didn't believe in evolution because it was "just a theory", they'd probably be a bit puzzled. In everyday use, theory means a guess or a hunch, something that maybe needs proof. In science, a theory is not a guess, not a hunch. It's a well-substantiated, well-supported, well-documented explanation for our observations.2 It ties together all the facts about something, providing an explanation that fits all the observations and can be used to make predictions. In science, theory is the ultimate goal, the explanation. It's as close to proven as anything in science can be. Some people think that in science, you have a theory, and once it's proven, it becomes a law. That's not how it works. In science, we collect facts, or observations, we use laws to describe them, and a theory to explain them. You don't promote a theory to a law by proving it. A theory never becomes a law. This bears repeating. A theory never becomes a law. In fact, if there was a hierarchy of science, theories would be higher than laws. There is nothing higher, or better, than a theory. Laws describe things, theories explain them. An example will help you to understand this. There's a law of gravity, which is the description of gravity. It basically says that if you let go of something it'll fall. It doesn't say why. Then there's the theory of gravity, which is an attempt to explain why. Actually, Newton's Theory of Gravity did a pretty good job, but Einstein's Theory of Relativity does a better job of explaining it. These explanations are called theories, and will always be theories. They can't be changed into laws, because laws are different things. Laws describe, and theories explain. Just because it's called a theory of gravity, doesn't mean that it's just a guess. It's been tested. All our observations are supported by it, as well as its predictions that we've tested. Also, gravity is real! You can observe it for yourself. Just because it's real doesn't mean that the explanation is a law. The explanation, in scientific terms, is called a theory.
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  1654. You've been told that "evolution is just a theory", a guess, a hunch, and not a fact, not proven. You've been misled. Keep reading, and in less than two minutes from now you'll know that you've been misinformed. We're not going to try and change your mind about evolution. We just want to point out that "it's just a theory" is not a valid argument. The Theory of Evolution is a theory, but guess what? When scientists use the word theory, it has a different meaning to normal everyday use.1 That's right, it all comes down to the multiple meanings of the word theory. If you said to a scientist that you didn't believe in evolution because it was "just a theory", they'd probably be a bit puzzled. In everyday use, theory means a guess or a hunch, something that maybe needs proof. In science, a theory is not a guess, not a hunch. It's a well-substantiated, well-supported, well-documented explanation for our observations.2 It ties together all the facts about something, providing an explanation that fits all the observations and can be used to make predictions. In science, theory is the ultimate goal, the explanation. It's as close to proven as anything in science can be. Some people think that in science, you have a theory, and once it's proven, it becomes a law. That's not how it works. In science, we collect facts, or observations, we use laws to describe them, and a theory to explain them. You don't promote a theory to a law by proving it. A theory never becomes a law. This bears repeating. A theory never becomes a law. In fact, if there was a hierarchy of science, theories would be higher than laws. There is nothing higher, or better, than a theory. Laws describe things, theories explain them. An example will help you to understand this. There's a law of gravity, which is the description of gravity. It basically says that if you let go of something it'll fall. It doesn't say why. Then there's the theory of gravity, which is an attempt to explain why. Actually, Newton's Theory of Gravity did a pretty good job, but Einstein's Theory of Relativity does a better job of explaining it. These explanations are called theories, and will always be theories. They can't be changed into laws, because laws are different things. Laws describe, and theories explain. Just because it's called a theory of gravity, doesn't mean that it's just a guess. It's been tested. All our observations are supported by it, as well as its predictions that we've tested. Also, gravity is real! You can observe it for yourself. Just because it's real doesn't mean that the explanation is a law. The explanation, in scientific terms, is called a theory. Evolution is the same. There's the fact of evolution. Evolution (genetic change over generations)3 happens, just like gravity does. Don't take my word for it.4 Ask your science teacher, or google it. But that's not the issue we are addressing here. The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection is our best explanation for the fact of evolution. It has been tested and scrutinised for over 150 years, and is supported by all the relevant observations. Next time someone tries to tell you that evolution is just a theory, as a way of dismissing it, as if it's just something someone guessed at, remember that they're using the non-scientific meaning of the word. If that person is a teacher, or minister, or some other figure of authority, they should know better. In fact, they probably do, and are trying to mislead you. Evolution is not just a theory, it's triumphantly a theory!
