Youtube comments of Solar Eclipse Timer (@solareclipsetimer).

  1. Thanks for commenting, and here is a little summary for you. It got to the Titanic 13 times at 3,840m (and in 2022, it got to the Titanic on four consecutive dives!). It also had one dive to 3,500m, one dive to 2,900m, and two other deep dives, 1,700m and 1,380m. You can also count the five high-pressure dives in the Deep Ocean Test Facility done before the expeditions as cycles (3,000m, 4,000m, 4,200m x 3). So, that is 20 deep pressure cycles (if not including the 1,380 and the 1,700). That would be considered a success if they were all unmanned dives with a carbon fiber hull test program before the implosion. Or, if they stopped unmanned testing short of imploding and did destructive testing to learn about the hull dealing with the pressures. But, imploding while manned with five people makes it a failure.
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  2. Thanks for commenting. Yes sir. You are correct. With normal engineering in a normal company of a device like this intended to carry people, that is how it should be done. Nothing about this story is normal, and that is why it si so compelling.
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  3. I agree; that is why this story is so compelling. This is a perfect example of the cliche "you can't make this stuff up."
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  4. You know at first, at the beginning of the testimony I was kind of neutral towards Tony. But as I study things more I am not so sure. I think he and Stockton together, on this project was a bad mix, that made things dangerous.
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  5. I agree. It is amazing it worked at all. Thanks for commenting.
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  6.  @bills6093  Great questions. I have no ideas, really. I guess you would start by making a full-sized hull that is EXACTLY the same as what you expect the final version to be. Drop it down to 4,000 meters unmanned twenty times and then cut it up and see how the carbon fiber handled the cycles. Then, build another one and do it for 50 dives, cut it up. When you stop and how you determine the cycle life, I don't know; that would be up to carbon fiber engineers to determine, including a lower limit for a safety margin.
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  7. Basically. Trying to give OceanGate the benefit of the doubt after Tony, I do leave the door open that Collier Aerospace looked at the data and said it was okay to put lifting eyes on the rings. But we don't have that engineering information right now. Thanks for commenting.
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  8. You are absolutely correct. The two shuttle accidents did not need to happen.
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  9. Thanks for commenting. As Tony said, it can't be known what the effect was on the glue joint on the microscopic level. It was an interesting decision on their part.
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  10. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content. The one thing I don't understand about what he did was hiding the data on the viewport specification from David Lochridge. It was odd to be so secretive about that. But I guess he did not want to share the poor depth rating by Hydrospace. Tony was a smart guy who did some good things. And people have to remember, he was not involved with the sub that imploded.
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  11. Uh, maybe because this has all of the components of an amazing story, And it is not fiction, it happened! Wild personalities, crazy engineering, odd decisions, big mistakes, controversies, pushing limits, experimental designs, hiding data, financial problems, billionaires, the Titanic, the deep sea, 4 days of frantic open ocean searching, and I could go on with the list. And then, very unfortunately 5 deaths, including a father and his 19 yo son. It's perfectly fine if "other thing's interest you more.
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  12. Hi Jeff! Great to meet you in Jackson also. That was a fun day! Your eclipse day video and Destin's capture the essence of the event for all of our friends and family to remember the eclipse.
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  13.  @AlbertDongler  I couldn't agree with you more! He was a real submersible/marine professional. He got tortured by the OceanGate job. He has another job now, working for a marine research company called OceanX. This looks like a real, professionally run company. I hope he is doing well.
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  14. Absolutely correct.
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  15. Yep. Absolutely correct. The idea was not sound. It's amazing it lasted for as many cycles as it did. You need to watch Karl Stanley testify at the Coast Guard hearing next Tuesday. He is scheduled for 1:30PM. I've seen all of his interviews about Titan. He went down to 4,000 meters in Titan when Rush was testing it in the Bahamas. Karl has a great story about it and he will be awesome. I can't wait to watch him in this official setting.
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  16. Thanks for commenting and you bring up some great welding issues.
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  17. Yep, you are absolutely correct. Not only do you ruin the cut fiber loops, but any local deformation then gets transferred to the neighboring loops and they have to take more load.
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  18. You are welcome. That is an amazing effect. Bt you have to have target colors in your surroundings to appreciate it. That is why I am telling everyone to wear bright colored cloths on eclipse day.
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  19. To all of the solar eclipse photographers out there, this video takes a serious look at what is involved to photograph Baily's beads. I hope some of the tips will help you when you get to your next eclipse. Gordon
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  20. Thanks for seeing that I really care about teaching people about the wonder of eclipses.
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  21. Thanks for your comment. Amazing that you did saturation diving; how cool! A couple of things I would like to discuss. I have never heard about any sensors being layered into the layers of carbon fiber. Everything that has been testified about are sensors or strain gauges glued to the inner surface of layer one of the hull. Actually, other than Dive 80, when they heard that big bang, this hull was remarkably quiet. The NTSB testified that there was no acoustic data from the final dive. The reason is that the acoustic data was recorded onto a computer in the sub, so it was destroyed. Glad you stayed safe being a saturation diver.
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  22. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together separate bits of testimony on specific interesting subjects about the Titan. And without being derogatory and sensational.
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  23. That is a quick way to tell the story. I will add one other twist; hire consultants with expertise, use them just enough to get some bullet points, and then don't follow their recommendations.
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  24. Yes, I know of that one. I think that was form Finland.
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  25. Boy, do I agree with you! Thanks for commenting
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  26. Thanks for commenting. The point of this video was to help understand the "culture of risk" at OceanGate from the beginning of the development of Titan as told by the first director of engineering. It paints a picture of working under Stockton Rush. The risk-taking culture issues described here by Mr. Nissen, early on in the company, continued right to the end.
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  27. Thanks for using my app and your support.
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  28. Thanks for commenting. There are no deep submersibles that can fit 5 people and go to a depth of 4,000 meters. In addition, Stockton was hung up on the idea of having a cylinder, not a sphere-shaped pressure hull. The reason is, he wanted a long sub for depth of field for cameras. He loved the idea of a camera at the back, that could be far enough away from the people in the front looking out of the viewport. None of the three-person spheres out there have a big enough diameter to let a camera get far enough away to get that kind of image. That was a big thing to Stockton, he talked about that a lot. If he wanted to commission a company to build one for him, they would have insisted on all titanium and a sphere shape.
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  29. Correct. The sensors worked, but did not make it safe.
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  30. Thanks for your comment. My intent wasn't to be hard on NASA in this video, if that is what you are saying. I did say that they were involved only for ideas on debulking the laminate and they were out of the picture prior to manufacturing. OceanGate had a habit of doing that, hiring people only to the point of gaining the information they wanted and then stopping the relationship to save money. But, I still think when you are consulting on something that you have special experience with, NASA and composites, you have to provide the information considering the context of the end product and if you don't think your expertise applies to the marine environment maybe you shouldn't take the job. It is the responsibility of both parties to be sure the information and the assistance applies to the end use and I allude to that in the video. NASA just had to ask "what are you planning to do with this information?" and then maybe say, "you know, we don't feel comfortable that our expertise is directly relevant to building a hull designed to take 6,000 PSI of external pressure. Thanks for the opportunity, but no thanks." NASA looked pretty bad during the hearing answering those questions and they looked pretty bad when Stockton was out there publicizing that he worked with NASA on the design of the hull when in reality the association was minimal. I love NASA, I've been to shuttle launches and landings and have worked with them on solar eclipse-related projects.
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  31. Thanks for that comment. Yes, the multiple autoclave runs is an issue that was not fully worked, from what I can gather.
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  32.  @peabody3000  Thanks for your comment. NASA had previous launch videos showing of pieces of foam falling off the external tank where it was coming off that external pipe. It was a dangerous thing, but they did not intervene. They were lucky, foam just never struck the shuttle at a crucial spot, like the leading edge of the wing, like it did on Columbia. The fix after Columbia was simply to no longer put foam insulation on that external pipe stack. They could have made that change years earlier and the Columbia accident would not have happened.
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  33. Certainly safer. But most deep submersibles are steel or titanium spheres because that shape handles the compressive pressure so much better. But they tend to be small spheres that can fit three people and it's tight. Stockton wanted a tube shape to fit 5 people and he also prioritized the long shape for depth of field. This means he wanted to have a camera at the rear of the sub and see people from behind enjoying the view and the ride. You can't get far enough away from anyone in a small sphere to get that kind of view. The reason he wanted 5 people was because one would be the pilot, the second person would be a "subject matter expert" for the dive, and then three paying passengers. You could make a cylindrical titanium sub but it gets really heavy and then it takes too much external foam to make it neutrally buoyant. Thanks for commenting.
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  34. You may not think so, but this is an interesting and complex story. The Coast Guard Titan Hearings ended at the end of September 2024, just 5 months ago. All of this new information provided under oath was made available then, and it is being sorted through slowly. The engineering and the personalities involved are fascinating. I am working hard to do a series of in-depth analysis videos. If you don't care about it, you will need to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is making a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. It may be talked about for decades, just like the Titanic wreck. Therefore, I hope the Titan story doesn't annoy you too much. Thanks for commenting, even negatively, because it helps me by making the algorithm suggest it to more people.
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  35. Thanks for your comment. I have an interest in many things that involve science and technology. I have always had an interest in reading about engineering decisions that have led to disaster. Being an astronomer it started with space, Apollo 1, Challenger, and Columbia, but includes other failures like aircraft, bridges, dams, etc. The OceanGate story is very compelling not only due to the engineering but also the personality of Stockton as the central figure, as well as many other backstories. The misinformation early in the story, in the press about the tragedy was rampant. The Coast Guard hearings with the testimony of witnesses under oath gave us real information to report on. My videos about Titan are not sensationalized and not rehashed. I am working very hard analyzing the testimony, and out of dozens and dozens of hours of testimony, pulling out short excerpts of information from witnesses to tell these stories. The response from viewers to my Titan videos has been tremendously supportive and positive. I have other backstories to tell. When I am satisfied that I have told the stories that I want to tell I will revert back to my other specialty which is teaching about total solar eclipses, for which I am an expert. That is a very niche subject and is why I started my channel. Thanks again for your opinion, sorry I made you angry.
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  36. That is a good way to look at it.
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  37. Thanks for your comment. NASA testified that they did no building, no testing, and no analysis. The only thing they did was remote consultation regarding techniques for autoclave and pressure debulking of carbon fiber layups.
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  38. Thanks for your comment. Stockton was trying to weigh less than the standard spherical submersible. Titain weighed 23,000 pounds and fit 5 people. Alvin weighs 40,000 pounds and fits 3 people. If your sub weighs 40,000 pounds, you can't use the LARS concept for launch and recovery; you need a dedicated ship with an A-frame crane. Stockton also wanted the tube shape for better depth of field for taking images of people in the sub enjoying the view. So, in retrospect, the three parts didn't work, but that was the concept for building it.
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  39. Sure, it's analysis after the fact. It happens all the time after engineering goes wrong. That is how we learn not to make the same mistake again. That's how the NTSB saves lives later after they analyze plane crashes, train crashes, building collapses, bridge collapses, etc. The point of my video is to tell the story about Titan because I spent a lot of time analyzing the testimony and editing the relevant parts together for viewers like you. I hope you did learn something from the video.
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  40. Right after the disaster, a lot of engineers posted videos that predicted the failure of the hull was the center of the tube collapsing and shattering the carbon hull into a million pieces. I never thought that. Now pictures of the wreckage images on the bottom of the ocean show large long pieces of the carbon fiber hull jammed into the rear titanium dome. That makes me believe that the failure was at the front ring joint and there was a lot of force towards the rear. Regarding Suleman, a father should never put his son in a position of that kind of risk,. I read an article somewhere that stated that Suleman was a bit apprehensive about the dive. They simply did not do enough research to understand that Titan was dangerous.
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  41. Maybe. Thicker and 45-degree plies would have helped. It still needed more testing. For example, just throwing something out there; 30 unmanned dives, and then cut it up and see how the carbon fiber was holding up. There had to be some knowledge of the cycle fatigue. Then of course there are all the other variables in this story.
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  42. I agree. This video was on the internet. Ocean Gate used it to promote progress in the project. But as a passenger, if you saw it, I think it would scare you away.
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  43. Thanks for commenting. I know, in some of the deeper grinds it was that much loss, not all of them though. But still? this story is amazing, isn't it?
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  44. Yep, you are absolutely correct! Thanks for commenting.
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  45.  @geekswithfeet9137  Thank you for the supportive comment. I am into education. Soory you have to deal with nik12937's unnecessary profanity.
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  46.  @TheCoolhead27  I agree with you. Except he was there for hull one, the Spencer Composite hull, which was trash, with or without the lighting. Tony wouldn't let Stockton use it and got fired for it. Another interesting thing was the testimony of the second director of engineering, Phil Brooks, who complained that the data coming from the acoustic monitoring system for (hull 1) that Tony was using was terrible and did not provide coherent, usable data. Phil re-wrote the software for the data collection so it properly logged peaks. So, I don't know what Tony was analyzing. The testimony of Mr. Brooks about this issue was clear and compelling.
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  47. jspirit People from all income levels do stupid things all the time and kill themselves, unfortunately. Some thrill-seeking is just at different levels. Killing yourself by crashing a $1,000 dirt bike, rolling over a $5,000 four-wheeler, ending up in a ditch speeding with your $70,000 Corvette, or dying on Mt. Everest during a $100,000 climbing expedition (and hundreds of other examples). And yes dying in a sub trying to see the Titanic for $250,000. See what I mean. Regarding "rich a hole" people. A long time ago when I was working in construction, was the first time I heard the line "I've never worked for somebody that had less money than me" (Probably a common line, but the first time I heard it). Varying wealth is just part of "what makes the world go around."
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  48.  @purplefood1  You are correct, NASA , Boeing, UW-APL, all engineers and scientists would assume that you plan to do proper testing.
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  49. Thanks for commenting. I am not exactly certain but in the testimony sometimes they use the word "grinder" and sometimes they use the word "sander."
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  50.  @wackyvorlon  Yes, you are correct. That was while returning onto the ship while on the LARS. I am not clear why that happened. There is also some new testimony about impacts caused to the sub on dive 87. I will be doing a video about that. Thanks for commenting.
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  51. Of course. The average person would question it. Thanks for your comment.
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  52. Thank you for that supportive comment. I appreciate it. And yes, that is my intention, calm presentation of the facts and education.
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  53. Yep, you are correct.
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  54. Thanks for your comment. That is correct. He not only ignored the research, he ignored the experience of decades of successful applications of that research. Now, it is okay to try to design that new hybrid shape if you want to, but it has to be tested as per the protocols for lab testing to prove the design. Ultimately, the viewport is probably not what caused the implosion, but that does not excuse the sloppy engineering and lack of testing.
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  55. Thanks for your comment. A properly done composite cylinder can take some compression. But probably smaller than Titan and it has to be properly done. But I agree with your point, it's probably not the correct choice for these kinds of loads.
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  56. Thanks for commenting. I am not a Boeing fanboy, but, keep in mind that this was back in 2012-13 when they did an early feasibility study for OceanGate. Boeing does know a lot about carbon fiber composites. And the Boeing engineer who testified was spot on. 1. At least 7 inches thick. 2. 45-degree cross plies. 3. Plan for the "effect of defects" If OceanGate had listened to Boeing they would have had a better chance of having a better hull and if they had kept Boeing involved Boeing would have planned for proper testing.
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  57. This is a disaster that will be talked about and analyzed for years to come. Maybe as much as the sinking of the Titanic. If you hate the story, you will have to work to ignore it! Netlfix is going to release a movie about it soon. The BBC is making a movie about it (I have spoken to that producer). Eventually, the final reports of the NTSB and the Coast Guard will come out, creating another news cycle about it. I hope you don't stay too annoyed. Thanks for your input.
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  58.  @TungstenCarbideProjectile  Thanks for your comment. I have a great interest in engineering failures and the Titan has so many interesting back stories to tell I wanted to do some analysis of it in videos. But my channel was started in 2017 as a solar eclipse education channel and I will soon get back into that. I have a lot to upload about the recent 2024 eclipse and preparation work to do for the 2026 eclipse. It's not really an option to change a channel's name because I am changing subjects. Thanks again.
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  59.  @AlbertDongler  You are welcome. I am glad you enjoyed it.
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  60.  @alphgeek  That is so true! They needed to be working as a team. Not hiding things from each other. Lochridge was the real pro in the group.
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  61. Thanks for your comment. My video has carefully chosen excerpts from the Coast Guard/NTSB hearings which were carried out on September 16 - 27, 2024. That was 15 months after the implosion. So, no, you did not have this information a month after the accident. And more information may be forthcoming, Netflix and the BBC are both releasing movies about the Titan accident this year. Are those major entertainment players also "late to the party?" At some point, the Coast Guard and NTSB final reports will be released, so there will be another round of news reports about it. You may not be interested in the story and that is fine, but you will have to work to ignore it. And thanks again for commenting because even though you have a sour opinion it helps me by making the algorithm recommend the video to others.
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  62. Correct, it's bad in both cases. Humps are weaker. And grinding down humps makes things weaker. You can't win.
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  63. You are correct of course and thanks for commenting. The "Mission Specialist" designation was used to be able to NOT call the paying clients "passengers' because that kicks in a lot more regulations and labilities.
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  64. Not sure what you mean. The story is compelling, the comments on my video have been thoughtful, positive, and great, and I have enjoyed interacting with the viewers. I have commented back on almost all comments. Excerpting 4 hours of testimony for this video was a lot of work for me, but a healthy discussion about the facts of this story is fun.
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  65. Thanks for your comment. But please allow me to clear some things up. Nothing was ever built at or by Boeing or NASA. Boeing and NASA only did consultation work and never did any testing. And the Boeing work was really early on, before the V1 hull and it was just a feasibility study. NASA worked with OceanGate between the V1 and V2 hull but only advised on carbon fiber layup debulking procedures and OceanGate stopped the contract early. The Applied Physics Lab at the University of Washington did mechanical and electrical systems engineering but testified that they had no input at all on the carbon fiber hull. In fact, APL started to distance itself from OceanGate a little when it did not agree with the way Tony was handling some of the engineering decisions.
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  66. As I analyze more of the testimony and supporting paperwork, I don't know what to think about Tony by himself. What I do believe is that he and Stockton together were a bad combination because they talked each other into thinking they could do this complex marine submersible engineering alone. Kind of like "there was no adult in the room" to direct them properly.
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  67. Thanks for your comment. I hope I taught you something about eclipses.
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  68. Thanks for taking the time to write that thoughtful comment. Of course, you are absolutely correct. You don't want humps in the first place, those are weak areas. That is why I included the testimony from Phil Brooks where they noted that the failure of the scale model hull at 2,800 meters was right on a defect (hump). So they knew that the humps were weak spots. And as you correctly pointed out it all comes down to the carbon fiber manufacturing process, which you can say was poorly done by Electroimpact, but I am not sure you can lay down 133 plies of pre-preg, autoclave it, and have it be a perfect layup. But Stockton was not giving up on the project. So, this video is not about how to do it correctly, it's about how they made decisions to forge ahead. I don't think OceanGate ever considered how these hundreds of randomly placed grinds would affect deflection in the hull and possibly add to "out of roundness" at full pressure. That is why I added the testimony of Mr. Thomas, to have viewers think about that issue also (as you did). My question is why did Electroimpact continue to build it? Why didn't some head engineer there say something like, " Stockton, this isn't working, the strength will be totally unpredictable, our reputation is on the line, we're stopping, we can't build it for you." Thanks again for adding to the discussion.
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  69. Thanks for your comment. In a normal development project that is what would have been done. In fact, they would have sent it down dozens of times unmanned first and then cut it up to see how the hull behaved. The first build would have been a test build and then scarificed.
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  70. Thanks for your comment. However, that is not what the carbon fiber engineer from NASA thinks in his testimony (10:34). And the aeronautical engineer (11:20) I have in the video would disagree with you. But you are certainly entitled to your opinion.
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  71. Thanks for your comment. For the context, for that part of the story, what I said was accurate. He decided not to use Spencer Composites again. He decided on Eclectoimpact for the second hull and asked them to do the V2 hull in one 5-inch thick layup and Electorimpact said no, they said it was either 1-inch layers and co-bonding or go somewhere else. Phil Brooks, the director of engineering testified as such, under oath, and I have that in the video. So, Stockton, at that point was forced into it. I am not sure any alternatives, at the time, existed for him.
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  72. Thanks for your input. I agree. It would seem to me that the welding there could affect the shape of the ring at the points of the weld.
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  73. Thanks for your comment. It's a huge and fascinating saga of great interest to many people. It will be talked about for a very long time. Get ready, Netflix is coming out with a movie about it soon, and so is the BBC. I have been in contact with the BBC producer. You will have to work to get away from it. I hope you can so you're not continually annoyed.
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  74. Thanks for your comment. You are correct. They did not ever test the co-bonded design on scale model hulls. That is not acceptable.
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  75. Thank you. And that you made a really great comment. I agree with you, Tony and Stockton together were kind of a bad mix. Together they both would decide to just get rid of people who did not want to do things Stockton's way. They never fully utilized Boeing or NASA and they got rid of APL. But APL was telling them things they did not want to hear. Some of Tony's testimony about what he says he demanded about the strain gauges in V1 is compelling so it makes me want to trust his story. But then the way handled the non-certified viewport makes me wonder about him. David Lochridge was the only professional marine person in the organization and when he wouldn't do what Stockton wanted he was gone too. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  76. Thanks for commenting. That is an excellent point that is hard to quantify because I have never read an actual measurement of the amount the hull got squeezed in at the center. Phil Brooks said they measured that at the DOTF, but he never said the number. I would like to know. But you are on the right track; a significant squeeze could pull outward on the top surface and compress inward at the bottom surface of the edge of the hull.
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  77. Thanks for commenting. Yes, I can't figure it out completely, but he seemed to hire experts just long enough to get what he needed out of them so he could then do it on his own cheaper. It was a pattern, Boeing, APL, NASA, and probably others.
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  78. Thanks for your comment. I think what happened was, when people first start working with OceanGate they seem reasonable, conscientious, and organized. But after a while you see the problems with the mentality and the culture at the organization. But by that time you name is already associated with OceanGate and it can potential ruin your reputation.
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  79. Thanks for your comment and I am glad you liked the video. Regarding the ads, I have no control over what gets used, sorry about that. Thanks again.
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  80. Did you appreciate the content of the video?
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  81. Yes, but an excellent in-depth analysis with excerpts of the relevant testimony and custom graphics. Thanks for your comment because it helps the algorithm get the video recommended to others.
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  82. Thanks for your comment. Fiber hulls (glass fiber and carbon fiber) have been used in the past, so Stockton was not the pioneer with that idea. So, it can work. The point of my video was that engineering principles were not followed with design, manufacturing, or testing. As far as I can tell from analyzing the testimony, there were six 1/3 scale models produced and tested. Four scale models tested before the first hull failed and two more after the first hull (before the second hull was built) Only ONE test hull in the first group of four, made it to the target pressure! How do you justify having a failed test program that does not support the concepts, but yet you proceed to build full-scale hulls and think it's okay? "culture of risk" How do you design a sub with grade 5 titanium domes for a margin of error, and then one day decide that Grade 3 titanium will be fine. "culture of risk" How do you use a viewport to go down to 4,000 meters when the expert manufacturer of the viewport only rates it to ~1,600 meters. "culture of risk" And with all that said, how do you risk the lives of paying passengers! And in this reply, I am only talking about the hull. Risky things were done elsewhere in the design. Thanks again for commenting and contributing to the discussion.
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  83. Thanks for your comment. The front dome weighs over 3,000 lbs. Since it's mounted on a round frame it does not have a full-length hinge on the left side, it's more of a pivot point. So, when opening or closing the dome and working on the fixation bolts they need to put a movable support under the bottom rim of the hatch to take the weight as it moves in and out. That hatch support must have become dislodged as they removed the fixation bolts and were opening the dome. If that fell on someone, they could have injured or killed someone on deck!
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  84. I know what you mean. If "passengers" had seen this prior to signing up I think they would have backed out. This was from a promotional video out on the internet. They were proud of it.
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  85. I agree with you. Those are all variables I worried about also but since they can't be quantified I guess that are not analyzed. But common sense says you don't treat this vessel like that. It was not a welded titanium sphere; that you could truck around.
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  86. It is an interesting story of design, engineering decisions, history, and the way they caused the self-inflicted controversy which I am attempting to explain. At the end of the video I state that I believe the failure was the hull. So, I agree with you.
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  87. Thanks for commenting. Even though it is negative (your opinion), it helps me by creating engagement, which makes the algorithm suggest it to even more people. Thanks again.
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  88. Thanks for commenting. Just to clear up a misconception. The inside of the hull had a liner that was spaced away from the carbon fiber hull by about 3/4 of an inch with blocks. I believe that everything you see mounted in the sub was supported by that liner. I don't think they screwed into the carbon fiber itself. Although I have never heard that stated specifically.
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  89.  @JaroslawFiliochowski  Agree, that V1 hull gluing video was frightening. And OceanGate released it to the public as a promotion, as if they were proud of it?
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  90. This story will continue to be dissected. It is complex and compelling. I am trying to make instructional videos. Netflix is about to release a movie about it. The BBC is doing a movie. I've spoken to the producer of the BBC movie. It will be hard for you to hide from it, but I hope you can.
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  91. Thanks for your comment about AUSS and the monitoring system, You are correct, it was dive 80 where they heard a large bang just before reaching the surface and there was a big jump in the strain gauge data. Stockton ignored it and blamed it on noise from the supporting frame. I think Stockton knew there was a big issue, but he couldn't lose the money from the next two dives, which amazingly were successful. They should've stopped diving after diving 80 and cut the sub up to find the problem in the hull. No one would have died and they would have learned from it. They may have learned that carbon fiber is not good for those depths, or learned a way to make it better for those depths. If he stopped after dive 80 Stockton would have been seen as a great innovator.
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  92. Thanks for commenting. The Coast Guard and NTSB are doing important work that will hopefully prevent something like this from happening again. Other than that, all of the other aspects of it make it an intriguing story.
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  93. Thanks for your comment. I am an astronomer also and I understand what you are thinking about working with optics. One of the issues is that the dome-shaped acrylic viewport is flexible and it changes shape as it goes deeper. The focal point at the surface is different than the focal point at 4,000 meters. So, the second lens would need a mechanical means to compensate for that. There is also the problem with condensation as the sub dives and cools. If you look carefully at Titan images at depth there are water droplets on the inside of the sub. You would need a way to keep the gap between the two optics clean. Acrylic spherical sector viewports have been used for decades, if it were easy to do an optical compensation for distortion it would have already been figured out and standard practice by now. It must be very complicated.
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  94. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Yes, I agree with you. I think Tony and Stockton together were a bad mix. They convinced each other they could do things a new way. And you are correct about the partners. OceanGate started these relationships, but only for a period of time. They always got out of the contracts early. It seems like they wanted to pick up just enough points, so they could then move ahead on their own. I guess to save money?
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  95. Thanks for your comment. Some of the engineers testified that after about 3 inches ultrasound loses its resolution on carbon fiber. So, it's tough to examine a 5-inch thick hull; the way I understand the testimony.
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  96. Thanks for your comment. You know, Tony was a smart guy, but designing and testing acrylic viewports is highly specialized. Tony and Stockton were working in an area of marine engineering that they did not have enough experience in. Tony tried to learn the engineering and do some testing to justify the design to satisfy Stockton. But they both should have left the viewport to the experts.
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  97. Thanks for your comment. You are so correct with this. It can be sometimes hard to "gauge" people as you said, but I agree, folks should have been running away from Stockton as fast as they could. And some did. We don't know the full background, but I think the engineers at the Applied Physics Lab dumped OceanGate, not the other way around, as the testimony would have you believe. I think those guys were upstanding engineers and ended up wanting to have nothing to do with Oceangate, think that the entire team was crazy.
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  98. Thanks for commenting. I am not a Boeing fanboy, but remember: this was the Boeing company of 2012-13 and they did an early feasibility study for OceanGate. And the Boeing engineer who testified was spot on. 1. At least 7 inches thick. 2. 45-degree cross plies. 3. Plan for the "effect of defects" If OceanGate had listened to Boeing they would have had a better chance of having a better hull and if they had kept Boeing involved Boeing would have planned for proper testing. OceanGate ignored Boeing's sound advice.
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  99. Yes, the tragedy happened a while back. However, I believe the work that I put into doing this video review is beneficial to some who want to learn more about the details but don't want to watch 50 hours of testimony. I don't mind doing it because I enjoy the engineering and the story. If you don't care about it, that's perfectly fine.
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  100. Thanks to all of the Solar Eclipse Timer users. Welcome to new eclipse chasers! I want to teach everyone the fine details of observing and enjoying a total solar eclipse. Part of that is learning about the partial phase phenomena. I believe that this is the best video on YouTube regarding animal behavior, specifically as it relates to chicken behavior during an eclipse.
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  101. Thanks for commenting. The NTSB is always going to investigate things like this, plane crashes, train crashes, bus crashes, bridge collapse, etc. And people put themselves in harm's way all the time and need to get rescued at taxpayer's expense; hikers getting lost, spraining an ankle at the bottom of the Grand Canyon, skiing in the backcountry and causing an avalanche, not evacuating when a storm is coming, etc. You would want the same taxpayer dollars spent if it involved someone in your family. The difference with the Titan disaster was the cost of the at-sea attempt for search and rescue. That was a massive Coast Guard undertaking that got a lot of news coverage. The NTSB and the Coast Guard actually tried to be efficient by doing the public testimony jointly instead of separately.
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  102. Thanks for commenting. You are correct. But this is now sworn testimony creating a written record that can be used to implement safeguards for the future, so no individual in the future can put other people at risk for the sake of a business model.
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  103. Because the Coast Guard lead the search and rescue effort. Canada is investigating it also, since the port of departure was from Canada and all of the equipment and people had to go through Canadian customs.
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  104. Thanks for your comment. At one point, Stockton is the person holding up the bucket so the guy can scoop some out. Hilarious!
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  105. Thanks for your comment. That is a good question and as far as I can tell from the testimony we don't know the answer. The engineer Bart Kemper was asked about that on Sept. 25th and he did not have a good answer because of the lack of data on that subject.
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  106. ​ @AndrewScott1337  I agree. Thanks for your comment. A problem is that Tony had an idea about certification, what path can you use for solid engineering? Since they we not going to use submersible engineering, Tony did his best to apply aerospace engineering. But it is just not the same. Sub "classing" has made deep sea diving very safe to the point of Titan. Stockton and Titan caused the first deepsea diving fatalities.
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  107. Thanks for your comment. So, you have to go back to the original Spencer Composites engineering document (June 2015) for the first hull, which stated that they thought the first hull could tolerate over 1,000 dives to the maximum depth (paraphrased). That first Spencer hull failed in the Bahamas after testing and only made it to the maximum depth 3 or 4 times (documented; one unmanned, one with Stockton alone, one with 4 people). This video is all about the second hull fabricated in a different way than the first Spencer hull. I personally know of no engineering document that published a cycle life (number of dives) for the second hull.
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  108. Yes, you got it.
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  109. I agree, he had to know he was taking too many risks. You know, he flew his own experimental plane for many years and got away with it. But feel sea stuff is very different.
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  110. Thanks for your comment. Just to be clear on the Titan records. The dive logs are a running total for both the V1 hull and the V2 hull. The implosion dive was dive 88. The first dive logged (0001) was on 2/6/18 to 3 meters in the bay in Errevett, WA. Most of the 87 dives were shallow dives for testing, but they are still in the total. The V2 hull made about 20 high-pressure dives if you want to count the high-pressure chamber dives (5) in the test facility.
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  111. Thanks for commenting. Yes, subsea is an unforgiving environment.
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  112. @ Thank you!
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  113. I agree with you on this. Especially with the weight of the titanium rings hanging off the carbon fiber hull.
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  114.  @utube321piotr  You are correct about the towing. It was rough on the Titan. However, in the first couple of days of testimony, there were some comments about how rough the process was of sliding the platform that held the Titan off the back of the first large ocean-going vessel they used. That was not a gentle process apparently. Other deep-sea submersibles that I have seen launched are lifted by a crane and set down into the water. That is a much more gentle approach.
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  115. jc, thanks for commenting. The Tony Nissen testimony Monday was amazing. He is the engineer in my video overseeing the 'gluing." Tynn Catterson was great on Monday also. Yesterday David Lochridge was fascinating! That guy was so well-trained and talented. I feel sorry for him, that he got involved with Rush, it almost ruined his life. Next Tuesday, I will be interested to hear Karl Stanley, one of the only guys in the world that safely operates a non-classed sub for tourists. And next Thursday someone from NASA and then Boeing. I have another video about how Rush should have never been using the NASA logo, that is NOT allowed by NASA!
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  116. People interested in science and technology, engineering, interesting stories, and personalities, etc. Maybe not you and that's okay. Thanks for commenting.
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  117. I am interested in a lot of technical things and this Titan engineering story is fascinating so I felt compelled to break it down. I am an expert in total solar eclipses and soon I will be going back to that content. Thousands of YouTube channels provide mixed content, the title is irrelevant really. Thanks for taking the time to comment.
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  118. There are some things he did right, like saying the V1 hull wasn't safe to go to the Titanic. There were some things he did that were weird, like hiding the real data about the specifications of the viewport. He seemed to be correct about demanding stain gauges be installed, but on the other hand, Phil Brooks said the way he was gathering acoustic data was almost useless. So, I don't know what to think about Mr. Nissen.
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  119. Thanks for your comment. Yep, I misspelled "lightning" a couple of times. Sorry about that. This video has many annotations and it is difficult to proofread all the layers in a video editing program timeline. It's not like a Word document and there is no spell checker. Sorry, it troubled you. I hope you enjoyed the content which was presented in a thoughtful and serious manner (no hype). Thanks again.
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  120. Thanks for your comment. My next video deals specifically with grinding down the humps in the laminate. That issue was so complicated to explain, I separated it from this video. The image at 4:33 was an image that I took from the graphics I was making for the grinding video. This video is about the engineering decisions that led them to continue to make a five-inch thick hull as stated in the second line of the video. So, this video is not meaningless at all, in fact, it is very comprehensive regarding its stated goal. Search YouTube for my next video under the title OceanGate Titan Hull - Hundreds of Ill-advised Carbon Fiber Grind Spots
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  121. Thanks for your comment. I hope you learned some information about the problems with the design and fabrication of the hull.
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  122. I agree. That subject is something I want to make a video about.
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  123. Thanks for commenting. My YouTube channel is monetized. YouTube determines the ad placement and the number of ads. This video is 22 minutes long and has 4 ads during the playing of the video which are skipable after 5 seconds. Many other viewers thought my content was worth the 20 seconds. You do not and that is fine.
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  124. ​ @robertwyness2464  I agree with you. I wish they had someone from Spencer Composites testify. It seems as though it was their engineers who calculated that 5 inches was strong enough. Thanks for your comment.
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  125.  @ginaanddenes9059  Thank you for the support. Happy you liked it.
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  126. Thanks for commenting. Yes, I agree. Two ways to look at that. 1. He really did trust it (crazy) 2. He was so far in debt and so committed to the project that he would dive each time with his fingers crossed, no matter the risk to him or others (crazier!)
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  127. Yes they did. They had to make it fit in the 4 1/2 inch groove of the original titanium rings. Thanks for commenting.
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  128.  @fredwin  Yes, rigging to the frame was probably a pain in the butt. However, that was the way to lift it and properly distribute the loads. No matter how much of a pain it is, you still have to do what is correct based on the engineering.
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  129. They had no experience in subs specifically. They did have general experience with carbon fiber laminates, that is why they were involved.
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  130. Thanks for your comment. I don't think it was the viewport that failed and I mention that at the end of the video. This video was about the controversy around the design and the depth rating of the viewport. I think the failure was either the hull itself or the junction of the hull to the titanium rings.
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  131. Thanks for your comment. I am doing a video about that right now. You may find it interesting when I release this new video.
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  132. Point taken. It did not occur to me when I did it. But now that it has been pointed out to me I will not do it again.
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  133.  @Kenjiro5775  Yep, everything you say is true. Karl Stanley talks about his dive where things were popping on the way down and then popping on the way up as stored energy was released. Wild!
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  134. He still had a wife and two children. I don't know if he had any grandchildren. He may have done other good things in his life, in other responsible ways. Perhaps charity work? I don't know that and I assume you don't either.
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  135. Thanks for commenting. You are correct. That is one of the weak points that they did not consider.
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  136. Agree. Can you imagine getting bolted in that thing with no way to open it from the inside! Crazy! Thanks for your comment.
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  137. Exactly. It was not a good business model. Under-estimation of the complexity and over-estimation of the interest. Thanks for commenting.
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  138. Correct. And that is the big factor here, lasting how many cycles? You have to know this with unmanned testing.
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  139. Yes, like the classic line from the first Ghostbusters movie, "important safety tip, don't cross the beams. It would be bad."
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  140. I agree, using incoming cash to keep going and asking employees to miss paychecks to keep going. Not good. The testimony was so interesting.
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  141.  @emptiester  So, NASA is a public entity and our tax dollars pay for what they do. If they publish a picture, say from a Mars rover, you can use that image for your own work as long as you give NASA the due credit for the image. The same would be true if they published some esoteric data about a neutron star and you needed to use that NASA data: you can do it as long as it is properly referenced. Again, you paid for it with your tax dollars, their work is in the public domain. So, using it is "free," I guess if you want to look at it that way. And giving due credit is obvious. My NASA solar science friend uses my eclipse work and images in her talks and she always asks for my permission first and then gives me credit on the slide in her talk. However, NASA treats the "meatball' logo and the NASA "worm" graphic differently. They protect these as NASA branding and want their use to be limited to projects, events, work, etc. that are DIRECTLY affiliated with something that NASA is involved with and therefore approves of. I know this from working with NASA. You are on the honor system when you work with NASA on something. You are allowed to say you worked with NASA on something, but the wording, the context, and the need for a possible disclaimer are key. NASA NEVER wants those two things to be used to endorse a commercial product or service. So, you really have to be careful and honest. NASA doesn't have the time to police these guidelines everywhere. I hope that answers your question. Thanks for commenting.
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  142. Great ears and a great question. Here's the deal, Mr. Dyer who was part of APL doesn't have direct access to the pressure chamber. APL does not own or run the pressure chamber, it is controlled by the University of Washington. So, OceanGate "rented" the pressure chamber to do their last tests outside of using APL. They could rent it from UW independently. I hope that answers your question. Thank you for commenting.
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  143.  @punisher0717  Thanks for commenting. I have a video in the works about the grinding thing. What a bad idea!
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  144. Thanks for your comment. I like Scott Manley myself and subscribe to his channel. I have watched both of his Titan videos and in both, he basically narrates over the Coast Guard hearings and slide shows. The narration is superb, but there is not a single custom-created graphic to try to help explain the story. So, we just have two different approaches to educating people about this subject.
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  145. He had an aerospace engineering degree from Princeton University.
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  146. Yes, you get it. He had use aerospace people, because the marine engineers would have never worked with him. The aerospace people did not know the correct questions to ask.
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  147. Please edit the profanity out of your comment. Thank you. There has been wonderful engagement from the YouTube community about the content of my video. Your profanity has no place.
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  148. @ Thanks for bringing that up. Damn, you right. It was a long comment to finally end up being sarcastic. I guess I am too serious and missed it. Thanks for pointing it out.
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  149. You know, he had experts involved at various times, but Rush fired them as soon as they started indicating that the concept was not going to work. So far, during the hearings, Nissen and Lochridge who were involved with the building of Titan said they would "NEVER" get in the thing and take it to depth.
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  150. Hi, the Titan had a liner than laid inside the carbon fiber hull. Anything you see screwed into the walls is screwed into that "floating" liner, not the carbon fiber.
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  151. Before the public hearings, the board had hundreds of pages of documents supplied to them which they reviewed. So, after review, they formulated relevant questions which were sometimes on their laptops. I think is just a way to stay organized. There were a lot of lines of questioning in two weeks of hearings. It wasn't all about the technical stuff that I covered in this video. I have another video you might like about the finances. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  152. Thanks for your comment. At 4:00 I put in the Toray chart for the specifications for the product OceanGate used. I did that on purpose to show that this system when properly fabricated had fairly good compressive strength. Toray tests for compression and publishes the data. Having said that, I am not saying it's good for a hull. And as far as I can tell you are not supposed to cure this product after 133 plies. So, it's a complex subject.
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  153. Thanks for the comment and for summing that up.
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  154. That is correct, The budget should have allowed for one hull to be tested unmanned for say, 20 to 30, dives and then cut up the hull and examine the hull for evidence of fatigue and delaminations. Destructive test. But of course, the budget did not allow for that. Thanks for commenting.
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  155. Yes, it did.
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  156. Thanks for the supportive comment. Tony did some really good things at points, but also some odd things, like not being honest about the first viewport rating. So, I don't know exactly what to make of him.
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  157. Thanks for your comment. You got it. You are asking the most important question of all. Why wasn't there someone with enough clout to "pull the plug on this project." Whether it be an engineer or Weny Rush, someone. And even if it was allowed to go on, at dive 80, that's where it should have stopped, after the huge shift in strain data. That data showed the hull had become compromised.
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  158. Thanks for your comment. Yes, I am aware of the mistake I made in the video and I noted that error and wrote the correction in the video description.
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  159. There is a partial solar eclipse on March 29, 2025. mostly visible in Europe. The next total solar eclipse is August 12, 2026, hitting Greenland, Iceland, and Spain. Those are I am aware of. Thanks for your question.
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  160.  @LoisoPondohva  Thanks for your comment. I am not sure either, and my pronunciations are actually fine.
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  161. Thanks for your comment. So, defining intelligence is complicated. He wasn't stupid. Rush received a Bachelor of Science degree in aerospace engineering from Princeton University and a Master of Business Administration from the University of California, Berkeley. He became a pilot as a teenager. Built his own experimental plane out of fiberglass. Worked in the science and technology industry as an engineer, and also worked in venture capitalism. Another viewer commented previously and said there is a difference between intelligence and wisdom. That was a good point. I am not defending his actions with OceanGate, I just don't understand him.
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  162. I agree. He was the only guy with real professional marine experience. Unfortunately, he got involved with OceanGate. Then he got involved with OSHA who messed him around too. The last time I checked he had a good job with another serious sea exploration company. I hope he is doing well. Thanks for your comment.
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  163. Thanks for your comment. Part of the problem is that Rush continued to use aerospace engineers. The experience doesn't transfer well to the marine environment.
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  164. Agree. Rush knew the aerospace industry; he was a pilot who flew a fiberglass plane. But he should have been consulting people from the marine engineering industry for a sub. But he wasn't working with the marine industry because they were telling him not to do it, it wouldn't work. The folks in the aerospace industry didn't know enough to tell him to stop.
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  165. Thanks for your comment. There were many engineers who saw this design coming together. People smarter than me, you and the construction proceeded. So, it's very interesting to try to understand why things that look like "red flags" (in retrospect) were missed during the process. So, it's not splitting hairs to try understanding the small details that may have led to the failure. And I say "may have led" because the junction of the titanium rings to the carbon fiber hull is becoming very suspicious to me as the failure point as I do some more research.
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  166.  @bigbattenberg  Thanks for your reply to the comment. The generalized statement that carbon fiber has no strength with compressive forces is not true. At 4:00 I put in the Toray chart for the specifications for the product OceanGate used. I did that on purpose to show that this system when properly fabricated had fairly good compressive strength. Toray tests for compression and publishes the data for the end users. But it is for using the "system" properly; the fibers combined with the matrix and proper curing processes.
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  167. Thank you for your supportive comment, I appreciate I have enjoyed the interaction. There is a genuine interest in this subject. Probably 95% of the comments have been thoughtful, inquisitive, and positive. Not many trolls at all.
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  168. That is a good question that has been discussed. It may not be that easy to do. The outer viewport changes shape as the pressure increases, so keeping the second inner element in focus might be hard. If you look at pictures of the front dome when they are deep there is a lot of condensation on the inside of the titanium due to moisture in the sub and the temperature outside cooling. You may get into a situation of condensation between the two elements. Any gap between the two elements would have to be kept clean. So, if it were easy to do, I believe it would have been figured out years ago for spherical viewports and been standardized, but it is not. So, there must be issues we are not accounting for that an optical engineer would know. Thanks for commenting.
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  169. Thanks for your comment. I showed the wood breaking under compressive load, from the top, like the hull. This was to demonstrate what the engineer Bart Kemper was talking about when he said you could look at the crosssection of the hull as a bridge span. The other reason I chose to use wood is that it can behave like an anisotropic material like carbon fiber. So, the demonstration of the wood beam breaking would be like a carbon laminate hull suddenly crushing.
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  170. Thanks for your comment. You are correct about hindsight when reviewing the data from the wreckage. But there was also plenty of foresight by experts at the time that said this idea would not work and they were correct. Surviving 14 dives is true, but each one was a gamble. It could have been a success as a concept if the dives were part of an unmanned testing program to lead the way toward understanding the issues and improving the engineering. But the way the business model was carried out, causing 5 tragic deaths, has probably ruined the chance of manned sub-designs with carbon fiber forever.
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  171. Thanks for commenting. One of the loopholes was calling the passengers "mission specialists" (=crew) so as far as the overseeing authorities were concerned this was not considered a passenger-carrying vessel.
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  172. Antipodes and Cyclops 1 were both pretty shallow subs and would never be able to be rated to 4,000m.
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  173. Thanks for commenting. I see your point, but I don't agree all the way. The scope of the work NASA was asked to do is not spelled out in the document that was released. But it seems to have started out discussing autoclaved debulking, all by remote consultation. Then OceanGate stopped the agreement, so NASA never got fully involved and never fabricated anything. But since NASA had no marine experience I think they have some responsibility to know what the final product or goal was if they are going to provide expert opinions. Don't you think that makes a difference? Maybe OceanGate wasn't forthcoming I don't know. But how can you do expert consultation on a process you area suppose to be expert in and not know the final goal. That seems odd to me. Maybe NASA should have said, "Stockton, we don't have enough experience with the marine pressure environment to know that what we are going to tell you is applicable and safe, I think we will decline to do this consult for you." They did not have to take the job. Then they ended up having "egg on their face" when Stockton was promoting that he worked with NASA on the hull, when the work was extremely limited, and then NASA had to release a statement to that affect after the implosion.
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  174. Thanks for your comment. Very thoughtful. Yes, sub-sea it's a brutal market to try to make profitable commercially. That was why I framed this video as trying to find a "niche" to capitalize on. Stockton just flat-out made a mistake. It wasn't going to be a profitable niche. I think that is what Mr. Sohnlein realized and why it got out; although he never says it explicitly in his testimony. The market isn't there, even for "Adventure Tourism." Subs are too expensive and there just isn't enough down there to explore to keep enough people engaged and willing to part with their money. And the deeper you go, the more expensive and dangerous it gets. It's an intriguing story.
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  175. No, they did not publicly testify. I don't know if they gave any documents to the Coast Guard. Same thing with Spencer Composites, I would have loved to hear something from them.
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  176. Thank you for the supportive comment. It's appreciated.
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  177. Great comment! You know, I actually used an online program to generate Stockton's voice for that quote in my video! It was amazing!! It sounded just like him! However, I decided not to use it in my video because YouTube has a question about using AI during the upload process and I did not want to deal with that. I also did not want others to take it from my original video and spread it around. So, I just took my voice and played with equalizing it to have more treble. Thanks for your comment.
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  178. Thanks for commenting. The people that went obviously did not do enough research. Other individuals did not trust it once they looked into it and did not sign on despite Stockton trying to convince them.
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  179. Yes, and the way the loads get altered and re-positioned is fascinating engineering! You need really excellent finite element analysis to see it.
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  180. Yes, yes. You bring up such a great point! It's fascinating. A dome behaves like a dome, in terms of strength, when the outer convex surface can take the compression and the inner concave surface can take the tension. Thanks for commenting.
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  181. Thanks for your comment and your compliment about the video. I answered the question about the R.I.P. for a couple of other viewers, and I am happy to share it with you. It's a very complicated story. But, he still was a family man with two children. I don't know if he had any grandchildren. He may have done some good in other aspects of his life, I don't know, but I didn't think a few seconds of showing R.I.P. was inappropriate (maybe I'm wrong, but he still died a tragic death). However, some of this is the responsibility of the passengers also, due to their lack of research and due diligence about the risk. Many wealthy people were approached by Stockton and chose not to go after assessing the risk. I read that Suleman Dawood, the 19-year-old, was planning to solve a Rubik's Cube at the bottom of the ocean to claim a world record. So, he was chasing some social media fame. The whole thing is sad! But, thanks for watching the video until the end! I'm glad you enjoyed it. I have another video about the first director of engineering, Tony Nissen, you might like that also, search YouTube for, "OceanGate Titan Disaster - A Culture of Risk - The Engineer's Words"
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  182. Thanks for your comment. I guess I should say, to the degree that I analyzed it, with all the relevant testimony excerpted from multiple witnesses edited together and the custom graphics to help explain things, etc. I hope you liked it.
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  183. Agree with you. The other problem was, although I think he really did have an interest in deep ocean science, the issue is there is no money in that. The financial resources for deep ocean basic science are limited. I am not an oceanographer, but I am not sure what can be learned at deep depths, deeper than 4,000 meters, that helps society in general. I may be wrong, but nothing comes to mind easily.
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  184.  @Marco-xz7rf  Good comment. As it regards acoustinc monitoring the V2 hull was very quiet. It did not "pop" like the V1 hull on the dives. On dive 80 they had that huge event with a large acoustic spike and a permanent change in the strain data. That indicated a delamination at gauge set #4 which was toward the front of the hull, on the lower left (if looking forward). They should have stopped diving after that event, but they ignored it.
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  185. Thanks for your comment. Yes, it's a complicated story, but it did come down to money. I guess the only part that is ego is that he would not give up.
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  186. That is true. The Titan disaster is more interesting (I think) because there is a central figure, Stockton Rush, who is an enigma. Then there is a cast of characters around him. Then add the Titanic wreck and billionaires and it's hard not to be at least a little interested in it.
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  187. Thanks! It was really amazing to me!
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  188. I agree. If you are going to hire experts for their opinions, you probably should listen to them. Thanks for commenting.
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  189. Thanks for your comment. When Rush first started the business concept, that was his goal. He had a plan to have 4 or 5 subs around the world that could be used for tourism and exploration by scientists. That is why he was so big on the LARS concept, so the lightweight sub was mobile and could be transported and launched almost anywhere. He started out by doing shallow dives for a fee in Puget Sound with the Antipodes, the classed sub he bought. But I don't think there was enough interest and I don't think he could charge enough money for those shallow dives to make ends meet. Maintaining a classed sub and diving in U.S. Coastal waters costs a lot of money. Eventually, he morphed the concept into adventure tourism and the allure of the Titanic.
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  190. Ha, ha, that is a great story! Thank you for sharing that.
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  191. I saw no mention in the hearings or saw anything in the documents that shows recovery of the viewport or any pieces of acrylic.
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  192. He's great! I really liked him. Brilliant guy; the lead engineer for ABS. For the part of the testimony I used, by that time, he had slowed down some.
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  193. Thanks for your comment. Sorry I made you so angry.
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  194.  @commiecomrade2644  Thank you for your supportive comment, I appreciate it. I try to produce quality content, therefore I am indifferent to people like sarratoga who are so easily triggered.
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  195. That is absolutely correct. Tony Nissen had some marine experience and got fired. The Applied Physics Lab had marine experience and got fired. David Lochridge had marine experience and got fired. Aerospace engineering and materials are not interchangeable to all uses and environments.
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  196. I agree. Stockton had to stay away from all of the marine engineers, because they would have never let him build it. He used aerospace people because they did not know the correct questions to ask. The problem is that aerospace engineering does not exactly cross over into the marine environment.
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  197. Thanks for your comment. I am only reporting and attempting to analyze what the NTSB studied and they are certainly the experts on post-disaster analysis.
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  198. Thanks for your comment and your question. No matter what the first weakness was that caused the implosion, the hull is going to collapse inward. So, those inner (thin) titanium hoops around the hull were going to shear off due to that collapsing direction. So, it doesn't matter if it's the hull that collapses or a failure at one of the glued rings, it implodes inward.
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  199.  @abelgerli  Agree. You must always follow the sound engineering and not let schedule or cost put lives at risk.
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  200. Agree, Lochridge seems like a really experienced guy with good intentions. Getting involved with Rush was horrible for him.
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  201. Thanks for commenting, I appreciate it. What term would you have preferred for this video,to explain it to the general public? Oh, and I hope you like the content of the video overall.
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  202. It's Incredible. Tony Nissen the engineer overseeing the "gluing" in the video was happy to be the engineer on major portions of the project, yet at the Coast Guard hearing on Monday, he said he would never get in the sub for a dive. So, he did not even trust the thing he was building for Rush. The entire thing is an odd story and a tragic story.
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  203. I have expertise in total solar eclipses and my YouTube channel is dedicated to that. So I want to mention that as a brief introduction to myself at the beginning of the video. But I also have an great interest in engineering that goes wrong for some reason. It happens quite often and I always read about them. The OceanGate disaster is particularly interesting.
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  204. You are correct! Mr. Guillermo Sohnlein is into space more than the oceans. Thanks for bringing that up. I think that's a gimmick to book speaking engagements.
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  205. Thanks for you comment. The way I interpret the discussion in the Boeing testimony, is that even for the hull cylinder itself, another layer of fibers at 45 degrees could help support the the other two layers in "zero - ninety" configuration, because the extra layer could prevent propagation of damage if it were to start to occur in those other two layers.
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  206. Thanks for commenting and I think you summed it up well.
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  207. Thanks for commenting. Yes, NASA admitted they had no submersible experience. I have no idea why OceanGate went to them other than the fact that OceanGate was looking for any experts at all that were not in the field of marine engineering because those folks never would have worked on this idea/design. OceanGate was forced to use the aerospace industry for help, and that knowledge base does not transfer well to the marine environment.
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  208. NASA knew about some uses, not others. NASA doesn't have time to police all this stuff, so it's an issue.
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  209. @ To the degree that I can in my YouTube videos about the Titan I try to remain neutral about those involved and just present the facts. Some, decisions are glaringly odd, so it's sometimes difficult not to sound "questioning." But, to answer your question, the intent was to do an analysis of the mechanism of failure based on the sworn testimony.
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  210. You are correct, he had dreams of being an astronaut but could not due to his eyesight (apparently).
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  211. Yep, that is not in the manual.
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  212.  @TimeSurfer206  Agree, I am not a welder but have had several welding projects done for me by a local welding shop. It's amazing how those guys learn how metal reacts to the welding process and tell me what I can and cannot design.
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  213. Thanks for your comment. Nothing was ever built at or by Boeing or NASA. Boeing and NASA only did consultation work. And the Boeing work was really early on, before the V1 hull and it was just a feasibility study. NASA worked with OceanGate between the V1 and V2 hull but only advised on carbon fiber layup debulking procedures and OceanGate stopped the contract early. OceanGate embellished the associations.
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  214. Yep, agree.
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  215. Yes, I agree with you. I think that is the main weakness. The co-bonding technique in a hull that was flexing too much. the action broke the glue down. Thanks for commenting.
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  216. Thanks for the comment. Yes, you sum it up quite well. It just wasn't a good idea or a good business model. But he would not give up because he and other investors would have lost a ton of money. If he had just stopped after the first season claiming success, or certainly after dive 80, saying the hull is no longer safe, we would be having a very different conversation. He would have been known as the great innovator that he wanted to be known as.
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  217. Thank your for commenting on my video. I am so sorry for your tragic loss! I hope you see that my video's are not sensationalizing the tragedy, but try to explain things in a thoughtful manner. I try to not label Stockton, I leave that to the viewers, but my videos do make some things clear. Your perspective is certainly unique. You did say something that I think is interesting and have no other knowledge of. You mentioned that Wendy Rush was also personally involved in finding clients. Is that true? Was Wendy actively involved in selling the product? She was more than just the communication lead on the missions. Thanks.
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  218. You are correct!
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  219. Great comment and thanks for bringing up the "sunk cost fallacy." I wasn't aware of that phrase so I just researched it. Of course, I was aware of the principles but did not know the phrase. it is exactly what happened with OceanGate and to a massive degree! Thanks again.
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  220. Thanks for this comment. In Tony's sworn testimony he states that when he was hired on to OceanGate the hull mandrel was already built. He has a lot of other testimony about seeing if Stockton and Spencer would make a longer mandrel to have longer cut-offs for testing. Tony referred to the extra length as "witness panels", where a real cross-section of the carbon fiber plies would be seen. Because the short (6 to 8") cut-offs they had are not representative of the center of the hull becasue the ends is where the winding process doubles back on itself. So, the mandrel, the thickness, and the lack of 45-degree plies was already decided.
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  221. I agree. The story is just crazy. Thanks for commenting.
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  222. Thanks for commenting. This video concerns the acrylic dome, not the titanium end caps (domes). The acrylic dome probably was NOT the reason for the implosion. I am not saying it was in this video. My purpose was to lay out the facts about the controversy regarding the depth rating and the non-standard design. Although the acrylic dome may not have been the failure point, it looks as though the computer modeling was showing that the dome was not handling the pressures well. I want to mention that they did not find the acrylic dome (window) intact, they found the titanium domes intact.
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  223. Unfortunately, Phil was not a mechanical or materials engineer. When he was promoted to the Director of Engineering he told Stockton he did not feel comfortable in that position because of his lack of experience in those fields. Stockton told him that he and Bob Shuman would deal with mechanical and materials questions. Bob Shuman was the COO of OceanGate at the time and has a degree in mechanical engineering. But he was not present on the ship for the expedition. Thanks for commenting.
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  224. Thanks for your comment. Yes, you are correct. The co-bonded hull was never tested before use, except for the 5 deep pressure dives in the test chamber in Maryland. Not even scale models of the co-bonded technique were tested. There was no fatigue cycle work done as far as we know from the documents that were released to the public. The NTSB may have more information that has not been released, I don't know.
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  225. Thanks for commenting. Yes, they ground down layers. Dr. Kramer saw the number of layers being removed to be between 1 ply to 12 plies. Taking away 12 plies of the 1-inch layer is a lot. I calculate it to be a 3/32 of an inch of material. I am doing a new video on that, so stay tuned.
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  226. Great comment and question. There is testimony from Tony Nissen that the center of the V1 hull was deflecting inward (down) as they thought it would. There was an issue though; it was moving 37% more than they predicted. I bring that up to answer your question, which is yes the center of the case squeezed inward all the way around the circumference, more than the case right next to the rings. And this was listed as a predicted behavior in the Spencer Composites design and analysis document. And as you saw in the video, that was how Mr. Kemper was trying to simplify looking at the hull, like a bridge. Thanks for commenting.
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  227. You know I agree, but it is also fault of the father for putting his child at that kind of risk. I read that the kid was apprehensive but did not want to disappoint his father. Sad
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  228. I agree with you. David Lochridge was the only real marine professional in the group. I feel bad that he got involved with OceanGate. Then to add insult to injury, he got involved with OSHA! Ugh! Thanks for commenting.
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  229. Thanks for commenting. I have given this some thought. Private citizens put themselves in harm's way all the time and the "authorities" have to help them out. A few examples: people go hiking and get lost, people hike down to the bottom of the Grand Canyon and don't have the energy to climb back out, people ski in the backcountry, cause an avalanche and need to be rescued, small boats stall in coastal waters, etc. The authorities will always try to save people. If it were your immediate family you would want them to try for you. Everything about this Titan incident was just on a much grander scale.
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  230. Actually, at the end of the video, I mention that I don't think the viewport was the reason for the implosion. I think it was the carbon fiber hull. However, if the hull had lasted for many, many dives, the Kemper engineer felt that this viewport design could fail from cyclical fatigue. Thanks for commenting.
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  231. Thanks for commenting. Yes, outdoors in the winter in Newfoundland. We don't know if there was any water intrusion into the porosity of the outer layers, but if there was, that water would have gone through freezing and thawing cycles which would not be good for the fibers around the pores.
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  232. Thank you for your comment. Those are excellent questions and none of them were answered directly in the testimony. However, Tony Nissen's full testimony talked a lot about the lightning strike in the Bahamas. He said it was not a direct strike on the Titan. But it was close. The strike may have hit a catamaran which was docked right next to the Titan. The people who were working on the catamaran showed him where the discharge may have exited through one of the props. The electric energy did knock out most of the electronics on the Titan and a lot had to be replaced in the Bahamas before they could resume testing.
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  233. Thanks for your comment. Great points. The loophole was there were no passengers. They were "mission specialists," so basically they were logged as crew and they said the dives were scientific expeditions. When you are not carrying paying passengers a lot of the rules go away. When you are a science vessel the rules are different.
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  234. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you. After the implosion, when engineers were releasing their first computer model simulations of the hull imploding, they had it fragmenting into a million pieces. But, that is because their models were using a 5-inch thick hull that was behaving as a five-inch thick hull. But after good images of the wreckage came out we see that is not what happened. After the initial problem, whatever that was, the weak point was the glued surfaces which delaminated.
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  235. Thanks for commenting. Exactly right. The fact that they never tested the co-bonding technique at all, not even with scale models, and then started using the full-sized hull to dive with people in it is completely absurd! There are really no words to describe it.
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  236. Yep, dive 80. They should have stopped after dive 80.
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  237. Yes, possibly true. But there can be safe innovation (I believe). I love NASA, but they have never tried to land first-stage boosters to reuse them; as an example of private innovation,. Stockton Rush was a real outlier. The testimony I have watched thus far confirms that he had some personality issues.
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  238. Hi, thanks for your nice comment. I am working on another interesting backstory for a video right now.
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  239. Agree. Using NASA gives some credibility, whether you like NASA or not. As I tried to explain with my experience with NASA, if you worked with NASA on something, you have a right to say it. But you can't cross the line and turn it into a commercial product promotion. So, Stockton can say "NASA helped us with the development of our hull, but they do not endorse our sub expeditions." The disclaimer has to be there. He was crossing the line in the OceanGate promo.
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  240.  @MatthewBritnell  Correct. I go back and forth between thinking the primary failure was the hull versus the glued rings. This analysis makes me go back to the rings.
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  241. Correct, Tony always wanted it supported from the frame.
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  242. Thanks for your comment. Yes, for sure, Stockton was told by many people with expertise in the marine field that what he was doing was a very bad idea.
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  243.  @TheStephaneAdam  Thanks. It helps.
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  244.  @TimeSurfer206  I know.
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  245. Thanks for your comment. Dr. Kramer testified that some of the deepest grinds took away 12 plies of carbon fiber. Thate 9% of the layer, which was 133 plies. That's' a lot.
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  246. Maybe? It's hard when you want to tell the story correctly, discuss the background for context, and add the real testimony. I want the proof to back up the overall premise of the video.
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  247. Good eyes, but nothing was screwed into the hull itself. There was a liner slide inside the hull that was spaced away from the carbon fiber by about 3/4 of an inch. Everything was screwed into that liner. Thanks for commenting.
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  248.  @donperegrine922  Yes, you are correct. Thank you for your reply. I go over that in the video. When Tony was gone, they were free to weld, lifting eyes to the rings before re-attaching the rings to the new hull. The question is, were lifting eyes a bad idea structurally?
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  249. Thanks for your comment. I have addressed the R.I.P. thing for a couple of other viewers and I am happy to share my thoughts with you. It's a very complicated story. But, he still was a family man with two children. I don't know if he had any grandchildren. He may have done some very good things as a person in other aspects of his life, you and I don't know that. Some of the people who testified were visibly saddened. Ms. Rojas and Ms. Bay broke down and cried during their closing statements. I didn't think a few seconds of showing R.I.P. was totally inappropriate (maybe I'm wrong). He still died a tragic death. But your point is noted.
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  250. Agree. They put on a show to look technically savvy and on the cutting edge of adventure tourism. But it was a bad business model and a total struggle.
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  251. Thanks for your comment. My intent wasn't to be hard on NASA in this video, if that is what you are saying. I tired to explain that they were involved only for ideas on debulking the laminate and they were out of the picture prior to manufacturing. OceanGate had a habit of doing that, hiring people only to the point of gaining the information they wanted and then stopping the relationship to save money. But, I still think when you are consulting on something that you have special experience with, NASA and composites, you have to provide the information considering the context of the end product and if you don't think your expertise applies to the marine environment may be you shouldn't take the job. It is the responsibility of both parties to be sure the information and the assistance applies to the end use and I allude to that in the video. But, remember Spencer Composites had some experience in the marine environment and after the V1 hull failed OceanGate did not trust them any longer so they looked to NASA for help. And finally, if OceanGate kept NASA around, NASA never would have signed off on grinding down the high spots in the layers. That is not acceptable. I did not put that clip in this video, but Justin Jackson testified as such.
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  252. Yes, that is a good summary. Thanks for your comment.
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  253.  @cremebrulee4759  Thanks, glad you enjoyed it. The link to the Coast Guard site in the description has the list of witnesses and the schedule. If you can watch some of it you should.
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  254. Agree.
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  255. Oh yes, there is still a lot to learn. In fact, in December (not related to the live hearings) the Coast Guard released an interview of a couple that was on the mission (dive 87) just before the one that imploded. Their testimony was fascinating and had very important information to review. It will be interesting to see what the final NTSB report says. Thanks for your comment.
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  256. No, this is not saying that was the main cause. There were many structural problems with the hull. I am just pointing out that the rings were reused and reusing them meant that the hull had to be shaved down to fit into the grove in the ring. It would have been really expensive to make new rings and domes to fit a V2 hull with a new thickness, say seven inches. Spencer said in their design analysis that 5 inches was thick enough and that shaving down the outer edge was ok to do. But to me, it seems like it introduces problems.
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  257.  @robcaulfield58  Sure thing, I watched them. I really like Scott's work, and his channel, and I am a subscriber of his! His Titan videos had superb narration but no custom graphics to help explain details further. We just approached it in different ways. Thanks for your comment.
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  258. Good question. I think it is because the mandrel defines the internal diameter. And the internal sleeve had to fit. So, the internal diameter had to be fixed. So, the flexibility in the diameter had to be adjusted on the outside. But on either side, it's a bad idea to randomly cut out loops of carbon fibers. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  259. Thanks for picking that up! Ugh! I just did an edit (within YouTube) to take that section out. Luckily it was an easy cut right there. The edit should process in a couple of hours. Thanks again.
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  260. Thanks for adding to the discussion.
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  261. Thanks for commenting. I believe that the longitudinal plies are laid back and forth as a single line, but I am not sure. Even if the machine flips at the end I think the plies do end up being perpendicular to the circumferential plies. But in any event, the nomenclature for that layout is still called zero-ninety. But you are asking a great question.
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  262. Maybe. It's really complicated. If there is ever a public lawsuit I would be interested to see Wendy Rush testify.
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  263. Thanks for the support.
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  264.  @foogod4237  Yes sir, you have it summarized exactly. OceanGate engaged help to get just enough information (for what they wanted) and then terminated the agreements to save money. Then the companies that worked with them early, but were never allowed to help them with the fine points, ended up looking bad.
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  265. Thanks for commenting. I almost ready to upload another Titan video that will interest you. Stay tuned.
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  266. Thanks for your thoughtful and extensvie reply. I read it carefully and concentrated on it, and you seem to have experience in this field, so thanks for adding to the discussion. I agree with everything you said, except I stand by my statement of "woefully inadequate glue layers." Although you don't agree as evidenced by the snarky comment, "Well, sometimes it is better to not say anything than make an incorrect statement," you later go on to list all the problems with the glue layer. And note that we don't even know what adhesive they used and how carefully it was applied other than "draping it over the hull as a sheet," as per Dr. Kramer's testimony. But as you then note, A LOT of porosity is a problem, the peel ply technique is a problem. and patches of voids where subjected to shear is a problem, therefore, those are areas not bonded together. Then, as you correctly conclude that the 5 layers must act as one to have the required strength (monolith shell). Not to mention that we have no data on the effect of subjecting the glue to 350F multiple times and the fact that there is physical evidence that the glue was breaking down to dust. All of that being said means that the square footage of this poor glue job does make a difference since the poor job is amplified by the total amount of square footage over 4 layers of glue. Thanks again for your thoughtful comment.
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  267.  @ferrumignis  Thank you for that. The NTSB is one of the government agencies that seems to do a good job. In the long run, they save lives.
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  268.  @BillyONeal  Agree, thanks for commenting.
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  269. Thanks for comment. I am not sure what your point is, however. It was the V2 hull that imploded. This is "after the fact" forensic analysis (by the NTSB). If anyone ever attempts to build a carbon fiber V3 hull, maybe what is learned from these mistakes will help the engineers in the future make a composite hull successful.
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  270. Thanks for your comment. I have no idea why this was allowed or who signed off on it.
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  271. Agree, it is a cool name.
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  272. That is a great point. If they had ever surfaced far away from the mother ship, they could be hard to find. When the Titan is bobbing on the surface, almost none of it sticks up above the surface. It has a very small visual footprint at the surface.
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  273. Thank you for your comment. In this video, I am not trying to say that the viewport was the point of failure. I state that at the end of the video. I think the point of failure was either the carbon fiber hull at a delamination point or the glued joint at the front ring. The story behind the viewport controversy is what this video is covering. They did recover the front ring, but the viewport was not still in it. I don't believe they ever recovered an intact viewport
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  274. Great background story and thanks for commenting and I agree with you. With the bicycles you mentioned, I don't know enough about the parts to know if those aluminum lugs were being subjected to compression, tension, shear, a combination, etc. In the case of the sub, I think that OceanGate would tell you that the domes were going to be held inward by compression of the water pressure. I get that. But I still don't trust the cycles of compressing the glue joint inward at depth and then relaxing it outward when returning to the surface. It seems like a bad idea, especially when comparing it to standard construction in the submersible industry of a metal sphere with welded joints.
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  275. Thanks for your comment. Yes, it seems like 45-degree plies would always be a good idea in a thick carbon fiber structure. Spencer Composites and Stockton convinced themselves that it was not needed. A short sentence in his Geek Wire speech gives it away; he says the zero ninety configuration was what they did because in the ocean you don't have "torsional moments" (meaning of force). So, that tells me they were just thinking about uniform compression when underwater. And there, underwater, no torsional moments may be true. But what about the thousands of miles it was hauled over the road on a flatbed truck, or rattled when going down the ramp off of the Arctic Horizon, or getting towed on the LARS behind the Polar Prince. Those 3,800-pound titanium rings and domes, glued to the hull, even with a supporting frame, probably were transferring some load to that glued joint. That joint may not have been the point of failure, but their premise for not doing 45-degree plies is incorrect, in my view. I also think that the cost of doing 45-degree plies was also a consideration.
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  276. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. You are correct, the grinding in some spots was probably not perfect and the subsequent layer overlying the spot would have had to be ground down again. I did not put it in the video, but Mr. Brooks testified that grinding the carbon fiber is toxic, so they had to do it under a plastic tent wearing full protective gear and probably full face masks. They probably couldn't see well and were feeling the corrections through a gloved hand. You are exactly correct with the analogy of the strength of wood around a knot; the grinding spots change the load distribution. And your breaking boards analogy is good also. I am working on a video about that now. The glue between the layers has to make the hull behave as a SINGLE five-inch thick hull everywhere. If there are any areas that are not well adhered, that area only has the strength of the layers that are bonded together, whether that be 4, 3, or 2 layers. The NTSB testimony shows that the glue was breaking down.
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  277. Agree.
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  278. Thanks for your comment. The impact is they are areas of no bonding, so no strength. The concept of co-bonding five, one-inch layers together, is that after gluing them together they had to behave as one unit. They have to behave as a single five-inch thick hull as if the glue wasn't there (100% bond) These pores are weak spots as evidenced by the fact that the layers seemed to be moving relative to each other causing shear forces between the layers. And yes, as you said, could lead to delamination. Thanks. I hope I answered your question.
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  279. Yes, you got it. It was a bad business plan from the beginning and underwater work of any type is too expensive if you are going to do it right. His only hope to crawl out of the debt was the Titanic and "adventure tourism." It wasn't going to work out even at $250,000 per seat because even with a good sub, the season is too short and the weather too bad. And he only has three paying passengers per dive. But he just would not give in. Sad story.
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  280. It's all about having more volume, a bigger sub to fit 5 people, at a lower weight. The lower weight for two reasons. 1. less syntactic foam, because these subs have to be close to neutral buoyancy. 2. Use a smaller support ship without a big crane, and to be able to launch from the LARS Platform.
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  281. Yes sir, I made a mistake and it was pointed out early after I released the video. I wish Sony Vegas had a spell checker. It's really hard to proofread all the tracks in the timeline of a video editor. Especially with all the helpful annotations I try to add. Sorry, I will try to do better.
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  282. Thanks for your comment. I captured that short clip from one of the old OceanGate promotional videos that was removed by OceanGate. But of course, it was found by someone else, who re-posted it as "deleted OceanGate videos." I can't put a hyperlink in the reply but here is the original YouTube video title, "Oceangate Titanic Experience promotional video (reupload archive copy) and the video code file name is EDMsfSJaRhc if you want to search for it that way. Skip ahead to 1:26. I always try to capture at 1920 by 1080, the size I will upload the video to YouTube. I don't know how that stretch happened, but that is on me, the original promotional video had correct aspect ratios. I don't remember reformatting that clip when I worked with it. However, the black box around the NASA meatball logo was there in the original video.
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  283. Thanks for your comment. I haven't read anything about the 17 seconds you refer to. I have only seen information that points to the implosion being instantaneous. I hope it was instantaneous because it would be horrible to realize you are in trouble at that depth.
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  284. Thanks for your question. One of Stockton's big things was that he wanted a long hull to fit 5 people and have "depth" for photography. He loved the idea that you could have a camera at the back of the sub and be able to take an image of people looking out of the viewport at the front of the sub and enjoying the view. It was important to his concept of adventure tourism. Doing this size and shape out of titanium would be too expensive and too heavy. With a sphere-shaped submersible, it's hard to make one big enough for five people, and you still don't have that ability to have "depth" for camera angles.
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  285. I agree with you to a point, and you bring up another good story. If I remember Dave Dyer's testimony, what he said was you have to consider the engineering of the sub as a whole. The foreward and aft titanium pieces, together with the CF hull, as a unit for the engineering. That was the disagreement he had with Tony, who felt you could design those as separate units and just put them together. That issue is slightly different than this ring controversy because Tony testified that regarding engineering the rings, he could not get enough help from Spencer Composites or APL, so he hired his own engineer to help with the design of the rings. Thanks for commenting.
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  286. He had a degree in aerospace engineering from Princeton University! He had intelligence, which certainly can be different than personality traits. Thanks for your comment.
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  287. They did not. Thanks for commenting.
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  288. Thanks for your comment. That was brought up in the hearing by Bart Kemper and it was shut down by the Marine Board saying there was no evidence that the fiber was expired. The OceanGate attorneys said the same thing and that there is a record of the purchase. But during the hearing, we did not get a definitive answer. We may know for sure when the final report comes out.
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  289. Oh yes, I agree. Tragic. That was way too high risk. Even considering that the sub had been successful previously. Why go down to 3,800 meters in that thing. Thanks for commenting.
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  290. Yes, I agree. It's a little hard to sort out, but for the V1 hull, Tony would not let Stockton put lifting points on the titanium rings. That is in Tony's testimony. But yet, there seem to be lifting points welded onto the titanium ring in the V2 hull. Those must have been added after Tony was gone. But I agree with you, it is a bad idea.
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  291. Not sure. He is doing this testimony under oath and he has all the paperwork of his engineering data about the problems and therefore the warnings. I don't know if you watched the video to the end, the last frame has a list of all of his work experience that I listed from what he said in his testimony. He is a smart guy. If you have chance go directly to the end of the video and quickly read about his experience.
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  292.  @jimhaney6384  I agree with you. When you have a glued joint holding a 3,600-pound dome, basically as a cantilever, you need to be more careful. I know the landing gear frame supported it, but it still bugs me when I see how they handled it.
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  293. Thanks for commenting, that is a great story. As I said in the video, Stockton started out with other dreams for making the deep sea accessible. It's hard to monetize it. He was captivated by the data showing the money spent in the adventure tourism market and wanted a "piece of that pie." Therefore, the pivot to Titanic tourism. But, it was not financially viable. He made a huge business mistake,e but wouldn't admit to it, and wouldn't give up. He had to much of his own money and investors' money at risk and he did not want to be considered a failure at his idea.
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  294. You may not think so, but this is a complex a story. The controversies revolving around the engineering is fascinating for those who enjoy science and technology. The personalities involved are compelling to those who enjoy that aspect of the story. If you are sick of it you will have to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is doing a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. I hope you don't stay continually annoyed. Oh, and Stockton killed himself and four other people.
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  295. Thanks for commenting on my video. I believe my video explained WHY the flat inner side of the viewport was a problem. I also explained who ignored the issues it created and who, and how, the issues were tested. Also, the controversy about the various depth ratings of the viewport can only be understood if you understand more details about the hybrid design, other than just simply knowing the inside was flat. Mr. Kohnen's testimony was great and explained that well. I also thought the history of Jerry Stachiw was interesting. I'll bet out of the 22,000 people who watched this video, very few people know about that backstory. So, although you seemed to have not liked the video, I think it added some value to the OceanGate story. Thanks again.
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  296. @WOFFY-qc9te You are exactly right. As we know all rectangular, square doors, or gates spread the weight/load over the length of the entire jamb. With this viewport, the left side "hinge" was really just a pivot point. If you look closely at pictures of the Titan with the dome open, they always have support under the bottom edge of the dome. Sometimes it is a hydraulic jack.
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  297. Exactly correct!! That is the point of my video. Who said the V2 hull was going to even be close to the engineering design and analysis of the V1 hull done by Spencer. Even though Spencer seemed to overestimate the strength of the V1 hull by a lot. There was no engineering to say the layered structure would behave the same. The five-inch thickness is meaningless at that point. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  298. Thanks for your comment. I give you credit for doing the math correctly. Nice Job! You are right, it's not much glue. But I guess the bigger question is, what is any glue doing in a sub going down to 4,000 meters.
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  299. Thanks for commenting, but I don't understand the comment exactly. The new Alvin hull was welded in a unique manner. From Woods Hole >>In August 2009, another milestone was reached when STADCO, Inc. in Los Angeles, Calif., successfully joined the two hemispheres using high-energy electronic beam welding. The technique eliminates the need for additional welding material that would add weight, minimizes the amount of heat needed to be applied to the parts, and reduces the chances that the sphere will be distorted<<
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  300. You are correct, the domes get pushed inward to help seal the joint. The issue is the cycles. The compression and then the release over and over on the glued joint between two dissimilar materials with different compression and thermodynamic properties. I believe it is a weak spot.
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  301. You are so correct. There was not a lead engineer with marine experience overseeing this. There is a reason though, it would have been stopped by a real marine engineer. Stockton did not want it stopped. That is the purpose of classing a sub. With classing, many engineers with marine experience analyze your novel ideas to see if they make sense and are safe. This sub would have never been okayed by the classing societies.
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  302. Thanks for commenting. It is certainly a compelling story. That is why I enjoy doing these videos.
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  303. Yes. And odd.
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  304. Thanks for your comment. Yes, I can see that.
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  305. Thanks for your comment. So, I don't know the exact measurement, but what you are asking is correct. They had to remove a lot of material from the final layer to fit the hull into the old rings. Regarding the structural integrity, I don't know. Like you, I don't think it seems right. But for the V1 hull, for which it had to be done also, just with less material removed, Spencer Composites said it was okay to do on the V1 hull. I guess they just assumed it was okay again on the V2 hull even though it was much more material. Seems like a bad idea.
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  306. Thanks for your comment. Well said! I am working on a video right now about "small defects." Stay tuned.
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  307. Thanks for your comment. You are correct, the wrinkles in the laminate are weak spots. But you don't solve the problem, by grinding them away, that was a bad idea.. You need to improve the laminate and de-bulking technique to not end up with wrinkles.
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  308. Thanks for your comment, I am glad you like my work.
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  309.  @ncrshane1919  Vey well said. Thank you for that thoughtful reply to the viewer's question.
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  310. The entire wrapping process has to be perfect and the autoclaving needs to be done with many less number of plies. But that wasn't possible with this hull and 1-inch thick debulking was too thick.
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  311. Thanks for commenting. They were determined to use the original rings and domes. It was not a coincidence. They made the new hull fit into the old rings. And yes it would have been very expensive to design and build two new titanium rings and domes at a larger diameter. Stockton was not going to do that.
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  312. Well said, thanks for commenting. I agree, his successful experimental plane made him bold about experimenting. But his plane and the sub are just so different.
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  313. Thanks for commenting. So, due to this disaster, I have heard that the big marine submersible groups are trying to organize some regulations that would cover international waters, so this can't happen again. What OceanGate did, with paying passengers, should not be allowed. I don't know what they will write or how it could be enforced, but it is being worked on. The other thing that may come of this is a standard design for having a hook or eye on the top of every submersible. This design would be shared with the ROV industry. So in the case of a sub stuck on the bottom, all ROVs would have a place to hook on easily and they would know the design. It does no good for an implosion obviously, but what if Titan was just stuck on the bottom, where could an ROV easily attach to drag it to the surface.
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  314. I agree with you, and thanks for commenting. Yes, Stockton and the engineers were focused on the fact that underwater, the vehicle is not subjected to "torsional moments." While that may be true in the water, the transportation on a trailer back and forth across the country, craning it, launching the LARS off the Horizon Arctic, and towing behind the Polar Prince must have added forces not accounted for in the engineering.
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  315. Great! if you go to 2024 you will do better!
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  316. Thanks for commenting. As cray as it seems, the engineers at Spencer Composites said it was okay to do. It is written specifically in their design document. I don't get it, but someone did the math.
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  317. I agree with you. However, maybe 7 inches thick with 45 degree plies, then do 20 unmanned dives and cut it up to see how it behaved. The co-bonded thing they did is a bad idea. But I don't know how you get the air pockets and voids out of a laminate laid down at one time 7 inches thick. Maybe that can be figured out. Thanks for your comment.
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  318. @ Great point and you describe an interesting project and solution! I live next to Marshal Space Flight Center, and in the mid 90's I toured the facilities and NASA was winding small carbon fiber cylinders back then as possible replacements for small fuel tanks. I don't know if it worked out or not, but my point is that carbon fiber has been worked with for a long time and new advancements have been made and will continue to be made. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  319. Thanks for your comment. Ha, ha! Yeah, this is not something where NASA could have helped a lot, it seems. It didn't stop Stockton for bragging about the association with NASA though. I have a video about that. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Titan Hull Partners Controversy - Partners Did What/When?
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  320. Thanks for your comment. I know it was not recovered and brought to the surface. I am unsure if it was ever spotted, either intact, or any pieces of it.
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  321. Good question. That threw me off at first also because Dr. Kramer was not clear and I tried to explain it as well as I could in the video. The 18 to 27% was the NTSB tracing out voids on the oblique cut surface of the hull. So, it was kind of a surface estimate over a specific square area they looked at. The numbers that were 1.1 to 3.6% were from a test where they look a block of material and estimated the porosity of the volume of the block ( 3 dimensional). At least that is the way I understand it. I actually sent an email to the NTSB to ask that question, but they never got back to me. Thanks for your comment.
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  322. Thanks for your comment. You bring up a great point. The government system is such that David Lohridge did not know exactly who to report the issue to. Even at this point, and I am a U.S. citizen (he was not), I wouldn't know who to go to with the problem he identified. He chose to report it to OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and maybe that sounds okay. But OSHA is really more involved with workplace safety, and regulations and protocols for the safety of the workers. They are not the agency to report that a company is building an unsafe submersible. He did the best he could, but OSHA was not the right agency. In fact, the OSHA field agent should have not accepted the case and should have tried to direct Mr. Lochridge somewhere else more appropriate. But again, I don't know where. It was such a weird issue! He was trying to protect the public from a company, wanting to use a vehicle that was not even built yet, and as far as the paperwork was concerned, would not be carrying passengers. The OceanGate factory was not an unsafe working environment and that is what OSHA is for. OSHA had no jurisdiction to shut down operations or question the build of the sub. Poor Mr. Lochridge wasted about 10 or 12 months waiting for OSHA to do something and that just gave Stockton time to figure out how to counter sue.
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  323. That is a old way to do that eclipse sequence, so I was thrilled that we succeeded. I started off imaging eclipses with slide film in 2001. That was just at the beginning of digital SLR cameras. So, this plan with Destin is based on this historical perspective of eclipse photography.
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  324. Thanks for your comment. I am not sure how much it costs to wrap a new hull itself. But here is an issue; when they went from the 1st failed hull to the 2nd better hull (?), they had to cut off the hull next to the titanium rings and on a huge lath, carefully cut out the glued-in carbon fiber in the channel, so they could glue the channel to the new carbon fiber hull. That can't be cheap and if you ruin a titanium ring on the lath, it's expensive to replace. Then you also have to gut the old hull inside and out and re-install everything on the new hull. I don't think this would be cost effective.
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  325. Agree. It is not a place to try to "reinvent the wheel."
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  326. the carbon fiber hull was only made of the carbon fiber. The titanium was on the tow domes.
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  327. Great comment, thanks. I agree with you. I wouldn't have been able to guess the investment amount on my own but Mr. Karl Stanley testified to that number which he stated got from Mr. Sohnlein, the original co-founder. Mr. Sohnlein was most likely a small investor at the beginning and I am assuming he kept in touch with Stockton through time and Stockton, and as a partner and an investor probably did have the real number told to him by Stockton. So, the 100 million that Mr. Stanley stated is probably true. Regarding costs, I also agree with you it seems on the face of it, it seems high. But I imagine the R & D costs were high. That deep-sea marine gear is expensive. Early on they fluctuated between 10 and 30 employees, that's expensive. What does it cost to bring the whole rig and a bunch of employees to the Bahamas for testing? Then ship it all back to Seattle and engineer and build another hull and put the sub back together again. Then ship the sub across country to Maryland to the Deep Sea Testing Facility for testing. I don't know; on, and on, and on. I guess it adds up. He should have quite after the Bahamas hull failed and cut his losses then. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  328.  @964cuplove  Thanks for your reply. The entire story is complex. The the two "seats" were originally purchased for the dad and the mom to go. The mom and dad decided to give the mom's seat to the son. Shahzada Dawood's brother commented on one of my other YouTube videos and told the story about how Stockton and Wendy Rush flew to London to tell Mr. and Mrs. Dawood how safe the sub was. So, the desire to take risk on any level, basic or extravagant and who you trust to make that risk assessment has to be considered, as well as risking your own child's life. Now, the case could be made that Stockton should have not allowed the 19 year old to go and made the mom go. But that is another conversation. Risk taking and wealth are separate things and people should consider that.
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  329. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. You ask great questions and right now we have no good answers. Maybe the final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will answer some of these questions. I wonder if there is testimony from Spencer Composites and Electroimpact that was not in the public hearings. Those two companies could shed a lot of light on this weird story.
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  330. You bring up a great point. Spencer Composites wound a five-inch laminate that was weak, but I think they jsut did a bad job. Maybe a really good, well-done five each laminate would have been much better. Certainly better than this co-bond technique. Thanks for commenting.
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  331. Yes. Thanks for commenting. You should watch my video about their finances. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  332. Thanks for your comment. When I had the discussion of out-of-roundness in this video what I wondered was, if there were ground-down areas close to each other, but not only in the same layer, but also stacked either above or below in the other layers, I am thinking that you could have a small section of hull that cannot take the compression to the same degree as the neighboring hull. And this weaker section could flatten out more, creating more stress on the surrounding hull.
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  333. Thanks for your comment. You are most likely correct. It really comes down to ethical behavior. However, with NASA, a government entity, they have specific rules. I have abided by their rules when it comes to my work especially because I have worked with specific NASA employees and I did not want to get them in hot water..
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  334. @ Yes, I understand what you meant. It's a problem. Like I try to say in the video, it's okay to mention associations with bigger players, that is not wrong. But the degree of the "mention" needs to be in-line with the degree of the assistance. Stockton was overstating by a lot! Again, it comes down to being ethical.
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  335. Thanks for your comment and I agree with all of your points. I am working on a video right now that is just about dive 80. That video will discuss some points about how you can't really do "real time monitoring" of a carbon fiber hull subjected to those pressures.
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  336. Thanks for commenting. I am happy to hear you enjoy these videos.
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  337. Thanks for your supportive comment and I am happy you enjoyed the video.
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  338. They did know, but as they testified and I tried to explain in the video, that was not their primary concern at the beginning. They just wanted to work with someone who would pay them to use their facilities to make a thick laminate. Their association never got far enough to be able to evaluate the strength and determine whether or not it would work for a sub.
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  339. Thanks for your opinion. I don't know, I think I showed some things that might be new information to some folks. This 20-minute video tells a story dissolved from about 10 hours of testimony. It puts some things in context to set the stage for the final Coast Guard report. I wonder how "to the point" that will be? We'll see.
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  340. Thanks for your comment. The V2 hull was a one-off and never tested other than 4 pressure tests in the chamber in Deep Ocean Test Facility Maryland before they started diving with people. That hull should have had a rigorous testing program of dozens of unmanned dives first followed by destructive analysis to prove the design.
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  341. Thanks for your comment. In this video what they are referring to is rub marks in the glue layer. I'll bet that was relatively quiet as it occurred slowly over many dives. All the dives of the V2 hull were quite as far as acoustic emissions until Dive 80 when they heard the large bang.
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  342. Thanks for your comment. It's hard to know. I saw a couple of press releases that I think NASA would have allowed. What kind of disappointed me was the astronaut, Scott Parazynski who associated himself with OceanGate and allowed himself to be put in press releases as a retired astronaut and a submersible pilot in training.. Since he was retired, NASA couldn't stop him. But again, it gave credibility to OceanGate by the association since they could put in the press release "retired NASA astronaut"
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  343. Yes, you are correct. Dr. Kramer used that number in his testimony and I figured there was no reason to try to correct it in the narration. The sample size given to the outside lab was small. So, the number could have been worse or better. Who knows. Thanks for commenting.
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  344. Thanks for your comment. Sure thing, it is a good idea, but the outer spherical sector lens will change shape as it goes deeper affecting the focal point. So to stay clearly focused for the passengers inside the sub the inner lens might have to change shape slowly to compensate and keep things in focus. So, there are two things about this: 1. Stockton was creating an issue he didn't need to, the small optical demagnification was probably okay. 2. The industry has been using spherical sector viewports for 50 years, if double lens systems were easy to do they would have been figured out already and been standard procedure, but they are not.
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  345. Thanks for your comment. The clevus dimension was 4 1/2 inches.
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  346. Thanks, for your comment. I agree with you, I thought that was odd in his testimony. However, the testimony of the co-founder of Ocean Gate testified that the original plan for OceanGate was to have deep sea subs stationed around the world to be leased for research. That was the original business model. The original intent had nothing to do with the Titanic. They morphed into the Titanic business model later when they realized they were probably only going to be able to afford to build one sub. So, it is conceivable that they did not tell Tony early on. Also, I think Stockton was being a little secretive about the Titanic idea until he was closer to having the sub built. That is my take. I will be doing a review of the OceanGate employee testimony soon. Thanks.
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  347.  @piperg6179  Yes, apparently there is very limited information on the effect of the first layer of carbon fiber being autoclaved 5 times. Bart Kemper, gave good testimony about it; too many unknowns and OceanGate didn't test it at all! I mean zero testing! Thanks for commenting.
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  348. Who knows? It was a mess, for sure. I don't know why he didn't back off and just accept the embarrassment of the business and financial failure. And I guess his wife Wendy had no clout in the relationship and couldn't stop him. I wonder how she slept at night. Thanks for commenting.
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  349.  @BroOmnipotent  I agree with you. I have thought about the space comparison also. It is easy to keep 1 atm in - it's hard to keep 400 atm's out. Look at the lunar module on the Moon. The walls were thin aluminum and it had a hatch you could easily seal and be able to take your spacesuits off in the LM. Also, the big danger of space travel is getting to orbit on top of the controlled explosion beneath you (rocket engines) (about 9 minutes) and reentry (not burning up) about 20 minutes (?approximate). While in orbit it's relatively safe. When you go to 4,000 meters you have extreme danger for the entire 10 or 12 hours under the surface.
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  350. Funny analogy.
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  351. Great comment. Yes, it could. But OceanGate was depending on Rhino Liner to prevent water infiltration into the carbon fiber. That may or may not have worked. Plus, they left it outside in freezing temperatures in Newfoundland between the 2022 and 2023 seasons. Water in the layers would have been a problem.
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  352.  @android584  Yes, the engineering is so interesting. The strength of a dome under compression works because it is a dome; with the way it transfers the loads. And yes, acrylics are so much better than glass because of the small amount that it can deform without breaking. Unlike glass which is brittle.
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  353. Great question. I am not sure they ever tried to measure it with the second hull. There may be some data from the 4 tank dives they did in Maryland, that Phil Brooks oversaw, but I have never seen any data. The other question is, when Tony Nissen said the first hull was flexing 37% more than the design limits, we don't know how he measured that either. But somehow he did and I don't know if they tried to test for that in Maryland. Knowing the history of Stockton now, he probably told them not to measure it.
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  354.  @videodistro  True. Apollo 1 is an example. NASA lost two space shuttles due to really stupid arrogance and a governmental mindset over valid engineering. But the Stockton Rush and Titan story is really intriguing; it's a single guys narcissistic mindset over valid engineering.
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  355. @ Thanks for your comment. I actually did look up the using the word lathe as I did and I thought it was acceptable. Not sure now; but it did describe my point.
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  356. Thanks for your comment. I couldn't agree more. What were they thinking? You can't play around underwater, especially at those depths. You have to "over" engineer, not "under" engineer.
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  357. .Thanks for your comment. They made 13 successful dives. It was 6 in 2021 and 7 and in 2022.. If you skip ahead in my video to 21:00 I have a modified Coast Guard chart that shows it.
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  358. Thanks, that is great information! I have not heard Collier Aerospace mentioned once in all the testimony I watched or any articles I have read. Do you have a reference for that, I would like to know more. I briefly looked at their website. I would be interested to know how much marine engineering experience they had.
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  359. Thanks for your comment. You are correct. They did pretty good engineering on the titanium components. The carbon fiber was a nightmare.
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  360. I agree, it could have been done. It may have failed, but then they would have known that too. The simple thing to do was just use a standard dome, the design of which was already certified to 4,000m and accept the small amount of optical distortion.
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  361. Yeah, it's a wild story.
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  362. Thanks for your comment. That is why he had companies in the aerospace industry build it. They did not know how to question the idea. The marine industry companies would have backed away.
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  363. Actually, each layer had 133 carbon fiber plies, times five layers, so it ended up being 665 total plies.
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  364. Good points and thanks for commenting.
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  365. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. You are correct, the Toray spec sheet says to autoclave after about every 4 plies. OceanGate did it after 133 plies. Regarding the V1 hull, the part I put in the video was about the engineering prediction for the V1 hull so it could be used as a baseline for the V2 hull since we have no publically released engineering data on the V2 hull. The V1 hull was poorly fabricated and did not come close to meeting the predicted safety factors. It failed before it had time to fatigue. Thanks again for adding to the discussion.
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  366. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. It just not seem like a good idea for a deep diving hull. Stockton was warned about it.
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  367. Thanks for commenting. The NTSB is always going to investigate things like this, plane crashes, train crashes, etc. An interesting one that I also followed closely was the collapse of the Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse. That was similar to OceanGate with engineering and fabrication mistakes, It's very interesting, if you like this kind of stuff look that one up. The difference with the Titan disaster was the cost of the at-sea attempt for search and rescue. That was a massive Coast Guard undertaking. The NTSB and the Coast Guard actually tried to be efficient by doing the public testimony jointly instead of separately.
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  368. Thanks for commenting and I agree with you. It is a wild story.
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  369. @ Thanks for your support. I am glad you liked the video.
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  370. Thanks for your comment. Despite it's negativity, it still helps me by making the algorithm suggest the video to others.
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  371.  @Indepthengineering  Thanks for your supportive comment. I watched you proper engineering overview video this morning. It was quite good and I commented on it.
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  372. Thanks for your comment. The Tacoma Narrows Bride is a great example of how sometimes engineers miss things. I more recent interesting one was the pedestrian bridge at Florida International University. I followed that one closely also.
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  373. Thanks for your comment. I don't know, one doesn't need to be an engineer to want to try to understand the issues, have questions, or make general comments. I have read every comment made on this video, and I appreciate the engagement of the viewers and the response to my video which is presenting facts and posing a question. I actually think that 90 % of the comments and questions posted are perfectly reasonable. Sorry, but I don't agree with your "95% braindead comment" summation.
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  374. Thanks for commenting. You are correct. At a bare minimum, they needed to build a full-sized hull, dive it to 4,000m 20 times or so, and then destructively cut it up to see how the fabrication process was and to see how the hull was holding up after multiple dives.
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  375. Tony had the folks from Spencer Composites due the glue. The Spencer folks were supposedly the experts. Tony, actually did a lot of good work trying to match the moduli of the titanium rings and the hull. The issue is that there are no standards for what they were trying to build. It needed many, many unmanned test dives to prove the concept and the build would not work.
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  376. Thanks for your comment. I can't understand how he was "all in" on this sub. The crazy manipulations he went through to keep it going. It's a wild story. That is why I made this video. Part of it was not losing a whole bunch of money. But there is another part that is his ego (I guess?). But to risk your own life?
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  377. Good question and thanks for commenting. There was testimony that stated that ultrasound through carbon fiber only works up to about 3 inches thick.
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  378. @ Agree.
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  379. Thanks for commenting. I agree. Welding those thick lifting eyes to that ring may have caused many changes. That is in addition to continually having each lifting eye take over 5,500 pounds of downward force, and the ring is only glued to the hull next to the lifting eye.
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  380. Thanks for your comment. I knew we could do the shot, but there is a lot that can go wrong.
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  381. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you. It's a tragic but amazing story. That is why I am so intrigued to analyze the details and try to understand it. It's an incredibly complex mix of odd engineering and odd personalities. "You can make this stuff up." Have you watched my other video that explains the background of the business model and the financial problems, search YouTube for this title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  382. Thanks for your comment. Yes, and immediately after the disaster Boeing and NASA released statements discussing their limited involvement. I did a video about that, search YouTube for the title OceanGate Titan Hull Partners Controversy - Partners Did What/When?
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  383. I know it's crazy! About 3,500 pounds hits the deck. They put it back on and just start diving again!
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  384. Thanks for commenting. You are correct. And, I would add that there is nothing released to the public at this time about any engineering company that may have taken on the analysis of the second hull design. That is a mystery. I had a viewer mention that there was an aerospace company (not Boeing) involved with the engineering of the second hull, but I don't know where he got that information from and it is not in the Coast Guard hearings as far as I can tell.
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  385.  @salland12  Yes.
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  386. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you completely. You should watch my latest video about the hull regarding the glue film layer breaking down. Rush would talk about a 5-inch thick hull, but he never would say that it is one-inch layers of carbon fiber with five of them glued together.
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  387. Thanks for commenting.
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  388. Hi, thanks for the nice comment about using my app in 2017. I love to help people enjoy the eclipse experience. I think the last video with Destin is getting a lot more people excited about the science of the partial phase phenomena. Have a great Eclipse Day!
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  389.  @Handlebar-MustDash  I agree. Rusn had to know that the hull was compromised after dive 80 when the strain gauge data showed a big shift. Every dive after dive 80 was super risky.
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  390. Thanks for commenting. You may be right. Probably for more shallow depths. But this story has given CF such a bad name for hull use that no one will try it again for a long time.
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  391. Hey Destin, Gordon checking in with you from Solar Eclipse Timer. This is a really interesting video. Thanks for doing it!
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  392. Thanks for your comment, but I am not sure what you mean. If you are using the term "merely consulted" to mean they had casual "sidewalk consults" or brief phone calls on how to do one thing or another, that is not the case. They had signed contracts defining the scope of the work and money exchanged hands. Boeing wrote a complete feasibility study. The NASA contract which was signed by both parties is online for review. Both relationships fell apart early for multiple reasons, but both started out with obligations for real consulting work.
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  393. I agree, and I bet he will do a film on this. How can he not! He is a specialist on this subject and this is an amazing story for a film.
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  394. Thanks for commenting. I am not a Boeing fanboy, but: Remember this was the Boeing company of 2012-13 when they did this early feasibility study for OceanGate. And the Boeing engineer who testified was spot on. 1. At least 7 inches thick. 2. 45 degrees cross plies. 3. Plan for the "effect of defects" If OceanGate had listened to Boeing they would have had a better chance of having a better hull and if they had kept Boeing involved Boeing would have planned for proper testing. There is a part of the Boeing testimony that I did not put in this video, but it is where the Boeing guy talks about OceanGate not wanting to use them anymore because they were too expensive. Watch my OcenGate finances video. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  395. Yes, OceanGate wanted the association to "drop names" and then they had this habit of getting out of the contracts early and getting a refund for time not used. It seems like they worked with people to find out just enough of what they wanted to know, and then pulled the plug to save money.
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  396. That is a great question! I have seen pictures of factories stamping a square flat piece of red-hot titanium into a dome. But I have not seen how they make the rings. I imagine they mill it from a billet. Maybe someone else who knows for sure will comment on your question.
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  397. Thanks for commenting. People had no idea how dangerous being that deep is. It is just crazy to want to do that.
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  398. Yep. Basically, a garage-built submersible. Amazing that it worked as well as it did before the disaster.
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  399. Thanks for your comment and you ask a good question. The hull epoxy in this case cured by being heated to 350° F for 120 to 180 minutes (Toray Specs). Because they laid down 133 plies of carbon fiber before autoclave curing and debulking, the process of removing porosity shrinks the layer overall, but since the carbon fibers are a certain length when they are laid down, if things shrink around them the extra length of the fibers buckle upward. That is the way I understand the lump formation (I am not an expert on it).
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  400. Thanks for commenting. A while back the NAVY had a composite unmanned sub called AUSS (Advanced Unmanned Search System) that used composite glass and it worked great. It was a smaller diameter however.
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  401. Thanks for your comment. Yes, the viewport had design issues. The more recent Bart Kemper finite element analysis showed that the pressure would actually lift the acrylic off the sealing surface on in the inner edge and on the outer edges. The OceanGate analysis did not pick this up in their FEA. Regarding the optical problems with spherical sector viewports, the problem with a second lens is that the dome changes shape with increasing pressure so the focal length to focus would probably change. Then there is the problem with condensation between the two lenses as they would cool differently, and moisture in the sub could reach the dew point on the outer viewport.
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  402. It has been done in the past, but smaller and unmanned. One of the issues is putting holes in the carbon fiber hull, like for a hatch. That makes a weak spot. That is why the 1/3 scale models that OceanGate tested failed.
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  403. Thanks for commenting. You are right. There was testimony about this but I don't remember the exact details. The loopholes had to do with the fact that there were no paying passengers (just crew and mission specialists) on the sub and they were doing science (taking water temp and salinity measurements and mapping the wreck). Vessels doing science have more lax rules.
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  404. Thanks for your comment and I am glad you liked the video. They never recovered the viewport. I suspect it was blown outward and shattered into pieces.
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  405. Thanks for commenting. Yes sir, you are correct and it has been discussed before. But it's not that it can't be done. It has been done. The NAVY had an unmanned glass fiber hull that did well. But carbon fiber may never work at these extreme depths. Look for AUSS Advanced Unmanned Search System. It's cool.
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  406. Thanks for your comment. That is the sense here, isn't it? Kind of "no adult in the room" to say this is not being done to the standards that are needed for a manned vessel.
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  407. Yes, they had to make the outside surface a smaller diameter to fit into the c-channel of the rings. Thanks for commenting.
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  408. I am sure the optical engineering can be worked out. It's just a matter of the cost to engineer and design it, build it, and then make it all work. Thanks for commenting.
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  409.  @emccolly  Thanks for your reply. I am not sure I understand your issue, however. At 10:30 I am setting up the story for Phil Brooks, the OceanGate engineer who testified about Electroimpact wanting to do multi-cure process or they weren't going to build it at all, at 11:51. Although not explicitly testified about, clearly it has to do with the fact that you can't build and cure a 5-inch thick hull, so EI had a part in the discussions. So in my storyline, I link those two bits of information (10:30 and 11:51). At 15:29 the video explains that Janicki is involved because they have the autoclave. I never said that Electoimpact consulted on the autoclaving process because I assume that Janicki was following the protocols given by Toray for proper curing of their system; Toray product number for the pre-preg system was P2362W-19L, consisting of a T800S-series intermediate modulus carbon fiber and a 3900-series epoxy resin. So, I don't see anything that is contradictory, I did the best I could telling a complex story with many moving parts. Thanks for adding to the discussion.
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  410. Basically yes. In the video, toward the end, I am trying to give OceanGate the benefit of the doubt after Tony was gone. I do leave the door open that Collier Aerospace looked at the data and said it was okay to put lifting eyes on the rings. However, I don't see how they would have come up with something different than the original engineering analysis. But we don't have the Collier engineering information right now. Thanks for commenting.
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  411. Yes, it is amazing. It managed 6 times to the Titanic in 2021 and 7 times in 2022. Thanks for commenting.
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  412. @ Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Happy that you liked the video.
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  413. I have never traveled to see an annular. But I agree with you that 2023 looks interesting since it is in the states. Not sure how I would feel about it if I am watching, watching, watching and totality never comes!? So maybe 2023 will be a good test for me. It will be deep enough to observe some animal behavior changes, certainly crickets. Also would be interesting for me to repeat my sharp and fuzzy shadow experiment at the annular to see what happens. That is the next video I am going to upload, my sharp and fuzzy shadow experiment. I will have the best documentation on the internet discussing this particular partial phase phenomena.
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  414. Thanks for that nice comment. I appreciate it. I think an important thing is basic business ethics. As I allude to in the video, if you have worked with a big name or big company on whatever, it's okay to state that as a fact, but never embellish the scope of the relationship. Discuss the relationship honestly and be humble, or there will come a time when you "will get burnt." That is an important life lesson.
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  415. Good question. I believe the original discussion of not needing to use 45-degree plies happened during the Spencer Composite days. It must have been those engineers who came up with the analysis that the hull would be strong enough with the 0 - 90 configuration. Because the first single layup hull made by Spencer did not have 45-degree plies either. And the Spencer engineers totally overestimated the strength of their hull design and the safety factor. I don't know if they really believed it or if they talked themselves into it because of cost or technical aspects of doing 45-degree plies on something that big; that I don't know.
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  416. Thanks for your comment. Yes, it's amazing tp use it without testing.
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  417. Thanks for commenting. Yes, I get your point. My emphasis was on the glue film that was not an epoxy that needed to be cured (as far as we know). Thanks for adding to the discussion.
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  418. Thanks for your comment. They did do vacuum and heated curing and debulking but on 133 plies of carbon fiber. From what I can gather from the Toray specifications for the material system they used, that was too thick to do it effectively.
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  419. Thanks for commenting. Sure thing, I visited a carbon fiber lab at Marshall Space Flight Center in the early nineties and saw them winding small carbon fiber fuel tanks.
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  420. Good comment. I think people should leave the Titanic alone at this point. There is not much else to be learned at this point. Perhaps send an unmanned ROV down to take new pictures every few years. Regarding the viewport, Stockton wanted a big viewport, the biggest ever for this depth. I think the view out of it would have been quite good. Also, he had a design change, and that was to make the back surface flat so as not to create a "curved" distortion as you looked out of it. However, that is not standard for the industry. The standard is a concave back, like a dome. This created a lot of controversy and the company that made the port would NOT rate it to 4,000 meters. It had to do with a stress point at the inner edge. It was rated for less than 2,000 meters by the company that made it (I can't find the exact depth number right now). Thanks for your comment.
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  421. It can if not done correctly. Depends on the choice of fiber and the epoxy matrix. And, that is why Boeing recommended 45-degree plies, better load distribution to protect the hoop fibers.
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  422. I agree with you on this. The manufacturing process doesn't seem good enough to eliminate 100% of the voids which are weak spots under compression. And at some point, if the carbon fibers are going to flex, fibers will break causing further weakness. Carbon fiber hulls may be able to work, but they will have a known and limited duty cycle. Thanks for commenting.
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  423.  @dogdie147  Thanks for commenting. Yes, no one talks enough about the matrix. A laminate works as a system, the matrix has to be perfect. You are correct.
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  424. Hello, I don't know, I am not an engineer, so I could only add to the video what Mr. Kemper presented at the hearing based on his computer analysis. He is an engineer with great viewport experience.
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  425. Hi, thanks for watching and taking the time to comment. It is a wild story, isn't it? I have an interest in analyzing engineering failures and this one has a lot of interesting twists becasue of the personalities involved. I will soon be working on a new detailed video about the hull.
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  426.  @maskettaman1488  Thanks!
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  427. Agree. He should have stopped the operation after Dive 80 when they heard the loud pop and saw the strain data change so much. If they stopped then, and tore down the hull to find the defect, the concept would have been remembered as a success. I am not sure, they would have learned enough from the defect to ever develop a way to make a carbon fiber hull safe for hundreds of dives. But He would have added to the knowledge base. Instead, he killed himself and others and will not be remembered well.
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  428. Thanks for your comment. I agree with all of your points.
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  429.  @clutchboi4038  Just to be clear, that total of 87 dives includes the dives from the V1 hull and all of the very shallow test dives, like the 10-meter dives. It was a running total. Depending on how you want to count them the V2 hull made about 20 deep dives. That includes the 5 deep dive pressure test dives in the Deep Ocean Test Facility. Thanks for commenting.