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  1757.  @awesomezilla  That experiment used wrong math and did not account for refraction. Partical refraction?? lets do just refraction. Light is refracted as it passes through the atmosphere. When refraction is normal, objects appear slightly elevated, and the visible horizon is farther from the observer than it otherwise would be. Since the effects are uniformly progressive, they are not apparent to the observer. When refraction is not normal, some form of mirage may occur. A mirage is an optical phenomenon in which objects appear distorted, displaced (raised or lowered), magnified, multiplied, or inverted due to varying atmospheric refraction which occurs when a layer of air near the Earth's surface differs greatly in density from surrounding air. This may occur when there is a rapid and sometimes irregular change of temperature or humidity with height. If there is a temperature inversion (increase of temperature with height), particularly if accompanied by a rapid decrease in humidity, the refraction is greater than normal. Objects appear elevated, and the visible horizon is farther away. Objects which are normally below the horizon become visible. This is called looming. If the upper portion of an object is raised much more than the bottom part, the object appears taller than usual, an effect called towering. If the lower part of an object is raised more than the upper part, the object appears shorter, an effect called stooping. When the refraction is greater than normal, a superior mirage may occur. An inverted image is seen above the object, and sometimes an erect image appears over the inverted one, with the bases of the two images touching. Greater than normal refraction usually occurs when the water is much colder than the air above it. If the temperature decrease with height is much greater than normal, refraction is less than normal, or may even cause bending in the opposite direction. Objects appear lower than normal, and the visible horizon is closer to the observer. This is called sinking. Towering or stooping may also occur if conditions are suitable. When the refraction is reversed, an inferior mirage may occur. A ship or an island appears to be floating in the air above a shimmering hori zon, possibly with an inverted image beneath it. Conditions suitable to the formation of an inferior mirage occur when the surface is much warmer than the air above it. This usually requires a heated landmass, and therefore is more common near the coast than at sea. When refraction is not uniformly progressive, objects may appear distorted, taking an almost endless variety of shapes. The Sun, when near the horizon, is one of the objects most noticeably affected. A fata morgana is a complex mirage characterized by marked distortion, generally in the vertical. It may cause objects to appear towering, magnified, and at times even multiplied. Source, The American Practical Navigator. edition 2019.
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  1906.  @josuegalindo2616  The geocentric flat earth has ... • No working model, or map. • No way to determine proper distances, or directions between two point on the earth not sharing the same longitude. • No explanation for how the sun and the moon circle the earth, or how the sun migrates from the tropic of Capricorn to the tropic of Cancer and back over the year. • No idea why the ancient Greeks such as Pythagoras, Aristotle, Eratosthenes and Aristarchus believed the earth was a sphere. • No idea what P and S shockwaves detected by seismology equipment tells us about the internal structure of the earth, and the shape and dimensions of the surface of the earth. • No idea what powers the sun and the stars. • No idea of the distance to the stars. • Clueless as to why almost all stars don't appear to change position in the sky from opposite sides of earth's orbit around the sun when the phenomena of parallax says they should, and why we can only use the parallax method for measuring the distance of stars that are closest to the earth. Luckily, Polaris is one that we can determine the distance to using parallax, because it is also a Cepheid variable star, which allows the distance to be measured to much more distant stars where the parallax method not longer works. • No idea of the distance from the earth to the planets, or even much about them at all. • No idea why binary stars obey Newton's law of gravitation. • No explanation as to why we can only see 59% of the total surface area of the moon when, from a flat earth perspective we should be able to see most of it, including the dark side of the moon. • No idea why the moon appears upside down in the southern hemisphere compared to how it looks in the northern hemisphere, and why the phases of the moon are on opposite sides of the Moon, and why it looks circular from all vantage points on the earth. • No idea why sunspots rotate in the opposite direction in the southern and northern hemispheres, or even what sun spots are. • No believable explanation for how GPS is implemented across the world. • No explanation as to why aircraft carry ring laser gyros onboard capable of detecting the rotation of the earth. • No idea how it is possible to develop gravitational maps of the earth's surface, or why anyone would want one, or how they could be used. • No explanation for how eclipses work, especially lunar eclipses, or how to predict them correctly. • No idea why the Humber bridge, the Verrazzano Narrows bridge are built to account for the earth's curvature. • No idea why CERN, LIGO and the Stanford linear accelerator vacuum rings and arms are constructed to take account of the earth's curvature. • No idea why physicists working on LIGO, the gravity wave detector, were awarded Nobel prizes in physics. • No idea why geodetic surveyors keep claiming the earth is an oblate spheroid. • No idea why Google Earth does not publish its underlying flat earth model