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  430.  @emptiester  Yes sir, as I said in my video it is a rare occurrence for NASA to allow the use of the meatball logo. It has to be a project with direct NASA involvement and it can't be for profit.
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  431. I have the reference on that area of the video. Search YouTube for that lumber company, You'll find it. The other way to find some videos is to search YouTube for glulam beam testing.
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  432. Ha, ha, good eyes, and thanks for commenting. That is at Janicki when they are trimming off the extra at the ends to get the hull squared off and to get to the finished total length.
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  433. Hi, I think that an image every 30 seconds for the partial phases is way too many images! The partial phases last almost an house an a half. Every few minutes would be plenty. Find my video about imaging Baily's beads, I have replied to a few people there about why there is no need to bracket during C2 and C3. The movement of the Moon is doing the bracketing for you. And yes you want to bracket totality, one image per second maybe a lot. And depending on you gear, and if you are tracking, you may want you longest exposure to be 2 or 3 seconds so you can do an Earthshine Moon surface composite. Gordon
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  434. Thanks for your comment. Yes, I was also amazed that they used a lath to decrease the diameter of the hull on the front and back outer rims to accept the titanium rings. Not only does it reduce the diameter at that lath section, it disrupts the neighboring carbon fibers that may have been sliced at the edge of the "step-down." If a fiber loop is cut it decreases its performance and the amount of damage done there is not determinable.
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  435. Yes. Toray who provided the pre-preg for Titan doesn't refer to it as a "system" for nothing. And their specifications for a laminate that is properly done is tested for both tensile strength and compressive strength. It actually does quite well in compression. Toray 3900-Prepreg-System
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  436. Yes it did.
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  437.  @thomasostrander4835  Thanks for your comment and I agree with you. I titanium sphere, the standard for this, has almost unlimited dives in it. All the other mechanical and electrical components can be updated around it.
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  438. Stockton's original business model was to keep it lightweight so it could be launched from the LARS and not need a huge boat with an A-frame crane. But his original idea was for multiple subs working in more temperate climates and calmer waters. Then the LARS could be towed anywhere by a small boat. The Titanic idea came later and to work in the North Atlantic so far out to sea he ended up needing big support boats anyway. The Arctic Horizon and the Polar Price were big. So, his entire business model changed and then was not economically viable. I did a video on that subject search YouTube for the title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  439. The reply by eminatorstudios is correct. When you fill in the concavity of the dome with acrylic material, you change the way the entire unit distributes loads. It no longer performs like an arch.
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  440. Hi, and thanks for your comment. I have addressed the R.I.P. thing for a couple of other viewers and I am happy to share my thoughts with you. This whole disaster is a very complicated story. But, he still was a family man with two children. I don't know if he had any grandchildren. He may have done some very good things as a person in other aspects of his life, you and I don't know that. Some of the people who testified were visibly saddened by what ultimately occurred. Ms. Rojas and Ms. Bay broke down and cried during their closing statements. I didn't think a few seconds of showing R.I.P. was totally inappropriate (maybe I'm wrong), because he still died a tragic death. But your point is noted and I am glad you watched the video until the end. I hope you enjoyed the content.
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  441. Absolutely. If anyone ever tries a thick composite hull again a test hull would need to be built, and tested unmanned for maybe 50 dives, and if it survived test dives it would need to be destructively disassembled to see how the hull was holding up. And even if it looked good and a second hull was built to be used, a defined cycle life would have to be defined and the hull would have to be retired after that cycle life. Thanks for your comment.
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  442. Yes, there is some truth to that. Thanks for commenting.
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  443. I agree with you, thanks for your comment. I guess my point with the video is the company itself (Stockton) had a "culture of risk." They did not take the risk warnings seriously, especially when the vessel was totally experimental and they were going to take passengers on it. NASA has lost 17 astronauts for poor risk decisions. Commercial space programs have killed one Virgin Atlantic test pilot. Christa McAuliffe, the teacher in space on Challenger was the only "passenger." And dozens have died on Everest and they all individually took the risk independent of relying on a manufactured vehicle. There were no deaths in the deep submersible community before Titan. I am not referring to actual submarines, I specifically mean deep submersibles. The classing certifications have made that very safe; the engineering has been worked out.
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  444. Agree with everything you wrote.
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  445. A brand-new carbon fiber hull is hard to do as a private entity. The money isn't there for proper R and D, including building a hull to test it unmanned for dozens of dives, and then destructively examine it. That is what was needed. Thanks for your comment.
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  446. Thanks for your comment. They used an epoxy product to fix the titanium rings to the carbon fiber hull. The glue that was in between the layers of carbon fiber came as a sheet of glue film that they laid over the hull before the next layer (as per Dr. Kramer). No other information is available, so we don't know exactly what it was, but it did not seem to be a two-part part product mixed together.
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  447. Thanks for commenting. Glad you enjoyed the video. I have never seen a picture of them doing any welding on the rings while the CF hull was attached. I would love to be able to find that. They did some very questionable things, but I don't think they would be negligent enough to do that. But you never know?
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  448.  @acouvers  Thank you so much for your supportive comment. It is appreciated!
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  449. Yes, you are correct. Watch my video on that subject, search YouTube for this title OceanGate Titan Hull Partners Controversy - Partners Did What/When?
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  450. Thanks for your comment. You are exactly correct! That loud bang was a huge warning sign that a hull weakness point developed. And incredibly, they ignored it to keep diving! Stockton was under tremendous financial pressure; he had to complete dives. Did you watch my other video about OceanGate finances? Search YouTube for this title - OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!" Watch that and you will get a feeling for his motivation to press on at any risk. He knew he was "pushing the envelope."
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  451.  @tylisirn  Very well said, thanks. I agree with you.
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  452. Thanks for your comment. I wouldn't say that the content of this video "pays homage" to Stockton. To "pay homage to someone" is an idiom that means to honor and praise someone. I don't do that with the story in this video. However, the engineering interest I have is still amazed at what he built. But, that is balanced out by the fact that he was reckless with other people's lives. It's a very complicated story. But, he still was a family man with two children and may have done some good in other aspects of his life. I don't know., but I didn't think a few seconds of showing R.I.P. was inappropriate.
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  453. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. It's interesting that you have seen that behavior first-hand. Thanks for sharing your story. I think that is part of what OceanGate used to do, learn just enough and then stop the contract.
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  454. Thanks for your comment and I agree with you. The two domes weighed 3,800 pounds each and were mounted to the rings that were glued onto the carbon fiber. Now, the rings were where the frame (landed gear) was attached to, so the rings were supported. But those 3800-pound domes were just hanging out there taking the bouncing around when the Titan was transported around on the back of a flatbed truck. The other thing is that Tony, on the V1 hull, would not let them weld lifting rings onto the titanium rings because they were not engineered to take that force. But I see on the pictures of the V2 hull that there are lifting rings on the rings. I guess they added hose later when Tont was fired and no longer with the company.
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  455. I don't get it either. That V2 hull is frightening.
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  456. I agree, I thought her persona was interesting. Couple of things about that. She may have been nervous testifying to the Coast Guard under oath. And, she cried when she gave her closing statement. So, I think working for OceanGate and then the disaster is really troubling to her. I think she was naïve to the risks, thought they were doing something worth while, and then when the worst happened it was a true kick in the gut.
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  457. Hi, this video does not say the dome failed anywhere. That was not the point of the video. The video is about the design, understanding the design issues, and the cover-up of the depth rating.
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  458. Thanks for commenting. Stockton underestimated the difficulty of 4,000 meter dives. He also had to deal with Covid happening during the development of the first hull. Then the first hull done by Spencer Composites seemed to have a lot of porosity and wasn't very strong. Then they had the lightning strike in the Bahamas during testing and they have to trash that first hull. Bad business to get into. I have a video about that. Search YouTube for this title. OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  459. Thanks for your comment. I agree, this sub needed to be over-engineered, not under-engineered to go to those depths repeatedly.
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  460. Actually, Tony had the folks from Spencer Composites due the glue. The Spencer folks were supposedly the experts.
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  461. Thanks for commenting. It seems like the variables they introduced would make it impossible to model this hull. I don't think they had any idea how strong the thing actually was. They just got to 5 inches and thought things were okay. And remember the 5 inches was calculated by Spencer Composites during the time of the V1 hull and they were WAY off with the strength. It was much weaker than they predicted. And no one had any data on this co-bonding technique as far as I can tell.
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  462. Yes, sir, you are correct, and thanks for commenting. Search YouTube for my video and more information about the hull and comparing it to Alvin. The title is - OceanGate Titan Hull - Glue Layers Were Breaking Down To Dust - No Clues.
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  463. Thanks for commenting. I believe those were only screwed into an inner liner that was space away from the carbon fiber hull about 3/4 of an inch.
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  464. Thanks for commenting. Yes, OceanGate kind of over-stated the association with these big companies and dropped names to get a sense of credibility. But in Boeing's defense, they were involved in the 2016 to 2017 time frame and only to the point of making early hull design recommendations. Boeing never built anything and was out of the picture by the time the first hull was made. And Boeing actually made some solid recommendations that were not followed by OceanGate and Spencer Composites. Boeing came up with a prediction of needing a 7-inch hull and they recommended having a layer of plies at 45 degrees, in addition to the two plies that were laid at 90 degrees to each other. The 45-degree ply was recommended to help distribute loads if circumferential fibers were to break. This was an excellent recommendation that was ignored.
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  465. Thanks for your comment. Maybe, maybe not, on the ring glue joint. I am working on a video dedicated to the hull. When that gets uploaded, watch it and see what you think.
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  466. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. That made no sense to me. But they were trying to cut costs, Crazy.
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  467. For size and weight. Stockton wanted a sub to fit 5 people. Subs have to be neutrally buoyant, so a sub of that size made of titanium would be so heavy it would require a lot of syntactic foam to achieve that buoyancy. That foam is expensive and the entire thing would end up being huge. Also, Stockton wanted to be able to keep it light to launch from the LARS platform and not need a ship with an A-frame crane to lift the sub into the water. A titanium hull of this size would have required a crane. Thanks for your comment.
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  468. Thanks for the supportive comment. I agree, that the Coast Guard missed interviewing some key people who could have added good insight: anyone from Spencer Composites, anyone from Electroimpact, Wendy Rush, to name a few. It's unclear to me how these witnesses were chosen and why the people who chose to testify did so. So, who did not volunteer to come? When you listen to the testimony there are some quick statements that hint that the witnesses were pre-interviewed. It's clear that they submitted documents before the live hearing. I think they volunteered to come and were not subpoenaed. But they did testify under oath so it was a serious thing to testify, so some had attorneys present, and there was some CYA going on. Overall, I think the Coast Guard did a great job, even though I don't know some of the "back story." We may learn more when the final report comes out.
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  469. Yes, yes! That is a terrible idea for carbon fiber! I am working on a video about that now. Thanks for your comment.
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  470. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you. The interesting thing is that the engineers at Spencer came up with the 5 inches for the V1 hull and they probably are not stupid. Their design proposal crunches all the numbers. However, the predicted strength was way lower than the real data obtained from deep test dives in the Bahamas. So, the unknown is; were their numbers pretty good, but the technique of the layup was terrible and therefore weak. Or were the calculations and the manufacturing both bad for the V1 hull? The V2 hull with the co-bonding technique seems to be a completely unknown entity.
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  471. Yeah, the whole thing is odd.
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  472. I am glad you liked the video. Thanks for your comment. I was unaware of the point you made in your comment. Thanks for that information.
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  473. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you. This entire story is so compelling because it is so hard to figure out.
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  474. Thanks for your comment. I am not sure. As NASA testified and I tried to include in my video, OcenaGate and NASA had an initial contract for about $148,000 worth of consulting work. OceanGate only paid out about $40,000, the rest of the money was returned. So, NASA had minimal involvement and it was all remote consultation work. The disruption may have been caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. If not for that, maybe they would have continued working together.
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  475. Thanks! I am glad you like them.
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  476.  @fracapolligummala3548  I know, I am making a nice video on that right now. Stay tuned.
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  477. Thanks for your comment. The glue was supplied as a film, as stated by Dr. Kramer, and laid on the hull. You can see in the images in my video how thin the glue film was. It's about the thickness of a ply of carbon fiber. between 0.0075 to 0.01 inches thick (at most). So, "how much glue" in total volume is not the issue. The film came at a pre-defined thickness. But if you want to know "how much" here's the math: 547 sqft is 78,768 sqin X 0.01 thick equals 787.68 cubic inches of glue.
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  478. Thanks for commenting. The lathe was used at the ends to make the outside diameter precisely 4 1/2 inches to fit into the titanium ring clevus. This had to be perfect because the specification for the glue joint was 0.03 inches thick. I am sure this work was expensive and probably done at the Janicki factory (not positive about that). There was no way OceanGate would have wanted to spend the money to use a lathe on the 4 inner layers of the hull. For the in-between layers, the grinding was good enough. But grinding or using a lather, the problem is you shouldn't be causing breaks in the carbon fiber hoops.
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  479. Oh man, I know. That 'no torsional moments" line in that talk really got me too. I didn't get into that in this video, because the video was long enough already, but I guess Spencer Composites talked him into that line of thought. Thanks for your comment.
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  480. Thanks for your comment. I agree that YouTube can be tricky. But, all my interests/videos are linked by science and technology.
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  481. Thanks for your comment. I agree. It was all figured out previously. This did not have to be a controversy.
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  482. I agree with you. Thanks for your comment. Bay was seeing both sides of the story, so she had to know the entire thing was a mess. She knew that the finances were horrible. And, she went on the expeditions so she knew the operations side also. And in 2023 she was the "lead" on the dome closing crew before a dive! Her education is for being a school teacher! And she is now in charge of making sure the dome is closed properly with people inside, going down to 3,800 meters. You should listen to her testimony when she is asked by the Coast Guard Marine Technical Advisor what "torquing" a fastener is (regarding sealing the dome); she is clueless, and it's hilarious and frightening at the same time. If you want to hear it yourself, go to the Coast Guard Hearing video for Tuesday, September 24, and skip ahead to 2:01:50.
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  483. Thanks for your comment. You sum it up well. It was a bad business model from the beginning, but Rush also had two bad things happen that really pushed up the costs. The first hull was just terribly constructed, cracked, and required engineering and building a second hull (huge cost) and a three delay in diving to the Titanic. He couldn't plan for that. Then Covid hit making things harder. The only ocean diving site with the allure to attract wealthy customers to pay big money was the Titanic. But the Titanic is bad business decision also because the season to dive to the Titanic is too short, the weather is often too bad, the support boat needed is too big and expensive, and the wreck is too deep.
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  484. Yep, it was. But the engineers at Spencer said it was okay to do it. I don't get it.
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  485. Yes, there were experts in the field giving advice. Unfortunately, because OceanGate insisted on using carbon fiber they could not ask for help from the engineers in the marine industry. The knowledge in the aerospace community doesn't perfectly cross over to the needs of a submersible.
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  486.  @epockismet76  Agree, under compression the carbon fibers are just becoming a support for the bonding matrix to stick to. The strength of the fibers has no contribution.
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  487. Thanks for commenting. Yes, I was surprised by that method of storage. All of the systems on that sub, including the carbon fiber, should not have been subjected to outdoor storage.
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  488. @ Ugh! That is horrible. I don't know if Wendy will ever be made to testify anywhere about this. She needs to be made to explain some things about this entire operation. Thanks for replying.
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  489. Thanks for your comment. I agree, the story has a mix of engineering, finances, risk, personalities, controversy, and unfortunately tragedy. That is why I am trying to cover the details as accurately as possible without being sensational.
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  490. I agree. The deep, deep ocean is not a place for tourists, so you don't need a five-person sub, the reason for the carbon fiber, and the strength to buoyancy argument. For those depths, stick to a titanium sphere, where the engineering has all been worked out. Thanks for commenting.
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  491. Thanks for your comment. With the V1 hull, they tested it unmanned first in the Bahamas, to depth, on a rope. But only one time, and then Stockton went down in it. They should have had a testing program for the V2 hull with the co-bonding technique. They should have dropped it to depth on a rope 30 to 50 times and then cut it up to see how the hull was holding up.
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  492. Great comment and thank you for posting. You are exactly right. If he had quit after the success of the first season. Or if he had quit after dive 80. No one would have died and he would have been seen as an innovator/hero like he wanted to be. But he did not want to lose 100 million dollars of his, and other people's money. So, he pushed on. Sad and tragic.
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  493. Thanks for your comment and your question. The viewport was not properly rated but was most likely not the failure point. The failure was either the hull itself delaminating, what this video is about. Or, a failure right at the ring hull junction.
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  494. I agree, and that is the point I was trying to make. As a "money pit" business he probably should have quit after the first hull failed. But, if he was going to press on, I certainly think he should have quit after the first dives succeeded. It's a really complicated story.
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  495. Thanks for your comment. Yes, they left the ripples on the surface of the last layer because they did not need to prepare the surface for another layer. But those ripples are weak spots, just as grind areas are weak spots.
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  496. I agree with you. The testimony we heard is not the only information that the board has. We are seeing the public hearings. But all of these witnesses were interviewed to some degree before the hearings and some submitted documents that weren't part of the hearings. James Cameron testified privately. It will be interesting to see what Cameron said when the Coast Guard complies the final report. Thanks for commenting.
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  497. For the titanium rings to the hull they used an epoxy paste adhesive (Loctite EA 9394 AERO, also known as Hysol EA9394). There is no specific information that I can find on the glue film used between the layers.
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  498. Yes, you could do this. With the first hull, they dropped it down to depth on a rope unmanned in the Bahamas. That test was organized by Tony Nissen the first director of engineering, You could have dropped this co-bonded hull design down to depth on a rope, unmanned, 50 times and then cut it up and see how the hull was holding up (if it lasted that long). Destructive testing, which was never done on a full-size Titna hull. Thanks for your comment.
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  499.  @tomhejda6450  Yes, you are correct. Dive 80 is the dive that had the problem. The issue was that Phil Brooks and Stockton were missing something when analyzing the data. Neither are mechanical or materials engineers. Dr. Don Krmaer broke this down in a wonderful way during his testimony. OceanyGate always looked at the data graphs, acoustic or strain, plotted as the data point versus time. That doesn't tell the story. Dr. Kramer took the same data and plotted strain versus depth, and that clearly showed that the hull had changed its behavior compared to the previous dives. And this behavior change persisted in the subsequent dives that season. Dr. Kramer is a mechanical engineer, so he just looks at things differently and he recognized the error in analysis. Thanks for your comment.
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  500. Yes. Unfortunately, it was not ready for paying passengers.
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  501. Thanks for commenting. I feel sure that when they milled out the residual carbon fiber, they tried to stay out of the titanium. The lips on the clevis were thin from the initial design. They weren't there to take any load, as Tonty testified.
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  502. I agree, and that is the point I was trying to make. As a "money pit" business he probably should have quit after the first hull failed. But, if he was going to press on, I certainly think he should have quit after the first dives succeeded. It's a really complicated story.
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  503. Yep, it's amazing how he chose to ignore some things.
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  504. Thanks for your comment and your points are well taken. I had a section in this video. as I was making it, where I did make the comparison to paying to be guided up Mt. Everest. I took it out to save time, but I was using the same analogy you thought of. Now it can cost $40,000 to $100,000 to pay for an expedition to climb Everest and a lot of those people are not even real mountain climbers. They just have the money, and the time, are in reasonable shape, and they want to do it. I am not saying it's easy by any means, but they are basically walked up the mountain by a Sherpa on a pre-determined path (I couldn't make it). But at least it's a physically demanding task so they deserve some credit. Paying $250,000 to be driven to the Titanic requires no effort on your part. It's just a really expensive and dangerous tourist attraction. The other thing I had in a part of the video, that I removed, is; that if you pay to go to Everest and you don't get to summit that season, your guide company doesn't let you come back next year for free. That was a huge financial risk for Stockton, giving "seats" on upcoming expeditions away. He didn't have enough capacity to offer that. Back to the analogy, they have plenty of capacity to offer that on Everest, but they don't.
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  505. Thanks for your comment. I do mention the exact epoxy used in one of my other hull videos, but I don't really go into the exact specifications.
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  506.  @gregoryf9299  Yes, it is a hard situation to be in. He actually did have a legitimate dream of making the undersea world more accessible to people. He underestimated the cost if you were going to do it correctly. Then he has millions of dollars of other people's money invested. It's hard to give up on a plan for some people.
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  507. Thanks for commenting. I don't know a lot about fiberglass boat hull lay-ups. The issue with the Titan is that the loops of carbon fiber need to be intact in combination with the matrix to fight the external crushing pressure uniformly applied around the hull. Millions of pounds of inward pressure.
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  508. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you completely. I have no idea why they thought co-bonding would work and that the layers moving under hull flexion would not create a risk of shear forces at the glue layer. And then zero testing of the co-bonded technique.
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  509. Scott, the diamond ring and Baily's beads can have different goals for exposure depending on what you are trying to achieve with the image. Yes the diamond ring is brighter, because there is more photosphere visible, but it is also more diffuse, or spread out. Some people like the look of an over exposed diamond ring, where you can get that brilliant single sided "star burst" look. When I have taken my shots at 1/1000 or 1/2000 my diamond rings are very "tight". Especially when I am starting at about 20 seconds before C2. I tend not to get a really spread out diamond ring. To get a spread out ring, I think I should be at 1/500, maybe 1/250, because I would like to achieve a big over exposed diamond ring image. The other option would be to start my imaging at 30 or 35 seconds before C2 when there is even more photosphere. Both are ways to achieve a brilliant wide bursting diamond ring image. Remember the Moon is moving, so it is changing the light for you, so some image in the group of images you take is going to be perfect (depending on your tastes). Your first images maybe a "blowout" but the images a few second later maybe perfect. Remember, you are not taking a single diamond ring image. The diamond ring phase is a progression, just like beads are. You just have to take many images rapidly. But Baily's beads are a different issue, because their brightness area is small and becomes super-well defined bright points that get tighter and tighter. To get the final set of beads clearly defined to the limb of the Moon you do not want over exposure. So at this point the faster shutter speed is better. My goal is to make this exciting and rapidly progressing portion of the eclipse photography easy, so using a single shutter speed that is a "happy compromise" is what I teach.
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  510. That is correct. The more I analyze this the more I think that Tony and Stockton were a good team, but in a bad way. They both convinced each other that they could figure out all the engineering alone. When someone from the "outside" told them something different, they just stopped that relationship so they could forge ahead.
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  511. @ That is correct. And if they start to deform the load will be transferred to the neighboring fibers putting more strain on them and possible failure. I can create problems.
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  512. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. But at the time there was very little information about the sub. The weirdest thing available at the time was that OcearGate video of gluing the titanium rings to the hull (V1). OceanGate released that as a promotion because they were proud of it. From my perspective, it was scary because the process was so amateurish. Other than that, the paying passengers only know that it was successful getting down to the Titanic and heard Stockton and Wendy's marketing abilities. And amazingly it did get down to the Ttitanic.
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  513. @ Yes, sir, fell off and hit the deck.
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  514. Yes, it is. It's referred to as the "meatball" logo.
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  515. Thanks for commenting. His risk tolerance was way too high and not in line with the enormous challenges and risks of taking an experimental vehicle to 4,000 meters. You don't do that dive in what was basically a garage built submersible. He was quoted so many times saying the hull was "safe and locked down" but he had zero real test data to back that up. Every successful dive was basically lucky. The entire story is both a mess and unfortunate because he took other people's lives.
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  516. Thanks for your comment. And I agree with you that composites may never be used for a large manned submersible. However, composite hulls have been successful, when smaller and unmanned. A good example is the Navy's AUSS. Advanced Unmanned Search System.
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  517.  @Tom-tk3du  Thanks for that comment. The engineers at Spencer Composites are the ones who came up with the 5-inch hull being adequate but their design numbers are hard for me to follow. That was for the V1 hull. But they were wrong anyway, they overestimated the strength of the V1 hull a lot when it was tested in the Bahamas. OceanGate just assumed 5 inches was still okay even though they were making the V2 hull in a completely different way. I wonder who signed off on that?
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  518. @ Yes, a work around to not call them paying passengers/
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  519. You might be making a good point. I don't know what the refractive index of the acrylic is, versus water? But water is prebaby better than an air interface, I don't know. The thing is that the entire window deforms, the gap that contains the water has to be sealed (to not leak) and you have to be careful if you attach anything to the back of the dome because it could change the mechanics and the load distribution. But a good thought, thanks for commenting.
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  520. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you, if they still used the con-bonding technique, it would have failed.
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  521. Yep, I don't disagree with you.
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  522. The forces created by the rapid implosion at those depths are on the order of hundreds of pounds of TNT exploding. No large body parts were recovered as far as my research found. However, biologic human remains were found, enough that DNA testing could be performed. Thanks for commenting.
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  523. Yep, no common sense combined with not taking the dangers seriously enough in an environment where "over" engineering is needed, not "under" engineering.
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  524. The place that I address that is in the Appendix chapter Wide Angle Eclipse Photography. You will find the information there to figure out how to frame and expose the corona with the landscape. It takes some bracketing.
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  525. Thanks for your nice comment. I took a little heat from some viewers about the R.I.P. at the end. But as I wrote to those folks, Stockton was still a married man with two kids. I don't know if he had grandchildren or not. He made a huge and fatal mistake with this project, but there may have been other aspects of his life where he did good, I don't know. He still died a tragic death.
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  526. Scott, yes I plan to try to capture shadow bands in 2024. I was in Argentina for the 2019 eclipse and we saw wonderful shadow bands! Unfortunately, I did not capture good video of them because it was a setting eclipse and the low Sun angle made the contrast on the white sheet poor. Especially due to the fact that I needed to point the camera toward the eclipse, the direction of umbra approach. I prefer to point the other way, in the direction of umbra exit, but with this low eclipse the tripods were casting big shadows on the white sheet, so I reversed things. This was a huge mistake on my part! I should have accepted the shadows and point the cameras the way I usually recommend. And yes, having the least amount of wrinkles in the sheet is preferred. But sheets make it easy to travel to the eclipse versus hard white panels of any type. I have not tried to organize capturing of shadow bands at different sites yet, but it is something I have thought about. The problem is that this eclipse, being in April, is going to be tricky with the weather and trying to plan a head. Read this article I wrote for AccuWeather. https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/astronomy/total-solar-eclipse-on-april-8-2024-is-3-years-away/926730 Thanks for comment and question!
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  527.  @Idratherbeonvacation  I agree with you. But in its simplest form of a problem and what Tony was saying, he was concerned about just downward shear. I he wasn't even factoring in twisting forces.
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  528. Yes, at the end I mentioned that I didn't think the viewport was the reason for the implosion. I think it was the carbon fiber hull. Or maybe at the joint. I did another video about the glued joint. You can find that on my YouTube channel if you are interested. Search for the title - Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews
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  529. Thank you for your comment. So, Bart Kemper is a certified Professional Engineer who thought the analogy was appropriate and testified about it under oath. The next part of his testimony, which I did not include in my video, was an explanation of the vertical load forces in the modular Bailey Bridge system. He discussed how loads get distributed and how much damage and where the damage can be before the bridge fails. It was very interesting, but not needed for my video. I think you would enjoy his testimony. It is available on the Coast Guard YouTube channel. He was the third witness on September 25th.
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  530. Thanks for your comment. I believe I understand what you are saying in the region 16 minutes into the video. The issue is that I wanted to use the real NTSB images and use their measurement scale. I wouldn't have known how to draw the hump issue in another "view" and I did not want to make things up. So I stuck to the real images and did the best that I could with those. I am glad you lied the video.
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  531. I am glad you like my content and thank you for commenting. Sorry about the pictures, I try to use them just when they fit the discussion.
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  532. Thanks for commenting. Yes, as testified by Mr. Brooks, they never proved the co-bonding multiple autoclave technique with scale model testing. The full-sized hull was completely a 'one-off."
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  533. Thanks for your support, I am glad you liked the video.
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  534. Thanks for the comment. I assume there will be lawsuits. If it ever goes to trial, I would be interested to see Wendy Rush testify under oath. I am not sure if the Coast Guard asked her to testify at their hearings or not? I am sure her attorney would have NOT allowed her testify at the Coast Guard hearings
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  535. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you about the Loctite. You may be correct about the failure at the rings also.
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  536.  @tjroelsma  Yep, I agree with you.
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  537. Yes, they had to mill down the outer edges of the V2 hull to make the thickness of 4 1/2 inches to fit into the previously made titanium rings. So they used a lathe to take off about 9/16" in thickness for an 1 1/2 width. Thanks for your comment.
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  538. Thanks for commenting. Of course. It's ridiculous. Stockton and his first partner, Guillermo Sohnlein, got the idea from "tours' at archeologic sites where people would pay to be part of the scientific party that was doing the digging to find artifacts. So, the "guests' were paying their own way to be laborers to feel like they were really a part of the scientific expedition. The difference is, that some university in charge of "a dig" somewhere has no risk versus what OcenaGate was doing; diving to 4,000 meters. Stockton was trying to tap into the market of adventure tourism. Watch my video on that. Search YouTube for the title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  539. Thanks for your comment. I agree that the entire niche as financially viable was a miscalculation. However, it may have been closer to working out if Stockton had not had some unforeseen bad luck; development got delayed, and it cost a lot more money due to working through Covid. Then, the first hull failed, and he needed to build a second hull. He should have given up after the first hull failed.
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  540. Thank you for your nice comment!
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  541.  @madcavemantd2  Thanks for your comment. Good thoughts. You are correct; that viewport made it down to the Titanic 13 times, plus a few other very deep dives. At the implosion, which was somewhere in the hull, I believe the forces on the viewport were outward. You can see from the wreckage images that the viewport retaining ring is gone. So, it either got shattered into small pieces when blown out, or blown outward intact, ended up relatively far away from the main wreck, and then could not be found laying on the sand on the ocean floor. We will never know. The viewport worked amazingly well, but Kemper Engineering modeled some high-stress points that may have led to a failure at some point, just couldn't predict when.
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  542. Yes, it did.
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  543. Thanks for your comment.
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  544. Yes, thanks for commenting. The engineer Bart Kemper who testified basically said he could find no good information about the effects of doing that. The Toray spec for curing was 350 degrees F for 120 to 180 minutes. That's a serious temperature, if they did it to Toray specifications, multiple times to some layers.
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  545. Agree!
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  546. Agree! If you saw this as a client, you would never go in it.
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  547. @ My point about that opening line the video is there because there are people who are absolutely convinced that the failure occurred at the glue joint between the titanium ring and the carbon fiber hull. That is a very plausible reason for the implosion. So, my line specifically means do you think it was the hull as the primary failure point (crushing inward). Because either of those two explanations will result in an implosion. High pressure water intrusion at the glue joint causes the same implosion, and it all looks the same on the ocean floor. From the wreckage on the ocean floor you can't tell what the initial cause was. So, we know that the laminate hull would compress and eventually delaminate, but did that cause the implosion? That we don't know with the information we have. Thanks for your reply.
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  548. Good question! In this sequence, the landscape exposure was only what was lit during the totality exposure which of course is taken without a solar filter. In other situations, you can take a shot of the landscape many hours before or after the eclipse, if you can either arrive at your observing position or stay late, as long as the lighting at those times is good.
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  549.  @bigbattenberg  Thanks for your reply. I have no idea how Toray tests for compression and how the end users apply the data for their own projects. That is a good point that you make, and the engineers who are designing projects probably work with Toray on the fine details. The engineers from Spencer Composites were the first guys to tell Stockton a prediction for the strength of a 5-inch carbon fiber hull (not Toran products for that hull). Their design and analysis paper talks about how they came up with their numbers. Now, it turns out they were way off with the strength prediction, but it is unclear if that was due to their calculations or just a poor layup of the 5 inches of carbon fiber. So, you are correct about not trusting carbon fiber systems in compression; unless your engineers exactly what they are doing and the fabrication process is perfect. A side note: the NTSB also tested a piece of the recovered hull under compression, although they did not testify about those results.
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  550.  @curiousnomadic  Yep, you got me, that's true!
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  551. Great question. Yes, it would work that way! I would need to do the math to see how far apart they would have to be for the contact times to vary by a few seconds. But it's not that far. I have already heard that "echo effect, in 2017 in the field I was in because a phone's system time can be off by a second or so and some phones with slow processors can have a slight delay before they deliver the audio file to the speaker. So, things are not perfectly in synch.
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  552. Yeah, you maybe correct. The way they had to decrease the circumference of the hull was on a huge machine (which I guess was located at Janicki) that probably would not be called a lathe anyway. I was just trying to be descriptive to make the point and it was sloppy. Thanks for your comment.
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  553.  @Blento0404otnelB  Thanks for adding to the discussion. All of your points are noted.
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  554. @ Please don't misunderstand my second reply. I appreciate all constructive comments that add to the overall discussion. You see that I am engaged with all commenters who have something good to add. None of us know the exact answers. We all need to wait for the final official reports and the NTSB may be working with information that is not in the public domain.
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  555. Boy, do I agree with you. Is the work you did on the Titanic publicly available? I would like to see it. Can you explain how to find it without using a hyperlink (which would be blocked). Thanks.
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  556. Yes, thanks for commenting. That is why it was essential to do co-bonded 1/3 scale model tests, which they never did.
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  557. Thanks for your support and I am glad you like the content. It is a compelling story that I am genuinely interested in.
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  558. Hi, thank you for that nice comment. I really did try to tell a serious story about this aspect of the story without the hype. Glad you appreciated it and took the effort to comment.
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  559. Thanks for your comment. You are correct. Cost and time made for bad decisions. OceanGate was already three years behind from diving to the Titanic. They had to start diving to generate revenue.
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  560. Agree, they signed a waiver saying they understood it was an experimental vessel, but they never would have fully understood the poor workmanship and poor design decisions. No a true "informed consent."
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  561. Thanks for your question. One of Stockton's big things was that he wanted a long hull to fit 5 people and have "depth" for photography. He loved the idea that you could have a camera at the back of the sub and be able to take an image of people looking out of the viewport at the front of the sub and enjoying the view. It was important to his concept of adventure tourism. Doing this size and shape out of titanium would be too expensive and too heavy. With a sphere-shaped submersible, it's hard to make one big enough for five people, and you still don't have that ability to have "depth" for camera angles.
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  562. Agree with you.
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  563. Thanks for your comment. Yeah, Mr. Thomas was a little tough, but the guy is a genius. I really liked him after I watched his testimony! The parts I used were actually quite calm. There were other times in his testimony when he was talking really fast. I really had to concentrate to follow along.
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  564. Thanks for commenting about the content. Sorry about the typo. I seem to have one in every video despite trying to be careful. I need to do better.
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  565. Yep, thanks for watching the video
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  566.  @NBSV1  I agree with you. That significant strain gauge data was from Dive 80. They should have stopped after that dive. There is also some new information about dive 87, the attempted dive before the fatal dive which is very interesting and I have to analyze it further. Thanks for commenting.
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  567.  @Rokmononov  I never said that anisotropic materials are inherently brittle. I said what the definition is, they take load differently in the 3 perpendicular directions. I did not go into comparing to isotropic materials for the sake of time. The stress strain discussion was added, presented by the ABS engineer, Mr. Thomas to further make the point about the failure mode. My intent was a brief education about the behavior of the material. Thanks for replying.
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  568. In Florida, you will only be in a partial eclipse and it won't get dark enough to affect them.
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  569.  @melissaattaway7426  If you are not in the path of totality it is not worth tyring.
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  570. Thanks for your comment. Boeing and UW probably couldn't stop Stockton for advertising the association. However, NASA would have had to clear all press releases. As I said in the video, I seriously doubt Stockton had permission to actually use the NASA logo in that video promo. It was a video promo, not a printed press release, and I bet he did not run that by NASA. NASA tries to protect that logo from being used by anyone or anything that is not directly affiliated with NASA.
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  571. Thanks for commenting. Your use of "fingers crossed" is so true! I think that is exactly what Stockton was doing after Dive 80 when they heard a big bang and the strain gauges documented a major change in the hull. They ignored their own safety system, blamed it on the Ttian frame making noise, and continued to dive! I think in the back of Stockton's mind he knew it was not a good sign, but he was keeping his fingers crossed and hoping the hull would hold up. And he got away with it for two more Titanic dives. Then the implosion happened on the third dive to Titanic depth after that strain warning.
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  572. Thanks for your comment. Your point is noted and there are many discussions about this in previous comments. What you suggest probably could have been engineered. It may be made more complicated by the fact that an acrylic dome would change shape as the depths got lower, which might change the focus point and the clarity of the complete field of view. So the inner lens would have to adjust for that also. I don't know, it would be complicated, but maybe could be figured out.
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  573. Hi Sean, that is correct. I did not want to narrate this one. I labeled the images so things can be followed along without dialogue. These are all screenshots from an Image gallery in the Apple iPad and Android tablet version of my book. In those multi-media versions of the book, you swipe through these images and read the captions beneath them. Check out my website, the link to it is in the description.
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  574. I don't think people understand how dangerous it is to be at those depths. To trust your life to a "garage-built" sub is crazy.
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  575.  @ah0mamy  Thanks for your comment. You are correct. At the time of the design of the V1 hul,l Spencer Composites actually did some good engineering of the entire sub. Now, their carbon fiber layup was not great in V1, and they overestimated the strength. But they did some good work on matching the moduli of the titanium to the carbon fiber hull,
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  576. Thanks for commenting. I agree. The risk-taking here was incredible. If you're going to use it solo, have at it. But to take people aboard was unacceptable.
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  577.  @GWNorth-db8vn  Yes sir. How about, so curved it becomes a sphere. The best shape for a deep submersible. A curve is nice, but then you basically have an arch, so the end of the arch has to take the load somehow. Thanks for commenting.
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  578. Thanks for commenting. I made a video entirely about the window. Look at the link I have in the description to my Titan Playlist and watch the viewport video. I think you will like it.
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  579. @ Thanks.
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  580. Hi Beakerzor, yes the shadow bands during this eclipse were amazing! The low altitude of the eclipse makes the shadow bands long and broad. I have them on video, but the quality is not great. Thanks for using the app, I am glad you find it helpful. I am about to release a solar eclipse observing and photography book as an eBook. Look out for the release. I think it is going to help a lot of people better prepare for 2024.
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  581. Well said.
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  582. Thanks for your comment. Yes, that is part of it also. Mtr. Lahey is a true submersible pro. During his testimony, he was doing his best to hold back and spill his real thoughts about OceanGate. I have a lot of respect for Mr. Lahey.
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  583. Thanks for your comment and I understand what you are saying. That diagram is a modification of the engineer Mr. Bart Kemper's diagram where he was specifically comparing the load on the hull to the span of a bridge. My goal there was to limit the discussion to the inward/downward forces in the center of the hull. The hull was predicted to deflect inward in the center. However, Tony Nissen after the Bahamas test dives testified that the center of the case was deflecting inward 37% more than predicted. The center of the 8-foot span was moving in a lot! Now, I know he was referring to the V1 hull, but we have no data to know that the V2 hull would have performed any better. The next part of Mr. Kemper's testimony, expanding on how the hull was similar to a span of a bridge, with compression on the top and tension on the bottom, was using a truss as an example. So, that was my point there, looking at the 8-foot span with downward deflection. Thanks for adding to the discussion.
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  584. Thanks for your comment and your support!
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  585. Thanks for commenting. Gad you lied the video.
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  586.  @darksu6947  I appreciate the support. Thanks.
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  587.  @nickl5658  I agree with you. Tony Nissen, in his testimony specifically says when he came on to the company the CF 1/3 scale models were already built and the good thing was that the engineering scales up well to the full-size hull, and engineers like that. But he was not correct. Carbon fiber adds a lot of variables as you try to get thicker. Thank you for commenting.
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  588. Thanks for your comment and your good question. To answer it, I think that is not the case. The inside of the carbon fiber hull had long (axis of the sub) plastic spacers glued to the carbon fiber that were about 3/4 of an inch thick. These allowed a gap for the acoustic sensors and the strain guages to be glued to the hull and a gap for the wires to run to the back, to a computer located behind that back wall. Then a tube/liner was slid into the hull laying on these strips and therefore held off the carbon fiber hull. I don't know what the tube/liner was made of, but in images I have seen of it being installed, it was stiff and looked relatively heavy, and I think it was translucent. OceanGate did some weird things but I don't think were careless enough to drive screws into the inside surface of the carbon fiber hull (layer 1). I think everything you see mounted inside the sub is mounted to that liner and the strips behind the liner.
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  589.  @ArsnikBludlazer  Thanks for your reply. Yes, that is part of it. he thought he could do things cheaper by using "off-the-shelf parts." Turns out he couldn't. He had interviews in the past where he talked about plans for having five of these subs.
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  590. Thanks for your nice comment!
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  591. As far as I know, that is correct, if it is not properly licensed. But NASA can't police everything. I alluded to it in the video, you are on the honor system when you work with NASA. It's a fine line; it's ok to say you work with NASA, but you have word things so it does not sound like NASA is endorsing a commercial product. It is also helpful to have a direct disclaimer saying NASA does not endorse the product or service. That is what I do with my solar eclipse work. Thanks for commenting.
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  592.  @ASDFASDFASDF328  Thanks for your reply. If you are referring to the clip about excessive percentage of hull compression used in this video, that testimony was from Tony Nissen, the first director of engineering and he was referring the first hull after deep dives in the Bahamas, and he stated they were deflecting 37% more than the predicted values. The first hull had the same design with an inside sleeve spaced away from the carbon fiber hull. OceanGate did some questionable things, but they were not stupid enough to put screws into the inner wall of the carbon fiber hull.
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  593. Thanks for commenting. Yes, you are correct.
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  594. Thanks for your comment. I agree.
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  595. Yes, most likely. However, the controversy and the misinformation about how the viewport was designed and rated is an interesting subject.
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  596. Yes sir, I agree. Why get Boeing involved if you are NOT going to listen to them. They had the most experience with the question at hand. Much more than NASA. I found that information shocking.
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  597.  @joelfenner  Good comment, thanks!
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  598. Thanks for commenting. When sitting on the landing gear, the weight was supported by three points on each landing, which also served to keep the rings round. So, you are correct with your thought here; there could be some of the same issues, but just on the bottom when sitting on the ground. But I think the other point is being moved around by a crane is not gentle. So, sudden "tugs" are being transmitted to 4 points under weight, amplifying the load. Good thoughts.
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  599. Thanks, I am glad you like the content. I will be getting back into eclipse content soon. I have a lot to offer after the 2024 solar eclipse.
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  600. Thanks for your comment. Yes, there were some engineering issues for sure.
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  601.  @ThomasAllenson  Thanks for your reply. You make an important point. If you are going to try to use carbon fiber for a sub hull the fabrication process has to be PERFECT to get the rated strength of the material. Therefore, you have to carefully test a similar build with destructive testing to validate your fabrication process. Which OceaGate did not do.
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  602. @ Agree, it must have bad effects.
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  603. I know, quite the look.
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  604. Thank you for watching the video and typing a comment. You are exactly right. After all the development problems he had, and even after the loud bang and change in the strain gauges during dive 80, he would not give up on the business plan.
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  605. Thanks for commenting. Remember this was the Boeing company of 2012-13 when they did this early feasibility study for OceanGate. And the Boeing engineer who testified was spot on. 1. At least 7 inches thick. 2. 45 degrees cross plies. 3. Plan for the "effect of defects" If OceanGate listened to Boeing they would have had a better chance of having a better hull and if they kept Boeing involved Boeing would have planned for proper testing. There is a part of the Boeing testimony that I did not put in this video, but it is where the Boeing guy talks about OceanGate not wanting to use them anymore because they were too expensive. Watch my OcenGate finances video. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  606. Thanks for the supportive comment. Glad you like the vidoes.
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  607.  @dave1a55  Yep, the mission specialist thing was weird.
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  608. Yeah, it was really messy.
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  609. Thanks for the supportive comment. I have other Titan videos out now and a couple of more planned.
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  610. Agree with you. That is why Boeing recommended it. Fibers in that 45 degree direction would have helped support the 0 - 90 degree direction fibers. And, if damage was occurring under stress, help prevent propagation of the damage.
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  611. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Everything you you said is spot on.
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  612. Thanks for your comment. I am glad you liked the video. What you pointed out is correct. It is actually pretty standard in the design process for things like this. Different engineers called it different things during the testimony. Things, like "witness panels," and "coupon level testing." But basically, they mean to make a test piece, that is EXACTLY like the production piece and look it over and test it. Prove your design and your fabrication process. Boeing and NASA both told OceanGate about this sort of thing. OceanGate may have done some, we don't know. The NTSB may have other information that hasn't been publicly released.
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  613. Thanks for your comment. I think the final reports from the NTSB and the Coast Guard will help guide the submersible industry to create new rules and regulations that will prevent people in the future from building an unclassed sub and taking passengers. That set of rules is already being worked on, from what I have heard. There are also guidelines being drafted to have oversight of international waters so there are no loopholes there (in those waters) for people to do whatever they want with experimental vessels.
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  614. Thanks for the thoughtful comment. Glad you like the beam analogy. I wasn't sure how relating this issue to wood will be accepted. Bart Kemper testimony was the eye-opener for me.
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  615. Thanks for commenting. It's wild, isn't it?
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  616. I agree and thanks for your comment.. I am not one of them (complaining about compression), but it does get repeated a lot. I can't fight that battle, although I have replied back to some of those comments with this: The Toray product they used had specification data for its compressive strength on the spec sheet and it was not bad in compression. It's not clear what all the parameters are, but they test for it and supply the data. You can look up the product, Toray pre-preg system P2362W-19L. The system consisted of a T800S-series intermediate modulus carbon fiber and a 3900-series epoxy resin.
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  617. Hi Naz, thanks for the nice comment. You are doing great work yourself to educate people about astronomy.
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  618. Correct. For that area of the grind. The fibers and the matrix are a system. They both should be there.
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  619. Thanks for your comment. I feel sure they welded the lifting eyes on the rings when they were off of the first hull and before they glued the rings on to the second hull.
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  620. Thanks for that thoughtful reply.
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  621. Yep, The only way to try to make back any investment.
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  622. Thanks for your support and I am glad you liked the video. I agree, when you are diving in a submersible to deep depths there is zero room to cut corners. Everything has to be about safety first.
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  623. Thanks for your comment. Sure thing, NASA was consulting on debulking. And you bring up a good point, NASA may have dumped OceanGate, not the other way around which is what you get from the testimony. The witnesses were doing a fair amount of CYA. It's not in my video, but for Boeing and NASA, at the beginning of the testimony, the witness stood up, raised his right hand, and took an oath to tell the truth. And at that time they mentioned and introduced an attorney that was just off camera. They had to be careful with what they said.
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  624. Thanks for commenting. I don't think the government would pay to reproduce these ideas for testing. I don't think the co-binding technique is viable.
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  625. Thanks for your comment. But as I said in the video, at least as of now, the supplier of the glue film has not been released publically. It was not in the NTSB Factual Report (although they may know it). So, we don't know the application specifications.
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  626. yes, I believe the hull failed also. This view does not say the dome failed. I was trying to point out the design issues and the cover-up about the depth rating.
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  627. Thanks for commenting. And I agree with your point about the longitudinal plies getting cut also. You are correct. I did not want to make the video too complicated and since there were fewer longitudinal plies, one out of three, less were impacted overall. But you are correct, those plies being disrupted also affected load distribution. Additionally, there were no good NTSB images of longitudinal plies getting disrupted, so I did not want to try to discuss that without good images to back up the narration. Thanks again for adding to the discussion.
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  628. I know. Overall, the attempts had a huge failure rate. It seems like the sub was always having technical issues and the whole plan it too weather-dependent. They had to cancel due to the weather a lot.
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  629. Thanks for commenting. You may like this summation. It got to the Titanic 13 times at 3,840m (and in 2022, it got to the Titanic on four consecutive dives!). It also had one dive to 3,500m, one dive to 2,900m, and two other deep dives, 1,700m and 1,380m. You can also count the five high-pressure dives in the Deep Ocean Test Facility done before the expeditions as cycles (3,000m, 4,000m, 4,200m x 3). So, that is 20 deep pressure cycles (if not including the 1,380 and the 1,700). That would be considered a success if they were all unmanned dives with a carbon fiber hull test program before imploding. Or, if they stopped unmanned testing short of imploding and did destructive testing to learn about the hull dealing with the pressures. But, imploding while manned with five people makes it a failure.
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  630. Hey Great! So, glad you used my app and it helped you enjoy the two eclipses. I love hearing stories like that.
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  631. Thank you for the supportive comment. Glad to hear that you enjoyed the content and my work.
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  632. Thanks for your comment. Good summation. I am working on a lifting eye video right now.
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  633. That is a great suggestion. But light bends/refracts at the interface between two substances of different densities. So, if you add another piece of acrylic, which then adds an additional air interface, in between the second piece of acrylic, you may create additional visual problems. I'm not sure. And if you glue the new piece of acrylic to the back of the dome to remove the air interface, then you have a mechanical connection that impacts load distribution. But you have a good thought. Thanks for commenting.
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  634.  @PerfectInterview  I agree. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. An optical engineer could probably figure it out. But at what cost to correct a minor visual aberration. Just accept the visual demagnification as Mr. Kohnen talked about with a spherical sector viewport; for which the engineering to 4,000 meters is already worked out. My answer about the air gap and refraction was related to trying to do the optical correction with one additional piece of acrylic beneath the dome, with no additional lens being glued to the inside surface of the dome. I own several telescopes and a whole bunch of camera lenses. But none have a 15-inch aperture (the size of the inside of the OceanGate viewport). It would be complicated and expensive to engineer an optical correction.
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  635. Thank you for your thoughtful comment. I agree with everything you said. It amazes me that the engineers from the manufacture of this hull, Electorimpact, allowed the project to proceed.
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  636. Thanks for commenting and those are good points. There was testimony about the 5-inch thick hull and being able to scan it non-destructively to monitor its health. That is the big issue, there is no scanning technique to see into the full 5 inches of the hull. There was no way to non-destructively watch it. Huge issue.
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  637. Hi, thanks for reaching out with your comment. So glad you saw the 2024 total solar eclipse. It was a great one! Follow the eclipse education work on my YouTube channel.
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  638. Thanks for your comment and that insight.
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  639. Watch the entire video please. I've done my research, 15:29. Thanks for your comment.
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  640. Thanks for commenting. Let me try to clear something up. They used Rhino Liner as a coating on the outside of the hull to prevent water penetration. Now, when they talk about the inside "liner" they are referring to this stiff sleeve that slide into the hull to serve as the inner wall. This inner 'liner" was spaced away form the CF hull by about 3/4 of an inch by strips of plastic. This allowed a space to run the wires for the hull sensors. Also, screws to hold monitors and such were not being screwed in the carbon fiber, they were being fastened to this inner liner.
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  641. Thanks for commenting. Yes, they reused the rings. Can you imagine cutting off the old hull and then putting that huge ring on some kind of lathe that can carefully cut out the carbon fiber glued into the C-channel. When doing that, they should have seen that the glue bonding layer was not uniform.
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  642. Great. Glad you liked it and thanks for commenting.
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  643. Thanks for commenting. A steel or titanium sphere is the standard design. If you tried to make the size of the Titan in titanium it would be very, very heavy and hard to balance to neutral buoyancy.
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  644. ​ @Gallapagosh  Thanks for your service and sharing that story. I agree with you, it is amazing that this operation wasn't halted by someone. Stockton was a determined guy. That is why he got all of his help from the aerospace industry. They didn't know the correct questions to ask. Marine industry folks would have never built it for him.
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  645. Ivan, yes you can. You can look at totality, the FULLY eclipsed Sun, with a telescope or binoculars. It's beautiful with binoculars! But you can only do it, observed magnified, during FULL totality. Because even right before or after totality, at the Baily's Beads point, it is too bright to look at with your eyes magnified through optics. Baily's Beads are still VERY bright. But, you can take your filter off of a telescope to photograph the diamond ring and Baily's Beads, your camera gear can tolerate that 15 to 20 seconds of brightness, but not your eyes.
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  646. Thanks for your comment. I agree that it is not the optimal material to go to those depths, since titanium spheres are the standard design. The Navy AUSS unmanned sub was a fiberglass and matrix sub that did well, but it was smaller. Composites could possibly work for shallow-depth subs. But after this disaster, and the bad name it has given to carbon fiber for subs, I don't think anyone will try. At least not for a very long time.
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  647. Thanks for commenting. I don't know enough about composites and curing to say. But the process of doing layers and driving the hull around must have taken weeks. Plus the thing is huge and heavy so it has to be rigged and craned around, so the transportation takes way longer than just the hour's drive between the facilities. I did not want to get into all of that in the video, but you understand how hard it is to move something like that around. Others have commented about the temperature and humidity affecting the curing process during the transportation. I don't know enough to say. I guess Electroimpact was okay with everything that was being done. They were the experts.
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  648. karlfriedrich's reply is correct. The dome was a solid piece. In the video, I have segments that show the dome cross-section divided only to demonstrate the false presumption that the dome section still works as a "dome" regarding strength when the concavity is filled in solid with acrylic. It does not. Filling it in ruins the mechanics of a dome.
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  649. Thanks for your comment. You made it clear and I hadn't thought about it that way. So, taking your idea, I would say that he collaborated with UW (although not really on the hull) and he consulted with Boeing and NASA. Good thoughts.
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  650. Agree. Just wild!
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  651. Thanks for commenting.
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  652. I don't know if you watched the video to the end, the last frame has a list of all of his work experience that I listed from what he said in his testimony. He is a smart guy. If you have chance go directly to the end of the video and quickly read about his experience. This video was not about his engineering work. But I watched all of it and he really was trying to make things work. The first hull from Spencer was garbage.
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  653. Agree. I don't know who thought they could do what they did. It's mind-blowing. No one in the testimony ever specifically said that Stockton signed off on this. But I guess he did. Thanks for the comment.
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  654. Thanks for your comment. The generalized statement that carbon fiber has no strength with compressive forces is not precisely true. At 4:00 I put in the Toray chart for the specifications for the product OceanGate used. I did that on purpose to show that this system when properly fabricated and cured has fairly good compressive strength. Toray tests for compression and publishes the data for the end users. But it is for using the "system" properly; the fibers combined with the matrix and proper curing processes. I am not saying it is good or not good for a hull. I am just saying that the company has specs for compression and ultimately the end user of the product has to use it properly for the forces they expect in their project. Thanks for adding to the discussion.
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  655. Thanks for commenting and you are correct, this subject is not one that gets talked about a lot and that is why I made the video.
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  656. So, you can ride the fine line here. Boeing, NASA, and UW did in fact work with OceanGate, and on the hull; although, it was the initial design of the 1/3 models. And the work was minimal, but it is not actually a lie. NASA could have done a cease and desist, but only as it regards using the NASA meatball logo in the promotion. Unless, NASA gave Stockton permission to use it, which I seriously doubt (since I have worked with NASA). Thanks for your comment.
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  657.  @joaoferreira88  I can't put a hyperlink in the reply. Search for the Coast Guard Titan Submersible Marine Board of Investigation. and you will find the website. All the documents made public during the hearing are listed on that website.
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  658. Thanks for your comment and I agree with you. This question is, would Stockton have fired him? An experienced carbon fiber material guy may have tried to say no. Or made it too complicated, like you have to build one hull first just for testing, or it had to be 12 inches thick, or it needed 45-degree cross plies. I just don't understand Stockton enough to know how he dealt with potential roadblocks.
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  659. I agree with you. All of the remote testimony had horrible quality! I don't know why!
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  660. Thanks for commenting. An optical engineer could probably design something to work. It just could not be attached in any way to the main viewport. The acrylic port changes shape as it gets deeper, so to keep things in focus, the second lens may need to compensate for that, I don't know. But honestly, Stockton should have just used a standard dome that could be rated to 4,000 meters and accepted the small amount of visual distortion. The dome was probably not the failure point for the implosion, but demanding this non-standard viewport created controversy within the company that was not necessary.
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  661. Agree. I think Tony was right. Thanks for commenting.
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  662. Thanks for your comment. Yes, from the testimony I heard, I would say that it does decrease the strength. The question is exactly how. Some have argued in the comments that the continuous loop being broken is only an issue in tension being put on the loop, not in compression like the hull is subjected to. But I don't agree, because the carbon fiber and the matrix work together as a system for the final specified strength from Toray. Neither of them is as strong alone. So, if fibers are removed, and that particular area of the hull is subjected to loads and wants to start to deflect, the load is redistributed to the neighboring fibers and matrix in an asymmetric and unpredictable way. That is why Boeing recommended 45 degree plies and NASA said you can't have discontinuities (that aren't repaired).
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  663. Thanks for watching the video and commenting. I agree with your point.
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  664.  @toomanyaccounts  You are absolutely correct, the point of this video, and thanks for adding the thoughtful comment.
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  665. Thank you for your kind comment. I use YouTube to teach. Yes, solar eclipses are my specialty within astronomy, but I love all science and technology and have an interest in following engineering projects that go wrong. I have a couple of more stories to tell about Titan that I think deserve some analysis. I am happy that people are responding positively to what I have done with Titan thus far. I will soon go back to eclipse stuff to help prepare people for the 2026 eclipse. Eclipses are a niche subject for sure. I will never have a big YouTube channel, which is fine. Thanks again for your support and I am glad you used my Solar Eclipse Timer app.
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  666. I agree and love the line " rely on what little evidence you have and not color your observations with your own prejudices." That is what Stockton was doing, he wasn't taking no for an answer.
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  667. I agree. I was astounded by that. No only that a deep diving sub was going to rely on glue at all, but if you are going to do it, there must be a more precise way of applying it for a mission-critical joint. Thanks for commenting..
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  668. Thanks for your comment. That is a good point, about the windmill parts.
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  669.  @aalhard  Thanks for commenting and watching, although I am sorry you didn't end up appreciating the content. I have been getting great positive feedback from other viewers. Oh well.
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  670. Yes, I agree. He was trying to increase his credibility by this association with big names. But the actual assumed expertise, behind the scenes, was not really there.
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  671. Yes it matters some. The fibers and the matrix have to work together as a unit. Look at it as they support each other. To some small degree the loads have to go somewhere, so they go to the neighboring material, they that area maybe over-stressed, and so on.
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  672. Thanks! Responding, for the algorithm. But seriously, I put lot of work into this video and I want people to enjoy it. Thanks.
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  673. Thanks for your comment. I kind of agree with you. I am glad they found it, but now they should make it off-limits for diving. There is no more science in watching it decay slowly.
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  674. Thanks for your comment. I know, it's pretty incredible. But as was testified about in the video, the guy who came up with the idea of grinding down humps was an electrical engineer by training. I am not sure a real materials engineer was ever involved in that decision. I suspect not.
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  675.  @cambridgemart2075  Thanks for your reply. Of course, in mission critical areas of design, you want people with the proper training and experience making the decisions. I am not an engineer, but I am well aware that very small nuances of engineering can be missed, which can lead to big issues. There is nothing like experience with complex systems.
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  676. I know, amazing it's it. And then to just hang it on the hinge again and carry on like nothing happened. It's crazy, but they got away with it.
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  677. He is testifying under oath. Not a good place to lie.
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  678. Hi, thanks for the nice comment about the video. Glad you liked the content.
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  679. The original engineering designs were done in feet and inches. So I use the same units. Thanks for your comment.
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  680. Sure you can get to the edges of the path to watch the eclipse at the expense of the duration of full totality. You are correct, since you are not in the center of the umbra, it does not get as dark. Most early eclipse observers prefer to have more time in the umbra so they try to get closer to the centerline. Eclipse chasers with more experience get to a point where they are willing to give up totality time, but not randomly! They get to either edge of the path to have the opportunity to image a longer progression of Baily's beads. The bead's progression is longer because the Moon is grazing the photosphere. The amount of beads you see is dependent on the actual eclipse and your position along the path because that determines the geometry for your final position and what portion of the limb of the Moon will be illuminated from behind. I was actually thinking of doing this for the eclipse in Span in 2026, but my early research seems to show that the beads won't be prolonged and dramatic. So, I still don't know.
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  681. Thanks for commenting. Cheers! Yes, there are a lot of questions. The Coast Guard's final report will be interesting. I wonder if they have additional information to work with that was not in the public hearings.
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  682. I agree. I think it's just hard to make it work safely.
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  683. Thanks for your comment. Have you watched my new video about titanium rings? You'll like it. Search YouTube for OceanGate Titan Titanium Rings - An Additional Story About Them
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  684. Yep, I agree. Thanks for your comment.
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  685. Thanks for your comment. I hope YouTube suggests it.
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  686. I think they just should have used a certified dome style and accepted the slight demagnification effect.
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  687. Thanks for your comment. Good point, especially with this thin layer of a film adhesive.
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  688.  @cremebrulee4759  I think all engineers start off with good intentions and try to build out unique ideas for the developer. What gets them mad later is when proper testing is not carried out and when the developer ignores sound engineering principals and then ignores obvious warning signs. Tony Nissen did make Rush throw out the first carbon hull. The second hull was made better, but still a flawed sub concept overall.
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  689. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. Structural safety with a proven design, is to most people, the obvious first priority. You worry about the nuances of the view later.
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  690.  @nandi123  Hi, thank you for your nice comment. I am glad you enjoyed it and understood what I was trying to calmly point out.
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  691. yes, I felt a video was needed to review it. Thanks for commenting.
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  692. Thanks for your comment. It's hard to cure and de-bulk 133 layers of carbon fiber. In a perfect situation, the laminate would be perfectly laid up and flat. Humps in the loops are bad for distributing the load, they are weak spots. However, the solution they came up with also caused weakness by causing discontinuities in the carbon fiber loops. Both things are bad for the strength of the hull.
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  693. Boy, you are so right. Perfect example of "dodging a bullet." Thanks for commenting.
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  694.  @QuintinvanRooyen1  Thanks for commenting. No, I do not attempt to put the blame on NASA. They did what they were asked to do and that was to provide consultation (remotely) on how to debulk carbon fiber laminates. They were interested in the process to see if their recommendations would ultimately help to make thicker laminates. The Stockton stopped the association. My point was that the end product should be taken into consideration even when making the early recommendations. If NASA had been kept around long enough they may have been in a position to give OceanGate warnings about the idea.
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  695. Hi, thanks for your comment. Yep, there is a total of 59 seconds of a sonar ping at low volume, in the background, toward the beginning of the video. I put it there for some added audio interest. I thought it was fun! Sorry, you didn't like it. Skip ahead to 1:59 (it stops there) and enjoy the video. I have the sonar ping again for 13 seconds at the end of the video. So, stop the video 13 seconds before the end.
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  696. Thanks for commenting. I agree and I am doing a video on that. Stay tuned.
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  697.  @katrinat.3032  Agree, Stockton was in a huge finanicial mess, even when they were using hull 2. He was ignoring warnings to force the dives while at great
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  698.  @mod7371  Thanks for your thoughtful reply.
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  699.  @shadowsfad3d  Thanks for replying.
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  700. Thanks for commenting. Yes, probably worsening with each dive. It was known to them that the hull would compress in the center. I guess, they did not consider that the layers would start to shear on themselves from the small amount of bending inward. So, the glue damage was probably progressive.
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  701. That is a great question. Yes, wires, both control wires and power wires, need to pass through the hull. There were watertight fittings through the rear titanium ring to pass those connections. I wish I understood how they make those fittings watertight under those pressures, but I don't know the engineering.
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  702.  @jareds8729  I think it was somewhere at the front of the hull (not the center). Based on the wreck images that show large, long pieces of hull wedged into the rear dome. Water intrusion through the front glued joint is really suspicious when you see how sloppy that was glued was applied and consider how much stress was put on that front joint with opening and closing the front dome hundreds of times. But the large bang and associated change in strain documented on Dive 80 is evidence of a hull delamination somewhere. The hull only lasted three deep dives after that event. They should have stopped diving after seeing that data from Dive 80. And the idea that you would build up the hull in 1-inch layers, each glued together is crazy. So, I think the hull, at the delamination point from Dive 80 is the cause.
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  703. Yes, he completely underestimate how complicated and expensive this was going to be.
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  704. Thanks for your comment. I have a video coming up on the sanding technique. Stay tuned.
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  705. Thanks for your comment. You are correct, UW and APL did a lot of work for them. I think APL is pretty honest about the engineering they did on the external parts and the motor control system. They can't deny that work, which actually did okay. However, they had nothing to do with the full-sized carbon fiber hull. I think the main problem, looks like it's going to be the engineering from Spencer Composites. They under-engineered and over-promised on recommending a 5-inch hull. Regarding the Boeing engineer, he just seemed pretty "matter of fact to me.
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  706. Thanks for your nice comment. Glad you like my eclipse photography and I am glad you enjoyed the video. Yes, this entire story and the personalities involved are amazing!
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  707. I agree, that the inability to stop after warnings is the big problem here. I can't figure him out.
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  708. Yes, it fell off. Broke the hinge. They put it back on. The did a test dive. Then on the second dive (after it fell off) they got to the Titanic).
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  709. Hi, since this video was only about Stockton Rush I mentioned only him. I did another video about the engineering of the sub where I recognized all five people. Search YouTube for this video, you may like the content; OceanGate Titan Disaster - A Culture of Risk - The Engineer's Words Thanks for your comment.
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  710. Thank you for that supportive comment. It is much appreciated. I am glad you like the content.
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  711. I agree, if you had any sense, you wouldn't trust it to those depths. Like you, I don't get it?
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  712. Thanks for your comment. I think the bolts were sheared off.
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  713. Thanks. Glad you likde that part.
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  714. Thanks for commenting. Kind of. The holes weren't all the way through, but they don't have to be to weaken carbon fiber laminates.
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  715. I don't think there would be enough light for a prism to split the wavelengths out during totality.
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  716. That is a great question! I have no idea why the engineers involved did not think about that. But who is going to use that much glue on a vessel that had to deal with that kind of pressure? Crazy. Thanks for commenting.
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  717. Thanks for your comment. One group of strain gauges showed a large permanent change after dive 80.
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  718.  @htomerif  Thanks for replying with your explanation, which I accept. I like Scott Manley a lot and I subscribe to his channel. I watched his OceanGate analysis videos. He basically narrated his opinions over video and slides, which is fine. He did not do all the labor-intensive work that I did to cut and paste all of the testimony clips together to tell the complete story from the perspective of the actual people involved. I think each of the segments I numbered, when you listen to the actual testimony, does have weird/odd components to them. Thanks again for commenting.
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  719.  @bobcousins4810  Yes, it was a business model that was tough to make work. I think that is why his original business partner Guillermo Sohnlein got out early. He had more business sense. Thanks for commenting
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  720. Not sure. Stockton had the money for the project, not Tony. Stockton would have to fund further parts or testing. Tony is testifying under oath and I think he has the engineering data and record to back up his work. So, I don't know. He seems legit to me.
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  721. Thanks for your comment. I don't think it was the domes that failed. I mention that at the end of the video. This video was about the controversy around the rating of the dome. Ultimately I think the hull of the ring hull junction failed.
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  722. Not exactly sure. I guess an official "recap" by an official United States body (Coast Guard) that has authority over the US-regulated waters. Rush operated his dives in international waters to skirt regulations. These hearings may lead to more regulations (there are some regulations for small subs now), for at least US waters. This may prevent more disasters in the future.
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  723. Thanks for your comment. It seems pretty clear that it's a bad idea. As per the testimony, Dan Scoville from OceanGate came up with the grinding idea, but his degree is in electrical engineering, not materials. It's unclear if he consulted with outside experts about this idea.
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  724. Hi, thanks for your nice comment. I am glad you are enjoying them. I am working on another one right now. Stay tuned.
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  725. Yes, I agree with you. The damage is probably more than it seems looking at the one-dimensional image. Thanks for your comment
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  726. Well said. Thanks for commenting.
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  727. Great! Thanks for that supportive comment and I am glad you liked the video.
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  728. Hi, thanks for your nice comment. It's good to get feedback that I presented the material in an understandable manner. It was based on listening to a lot of testimony over the many days of the hearing and trying to put it into a story. Thanks again.
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  729. Thanks for you comment. Rush fired most of them around 2016-17. Pete Brodsky from APL took himself off the project because he did not agree with using glass spheres for the motor controllers at depths to 4,000 meters. He didn't trust OceanGate's engineering decisions and didn't want any part of them.
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  730.  @KlomboFanClub  No problem, I just wanted to make sure there was not something in my video that was unclear, so I re-listened to that segment. In the interest of time I did not want to get into a lot of specifics about the Alvin, so I made that general welding statement, just to emphasize to folks that the Alvin was remarkably well made. By the way, I love welding! I don't do it myself but I have a friend, and his dad, that own a welding shop and they have done several custom projects for me. They are really talented at it. Thanks for your reply and your support.
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  731. That is a great question. It could be weakening due to multiple cycles of autoclaving, but we don't know at this point because they haven't released specific information about the glue film used. The disintegration of the glue to powder and the evidence of rub marks on the laminate between the layers seem to indicate that there was independent movement of the layers and shear forces on the glue layer; in patches. Think of it as a small grinding motion on the glue layer. Hopefully, the NTSB final report will tell us more. Thanks for your comment.
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  732. Thanks for your comment. The glued joint is certainly high on the list for a failure point. Although, it may have been hull delamination. If you look at the process of gluing those rings, the word that comes to mind is "amateur." Especially for a vehicle that has to keep you alive at those depths. Have you ever watched my video on the glued joints? Search YouTube for this title - Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews. You will be amazed.
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  733. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you! I don't understand it either. But remember, before the accident there wasn't too much out there on the internet saying how bad it was. Most of it was positive promotional stuff from OceanGate. The main warning sign at the time was an OceanGate promotional video where the showed Stockton and Tony overseeing the gluing the titanium rings on to the carbon fiber hull. That was scary!! If I saw that I would have never trusted the sub. I made a video about that glued joint, search YouTube for; Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews
    3
  734. Thanks for your comment. I did another OceanGate video where I added the others passengers at the end. But this video was all about Stockton, so I only put his in this video. My other video was about the first director of engineering, Tony Nissen, search for that, you might like it also, search "OceanGate Titan Disaster - A Culture of Risk - The Engineer's Words." Thanks for watching the video to the end!
    3
  735. Thanks for commenting. Lanimate hulls have been used successfully. A great example (unmanned, however) is the NAVY Advanced Unmanned Search System (AUSS). Thanks for your comment.
    3
  736. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you, but of coarse they never tested it with a model, so there is no data. But I think your assumptions are valid.
    3
  737. Thanks for your comment. I tried to tell what I think is an interesting backstory of Stockton and OceanGate without the hype. The Titan disaster may not be of interest to you, but it is a compelling story. It's as fascinating as the sinking of the Titanic itself.
    3
  738. Thanks for your comment. The rough rounded-out math. The Toray spec had a porosity of ~0.46%. The OceanGate conservative average porosity was ~2.2% (as per the NTSB).
    3
  739. Hello, thank you for your comment! I am so happy that you enjoyed the content in this video! Please go to my channel, subscribe, and watch all of the other interesting eclipse preparation videos I have.
    3
  740.  @merediths2cents  I agree with you. Not a lot is written about it, but PH was quoted somewhere saying something to the effect of "if I am going to die, I would like to die diving." He loved going to the Titanic and he was not questioning the risk he was taking each time. He was also at fault of giving the operation credibility by being associated with it.
    3
  741.  @tryscience  Agree.
    3
  742. Thanks for your comment. I think the problem was that the business model was completely breaking down. He was said to have 100 million dollars in this project and some of that was investor's money. He did not want to pull the plug and give up and that started to force bad decisions. Watch my video on that topic, search YouTube for this title. OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
    3
  743. Thanks for the comment. Yes, Mr. Stanley was angry. During his testimony he wanted to say more about Stockton,, but the chairman of the hearing board stopped him.
    3
  744. Good pick-up. I don't know why that is there and I saw it when I first saw the original video of the winding process. It doesn't go away when the fibers go back over it. I wonder if it was a flaw in the video camera.
    3
  745. Good question. It's Earth's light reflected back upward illuminating the satellite from below. Remember, for us on the ground it's only dark in the path of the eclipse, everywhere else is still lit by the Sun. But also, for us in the path, the sky is darkened enough to see the satellite illuminated from below.
    3
  746. Thanks for your comments. This has been discussed in many previous comments and replies. There are many good discussions and if you are interested look back a bit and you will find some good explanations.
    3
  747. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am happy you like this Titan backstory story.
    3
  748.  @chillphil967  Thanks for your thoughtful reply. Glad you liked this side of the Titan story.
    3
  749.  @s.sradon9782  Thanks for commenting. The fibers and the matrix work together. I have a video I am working on right now concerning this. From the NTSB analysis of the cut-off ends of the V2 hull, I estimate that the full-sized hull had over 300 grind spots spread out through the inner four layers. The number of grinds increased in the outer layers. All of these together cannot be a good thing for the hull. There is this engineering issue of "out of roundness" when under these high pressures. If the hull was flexing asymmetrically due to random positioning of grind spots, this creates additional stress.
    3
  750. Thanks for your comment and the support.
    3
  751. Hi, thank you for contacting me. Sorry, but I do not have a data set to time the annular eclipse. That is because so much of my app has to do with the critical timing and the observations that happen only with a total solar eclipse. With an annular, you keep your solar filter on the entire time and there is no crucial timing. Thanks.
    3
  752. Thanks for commenting. I don't understand it either.
    3
  753. Possibly. The optical engineering could most likely be worked out. There are a lot of variables, however.
    3
  754. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you.
    3
  755. Thanks for commenting. I agree, that the number of layers is not the important thing really, it's how they were laid down. Notice he did not emphasize that it was actually 133 plies in one-inch layers with five of those layers glued together. Saying it like that in his speech is a totally different thing; doesn't sound quite as strong or impressive.
    3
  756. I agree with you. I think the culture would scare away serious engineers concerned with safety and protocol. Thanks for your comment.
    3
  757.  @richardkudrna7503  Thanks for your thoughtful reply/comment.
    3
  758. Nope, no eclipse down there. I enjoy science and technology in addition to being an expert on solar eclipses.
    3
  759.  @curious_gage  Thr first hull was, when they were testing it in the Bahamas.
    3
  760. Thanks for your comment. I agree. I don't see how you could figure out the engineering to do this later. There may be a way, but man, it's gotta be tough.
    3
  761. Thanks for your comment. Who knows? Right now there is very little information about the glue film layer? The brand, the strength, the effects of high-temperature curing, etc. I guess some engineer from somewhere told OceanGate some specifications on all of these variables? I hope the final NTSB report gives us more information on this subject.
    3
  762. Thanks for commenting. That still might be the case. The junction at the front ring is suspect. When the coast guard releases the final report it will be interesting to see what they say. They may not be able to point to one thing.
    3
  763. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. That carbon fiber hull concept was never going to last 1,000 cycles. I have no idea how Spencer Composites came up with that prediction.
    3
  764.  @utube321piotr  Yep, I agree.
    3
  765. I agree. The entire story is simply amazing!
    3
  766.  @imhusker Thanks for your reply. There are a lot of things in the original Specer document that ended up not being correct, for instance, a cycle life of 1,000 to 10,000 cycles. But that was the first shot at trying to figure out the engineering of carbon fiber hull for OceanGate, so there were a lot of unknowns. The safety factors in the Spencer document are just not relatable to the hull they built. As of this time, there is no comparable document in the public domain about safety factors for the V2 hull. You are correct, that the diagrams for the rings in the Spencer document were very rudimentary, and Tony Nissen testified that he worked with Spencer and another engineer that Tony hired to modify the rings. They came up with a new ring design for the forward and the aft rings as a matched set. They did a lot of engineering to match the moduli of the titanium to the carbon fiber hull. You are correct, I found documentation that the final C-channel width was 5 inches (I have edited the video to reflect that). However, when you watch videos of them gluing the rings on the V1 hull you can see where they milled down the outside diameter of the carbon fiber hull to get it down to 5 inches. (you can see the step-in). They used the same rings for the V2 hull and Phil Brooks testified how they cut the hull off the rings and then milled out the carbon fiber from the rings to reuse them. When you see close-up pictures of the V2 hull meeting the rings you can tell how much wider the hull was compared to the diameter of the rings; the hull steps down to the ring diameter. Thanks for adding to the discussion, I appreciate it.
    3
  767.  @softwarephil1709  Bot, what a line. You can't break rules at 6,000 psi.
    3
  768. Thanks for your comment. You have figured out the crucial point which is going to be the subject of my next video. The glue between the layers has to be so good, so strong, it has to be like the layers aren't even layers. If not, then the hull is not behaving like a 5-inch hull. You nailed it. Turns out, it is even worse than that, the glue was clearly breaking down. There was shear occurring between the layers.
    3
  769.  @simsnqta  Yes. based on your experience, you know for something like this you want to "overbuild", not "underbuild." Thanks for responding. I tried to check that ASME code but the site was down right now,
    3
  770. it's an amazing story. Netflix is almost ready to release a documentary. The BBC is also working on a documentary (I've spoken with that producer). It's going to be talked about for a long time. You'll have to work to ignore it.
    3
  771. Hi, thanks for the comment and I am glad you enjoyed the video.
    3
  772. Thanks for commenting. Yes. To be clear this video was not saying the cause of the implosion was the viewport, it was just about all the controversy surrounding the viewport to try to clear up the misinformation. At the end of the video I mention that I think it was the hull.
    3
  773. Thanks for your comment. The purpose of Cyclops 1 was to build and install all of the parts for testing that would then be moved over to the Titan. Originally, Titan was to be called Cyclops 2. So, Cyclops 1 was the test bed for things on purpose.
    3
  774. This is a good point that could be the topic of another video. People put themselves in harm's way all the time and then need professional first responders to save them. A few examples: are skiing in the backcountry, hiking to the bottom of the Grand Canyon, not evacuating the coast when a storm is coming, climbing Mount Everest, etc., and there are many more examples. But saving someone in trouble on land is relatively simple. There are no resources to save you alive in a sub on the bottom of the ocean at 4,000 meters. It's hard even a few hundred feet down. One thing that may come out of this Coast Guard hearing is that all submersibles will need to have a universal grappling eye on the top of the sub and the ROV industry will know the specification for it. Because, even if Titan was intact on the ocean floor, the deep ROV's would have had no good place to hook to it, to bring it to the surface.
    3
  775. Thanks for commenting. The lifting eye pressure could have contributed to the glue joint being the problem.
    3
  776. Thanks for your comment. I don't want to disagree with you here, but there was a portion of the testimony when Bart Kemper was testifying that disputed whether or not the carbon fiber was out of date or not. It may not have been. At this point, the public testimony would have to come down on the side of "it's unclear and yet to be determined." We may have to wait for the final NTSB report to know for sure.
    3
  777.  @BroOmnipotent  I agree with you. Stockton was told not to proceed. He went ahead anyway. Unfortunately, there are no governing bodies to prevent him from doing this in international waters. But that may be coming after this disaster and the subsequent investigations,
    3
  778. Thanks for your supportive comment and I am glad you liked the content.
    3
  779. Thanks for your comment. You are correct. APL was the most involved with OceanGate, but with all the parts other than the hull. Boeing was involved very early on with the feasibility study and did not fabricate anything. NASA did consultation work remotely and did no fabrication work either.
    3
  780. Agree, thanks for your comment. The real stories, heard directly from people are amazing. The thing is, this is now not rumor and conjecture, this is testimony under oath.
    3
  781. Thanks for your comment. Well said.
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  782. @ Great. Glad you enjoyed the video.
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  783. @ Agree with you.
    3
  784. It's a huge and fascinating story. It will be talked about for a long time, maybe forever, like the Titanic itself. Netflix is coming out with a movie about it soon, and so is the BBC. Then, the final reports by the Coast Guard and the NTSB will come out, causing another news cycle about it. You will have to work to stay away from it.
    3
  785. It's a huge and fascinating saga. It will be talked about for a long time. Get ready, Netflix is coming out with a movie about it and so is the BBC.
    3
  786. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  787. Good question, it was not found.
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  788. Yep, you summed it up quite well. Thanks for commenting.
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  789. @ Yep, Karl Stanley. I ended the video with part of an old interview from over a year ago where Karl said we would find out that the testing was inadequate.
    3
  790. Thanks for using the app.
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  791. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. I agree with everything you said. The sad truth is I don't think there was any way to do FEA on the V2 hull and calculate a safer factor. There were too many variables. If you watch my other two videos on the hull, one about the grind spots, and the other about the glue film layers, it becomes clear that the V2 hull was "winging it."
    3
  792. Thanks for commenting. For the same reasons I am. It's a compelling story: engineering, interesting personalities, new technology, controversy over data, financial risk, billionaires, adventure tourism gone wrong, the Titanic, etc.
    3
  793. Sure thing, Thicker might be better, but it costs more. So, when your engineering says five inches is strong enough and then you go with that size and you built all the titanium around that size, there is no turning back unless you want to build it all again. Like Tony said in his testimony at some point, it's a matched set; meaning the front ring and dome, the hull, and the rear ring and dome. You can't change just one of them.
    3
  794. That is correct, you got it. Thanks for commenting.
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  795. Pulverized.
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  796.  @cosmokramer5055  I agree with you. But for some people, there is this fascination with it. I don't think people fully understand how dangerous it is to be at those depths. Those depths are for professionals with professional equipment.
    3
  797.  @kate2create738  I agree with everything you wrote.
    3
  798. Thanks for your nice comment Bill. I appreciate the support. I am glad you are preparing! Remember to use two of the app's unique features. The Eclipse Video Practice Session is used by setting up your gear in your house and then running through your imaging plan under the time pressure of having a fixed two minute totality in the session. If you are not going to use an intervalometer for your partial phase images use the Partial Phase Image Sequence Calculator in the app which will give you 10 clock times to take images before and after totality to get a perfectly equal sequence. Please share my website on your social media. Thanks again!
    3
  799. Yes, sir. You get it and you answered your own question. They should have just used a window based on decades of success. Why "re-invent the wheel" and not be able to certify it. Especially when putting passengers at risk.
    3
  800. Thanks for your comment. It is a weird story overall. It's impossible to try to figure out what Rush was thinking.
    3
  801.  @erintyres3609  Correct, it works in planes.
    3
  802.  @richardbell7678  I agree with you. There is testimony that they tried to compensate and model for that when they determined how to machine the titanium rings. If you look closely at them then have a curved indentation in them on the outside. So, they thought about how the two different materials would behave next to each other. That doesn't mean they got it right. Thanks for your comment.
    3
  803.  @ssss-df5qz  Thanks for your comment. The glue method you are referring to was the gluing of the titanium rings to the carbon fiber hull; applying the glue by hand. This video is about the glue between the 5 layers of carbon fiber, which was applied by laying it down in sheets (as per Dr. Kramer's testimony).
    3
  804. I agree. From what I hear the international submersible societies are working on having rules to apply for international waters. I don't know the details or how they could be enforced, but this disaster has started the conversation. Thanks for your comment.
    3
  805. Thanks.
    3
  806. Great, glad you liked the video! Thanks for the supportive comment.
    3
  807. Great, thank you fro the supportive comment.
    3
  808. Thanks for commenting.
    3
  809. Thanks!
    2
  810.  @PotatoSaladwthMarmalade  Yes, I have hours of solar eclipse educational content and more to come. Subscribe and share it.
    2
  811. Thanks for your comment. One thing I would say is this, no matter what the cause of the implosion was, the implosion itself was an inward pressure that was going to shear off the inner rings. So, it's really hard to say if the lips failed first, but they could have.
    2
  812.  @ryananon779  Thanks for your reply. Fair question. Phil seems like an honest guy. But the only thing we have to go by is his testimony was under oath, lying is breaking the law.
    2
  813.  @ryananon779  Agree with you. The Coast Guard should get testimony from Bob Shuman. He is alive and may be able to tell us more. He knew what Strocton was thinking. The Coast Guard may have interviewed Shuman privately.
    2
  814. I know. All of the video feeds were terrible. I am not sure where all of that weird delay got introduced, but that is the quality that came through to the hearing room.
    2
  815. Yes, you are correct, no diamond ring and no Baily's beads at the annular in 2023. Because these are photographic entities that require removing the solar filter to image and also depend on the fact that the Moon will continue to move over the Sun to completely obscure it. During an this annular eclipse this doesn't happen. With some extremely high magnitude annular eclipses you can expose a ring of beads, but NOT this one.
    2
  816. There are NASA logos on a lot of products that they must have a license agreement with the manufactures of the products. But a private company, even if they work with NASA, can't sell a product and say that NASA endorses them or their product.
    2
  817. Thanks for commenting. Besides learning the errors in engineering, hopefully, some good will come out of this tragedy. Like closing the loophole of passengers being called "mission specialists" so they are considered crew. And operating in international waters where a nation's maritime safety rules are hard to apply.
    2
  818.  @sporter555  I like the effective focal length of 840mm. That will work well for eclipse photography. I have some concerns about setting your camera to take an image every second. I think that is too slow. If you start imaging when my app gives the cue, 20 seconds before C2, that is only 20 images from diamond ring to C2. Then you may miss one during a manual shutter speed change. Then when you touch your gear you will start vibrations that will probably make the next image blurry, maybe the next two images blurry at that focal length; depending on the dampening ability of your set-up. In 2017 my son took 67 images in this 20 second period, from diamond ring to chromosphere before C2. In 2019 we had 23 images just in the period of Baily's beads to chromosphere before C2; in about 9 of 10 seconds. We take images with a remote manual shutter release as fast as we can push the button and fast as the camera will buffer. So I would re-think that part of your plan.
    2
  819. Thanks for commenting. Your line is very well put "This whole project seems more like an experiment." That is so true! It is so obvious that people should not have been in this thing. No scale model proof of concept, no real dives other than the pressure chamber in Maryland. Really an amazing thing.
    2
  820. Thanks for your comment. You are absolutely correct that the domes get forced inward. The domes are getting forced against a very hard epoxy. Tony was worried about mircocracking in the epoxy. The epoxy was not like an O-ring in the hatch mechanism. The issue is that at these pressures, you don't get a "drip, drip" leak like under your kitchen sink. When it goes, it goes all the way, causing an instantaneous catastrophic leak/implosion. And the lifting eyes weren't the only thing stressing the front ring glue joint. What about opening and closing the 3,500-pound front dome hundreds of times? Having said that, it could have been the hull that failed. Thanks again.
    2
  821. Thanks for your comment, support, and I am glad you liked the video content. I agree with you, there are a lot of generic Titan video's out there that use "B-roll" of any OceanGate labeled sub they can find completely out of context to the video. Not me, I am trying to tell accurate stories based on the testimony under oath.
    2
  822. I agree! I actually believe that the front ring was the failure point for the implosion. Due to the constant stress of opening and closing that door and not supporting it properly. I heard a quote in the testimony that the door itself weighed 3,500 pounds.
    2
  823.  @EbenBransome  Yes, I think you are correct. It would take more time, use more material and ultimately cost more.
    2
  824. Agree. All that porosity in the matrix layers and all that porosity in the glue film layer. They had no idea because the never made a test hull. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  825. I know. That was amazing! You could see his pain.
    2
  826. Yes, it seems obvious, doesn't it.
    2
  827. Wow, it is really impossible for me to suggest to you what to photograph or video. You have to decide what is important to you. The basics are usually long focal-length imaging of the eclipse itself and some sort of crowd overview video. Then you can add a video camera for shadow bands on a white background of some kind. Regarding the crowd video, you could just set up an action cam like a GoPro behind you to capture yourself and your group enjoying the eclipse. My favorite thing to do is have an action cam on a camera spinner, I use the spinner called a TurnsPro, and have it rotate to video the crowd and the horizon. The problem with the spinner in 2024 is that the eclipse is high in the sky and will be out of the field of view. You also could do an immersive 360-degree camera: I've done that twice with two different cameras. I have YouTube videos on all of those techniques and discuss them all in my book. You just have to pick a few to do that interest you the most and they have to be easy to set up and start without you needing to monitor them during the eclipse.
    2
  828. Thanks for commenting. That is a good idea. It has been discussed previously in many comments; if you are wondering what the other ideas and answers were, scroll back a bit.
    2
  829. Thank you. I am glad you liked the content. I have another good one in the works.
    2
  830. Thanks for commenting. I agree with your completely. I have a video on my channel specifically about the glued joints. Search YouTube for this title - Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews
    2
  831. Hi, I am not sure what you are referring to; my YouTube channel on solar eclipse education is the most thorough and comprehensive on the internet.
    2
  832. Sure thing and thank you. I only ask you to do what you feel comfortable with. I love to analyze engineering problems and I hope this video helped you understand the viewport controversy better.
    2
  833. Thanks for your comment. Tony was pretty explicit about not doing it, and he was the one involved in designing the original landing gear. At that point in the process, the mechanical engineers at APL were also involved. Tony also hired an engineer to help him at OceanGate. Adding lifting eyes later was a bad idea.
    2
  834. I think the issue was that to have enough internal volume to fit five people you have to make the entire sub weigh less so you can get to neutral buoyancy to go down and the back up. All titanium for the sub would be so heavy it would take an extremely large amount of that non-compressible buoyancy foam they use to offset the sub weight. That is what I understand form my research in the past about this issue and why Rush wanted to use carbon fiber.
    2
  835.  @mb2776  Agree. The Toray specs for the system they used was to cure to 350 degrees F for 120 to 180 minutes. If they actually did that to the first layer 5 times, who knows the effects. The Toray product number for the pre-preg system was P2362W-19L if you want to take a look since you know something about this stuff.
    2
  836. Yes, thank you for commenting. Yes, the glue was breaking down. I plan to do a video on that issue.
    2
  837. Happy to get this book endorsement in a post from Dr. Clay Sherrod of Arkansas Sky Observatory. https://www.facebook.com/groups/338717806576452/permalink/1730715860709966
    2
  838.  @alphgeek  I agree with you. I am just presenting the interesting and convoluted story. At the end of the video, I state that I don't think the viewport was the reason for the explosion.
    2
  839. Hey, great comment and I appreciate the positive feedback! Glad you liked it.
    2
  840. Hi. Thanks for the positive comment. I hope you liked the video
    2
  841. I don't really know. I don't think it has to do with being smarter. Most went to the feeders. Others are picking up some food mixed in with the grass. And you're correct some others weren't interested in eating.
    2
  842.  @TheRexberry  Sure. The chickens in my video had more of a schedule or routine.
    2
  843. Dr. Kramer testified that the glue was laid down as a film. It was draped on the hull. So, that sounds like it came as a sheet at a pre-determined thickness. I wonder how the laid down the sheets precisely were they met together.
    2
  844.  @TikkaTCM  Thanks for your comment. I am not defending Tony I am just presenting excerpts of his sworn testimony that has to do with his recollection of working with Stockton. He was under oath, these statements are not rumors. He seemed genuine to me. Most of his 4 hour testimony was about engineering. He was trying to help Stockton build a sub outside of the normal sub "classing" pathways. He developed the acoustic monitoring and strain systems that proved that hull 1 was not good, it wasn't safe, and could not take passengers to the Titanic. Hull 1 got scrapped after it cracked. Then Tony got fired. Those same monitoring systems were then implemented by new engineers in hull 2, the hull that imploded. Tony had nothing to do with the build that imploded.
    2
  845. I was so thrilled that we pulled it off!
    2
  846. Thanks for the supportive comment! I am glad you got something out of the video.
    2
  847. They were cut with a big mounted saw system at Janicki. It was automated to try to be as precise as possible.
    2
  848. Agree. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  849. that for commenting and asking a very good question. In a classic Purkinje situation, the reds should get more bland and the greens should get more distinct. But at an eclipse, it's not a perfect situation because the color shifts are complicated. So so will see all colors become less saturated, or bland, with a gray overtone. It's especially easy to see with red colors. It looks like you slipped on a pair of lightly tinted gray sunglasses. But you need a lot of target colors at your observing site to perceive it. So that is why I am telling people to tell all their friends to wear a combination of red and green clothes on eclipse day.
    2
  850. Thanks for your support.
    2
  851. You are referring to the title? In the title, I am using the word "broke" it to mean being out of money. That is the correct word in that case. See the dollar signs in the thumbnail, that's a hint. I am not trying to say the company was "broken." Thanks for your comment;
    2
  852. Thaks for your comment and your support. I am glad you liked the video.
    2
  853. Thanks for your comment. Completely agree. OcenaGate was able to skirt the rules by operating in international waters.
    2
  854. Thanks for commenting. Even though it is negative and you are trying to be insulting, it helps me promote the video. Because YouTube still counts it as engagement so the algorithm will recommend the video to more viewers. And the fact that I responded even makes it better. So thanks for your help!
    2
  855. Thanks for the long thoughtful comment. I thought the bridge analogy testimony from the engineer Bart Kemper was so interesting. He is a smart guy who knows marine engineering. It just was a nice way to simplify things for me and others who are not engineers. Of course, the hull behavior is more complicated, but I liked the analogy. The next part of his testimony, which I did not use in my video, Mr. Kemper used the example of the segmental Baliey Bridge concept to show how a structure with stress and strain can distribute loads to a point, but when damage gets concentrated to an area you get failure.
    2
  856. Thanks for your comment. That is why I did that. It's not a perfect analogy, but it is a teaching tool for us non-engineers.
    2
  857. I agree. Completely counterintuitive. Yet Stockton was quoted as saying " I've broken some rules, but I think I've done it with sound engineering." Thanks for commenting.
    2
  858. Thanks for commenting. You actually bring up a good point. At least the game controllers were based on well-tested outside engineering with tons of history of use. And at least with the 1st version of the sub, APL made sure that OceanGate had wired backup in case the wireless connection failed. The interesting stories come from the "one-off" engineering decisions.
    2
  859. Thanks for your comment. Yes, you may be correct.
    2
  860. Thanks! I am glad you liked the presentation of the material. I try to take the different bits of testimony and tell a story. I appreciate the support.
    2
  861. Thanks for commenting. When sitting on the landing gear, the weight was supported by three points on each landing, which also served to keep the rings round. So, six points of support versus four. We also don't know the "footprint" (square inches) of the six landing gear fixation points, where we can see the "footprint' of the landing eyes, which doesn't seem big. (although no exact dimension is published for us). But you are correct with your thought here; there could be some of the same issues, but just on the bottom when sitting on the ground. But I think the other issue is being moved around by a crane is NOT gentle. So, sudden "tugs" are being transmitted to 4 points under weight, amplifying the load. It's approximately 5,500 pounds if static. Good thought, thanks for asking.
    2
  862. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. It was an oversimplification to think that just because the pressure is uniform around the sub underwater, and it only moves a few miles per hour, that the hull would experience zero torsional moments. The flexing of the hull was probably asymmetric and I am releasing a video on that soon. Then what about all the traveling around on a trailer and being lifted by a crane many times per season.
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  863.  @alisonwilson9749  I love your point about tradesmen! I am definitely a handyman around the house because I love to learn from tradesmen! All workers have amazing tricks of the trade! I love to see them do it. When I see someone doing something neat, I ask them why and how. I have another OceanGate video about Tony Nissen, the first Director of Engineering. Tony had aerospace and marine engineering experience. He and Stockton together unfortunately were a bad combination because Tony had this concept that "correct engineering" to an ASME standard in one field carries over to a different field. They both tried to morph aerospace engineering into the marine environment and it did not work. So, I guess what I am trying to say (not being an engineer) is that good quality engineering to some real standard, doesn't make it good quality if the use of the product is in a different environment. Search YouTube for my other video titled "OceanGate Titan Disaster - A Culture of Risk - The Engineer's Words"
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  864. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject.
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  865. Yes sir. Many. many issues. Thanks for commenting.
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  866. Thank you for the supportive comment. It will be interesting to see what the final report says. It's not going to be the viewport. So it's either direct failure of the hull or failure at the junction with the rings. But I think the NTSB has additional information to work with that we don't have publically.
    2
  867.  @mich8292  Thanks for your comment. I'm not sure. I listened to Tony's testimony very carefully. He had engineering experience in the marine and aerospace industries. Stockton was an aerospace engineer. Stockton and Tony together were a dangerous combination because they were trying to work outside of the normal sub-classing engineering. Tony testified, stating in several different ways, that you can have valid engineering that follows other defined standards, like ASTE. He also, testified that he likes to do things that are "outside the box." so I think the challenge of the project interested him. So, he was trying to have good engineering principles on a part-by-part, or section-by-section basis. The problem is that sub-classing engineering looks at the machine more as a whole. But, when the sub failed testing in the Bahamas in 2018, Tony told Stockton the hull was not usable, not safe, and he would not sign off on the 2018 Titanic Expeditions (which were already planned). Tony got fired for that as if it was his fault. All of that is true. Actually, it was the Spencer Composite hull, the first hull that was the problem, it was junk. Then Stockton hired new engineers, made a new hull with a different company (still 5 inches thick), and forged ahead. Tony was far removed from the second Titan that imploded. My thoughts.
    2
  868.  @CatNolara  There is some work with carbon fiber under compression forces, but I don't know the extent of it. They Navy had smaller unmanned glass fiber laminate sub that did great, look up AUSS, Advanced Unmanned Search System. OceanGate was not the first to think of this. The problem is that it would cost a fortune to build it and test it adequately. Adequate testing is the big thing. It would have to be a government funded project because the R&D cost would never work out for a for-profit business model. Stockton thought he could do it by tapping into the adventure tourism market, but the business model was not workable.
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  869. Thanks for commenting. I wonder if some of these details about welding were considered. I hope they looked into these things.
    2
  870.  @slabbadanks5829  Thanks for the support and the feedback about the videos. I am glad you have enjoyed them.
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  871. Yep, the hull or the glued junction, either could have been the primary failure point.
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  872. Great! I am glad that helped you understand a potential mechanism causing the problem. We will need to wait for the final NTSB report. Thanks for commenting
    2
  873. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  874. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. However, a fiber sub (unmanned) was made by the Navy , AUSS, 1993 and it worked. But it was much smaller in diameter (and was a glass fiber, not carbon) Then there was that sub that was made for Steve Fossett, it was carbon fiber and was supposed to go deep. It never got tested well, the way I understand it, because the tolerances on the hatch wasn't good enough; it wasn't machined well enough. But, I agree, basically the epoxy is taken the pressure and it is being held together by the strings. But, maybe it could work at 7" or 10" thick, with 45 degree plies like Boeing recommended. And needs to be tested with like 50 unmanned dives.
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  875.  @melodymacken9788  Yeah, the testimony tells the story, doesn't it.
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  876. Merrill, thanks for your comment, I am glad you liked it! I hope it helps explain the concepts. Yes, I am working on a second episode right now that will discuss how to set up to video and will show actual video clips with directional analysis of the observations. No, I did not receive your PM from several days ago, please re-send. Gordon
    2
  877. Agree with you. Thanks for your comment.
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  878. Great! Thanks for the supportive comment. Glad you liked the video.
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  879. Great! Thanks for your comment and I am glad you liked the video.
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  880. Thank you for your comment. Working with ABS on a submersible is completely voluntary. OceanGate did not have to pursue submersible certification.
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  881. You're speaking of Karl Stanley? Yes, in all of the interviews I watched with him, he seems like a competent and reasonable guy.
    2
  882. Thanks for your comment. Your point is noted.
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  883.  @simple-human-being  Thanks for the feedback, I am glad you like the content. I am working on one now that is all about dive 80.
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  884. Great question and the answer is no for the V2 hull that imploded. The V1 hull was tested in the Bahamas once without a crew by lowering down on a rope to depth. During that dive, I don't think they tried to simulate crew weight.
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  885. Great comment and observation. I agree with you for the times it is out of the water. However, if you had the opportunity to ask Tony during the building of the sub I think he would have told you it is strong enough when out of the water because it only has to hold the glue (in his testimony) and when in the water the loads are equally distributed around the sub so it doesn't have to be any larger. Thanks again for commenting.
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  886. Thanks for commenting. I agree, in part. The fibers and the matrix work together. The Toray product they used actually provides data for the system under compression. It actually does have some strength there. That is why my other video about how they ground down the carbon fiber defects is important. You shouldn't cause discontinuities in the loops, it's a system. If you are interested in more information you can look up Toray 3900-Prepreg-System.
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  887. Thanks for your comment. The problem actually starts one step earlier than the grinding. The co-bonding process was never going to be strong enough for these pressures with that length hull. So a lot of the grinding had to do with the humps because they are weak, but also surface preparation for the glue film. But as I said in the video, the co-bonding process was kind of forced on them because you can't de-bulk a single application 5-inch laminate. So, to your point, a 4-inch hull can't be debulked properly in an autoclave. And then adding a one inch layer glued on, is ultimately only going to have the strength of a four-inch hull.
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  888. We had a great time!
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  889. Just auto exposure on this type of camera. You are correct the cameras to adjust to get as much light as possible during totality, but they actually get it quite well. Watch my other video about exactly that subject called Overexposed Eclipse"
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  890. In 2017. I used a regular hand-held hole punch with 1/4" hole. The problem is that the jaws are not deep and the hole is a little big. To make new ones for 2024 I bought a hole punch that has a 2" deep jaw and only punches 1/8" holes. It's better.
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  891. Thanks for your comment.
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  892.  @raoulcruz4404  Thanks for your comment. I appreciate the support and I am glad you found my video. I am doing a lot of work piecing together important excerpts of the 2 weeks of testimony that tell these more detailed stories.
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  893. You are incorrect when you include clips in this video, and you agree with those clips, that there were no people with a medical background on the board, Bill Frist was a practicing cardiothoracic surgeon before he became a senator from Tennessee.
    2
  894.  @ericwieboldt7042  Thanks for your reply and for adding to the discussion.
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  895. My app is ready for 2024 right now! Download the app, it is a FREE download so you can play with it. Watch the built-in App Tutorial. Then the in-app purchase for the 2024 data set is only $1.99. Have fun and look into getting one of the versions of my book. Thanks for your support.
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  896. When I first started imaging eclipses in 2001 and 2002 I used 200-speed ektachrome slide film. This way we could give eclipse presentations with the old Kodak slide projectors.
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  897. Glad my app worked for you. Thanks for the support.
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  898.  @Dave_the_Dave  Thanks for your comment. I agree with you, well said. The act of "eliminating" the concave side of the dome ruins the surface which could evenly distribute the stress.
    2
  899.  @TooSlowTube  Those are all forms of internal reflections of the bright light of the eclipse bouncing off various surfaces of the glass optics in the camera lens.
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  900. Agree. Stockton talked about doing scans of the wreck every year to monitor the deterioration. Not needed. The Magellan project did the most detailed scans ever done of the wreck with an ROV. There is no need for regular people to go to that depth.
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  901.  @AllanFolm  Thanks for that reply. You are exactly correct.
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  902. Great. I am glad you liked the video. I have no idea about the quality of the facilities (Class 1 and clean rooms) where it was put together. Some work was done in the Electroimpact factory and some work was done in the Janicki factory. Both of those a reputable companies but I have never come across those specific clean room stats/ Thanks for commenting.
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  903. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. I agree with you. Buckling is certainly the issue with all of the bad things about this hull fabrication. But, that is why I also added the testimony about "out of roundness." No one talks about that either. When that hull was getting weaker after multiple dives, the hull may not have been compressing symmetrically, and out-of-roundness makes things worse.
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  904. Merrill, thanks for your comment. The crater is simply amazing and I wanted to do a video while it was fresh in my mind. While I was in Flagstaff I also visited the Lowell Observatory and did the tour that discusses the story Clyde Tombaugh discovering Pluto. Great story! I may do a video about that in the future. Now I need to get back to eclipse stuff. Next videos I will work on will be the dissipation of convective clouds during an eclipse and then a good explanation of the point of greatest eclipse.
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  905. Thanks for your comment. You are correct; the term is submersible. Pat Lahey of Triton Submarines was asked this definition question during the hearing, and here is his testimony quoted - (USCG 9/20, Lahey, 4:50:27) Q: Sir what's the difference between a submersible and a submarine. A: "It's a very good question and often people don't recognize the difference but a submersible is a craft that is not capable of regenerating its own power. Submarine has to have the capacity to regenerate its own energy supply and so the thing about a submersible is it's usually powered by batteries or some sort of an energy source that's limited and limits its endurance."
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  906. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Yes, you made a list of the things they did not effectively worry about from an engineering standpoint. Quite an amazing story.
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  907. Hi Merrill, thanks for your comment. I have been organizing all of my stuff from the 2019 eclipse and working on social media posts but did not have time to start producing videos. But I am now hoping to get some good videos out. Regarding the Nikon in the video, that was only for demonstration/simulation in the video for those who might try to use a DSLR. For the eclipse, I used a Canon video camera, Vixia HF M50.
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  908. Thanks for commenting. That is interesting.
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  909. Thank you for your thoughtful comment. Happy you liked the content.
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  910. You are welcome. Have a great eclipse day!
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  911. I agree with you.
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  912. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you about the testimony. There was some CYA. I feel the big travesty was not having testimony from Spencer Composites who made the first hull.
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  913. Thanks for your comment and your support. I am glad you enjoyed the content.
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  914. No, that is not Fred. It is a person that I met on the eclipse tour that is also from Alabama, as I am. Fred Espenak was located in Chile for the 2019 eclipse. An interesting thing for you to look for in pictures that show Fred set up at an eclipse. He does not allow anyone to be close to him during the eclipse! He ropes off his setup area., I've seen pictures where he uses Caution tape around where he is set up so he does not get disturbed and can concentrate on his photography. It's cool! I love Fred, I've learned so much from the information he publishes.
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  915.  @portjanka  For a low eclipse, like 2019, when totality occurs within the vertical FOV of a camera when the camera is set up level, it works great! It allows you to capture totality, the crowd, the colored horizon, and the how the horizon changes as the umbra moves. The technique is not as useful for eclipses that are high in the sky and above the vertical FOV of the camera. Like the first time I did it in 2017, because you can't get totality, but you still get the 360° colored horizon.
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  916. Thanks for your comment. I ma working on a video addressing that right now.
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  917. Thanks for your comment. When deep in the water, the domes and the rings are pushed directly inward towards the butt ends of the carbon fiber hull. There is predicted to be no forces up or down on those rather thin clevis lips.
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  918. @ACSFieldtech2 Thanks for your support!
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  919. Thanks for commenting. You are correct. More specifically the strain system worked. They should have stopped after dive 80.
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  920. Thanks for your comment. I am glad you liked the video.
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  921. Thanks for your comment. No, I don't think I am saying that. It's hard to make a well-laid-up very thick carbon fiber hull because of defects and humps that form while you are doing it. The humps themselves are weak. Remember was Phil Brooks said about the scale model, it fractured right at a big hump. Now maybe if you make it thick enough, say 10 inches, you can compensate for the humps with just plan old thickness, who knows? I am pointing out that the one-inch layer idea glued together was not the right solution.
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  922. Wow, thank you for that supportive comment and the compliment. It is appreciated. I am glad you like the video.
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  923. Thanks for commenting. I am glad you liked the content.
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  924. Excellent point! I agree and thanks for commenting.
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  925. I never said that anisotropic materials are inherently brittle. I said what the definition is, they take load differently in the 3 perpendicular directions. I did not go into comparing to isotropic materials for the sake of time. The stress strain discussion was added, presented by the ABS engineer, Mr. Thomas to further make the point about the failure mode. My intent was a brief education about the behavior of the material. Thanks for replying.
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  926. Thanks for watching Jan. I have heard of seeing a green flash with the sun setting or rising over a water horizon, but I have never successfully observed it myself. I have never heard of it being observed over land. Interesting! Fairbanks at the time of the winter solstice was fascinating. We had wonderfully clear nights to observe the aurora and we had this clear day to image the solstice Sun rising and setting. I have seen other videos of this happening, but I wanted to witness it myself and image it myself. I really enjoyed my visit to Fairbanks!.
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  927. Good question. It's curved because the Sun follows the path of the ecliptic through the sky. The eclipse is happening, yes, but the Earth is rotating so the path of the Sun (and the eclipse) is a Sun-setting motion to the West. The path of the Sun curves through the sky.
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  928.  @ScaryFear  Nice! I love to hear my app running in the background of eclipse videos!
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  929.  @noahhub  I appreciate the support, thanks.
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  930. Thank you.
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  931.  @jessehickman668  Great, thanks for watching. I have another interesting, but technical one coming out soon.
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  932. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  933. Thanks for your comment. You make an excellent point! I am working on a video about that right now.
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  934. Thanks for you comment. It depends on many things of course. The engineering showed the hull getting compressed in the center of the case. That was known. The glued joint of the carbon fiber to the titanium rings was suspect for sure. Who knows. It will be interesting to see the final NTSB report.
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  935.  @davidmarquardt9034  Thanks for your comment. You are so correct. You have to design for a safety margin. It reminds me of a clip I have in one of my hull videos of the Boeing engineer saying you have to design to cover the "effects of defects." That is a great line.
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  936. I agree with you! Thanks for commenting.
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  937. Thanks for commenting. As I noted in the video, Boeing was involved with the hull very early on in the history of OceanGate; 2012 -2013 with an early feasibility study. Boeing was out of the picture by the time manufacturing was happening. The early design and analysis were all based on what was done at Spencer
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  938. Yes, I agree. I have no idea why they did not do it. Thanks for your comment.
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  939. Maybe? It would have to be designed and modeled. Thanks for your comment.
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  940. Thanks for your comment. Leaving the humps is no good and grinding the humps is no good. Basically, you have to have a perfect fabrication process and that is hard to do over 1 inch thick. The co-bonding thing is a whole other story.
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  941. Yes sir. You pretty much summed it up. Thanks for commenting.
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  942.  @beestingza  Thanks. I thought the financial story was important to tell. The business model and financial pressure forced some bad decisions.