that allows it to project the earth as a globe. • No explanation as to why the sun rises due east for everyone on the earth on the equinox. • No idea why an observer on the equator during an equinox does not see the sun set at an angle 19° above the horizon. • No idea why there should be a discernible horizon that looks like the edge of the ocean viewed from a beach. The horizon should really be a blur as the farther we look out across the flat earth, the more light is scattered and the more particles in the atmosphere obscuring the view. • No idea how it is possible to see the sun set twice simply by changing your height above the earth (quickly by just a few tens of metres). • No reasonable explanation as to how Polaris can be used in conjunction with a sextant in the northern hemisphere to determine latitude. • No explanation as to why the Artic and Antarctic experience months of days and nights at differ times of the year. • No explanation why bright little objects called satellites by some are regularly visible in the night sky following a predicted path across the sky • No explanation for how tides work. • No explanation how (most times) boats disappear over the horizon when they should be visible on a flat earth. • No explanation as to why the horizon does not rise to eye level. • No credible explanation why helium balloons fitted with non-fish eye cameras often detect the curvature of the earth. • No credible explanation for the existence of the "Downward" force called gravity. • No explanation that does not implicitly make use of the theory of gravity for the atmospheric pressure gradient from high to low pressure with altitude, especially if we live in a dome. • No idea why (almost without exception) hurricanes and typhoons rotate in opposite directions in northern and southern hemispheres respectively. • No explanation for the Coriolis effect observable in controlled experiments such as those conducted by Ascher H. Shapiro in the 1960s. • No explanation as to why the northern celestial pole rotates counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and the southern celestial pole rotates clockwise in the southern hemisphere. • No idea what Antarctica even looks like, and where the South Pole is physically located. • No idea why Venus has phases. Bye bye Geocentric system. • No idea why planets, e.g. Mars, exhibit retrograde motion. Hello Heliocentric system. • No idea why the planets and their moons in the solar system appear to be obeying Newton's laws of planetary motion. • No explanation whatsoever why Stellar Aberration occurs. • No idea why clouds are illuminated from the bottom at sun set. • Can't explain how a commercial aircraft can fly from Perth to Sydney in only 4 hours 10 mins across the flat earth, as to achieve this, it would need to fly faster than an F18 on afterburner all the way. • No idea why the CO2 atmosphere of Mars appears to "Cling" to the exterior of its spherical spinning surface without the need for physical containment. This phenomenon is observable on others planets too. • No idea why the sun and the moon don't change in angular size from rising to setting by a factor of 2 to 3 since they are local to the earth, and no idea why the sun according to the inverse law of radiation is not 4 to 9 times brighter at midday than at sunset and sunrise when viewed from Australia. • No credible reason why millions of people (mostly scientists, engineers and technicians ) over decades would lie to keep the globe earth alive, and why nations and commercial enterprises, accountable to the voters and shareholders respectively, would spend (waste) $2 trillion a year , each and every year to maintain the globe lie. • No idea how it is possible to measure the value of G, the universal gravitational constant and in so doing, verify the theory of gravity. • No scientific papers publish in the last 100 years supporting the flat earth. • No idea why there is snow on hight moutains with a local sun as it has to get warmer and snow should melt if you get closer to the sun. Now the globe earth and the heliocentric model have answers that are consistent with each other to all of the above that the flat earth can't explain, but the globe earth is wrong and the flat earth is correct , even although the flat earth model is almost useless at explaining anything? Have I understood the situation correctly? The flat earth is gaslighting to the power infinity
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  1973.  @robertpunu7624  WOW.. just WOW. You failed at math, physics, etc..... The geocentric flat earth has ... • No working model, or map. • No way to determine proper distances, or directions between two point on the earth not sharing the same longitude. • No explanation for how the sun and the moon circle the earth, or how the sun migrates from the tropic of Capricorn to the tropic of Cancer and back over the year. • No idea why the ancient Greeks such as Pythagoras, Aristotle, Eratosthenes and Aristarchus believed the earth was a sphere. • No idea what P and S shockwaves detected by seismology equipment tells us about the internal structure of the earth, and the shape and dimensions of the surface of the earth. • No idea what powers the sun and the stars. • No idea of the distance to the stars. • Clueless as to why almost all stars don't appear to change position in the sky from opposite sides of earth's orbit around the sun when the phenomena of parallax says they should, and why we can only use the parallax method for measuring the distance of stars that are closest to the earth. Luckily, Polaris is one that we can determine the distance to using parallax, because it is also a Cepheid variable star, which allows the distance to be measured to much more distant stars where the parallax method not longer works. • No idea of the distance from the earth to the planets, or even much about them at all. • No idea why binary stars obey Newton's law of gravitation. • No explanation