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  943.  @zee_terminator2850  Thanks for your reply. My video has carefully chosen excerpts of new information from the Coast Guard/NTSB hearings which were carried out on September 16 - 27, 2024. That was 15 months after the implosion. And more information may be forthcoming as Netflix and the BBC are both releasing movies about the Titan accident this year. Will major entertainment companies also be releasing very expensive "Captain Hindsight" movies? At some point, the Coast Guard and NTSB final reports will be released, so there will be another round of news reports about it. This is a very interesting and compelling story that with be mulled over for years to come. You may not be interested in the story and that is fine, but you will have to work to ignore it. Thanks for helping with the algorithm.
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  944. Freighting, isn't it.
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  945. I know. Believe me, I tired to make it as concise as possible. Buy it is a lot of information and to tell the story properly you have to keep things in. I am working on another video about the hull and I will try to make it shorter.
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  946.  @Travis_22  Yes, there are many layers of complexity to this story, from the enginee to the personalities involved. It is a tragic but a compelling story.
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  947. Cool story! Yes, if they had any experience at all, I'll bet they were "rolling their eyes."
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  948. Hi Phillip, thanks for your question. No, the app is only for mobile devices now. However, regarding the history of the app, I made was the first version in 2002 and that ran on Windows and Windows Pocket PC. This is before mobile phones. But the Windows version was completely manual, there was no geolocation.
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  949. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. I agree with everything you said. The entire dome controversy did not need to happen. They just should have used a standard design spherical sector dome that Hydrospace could have built and certified to 4,000 meters. Now I feel sure that the dome was not the failure point for the implosion dive, but the entire controversy regarding hiding the depth data, and not wanting to pay to do the proper testing did not have to be an issue.
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  950. Thanks for your comment. I agree that adding those to the rings later doesn't seem like something that could be engineered and evaluated properly if not in the original designs. But maybe. Hopefully, the final NTSB report will have more information.
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  951. Good comment. That is why I emphasized in the video the Boeing quote, plan for the "effects of defects." That is a brilliant line, especially when dealing with carbon fiber and the Boeing engineer who testified was an expert in composites.
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  952. @ Thanks for adding to the discussion.
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  953. You are welcome, happy to help!
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  954. Hi, thanks for commenting. I agree with you, the domes get compressed inward under pressure and keep the water out. The question is, does the glue compress also? If it does, even just a little bit, in a couple of areas, then it is decompressing on the way up also. That is movement in a glued joint means that is prone to cyclical failure and creates the potential for a water intrusion point. You don't get a drip, drip leak at 6,000 PSI, it blows out. I also have concerns about the hull. And I like your idea of doing the glued joint the opposite way: put the glue in the ring and set the hull into it. Hadn't thought of that and it seems like a better way to do it.
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  955. Great point. I think is was the engineers at Spencer Composites that came up with 5 inches as strong enough.
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  956. Hi Merill, yes there is more to come. I have great science data that I am working on, so I have been slow to edit videos. Yes, we saw great shadowbands with our eyes, but my two video cameras did not record them well at all. Yes, I traveled with a group. We used an equatorial mount for the main camera.
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  957. Good point. The owner of Titon Subs said he was once in a composite sub where the bolts spanned the entire length of the sub to hold it together. It was a while back and it must have been a smaller sub.
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  958. I agree with you. I don't understand it at all. Thanks for commenting.
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  959. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you.
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  960. Yes Tim, the way I teach it, is that you use the same shutter speed for the diamond rings, beads, into chromosphere. The trick it picking the shutter speed and that depends on your gear. I explain the details in depth in my eBook. The link is on my main website. Gordon
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  961. Yep, sorry, I did have a few misspelled words. I apologize. It's hard to proof read in the video editing timeline, with all the different layers. Additionally, I am concentrating of the video edits, the audio, the annotations, and inserting the various pictures, etc. It's not like writing a Word document. I will try to do better.
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  962.  @PetesGuide  Yep, that is a good idea.. I use that technique for longer things that I am writing, but I do it with Grammarly.
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  963. Thanks for commenting.
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  964. Thanks for your comment. You are absolutely right.
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  965. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you thought the video was informative.. The NTSB is always going to investigate things like this, plane crashes, train crashes, etc. People put themselves in harm's way all the time and need to get rescued at taxpayer's expense; hikers getting lost, spraining an ankle at the bottom of the Grand Canyon, skiing in the backcountry and causing an avalanche, not evacuating when a storm is coming, etc. The difference with the Titan disaster was the cost of the at-sea attempt for search and rescue. That was a massive Coast Guard undertaking. The NTSB and the Coast Guard actually tried to be efficient by doing the public testimony jointly instead of separately.
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  966. Thanks for your comment. So, they did the same process for gluing the 2nd hull; there is no video of it but the instruction set is on the Coast Guard website. If you look at the NTSB images of the rings from the wreckage you can see unevenness and voids in the epoxy just as if it is an imprint of the hand smoothed process (seen in the video). I know it's hard to believe , but I think it is true, that was the final pass.
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  967. Thanks for your nice comment. Now that the 2024 eclipse is over I will have much more content to upload.
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  968. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  969. I agree with you. Even with their basic analysis at the time they were identifying important points.
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  970. That is a great question. When they wrap a carbon fiber sphere, the mandrel still has to be held "in space" at one or two points so the machine can wrap around the mandrel (the way I have always seen it). So there is going to be a hole somewhere. When OceanGate tested their 1/3 scale model hulls that had carbon fiber domes, the domes had to have plugs in them at the top for the support for the mandrel. That plug was a failure point when pressure tested. Even if they made a large sphere somehow, they would have to have a hole for an entry door, and that would be a big weak point. Thanks for your comment.
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  971. Great. Thanks for the comment and I am glad you liked the video.
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  972. Great, I am glad you like the video, and thanks for commenting.
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  973. Thanks for commenting. Good story.
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  974. Thanks for your comment. I agree. I think Stockton got talked out of it bey the engineers at Spencer. It's probably more complicated and expensive to set up a big mandrel and winding machine to wind the 45-degree layer that Boeing recommended.
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  975. Great, I hope you like Destin's last video about doing eclipse day together. It was fun!
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  976. Thanks for commenting.
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  977. Thanks for your comment. I was so happy that we did it. It's tricky to pull it off.
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  978. Thanks for your comment and I agree with you on the the co-bonded layer design. I am working on a video right now that will address the engineering of the use of two different materials, carbon fiber and titanium. They accounted for that and I will explain it in my next Titan video,
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  979. You did not watch the video until the end, did you? At the end, I try to give OceanGate the benefit of the doubt after Tony was fired. I do leave the door open and say that Collier Aerospace may have looked at the data and said it was okay to put lifting eyes on the rings. 11:53 But we don't have that engineering information from Collier to know (at least not now). Thanks for commenting
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  980.  @hippienixon2329  Thanks for your comment. The V2 hull was remarkably quiet during the first deep dives (acoustic data). That changed with dive 80 where there was a huge single acoustic event and a large permanent shift in the strain gauge data at the same time. This was in sensor group 4 in the front lower left of the hull. This most likely represented an in-between layer delamination. They should have stopped diving after this. But they ignored the data and continued.
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  981. Nice comment. I will keep that in mind.
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  982.  @robbie.rambles  Ok, great. Thank for using the app and for your support. Do you have my book? You will love it.
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  983. Possibly. There have been some good discussions about this in previous comments. If you are interested in this topic look at some of the earlier discussions and see if those answers are helpful. Thanks for commenting.
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  984. Hey, thanks for the nice feedback. Good to know that the effort is helping people understand some interesting details.
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  985. Thanks for commenting. Glad you liked the video.
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  986. I agree. This tragedy may lead to new regulations.
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  987. Good question and a very good thought. There were probably cameras, but they wouldn't have survived to be found to give us any information. And even if they did survive, from what we understand, the implosion would have occurred so rapidly that it would not have been captured over frames of video (to see anything happen).
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  988. Thanks for your comment. Yes, you are correct.
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  989. @ Good question, which I do address in the video. The vacuum autoclaving, it seems, is not effective in removing air voids if the piece is too thick. It can't remove the voids deep in the center of the laminate. So, the idea was to autoclave one-inch thick layers. But that then adds the unanswered engineering question of how do you trust gluing the layers together. If you don't test it thoroughly, you don't know if you can trust it.
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  990. Thanks for your comment. Spencer Composites did consider the boundary between the carbon fiber hull and the titanium rings, which is why the rings had that funny-shaped machining on the outer surface, to get the moduli and the temperature-change behaviors to match. Shaving down the outer surface of the hull to fit into the titanium channels seems dangerous to me. But Spencer Composites specifically states in their engineering document that it was okay to do that. But I agree with you.
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  991. Thanks. Eclipses are my "thing'." I love teaching about them.
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  992. My mistake. I have tried to use YouTube to edit that out. It should update and be gone eventually. Sorry I missed that.
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  993. Hi thanks for you nice comment. I wanted to excerpt out the company's communication problems for this video. I also changed the order of some answers to make it easier to follow the timeline.
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  994.  @bees5461  I did not know a transcript of the Rush, Nissen, Lochridge meeting existed? I will look for it, Thanks for your comment,
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  995. I agree. It just did not seem of the proper use of the technology. The problem is that the engineers at Spencer Composites (1st hull) worked up numbers that made it look like it would work, with strength to spare. Wierd.
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  996. Thanks for your supportive comment.
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  997. Thanks for your thoughtful comment with good information. Nice additions to the discussion.
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  998.  @robcampbell2164  Thanks for your comment. You are correct. That is one of the benefits of OceanGate coating the outside of the hull with Rhino Liner. However, the main reason was to prevent water intrusion.
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  999. Thanks for commenting. I am not sure. The way Tony Nissen testified about tthe 1/3 scale model testing for the hull is that it scales up well. So, scale model data is valid data to use for the full-scale item design. Scale model testing is used all the time to validate designs, so I guess there is a way to do it. It just takes careful engineering and it is helpful when you are using materials with known properties, like metal. Carbon fiber is a "different beast."
    2
  1000. Thanks for commenting. I don't know anything about welding titanium, but adding the lifting eyes seemed like a bad idea.
    2
  1001. Ha, ha. Good idea!
    2
  1002. I was trying to be conservative on purpose. But I believe the hull had hundreds of additional grind spots. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1003. I agree. I find it amazing that real engineers were involved with this. The thing is, I don't think any of the engineers would actually dive in it.
    2
  1004. I agree. It's like "you can't make this stuff up!" Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1005. Thanks for your comment. I would think if they were having water penetration into the hull slowly over time it would need to be at the surface, getting through the Rhino Liner somewhere. I have never read an official document or heard in the the testimony that they were overweight and descending too fast. At the early part of the dive they texted that they were descending at 33 meters per minute which is a normal descent rate for them. Right before they imploded they texted that they were dropping two weights (approximately 70 pounds total).. That is a normal procedure, they need to slow their descent rate as they get close to the bottom. Remember, they do not use thrusters on the way down, it is a free fall. If you have other information about their weight and descent rate please try to describe where you found that, i would love to read it so I understand the dive better. Concerning the failure being the glue bond I agree with you that could be a potential weak point. I will be uploading a video about that soon. Thanks again for commenting.
    2
  1006. Thanks for your comment. You bring up good points and there are no clear answers for this tragedy.
    2
  1007.  @Mongrel214  Thanks for your comment and question. It's pretty much standard operating procedure in the United States for the NTSB to investigate "transportation" accidents that kill people. It is their responsibility as an agency. Because what is learned can possibly prevent similar accidents in the future. And this isn't about Stockton, he killed 4 other people. Remember in 2020 when "Mad" Mike Huges, the "flat Earther" killed himself in his steam-powered rocket. There was no big investigation there because he only killed himself. Think of the recent plane accidents, all will be investigated by the NTSB. And of course, the Coast Guard has to be involved because people died at sea. And this case is especially important because it identified loopholes in the regulations regarding subs, the number of people allowed, private versus scientific subs, and passengers versus "mission specialists" etc. All of the loopholes that Stockton used to do this business in international waters. Hopefully, all of those regulations will be better defined in the future.
    2
  1008. I agree with you. Who with any marine engineering experience signed off on this? Answer; no one. Thanks for taking the tine to comment.
    2
  1009. Great! Glad you liked it and thanks for commenting and your support.
    2
  1010. Thanks!
    2
  1011. You are correct. Three of the four one-third test models didn't get close. The fourth did good.
    2
  1012. yep, watch it that segment 19:18,
    2
  1013. Ha, ha. That is great idea!
    2
  1014. Thanks for your comment. I agree, they needed some marine engineers involved. They went down the path of aerospace engineering and the concepts and applications are too different.
    2
  1015. Thank you!
    2
  1016. Thanks for your comment and it is clear that you got the point of my video. Thanks. Carbon fiber might work for a hull. Maybe not down to 4,000 meters. But with proper testing, it may work for shallow depths.
    2
  1017. Well said.
    2
  1018. Thank you for your comment. I am so happy to hear that I helped you enjoy your eclipse experience. I would appreciate it if you shared my work with your friends and followers, especially information about my book. It provides excellent preparation information for the 2024 eclipse.
    2
  1019. I agree. He should have stopped after Dive 80. That is the one where they heard the big bang which was probably a large delamination point. He ignored that warning sign. If he had stopped there, after Dive 80, the project would have been thought of as a great success! He would have lost 100 million dollars, but he and 4 others would be alive. He could have deconstructed the hull, found the problem, and learned from it. Maybe people would learn how to use carbon fiber better from that. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1020. Thanks for your comment. That is a good point. We may never know, since they had a limited number of hull pieces from the wreck to examine.
    2
  1021. Thanks for your comment. This is certainly an interesting story that I wanted to discuss because it adds a variable. But we don't know if it is the explanation for the implosion. Maybe the final NTSB report will give us some answers.
    2
  1022. Agree. Not sure what he was thinking? But, besides the questionable durability of the sub to dive for the long term, the short seasonal window of opportunity to work and the bad weather in the North Atlantic was the downfall of the idea.
    2
  1023. Thanks for the support. Glad you like the content.
    2
  1024. Thanks for your comment. I think there is a short video clip on the internet of the carbon fiber machine at Electroimpact running the fibers running the machine "linearly", in line with the long axis direction of the hull. That would be 90 degrees to the wrap direction. Boeing had data in their models that recommended an additional layer laid at 45 degrees.
    2
  1025. Michael, than you for your comment! During the 2017 eclipse, Wichita Falls, Texas would have had a maximum obscuration of the Sun at 77.3%. Meaning that almost one quarter of the photosphere of the Sun was still illuminating your location. That is still a really wide crescent and still really bright LUX at your location. All of the known and basically understood theories of shadow bands are based on the fact that they occur when the Sun is a fine slit of a crescent in the sky. This occurs at 99% obscuration or more. The "slit lamp" effect of the light coming through the atmosphere at some height (?the unknown) is being perturbed to be waves that are added or subtracted. I have seen shadow bands three times, in the path of totality and they have always occurred with in 2 minutes of second contact and within 2 minutes after 3rd contact. Part of the environment to be able shadow bands, since they are so low contrast, is that the ambient light has to be decreased also. You just can't see them if it is too bright, they are too low contrast. So you obviously saw something that day, but based on the published theories of shadow bands that we know about now, your observing position was not where classic shadow bands should be generated. Interesting report however, I am not sure what would have generated the effect you saw.
    2
  1026. That depends on two things. 1. whether or not you want to do a lot of post-processing, then you must have RAW 2. How fast can your camera buffer, because it is nice to write both JPG-fine and RAW simultaneously to two different cards if your camera has two SD slots. I write to two cards and save both simultaneously. You never want your camera to decide it has to buffer in the middle of beads! You will miss precious seconds of the progression.
    2
  1027.  @philf4086  yes use Sun/Daylight. Do you have my app/ Use the synchronized built-in video practice session to practice under pressure. That is what it is for.
    2
  1028. As eclipse chasers we all hate clouds! However, the natural dissipation of convective clouds due to the partial phases decreasing the solar energy to the ground is really interesting. This video discusses how to recognize a convective cloud situation versus clouds that will not fade away. It also talks about strategies for eclipse planning to miss clouds and weather fronts. Hope you enjoy it! Gordon
    2
  1029. ​ @ponowar2025  That is an excellent way of looking at the problem! Thanks for replying. And the computer modeling, based on the input of the knowledge of materials, allows for the accurate analysis of the strain; where it wants to resolve to.
    2
  1030.  @SuperChuckRaney  Thanks for your comment. I agree that the story is incredible. It's a classic case of "you can't make this stuff up."
    2
  1031.  @smellysam  Thanks for your support.
    2
  1032.  @kennethmays8059  Hi, I appreciate your comment and your thoughtfulness.
    2
  1033.  @scottharris6411  Hi! Thanks for your nice comment about the video and my book. So glad you are an eclipse chaser and follow my eclipse work. Thanks for your support!
    2
  1034. I agree, and thanks for commenting. There were so many issues with that hull design and fabrication. The classing societies would have never classed it. Stockton knew and pushed ahead with disregard for sound engineering. There is that interview, he says something like "I've broken some rules - but think I did it with sound engineering." That is the point of my video, I don't see what engineer was involved with the V2 hull.
    2
  1035. Hi, thanks for your nice comment, glad you enjoyed it.
    2
  1036. Flat Earther, the temperature drop is due to the Moon blocking the energy from the Sun. Since solar eclipses occur at the phase of the New Moon there is no moonlight. However, remember that at any other phase of the Moon, the moonlight is just reflected sunlight.
    2
  1037. Thanks for the support.
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  1038. It is really cool stuff, isn't it!
    2
  1039. Thanks for commenting. Glad you learned about that.
    2
  1040. Thanks for commenting. Yes, of course. You would like my three videos on the hull. The link to my Titan Playlist is in the description.
    2
  1041. Agree, you are correct. I trust Will Kohnen. He cares about the safety of the industry. He is really involved. Kohnen tried to convince Stockton to go to the Bahamas for testing with the two viewports ready, the hybrid design, and the certified spherical sector design. They both fit in the hole in the front dome and could easily be switched out. Will's point was if you are going to go through all of the trouble to ship all this stuff down to the Bahamas, go down with both viewports. If the hybrid were to have failed during the first unmanned dive, they would have had the backup dome there, ready to be installed. So they could keep on testing without delay. Or, they just could have tested both in the Bahamas to really get a feeling for the optical demagnification effect that Will was talking about. At that point in the multimillion-dollar development, what was another $24,000?
    2
  1042. Yes, using insignificant associates to gain credibility is a problem. It gets abused.
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  1043. Agree!
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  1044. Thanks! I am glad you enjoyed the video!
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  1045.  @annteve  Agree completely. You understand this situation well.
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  1046. Yes, they were grinding things down to try to prevent getting a hump directly over the hump that they just ground down. But I am sure it occurred.
    2
  1047. Yes, it's amazing that it made it down to see the Titanic 13 times. But a deep dive duty cycle of 19 dives total is not good enough when you have 100 million dollars in the project and you are "crossing your fingers" with each dive. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1048. I am glad we pulled it off. It takes a lot of planning. And a lot can go wrong and mess it up.
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  1049. Hey great! Now you have to start planning for the eclipse in Spain in August of 2026! I am presently updating the app to work for that eclipse.
    2
  1050. Thank you for asking such an interesting an thoughtful question. As an astronomer I was very interested in being close to the Arctic Circle at the Winter Solstice. That is why I visited Fairbanks on the Solstice. What I could not anticipate was the spectacular horizon lighting effects. When you watch the video you see how the Sun has the path that is almost inline with the horizon during the 3-plus hours it is visible. Only rising to 2 degrees above the horizon. So, for the period of time before sunrise and the period of time after sunrise, that "grazing" angle under the horizon is occurring. Therefore, the period of dawn and dusk are very extended! It was wonderful to experience! I did not try to measure the time, but I would guess that colors on the horizon for dawn and dusk lasted about 1 1/2 hours. Whereas, where I live in Alabama, it lasts maybe 30 to 40 minutes. The maximum opposite situation would be observing the Sun at the equator on either of the equinoxes (Spring or Fall). At that time the Sun is rising from the horizon, and setting into the horizon at 90 degrees. So, the period of time for a colored horizon would be minimized. Picture that. Thanks again for your comment
    2
  1051. Agree. There will be lawsuits. It will be interesting to hear Wendy Rush and Spencer Composites testify under oath.
    2
  1052. Agree. Going to those depths with those pressures, you have to "over-engineer" increase the safety factors.
    2
  1053. That is a good observation about Tony's testimony. Thanks for commenting. I actually think that Tony just misspoke (a little) with that comment. I think what he meant to convey was, that Stockton wanted a viewport as large as someone's head, to be able to look out of. The point being, that Stockton did not want the limitation of having to peer through a 5", 6", 7", 8" window. That would confine the view. The inside of the Titan window was 15" in diameter.
    2
  1054. Yes, you can.
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  1055. Thanks for your insightful comment.😀
    2
  1056.  @derrellleggett8399  You are welcome! Sorry, you missed my talk.🤣 But if you want to learn about enjoying total solar eclipses, visit my YouTube channel. I like analyzing engineering mistakes, but my specialty is eclipses.
    2
  1057. I agree with you. Thanks for the comment. I was always worried about the "glued" joints and I did another video about that. After the disaster, a lot of engineers posted videos that predicted the failure of the hull was the center of the tube collapsing and shattering the carbon hull into a million pieces. I never thought that. Now pictures of the wreckage images on the bottom of the ocean show large long pieces of the carbon fiber hull jammed into the rear titanium dome. That makes me believe that the failure was at the front ring joint and there was a lot of force to the rear.
    2
  1058. Yep, don't follow the standards of the industry.
    2
  1059. Thanks for your comment. Intelligence, I guess, can be hard to define, or at least it has categories. Rush received a Bachelor of Science degree in aerospace engineering from Princeton University and a Master of Business Administration from the University of California, Berkeley. So, he was not stupid. I think his success as a pilot and even building his own experimental plane out of fiberglass made him too bold, or seem invincible. I am not defending his actions, just saying that I don't understand him.
    2
  1060. Thanks for commenting. In a perfect world, you want a carbon fiber layup with no humps or wrinkles. A perfectly flat layup is the strongest. Any imperfection is slightly weaker than the neighboring area without the imperfection. And if things are deflecting ar a weak spot the neighbors take the extra load.
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  1061. @ Agree, dive 80 should have stopped the program.
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  1062. Thanks!
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  1063. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1064. That is a good question. They did buy a new viewport from a European company. Built to exactly the same specifications as the original one. It was delivered on July 14, 2020. I am assuming that they installed the new one before the Titanic expedition dives, although there is no direct testimony that I have heard that states that. So, to answer your question, my guess is that the viewport that was installed during the time of the lightning strike in the Bahamas was only used for those test dives in the Bahamas. The rebuild probably had the new viewport. The two titanium domes and the titanium rings were re-used.
    2
  1065. August 12, 2026. Passes over Greenland, Iceland, and Spain. I plan to go to Spain.
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  1066.  @GWNorth-db8vn  Thanks for your reply. You are correct, it was dive 80 that had the problem with the permanent change in the strain.
    2
  1067. Thanks for your comment. Please don't misunderstand me. Collier has not submitted any documents to the Titan Hearing Board as of this time. We have no idea how much work they did. I don't know if anything is "missing." They may have done a lot of good work, and the NTSB may have the documents (just not public). That one document that the Coast Guard had was just evidence that they were involved somehow, and I thought that was interesting.
    2
  1068. Thanks for that thoughtful comment. I agree.
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  1069. Thanks for your comment. That is a possibility for sure. And there was a point where I also thought that was the weak spot. However, the hull could be the cause also. Here are the things that worry me about the hull. 1. The big change in strain data in Group 4 during dive 80 seemed to be evidence of delamination at one of the layers. 2. I have been examining the evidence of the co-bonding of the layers and it seems like the hull was falling apart. I am working on a video about that right now.
    2
  1070. Yes, I agree. Originally Dawood senior and his wife were supposed to go. Then somehow they decided that son wanted to go and should go. Tragic!
    2
  1071. Good question. The camera was fixed but the eclipse moves in the sky due to the Earth's rotation. It moves approximately 40 degrees in the sky from C1 to C4.
    2
  1072.  @eddiebruv  Yes, that was dive 80. Large change in the staring dats also. Most likely a delamination, but the data was ignored and they kept diving.
    2
  1073. Thanks for commenting on that point I made in the video. Brooks had a degree in computer science. Scoville had a degree in electrical engineering. Shumam, the COO had a degree in mechanical engineering, but I looked at his job history (as much as I could find) and I never saw anywhere that he worked as a mechanical engineer. All of his jobs were corporate management-type positions. And Stockton had a degree in aerospace engineering. I guess they relied on consults and ultimately Stockton making the final decisions.
    2
  1074. Everyone's gear is a little different, but what you have listed sounds like it will work. I am doing my partial phases at F10, ISO 200, and 1/200s. We will switch to 1/2000s for ring and beads. Remember one other nuance about imaging the partial phases, the crescent image you take within about 5 minutes of C2 and the first one after C3, again within about 5 minutes, is so narrow it emits less light, so for those two crescents, slow your shutter speed by 1/3 to 2/3 stop. So for you, I would take those two crescents at 1/400s.
    2
  1075. Agree and thank you for your nice comment.
    2
  1076. Thanks for commenting.
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  1077. Great, glad you liked this content. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1078.  @broko336  Correct. Thanks for your reply. That is one of the reasons I put the Toray spec data chart in at 4:00. When properly laid up and cured, they test for compression and it is not bad.
    2
  1079. Yes, I think you are on target. The film adhesive is the problem in the V2 hull. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1080. Thanks for your comment. This has been discussed in many previous comments and replies. There are many good discussions and if you are interested look back a bit and you will find some good explanations.
    2
  1081.  @commodorezero  Yes and no. Stockton was promoting the idea that it was important to do annual 3D imaging of the Titanic wreck to determine how deep sea wrecks deteriorate. He would say; there are hundreds of other wrecks that are also deteriorating and may release harmful substances as they fall apart. However, I would say that many wrecks are much easier to get to if you want to study that for the sheer science. So, maybe that's true, but it was also his marketing thing to do it at the Titanic. But it was also a just chore to have the "mission specialists/passengers" do the 3D video so he could skirt regulations for passengers in subs and make these folks feel involved; doing "science." All of this can be done just as well, more safely, and cheaper, with unmanned ROVS.
    2
  1082.  @BroOmnipotent  Yep, you are correct on all of your points.
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  1083. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1084. Hi, thank you for the supportive comment. Look at my YouTube channel for the three other Titan videos I have already done. I have another one to do, an interesting way to look at the carbon fiber hull. It's a take on it that others have not done.
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  1085. Tiago, I shot my first two eclipses, 2001 and 2002, with ISO 200 slide film. It can be done. You need to buy a glass solar filter and download my book. My website link is in the description. Here is what you need to do. Put a roll of film in the camera and on automatice mode take a regular picture of your surroundings. This first image on the roll is called the index image which helps the developing machine set the exposure. Then put your camera to manual mode, put your solar filter on and take a wide range of shutter speeds of the Sun. Take notes so you know what image number had what shutter speed. Send that roll to get developed and when you get the slides back choose the best exposure. From that point everything is explained in detail in my book about how to photograph the eclipse.
    2
  1086. Thanks for your supportive comment. Glad you liked the video.
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  1087. Thanks for commenting, I am glad you liked the video.
    2
  1088. Yes, his build would never be classed.
    2
  1089.  @adamwatson6916  Hi, I agree with you. Noting has been confirmed about the cause of the implosion. A final exact cause may never be determined by the Coast Guard experts. My video was not about the viewport being the failure point. At the end of the video, I stated that I did not think it was the failure point. The point of my video was just to lay out all the controversy about the viewport to educate and clear things up. Thanks for commenting on the video.
    2
  1090. I agree with you. The specification for the thickness of the titanium glue joint was 0.03 inches. When you watch the gluing video, their technique doesn't seem that precise to have that precise gap all the way around. My video on that is titled Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews
    2
  1091. Thanks for your comment. Wealthy people die on Mt. Everest every year. This is the world of adventure tourism. It's actually a huge market and that is what Stockton wanted to tap into. It was his business model after he realized there was no money in building deep-diving subs for just the research folks. Watch this other video I did and you will have a better idea. Search YouTube for the title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
    2
  1092. Hi, thanks for your nice comment, I am glad you liked the video!
    2
  1093. Thanks for your comment! I hope you are preparing for the 2024 total solar eclipse. Go to my website to learn about my app and my new eclipse preparation book. solareclipsetimer.com
    2
  1094. Great! Glad you are enjoying the videos.
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  1095. Thanks for your comment. No way it should have had passengers.
    2
  1096. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together separate bits of testimony on specific interesting subjects about the Titan. And without being derogatory and sensational.
    2
  1097. I agree. It's unclear if there is any science behind the repeat autoclaving of the CF layers or the layers of glue. There may be, but we don't know about it. We may learn more when the final NTSB report comes out.
    2
  1098. Thanks for commenting. You are correct about the need to stop. The dive that saw the abrupt strain gauge data change coinciding with a loud bang was dive 80. They should have stopped after dive 80. They ignored their own warning system,
    2
  1099.  @jenicon6560  Thanks for your reply. The acoustic monitoring system would only give alarms if the volume of noise reached a certain threshold. It was measuring what would assumed to be breaking carbon fibers. So, they measured the volume of noise and the amount of noise generated over time (frequency). But it would give potential readings at any depth, if noises occurred. The thing about dive 80 was that the big bang happened when they were close to the surface, not when they were deep. But that makes sense when you listen to the testimony of Karl Stanley from his experience with the deep dive in the Bahamas in the first hull. That hull made a lot of noise on the way down and the way up. His explanation was that the hull/fibers could store the compressing energy and then release that energy on the way up. In dive 80 I think it was worse than just fibers. Form the strain data that happened at the same time as the acoustic data, I believe that represented a glue layer breaking up between a layer of one-inch carbon fiber. An inter-layer delamination - my guess.
    2
  1100. Yes, I alluded to that in the video. I don't think they had any idea of what grind spots were overlapping or lining up, which would have made a difference. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1101. Thanks for the comment. The multicure thing was a bad idea. I don't think anyone "engineered it." I think they thought 5 inches was 5 inches, no matter how you get there. Not correct.
    2
  1102. Hi! Yes you should definitely do temperature plotting of some type. Just use a good quality thermometer behind tin foil, exactly like I describe in the video. I have an earlier video about temperature logging also that is more general. Your kids will actually see the temperature change every 5 to 10 minutes. It's fun! Then of course there are other fascinating partial phase phenomena. Watch my other videos about those.
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  1103. Yes, if you have chickens, set up a video camera and see what they do.
    2
  1104. That is true. It seems so high-tech and sophisticated when it is talked about. Most people don't think about the issues with the engineering. And therefore the risks.
    2
  1105. Thanks for your thoughtful comment and for adding to the discussion. I agree. If it wasn't in the original engineering, it probably was not a good idea to add them for version two
    2
  1106. Thanks for commenting. Glad you found my video.
    2
  1107. Jimmy, it is hard to tell people what to use since all gear is a little different. But over several eclipses, I have shot beads at F10, ISO 200, and 1/1,200s shutter speed. But a little slower would be fine too. 1/1600s. Exposure variables are interchangeable. Go to my main website, the link is in the description and print out the four PDF files I have on the home page. One of those is my Custom Master Stop Chart. It makes it easy to count stops up and down. You can then figure out how to match my exposure on your gear.
    2
  1108.  @Jimmy_Cavallo  Yes the Sun is still VERY bright then. But this is when you image the diamond ring (before Baily's beads). It gets dimmer every second as the Moon moves.
    2
  1109.  @Jimmy_Cavallo  Yep!
    2
  1110.  @kogure7235  You are correct. The V1 hull was a sig]ngle layup design done by Spencer Composites. It wasn't as strong as the design predicted.
    2
  1111. Correct.
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  1112. Thanks for your comment and the support.
    2
  1113. Richard, IMPORTANT question! We remove our CAMERA filters MUCH earlier because the diamond ring and Baily's beads are photographic entities only. For visual observing with your eyes, the rule is you do not remove your solar glasses until the time of C2. My app makes an announcement for "glasses off" at C2 (also reminds you to put them on at C3). This is especially true for novices and kids. Having said that, photographers who are concentrating on exact timing, in the last 10 to 15 seconds before C2, can take very quick naked-eye peeks at the finish of the ring into beads.
    2
  1114. Learn about the Purkinje Effect for me. That will make me happy.
    2
  1115. Thanks for commenting. Yep, Boeing has been having some issues lately for sure. In this video I showed with the Boeing testimony annotation that the Boeing work for OceanGate regarding the hull consisted of some preliminary design ideas in the period of 2012-2013. Very early on and they never built anything. To give them a little credit, they actually recommended a very important thing that was ignored, and that was a layer of carbon fiber laid at 45 degrees. As Mark Negley testified, a layer at another angle helps distribute loads from other fibers that maybe under stress.
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  1116. Ha, ha. There maybe a career for you at the NTSB :)
    2
  1117. Thanks for commenting. Basically the full went diving with people, with almost no testing. OceanGate did not test scale models using the same manufacturing process, so they had no proof of concept and no idea of the cycle life. The dove with people in it after 4 test dives in the pressure chamber in Maryland. It is a sad story.
    2
  1118. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
    2
  1119. Thanks for commenting. You ask great questions. Who knows what happened? It's a tangled web.
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  1120. All good points. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1121. Maybe, but remember they are running on batteries. For 9 to 10 hours under the surface, they must run the thrusters, computers, life support systems, etc. Brighter lights, or more lights are going to use more battery power. I'll bet they had some calculations for amp hours and what resources they could use for lights. But your point is taken. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1122.  @bills6093  I wasn't aware of the AUSS, thanks for bringing that up. I did some quick research. It was technology from the early 1980's and I have no idea how they did composites back then. Seems like the outside diameter was only 31 inches. I could not find out how thick the hull was. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1123. Thanks for that comment. That is an interesting way to put it.
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  1124. Agree. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1125. Yes, you are correct. I discussed out of roundness in a previous video the hull. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1126. Thanks for your comment. Your mechanism of failure makes sense. I am making a video about another aspect of the rings that helps your theory. Stay tuned.
    2
  1127. There may be a job for you at the NTSB. Ha, ha. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1128. Hi, no I did not get a wide-angle shot. I had a camera set up specifically to do it. But I was enjoying totality and ran out of time. I looked for the comet with binoculars but could not find it. I don't know of anyone who was able to image the comet Pons-Brooks during totality. I though that would be the case, it was too dim.
    2
  1129. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. I agree with you. Those pressures are deadly. I am working on a video right now that discusses water intrusion at the glued joint (titanium to CF). It is a very suspicious failure point.
    2
  1130. Thanks for commenting. I think there may be a way to use carbon fiber for a hull. Just may be not down to 4,000 meters. It just has to be tested with unmanned prototypes and destructive testing a lot! The cycle life has to be determined. It would be really expensive. It's not something that is going to be done in a for-profit company because there is no business model to make the research and development money back.
    2
  1131.  @ragtowne  Good reply, thanks.
    2
  1132. ​ @stellviahohenheim Sure thing. That is why I thanked him for commenting. It's cool, I realize not everyone is going to like everything. I liked the way my video came out. That's all I can do, is try my best.
    2
  1133. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
    2
  1134. Thanks for commenting. I understand what you are saying, but it must not be that easy. Spherical sector windows have been used for over 30 years, and if optical correction systems were easy, they would be the standard for the industry now, but they are not. There are several issues. The dome shape changes as you go deeper, so the focal point changes. Condensation on the inner surface of the outer acrylic (dew point in the sub). No room in the sub to have the mechanism. Extra weight.
    2
  1135. With the camera, I will be using for the 2024 eclipse, I will not be pushing the shutter button as I teach in this video. My new camera has a fast processor and writes to an express memory card so I am not worried about buffer time. So this camera is set to shoot 3 frames per second (that is fast enough, you don't need 5fps) and I will just hold the remote shutter release button down starting 25 to 30 seconds before C2 and let it take images all the way into totality.
    2
  1136.  @roberthigaki2282  Yeah, with my previous camera, a Nikon D5000 I did not trust the buffer time writing to a regular SD card. If your camera's buffer fills up and then takes seconds to clear, lets say 2, 3, or 4 seconds, that is a huge problem during beads. You will have missed half of the progression.
    2
  1137. Thanks for your comment. I was basing my discussion on the testimony of the mechanical engineer Bart Kemper who simplified it to that. It maybe an over simplification but he felt good enough about it to discuss it under oath.
    2
  1138. @ Agree, there are many problems. I just thought it was interesting to talk about the grinding in this video.
    2
  1139.  @beachboardfan9544  I don't know enough about the winding process, how they tension, exactly how many layers before de-bulking. I did read through the exact specifications for the Toray Product Pre-Preg system they used. I did not understand it completely, but it appeared to me that Toray was recommending debulking at less than something like 6 plies. Not at 133 plies.
    2
  1140. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
    2
  1141.  @igornovoselov3858  Oh, I think you are correct, now that I look at that comment again. Thanks for pointing out that perspective! The original promotional video from OceanGtae was not stretched. I did something incorrect in my capture or editing. I edited my reply, to clear things up. Thanks.
    2
  1142. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
    2
  1143. Thanks for your comment. It is unclear to me why they welded the lifting eyes on the rings in between the two hulls. I think it was strictly for convenience. It made rigging it up for a crane much easier.
    2
  1144. Thansk for the comment and the support.
    2
  1145. Hi, thank you for that nice comment. Stockton was complicated and dangerous, no doubt. But there are interesting and serious backstories. This is one story that I wanted to tell without the hype or just being disparaging. Glad you appreciated it and took the effort to comment.
    2
  1146. Yes sir. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1147. Hey, thanks for the nice comment, I appreciate it! Glad you enjoyed it. The entire story is amazing.
    2
  1148. Thanks for commenting. Yes, Spencer Composites had some experience. But they missed something with this hull for some reason. The analysis and predictions were way off. I don't know why.
    2
  1149. John, thanks for your comment and your interesting report. Also, thanks for using my app and I am glad it helped you and your group enjoy the eclipse. Regarding what you describe, I have never heard of shadow bands being seen as a shimmering in the air. But, I think it could be possible. The refracting of the light that is causing the shadows on the ground is obviously coming through the air, to get to the ground. One of the theories about shadow band creation is that they are focused and defocused light from the column of light I describe in the video. So, the focused part is where the slit of light is being compounded by the frequency of the waves being overlaid on each other. This could get relatively bright at an observing site if certain conditions are optimal in the atmosphere above that is affecting that site. To see them in the air would mean that you had a slight haze at you observing position. They would not be visible in perfectly clear air, because then the air would not behave as a "screen". I think the fact that you thought that they had a specific motion direction is further evidence that it was a shadow band effect. My next video about shadow bands will discuss more about how to observe them and video them band and will explain the concepts of shadow band row motion in more depth. Gordon
    2
  1150. Yep, I understand. I replied to you in your previous reply/comment. Thanks for your input.
    2
  1151. Thanks for that supportive comment.
    2
  1152. There may be a job for you at the NTSB. Ha, ha. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1153. You are welcome and I am glad you liked it. Thanks for your support. I have an interest in engineering that goes wrong. So I enjoy doing it in an educational tone.
    2
  1154.  @costa_marco  That is a possibility. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1155. Yep. I see your point.
    2
  1156. I agree. It ruins the load distribution in the area of the grinds and since it was random could contribute to out-of-roundness of the hull. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1157. Hi, thanks for the report about using my Solar Eclipse Timer app, I am so happy to hear that it helped you with the eclipse! That was a great eclipse, for sure. Thanks for watching the Titan videos, I appreciate your support.
    2
  1158. Thanks for your comment. Honestly, I think that OceanGate was too worried about the demagnification effect. They should have just accepted that issue to have a viewport that could be certified to 4,000 meters. Stockton wasn't going to spend the money needed to design, build, and test a corrective optical system.
    2
  1159.  @ingvarhallstrom2306  Thanks for replying. You are correct; Boeing recommended 45-degree plies in their early analysis of the requirements. You are also correct that if you are going to have five, one-inch layers, all of those layers need to behave as a unit to have the strength of five inches of CF.
    2
  1160.  @friek123  It's fine. You will be able to find it.
    2
  1161. John, thanks for your comment and I am so glad that the Solar Eclipse Timer app helped you enjoy the eclipse. That makes me feel great! It must have been fun to watch the eclipse along with the family reunion. That is something your family will always remember. Regarding your suggestion, I tried to limit the talking during the crucial phases of the eclipse to the bare minimum. Within three minutes of totality I did not want a lot of talking that could just end up being a distraction. I just have to assume that folks would do a little preparation and read about the partial phenomena. I have a section about it right on the app in the Help File and I also have that section on my website, Solar Eclipse Timer. Anyway, I am glad you are part of the Solar Eclipse Timer family.
    2
  1162. Thanks for your comment. I hope the final NTSB report clears up the controversy about the purchase of the carbon fiber. It was not clarified well in the hearings.
    2
  1163. Thanks for commenting. I know, when you see the story laid out it's crazy, isn't it.
    2
  1164. Thanks for the supportive comment. I am glad you liked the video.
    2
  1165.  @DarthLesbian  Thanks for your supportive comment.
    2
  1166. Thank for your comment. Yes, it's an amazing process; people have no idea. Please share the video. Thanks!
    2
  1167. Thanks for your comment. You are correct, dive 80 had some bad strain data associated with the large bang they heard. Something happened to the hull then, even though it made it through a couple of more dives to the Titanic after that.
    2
  1168. Thank you for the great supportive comment.
    2
  1169.  @peabody3000  Yes, I not certain amount the acoustic emissions being used in real time to make decisions about the health of the hull. But certainly the stain data after a big event/change was useful and should have not been ignored.
    2
  1170. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1171. I was really happy we pulled that off! A lot of things can go wrong.
    2
  1172. Great! Thanks for commenting. This is one of the most fun phenomena!
    2
  1173.  @tommydaynjer5334  Okay that makes perfect sense to me now. The SolarlIte film passes about 2 1/3 to 3 stops less light than glass so that is why you found you had to go to a faster shutter speed. I don't know what glass Seymour is putting in their screw on filters, but their slip-on filters use a new titanium coating that passes about 1 1/3 stop more light than their old chromium coatings. I suspect your screw on filter is titanium. So you shutter speed make perfect sense to me now. So, you are doing great! You are figuring it all out with your testing. What I said in the pervious reply is still valid, just count stops up and down to match exposures you see in my book. Stops across the three variables of exposure are interchangeable. Download the Custom Master Stop Chart form my website because I designed it in a way to make courting stops easy.
    2
  1174. Thanks! I am glad you liked the video.
    2
  1175. I agree with this also. That is why I added the testimony from Roy Thomas about the issues and the risks of "out of roundness." Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1176. Thanks for commenting. I am glad you liked the video
    2
  1177.  @hanginwithhunter3395  I will be uploading another video about testimony that discusses OceanGate's financial problems. Stockton was forced to keep diving to try to stop the loss of his own millions of dollars, and millions of dollars invested by friends, family, and stockholders. I think his other trained "pilots" no longer trusted the sub and would no longer agree to be the pilot. It was up to him to take the risk and try to save the company and his dream.
    2
  1178. Great content Destin and wonderful details about the history of NASA. I am a huge NASA fan, especially the Apollo program, and really appreciated your analysis based on historical planning and problem-solving as done in the Apollo days. Well done, and congratulations on being invited to give that talk.
    2
  1179. Thanks for your comment and support.
    2
  1180. You are correct, but I had no data or pictures to base dimensions on. The only NTSB pictures to work with are the hump cross sections in one dimension. I did not want to speculate on anything and be accused of sensationalizing things. I wanted to be conservative, even in the way I estimated the total grind spots. It was probably much more than that. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1181. Correct, called AUSS, Advanced Unmanned Search System. It was actually glass fibers and resin. It worked well but was much smaller.
    2
  1182. Thanks for your comment. It will be interesting to see what the final report from the Coast Guard and the NTSB says. My opinion is that the failure point is the glued joint at the front titanium ring. Looking at the debris images from the bottom of the ocean, I don't think it was a collapse of the carbon fiber hull in the center, as was speculated a year ago after the accident. I have a video about the glued joints, search YouTube for this "Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews"
    2
  1183. Thanks for your comment. Tony said no when it was being designed. I hope there was an engineer with the second sub that said it was okay to do the lifting eyes and signed off on it. We may know more when the final report comes out. If not, it is really criminal.
    2
  1184.  @NickanM  Yeah, thanks. That is what I thought. You know what I also thought about regarding this: everyday people go to funerals of family members that they were angry with, and maybe have spoken to them in years, but they go to the funeral and pay their respects. With a death, tragic or not, you take the high road, because as mortal individuals we don't have the right to judge people. Thanks for watching the video and taking the time to comment.
    2
  1185. Thank you for your supportive comment. Happy you liked the video.
    2
  1186. Thanks for your comment. You make a great point. I don't see anything in the rigging or when the sub is on a crane that accounts for the aft center of gravity. It may have been very little, though; Tony only says "aft a bit."
    2
  1187. Thanks for commenting. Yes, there were a lot of issues. The glue breaking down was insidious. The wouldn't have known. The problem was that they never tested this idea with destructive testing, not even scale models.
    2
  1188. Thanks for commenting. Yes, but if the glue was failing at some point, there would have been a high-pressure water intrusion causing the instantaneous implosion. So, the inner lip of the clevis shears off as a result of the implosion, but I don't think the shearing off causes the implosion. Spencer Composites predicted that most of the movement of the hull was in the center of the case, not at the ends. I have another good video on that. Thanks again for adding to the discussion.
    2
  1189.  @huey-fan8335  Yes. That is an excellent point that is hard to quantify because I have never read an actual measurement of the amount the hull got squeezed in at the center. Exactly how much deflection? Phil Brooks said they measured that at the DOTF, but he never said the number (like 1mm, 1cm?). I would love to know. But your concept is correct; a significant squeeze could pull outward on the top surface and compress inward at the bottom surface of the edge of the hull. Thanks for your reply.
    2
  1190. Thanks for commenting. Remember, the V1 hull was made in one winding by Spencer Composites and it was terrible. It was weak. It probably was a combination of the technique during the winding, the material they chose to use, and the fact that you can't effectively autoclave de-bulk a carbon fiber laminate that is 5 inches thick. This co-bonding idea was to try to allow for better de-bulking, but the idea actually caused additional problems that induced weakness.
    2
  1191.  @salland12  Yep, the problem is with submersibles there was no real authority to report Rush to. Seriously, since he was operating in international waters there was not government authority who could stop him. Lochridge reported him to OSHA and in over a year OSHA did nothing about it.
    2
  1192. Yes sir, thanks for commenting. I answered this in an earlier discussion and I will copy that answer here. >Thanks for commenting. Yes sir. understand and agree. In retrospect, when making the video, my focus was on explaining the rapid failure mode of the carbon fiber hull. Although I do have a graphic regarding the properties of anisotropic material in the different axes and explain that (as you saw), I should have been more precise in some portions of the script.<
    2
  1193. Hi, those are good questions about the partial phase phenomena. Since the Moon is blocking a significant portion of the Sun (about 89% max in the U.S.) you will feel a temperature drop, you can take pinhole projection images of the crescent Sun, and you will see the effect of creating sharp and fuzzy shadows. However, since the Moon is much smaller than the Sun, the overlap does not cause the diamond ring or bead's effect. And since it never becomes a fine single slit and the ambient light does not get low enough you won't see shadow bands. Since you are not within an umbra you do not get the 360° colored horizon. Hope that answers your questions.
    2
  1194. Those are all valid points and thanks for commenting. When you are doing an expedition where the selling point is visualizing the Titanic wreck, you want to make it as "in person" as possible. Especially at $250,000 per seat. Anyone can watch video of the previous Titanic dives on their computer. There are ROV's that can go down there with 4K cameras and take great video and pictures. Nobody HAS to go to the Titanic to document anything at this point. It is a thrill ride with a lot of risks. But, viewports can be safe if built correctly. They are by no means the riskiest part of the submersible experience.
    2
  1195. For the second sub, I am sure they welded the rings on when the rings were not attached to the carbon fiber. For the first sub, it was already glued on, so Tony mentioned that, but the other reason was that the rings were not designed to take those loads.
    2
  1196. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together separate bits of testimony on specific interesting subjects about the Titan. And without being derogatory and sensational.
    2
  1197.  @sofiakaos5278  Thanks for your nice comment and I am glad you liked the video. The other reason I mention my solar eclipse channel is that I would like to get others interested in eclipses. It's tougher now, after 2024, because the next ones are international until 2044.
    2
  1198. Thanks for your supportive comment.
    2
  1199. Thanks for your comment!
    2
  1200. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. You make some excellent points.
    2
  1201. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. Thanks for your support. You have brought up something that has been brought up in comments on my other videos. As an employed engineer, had do you know when to walk away from your job when you don't like how things are being done and are afraid of the outcome. That is a tough situation. That's a great comment, thanks.
    2
  1202. Thanks for your comment. I am glad you liked the video.
    2
  1203. Thanks!
    2
  1204. Thank you.
    2
  1205. Thanks for your comment. I want to be clear here about porosity and that you have to listen to Dr. Kramer's testimony and my video carefully. Dr. Kramer used two numbers for porosity based on two very different observation techniques, and it was confusing. The larger number, 18-27%, was by looking at the surface pores in a piece of the recovered hull cut through obliquely (one-dimensional observation). There was another number he used in his testimony, which was 2.2% porosity based on volumetric analysis of porosity in a piece of hull (ASTM Test - three samples analyzed). This is probably the MORE ACCURATE way to look at it. So by that standard, the Titan hull missed the Toray spec by 5 times over spec.
    2
  1206.  @ponowar2025  Great. Thanks for responding, and I am glad you saw my reply. Dr. Kramer's testimony about this was confusing, and it took me a while to figure out what he meant. I'm glad you liked the content of the video.
    2
  1207. Thanks.
    2
  1208. Hi Dmitriy, thank you for your nice comment and your support. I am so glad I was able to assist you!
    2
  1209. Thanks for your comment. Alvin, at its current size, already weighed 40,000 pounds. It has to do with weight. Now, it doesn't seem that carbon fiber is the answer. But the passenger size of a titanium sphere is limited by total weight.
    2
  1210. Thanks. This is an amazing story. I enjoy looking inot the details and sharing them.
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  1211. They used the top of the lifting gear at some point. I found that picture at 5:10.
    2
  1212. Thanks for your comment. I have answered this a number of times, so I will respond with the short version. The domed portion will change shape with depth, so the focal point will change. That makes having the inner lens maintain focus difficult. If there is an air gap between them, the outer one will cool more, creating a dew point and condensation, ruining the view.
    2
  1213.  @se3059  Thanks for your comment about my videos. I am glad you liked them.
    2
  1214. Yes. That is a good choice. However, I also think it could have been a failure in the hull at a delamination point that caused the loud bang and the strain gauge change during dive 80.
    2
  1215. Possibly. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1216. Thanks for that.
    2
  1217.  @regould221  Thanks for replying.
    2
  1218. Thanks for commenting. That is a good point and most likely true.
    2
  1219. I agree Sometimes in engineering when you are trying to make something completely new and the prototype makes it look like the concept won't work, you have to back off. Take your losses and give up on your idea. Stockton did not want to give up.
    2
  1220. So there are two different materials to consider: 1 the matrix in between the carbon fibers is Toray Composite Materials pre-preg system was P2362W-19L. The system consisted of a T800S-series intermediate modulus carbon fiber and a 3900-series epoxy resin. 2. the film adhesive used between the one-inch layers of carbon fiber for which there is no public information about the brand or the strength.
    2
  1221. There are a couple of things in the works right now. The big international submersible groups are drafting some regulations that may be able to be enforced internationally. So just because you are operating in international waters doesn't mean you are exempt from safety regulations. I don't know how, or who would enforce it, but they are working on it. I believe they will somehow close the loophole of calling paying passengers "mission specialists" and falsely saying they are crew. And, there is talk of having all submersibles have a standardized hook on the top, the design of which is shared with all of the ROV companies. This way, in a situation where a submersible is stuck on the bottom there is a standardized way to hook on to it and pull it to the surface. It doesn't make a difference in an implosion, but what if the Titan was caught and stuck on the bottom, where could an ROV hook onto it to safely lift it.
    2
  1222. Thanks for commenting. That last season they did about three very shallow test dives to check out systems (to 10 meters). A four dive is logged as an aborted dive (10m) with no other information about the abort. But that five dive was their first attempt to go to the Titanic that season.
    2
  1223. @ Yes, I could see that point. But what if you got to the boat to start your voyage, and that was the first time you actually saw the sub in person for the first time! I think seeing the build of it, could scare you away from diving in it if you had any sense at all. But you would be giving up your $250K.
    2
  1224. Thank you for the supportive comment. I am glad you liked it.
    2
  1225.  @rars0n  Great, thanks for watching and caommenting.
    2
  1226. Thanks for your comment. It's a very complicated story. But, he still was a family man with two children. I don't know if he had any grandchildren. He may have done some good in other aspects of his life, I don't know, but I didn't think a few seconds of showing R.I.P. was inappropriate (maybe I'm wrong). In a previous video I did add the names of the other victims. However, some of this is the responsibility of the passengers also, due their lack of research and due diligence about the risk. There are many wealthy people who were approached by Stockton and chose not to go due to assessing the risk. I read that Suleman Dawood, the 19-year-old, was planning to solve a Rubik's Cube at the bottom of the ocean to claim a world's record. So, he was chasing some social media fame. The whole thing is sad! But, thanks for watching the video until the end! I hope you enjoyed it. My other video was about the first director of engineering, Tony Nissen, you might like that also, search YouTube for, "OceanGate Titan Disaster - A Culture of Risk - The Engineer's Words"
    2
  1227. Agree. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1228. Thanks for your supportive comment; I appreciate it.
    2
  1229. I agree with you. However, in my research on this, I have found that ultrasound for carbon fiber does not have good resolution after about 3 inches. So, it wouldn't have been great for monitoring the health of the hull. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1230. I have thought about that also. It may have shattered. But just maybe, it got blown further away in the debris field and since it is clear, it's hard to find lying on the sand on the ocean floor. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1231. Yes sir, I agree with you!
    2
  1232. Thanks for commenting on the video and watching it. The points you made in the second paragraph of your comment are eluded to in the video. I made the attempt with the 3D cylinders to explain that grind spots around the cylinder would be completely random. They can be occurring the same loop or a neighboring loop. I also tried to emphasize that grind spots from one layer could be located directly over grind spot in the layer below (stacked) which is bad. And I also discuss that load distribution to neighboring intact loops are affected by the loops that have a discontinuity. Which is one of the benefits of have 45 degree plies (not used in Titan). But I tried to be cautious and not speculate too much because the NTSB data is limited to a survey of an end cut off piece of the hull. And the amount of plies involved varied from one ply to twelve plies. So, the amount of damage done is very hard to judge. But I think it is safe to say that is is an ill-advised procedure as explained in the testimony by the NASA witness. Thanks for adding to the discussion.
    2
  1233. Thanks for commenting. Yep, poor choice.
    2
  1234. Thank you for the comment and the support, glad you enjoyed the video.
    2
  1235. FreeForAll, thanks for your comment about the video. I am glad you liked it. You are correct, eclipses are all about a balance between seeing the eclipse enough with your eyes versus trying to get images (if you enjoy the challenges of imaging eclipses.) I am just glad we had good weather in 2019. That low altitude eclipse was beautiful!
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  1236. Thanks for commenting. So, Stockton was an aerospace engineer and Tony was an electrical engineer with aerospace and marine experience. Tony had a lot of general marine experience and Stockton had none. The two of them together were a dangerous combination. Here is what Tony testified about his past experience at the hearing; >>Electronics technician in the Navy; dive school; Navy deep sea diver; hyperbaric medicine technician; material science and engineering bachelor's degree (focus on carbon fiber structures, corrosion, electronic materials, nautical science, ship building); taught sailing and yachting; 50-ton Coast Guard Master's license; ATK Launch Systems working on the space shuttle solid rocket booster becoming a project engineer; certification in configuration management; B/E Aerospace engineer in aircraft systems; OceanGate for submersible building and hired as director of engineering, March 2016. (end June 2019).
    2
  1237. Sorry you did not like my video. My point of the thumbnail title was to convey a point, and ask the question "would you go to the bottom of the ocean in a vessel that relied on 32 feet of glued joints?" I thought that was an interesting and legitimate introduction to what my video was about. But I understand that people can disagree, as you do.
    2
  1238. Thanks for commenting. I am glad you liked the video. Watch some of my other videos too. Have a great eclipse.
    2
  1239. In some of the video done at Electroimpact there is a short clip of that big application head just going back and forth along the mandrel.
    2
  1240. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1241. I am not sure how things would be different for you. Color vision is so complex. In the mesopic zone, I imagine your cones are going to drop out more quickly so you will see color desaturation faster than other folks. So I guess you would go to the gray/silvery look faster. So maybe you are someone who would experience the Purkinje changes early, maybe 15 to 20 minutes before totality, where most folks with normal color vision won't see it until 5 minutes before totality. But it all depends on exactly what your cone function/color function deficit is?
    2
  1242. Hi, thanks for your comment about the video. And great news about using my app Solar Eclipse Timer, cool! I am so glad it helped you out both in 2017 and 2024. I hope you watched the two 2024 eclipse videos I did with Destin; the before and the after. Destin did a great job telling the stories.
    2
  1243. We pulled it off! Amazing! I lot could have gone wrong.
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  1244. Possibly. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1245. My thought has been, why is the CEO of the company, being the pilot on these 10-hour dives that are not comfortable? The reason: he could not find anyone else who trusted the sub enough to pilot it. Anybody with any sense knew it was a death trap. Stockton was in huge debt due to the project, so the dives had to go on.
    2
  1246. Thanks for your comment, and I ma glad you enjoyed it.
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  1247. Thanks!
    2
  1248. Thanks for your comment. I don't know for sure, but you are causing a discontinuity in many, many carbon fiber loops right at that junction point. So the forces have to get transmitted to some neighboring fibers. It just does not seem to be a good idea. But Spencer Composites stated it was okay to do and they are the engineers, not me.
    2
  1249.  @MichaelRenner  Agree with you. They should have stopped after dive 80. But Phil Brooks was not a materials engineer. He did not fully understand the consequence of that data and listened to Stockton about the noise coming from the frame and the amount of strain change was insignificant.
    2
  1250. Yes, you have summed it up correctly.
    2
  1251. Agree with you.
    2
  1252. Thank you for taking the time to provide positive feedback. Glad you liked it.
    2
  1253. @lessel1103 Thanks for your supportive reply.
    2
  1254. Thanks for your comment. The idea of a span was brought up by the engineer Bart Kemper during his testimony as a simplified way to look at compressive loads on the outside of the hull. I have an excerpt of his testimony in another video I did about the hull. Search for this title, OceanGate Titan Hull - Hundreds of Ill-advised Carbon Fiber Grind Spots and skip ahead to 17:30. If you would like to listen to Kemper's full testimony, he was a witness on Sept 25, the third witness of the day.
    2
  1255. Thanks for your comment. I was so fortunate to have remote help with getting this video! It really is one of the best eclipse animal behavior videos on the internet. Please share it with your friends! Thanks!
    2
  1256. Thanks for your comment. The testimony stated that the dome fell off when they were recovering the LARS and the Titan (back onto the ship). That was also in the maintenance log. So, it must have happened when they were removing the dome to get the passengers out. There isn't a great deal of testimony about the incident. I also heard that story about the 4 bolts; I don't know where that fits in.
    2
  1257. Yes, the gluing thing is frightening.
    2
  1258.  @morelenmir  Thanks for your reply. I agree with your points about Tony being so proud of the viewport design. I thought that was odd also, and is why I tried to show it in my video. How could he truly have believed that he was coming up with something brand new? From all of the work that has been done on acyclic viewports for 50 years, he thought the others before him just missed this idea. Then it seems like his computer FEA modeling was not sophisticated enough to see what Bart Kemper eventually saw. Yes, that was odd.
    2
  1259.  @morelenmir  Yes, I know the one you are talking about. I have seen it also. It wasn't from me. Someone re-uploaded the video of that interview. Yes, I agree it was weird. Thanks for commenting and bringing that up. I need to find that again and re-watch it.
    2
  1260.  @LisaBowers  Hi Lisa, thanks for your comment and your support. I am glad I helped you out!
    2
  1261. Thanks for your comment. And you are correct and I see what you are saying. However, the center of the case, the middle of that 8-foot span, was known to deform inward. Tony Nissen testified that the center of the V1 hull was deflecting inward 37% more than was predicted when they tested in the Bahamas (he did not give a measurement). So, the simplification that the engineer Mr. Kemper made when he testified and compared a longitudinal slice of the hull to a bridge was very interesting. But I agree ith you, it is very complex. Thanks again for the discussion.
    2
  1262. @ Thank you for your support.
    2
  1263. @ That is a great point. Thank you for discussing that. The weak hull is at more risk due to compression inward from the domes. Brilliant.
    2
  1264. Sure thing on those points. You are correct. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1265. Thank you for your thoughtful comment. I appreciate you taking the time. The bridge analogy came from a certified mechanical engineer Bart Kemper. And, he talks about beam bending in simple mechanical engineering. The center of the Titan's hull did bend inward in the center. It pinched inward more in the center than the ends which were held by the rings. Tony Nissen testified about that regarding the first hull when he saw that the hull was deflecting in the center 37% more than predicted. So the cylinder did move downward, all around it the circumference in the center of the case. The next section of Mr. Kemper's testimony regarded a discussion of the Bailey's Bridge modular design (truss system) which boiled down to how you make it strong enough, and how much damage can occur, and where, before the load can no longer be distributed and things fail. So, if you keep cutting the top truss over the entire span of the bridge you are going to have issues. I thought his simplification was brilliant, especially if you are trying to teach non-engineers like the Coast Guard Board, and me, and the thousands of lay people interested in it. And Mr. Kemper is a smart guy with a lot of marine experience, and although it may have been simplified I don't believe he would have testified under oath on a concept that is flat-out wrong. So, the point I took away was that all of the surface grinding and not having cross-plies decreased the strength of the hull, causing more deflection which in turn loosened the co-bonding glue.
    2
  1266. @ Great reply! Thank you. All of your points are noted and appreciated! It is indeed a very complex structure to model.
    2
  1267. Thanks for your nice comment!
    2
  1268. I think Stockton was secretive about the idea of visiting the Titanic (at some stages in the process). His co-founder testified that when they initially discussed starting a sub company (the very early talks) it was not about the Titanic. They wanted about five subs stationed around the world to lease to scientific expeditions. There is no money in science expeditions though. I think it morphed into the Titanic expeditions to make money to pay for the initial investments and then hopefully to make a lot of money later (if they could continue to do it). It seems like they started a really expensive development project and they did not want to accept defeat, so they forged ahead.
    2
  1269.  @jamesmurphy449  I agree with you. I did not emphasize it in the video, but Tony had experience in both aerospace and marine engineering. He like the marine stuff better. He thought this job, working on marine engineering, would be an interesting and fulfilling job. Like he testified, he though the parts were all there, he just had to take what they developed and tested on Cyclops 1 and put it on Titan. It ended up not to be the case.
    2
  1270. Thanks for commenting. Good point. I never perfectly understood how acrylic crazing is helpful. I guess it happens slowly, like on a dive. Then after the dive you inspect it and you see these very small defects/cracks within the material. After that, you know it starting to weaken, so you change it out. I think that's how it works.
    2
  1271. Thanks for commenting, and that is a great question! I have never seen any specific testimony about the process. However, I imagine they stopped short of milling out any (or very, very little) titanium. I am also guessing that it would have been the Janicki factory. They would have been the folks that had a lathe big enough to pull something like that off. Because they are the factory that cut off the excess ends after the hull fabrication was finished at Electroimpact.
    2
  1272. Thank for your comment. I am glad you are.learning from watching my videos. There are more to come. Please share the videos on social media. I hope you get to the 2020 eclipse.
    2
  1273. You are welcome! Beads are all about timing. Follow watch I taught in this video and use my app and you will do great!!
    2
  1274.  @polarvortex3294  Yes, that is a good point. I think there was some component of this.
    2
  1275. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Everything you point out is correct. It is quite a story, isn't it?
    2
  1276. Thanks for your comment. Yes, that is the issue. NASA actually did very little regarding the "design of the hull" as stated in the promotional script. Clearly, oceanGate was embellishing the connection to get perceived credibility.
    2
  1277. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1278. Glad you enjoyed it. Thanks for the support.
    2
  1279. Thanks!
    2
  1280. Thr testimony form Dr. Kramer said the glue was supplied as a film and laid on the hull. I have no idea how they worked with a film that thin.
    2
  1281. Thanks!
    2
  1282. @ They had plastic strips running the length of the carbon fiber hull. On images I have seen they look to be 3/4 by 3/4 of an inch. Also, it seemed that most of them were toward the bottom to take the weight. I imagine they were glued to the hull and then the liner was probably screwed to the strips. Thanks for your reply.
    2
  1283. Thanks for your comment. That is what I tried to point out in the video; the involvement was very small, limited to the 1/3 sized test vessels. But yet that promo ad makes it seem like the partners were really helping make the full sized hull safe.
    2
  1284.  @stonehobson2487  Yep, thanks for your reply.
    2
  1285. Thanks for commenting. The twelve time stamps are in the description in case you want to skip around.
    2
  1286.  @bearb1asting  Yes. Although the viewport probably wasn't the reason for the implosion, the entire controversy around it is interesting.
    2
  1287. I was quoting them, "glue" on purpose. In the original official Ocean Gate video, no one on the team ever says the word "epoxy." I thought the use of the word "glue", "peanut butter", "that seal needs to be uniform and small but not too small", showed how amateur the entire process was. And they were so proud of it that they released this as a public promotional video! Crazy!
    2
  1288. Happy to help! And yes, really concentrate on your gear. Practice now and set up everything that requires alignment the day before, in the Southern Hemisphere, as a test. Use the Practice Eclipse Video Session in the app to practice now. Set up your gear in your house and run through your photography routine, just like it will happen on eclipse day. Using this session, you can practice with all of the announcements playing. That is why I have that feature in the app. You can start it and stop it, over and over. It always re-synchs to your device clock. Also, watch my other YouTube videos on photography and videography. You might find some useful tips there too. Share the channel. Thanks, Gordon.
    2
  1289. Well said. Thanks for watching my video.
    2
  1290. Hi, thanks for your nice comment. I was trying to piece a lot of it together, over two weeks of testimony, to tell this particular aspect of the story.
    2
  1291. Thanks for commenting. I believe that when the hull imploded the forces on the viewport were outward. If you look at wreckage pictures the viewport retaining ring is gone. So, the forces either shattered it or it is still intact somewhere on the ocean floor. The clear acrylic, either in large pieces, or intact may have been difficult for the ROV to find.
    2
  1292. Thanks for your comment. I agree and I am not sure if they had a simulation for the second hull. I heard a rumor that an aerospace company did do a design and analysis for them on V2, but I can't confirm it. We may learn about it in the final reports.
    2
  1293.  @BL-yj2wp  Thanks for your reply. The bulk of the original engineering was done by Spencer Composites. They predicted a safety factor of 2.25 with the first hull design. But they were way off when they tested that hull in the Bahamas. Tony Nissen testified that they were seeing hull movement 37% greater than predicted. Now, it's not necessarily true that Spencer calculations were that far off. The quality of their CF hull layup seemed to be poor.
    2
  1294.  @ingvarhallstrom2306  That is a good reply, thanks.
    2
  1295. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am glad you are enjoying the way I am telling the story.
    2
  1296. Thanks for writing the supportive comment. I am glad you enjoyed the content.
    2
  1297. Thanks for commenting and your kind support. I am glad you are enjoying these videos. Another detailed one about dive 80 is almost ready for upload.
    2
  1298. Thanks for commenting. I will soon be releasing another video about the hull. Watch that when it comes out and see if you still believe that it was the gluing of the rings.
    2
  1299. @dredgerivers7730 Oh, you are correct! My mistake all along with that image annotation. I spoke it correctly at 5:18 in my script (using "times" not percentage). What I meant to have on that image was 5 times greater. (not percent) Ugh! I can cut that image section out of the video. Thanks for pointing that out!
    2
  1300. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you. Water infiltration is a big unknown. They were relying on regular Rhino Liner on the outside to prevent water intrusion.
    2
  1301. Thanks for your comment. Yes, the entire story is incredible.
    2
  1302. Thanks for your comment. But I have no information about 1/3 scale hulls being tested between the 1st hull failing and the 2nd hull being manufactured by Electroimpact. I think by the Spring of 2020, Eclectoimpact was already making the second hull. I will look into this further. Thanks.
    2
  1303. Thanks. I was wonderful that Destin still likes film photography and was willing to try this technique.
    2
  1304. Thank you.
    2
  1305. @ Thanks for your reply and adding to the discussion. I look forward to your video. I will watch you Part 1 video.
    2
  1306. I agree. I am also amazed they did not think about this. They knew the hull was going to compress in the center. This much glue ina sub is a bad idea. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1307. Yep, bad philosophy when dealing with hazardous environments.
    2
  1308. Thank you for the supportive comment. I am glad you liked the video.
    2
  1309. Yes sir, I agree with you and thanks for commenting. Have you seen my other video about the glued joints? Search YouTube for; Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews
    2
  1310. MAV Drone, great question and thank you for asking it. I always use coated glass solar filters for the partial phases, for photography and video. These will give you a yellow disk image and the sharpest picture. The company I recommend now and I will be using their filters in 2019, is a company called Seymour Solar out of Utah, USA. They are still dedicated to supplying high quality coated glass filters. I use to use a company called Thousand Oaks, but they have not been restocking glass filters and seem to be moving customers toward buying their flexible film product called SolarLite. I have some of that film and I have tested it, but I still want to use glass. Another type of film out there is called Baader Film. This creates a white/blue Sun image which some people prefer. I don't like Baader film because is passes too much light, it has a very high transmission, so you must use must shorter shutter speeds to properly expose the partial phases and it passes a lot of ultraviolet frequencies. So look up Seymour Solar and go to their website. Gordon
    2
  1311. I agree. She was smart and had a lot of experience with the technology of subsea tracking. She is working on a PhD. Other parts of her testimony that I didn't need to include here include discussed other aspects of the Titan "tracking" system that was designed poorly and out of date.
    2
  1312. Thanks for taking the time to comment.
    2
  1313. Thanks for watching and commenting.
    2
  1314. I actually disagree, methylene5. As the author of the video, I think the vast majority of the comments have been adding nicely to the discussion. Especially hearing from the welders and the crane riggers and their experiences. I have enjoyed reading the comments.
    2
  1315.  @AnalogDude_  Between the inner liner and the hull were spacers that were about 3/4" think, So, there was a gap between the two of about 3/4".
    2
  1316. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you. Stockton had a way of keeping people around him who would just agree with him. It seems like Tony fought for some important things and won some battles. David Lochridge, with a lot of marine experience, wasn't an engineer but behaved like one. He saw problems and pointed them out.
    2
  1317.  @JuniorJunison  Junior is exactly right! Two other things to add to his excellent reply. 1. Stockton wanted an elongated shaped hull, not a sphere. He thought it was important for the field of view to document the dives; meaning a camera at the back of the sub shows the cabin and the passengers in the front enjoying the view (and he wanted to fit 5 people). Spheres are small and cramped and you can get far away enough from any point to get a good image of the cabin. 2. Stockton also underestimated the size of the vessel he would need to work in the North Atlantic. The Arctic Horizon and the Polar Price are huge, just as large as would be needed for a ship with a A-frame crane to hoist a titanium sub. Stockton's original idea for the subs and the LARS was not for the Titanic. He originally thought there would be a market for multiple subs in temperate climate waters where the LARS could be towed by a small vessel in calm waters to research sites. Search YouTube for my video on his business model, the title is OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
    2
  1318. Great! Glad you are enjoying them. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1319. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject.
    2
  1320.  @Cumdown  Well said, thank you!
    2
  1321. Great question. Any part of the 2024 eclipse that is BEFORE the point of greatest eclipse is in the category of a morning eclipse, but it is only necessary to angle the camera a lot earlier in the morning, which for this eclipse will be out over the Pacific Ocean. Around the point of greatest eclipse in 2024, the path of the eclipse in the sky will be relatively level. In Texas, the eclipse is just after the point of greatest eclipse, which is in Mexico. In Texas, it is in the category of an afternoon eclipse. However, Texas is so close to the point of greatest eclipse, that the path of the eclipse of the sky will be relatively level. Angulation for a setting eclipse may be necessary as the eclipse gets toward the Northeast. To do the drift technique in Texas level should be OK. Since the eclipse is about 4m 22s in Texas you need about 8.5 minutes of drift time when setting your zoom/focal length.
    2
  1322. Thanks for your comment. I love to teach people about solar eclipses.
    2
  1323. Maybe. It would be complicated and expensive but probably could be figured out by an optical engineer.
    2
  1324.  @pulaski1  Agree. It's a crazy story.
    2
  1325. @ You are correct again. Happy that you like the videos, I appreciate the feedback. Thanks.
    2
  1326. Ha, ha. Good point.
    2
  1327. Thanks for commenting. Yes, that it what happened.
    2
  1328. Agree, in compression, the fibers are doing nothing but supporting the resin. I think he laid down fibers in a perpendicular direction, but I am not sure that adds much strength. The issue is, that the engineers who computer modeled it were coming up with great stretch data. At least those at Spencer Composites were. But the input data for the modeling ya have not been valid assumptions. But to some degree, Stockton was trusting what some others were telling. So, I don't know.
    2
  1329. I agree with you. But especially in the second hull when 5 one-inch layers were glued together! And they ground down bulges in between layers, disrupting the integrity of some fiber loops. If that glue in between the layers is not making the layers solidly behave as one unit throughout, then they are behaving independently with significant decrease in shape.
    2
  1330.  @stevew1487  Thanks for your thoughtful reply. Well stated.
    2
  1331.  @stevew1487  Great. Glad you liked the video.
    2
  1332.  @michaelmoses8745  Yes, sir. Wiat until you see my next video, talk about "less care."
    2
  1333. @ Thanks for commenting. I believe Stockton miscalculated how complicated and expensive it would be. For instance, he probably did not plan for the V1 hull to be poorly made, to begin with, and then struck by lightning and therefore the need to build a second redesigned hull. The complexity and the costs spiraled, but he would not give up.
    2
  1334. Yep, I agree.
    2
  1335. Thanks for commenting. I believe it is because of getting the Titan off the dock onto the LARS. It was a tight fit, and the landing gear of the Titan had to slip into a track on the LARS to get locked in. So, they couldn't have a sling across the bottom.
    2
  1336. Thanks!
    2
  1337. Thank you for your thoughtful comment. I agree with you that we are dealing with a cylinder. Except, what I took from the testimony of the engineer Bart Kemper, who was trying to simplify the issue was, any longitudinal slice of the hull can be looked at as a bridge span; his exact words, not mine. The next section of his testimony directly discussed it in terms of the segmental nature of the Baliey Bridge truss structure and where defects could affect load distribution. Therefore his engineering analogy was straight downward vertical loading. I did not put the bridge segment into my video but if you haven't watched his testimony yet you might find it interesting. He was present on 9/25/24, the third witness, skip ahead to ~8:26:21 for that part. The hull was predicted to squeeze inward (downward) in the center circumferentially and since Mr, Kemper used the analogy of a truss with a compression side and a tension side, my thought was a floor joist is close enough to make the point for non-engineers. Thanks again for adding to the discussion.
    2
  1338.  @TechMasterRus  Thanks for your great reply and you hit upon great point! Two things to add. 1. When Tony Nissen testified about the V1 hull and testing in the Bahamas he said that the center of the case was deflecting 37% more than the predicted estimates (he did not give a measurement). Now, I know that's the V1 hull, but the takeaway is there seems to be a lot of inward movement in the center of an 8-foot span of carbon fiber. And we have no data or confidence that the V2 hull was any better. 2. (important) Dr. Kramer testified that the glue plies were becoming dust (? from shear) and there was evidence of longitudinal scrapping in between the layers (with each other - shear). So, what you stated and feared was actually happening, delamination, but slowly, not immediately catastrophic. There were small areas of delamination happening but they were getting away with it. Then on dive 80 sensor group 4 showed a permanent strain change in the hull at that location (forward lower left). A big delamination that they ignored and kept diving. Thanks again for the discussion.
    2
  1339. Thanks for this great comment. I agree with you. You are correct they did zero testing of the co-bonded hull technique. My research has told me that ultrasound penetration of carbon fiber loses needed resolution for fatigue diagnosis after about 3 inches. So, I guess they had no non-destructive alternatives for monitoring the hull visually. Regarding the acoustic monitoring system, this hull was remarkably quiet compared to the V1 hull and I am not sure why. But, I do have a theory. I think some forces were being relieved by shear forces in the glue layers. The layers were shifting and the NTSB has forensic evidence for that and I am working on a video about that right now. Thanks again for commenting.
    2
  1340.  @EbenBransome  That is a great point. In testimony, it was stated that some of the strain gauges fell off their positions. If you look at pictures of the inside of the front dome during dives there is condensation on the inside of the sub. So there was probably moisture inside the hull under the inner sleeve where the gauges were that we can't see in photos. Phil Brooks testified that he asked if they could pull out the sleeve and replace the gauges, but Stockton said no to pulling the sleeve.
    2
  1341. Agree. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1342.  @ThisisForTheTV  All that stuff has to be carefully engineered to see how the stresses will be distributed. If you put a brace somewhere, you could consolidate extra stress to somewhere else. It's really complicated.
    2
  1343.  @jimhaney6384  Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1344. I would have liked for someone from Spencer Composites to testify. They know more about what went on than anybody else. Their story my come out at some point.
    2
  1345. Thank you for your thoughtful and professional comment. You have added a lot to the discussion. I have also heard that EA9394 was not the proper product. Your explanation was great!
    2
  1346. Thanks for commenting. You are correct, the grinding or smoothing was not perfect. They were probably just doing it by eye and feeling it. I did not put it in the video, but Phil Brooks described that they had to build a big plastic tent over the hull and the workers had to wear a lot of protective gear during the grinding. Probably including full plastic masks to protect their eyes and mouths and noses. That carbon fiber dust was toxic to breathe in. So they probably had terrible visibility. Regarding the image at 14:55, of course, that is just to describe the concept. I could never have put as many grind spots as needed to show the real problem, especially trying to keep it clean and showing transparent layers.
    2
  1347. Mark, I know, the year went by fast. What a great day! Thanks for your comment about the app, I am glad it helped you! Remember, prior to the next total solar eclipse in the USA, in April of 2024, there is a really good annular eclipse in October of 2023 that crosses the southwest USA. That will be nice also, even with no totality. Importantly, it will serve as a great practice session for you and your gear as you get ready for 2024. Gordon
    2
  1348. There is a promo video about building the first hull. The promo video was about gluing the titanium rings to the hull. I did a video about that, search YouTube for this title; Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews
    2
  1349. Thanks for your comment. I think the point from Boeing when they were doing their feasibility study was that 45-degree plies would help with load distribution if there was an area of laminate with defects. Also if damage from external stress does occur with some neighboring fibers, it allows another path for load distribution to potentially stop damage propagation.
    2
  1350. Thanks for your comment!
    2
  1351. Thanks for your comment and for thinking about the problem. The difference is that when going down to depth, the water pressure is equally distributed 360 degrees around the ring. So, the pressure theoretically balances out. The lifting eyes lift up the entire weight of the sub on four points within a small square surface area on the ring, where the load has to be distributed. It's unbalanced load on the rings.
    2
  1352. Chris, yes is't actually a really big deal! A lot had to come together to get this analysis. A perfectly placed path, good weather, some preparation on my part and then some good old fashion luck. First, it was an eclipse path with a long land path, especially around the point of greatest eclipse. We had good weather in the southeast. I worked with my NASA friends and Michaela put the compass rose in her video. You watched the Smarter Every Day video about shadow band video setup that was uploaded just 2 days before the eclipse and reproduced the set up. And then I was able to get the videos so I could work on my theories about shadow bands. In 2024 I should have a ton of oriented videos to work with.! Thanks for letting me use your video Gordon
    2
  1353. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you like the videos.
    2
  1354.  @piperg6179  I agree with you, the quality of the manufacturing of the composite layup is crucial thing. However, there was a lot of engineering testimony about "out of roundness" possibly occurring in the hull which changes the straight inward compressive loads. But that goes back to the quality of the carbon fiber layup. But I still worry about the 3,800-pound domes mounted to the rings that were glued to the hull. Even in that frame they had, I just wonder about asymetric loads to the glued joint. especially on the hatch side where that heavy dome was opened and closed hundreds of times. Your point is valid though, and thanks for commenting.
    2
  1355. Good comment. This video is mostly about timing for beads. Everyone's settings are going to be different. The gear determines the f/stop. They choose an ISO depending on their gear and the exposure and they need of the full solar disk image to be balanced. Then based on the above and some preferences, they choose a shutter speed for this portion of the eclipse. Knowing my settings doesn't help the concept of this video, which is about timing and changing your specific shutter speed.
    2
  1356. Thanks for your comment, but please explain it more.
    2
  1357. Yes, I agree with you. For some reason he just refused to give up. He knew it wasn't workable. He probably could have accepted losing the money he personally put into it, and I don't know how many millions of dollars that was. But I guess he didn't want to tell his other investors that their millions of dollars were gone?
    2
  1358. Thanks for commenting. But I have to say that the acoustic monitoring system for the V2 hull was amazingly quiet. That system was not showing signs of progressive weakening. However, dive 80 had a huge event when surfacing of both acoustic and strain gauge data. That probably represented a delamination. They should have stopped after that event. But they ignored the data.
    2
  1359. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the video.
    2
  1360. Ah, great question. They were barely involved. I did a video on that subject. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Titan Hull Partners Controversy - Partners Did What/When?
    2
  1361.  @OfficiallyGuChi  Yes, between the 2022 and 2023 expeditions in the freezing winter months in Newfoundland.
    2
  1362. That is correct. For a private entity, the money was not there to do it right. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1363. Agree, thanks for your comment.
    2
  1364.  @mrx-k2r  Not sure about that. During a dive, the pressure pushes the dome inward, and there is an O-ring on that ring surface to make the seal watertight. But I still don't understand why all bolts were not installed.
    2
  1365. Agree! Tragic.
    2
  1366.  @johnt.hemming5354  I did not say a "stop or two slower", I said a couple of shutter speeds slower. Meaning 1/3 or 2/3 of a stops slower. There are two ways to Get a more brilliant diamond ring with flares, a slightly longer shutter speed or start imaging it earlier, maybe 35 to 30 seconds before C2.
    2
  1367. Correct! Because the wrinkles get worse with each layer.
    2
  1368.  @Hydrazine1000  I agree with you totally. This needs to be investigated to make changes for the future. A couple of things are already happening. The big marine committees are working on ways to have international rules so that things like this can't be done in international waters where it is not under the jurisdiction of an authority. I don't know what they will come up with or how it will be enforced but it is being discussed. Also, this may lead to the requirement of a standardized hook or eye on the top of all submersibles and that the ROV companies also know the design and have a compatible hook with them at all times. It doesn't matter in an implosion, but what if the Titan was just stuck on the bottom, where would an ROV hook on safely to bring it to the surface. A standardized hook system would be a good thing.
    2
  1369. Thanks for commenting. Yes sir. understand and agree. In retrospect, when making the video, my focus was on explaining the rapid failure mode of the carbon fiber hull. Although I do have a graphic regarding the properties of anisotropic material in the different axes and explain that (as you saw), I should have been more precise in some portions of the script.
    2
  1370. On man, I couldn't agree more. That epoxy day video was frightening! Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1371. Thanks for commenting. Not sure either. The only thing I can think about is that it was a tight fit putting it onto the LARS where it had to slip into its locking cradle. They certainly could not have had anything beneath the landing gear.
    2
  1372. Agree. I was surprised when I heard Karl Stanley testify that he got that number (100 million) from the co-founder of OceanGate Guillermo Sohnlein. I think Guillermo would know. Regarding a Triton sub; the thing is, a 5-person titanium sub from Triton would be big and heavy, and remember Stockton was trying to use the LRT concept and get away from needing a ship with a crane to put a sub into the water. But I still agree with you. The entire thing did not work out as Stockton had hoped. The business model and up to killing himself and others.
    2
  1373.  @VincentNajger1  That barge they built to submerge and launch the sub. Sorry, I mistyped it - they use LARS. Launch and Recovery System.
    2
  1374.  @VincentNajger1  Thanks, glad you enjoyed the video. Sorry again about typing the acronym wrong.
    2
  1375. Thanks for commenting. The Boeing guy made a good point because he knows carbon fiber. You have to factor in a safety factor for problems with the manufacturing process that creates weaknesses, like voids. His quote was factoring in the "effects of defects." You have to build something like this with a lot of safety factor; you have to "overbuild."
    2
  1376. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am glad you like the video.
    2
  1377.  @arturzhmur8735  Thanks for your reply. He had to proceed. He was in real financial trouble. He did not want to give up and have himself and his investors lose 100 million dollars. Watch my video on that topic, search YouTube for this title. OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
    2
  1378. Not sure why Tony thought that process was good enough? But remember Rush was hiring people who would do what he wanted to do, not necessarily people who would recommend what was best. And keeping costs down was always an issue.
    2
  1379.  @wilsjane  Thanks for your thoughtful comment. I love this point you made (quote below), it makes sense, but I am not sure they were aware of it (I have not read about it) "They knew that on each dive the descent was faster and the ascent was becoming increasingly difficult, but no one properly investigated." But that is such an interesting point. I guess the "Rhino Liner" on the outside of the hull wasn't enough water intrusion protection. I'm not sure how water would have made it into the deeper layers of the carbon fiber, though? But you point is great. Thanks.
    2
  1380.  @wilsjane  Great explanations! Thanks so much for your thoughtful comments.
    2
  1381. Thanks for commenting. Thanks for watching the video and your support.
    2
  1382. You are probably correct. Good point.
    2
  1383. Thanks for your comment. So, high spots are weak by themselves. But grinding them down is bad too. There is no good why to do pressure autoclaving of a single layup five inches thick. You can't force out the air pockets and the heating would be uneven. So, they tried the one-inch technique. But, it was not a good idea.
    2
  1384. I agree with the inward pressure concept you state. But the glue was not a flexible epoxy. So, under high pressure pushing inward at depth also means moving outward coming to surface with release of pressure. The calvus was 4 1/2" wide and 1" deep. Cyclic movement here would be bad. You see in the video how uneven the gluing process was. The gluing process was the same for the V2 hull. Then if you look at the NTSB images of the wreckage you can see how the glue in the clavus either broke away in places or just pulled off the blunt end of the carbon fiber in other places. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1385. Thanks for your comment. It really is just "Monday morning quarterbacking" so it's not expertise. However, we all learn from the analysis of these things as lay people and the NTSB will do it professionally. The Coast Guard hearings gave us a great "behind the scenes" view. Sometimes engineers just miss things, and it's interesting to understand why they did. The factors are usually complicated, as they were in this story.
    2
  1386. Thanks for your comment. Allow me to mention something. Inside of the inner surface of the hull, there were long plastic spacers that ran the length of the sub. They were about 3/4" thick. Then, a stiff liner was slipped into the sub as the inner surface and it was held away from the carbon fiber by those spacers. That gap allowed for a place for them to mount the sensors, both acoustic and strain, and run the wires to the back of the sub to go to a computer. So, anything you see mounted inside of the sub was mounted to that liner. OceanGate made some bad engineering choices, but I don't think they would have been negligent enough to mount things to the inside of the carbon fiber hull
    2
  1387.  @shaun5552  I agree with you.
    2
  1388. Thanks for your support!
    2
  1389. @ Agree. I want to hear from Wendy Rush, Dave Spencer, and whoever was the main contact at Electroimpact.
    2
  1390. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1391. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1392. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Yes, I agree with you about carbon fiber for outside pressure. If you make it thick enough you get away with it, but the entire engineering premise for its use/benefits doesn't make sense for a sub. You simply can't be using a material that has risk of delamination and becoming weaker. I agree with you about the waiver. People had no idea how poorly it was constructed versus what it was being asked to do, You need to watch my hull gluing video. If any of those "passengers" watched the gluing technique before their interest in the Titanic dives, they never would have signed up. Search YouTube for this title - Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews
    2
  1393. Nothing, I have an interest in many aspects of science and technology. Being an expert in solar eclipses is just one of my interests.
    2
  1394. Hi Kurt, my YouTube channel has Part 1 and Part 2 Shadow Band videos. Those explain it great!
    2
  1395. Chris, thanks! Glad you like it. I played with this view right after the eclipse when I saw how the raw file from the 360Fly was actually saved. I finally got around to putting the entire video together.
    2
  1396. Absolutely correct. If you want to go the carbon fiber route you have to test a lot! Something like, building a 1/2 scale model and diving it to depth unmanned 20 times. Then tear it all apart and see how the carbon fiber hull is holding up. Then build another one, dive it unmanned 40 times, and then tear it apart. Do this until you start to see damage and that establishes your cycle life. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1397. Thanks for commenting. You make a great point. It's unfortunate but true. So, due to this disaster, I have heard that the big marine groups are trying to organize some regulations that would cover international waters, so this can't happen again. I don't know what they will write or how it could be enforced, but it is being worked on. The other thing that may come of this is a standard design for having a hook or eye on the top of every submersible. This design would be shared with the ROV industry. So in the case of a sub stuck on the bottom, all ROVs would have a place to hook on easily and they would know the design. It does no good for an implosion obviously, but what if Titan was just stuck on the bottom, where could an ROV easily attach to drag it to the surface.
    2
  1398. Thanks for your comment. One of the things about the design of the hull that they did worry about when engineering the hull was trying to match the behavior of the carbon fiber and the titanium where they met. If you look carefully at a diagram of the titanium rings, you'll see that they have funny contours on the outside of the ring. It's not just a simple bulky ring. The rings were machined down on purpose, with engineering design, to match the moduli of the carbon fiber. Tony Nissen testifies as such when he makes the statement "they have to behave as a unit." Now, I don't know if they got it right and I don't know if changing from grade 5 to grade 3 titanium was accounted for, but they worked on this issue. My opinion is that I don't think the initial failure was at the rings. I think it was in the hull itself, knowing that the center of the hull deflected inward, I think the glue layers somewhere, between the carbon fiber layers, was breaking down
    2
  1399. Yep, you are basically correct. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1400. Marr, thanks for your nice comment! I hope you learned a lot from this video and will be better prepared to enjoy and understand the ambient lighting changes before totality. My app makes the lighting reminder announcement at 4 minutes before 2nd contact. I went to your YouTube channel and watched your shadow bands video. Nice, I like it a lot! Regarding 2024, just remember it's an April eclipse and the weather can be unpredictable. So plan for some alternate observing sites separated by at least a few hundred miles.
    2
  1401. I agree. If you walked up to that thing and saw the way it was pieced together, would you get in it, get bolted in, and go under the surface of the ocean?
    2
  1402.  @cambridgemart2075  Thanks for your comment. CofC's - I had to look that up. Certificate of Conformance. Got it.
    2
  1403. Thanks for your comment. Yes, I think the glue joint between the titanium ring and the hull is also very suspect. I have a video about that, which I assume you watched. This viewport view is mostly about all of the controversy surrounding it. At the end of the video,I do say that I don't think it was the cause of the implosion, but it still has to be on the list as a possible cause.
    2
  1404. Thanks for commenting. I don't know anything about welding titanium, but adding the lifting eyes seemed like a bad idea.
    2
  1405. Thanks for your comment. At 4:00 I put in the Toray chart for the specifications for the product OceanGate used. I did that on purpose to show that this system when properly fabricated had fairly good compressive strength. Toray tests for compression and publishes the data.
    2
  1406. Yes, you could try that. The optics could probably could be worked out. You just can't glue anything to the inside of the dome, because that would change the load distribution. the inside lens, as you suggest, would have to be on its own.
    2
  1407. Thanks for commenting. I am not a Boeing fanboy, but: Remember this was the Boeing company of 2012-13 when they did this early feasibility study for OceanGate. And the Boeing engineer who testified was spot on. 1. At least 7 inches thick. 2. 45 degrees cross plies. 3. Plan for the "effect of defects" If OceanGate had listened to Boeing they would have had a better chance of having a better hull and if they had kept Boeing involved Boeing would have planned for proper testing. There is a part of the Boeing testimony that I did not put in this video, but it is where the Boeing guy talks about OceanGate not wanting to use them anymore because they were too expensive. Watch my OcenGate finances video. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
    2
  1408. Thanks for your comment. Bart Kemper is the mechanical engineer that testified and presented that simplified example. He is a certified professional engineer and I though that analogy was fascinating. I trust his analysis and testimony under oath. The next part of his testimony concerned the design an building of Bailey's bridges where he proves the point.
    2
  1409. Thanks for your comment. The titanium ring was reused from the first hull and was a fixed size based on the mandrel. The V1 hull had to be trimmed down also. But the V2 hull ended up with a wider external diameter so it had to be trimmed down more to fit into the clavus and be glued in.
    2
  1410.  @markmcgoveran6811  I agree with you on this. You might like my video where I discuss isotropic and anisotropic materials. Search for the title OceanGate Titan Hull - Hundreds of Ill-advised Carbon Fiber Grind Spots
    2
  1411. Yes. This has been mentioned a number of times. An optical engineer could probably figure out how to make the correction. But designing and manufacturing the "lens" to actually do it, may be tricky. Especially since the dome changes shape as it goes deeper. So, the optics (light bending) at the surface of the ocean won't be the same as the optics at 4,000 meters. But a good thought and thanks for commenting.
    2
  1412. My thought is that Electorimpact though 1-inch thick layers was the maximum thickness that the pressure autoclaving and curing process would be able take out porosity in the carbon fiber wrap. That is what the de-bulking process is about, removing small voids, The Toray matrix system they used also had to be heated to 350 degrees F for 120 to 180 minutes. They didn't think the could properly cure it if it was 5 inches thick. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1413. Sure. But don't think of Baily's beads as a separate thing. It's part of the smooth continuum from diamond ring, into Baily's beads, into chromosphere/prominences before you are fully into totality. It all happens progressively starting at about 25 seconds before C2 and then in the opposite order after C3.
    2
  1414. Agree, the flexion and the difference in the materials reacting with the water temperature changes during the cycles.
    2
  1415. I know. Crazy to think that you have a vehicle like that, which is supposed to tolerate incredible stresses, and the door falls off! Then OceanGate just puts it back on and continues like nothing happened. Like Mr. Lahey from Triton submarine said "it's ridiculous." He is a true pro and he was at a loss for words. Thanks for commenting.
    2
  1416. I agree with Eng-OS except that I found no evidence that proved that the 5-inch co-bonded design was going to have the same strength as the 5-inch single layup design. That switch is what concerns me. Maybe the NTSB has some additional documents that weren't made public that shows that the change in design was actually analyzed and we will see that in the final report. As I said in the video the fact that both hulls were 5 inches is meaningless if you don't know how the co-bonded hull is going to take loads.
    2
  1417. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content. Regarding the testimony, my view was they did okay. There was so much material and so much to ask,and it spanned so many different subjects. I wish they had some additional witnesses, like someone from Spencer Composites or Electroimpact.
    2
  1418.  @Relkond  Did not get bored, I am interested in a lot of science and technology subjects besides being an expert with solar eclipses.
    2
  1419. It's about science, technology, analyzing, and teaching, etc. I am interested in many science and technology subjects other than being an eclipse expert. This story is compelling and I thought I could add some value to the conversation. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1420. Hi Randall, that you for your comment and your support to my work, I appreciate it! Sounds like you are planning ahead and that is great. Since you are really into this you should consider getting a copy of my book, either digital or print. (if you haven't already). It is the best eclipse prep resource out there. Go to my main website for information about it. The link is in the description of the beads video.
    2
  1421.  @afryhover  Yes, that is VERY important to remember to switch! Use the Eclipse Practice Video Session in my app to practice in your house. My son and I were practicing last night to the app. And we are still not smooth! We have a new camera and I am trying some other things with video. We need to practice more.
    2
  1422. Yep, you are basically correct. I don't understand Stockton's risk tolerance. Maybe it's due to the fact that he flew his own experimental composite plane for many, many years without an issue. So, to him, an experimental aircraft and an experimental sub are the same. But obviously, for many reasons, the risks are very different, and the chances for survival with an equipment malfunction are very different.
    2
  1423. Yes, you are exactly right. The entire process of dealing with humps is flawed. The goal is to not have humps when de-bulking, but that is hard to do with a 1-inch thick laminate. They tried to grind so the humps wouldn't grow, but the grinding thing is not exact.
    2
  1424. Yeah, possibly. Or, if you do it, make it really thick!
    2
  1425. Agree.
    2
  1426. Hi David, glad you found this video useful. Thanks for commenting!
    2
  1427. Thanks for commenting. I agree.
    2
  1428. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate you noting that I am trying not to be sensational about the Titan accident. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject.
    2
  1429. Thanks for commenting. Yep, fixing the toilet was on the list of things to do, after the dome fell off! Not that the toilet has anything to do with safely diving down to 4,000 meters, bit I am glad it got checked off.
    2
  1430. Great! Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the video.
    2
  1431. That's cool!
    2
  1432. Thanks for your comment. Sure, those are valid points. When you look at pictures of the Horizon Artic with the Titan and the LARS on the back, the ship size dwarfs the size of the OceanGate equipment. They had to lease big ships. Event the Polar Prince was big. But remember these ships are designed to service off-shore things like oil platforms. So, OceanGate was in a way competing for their time. To have a profitable ship business, on the side, like you suggested would probably require having more of a cargo ship, which may not be set up as well to do missions off of (I don't know for sure). Unfortunately, it was an idea and a business model that was too complicated and did not work out. Then it ended in disaster. I sad but interesting saga.
    2
  1433. Thanks for commenting. That is basically correct. He had to use money that was coming in to immediately fund keeping the operation going.
    2
  1434. Thanks for commenting. I did an in-depth analysis of the controversy about the design and the rating of the viewport. I think you would like that video. Search YouTube for this title 12 Weird Facts About Stockton's Titan Viewport
    2
  1435. Yes, good eyes. Thanks for your comment. I am starting to work on a video about porosity, voids, and glue film. Stay tuned.
    2
  1436. Thanks for your comment. I can see how you can come to that conclusion.
    2
  1437. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate you noting that I am trying not to be sensational about the Titan accident. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject. You may like this summation. It got to the Titanic 13 times at 3,840m (and in 2022, it got to the Titanic on four consecutive dives!). It also had one dive to 3,500m, one dive to 2,900m, and two other deep dives, 1,700m and 1,380m. You can also count the five high-pressure dives in the Deep Ocean Test Facility done before the expeditions as cycles (3,000m, 4,000m, 4,200m x 3). So, that is 20 deep pressure cycles (if not including the 1,380 and the 1,700). That would be considered a success if they were all unmanned dives with a carbon fiber hull test program before imploding. Or, if they stopped unmanned testing short of imploding and did destructive testing to learn about the hull dealing with the pressures. But, imploding while manned with five people makes it a failure.
    2
  1438. Yep. That's how it works.
    2
  1439. Thanks for your comment. I did not get into it in the video, but the stain gauges that were not working probably just fell off the side of the hull. Phil Brooks testified that he thinks they got knocked off the side of the hull when they were inserting the hull insert. After they discovered the problem, they did not want to take the time to remove the insert and re-fix the string gauges.
    2
  1440. J. Stribling, I am so glad you watched this video! Your comment is what my eclipse education is all about! Giving people ideas on what to do and if they want to do it, teaching them how to do it correctly. I want you to enjoy all aspects of an eclipse! Gordon
    2
  1441. Absolutely. To be honest, the should have had an unmanned multi-dive test program.
    2
  1442. Thanks for your comment!
    2
  1443. Hi, thanks for the positive comment. Glad you enjoyed it.
    2
  1444. IT was a great day and Destin documented it so well.
    2
  1445. Great! Thanks for you your comment. I have other really good videos about enjoying the solar eclipse on my YouTube channel; Solar Eclipse Timer. Watch some of the other ones.
    2
  1446. Thanks for commenting. You are exactly right. At least one hull should have been tested unmanned and then destructively examined. I am now making a video about the amount of porosity in the carbon fiber laminate and the glue film layers. Since OceanGate never tested a co-bonded hull, not even a scale model, they had no idea how badly the process was going. The hull was weak.
    2
  1447. Thanks for commenting. I tried to be clear in the video that I imagine they welded the lifting eyes onto the rings after they were cut off of the first hull and before they were glued on to the second hull.
    2
  1448. Thanks for commenting. In my videos, you see that I try to remain neutral about defining Stockton. I leave that to the viewers to decide. But there were some issues.
    2
  1449. That is so true. It is similar to what happened with both space shuttle disasters. Even in technical projects, after a while management becomes removed from the engineering and bad things happen. Good comment, and thanks for the support, it's appreciated.
    2
  1450.  @dianayount2122  You are correct! There were others who recognized this thing was bad. They either walked away or were fired.
    2
  1451. Thank is a great question! I don't know the answer. That was year three/Expedition 3 and they had already been working out of Newfoundland since the end of May. They did three shallow test dives on 5/22, 5/31, 6/3, and 6/12 was logged as an aborted dive to the Titanic, but they never got off the platform (dive 87). The dive that imploded on June 18th, was dive 88 and the fifth time "in the water" for that expedition. If dive 88 had been successful, I don't know how many more weeks they could have operated that expedition season and how many dive attempts they could have had. The bad weather was always the big factor. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1452. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. Boy, I would love to know who engineered this idea and signed off on it. It's not in the public record right now, but i may come out in the final reports.
    2
  1453. Yes, that was a huge unknown that I don't find any evidence that they tested for the effects.
    2
  1454. Jerry, yes using an intervalometer is OK. The problem I see is that taking an image every 2 minutes results in too many partial phase images to sort through before totality and then have to match up with the set after totality. Your C1 to C2 time was about 80 minutes. So you would have had about 40 images? Then the question becomes, exactly how long after C1 did you actually take the 1st one of the set, then how long before C2 did you stop taking them. Your C3 to C4 duration was even longer, so at every two minutes, you would have had even more partial phase images. It then is tough to sort through 80 or 90 images an pick out the matching ones for a large composite. That is why I developed PPISC. PPISC give you 10 perfectly equally spaced images before and after totality. Regarding tracking, I used a German Equatorial mount and I tried to polar align as best as I could during the day. But I had to re-center at EVERY PPISC image. So I was re-centering every 8 to 9 minutes. You simple can't polar align during the day well enough that you can track the Sun for any great length of time. But something like a Sky Tracker certainly helps. It's better than just using a camera tripod with no guiding at all. I don't own a Sky Tracker but taught a friend how to use his. It's a very neat, simple way to polar align and then track the ecliptic. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1455. Jerry , it is always interesting to me how different people bring different experiences to eclipses and the attempts at eclipse photography. So your idea about using metadata is a very good one. At every eclipse, you learn what you did right and did wrong and what you would change at the next one. That's just part of it. Thanks for your comment, Gordon
    2
  1456.  @Mortenthorpe-DK  I agree with you completely.
    2
  1457. Please allow me to explain this. Dr. Kramer used two numbers in his testimony about porosity (which was confusing) but I explain both in my video. When he used the 18 to 27% porosity it was the amount of "pores" they saw on the surface of hull material sliced through obliquely. Then they sent three blocks of the hull for an ASTM volumetric measurement of porosity and the average by volume was 2.2% (samples were 1.1%, 3.3%, and 3.6%). The 2.2% by volume is probably more significant because is more comparable to the Toray specification for average porosity when cured properly.
    2
  1458. Thanks for your nice comment. Not sure about the death wish part, but they were clearly pushing to get dives done in 2023. They were under pressure. They booked the longest lease on the ship yet in 2023 (5 weeks) and started earlier in the season. But for some reason, I think a combination of technical problems and bad weather (not sure) they wasted the first 4 weeks of that ship lease. They made no dives on the Titanic in the first four weeks. The fatal dive was the first Titanic dive of that season and it happened on the fifth week
    2
  1459. Thanks for your comment. The humps in a carbon fiber layup are weak spots by themselves. You don't want them. So, the only answer is a perfect fabrication process in which they don't occur and that is not easy to do.
    2
  1460. Good question, and I would say no. They may have had slightly better resolution images. But no real science was done.
    2
  1461. Agree with you. It's very complex. Good to know that the computer modeling is getting better
    2
  1462. Thanks for commenting. No problem with not subscribing. I make educational videos and gaining subscribers is not my main goal. I hope you did learn something from the video. It is quite comprehensive.
    2
  1463. Thanks for commenting. That is why I present the story the way I did. You don't have to be an engineer to understand the basic principles of design and testing. The story of the Titan V2 hull and putting it immediately to use with manned dives is incomprehensible.
    2
  1464. Great story! What eclipse? What month and year and where were you located?
    2
  1465. Glad you liked the video and thanks for commenting.
    2
  1466. Thank you for that supportive comment. Happy you liked it.
    2
  1467. Agree, there were a lot of design and fabrication issues. It was not a machine ready for 4,000 meters of depth. Thanks for your comment.
    2
  1468. Thanks for your comment. Yes, I believe the pressure was moving the layers of carbon fiber independently of each other and crushing the glue with shear forces.
    2
  1469. Thanks for your comment and support! Glad you liked the video.
    2
  1470. Thanks. Glad you liked the video.
    2
  1471. Yes, you have a point.
    2
  1472. Yes, the dome fell off. Thanks for commenting. But it was on the deck of the Arctic Horizon while they were still on the LARS. They just got dragged back onto the deck. I have tried to find out why all the bolts weren't in at that point, but I am not sure. It was after dive 61, and they may have been taking bolts out (routine) and did not have the dome properly supported. That dome weighed over 3,500 pounds, and the "hinge" on the left side (looking towards it) wasn't really a hinge. It could not support the weight. It was more of a pivot point. When opening the dome, it had to be supported at the bottom as it opened.
    2
  1473. Oh man, I would hope not.
    2
  1474.  @onedollasnake  Great question about darkness!. It's complicated to explain with eclipses. In Texas this is a big umbra because its a long totality. The umbra is 120 miles in diameter, so at the centerline you are in the center of a big shadow. This is important because during an eclipse a lot of the ambient light at your position is from the sunlight at the horizon, so with this eclipse the horizon is far away. At an eclipse the sky is darkest right around the eclipse and then gets lighter and lighter towards the perimeter of the umbra and for 360° around you. So it's not like sunrise or sunset where the residual sunlight is only coming from a single direction. So the sky is not behaving like sunset, so it's hard to describe it using "minutes after sunset" but if I were to do that, yes, I would say overall it;s about 20 to 30 minutes after sunset. They other thing is, during an eclipse you go from very bright conditions at C2 to immediately dark conditions (at C2) when totality begins. So it seems much darker right at the start of totality until your eyes start to dark adapt. So for this long eclipse, over 4 minutes, it will seem to lighten later in totality because your eyes have time to dark adapt. Another way to judge the darkness of totality is by how much ambient light you have to use your equipment: how well can you see in your immediate area? I good way to understand this is to go outside on the night of a full Moon when the Moon is high in the sky. Look around you, your hands, the ground, bring a camera out and look at the controls, the ambient light directly around you is about the ambient light you will have during an eclipse to see your equipment. But you have to factor in eye dark adaptation. As I said before it seems much darker at the start of totality. You should watch my other videos on eclipse lighting; Over Exposed Eclipse., Eclipse Lighting 1, Eclipse Lighting 2, The Purkinje Effect, Eclipse Horizon.
    2
  1475. Thanks for your comment. Yes, Egypt and an eclipse over 6 minutes. Nice!
    2
  1476. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
    2
  1477.  @0therun1t21  Great, glad you liked the video and thanks for replying.
    2
  1478. Thanks for your comment. I am glad I got you inspired to enjoy eclipses
    2
  1479. Thanks.
    1
  1480. You may not think so, but this is an interesting and complex story. The Coast Guard Titan Hearings ended at the end of September 2024, just 5 months ago. All of this new information provided under oath was made available then, and it is being sorted through slowly. The engineering and the personalities involved are fascinating. I am working hard to do a series of in-depth analysis videos. If you don't care about it, you will need to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is making a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. It may be talked about for decades, just like the Titanic wreck. Therefore, I hope the Titan story doesn't annoy you too much. Thanks for commenting, even negatively, because it helps me by making the algorithm suggest it to more people.
    1
  1481. Thanks for your comment. Glad you enjoyed the video.
    1
  1482. Thanks for you comment and your support. I am glad we motivated you to prepare for the eclipse.
    1
  1483. Wayne, thanks for your comment and I am glad you enjoyed the video. My goal is to take all of my previous eclipse experience and make this channel a great resource for those wishing to learn about what they may have missed in 2017 and prepare everyone for all of the upcoming eclipses, especially the next USA eclipse in 2024.
    1
  1484.  @jmfoty4280  That is correct, no totality. Think of an annular eclipse as a partial eclipse that is centered. The angular diameter of the Moon in the sky is smaller than the Sun. So the Sun is never completely obscured. You should consider buying my eclipse book to preopare for 2024. Go to my website www.solareclipsetimer.com for more information. It will teach you everything you need to know.
    1
  1485.  @SuperYellowsubmarin  That is correct.
    1
  1486. Understand!
    1
  1487. yes, that is partly true. But they had to have a surface for the glue which was laid on as a big sheet (not brushed or sprayed on). So, they needed a smooth surface to lay that down.