as to why we can only see 59% of the total surface area of the moon when, from a flat earth perspective we should be able to see most of it, including the dark side of the moon. • No idea why the moon appears upside down in the southern hemisphere compared to how it looks in the northern hemisphere, and why the phases of the moon are on opposite sides of the Moon, and why it looks circular from all vantage points on the earth. • No idea why sunspots rotate in the opposite direction in the southern and northern hemispheres, or even what sun spots are. • No believable explanation for how GPS is implemented across the world. • No explanation as to why aircraft carry ring laser gyros onboard capable of detecting the rotation of the earth. • No idea how it is possible to develop gravitational maps of the earth's surface, or why anyone would want one, or how they could be used. • No explanation for how eclipses work, especially lunar eclipses, or how to predict them correctly. • No idea why the Humber bridge, the Verrazzano Narrows bridge are built to account for the earth's curvature. • No idea why CERN, LIGO and the Stanford linear accelerator vacuum rings and arms are constructed to take account of the earth's curvature. • No idea why physicists working on LIGO, the gravity wave detector, were awarded Nobel prizes in physics. • No idea why geodetic surveyors keep claiming the earth is an oblate spheroid. • No idea why Google Earth does not publish its underlying flat earth model that allows it to project the earth as a globe. • No explanation as to why the sun rises due east for everyone on the earth on the equinox. • No idea why an observer on the equator during an equinox does not see the sun set at an angle 19° above the horizon. • No idea why there should be a discernible horizon that looks like the edge of the ocean viewed from a beach. The horizon should really be a blur as the farther we look out across the flat earth, the more light is scattered and the more particles in the atmosphere obscuring the view. • No idea how it is possible to see the sun set twice simply by changing your height above the earth (quickly by just a few tens of metres). • No reasonable explanation as to how Polaris can be used in conjunction with a sextant in the northern hemisphere to determine latitude. • No explanation as to why the Artic and Antarctic experience months of days and nights at differ times of the year. • No explanation why bright little objects called satellites by some are regularly visible in the night sky following a predicted path across the sky • No explanation for how tides work. • No explanation how (most times) boats disappear over the horizon when they should be visible on a flat earth. • No explanation as to why the horizon does not rise to eye level. • No credible explanation why helium balloons fitted with non-fish eye cameras often detect the curvature of the earth. • No credible explanation for the existence of the "Downward" force called gravity. • No explanation that does not implicitly make use of the theory of gravity for the atmospheric pressure gradient from high to low pressure with altitude, especially if we live in a dome. • No idea why (almost without exception) hurricanes and typhoons rotate in opposite directions in northern and southern hemispheres respectively. • No explanation for the Coriolis effect observable in controlled experiments such as those conducted by Ascher H. Shapiro in the 1960s. • No explanation as to why the northern celestial pole rotates counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and the southern celestial pole rotates clockwise in the southern hemisphere. • No idea what Antarctica even looks like, and where the South Pole is physically located. • No idea why Venus has phases. Bye bye Geocentric system. • No idea why planets, e.g. Mars, exhibit retrograde motion. Hello Heliocentric system. • No idea why the planets and their moons in the solar system appear to be obeying Newton's laws of planetary motion. • No explanation whatsoever why Stellar Aberration occurs. • No idea why clouds are illuminated from the bottom at sun set. • Can't explain how a commercial aircraft can fly from Perth to Sydney in only 4 hours 10 mins across the flat earth, as to achieve this, it would need to fly faster than an F18 on afterburner all the way. • No idea why the CO2 atmosphere of Mars appears to "Cling" to the exterior of its spherical spinning surface without the need for physical containment. This phenomenon is observable on others planets too. • No idea why the sun and the moon don't change in angular size from rising to setting by a factor of 2 to 3 since they are local to the earth, and no idea why the sun according to the inverse law of radiation is not 4 to 9 times brighter at midday than at sunset and sunrise when viewed from Australia. • No credible reason why millions of people (mostly scientists, engineers and technicians ) over decades would lie to keep the globe earth alive, and why nations and commercial enterprises, accountable to the voters and shareholders respectively, would spend (waste) $2 trillion a year , each and every year to maintain the globe lie. • No idea how it is possible to measure the value of G, the universal gravitational constant and in so doing, verify the theory of gravity. • No scientific papers publish in the last 100 years supporting the flat earth. • No idea why there is snow on hight moutains with a local sun as it has to get warmer and snow should melt if you get closer to the sun. Now the globe earth and the heliocentric model have answers that are consistent with each other to all of the above that the flat earth can't explain, but the globe earth is wrong and the flat earth is correct , even although the flat earth model is almost useless at explaining anything? Have I understood the situation correctly? The flat earth is gaslighting to the power infinity
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