    1
  1488. Thank you! Glad you found it useful. I have other helpful video on the channel. Check them out.
    1
  1489. ​ @schrodingerscat1863  Actually it's worse than that. They never tested the co-bonded technique in a scale model. The scale models were all single-layer layups. So, the full-sized hull was a one-off, never fully tested. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1490. Yep, pretty frightening.
    1
  1491. Thanks Mike! Glad you enjoyed it.
    1
  1492. Thanks.
    1
  1493. Thanks for your support. Glad the app helped you.
    1
  1494. ??
    1
  1495.  @LSmallCatL  Agree.
    1
  1496. It's reflected light up from the Earth from where there is not the darkness of the umbra path. But since we were in the path the sky was dark enough to see the satellite lit form below from the reflected light. The same thing happens everyday, but you don't see the satellite because the Sun is so overwhelming bright in the entire sky.
    1
  1497. Thank you for commenting. I am glad you are watching the videos.
    1
  1498. Yes, you are correct and thanks for commenting. Both the Challenger and the Columbia disasters could have been prevented. The problem occurs when management gets too far removed from engineering with complex projects. That is why we have to study the failures. Thats is what NASA would not let Butch and Suni come to Earth on Starliner. NASA learned.
    1
  1499. Great! Thanks for commening and I am glad you like the content.
    1
  1500. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. I agree. But when I looked at the specifications for the exact system from Toray used in the Titan, they still do test that pre-preg in compression and provide the data. So I guess you can't make a 5 inch hull all out of matrix. It is a system, they work together. Do you agree.
    1
  1501. Thanks for your comment. Amazingly he did. I will never understand why he did not have more respect/fear for being underwater at those depths.
    1
  1502. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1503. I agree with you. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1504. Thank you for the supportive comment. Just trying to present the facts, spread all over the days of the testimony, as a story.
    1
  1505. Thomas, thanks for your comment! I have allowed your outside link to be visible because it is a nice video. You are correct, he did do this technique. There are three things that I find interesting; 1. On the camera that he used in manual mode, he started off with a normally exposed scene and totality became extremely underexposed, but not quite black, but almost. I expect that. If he had set that camera to start overexposed, then during totality, the exposure at totality would have been more realistic. Totality is not that dark, as I explain in my video. At this position in Nebraska, totality was 2:34. For my 2006 video (on the ship), totality was 3:48, so I was in the center of a much larger umbra, so the surroundings are darker during totality. Shorter duration eclipses have a smaller umbra diameter, therefore the lit horizon is closer and that leads to more ambient light during totality. 2. On the camera he used as "auto", he fixed the aperture and shutter speed and allowed the ISO to be auto. I find that to be an interesting choice? He did not use a full-auto setting on the camera, but the end result is almost the same. On that video, I actually think that totality is too exposed, it's too lit. Look how bright the sky and horizon are at mid-eclipse. 3. The over-laid crescent shows just how much light is still emitted by the Sun this late in the partial phases. Overall a nice video.
    1
  1506. Yes, I agree. That is why I wanted to make this video. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1507. Thank you for your thoughtful comment. This tragedy is the product of the morphing of independent things that lead to a bad outcome. In this case, it was the fate of Stockton finding Tony (at least early on, for hull one) to do the engineering. Because both of their personalities lead to the continued development of the sub. We already know that Stockton wanted to think outside of the box. Tony testified this, when asked why he thought he was a good fit for OceanGate: "so you definitely have to be able to think outside the box - I am not a sustaining engineer." Then they both agreed to fire the outside engineers from APL (therefore, no outside oversight or opinions). To Tony's credit, he "pulled the plug" on the first hull when it was failing, and got fired for it. Then Stockton forged ahead with new engineers. It is a tragic but still fascinating story, which is why it has caught my interest.
    1
  1508. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am working on another one now that dives into the controversies about how they came up with 5 inches for the hulls and then the co-bonding layered process for the second version of the hull. Crazy stuff. Stay tuned.
    1
  1509. Thanks for your comment and your support.
    1
  1510. Thank you for your comment. Dr. Kramer said they found the number of plies ground off in the grind spots to be between 1 and 12 plies. But remember this was just in the survey of one of the cut-off ends of the hull. Who knows if there were even deeper grinds spots in the remainder of the hull: 13, 14, 15,15 plies, etc.
    1
  1511. Thanks for your comment. You bring up such a good point. The status of the carbon fiber quality is still a point of contention to this day. The testimony at the Coast Guard hearing never got to the point of being definitive about it. I hope the final Coast Guard or NTSB report clears that up with a definitive yes or no.
    1
  1512. Thanks for watching the video. Glad you enjoyed it.
    1
  1513. It was just a few seconds after C3, just after the diamond ring. A quick peek then is fine.
    1
  1514. ​ @lazaglider Hi, thanks for your nice comment. I like to make good content and I don't worry much about subscribers, although that has to be a goal, even if it is low priority. I am all about education. Especially with my main specialty which is how to enjoy and photograph total solar eclipses. That is a very niche subject, so it's tough to get a lot of subscribers. Thanks again.
    1
  1515. Yeah, he was under financial pressure. It's so sad.
    1
  1516. Thanks for commenting. As far as I can tell form my research, the effects of that were not really understood.
    1
  1517. Thanks for commenting. It's unclear in the presently available public information if they had any new engineering signing off on adding those lifting eyes after the fact. It seems crazy to add them without it being specifically engineered. I am giving them the benefit of the doubt at this point, that they cleared it with a structural engineer. Maybe the final NTSB report will clear it up for us.
    1
  1518. This has been brought up a lot in the comments. It may not be that easy to do. The outer viewport changes shape as the pressure increases, so keeping the second inner element in focus might be hard. If you look at pictures of the front dome when they are deep there is a lot of condensation on the inside of the titanium due to moisture in the sub and the temperature outside cooling. You may get into a situation of condensation between the two elements. Any gap between the two elements would have to be kept clean. So, if it were easy to do it would have been figured out years ago for spherical viewports. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1519. Thanks for you thoughtful comment.
    1
  1520.  @AquaticMammalOnBicycle  Yes, carbon fiber has been used for pressure hulls before Titan. But not to 4,000 meters multiple times. Deep Flight Challenger is not a good example though for the concept, it actually failed to do anything worthwhile. I think a single deep dive? The Navy's ASUS sub was a glass composite, unmanned but really successful. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1521.  @AquaticMammalOnBicycle  Yes, on that point I agree with you. Stockton did talk about it as if it were a brand new idea.
    1
  1522. Thank you for your supportive comment and I agree with what you said.
    1
  1523. @ Thanks for commenting. So, some people with resources like to do expensive adventurous things. That was Stockton's business model for this, he wanted to tap into that market. An example is paying to climb Mt Everest. It's hard, but you don't need to be a mountaineer any longer to do it. Trips to the Titanic was adventure tourism but with no effort, just an expensive joy ride. You need to watch my video on this. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
    1
  1524. Phil, interesting report. It sounds like you were set up to look for them and you knew what to do. They are not visible at all observing locations. I have theories about why that is which I allude to in Shadow Bands Part 2. I will discuss it further when I release Part 3. Thanks for your comment. Gordon
    1
  1525. It made 13 successful dives to the Titanic wreck site. It was 6 in 2021 and 7 in 2022. None in 2023.
    1
  1526. Ha, ha. You could have a career at the NTSB ;)
    1
  1527. Yes, a lot of stuff was missing from the testimony. But it was complex. Overall I thought the Coast Guard and the NTSB did a good job at the hearings. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1528. Thanks for your comment. I am glad you like the video.
    1
  1529. @ Thanks for your supportive comment. I am glad you liked the video.
    1
  1530. Interesting. I wonder where they found that detailed information because it is not mentioned in the NTSB Factual Report.
    1
  1531. You are welcome. Thanks for the nice feedback. It's appreciated.
    1
  1532. @ Agree, too many variables and nothing methodical about the process.
    1
  1533. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. You are correct.
    1
  1534. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1535. It could have if they weakened the hull enough to cause out-of-roundness. Watch my video about grinding down high spots on the hull.
    1
  1536. Thanks for your comment. They did it the way you suggest with the first hull. I don't know why they wanted lifting eyes, and there was no testimony about it.
    1
  1537. No. The point of this video is to describe working for OceanGate and Stockton Rush with sworn testimony. This is not just rumors or "hear-say." I will be making other videos with the statements from other employees that testified and you will see the pattern of the workplace environment The rest of Tony's testimony, about 3 hours of it, was about engineering.
    1
  1538. Yep, and for death-defying dive depths.
    1
  1539. Thanks for your comment. Those are all great points. Thanks for adding to the discussion. I have no idea if they knew how to properly rig this thing for lifting.
    1
  1540. Yes, thank you for commenting. You are correct, there were some regulations. He "massaged" the rules. But he managed to do it more easily because it was in international waters. In U.S. costal waters, I think he would have been stopped.
    1
  1541. Thanks for your comment. That is a great question. I am hoping we know when the final NTSB report is released.
    1
  1542. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Glad you enjoyed the video.
    1
  1543.  @Grayto  Maybe. Karl Stanley, who testified, runs a private sub-business for passengers in an un-classed sub that goes to 930 meters. Due to several factors, including U.S. regulations, he does it in Honduras. From what I could glean from the testimony there are a few shallow subs that work off of cruise ships. It is a tough business to make profitable as a solo owner. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1544. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Yes, you list a lot of the problems.
    1
  1545. Thanks for the supportive comment. Happy you like the content.
    1
  1546. Thanks!
    1
  1547. Who knows? Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1548.  @PASquared  You are welcome! I am glad you are enjoying the book.
    1
  1549. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1550. Thanks for commenting. The only testing they did with the V2 hull was four pressure "dives" at the Deep Ocean test Facility in Maryland in March of 2021. Then I believe they took it back to Seattle to finish putting in all the electronics. Maybe a couple of manned shallow dives in Puget Sound. Then right to Newfoundland to start the initial year of Titanic dives. So, to answer your question, no full-depth unmanned test dives in the ocean.
    1
  1551. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
    1
  1552. Thanks for your comment. I agree. They were "winging it." With the building of the V2 hull, it seems like no decisions were backed up by sound engineering.
    1
  1553.  @kensmith5694  Great reply, thanks. Yes, out-of-roundness is a big deal, especially with this hull.
    1
  1554. I know, it wasn't much. But I think (I am not exactly sure) that the dimension is driven by another factor and that is matching the moduli of the titanium and the carbon fiber hull. So, how do the pressure and temperature changes affect the two materials being right next to each other? There may be real engineering behind that dimension Tony Nissen, the engineer alluded to that in his testimony but did not get specific, so mpre may not have been better in some ways. But again, I am not sure.
    1
  1555. Thanks for your comment!
    1
  1556. Thanks for commenting and I agree with your thoughtful and excellent technical analysis. Tony was most worried about creep. When he did not see that he thought the viewport was perfect. I don't think his FEA was as good as Mr. Kemper's. Because Mr. Kemper found other strain issues. Maybe not immediately catastrophic, but perhaps cumulative issues. But we will never know now.
    1
  1557. Thanks for commenting. Yes, there were a lot of issues.
    1
  1558. Thanks for your comment. They did have a procedure for that. Below I have copied what was in the NTSB Factual Document. The Spencer Composite drawing for this joint has the gap at 0.06 inches. You are expert at this, do they really have spacers for 0.06 inches (front and back) in a gluing process like this, I would be interested to know. Here is the text >>According to a former director of engineering and a written OceanGate process specification, the segments and hull surfaces were prepared for bonding by degreasing with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and roughening with stearate-free sandpaper. Contact angle measurements were taken between steps to ensure active (i.e., non-contaminated) surfaces and particulates were blown away using filtered shop air (tested by contact angle to ensure it did not introduce contamination). The adhesive was mixed and applied to both the segment and hull bonding surfaces. The hull was then inserted into the C-channel. The aft joint was formed by lowering the hull down onto the segment and the forward joint was formed by lowering the segment down onto the hull, the entire assembly oriented vertically. Spacers within the joint controlled the bond line thickness.
    1
  1559.  @timdion9527  Agree with yu. And i edited my original reply, the dimension of the glue joint space was 0.06 inches.
    1
  1560. Thanks for your comment. I don't control the advertisements, YouTube does that automatically. Sorry. I guess at the start they can put an ad in that is not skippable, but during the video, YouTube sys the ads should be skippable after 5 seconds.
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  1561. Yes, he did. I did not see the lawyer interject much. Phil did make it a point, a few times, to say he was not a mechanical engineer and relied on Stockton and Bob Shuman for those issues.
    1
  1562. Yes, the satellite is lit from below from reflected light form the Earth. Remember it is only dark for the narrow width of the path of the umbra.
    1
  1563.  @cachetheline  The reflected light from the Earth is the answer. That is what I meant about the fact that the narrow path was the only area of darkness. The rest of the surface of the Earth is illuminated well and bouncing a lot of light upward. I have an exposure of the corona from which my 1-second exposure illuminates the surface of the Moon due to Earthshine! And because the pass happened right at C3, the sky is still dark enough to see the satellite lit from below against the darkened sky. The same thing happens on a normal day to the underside of the satellite, but you can't see it because the sky is overwhelmingly bright from the Sun.
    1
  1564.  @cachetheline  Yep, you got it now. It's lucky timing and illumination. Just guessing, but 15 or 20 seconds later the sky might have been too bright to allow the satellite to be imaged distinctly from the background sky brightness.
    1
  1565. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
    1
  1566. Boeing was involved very early on, and actually quite briefly in 2012-2013. It was Spencer Composites that provided most of the strength analysis and that was for the first hull. They predicted a safety factor of about 2.25for the first hull, but they were way off!
    1
  1567.  @BiggestCorvid  Thanks for that story. A couple of engineers pushed back on me a bit. I expected some of that. But it was the engineer Bart Kemper that opened my eyes that it could be simplified. Sure, a cylinder is a bit more complicated, but if he was okay with the simplified analogy, so was I, so I talked about it.
    1
  1568.  @geoffmorgan6059  Agree!
    1
  1569. In this video, I admit my stupid mistakes! Even though I was an astronomer and should have done better, I made errors when planning my gear for two southern hemisphere solar eclipses. The way things flip when you go across the equator is hard to practice for. I hope this video helps some people out when planning for the eclipses in 2019 and 2020, both of which cross South America.
    1
  1570.  @darioadrianz  great! The weather looks like it will cooperate. I am with a tour group so I will be in their rented field.
    1
  1571.  @darioadrianz  I am not sure where he is located, but he is at this eclipse.
    1
  1572.  @robertbackhaus8911  Thanks for your reply. In a perfect situation, the hull would have compressed equally in the center of the case. Just a slight circular indentation, like a supermini hourglass. Spencer Composites predicted that the center would move inward more than the ends (at the rings). The issue is that OceanGate with the manufacturing process caused so many asymmetric and varying weak spots, that it's impossible to model how the hull would take the pressure. Loads in damaged areas had to be redistributed to neighboring matrix and fibers and if out of roundness occurred, the risk of buckling failure was much greater.
    1
  1573. Yes! please do it!
    1
  1574. Pedro, I have had no reports of the app crashing when loading GPS data on any devices. If you are putting in your coordinate data manually, make sure you are putting the data in using the decimal format with minus signs for this eclipse (-). For example: for the beach in La Serena, Chile you would enter Latitude -29.90561 and Longitude -71.37429. The other thing I would do is turn off your phone and re-start. If you have further issues contact me using the technical support email solareclipsetimer@gmail.com. This email link is on the About Screen in the app. Thanks! Gordon
    1
  1575.  @miguelservetus9534  Thank you!
    1
  1576. Jason, I just found your channel via this video and I liked this video a lot. The thing that kills me about electric vehicles and folks who are "green" and believe they are helping save the planet is: where does the power come to build your electric vehicle and then to re-cycle that big nasty battery when it has reached its end of life? Everyone has a "bromance" with Elon Musk, but did he excavate the land and build all of his factories with "clean" electric trucks and construction equipment? Are his huge factories completely off the grid regarding the power needed to assemble a "clean" vehicle? Are all of his subcontracted parts suppliers off the grid too? Do all of his thousands of employees who drive to work use "clean" vehicles to get there? Is fossil fuel used to install and maintain charging stations around the country? Is fossil fuel used ti maintain the server farms and the computer and internet capability to download updates to the cars? Is fossil fuel use to charge the car in your garage at night? And my biggest issue, how much power is going to be needed to eventually recycle all of those nasty 1,000-pound batteries? So in the "big picture" how much fossil fuel is used to produce, use and eventually mothball an electric vehicle? That is what needs to be studied, understood and published. Electric vehicles are not a "renewable energy manufacturing chain" from start to finish; meaning factory building, to vehicle end of life is not all done with windmills and solar panels. So I suspect that folks buying electric vehicles to be "green" would be alarmed about how much fossil fuel is used for them to be "green'. Can you do a video tho answer this question? Thanks!
    1
  1577. Thanks for commenting. Besides learning the errors in engineering, hopefully, some good will come out of this tragedy. Like closing the loophole of passengers being called "mission specialists" so they are considered crew. And operating in international waters where a nation's maritime safety rules are hard to apply. That's why we care.
    1
  1578.  @Jef-1-f  Great! Glad you liked the video and thanks for your support.
    1
  1579.  @Woodman-Spare-that-tree  Yep, I don't know what he was thinking.
    1
  1580. Lorena, thank you for your comment. I had the same plan, I was going to stay in Neuquen and drive South to the path on eclipse day. In the Spring I was making plans and already had hotel reservations in Nuequen. Then when I started to arrange flights it began to look like the pandemic was going to ruin international travel. So I had to cancel my plans to make it to the 2020 eclipse. Thanks for watching the video and please watch and share the other videos and post comments or questions. Good luck in 2020. My app worked great in South America in 2019, so I hope you are going to use it in 2020. Gordon
    1
  1581. Sorry, you did not take the time to watch the content. Your comment even though it is negative, is still an engagement, so it still helps me with the algorithm and gets the video recommended to others. So thanks!
    1
  1582. I am sorry you did not watch it. It does have good content. I did spend the time to put time stamps in the description so you could've slipped ahead. However, even your negative comment still helped me with the algorithm, so others will have the video recommended to them. So thanks.
    1
  1583. Thanks for your comment. Yes, this is the joint where they applied the epoxy by hand.
    1
  1584. Thanks for commenting. I agree.
    1
  1585. Thanks for your comment. I am not sure about that. My next video is going to be about the hull's other issues. Watch that and then see what you think.
    1
  1586. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1587. Hi, thanks for your comment. That is a good point and I like the use of the word "chagrined." She gave honest testimony to the best of her recollection (I believe). She was on day 6 of the hearings, so I am sure she was aware of some of the subjects that were touched during the previous days. I think, to some degree, she felt she had the "wool pulled over her eyes" by Stockton. I actually felt for her when she gave her closing statement and cried. Her employment at OceanGate will trouble her forever.
    1
  1588.  @richardkudrna7503  Yep.
    1
  1589. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
    1
  1590. Thanks for your comment. I agree.
    1
  1591.  @red3874  Thanks for your comment. I actually hope that OceanGate did have engineering guidance for adding these lifting eyes, and I say so in the video. However, the publically available information on the Coast Guard site or in the testimony does not mention additional engineering or the welding contractor. Do you have a reference for the information you mentioned? Thanks.
    1
  1592.  @red3874  Great, thanks I will look into that information.
    1
  1593. Thanks for this great comment. That is so cool that your father has had that many dives in Alvin! He must shake his head in confusion about this Oceangate thing.
    1
  1594. I agree. But in the big picture, maybe it's hard to adapt aerospace engineering to the marine environment. This means using Boeing and NASA. It doesn't mean you shouldn't try, but you are breaking new ground and it is risky. It needs much more unmanned testing and it has to be over-engineered = you have to be very conservative and safe with the engineering predictions.
    1
  1595. I don't know why. Good point. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1596. Thanks John, I am working right now on some changes that will make it better. Monitor this YouTube channel and tell tell your friends and family who now have an interest in eclipses about it. Excerpts from my lectures on eclipse photography are located on my website here solareclipsetimer.com/photo.html
    1
  1597. @ Great to hear. I appreciate the feedback. Thanks.
    1
  1598. Great. Thanks for your comment and your support. What you got from it is exactly what I am trying to achieve, breaking it down and explaining it.
    1
  1599. Hola, me alegro que te haya gustado el video y creo que te ayudará a hacer este tipo de imágenes en el próximo eclipse. Es muy gratificante completar con éxito este tipo de imágenes. Recuerda, mi aplicación y mi libro de preparación para eclipses están disponibles en español. El libro tiene una versión en español para iPads de Apple y tabletas Android de Google, y esta información fotográfica y mucho más está contenida en el libro. Entra a mi sitio web en la descripción de este video. Por favor comparte mi trabajo con tus amigos que estén interesados en el eclipse. Gracias de nuevo por su comentario. Hello, I'm glad you liked the video and I think it will help you to make this type of images in the next eclipse. It is very rewarding to successfully complete these types of images. Remember, my app and my eclipse preparation book are available in Spanish. The book has a Spanish version for Apple iPads and Google Android tablets, and this photographic information and much more is contained in the book. Enter my website in the description of this video. Please share my work with your friends who are interested in the eclipse. Thanks again for your comment.
    1
  1600. You may not think so, but this is an interesting and complex story. The controversies revolving around engineering is fascinating for those who enjoy science and technology. The personalities involved are compelling to those who enjoy that aspect of the story. If you are sick of it, you will have to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is making a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. I hope you don't stay continually annoyed.
    1
  1601.  @BType13X2  Good comment. Yes, you are referring to Karl Stanley, his testimony was great. All of his public interviews about OcenaGate are great.
    1
  1602. About 120 miles wide in Texas, and about 106 miles wide in Maine.
    1
  1603. The images in this video were with a Nikon D5000. This year I will be using a Nikon Z6II.
    1
  1604. Thanks for your comment. Tony would have agreed with your first point but not your second point.
    1
  1605. Hey Destin, I am crazy about the Apollo program so I really enjoyed this video! Gordon
    1
  1606.  @cudedog  Yes, basically they would act independently which is weak. You need to watch my latest video on that, search YouTube for the title OceanGate Titan Hull - Porosity & Glue; Porosity & Glue; Porosity & Glue
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  1607. I know, it sounds crazy. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1608. Thanks for your supportive comment!
    1
  1609. Thanks for your comment Merrill. Glad the video gave you something to think about.
    1
  1610. Thanks for your comment. I agree.
    1
  1611. Agree. They just should have used a standard dome-style window for which all the strength engineering was worked out. However, the so-called "experts" at NASA ended up giving them some bad advice about the carbon fiber layup. That's a topic for an upcoming video.
    1
  1612. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject.
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  1613. Thanks for commenting. I know. this is a detail that is not discussed a lot.
    1
  1614. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. This was of course video of the first hull. But I bet they glued the second hull the same way. The thing that really scared me about the 2nd hull was making the hull in one-inch thick segments and then having a layer of glue to bond the next 1-inche segment to the previous 1-inch segment. The implosion images showed how those layers just split apart. I mean, who trusts glue in a construction like this, with those kinds of pressures?
    1
  1615. Thanks for your comment. It is a word, I had to look it up. Wouldn't be my first choice however.
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  1616. Adele, yes, dark adaptation occurs during the entire partial phase progression. The question is whether or not it is deep enough or dark enough to experience the Purkinje Effect. This effect can start within about 5 minutes before 2nd contact when in the path of totality. So a very fine crescent in a deep partial phase has a great deal of dark adaptation. You need to watch my latest video, which I uploaded a week ago called Eclipse Purkinje Effect https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpisePffCd4 This explains the decrease in LUX, the Purkinje Effect and visual light spectrum changes in depth. Thanks for your question.
    1
  1617. We waited to approximately mid-totality to take the corona shoot. A few seconds off would not be noticable in the image.
    1
  1618. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1619. Great! Glad you liked it and thanks for commenting.
    1
  1620. Thanks for your comment. Glad you liked the content.
    1
  1621. Thanks for commenting. So glad you had a great day and saw the eclipse!
    1
  1622. Thanks for commenting. You can't lift from the carbon fiber hull. The domes alone weigh about 3,600 pounds, plus the rings and the landing gear. That weight would all be hanging off the ends. And you can't sling around the bottom of the landing gear because of getting the Titan off the dock onto the LARS. It was a tight fit, and the landing gear of the Titan had to slip into a track on the LARS to get locked in. So, they couldn't have a sling across the bottom.
    1
  1623.  @SF-fb6lv  Thanks for your reply. I agree.
    1
  1624.  @noyb7920  I agree with you. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1625. Yes, it worked through deep dive 19. Those depths and pressures are unforgiving. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1626. Your guess is as good as mine. The story is intriguing and confusing at the same time. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1627. Thanks for your comment. Very well said.
    1
  1628. Yep, I wasn't perfectly clear there. One set of parallel sides will be sharp while the other set of parallel sides will be fuzzy, but it is happening at the same time with the 90-degree shadow-creating device.
    1
  1629. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject.
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  1630. Thanks for your comment and question. I would answer it this way. The Toray specification for the CF system used should have been just a hair under 1 inch thick after 133 plies. However, the layers were ending up just over 1 inch thick after 133 plies. Dr. Kramer attributed that gain in thickness to porosity (voids) in the laminate. That's bad. The laminate was about 2.2% more porous than the specifications for the Toray CF laminate. The final hull had an outside diameter just over 5 inches, so it had to be put in a lathe to mill off the ends to fit into the reused titanium rings.
    1
  1631. Agree. Tony Nissen, the engineer at the time, testified that he took the time to ensure the hull was vertical (plumb) so that the ring went on level and square. I think he did the best could considering those factory conditions.
    1
  1632. Agree. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1633. I agree; that is why this story is so compelling. This is a perfect example of the cliche "you can't make this stuff up." Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1634. I am wondering why you are pointing to 12:03, the testimony of Phil Brooks. Thanks.
    1
  1635. I agree with you. As I said in the video, may be they had some additional guidance from Collier Aerospace that we don't know about. I hope so. If not they were just "winging it." Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1636. Thanks for your supportive comment, I am glad you liked it.
    1
  1637. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am glad you are enjoying the videos. My goal is to make factual, non-sensational content about this story.
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  1638. @ Yeah. And he flew an "experimental" fiberglass plane for many years. But the two things are not comparable.
    1
  1639. Thanks! Glad you liked the video.
    1
  1640. @ddleupriandboast Agree with you. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1641. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1642. I agree, Co-bonded was tried so they could de-bulk after one inch thick. But, the bottom line is you can rely on glue for a deep-diving sub. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1643. I agree with you completely. Bart Kemper's testimony was great! I wish there was testimony or a document from Collier Aerospace. Marine engineering is different, those companies, and NASA, should have refused the project.
    1
  1644. I believe they followed the Toray process for curing although it is never specifically stated that they did. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1645.  @adrianneill5014  I agree. Driving the hull back and forth between factories, in the winter months, seems shaky to me.
    1
  1646. Thanks for commenting. Sure, if OceanGate built a titanium sphere, we wouldn't be having this conversation. But they didn't. They built something unique that failed and therefore has a lot to be discussed.
    1
  1647. Great! Thanks for commenting. I am glad you liked the video.
    1
  1648.  @Sparroh  Thanks for comment and I am glad you enjoyed the video.
    1
  1649.  @David-gj1wv  Sure thing, you can do anything you want as a "solo." When you start taking paying passengers it's a different deal. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1650.  @David-gj1wv  Thanks for your reply. Yes, sir, I get what you're saying, and I appreciate that. Except I would call your two examples "relatively" safe, not perfectly safe. But what is different is considering the additional risks of the unknown engineering and paying passengers. For example, would you go tandem skydiving with Stockton if he invented a new, less expensive parachute made out of Bounty Paper Towels? The passengers were fooled into thinking the Titan was well built. Remember "Mad" Mike Hughes, the "flat Earther "who killed himself in the steam-powered rocket. He only killed himself, so no big investigation was started. With OceanGate, killing four other people because of poor engineering is a big deal.
    1
  1651.  @David-gj1wv  Yes, you are exactly correct here.
    1
  1652. Thanks for your comment. I like the feedback.
    1
  1653. Thank you for that supportive comment, glad you liked the content.
    1
  1654. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1655. Thanks for the nice comment and I am glad you enjoyed the video!
    1
  1656. The first Titan hull was dropped unmaned on a line one time during testing in the Bahamas. Thanks for your question.
    1
  1657. It's a huge and fascinating story. It will be talked about for a long time, maybe forever, like the Titanic itself. Netflix is coming out with a movie about it soon, and so is the BBC. Then, the final reports by the Coast Guard and the NTSB will come out, causing another news cycle about it. You will have to work to stay away from it.
    1
  1658. Yep, like Tony Nissen said. The rings were not designed to take the weight.
    1
  1659.  @mikemurphy5898  Apparently even experts on the subject are unclear on the effects of multiple cures. I only put a short segment of Mr. Kemper's testimony on this in the video. If you are interested in his full answer search, YouTube for Coast Guard Titan Hearing Sept 25 and for that day skip directly to 9:23:00, that is when the question and the discussion starts.
    1
  1660. Thanks!
    1
  1661. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1662. Maybe. But anything you do to the viewport that is other than a spherical sector (dome), will not meet PVHO standards and will have to be extensively tested. The answer is to accept the small degree of optical demagnification and go with the known engineering.
    1
  1663. I agree. That was a great line.
    1
  1664. Correct. Thanks for commenting. I am glad you like the video.
    1
  1665. Thanks for your comment. You are correct, they did some innovative things. But, you can't engineer something new like this for a business model that you eventually want to be profitable. They would have built, tested unmanned, and destructively analyzed multiple full scale hulls. It would have taken a lot more time and money to figure it out. But you are correct.
    1
  1666.  @nicksummers8320  I agree with you. And we must remember that Space X didn't invent rocketry, they didn't try to "re-invent" rocketry either, they built upon what was known. OceanGate was trying to re-invent submersibles and when doing it trying to NOT use marine engineering. Wild story.
    1
  1667. Nice video! I have been to five total solar eclipses and developed the two best tools to help "first or second-timers" get the most enjoyment out of the eclipse. I have a solar eclipse timer app that was the #1 eclipse timing app used for the 2017 eclipse. I wrote a truly unique eclipse preparation book that will make you so prepared! Search for Solar Eclipse Timer and you will find my website with all of the information. It is also the name of my YouTube channel with hours of free eclipse preparation content.
    1
  1668. Yes, when the autoclave it and the air pockets get forced out, it is very uneven, so you get high and low areas. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1669.  @peoplez129  Thanks for your reply. I agree with you. But they didn't, and that is why we have this sad but compelling story to discuss and try to figure out why so many things in the process went wrong.
    1
  1670. Really odd story overall. I feel sure that James Cameron will make a movie about this.
    1
  1671. I think the public can get in. You should try to go! It's sad, but a historic hearing.
    1
  1672.  @ModernProspector  He had a degree in aerospace engineering from Princeton. Also had an MBA from University of California. He was intelligent for sure. That doesn't mean he couldn't do dumb and dangerous things.
    1
  1673. Agree, you had to use glue at the joint, basically to hold it together and make it watertight. And sure, the water pressure pushes them inward. It's the alternating pressure cycles on the joint and the forces caused by opening and closing the front hatch. The hatch forces were transmitted to the front ring and glue joint. I believe the front glue joint weakened. At 6,000 psi you don't get a water "drip, drip" from a leak. it becomes a catastrophic ingress.
    1
  1674. Agree!
    1
  1675. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
    1
  1676. im·plo·sion /imˈplōZH(ə)n/ noun an instance of something collapsing violently inward.
    1
  1677.  @patrm2024  It's great that you are more of an authority than the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, from which I got the definition to reply to you. Here is another dictionary definition for imploding: "to collapse inward as if from external pressure." And thank for you comment and reply, because even though they are negative, incorrect, and you are attempting to be insulting, they still count as engagement by YouTube, So you are helping the algorithm recommend my video to more people. So thanks for your help.
    1
  1678. Thanks for your comment and your thoughts on this. That is such an excellent way of thinking about it. In the video, I try to give OceanGate the benefit of the doubt and hope that they had engineers from Collier Aerospace look at the ring engineering again and provide clearance to do the lifting eyes. Having said that, I really can't believe that so much would have changed from the initial engineering, from which Tony said you CAN'T put lifting eyes on the rings, to a second set of engineers saying it's perfectly fine to put lifting eyes on the rings. That's a huge jump.
    1
  1679. Thanks for using the feature. It is unique and helpful.
    1
  1680. Great! Thanks for that supportive comment. I am glad you are enjoying the videos. I have another one in the works about dive 87.
    1
  1681. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
    1
  1682. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together separate bits of testimony on specific interesting subjects about the Titan. And without being derogatory and sensational.
    1
  1683. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1684. Great, I am glad that idea made it more clear to you. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1685. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Well said, and I agree with you.
    1
  1686. Thanks for your comment. Yes, It's amazing. Regarding Dallas, you have to be careful and distinguish between high pressure moving in and pushing out clouds from a previous storm system. That is different than water vapor rising and creating convective clouds that then go away when the radiant energy decreases and stops the supply of moisture. It may look the same, but the causation is different.
    1
  1687. Thanks for your supportive comment, and I am glad you liked the video. Yes, there are a lot of forces that need to be accounted for when you are lifting 23,000 pounds from four points on two rings glued to the vessel.
    1
  1688. Thanks for your comment. I did say 61 inches for the diameter in the video. The formula uses the radius.
    1
  1689. Yes it did. Crazy isn't it?
    1
  1690. I just came across your video and enjoyed the quality. The eclipse in 2017 was my 4th eclipse ( I was in Tennessee) and in 2019 (Argentina) I saw my 5th. I hope your are thinking about the next USA total solar eclipse on April 8, 2024. I invite you and anyone else that comes across this video to go to my YouTube channel dedicated to solar eclipse education. I have added a lot of content since the 2017 and the 2019 solar eclipses. I have more eclipse educational videos than anyone else on the internet. All of the phenomena that are seen during a solar eclipse is explained in depth in my videos, including shadow bands, sharp shadow, pin hole projection, temperature changes, affect on weather, etc.. Click on the "face" icon to the left to get there. You will also learn about my helpful app to assist you with exact timing of the eclipse combined with announcements about what to look for at the appropriate time. My app helped a lot of people enjoy the eclipse in 2017 and again in South America in 2019. It is ready for 2024 right now. Enjoy!
    1
  1691. Thanks for your comment. Tony discussed the modulus specifically in his testimony 03:12. I never heard him talk about temperature, but he may never have been questioned about it.
    1
  1692. Thanks!
    1
  1693. Thanks for your comment. You are making a great point. One of the problems was Tony Nissen had experience in both industries, aerospace, and marine, and Stockton was an aerospace engineer. They both thought they could "morph" aerospace engineering into marine engineering and make it work.
    1
  1694. Hi, On August 2, 2027, a solar eclipse crosses North Africa, and the totality duration in 6m 20s in Luxor, Egypt.
    1
  1695. Thanks for your support and for watching the videos. I am glad you like the content.
    1
  1696. Thanks for your comment. You are correct, but Stockton went to the aerospace industry for help. The marine engineers never would have helped him build it.
    1
  1697. Thanks for your supportive comment.
    1
  1698. Thanks for your comment. That is one of the things that I wanted to point out in this video with the testimony by Tony. Water intrusion at that joint is deadly. Fooling around with lifting rings or anything else that could stress that glue joint is a bad idea.
    1
  1699. Thank you for that supportive comment. I appreciate the feedback.
    1
  1700. Thanks for that supportive comment. I appreciate it. I am gad you enjoyed it.
    1
  1701. Thanks for commenting. I fear that your conclusion may be the answer.
    1
  1702. Agree. I f we are thinking about the same sub, that one was smaller an unmanned.
    1
  1703. Agree. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  1704. Thanks for your comment. I have read a fair amount about the The Trieste, which was Piccard's original pressure sphere. It was built of steel forged in two hemispheres 89 mm thick and welded to form a sphere 2.4 meters in diameter. I wasn't familiar with the name the Krupp sphere, so I looked it up and this is what I found: It was made of a vacuum-cast chrome-nickel-molybdenum-steel alloy 12cm thick. I saw no mention of glue being used to hold the pressure vessel together in either case.
    1
  1705.  @scoutdynamics3272  Thanks for replying. I will continue to research this. There is a really good article on the U.S. Naval Institute website which I will quote here "A small leak had started at about 10,000 feet through one of the stuffing tubes that brought electrical wires into the sphere. As they passed through 15,000 feet that leak began to seal, but another one began at about 18,000 feet and the inflow of water increased as they went deeper. The second leak also stopped as they continued to descend." So, this article describes the leaks through a pass-through hole. And I know of other references discussing the window cracking. I will continue to look for a reference that states that the actual pressure hull of the Triest was glued together in a manner similar to the way the Titan pressure hull was glued together. It is of interest to me. Thanks.
    1
  1706. Agree, amazing that it worked.
    1
  1707. Thanks for your comment. I know, that was an amazing line! He must have known he was fooling himself and playing with danger.
    1
  1708. At a .69 eclipse, I don't think you perceived a decrease in the LUX, or brightness in the light. That is still a lot of solar photosphere and it is still very bright. However, the lighting will appear different because the light rays become more linear and this affects the way things look. Look at my video about Sharp and Fuzzy Shadows to learn about that phenomena https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNbUcEhppn4 . The crescents between the leaves are due to pinhole projection or the concept of "camera obscura", here is my video on that phenomena https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2we2DufjDPk
    1
  1709. The answer is CLEARLY that you have to get to the path of totality! Anything less is a huge wasted opportunity! Get To The Path!
    1
  1710. The first calculations are in UT. When you load them into the Main Timer they change to the local time the is in your phones system. Make sure your phone has changed to the correct time zone if you are taveling.
    1
  1711.  @ShaunChurchill-t6o  Thanks for becoming part of the discussion, I appreciate it.
    1
  1712. Thanks for your comment and I appreciate the support.
    1
  1713. Thanks for commenting. Yes, some of the engineering decisions are confusing.
    1
  1714. Hi, thanks for your nice comment and I am glad you liked the content and the way I told the story.
    1
  1715. Merrill, I am glad this video made you think about observing these things at an eclipse. It's incredibly hard to take everything in at your first eclipse, I understand! The astronomy programs in the video are two versions of "The Sky" by Software Bisque. I have a really old version, Version 5 and I also have the newest release Version 10.
    1
  1716. Thanks Dennis!
    1
  1717. Thanks for your comment. I don't know the answer. Computer modeling of acrylic viewports is making a lot of progress. It's so cool that the engineers doing the modeling still compare the results to the Stachiw graphs (at least for now). Or, they model a viewport and do old-fashioned physical testing to prove the computer model. The day will come when the computer models are 100% trusted. However, I don't think you can beat the physics of the arch/dome.
    1
  1718. Thanks for your comment. Hope to have a good one on the carbon fiber story.
    1
  1719.  @calebmurdock2028  Thanks for the reply. I don't think I am defending Rush. But in my videos, I attempt to not be derogatory or insulting to anyone involved. I leave that to people in the comments. Your question about the cables passing through is a good one. The Titan had four pass-through fittings in the rear titanium ring. I don't know the engineering to make those water tight, but it is standard in the industry, so it has been worked out before Titan.
    1
  1720.  @bills6093  Thanks for your comment. I am doing a video about dive 80 right now.
    1
  1721.  @divemasterflipper7116  Thanks for your thoughtful comment and your support.
    1
  1722. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
    1
  1723. Yes, this will be discussed for a long time. It's an amazing story, unfortunately with a tragic ending.
    1
  1724. Thanks for your comment. And that bit of information. I was unaware of new holes being drilled in the aft ring. I wonder why they needed more pass-throughs for the second sub. Do you know where you read that?
    1
  1725. Thanks for commenting. Glad you learned some things form the video.
    1
  1726. I agree. I bet they would say no if they really knew how much of that sub was glued together. Not only the rings but the hull itself.
    1
  1727. Thanks for your comment. I did not want to judge in the video. But false advertising is a way to put it.
    1
  1728. Thanks for your comment. That may be true. But perhaps they could have been engineered in the beginning to be part of the design. They just never started out in the original Spencer designs. So, trying to work toward that goal may have been an oversight that they would regret later. But adding them seemed to be a mistake.
    1
  1729. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked it.
    1
  1730. Hi, thanks for the support and the kind words. Glad you enjoyed and appreciated the video and the content.
    1
  1731. You can "touch" the camera to close the viewfinder in between shots. There is also a point where you have to touch the camera to change the shutter speed. What you can't do is shift the position of the camera. Destin did not discuss the details, but the tripod was held to the ground with spikes and cable ties so it can't be moved. The camera head on the tripod was locked down right before the first shot is taken. After the first shot, you can't shift the position of where the camera is pointing, but you can "touch" it.
    1
  1732. Agree, it was a bad idea that could not have lasted over all of these deep pressure cycles.
    1
  1733. Thanks for your comment. Yes, of course. It is hard to understand what went on here.
    1
  1734. Thank you for that supportive comment. I appreciate it.
    1
  1735. Agree. You summed it up.
    1
  1736. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1737. Hi, most did go to the feeding troughs and feed after the light returned. It seemed to me to be the association of light again, after totality, to feeding, just like when the owner's son opens the coop for the first time in the morning.
    1
  1738. Thanks for your comment. Tony Nissen testified that he did not want to be responsible for the epoxy process. So, those guys doing the gluing were sent by Spencer Composites. There were supposed to be experts at this.
    1
  1739. Thanks for your comment. I feel quite sure they would have welded the lifting eyes to the rings when they were removed from the first hull and before the rings were glued onto the second hull.
    1
  1740. Thanks for your support, glad you liked it.
    1
  1741. Thanks for commenting. There are a few things to learn but they have to do with the future. 1. I am aware that the submersible community is working worldwide to try to stop the loophole of there being no oversight of a sub just becasue it will dive in international waters. 2. The rules about carrying passengers will be made more clear; stop the "mission specialist" loophole. 2. There is talk that all submersibles should have a standardized hoisting loop on the top, the design of which will be shared with the ROV community so that they all would have a standardized hook to match. Imagine for a moment if the Titan or another sub was stuck on the bottom and could be saved: where would an ROV attach to it?
    1
  1742. Thanks for your comment. So, here is why I did that in the title and the video: and I gave it some thought at the time of releasing the video. Nowhere in the original official OceanGate video of the gluing process do they use the word epoxy. Not once in the entire original video. Did you watch my video, or are you basing your comment on the title? My video is not insincere or inaccurate at all. On purpose, I used the same terminology as they did because I did not want my script to sound more sophisticated than the actual interviews in the factory. I wanted to represent them. Stockton even says "It's not like Elmer's glue, it's more like peanut butter." Tony Nissen the director of engineering refers to it as glue. The entire amateurish gluing process for a deep diving sub was a joke and I wanted to use the same joke terminology they did. I am well aware it was two-part epoxy, there is a short segment where you can see them mixing it. Please watch my entire video so you see the context of my script and edits. Thanks.
    1
  1743. Thanks for your comment. Possibly. If so, I wonder why the manufacturer did not notify OceanGate about the potential problem. I hope the final NTSB report clears that up.
    1
  1744. Looking at the recent images I believe the forward titanium ring was the failure point.
    1
  1745. Those progressing dots of light are called Baily's beads. It is light from the Sun coming through the uneven edge of the Moon due to mountains and valleys.
    1
  1746. Thanks for commenting. Yes, the effects of this were completely unknown to them as far as I can tell. I have not seen any information presented that shows they had data for the effects of this.
    1
  1747.  @biglew1161  Thanks for your reply. Think a couple of steps before you actually making the part. NASA was consulting, not fabricating. Allow me to make an analogy in your line of work. A customer comes to the engineers at your company and asks them to help design and make a part. And in the initial discussions about the part the customer mentions that the part will probably be used in an application that is beyond the melting point of aluminum. Does your company make the part because the owners don't care they just want the profit? And correct, you make the part to the best of your ability not knowing the end product's intended use. Or do the engineers and/or the owners of your company respectfully decline and ask the customer to go somewhere els because the project is beyond their comfort level. That was the position that NASA was in. To give good advice you need to know the entire picture and design with the entire picture in mind. That is my point and it is valid.
    1
  1748.  @biglew1161  Yes, sir, and thanks for replying. Thanks for more information about your workflow, and I see that your situation is different. But of course, every situation is different, isn't it? Yes, there are many, many unknowns.
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  1749. Thanks for your comment. That has been discussed a lot! Watch my three videos on the carbon fiber hull and read through some of the comments on those videos and you will see what I mean.
    1
  1750. Can you explain your comment?
    1
  1751. Thanks for commenting and you are correct. The NTSB images of the recovered forward ring have zero carbon fiber still attached to the residual glue.
    1
  1752. Thanks for commenting. I agree.
    1
  1753. Thanks, glad you like the content.
    1
  1754. Agree, that is why I made a video about the grinding.
    1
  1755. Yes sir. You are correct. It is probably not a good use of the material. It might work though, if done better and thoroughly tested
    1
  1756. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1757. Yes sir, thanks for commenting. It's hard for me to figure out how the Toray fabrication suggestions fit each situation, but they seem to indicate autoclaving at about every 4 plies. OceanGate did it every 133 plies. I don't know if the engineers at Electroimpact told them that was ok. They were the ones with CF experience.
    1
  1758. Thanks for your comment. I am gald you liked the content.
    1
  1759. Merrill, yes, you should keep all of your radiation blocking material away from the sensor, maybe 6 inches or so. There just has to be good air flow around the sensor. Yes, the thermochron device stores the data and you download the temp log data later to your computer. The basic software that generally comes with a device like this will also do a simple graph for you. Luckily now they connect with a USB connection. Some of the ExTech devices write to an SD Card, so you can take the card out and plug the card into your computer to get the data. Yes, I know pictures are helpful that is why I try to put them in the videos. I did not have time to specifically take pictures of my setup, luckily people in my group were taking a lot of general pictures and I was able to comb through those. But this setup is a good example to follow for a nice eclipse setup. Everything is setup around a big white sheet in front of you. The blue stripe in the middle of the sheet is painter's tape that marks the axis of the umbral shadow. The other piece of tape at an angle marks North. I had the shadow bands video camera and the 360 degree camera to my right. And I had an exiting umbra video camera to my right.
    1
  1760. Good question. A lot more expensive, twice as heavy, and less room for passengers.
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  1761. I was so happy that we pulled it off.
    1
  1762. Hi, thanks for commenting. Loud? I am not sure what you are hearing. I mixed that sound in myself and turned down the db's to put it in the background. It is clearly not louder than my talking (as you stated). I put it in to add some fun and interest to that section of the video which had a narration with a lot of background info. Anyway, it's only 58 seconds long and I am glad you skipped ahead and enjoyed the rest of the video. Sorry you didn't like it and your complaint is noted.
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  1763.  @juliusfucik4011  Got it. If I ever do anything like that again, I will make sure it is lower in the mix.
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  1764.  @toomanyaccounts  Thanks, I wasn't aware of that article, I will search for it.
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  1765. Agree with you. I don't know what will come of this. I have heard of two good things being discussed already 1. Folks are already working on an international standard of rules, so people like Stockton can't go to international waters and have zero oversight or accountability (but how will it pass and how does it get enforced"? not sure?) 2. Folks are talking about a standard, where all submersibles have a standard-designed hook on the top of the submersible, at the center of gravity, and the ROV community knows exactly what those specs are. So, any ROV, could grapple any submersible easily, and bring it toward the surface. (this is a good idea!). With Titan, if it did not implode and was just stuck on the bottom, how would an ROV attach to it?? To your point, the flip side of this story is, this OceanGate disaster could stifle innovation. Who knows? Thanks for your comment.
    1
  1766.  @a_felid  Perhaps. The big submersible groups are working on something. I would not get the UN involved, however. My opinion.
    1
  1767. Yep, that was another option. It could have been figured out.
    1
  1768. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content. It helps when people engage with thoughtful comments.
    1
  1769. Thanks for commenting. I agree, there were some really bad decisions.
    1
  1770. Thanks for your comment. A thick carbon fiber hull may work, maybe at lower depths and for a limited cycle life.
    1
  1771. Thank you so much for your thoughtful comment. I agree with you totally! And you got one of the main points of my video; the five one-inch layers glued together doesn't mean you have the strength of a single five-inch hull. And the porosity created by the process is a bad thing. Somehow porosity has to be eliminated if you are going to use carbon fiber for this application. If you want to go the carbon fiber route you have to test a lot! Something like, building a 1/2 scale model and diving it to depth unmanned 20 times. Then tear it all apart and see how the carbon fiber hull is holding up. Then build another one, dive it unmanned 40 times, and then tear it apart. Do this until you start to see damage and that establishes your cycle life.
    1
  1772. Great! Glad you liked it. Thanks for your comment.
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  1773. Thanks for your comment. One thing I would say is this, no matter what the cause of the implosion was, the implosion itself was an inward pressure that was going to shear off the inner rings. So, it's really hard to say if the lips failed first.
    1
  1774. Hi, Thank you for your thoughtful comment. I am happy you liked the content. With all of my OceanGate videos I try to present the facts and let people deicide on what they think.
    1
  1775. I know. That was a great moment, wasn't it?
    1
  1776. Thanks for your comment. Yep. The laws of physics are hard to beat. A dome is a dome. If you change the structure to "not be a dome" it can't be expected to distribute forces like a dome.
    1
  1777. Thanks for commenting. Yes, both stories are compelling.
    1
  1778. You are welcome.
    1
  1779. Thanks for commenting, I am glad you liked the video.
    1
  1780. Thanks for using the app. Glad it helped despite the clouds.
    1
  1781. No
    1
  1782. Thanks for your support. I am glad that the app helped you!
    1
  1783. Thanks for commenting. Yes, he wanted more room for passengers. One more thing though. Stockton also was big on the idea that this shape had length to it, so you could mount a camera at the back and be far enough away from people enjoying the view in the front to get a video of it. He really felt that the documentation helped the experience. In a sphere you can't get far enough away from any point to get a good video perspective. I know that should not be a priority over safety, I am just telling you what he has said.
    1
  1784. Great. Thanks for your supportive comment; I appreciate it. At the bottom of the video description is a link to my entire playlist of Titan videos. I am working on another one right now, specifically about dive 80.
    1
  1785.  @ArsnikBludlazer  Thanks. I am glad you found my videos.
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  1786. Thanks for your comment. The point about weight is the relationship between the total weight and trying to achieve neutral buoyancy for managing descending and ascending. And, in Stockton's case, his goal was being able to launch and recover from the barge system (LARS).
    1
  1787.  @randylplampin1326  Unfortunately you can't correct the spelling mistakes after the video is uploaded. I would have to delete it and then re-upload a corrected version and then all of the old comments are lost. It's starts over. So, the mistakes will live on; ugh.
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  1788. Hi Joe, thanks for your comment. My primary observing site was in Burnet, Texas. But the weather looked bad in Texas, as I was monitoring the cloud prediction models of AccuWeather Professional. So, I went to my secondary site in Missouri. Folks who had clearing skies in Texas, for the eclipse, actually had the clearing because an unstable weather front was moving out. Those conditions in Dallas on eclipse day were not really an example of the formation and dissipation of convective clouds. The convective cloud concept for eclipses starts with clear skies in the morning, then the formation of convective clouds, and then the dissipation of the clouds as the decrease in energy to the ground from the eclipse turns off the rising thermals that provides the moisture for the convective clouds Watch my in-depth discussion on the topic, the title is AMAZING! Solar Eclipse Disappearing Clouds - Solar Eclipse Timer. This explains what is happening in this short satellite video. https://youtu.be/XzBHEwmTZgs
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  1789. Yes, that is a fun thing to do. I discuss this technique at 10:00. I hope this video helps you understand the phenomena better.
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  1790. Ouch! One of the problems with using an intervalometer. Yes, to do it correctly, you need to stop the intervalometer, remove the solar filter, and take bracketed corona shots, then replace the solar filter, go back to your partial phase shutter speed, and re-start the intervalometer.
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  1791. Thanks for your comment.
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  1792.  @rkan2  And they had really sound engineering suggestions that were not followed. Thanks for your comment.
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  1793.  @jono1457-qd9ft  I agree with you. Those depths are amazingly deadly.
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  1794. Well, dealing with biologic systems with disease and having to heal is different that building things based on math. Two different types of complexities.
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  1795.  @themorphingorb  Understood. My day job is a surgeon. But no offense taken.
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  1796.  @DumbledoreMcCracken  Yes, this was a bad move. I am working on a video about this issue. Thanks for commenting.
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  1797.  @jarigustafsson7620  Thank you for commenting. When I present the information I try to remain neutral about the people and let the viewers make up their minds. I personally can't pick a single word to describe Tony and Stockton. I mean, they are not stupid people. They both have degrees in engineering. I think, regarding risk assessment, the two of them were dangerous together. I think marine engineering was not a strength of either of them. It's a complex story and turn of events.
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  1798. Merrill, thanks for your comment. Regarding how I have done video in the past. In 2001 I did the drift method and it did great and in 2002 I the video camera on a clock drive and it did great. The problem was that back then the camera (SONY) technology was Hi8 with a vertical resolution of only 480 lines. In 2006 I did video with one of the first Hi Def cameras, a JVC that did 720p that wrote to tape. But I observed that eclipse on a cruise ship so there was constant motion which hurt the potential quality of the 720p. For 2017 I bought a Panasonic 4K camera that had a native optical zoom with a focal length equivalent of 600mm, but I forgot to zoom it in. I kick myself every day over that! But to answer your other question: with today's video cameras you can pull nice still images off of video, although not as nice as a DSLR. But I would consider getting a a clock drive device like the Sky Watcher. You're a photographer, you would enjoy it for sky stuff. It's very easy to use. I recommended it to 2 of my friends who used it at the eclipse (not with me) and it worked great for them. I don't have one myself right now, but I am going to buy one because it is so easy to setup to do camera testing on the Sun. Check it out http://amzn.to/2FNmhvH and you would need the Latitude Base http://amzn.to/2FKz9CL . You put these on your most sturdy regular camera tripod and you have a great clock drive system.
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  1799. Great, I am glad I taught you about small photography clock drives. You would have fun with one of them. The beads photos are pretty good from this eclipse, but not perfect. Those images were from a setup working at a focal length of about 850mm because that setup also had to have enough FOV for full corona. That makes the beads small in relation to the number of pixels they cover so I can't blow the images up a lot. Also, the focus may have been just a hair off. I will try to do better at the next eclipse. If you are really going after good beads pictures you use a focal length of around 1800mm to 2000mm and a camera with a lot of megapixels. Also, you get off of the centerline a fair amount, that increases the time you see beads. I haven't thought too much about 2024 yet. I am set to go to Argentina for 2019. Also, look up the nice annular eclipse that is crossing the western USA on 10-14-23. I've never gone to an annular, but I will go to that one.
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  1800. Thanks for your comment. When I uploaded this video the type of epoxy was not even publically known. It is now, due to the Coast Guard/NTSB investigation. (Loctite EA 9394 AERO, also known as Hysol EA9394). The point of this video was basically this: the standard build for deep diving submersibles to sustain 6,000 PSI is a sphere built by welding together steel/titanium, not glue. Furthermore, you can't separate the decision to use glue from the technique of applying the glue (this video). If you are going to use "industry standard epoxy adhesives" it should be applied with industry-standard procedures, as in controlled conditions; temperature, humidity, dust control. etc. I did not see that attention to detail in this fabrication video, did you? Finally, after the investigation when the Spencer Composite design document was released, we learned that the gap for the epoxy was specified to be 0.06 inches. Do you have any confidence in that specification (in all gaps) being met by what you see happening in this video? So using glue in this sub was way more than "sounds bad" (your term). I think this video and the other Titan videos I have released are thoughtfully adding to the discussion without being sensationalized. Thanks for adding to the discussion.
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  1801. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject.
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  1802. Thank you for that supportive comment. I hope you saw my most recent one about the hull. And I am working on another one.
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  1803. Glad you liked the video. Thanks for commenting.
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  1804. Yes, you are correct on both points. The layers of carbon fiber, done 1 inch thick at a time, seemed to decrease the strength. The 1 inch layers weren't fused together. You can see that in the debris, it delaminated. But I guess they had to do it that way because you can't properly cure something inches thick. I don't know for sure.
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  1805.  @deaddropholiday  I agree. Thirteen dives to that depth is a feat of engineering. But it needed more unmanned testing. I think Spencer Composites is the problem. They under-engineered the hull and trusted the glued joints. But I don't know the numbers: Stockton was trying to balance sub size, strength, weight, and buoyancy. A five-inch hull may have been the sweet spot.
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  1806. Thank you!
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  1807. J. Stribling, great story. I am so glad you had my app and that it helped you. The reason your story is so important is that it highlights one of the important features of my app! If you have to move locations, it's not a big deal when you have my app, you just geolocate again at the new location, it calculates the new contact times and you load the new times into the timers and you are good to go. You also need to know that the partial phase image sequence times are also automatically re-calculated for the new location. Gordon
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  1808. Good comment. Tony tried to explain it during his testimony. He stated that those lips were a small dimension because they were only there to hold glue. They weren't supposed to take loads.
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  1809.  @beeble2003  I appreciate your reply. There is no data about the "other side." I discussed the only piece of public information about it. It's one single page in the hundreds of pages of Coast Guard documents. It wasn't even mentioned in the hearings. I found the one page by studying the documents, and to be fair to OceanGate I mentioned it. I couldn't spend 12 minutes on a single page with one image and no testimony about it.
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  1810. Kim, Thank you for your comment. I have finished all of the partial phase phenomena videos now. This set of videos, over 2 hours of content, is the most comprehensive set of video educational material regarding these subjects on the internet. I am glad you enjoyed Eclipse Planets and Stars. I know you used my app in 2017 and I hope you are making plans for 2024. Version 2 of the app is wonderful!
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  1811. Tony is using the work fixity. I thought that's an interesting choice of words. I would have used fixation.
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  1812.  @sebastianmuller1210  I agree with you. Thanks for posting a reply.
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  1813.  @NGC1433  Thanks for your reply. I agree, the behavior of composite laminates under pressure is hard to model. The NAVY had a very successful unmanned glass fiber composite submersible called AUSS (Advanced Unmanned Search System). But it was a much smaller diameter and was designed to be unmanned.
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  1814. The app does include PPISC. You have to load a good set of times into the Main Timer and then go to the Home Screen and tap the partial phase image times. Then you will get he screen with the clock times. The app does not have any announcements between C3 and C4. After all the activity following C3 the app tells you the next notification is 4th contact. the the app will contact to 4th contact. PISSC times are not announced.
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  1815. Great! Glad you enjoyed it and thanks for commenting, I appreciate the feedback.
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  1816. Thanks for your comment.
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  1817. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate you noting that I am trying not to be sensational about the Titan accident. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject.
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  1818.  @lordaizen8004  Interesting. I haven't heard about that.
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  1819. Merrill, the small cock drive mount is a very portable Takahashi mount that they don't make anymore. So on that mount I had a Takahashi telescope with a camera at prime focus with a 1.5 crop factor. That system was working at about 850mm. Also on that mount, I had a 1000mm zoom setup with a full frame camera and I had the zoom backed down to 800mm. Also on that mount, I had a 4k video camera that was supposed to video the eclipse events close up, but that is the camera that I turned on but forgot to zoom in so I do not have that diamond ring to Baley's beads sequence from this eclipse. I do have a camera sequence of about 40 images taken rapidly during the Baley's beads sequence both going into C2 and coming out of C3 and I intend to make a video with those. All three of these devices were aligned so ther all tracked together. You should go to my website solareclipsetimer.com/photo.html, there I have excerpts/slides from 8 sections of the lecture I was giving before the eclipse on eclipse photography.
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  1820. Glenn, four answers to the re-focus on the long focal length rig for the eclipse. 1. Yes, as your gear warms from being out in the Sun the focus can change. How much I don't really know, but this is a standard practice in outdoor photography and eclipse photography. 2. You could bump your focus and not be aware of it if you don't check. I did this in 2017. My pictures of the partial phases were in focus until about the 5th one, and then the rest of the eclipse was slightly out of focus. Luckily it was on my second camera. 3. This is a high eclipse, pointing to 67 degrees in the sky, if you have a heavy zoom lens, zoomed out, gravity can work on the lens weight, pushing it inward. 4. It's hard to focus on the limb of the Sun, sunspots help greatly for focus, but during the partial phases when you can zoom in on the point of the "banana," you can get great focus. For a long focal-length eclipse rig, 600mm will be great. That is what I am using this year.
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  1821.  @glennz8352  Good. Remember to re-tape your focus after each time you play with it. A strip of painter's tape works fine and doesn't leave a residue. Got to my website and on the home page download and print out the 4 helpful PDF documents I have the links to. My website is in the description.
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  1822.  @glennz8352  Glenn, yes Photographer's Mode is only timing announcements. All of the casual announcement are replaced by timing announcements. You should have someone else run the app in regular mode for the partial phase phenomena announcements. It would be fun for you too.
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  1823. Agree!. Thanks for your comment.
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  1824. I think they did at some point. I have a picture of it in the video.
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  1825. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
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  1826. Yes, I wish you had known about my work before the eclipse. Subscribe to my channel, I will be posting new educational videos now that the eclipse is over.
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  1827. Merrill, thank you for you comment. I am glad you liked the video. Part 2 is about the color spectrum and you will enjoy that one. When you watch both of them, I think you will understand the big concepts about this fascinating stage of the eclipse. Both videos are a little long, but I wanted to explain the concepts a few different ways and then time adds up.
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  1828. Thanks for your comment.
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  1829. Hey Destin, Gordon from Solar Eclipse Timer checking in! Great video, I really enjoyed it! It was fun to see you use my app and fun for me to hear it in the background as it helped you through the eclipse, especially regarding the removal of solar filters. I love all the videos on the internet (from 2017) that show my app helping people get the best experience out of an eclipse with their families. It "warms my heart"! It's gratifying that my love of eclipses, my experience with eclipses and the app technology of mobile devices has allowed me to reach out to so many people and help them. Since 2017 I have populated my YouTube channel, called Solar Eclipse Timer, with many educational videos about how to enjoy an eclipse to the fullest. I hope your subscribers will use my channel as a resource as we all plan for 2024 with a great eclipse in the USA again. As always, thanks for you support of my work! Gordon
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  1830.  @TikkaTCM  Not really. He was under oath; it is his sworn testimony. Right now this video is out of context because it is my first one about working with Stockton Rush. Other employees paint the same picture and I will be working on more videos.
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  1831. Thanks for your comment.
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  1832. Thanks for your nice comment!
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  1833. Good observation. At that point, it was just a few seconds after the diamond ring and there were some high cirrus clouds dampening the light. It was perfectly safe for short naked eye peaks. But NOT safe magnified at the point!
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  1834. Great. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked it.
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  1835. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  1836. Thanks for commenting. You are correct. This is an interesting point for those who think the failure happened at the glued joint. It's also another interesting engineering decision story. But, of course, the hull could have just been crushed.
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  1837. Thanks for your comment. That is one of the reasons I put the Toray spec data chart in at 4:00. When properly laid up and cured, they test for compression and it is not bad.
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  1838.  @moalboris239  I agree. Thanks for your reply.
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  1839.  @treavorwhitlock5606  Thanks for your comment. Yep, then one test dive, decide the dome is fine, and trust it to go down to 4,000 meters. They got away with it
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  1840.  @BKai714  Interesting point.
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  1841. @ Good points about other UV exposure. Did you watch my other video, where I discuss that they had to transport the hull 55 miles after a layer to get to the factory to do the curing? They 55 miles back to add another layer of carbon fiber. Then back again 5 times.
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  1842. @ Oh yes, I know. I am a surgeon.
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  1843. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the video.
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  1844. Hi, thank you so much for that nice comment! It means a lot to mean! I am passionate about trying to help people have the best eclipse day experience they can.
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  1845. Hi, thanks for the comment. Glad you liked the video.
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  1846. Thanks for commenting. Possibly?
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  1847. Thanks for your comment. Yes, I see your point. Sure, wood in different states can behave differently as can different types of wood. It did not occur to me to get deep into those details, but your point is valid. I guess, my focus was comparing wood in a state in which it behaves similarly to carbon fiber laminate for the purposes of this video. Thanks for pointing that out.
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  1848. Agree. Thanks for your comment.
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  1849. Thanks for your comment. I am not sure. The hull is off the mandrel at this point. They are done. They may have put some kind of protective coating on at this point, but I believe the peel ply was to set up for the next layer of glue. Since this was the last layer, not another film glue layer to be applied, it don't think they would have used the peel ply here: but maybe.
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  1850. Great point. I think that the horizontal direction is due to the shrinkage during the de bulking but the fibers don't shrink, so they "gather a bit.". There are no good pictures of the grind spots on the inner layers that allow a guess on their orientation, but I image they were mostly horizontal also , since the process is the same.
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  1851. Thanks for commenting. All of your points are correct.
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  1852. Good point. I agree with you.
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  1853. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject.
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  1854. Thanks!
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  1855.  @timrink256  That's great! Thanks for your support! I am so glad the app helped you enjoy the two eclipses.
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  1856. Agree.
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  1857. Thanks. Glad you enjoyed the video.
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  1858. Thanks for commenting. It seems like they did that at some point. See the image at 5:08.
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  1859. Great! I am glad it helped you.
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  1860. Thanks for your support!
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  1861. Thanks for commenting. The final report from the Coast Guard analysis has not been released yet. Certainly the junction of the carbon fiber hull to the titanium ring and that glued joint is very risky. I did a video about the glued joint, based on the process used for the first hull,. However, the carbon fiber hull could have collapsed in any area. I am currently working on a video about the main hull construction and the possible weak points. An implosion caused in any area, hull or ring, would probably have resulted in the inner flange of the titanium ring to shear inward.
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  1862. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the video.
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  1863. If that is happening then you do not have the 2024 data set loaded in the app to work with. Tap the button that say Select An Eclipse To Time, on the next screen the last one on the list is the 2024 eclipse. Just tap the line to load the eclipse. You will get a confirmation dialogue box confirming selecting that eclipse. After that you will be working with the proper data set and things will be correct.
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  1864. Thanks. As I said at the end of the video, the viewport had some engineering issues, but I believe it was the hull that failed.
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  1865. I agree with you. Thanks for your comment.
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  1866. Thanks for commenting. Glad you like the video.
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  1867.  @gaius_enceladus  I agree with you. You should watch my video from about 3 months ago. I think you would like it. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Titan Disaster - A Culture of Risk - The Engineer's Words
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  1868. Hi, thanks for your nice comment. This story interests me and I am trying to make content that is thoughtful and without hype.
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  1869. No, I do not think the altitude would affect the Purkinje effect. It is all related to the slow decrease in LUX
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  1870.  @simsnqta  Possibly. The story is so complex and the NASA stuff happened a few years ago so the testimony seemed to have some memory lapses.
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  1871. I just came across this eclipse day video! I enjoyed it! However, I have to say, as an eclipse specialist, you should NEVER put a camera light in some eclipse observers face! One of the most important things during eclipse observing is for you eyes to dark adapt so you can see the fine filaments of the corona better. The camera lights constrict the pupil and delay dark adaptation for many additional minutes, ruining dark adaptation for the remainder of totality! So I suggest listening to my input and NOT doing that in 2024. I have two YouTube videos explaining eclipse lighting and vision. I was in Madisonville, TN observing my 4th total solar eclipse. In 2019 I saw my 5th in Argentina. For you and anyone else that comes across this video as we all prepare for the next USA solar eclipse on April 8, 2024 I invite you to visit my YouTube channel dedicated to eclipse education called Solar Eclipse Timer. On that channel I have the most comprehensive group of eclipse education videos on the internet. I have videos that explain everything about the phenomena that occur during eclipses. I also have videos on eclipse photography and videography. Click on the face icon to the left. And you can learn about my solar eclipse timing app, Solar Eclipse Timer, for eclipse day. The app is ready for 2024. Enjoy!
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  1872. You know, you are correct, I should have stated some points at the beginning of the video to make it more clear. The video of the gluing process is of the first hull and it was a promotional video released by OceanGate. There is no video available of this gluing process on the second hull. But both carbon fiber hulls were glued on the same way and the titanium rings were reused, so it really doesn't make a difference. However, thanks for your comment and I have updated the description to try to clear that up for viewers in the future.
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  1873. Agree.
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  1874. Thanks for your support. 99% of the comments have been great. I have enjoyed them. People have been making good points.
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  1875. Yes, there is. I don't know how he trusted this thing. The more I look into this story to do these videos, I am still amazed.
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  1876. Thanks for your comment. You are correct.
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  1877. Randy, thanks! Much more to come. I am really excited about a shadow bands video I am working on. I hope to have a meeting this week with some scientists from NASA that I collaborated with on shadow bands analysis for the 2017 eclipse. Once I confirm some details with them I will finish that video and post it.
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  1878. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Thanks for watching my video.
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  1879. Yes, the dome fell off. Thanks for commenting. But it was on the deck of the Arctic Horizon while they were still on the LARS. They just got dragged back onto the deck. I have tried to find out why all the bolts weren't in at that point, but I am not sure. It was after dive 61, and they may have been taking bolts out (routine) and did not have the dome properly supported. That dome weighed over 3,500 pounds, and the "hinge" on the left side (looking towards it) wasn't really a hinge. It could not support the weight. It was more of a pivot point. When opening the dome, it had to be supported at the bottom as it opened.
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  1880. Thank you. I appreciate the support.
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  1881. Thanks for commenting. I have an interest in engineering projects that go wrong. We are in between eclipses now, so I am working on this.
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  1882. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
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  1883. Thanks for your comment. I was trying to be conservative with the number. The only data I had to go on was that the NTSB counted 47 in a cut off end. Your point about the cross section is correct. I think those ends were about 8 to 10 wide. I used 12 inches for the easy math in a 8 foot hull and to be conservative. I couldn't just make up a number and there is a chance that the ends would have been worse than the center of the hull and I mention that. Again to be conservative. Concerning the size and shape, a guess can be made by the scale presented on the enlarged humps images. It would be a small circle or a small oval, hard to know since the image is in one dimension. But who knows what the variability was around the hull and on the different layers. It all depended on the de-bulking affect at any particular area. Maybe most are horizontal/longitudinal, but variable I am sure. Concerning the oval I put on my picture, to be honest, I did not give it much thought except not to use simple circle.
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  1884. Thanks for your comment. I feel sure that for the second sub, they would have welded the lifting eyes on the rings when they were not attached to the new carbon fiber hull. OceanGate made some weird decisions for sure, but I don't think they would have done that, especially after they were warned by Tont on the first hull.
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  1885. Thanks for your comment. Yes, some of the guys who have commented about proper rigging with cranes has been interesting.
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  1886. Thanks for your comment.
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  1887. Agree. I think Karl Stanley really had Stockton, his family's history, and Stockton's desire to make an impact figured out. Karl was seriously pissed off, Stockton could have killed him with that Bahamas dive. It was the third deep dive of that hull, after the lightning strike, and crazy sounds of active delamination occurring! If you haven't already, watch the very end of Karl's Coast Guard Hearing testimony where Karl tries to go into that family history and the board chairman cuts him off. Hearing, September 24th, begins at 6:21:56.
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  1888. Thanks for your support. Glad you liked the content.
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  1889.  @philf4086  Ok, have fun!
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  1890. Thanks for that. I appreciate the support.
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  1891. So, Stockton trusted the sub enough to continue to pilot it to the depths of the ocean. On one hand "he went down with the ship" as its captain and in other scenarios that is considered courageous. But in this case, it's not, because he put other regular people at great risk with him. Since he killed himself there is a dilemma about the aftermath of this tragedy. Let's say this was a dive that he wasn't aboard, and he did not die. It would have been absolutely amazing to see him (at some point under oath) have to explain the engineering, his math, his choices, and his workarounds to ignore the warnings from other experts in the field. Since he never submitted the sub for classing, the actual engineering diagrams and math have never been made public. It will be interesting to see if the actual engineering ever gets to be seen and analyzed by experts. As an aside, I hope that James Cameron makes a movie about this. This entire story and the character development would be amazing.
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  1892. Michael, thank you for watching the video and making a comment. I hope you watch some of my other videos as you prepare for the 2024 solar eclipse. The theory behind the creation of shadow bands is probably some sort of refraction. I agree with that. The question that I don't think is answered is at what level or altitude in the atmosphere is causing the refraction. I don' like the pool analogy because the ripples at the surface of the pool, that cause the refraction, (air water interface) are completely random and the Sun is a full globe when most people see the effect on the bottom of the pool. I've seen shadow bands at three of the five solar eclipses I have been to and the are always relatively straight streaks that move in rows because the are caused by the straight slit of light of the final crescent phase. I watched dozens of shadow band videos on line and they always form some form a a repeating row pattern. They never look like the random patterns on the bottom of a pool. So although the refraction origin maybe the same, the visual end result looks different.
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  1893. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am glad you like the content.
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  1894. Thanks for your comment. I have been waiting for this comment, you're the first, so you win! I did that because the sub's original design measurements were in the English system.
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  1895.  @Drimirin  Thanks for commenting.
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  1896. Thanks for your comment. I just released a video about the glue film layer. You should watch that one. Search YouTube for the title OceanGate Titan Hull - Glue Layers Were Breaking Down - No Clues
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  1897. Thanks. Glad you liked the video.
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  1898. Thanks for the positive feedback! Glad you liked the content.
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  1899.  @PetesGuide  Hi, thanks for your comment. I did acknowledge the other victims in another video I did. But in this video which was all about Stockton, I did not add the others. Search YouTube for this video about the first Director of Engineering "OceanGate Titan Disaster - A Culture of Risk - The Engineer's Words"
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  1900. You may not think so, but this is a complex story. Remember that a 19-year-old tragically died. The Coast Guard Titan Hearings ended at the end of September 2024, just 5 months ago. All of this new information provided under oath was made available then, and it is being sorted through slowly. The engineering and the personalities involved are fascinating. Analyzing it may provide for updating the maritime regulations so this never happens again, so it's really important for it to be investigated. If you don't care about it, you will need to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is making a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. It may be talked about for decades, just like the Titanic wreck. Therefore, I hope the Titan story doesn't annoy you too much. Thanks for commenting, even negatively, because it helps me by making the algorithm suggest it to more people.
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  1901. It's a wild story, isn't it?
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  1902. Great. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the video.
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  1903. That ended up being a spontaneous response that was funny in retrospect.
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  1904. Thanks for your comment. Glad You enjoyed the video.
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  1905. I just went to the annular in New Mexico to practice with some gear for the total. The total in 2024 will be my 6th eclipse. If you want to be completely prepared for 2024, you should look at my two tools. My app is called Solar Eclipse Timer. It was the #1 eclipse timing app used in 2017. It geolocates for you, calculates your exact contact times, and then talks you through the eclipse. I have a new feature in the app called Photographer's Mode, which I developed with Fred Espenak. Then, I have the best preparation book available called "Eclipse Day 2024 and More! How to Enjoy, Observe, and Photograph a Total Solar Eclipse." My YouTube channel for eclipse education is called Solar Eclipse Timer. Get to the path and have fun!
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  1906. You start the sequence by taking the first partial phase image in the top left hand side of the frame. You have to plan ahead for the Sun to move across the sky about 40 degrees from the beginning to the end of the eclipse.
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  1907. Thanks for commenting. Yes, there were several bad design ideas. Investigating the actual cause is interesting. It will be interesting to see what the final NTSB report says.
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  1908. I agree with you. They should have stopped using the hull after dive 80.
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  1909. Correct. Thanks for commenting.
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  1910. Thanks for commenting. Experience in that industry is pretty clear, for those depths you need a titanium sphere.
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  1911. Thanks, glad you liked it.
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  1912. Yes, you are correct, and thanks for commenting. Both the Challenger and the Columbia disasters could have been prevented. The problem occurs when management gets too far removed from engineering with complex projects. That is why we have to study the failures. Thats is what NASA would not let Butch and Suni come to Earth on Starliner. NASA learned.
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  1913. The Hollywood screen writers are worried about the same thing right now and it is part of what they were talking about during their strike.. Scripts written by AI that are a mix of old scripts; how will anyone get paid for previous work that is used. It's the progression of technology and it's a problem. The same thing happened many years ago with Broadway plays when live musicians in front to the stage were no longer needed because of taped soundtracks. Not sure what the answer is?
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  1914. Thanks for commenting. Tony was aware of it, I believe. Although he never specifically talks about temperature, they did do some pretty sophisticated analysis to match the behaviour of connecting dissimilar material. At 3:12 is a discussion of moduli. But you bring up a great point.
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  1915.  @fridaycaliforniaa236  Thanks for commenting. Out of the total amount of dives for the V1 and the V2 hulls, the total comes to 88 dives and 90 % of those were shallow dives. But the V2 only made about 30 dive and only 15 deep dives.
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  1916. Glad you liked it.
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  1917.  @vileidol  Thanks for your support; I'm glad you're enjoying the videos. I am not an engineer or an expert, I just have an interest in this subject, and I am studying the testimony to try to tell educational stories.
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  1918. Thanks for your comment. I think Stockton was moving ahead no matter what issue popped up. I can't even guess what problem would have needed to happen for him to give up. The only thing that stopped him with the V1 hull was an obvious, visible crack in the hull.
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  1919. Great! Thanks for your support! I am glad you are enjoying the videos. I am working on another interesting one right now.
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  1920. Thank you.
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  1921. It is due to the unevenness of removing air pockets when pressure sutoclaiving and some unevenness in the laying of the fibers.
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  1922. Agree and I question that too. It's like the old saying" Where's the adult in the room." I don't know why some engineers at some point could not put a stop to this. Thanks for commenting.
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  1923. Thanks for your comment. The V2 hull made 6 successful dives to the Titanic in 2023 and 7 successful dives to the Titanic in 2023. In 2024, due to bad weather and a technical problem, on the dive before the implosion dive, the implosion dive was the first attempt in 2024.
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  1924.  @shades_of_midknight  Thanks for your reply. I am not a carbon fiber laminate expert and it is a little hard to read the Toray specification sheet for the product OceanGate was using. But from my reading, it seems that Toray recommended debulking after every 4 plies. This would likely keep things smooth. OcenaGate and Electroimpact chose to do the first de-bulk after 133 plies. That shrinking as porosity gets removed causes the fibers to hump up, because they are too long for the new diameter.
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  1925. Thanks for your comment. Yep, lifting eyes were never engineered into the design of the rings before the first sub. So, in between the two hulls, they just decided to weld them on. I do not know if they hired any additional engineers to sign off on that modification or not.
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  1926. Thanks for your question. One of Stockton's big things was that he wanted a long hull to fit 5 people and have "depth" for photography. He loved the idea that you could have a camera at the back of the sub and be able to take an image of people looking out of the viewport at the front of the sub and enjoying the view. It was important to his concept of adventure tourism. Doing this size and shape out of titanium would be too expensive and too heavy. With a sphere-shaped submersible, it's hard to make one big enough for five people, and you still don't have that ability to have "depth" for camera angles.
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  1927. That is a great question! I did not put the testimony by Phil Brooks about this in the video, but he stated that they built a plastic tent around the Titan when they did the grinding and the workers wore protective gear. I assume breathing protection also. They knew it was toxic. Thanks for commenting on that.
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  1928. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  1929. I don't control the ad placement, YouTube does that.
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  1930. Thanks!
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  1931. Thanks for your comment. You summed it up well.
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  1932. Thank you for watching and taking the time to write a comment.
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  1933.  @lindboknifeandtool  I agree with you. The other thing is, what if in his talk he said "the hull is made layers, each one inch thick with 133 plies, and then five of them are glued together." That doesn't sound quite as good as "667 layers of carbon fiber," does it?
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  1934. Thanks for your comment. The bridge analogy was based on the testimony from the mechanical engineer Bart. Kemper. He knows what he is doing and I thought that was an amazing testimony and a great way to simplify the discussion. There certainly can be more to it, seeing that this is a cylinder. But he felt comfortable enough with that analogy to present it under oath.
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  1935. Hi Stuart, thanks for commenting. Have a great eclipse!
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  1936. Great. Glad you liked this video
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  1937. Thanks!
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  1938. Thanks for your comment!
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  1939. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you.
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  1940. Good thinking. The satellite is lit by the light reflected back up from the Earth. It is dark only in the path, but plenty of light is reflected upward. Since the brightness of the Sun is blocked in the path of the eclipse, it allows you to image the satellite. On a normal day, the Sun overwhelms the sky with light so the satellite would not be visible.
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  1941. Thanks for your comment. I agree. This video is of the V1 hull being glued. The V2 hull was done the same way. In pictures of the wreckage from the NTSB you can see the imprints of the uneven application of the epoxy.
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  1942. I think you are referring to dive 87. In that case, the sub was fixed to the LARS by the rear pins on the landing gear.
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  1943.  @crpgap9595  Okay, that is fine to say. However, I would respond; if you have no intelligence you won't manage to graduate high school. You have intelligence if you graduate from Princeton with a degree in aerospace engineering. How about this, another viewer in a previous reply said it best, "you can have intelligence and no wisdom." I liked that line a lot.
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  1944. Thanks for your comment. Yes, I imagine you saw my video about grind marks?
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  1945. Thanks for the supportive comment.
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  1946. Thanks for the supportive comment. I am glad you liked the content.
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  1947. Thanks for your comment and support. I am glad you like the content of the video.
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  1948.  @klamser  Another great technical comment. Thanks for adding to the discussion. Of course, it's beyond the scope of my knowledge, but I wasn't building the sub. OceanGate was responsible for determining whether they had the proper help (consultation and manufacturing) to do this project correctly or give up on it.
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  1949.  @marekstanek112  Yep, those are two good points.
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  1950. I don't know. As I said in the video, Stockton got it in his mind that in compression underwater, the sub wasn't going to experience torsional moments, so he thought he did not need cross-plies. It was just an incorrect assumption.
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  1951. Agree!
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  1952. Thank you for watching the video and for your support. It's appreciated!
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  1953. Thank you for your supportive comment. I am glad you are enjoying the videos.
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  1954. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. I agree with you. The C-channel had complex loads. There was some downward deflection of the hull. There was inward compression by the end domes. There were two different materials, although they were engineered to match the moduli. The hand-applied epoxy to a joint that was specified to be 0.003 inches wide. Finally the stress of the new lifting eyes and the risk of weakening the epoxy joint and causing water intrusion.
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  1955.  @majorfierce  Hi, thanks for your report also. Yep, 2024 was a great one! Do you think you will ever travel internationally for one?
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  1956. Thanks for commenting. Watch Tony's entire segment starting at 7:27. Your question will be answered in that segment.
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  1957. Great question.
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  1958. Thanks for your comment and thanks for watching the video. I am happy I helped you understand it.
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  1959. I just came across this eclipse day video! I enjoyed it! I was in Madisonville, TN observing my 4th total solar eclipse. In 2019 I saw my 5th in Argentina. For you and anyone else that comes across this video as we all prepare for the next USA solar eclipse on April 8, 2024 I invite you to visit my YouTube channel dedicated to eclipse education called Solar Eclipse Timer. On that channel I have the most comprehensive group of eclipse education videos on the internet. I have videos that explain everything about eclipses. Click on the face icon to the left. And you can learn about my solar eclipse timing app, Solar Eclipse Timer, for eclipse day. The app is ready for 2024. Enjoy!
    1
  1960. Great! Thanks for your comment and support. Glad you are enjoying the videos.
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  1961. Ryan, I am working on it. I met with my three NASA scientist-friends last week and showed them my analysis of 3 shadow band videos from three different sites. One of the sites was my video. We are working on some new interesting hypotheses right now. We are planning to have another meeting which will include the NASA atmospheric guys. We need their data on the temperatures at different levels and the wind speeds at different levels. So it will take a little longer for that video, but when I do it, I assure you it will be interesting. The video I plan to work on next is convective cloud dissipation as the penumbra cools the observing position's local atmosphere.
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  1962. Search YouTube for the Coast Guard Titan Hearings, Day 1, September 16, 2024, it is easy to find. The 18 minutes is just about the employment situation. Tony talked about a lot of interesting engineering in the 4 hours. But that was not the point of this video.
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  1963. Great! Thanks for your report! Glad the app helped you enjoy the eclipse.
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  1964. Thanks for your comment. For the second sub, no test dives in the ocean. The only testing was the five simulation dives in the Deep Ocean Test Facility.
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  1965. Thanks for your support. I am glad you liked the video.
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  1966. Great! So glad you liked it. Thanks for taking the time to comment.
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  1967. @ Yes sir. Thanks for the thoughtful reply.
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  1968. That is a great question. Yes, wires, both control wires and power wires, need to pass through the hull. There were watertight fittings through the rear titanium ring to pass those connections. I wish I understood how they make those fittings watertight under those pressures, but I don't know the engineering.
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  1969. I was quoting them ("glue") on purpose. In the video, no one on the Ocean Gate team ever says the word epoxy. In fact, in his testimony, Tony Nissen stated he did not like the product that Rush chose to use. Nissen said he would have preferred to use something with a little flexibility.
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  1970. Thanks for commenting. I agree.
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  1971. Thanks for taking the time to write that supportive comment. I appreciate it, and I am glad you are enjoying the videos.
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  1972. ​ @mrjjman2010  I agree with you. It got to the Titanic 13 times, 3,840m. And in 2022, it got to the Titanic on four consecutive dives! It also had one dive to 3,500m, one dive to 2,900m, and two other deep dives, 1,700m and 1,380m. You can also count the five high-pressure dives in the Deep Ocean Test Facility done before the expeditions as cycles (3,000m, 4,000m, 4,200m x 3). So, that is 20 deep pressure cycles (if not including the 1,380 and the 1,700). That would be considered a success if they were all unmanned dives with a carbon fiber hull test program before the implosion. Or if they stopped unmanned testing short of imploding and did destructive testing to learn how the hull dealt with the pressures. But, imploding while manned with five people makes it a failure.
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  1973. Hi, all the links for the app, Apple and Android and my book are on my main website. The hyperlink is in the video description. Thanks for your interest!
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  1974. Thanks for your comment. The first thing they did was saw off the rings from the first hull. The second thing was to mill out the carbon fiber from within the C-channel without harming the titanium. The third thing was that the hull had too large of a diameter for the ring channel, so they milled down the outside of the hull to allow it to fit.
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  1975. 6 minutes and 20 seconds in Luxor. The longest one left in our lifetimes.
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  1976. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you. Watch my three videos on the hull fabrication. But the glued joint is interesting also as a failure point.
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  1977. Reasonable question that I am happy to answer. On the inside surface of the CF hull they had spacers that ran the entire length of the hull. The spacer was about 3/4 inch in height. Then a stiff insert was slipped into the hull but held away from the hull by those 3/4 inch spacers. That gap allowed room to mount the acoustic sensors and the strain gauges and run the wires to the computer that was in the back. So, I feel sure that anything you see mounted on the inside of the cabin was only mounted onto that insert, not into the hull. OceanGate did some odd things for sure, but I don't think they would have screwed directly into the inner layers of the CF hull. Thanks for your comment.
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  1978. @ I agree with you. Thanks for your comment.
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  1979. Hi, yes, you are correct, reflected light from the Earth. But the reason you can see the satellite during the eclipse is because in the path of the eclipse, the sky is dark enough. On a normal day it would not be visible due to the bright Sun.
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  1980. Thanks for your comment because it helps me with the algorithm, but I don't understand your point.
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  1981. Thanks. The viewport controversy, the engineering, and the concepts are really interesting.
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  1982. Ryan, glad you liked it. I have many more interesting eclipse related videos to do. Stay tuned.
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  1983. Merrill, thanks for your comment. I enjoyed doing this video explaining the eclipse sharp and fuzzy shadow effects. I am getting ready to upload a video about the pinhole projection phenomena. I am still working on shadow band theories and analysis of some videos with my NASA friends, so that will take a little longer.
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  1984.  @JP-eu2dc  No, 1/400 will be too slow. The rings and beads are too bright, you will not get nicely defined beads.
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  1985. Good comment. I don't know. Tony testified, seeming to indicate that those think lips were not the issue. But I agree with you, I don't know about hose thin lips.
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  1986. Thanks for your comment and great question. I don't think you would want to lift the vehicle by the hull. Tony had it all planned out, it was engineered to be lifted from the lower portion of the landing gear. They just had to follow the original engineering and not cause all this controversy and the potential problems.
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  1987. Thanks for your comment. You may not think so, but this is an interesting and complex story. The Coast Guard Titan Hearings ended at the end of September 2024, just 4 months ago. All of this new information provided under oath was made available then. It takes a lot of work to go through it and put it together in cohesive stories. If you are sick of it, you will have to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is doing a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. I hope you don't stay continually angry about it..
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  1988. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  1989. Thanks for your comment. There may be a job for you at the NTSB. Ha, ha.
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  1990. Thank for the support and watching my videos. Another Titan video is coming soon.
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  1991. Thanks for your support and I am glad you liked the video.
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  1992.  @Habitatu  I did not want to get into it with this video but the Toray Pre-Preg system they used was supposed to be debulked at a much lower amount of plies. I looked up the specifications, but they were hard to sort out. But it seemed like Toray recommended autoclaving every 4 to 6 plies. I could not see anywhere in the specifications that doing at 133 plies was going to be acceptable. Thanks for your comment.
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  1993. Merril, Thanks. I don't want to repeat myself too much, but I never got to see the news broadcasts on eclipse day because they were editing the footage immediately and sending it to the studio for broadcast. Since I was at the observation site without a TV I had no idea how they were edited. So I was lucky this weekend when I came upon the internet story about Sweetwater doing the "Reclipse Day" and saw that WBIR re-posted the eclipse day newscasts. So I captured them and put them together. It's an easy way for the 30 people who came with me to the eclipse to re-live the day. Gordon
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  1994. Thanks for your comment. I have heard from others that EA9394 is weaker at lower temperatures. Thanks for bringing that up again.
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  1995. Thanks!
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  1996. Yes, yes. I agree with you. The hull was going to flex inward under pressure even without grind spots. That was modeled. But if the hull was weakened by the grind spots it would be totally asymmetric and unpredictable. So there could have been areas of the hull that deflected more. And those areas may correlate with where the glue broke down, And if the glue is breaking down in an area, then that area is no longer behaving like a 5-inch hull; it's a 4-inch hull, or a 3 inch hull and it deflects more. And then you eventually get the big delamination which probably occurred on dive 80 as shown by the strain gauges. Thanks for your comment.
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  1997. Thanks for your comment. Interesting. That is something that did not come up in the hearings, and I hadn't thought about. Thanks for adding to the discussion.
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  1998. @antizh Oh yeah! I knew what boat he was referring to. Way cool!
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  1999. Agree. It needed lots and lots of monitored unmanned testing.
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  2000. Thanks for your comment!
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  2001. Thank you for this thoughtful comment and explanation. I can't follow all the math, but I get the point. And what this video is about; how could the engineers involved trust the film glue as a crucial component.? I don't know.
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  2002. Thanks for your comment and your support. I am glad you liked the video. I agree. The NTSB pictures of the ring from the V2 hull after the implosion show imprints of the variation in the application of the glue. It looks just like the application process.
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  2003. Thanks for your comment. Yes, there were so many issues.
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  2004. Thank you for your comment. I love teaching about eclipses.
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  2005. Thanks fro your thoughtful comment. You summed it up well. I am amazed also. They knew the hull was going to flex inward in the center, so I don't understand how they trusted the glue design between the layers. That is why I used the LVL analogy at the end of the video, to make that point.
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  2006. Thanks for your comment. The reason this needs to be studied is because 4 passengers were killed, and it exposed the loopholes in the current maritime regulations that allowed it to happen. If Stockton had just killed himself, it wouldn't have been quite as big of a deal. Although it may have still created that huge media frenzy about the Coast Guard search. Do you remember the daredevil "Mad" Mike Hughes, who killed himself in a stream-powered rocket launch in February of 2020 in Barstow, California? One crazy guy killing himself did not create this kind of far-reaching investigation.
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  2007. Yes sir, you are correct. Smaller diameter and always unmanned.
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  2008. There may be a job for you at the NTSB. Ha, ha. Thanks for your comment.
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  2009. Thanks for your comment and I am glad you liked the content.
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  2010. Thanks for your comment. This was not a construction video so I needed to skim over some to the details about where you can and cannot notch floor joists on the top or bottom. The engineering for floor joists is well tested and spelled out. Not so much with a on-off carbon fiber hull. My point in the video was not to compare defects on the top versus the bottom, but that an excessive number of defects on the top, the load side, weakens the joint.
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  2011. Yes, that is an issue.
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  2012. Thanks for your comment. Watch the segment starting at 05:23 that compares the Titan to Alvin. Stockton had some specific design goals when building his submersible: 1. Lower weight. Titan weighed 23,000 pounds, and Alvin weighs 40,000 pounds. That much more weight, to use all titanium, makes neutral buoyancy for a submersible much harder. 2. The lower weight also meant being able to launch and recover with the barge technique (LARS) and not needing a huge ship with a huge A-frame crane to launch and recover. The LARS concept was a big deal for Stockton. 3. Bigger cabin at the lower weight. The Titan can fit 5 people, and Alvin can fit 3 people. 4. The cylindrical shape. Stockton had this big thing about depth of field in the sub for photography. He liked this shape because he wanted to have a camera in the back that could record the action in the front: meaning to take videos of people enjoying the view in the front. In a sphere, you can't get far away enough from any point to do that. I am not saying any of these things justify using carbon fiber for a deep-diving hull. I am not saying that the build and testing were adequate (it was not). I am just telling you why Stockton chose carbon fiber.
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  2013. Thanks for your comments on this. My first thumbnail version had the title sections in "callouts" as if Stockton was saying those words. Which was my intention. But with the "callouts," it looked "busy" to me (so I didn't use it). But after reading your comment, I see that my title can be taken wrong. So, I just changed the thumbnail to the one with the callouts and adjusted the title. I think it is more clear now. Thanks.
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  2014. That is true, you are exactly right. I did not want to go into the details of all that in this video, because the video was already too long and this is not a construction video, so I had to skim over it. Thanks for commenting.
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  2015. @ Sure thing, thanks for replying. It's always a tough call to know what to add or not to a video like this. I have to stay on point (the sub) or I lose people's interest. To be honest, I almost stayed away from the joist analogy altogether, but I thought in its simplest form it helped the concept, so I put it in. You and I could probably make a 10-minute video just on where you can notch a joist. I am glad you like the content though.
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  2016. Thanks, I am glad you have enjoyed my content.
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  2017.  @tjroelsma  This is so true. The second hull should have just been a test hull with dozens of dives to depth. I think they would have found the faults in the second hull and then had to build a third hull (perhaps thicker). But how much money is the whole idea worth in the end? It's not a winning proposition. It can't work as a business.
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  2018.  @les8489  Thanks for your comment. When the engineer Bart Kemper was asked this question, he testified that he had no good answer for the effect of 5 cycles of heated curing on the hull (350 F for 120 to 180 minutes - Toray specs), and when he ran it by his team of engineers, all together, they had no good answer. Some of that may have had to do with the total thickness ending up being 5 inches. and multiple layers being cured a different number of times.
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  2019. I agree with you. That joint was bad for compression and decompression cycles.
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  2020. Thanks for commenting. It seems like a lot of the recommendations were just phone calls. It was all remote consulting due to Covid. It doesn't seem like there was a lot of detailed analysis, at that point, for the type of thing that he is talking about. There may not be a large paper-trail documenting what was going on at the time.
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  2021. Thanks.
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  2022. I agree, especially when the original engineering did not include them as a point to put the lifting loads. Thanks for commenting.
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  2023. Agree with you.
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  2024. Thanks for commenting. Correct, but the outer layer transfers the compression to the other layers. That is why for maximum strength the layers must behave as one.
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  2025. Hi, thanks. Glad you enjoyed the video.
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  2026. Thanks for your comment. Then this vidoe helps support your opinion on that and it very well could be so.
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  2027. Sure thing. If you missed the eclipse that crossed the U.S. on 4/8/24 and you want to get to one, you will need to be prepared for international travel. Do you have an interest in Spain, Egypt, or Australia? Follow my YouTube channel and my website to get prepared. Thanks for commenting.
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  2028. Cool that you heard that! That was my son, coaching Destin's son, on the section of imaging diamond ring and Baily's beads. They both had a great time!
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  2029. Agree, Thanks for your comment. It is an amazing story.
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  2030. Thanks for your comment and your support by using the app. Sorry about the clouds.
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  2031. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  2032. Thanks for your supportive comment. I appreciate it and I am glad you liked the video.
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  2033.  @Jimmy_Cavallo  I don't really go by the ND stop categories because it is from the photography world. The old TO black polymer passes about as much light as glass. The New TO SolarLite passes about 2 1/2 stops less light than glass. I can' really say off hand what your transmission will be.
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  2034. Thanks, I really love to teach about eclipses!
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  2035. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. You are correct. A perfectly made solid 5-inch carbon fiber hull might possibly work. But in this case, five individual layers that are not functioning as one will not have the strength.
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  2036.  @Erowens98  Agree.
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  2037. @ Oh, I agree with you on the size of the government, for sure. Don't misunderstand me. But this is where we are. And actually, I respect the NTSB for what they do. There are really smart folks in that organization and they have improved pubic safety with their findings in the past. And we all have to respect our first responders who bail out the general public when they get themselves into bad situations. Thanks for your thoughtful reply.
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  2038. Destin, this is Gordon from Solar Eclipse Timer. Love this video, nice work! I took a few images from my front yard. Lunar eclipses are really pretty. Not quite as exciting as a total solar eclipse, but they are still a great event. I am not sure about the line right now. I am giving it some thought. Good work again!
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  2039. Thanks for your support.
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  2040. Yes sir, I agree. Thanks for your comment.
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  2041. Thanks for that nice comment!
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  2042. Go to my YouTube channel for a great start Solar Eclipse Timer.
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  2043. Very nicely done! great video! I love discussions about black holes. Thanks for making it, from Solar Eclipse Timer. Preparing for 2019.
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  2044. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am glad you like the content.
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  2045. Thanks for your supportive comment. Yes, I have ideas for more videos that are in-depth on subjects. You are correct about the strain data for dive 80. Oceangate always plotted strain versus time. That did not allow them to see the problem clearly. The NTSB guy, Dr. Kramer took the OceanGate data and plotted strain versus depth, and that made the issue more clear.
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  2046. I thought the interesting thing was that Boeing was making a specific recommendation for fiber plies at 45 degrees. But Spencer Composites and OceanGate chose not to do it. So, it's more like Boeing "tried" to help.
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  2047.  @zhentaa  Thanks for your comment. Correct. They said that their designs took into account 45 degree plies and they did not have designs that did not include those. They are experts in this. Their design with 45 degree plies, as per their analysis, came up with at least a 7 inch hull. They warned that other design characteristics or defects occurring in manufacturing the hull would lead to a get thicker not thinner a hull. They did say specifically that the 45 degree plies had the benefit of possibly decreasing propagation of defects occurring in the other directions of plies should they start; they had reasoning So, at this point we don't have information on how Spencer Composites came up with a 5 inch hull and no 45 degrees plies. Spencer said that their design could go to 6,000 meters for a thousand dives. So, my thought was, why get Boeing involved if you are not going to take their advice. I thought that testimony was eye opening. The Coast Guard did a great job and I don't know how they got people to testify; the one disappointment I have is that they did not have anyone testify that was DIRECTLY involved with design or manufacture of either of the two full sized hulls. Thanks again for your comment.
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  2048. I agree. All of the other layers were ground down for two reasons. 1. to have a smooth surface for the glue film to lay smoothly over. 2. to prevent the humps from getting larger with additional, because they saw failures at these defects in their tests when the defects were large. It probably did not occur to them that humps on the last surface were still a strength issue. But then grinding those down would have made a strength issue also. No win situation.
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  2049. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together separate bits of testimony on specific interesting subjects about the Titan. And without being derogatory and sensational.
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  2050. Yes, good observation. This was dealt with to the degree they could predict with the design and thickness of the titanium ring junction point. Trying to match the behavior of the carbon fiber which was right next to it. It's complicated with the adhesive in between them (another variable).
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  2051. Thanks for commenting.
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  2052. Thanks for your supportive comment.
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  2053. Thanks!
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  2054. Yes, this is a huge unknown. The first layer is cured 5 times!
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  2055. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  2056. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
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  2057. Destin, very entertaining video! So glad we had great weather for this eclipse. The setting eclipse was spectacular, wasn't it! I've already looked ahead, the next good accessible "setting" eclipse will be on the North coast of Spain, August 12, 2026. I am already planning for that one. Gordon.
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  2058. Thanks for your comment.
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  2059. Merrill, thanks for your comment. I visited the site before the eclipse, in June. Yes I know, most folks did not think about the significance of having an easily accessible Point of Greatest Eclipse to visit. I did, I had been thinking about it for years before the 2017 eclipse, I knew I would plan a trip to it. Going out onto the field and standing on the point gave some "realness" to this technical detail about eclipses. Glad you enjoyed the episode.
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  2060. Thanks for commenting. Correct, under full pressure, 6,000 PSI on the hull, there is no way to predict the behavior of those areas regarding the alternate paths of load distribution.
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  2061. I haven't read that about the number of bolts for a dive. I don't imagine they would do that. However, there was a time when they only put a limited number of bolts (I think 4) in while the sub was on the LARS on the back of the Horizon Arctic and the weight of the front dome (over 3,000 pounds) sheared the bolts off and the dome fell off and fell on the deck of the LARS!! Crashed down right on the acrylic dome on the deck of the LARS!! They put the dome back on, did one shallow test dive, and then continued to dive it deep. This about that; the freaking dome fell off and hit the deck! There is a great picture of it on the internet! I can't post a hyperlink. Search this term on the internet and you will find it. CG-102 IMAGE OF TITAN AFTER FORWARD DOME FELL OFF_REDACTED
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  2062. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
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  2063. Hi Susan, watch the long version video of the chicken behavior, that explains it all. https://youtu.be/_WHql-QKkrg
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  2064. @ I am glad you liked the content.
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  2065. Good points. Looking at the recent images I believe the forward titanium ring was the failure point.
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  2066. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  2067.  @mikeshedhead3568  Thanks for your thoughtful and supportive comment. I am glad yo like the video.
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  2068. John, from what you described it seems like you did see shadow bands. Great! They are very low contrast shadows and generally are wavy or look like fluttering shadows. Then the entire group of the shadows will have a group motion, in some direction, so the entire visual experience is complex. They can vary in appearance all along the path or observing position. Some positions may not see them at all. Since they are so low contrast it is best to spread out a white sheet in front of you, or look at the ground area in your observing area that is light colored, like light colored concrete. You can see the white sheets spread out in my other "Eclipse Horizon" video that is a spinning camera. I have shadow bands video from 3 different observing positions in Tennessee that I am analyzing. I am working with some of my NASA solar scientist friends to come up with better theories of how they are caused. When we have some conclusions I will be posting a detailed video about shadow bands, so stay tuned to my channel. Regarding the overall experience of enjoying a total solar eclipse, it is very difficult to actually teach someone how to take it all in. There are just too many experiences to absorb. So you do the best you can and that is why Solar Eclipse Timer was so helpful to people, at least it provided a little direction. I have heard from many people that said they would not have seen shadow bands at all if the timer did not remind them when to look for them. This new YouTube channel I am creating will be a great resource now. I am going to work hard to make this channel the place to go to to learn about enjoying a total solar eclipse. Especially as I prepare people for 2024.
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  2069. Thank you for your supportive comment and I am happy you enjoyed the content.
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  2070. I have a picture in the video where they seem to be lifting it from the top side of the landing gear on the first sub.
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  2071. Thanks for commenting and adding to the discussion. I just want to state a word of caution about the expired carbon fiber story. That was disputed by the OceanGate attorneys at the hearing and questioned by the chair of the committee. It came up during the testimony of Bart Kemper on September 25th at around 9:23:20 mark if you want to skip to the section where the discussion starts and hear it for yourself. I think we will have to wait for the final report to come out to know for sure. I hope the final report addresses that specifically and clears it up.
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  2072. Great! Glad you liked it. Thanks for your support.
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  2073. Thanks for your comment. Yes, I agree. Carbon fiber at those thicknesses is hard to fabricate and monitor. It wasn't a good idea for a sub.
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  2074. Thanks for commenting on the video.
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  2075. Yes. I noted that in the description with a correction. Thanks.
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  2076.  @markwaters7802  I agree with you. They had a written protocol for the prepping before glue application. But I don't think I have ever read a specification for how rough they wanted the titanium surface. The written procedure is copied below. Regarding the titanium, they say " Lightly roughen the bond surface of the FWD segment using an abrasive." Prep the FWD Titanium End Segment 1. Degrease the bond surfaces of the FWD titanium end segment (see detailed procedure) a. Record the contact angle throughout wiping process 2. Use procedure to check the abrasive for stearates or other contaminant before Step 3 3. Lightly roughen the bond surface of the FWD segment using an abrasive 4. Degrease the bond surfaces of the FWD titanium end segment one final time a. Check Surface Analyst reading throughout degreasing process. Continue until Surface Analyst yields desirable resu
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  2077.  @MrRavellon  Valid points, thank you for commenting.
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  2078. Thanks for your comment. Those are all great points. Thanks for adding to the discussion. I have no idea if they knew if the four lifting eyes were getting equal loads or not. Probably not.
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  2079. Yes, that was dive 80. They registered a permanent change to the stain gauges in one group associated with a loud band and they ignored it and chose to keep diving. They should have quit after that dive. Thanks for commenting.
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  2080.  @JuliusCaesar888  Exactly
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  2081. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
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  2082.  @abbynormal4740  I do not know if that was looked into.
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  2083. Thanks for your comment. I agree.
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  2084. Thanks for your comment. Yes, there were other ways to do it. However, they may have been concerned about adding too much additional weight. The weight of the sub is a big deal because it has to do with its buoyancy. Both to sink down to the Titanic and also to ascend by dropping weights. either in a routine dive or in an emergency ascent.
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  2085. Thanks for commenting. It is actually wild to hear them talk about it like it's no big deal.
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  2086. Thanks for your comment, and I agree with you. A lot of smart people were involved with this, but there seemed to be continually shaky decisions. Each one decreasing the safety factor a little. No one seemed to fully comprehend the risks. I think they all were swayed by Stockton's aura of confidence. That is what is so compelling about this story.
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  2087. Thanks for your comment.
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  2088. Thanks for your comment.
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  2089. Thanks for your comment. Although it's negative and you want to be insulting it still counts as engagement by YouTube! So it helps me by counting in the algorithm and therefore YouTube will offer it to more viewers. So thanks again for your help!
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  2090. Thanks for your comment. Glad you liked it.
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  2091. Thank you for your supportive comment. I am glad you enjoyed the video. I have 4 other OceanGate videos on my main YouTube channel if you are interested in more.
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  2092.  @miguelservetus9534  I have another video about Tony's testimony and his time at OceanGate. Search YouTube for this title OceanGate Titan Disaster - A Culture of Risk - The Engineer's Words
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  2093. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  2094. Thanks for watching and thanks for your comment.
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  2095. That is a good one, almost. Because they did that to the first hull also, just not as deeply. But thanks for playing along!
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  2096. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  2097.  @yopappy6599  Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. After this diaster, it is doubtful that anyone will want to work with carbon fiber for a sub. At least not for deep dives.
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  2098. I like your question. I think financially he saw it wasn't viable and got out. His other big thing has been space travel and colonizing planets, so he is back on that. His LinkedIn Account; "Founder & Chairman Founder & Chairman Humans2Venus Foundation - A global community of Venus-focused professionals dedicated to promoting Venus as a potential long-term destination for humanity." Not sure what that will achieve, but that's his thing now.
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  2099. Thanks for commenting. Not my metaphor, it was the eye-opening testimony of the excellent mechanical engineer Bart Kemper who brought that up. I was working off of Kemper's testimony in my video, which I thought was fascinating. If he says it's a bridge analogy, I feel comfortable with it.
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  2100. Thanks for commenting. I agree that the wood example is not exactly the same, but I thought it was a teaching point about the behavior of anisotropic materials and sudden failure. However, there is something to be said about weakening the compression side of a load-bearing structure, which was also my point. Regarding Stockton being able to defend the decisions, I am not sure what he could say other than the engineers told me it would be strong enough. Spencer Composites completely missed the mark with the strength of the single 5-inch hull layup. I have no idea what engineer thought this co-bonding process in the V2 was going to be strong enough.
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  2101. Thanks for commenting. Ha, ha, you are correct! I did not concentrate on the paragraph in the price quote. Amazing, everything was done without worrying about specifications, wasn't it?
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  2102. Not sure what you mean. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together separate bits of testimony on specific interesting subjects about the Titan. And without being derogatory and sensational.
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  2103.  @c6h5choh-cn82  In reality, if you're going to go that deep, the shape of the pressure vessel should be a sphere. Bottom line - physics.
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  2104. Thanks for your comment. Good question. In the instructions for glue day, they talk about using shims: " Use circumferential, rectangular shims outside of the CF hull so it is roughly axially centered within the FWD segment. Remove all 10 rectangular shims and remove them before the glue dries."
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  2105. Thanks for the supportive comment. I am glad you like the video.
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  2106. Great comment, and thanks for making it! I just completed a YouTube video about that exact subject, which I will be uploading soon.
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  2107. Hey Destin, nice video! I enjoyed this one a lot!
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  2108. Hi, thanks for your support, and glad you used the app! Will you try to travel to see 2026?
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  2109. Thanks for your comment. They did plies in two directions. Wrapping like a hoop and 90 degrees to that, longitudinally. There were two plise in the hoop direction and then one in the longitudinal direction. They did 133 plies per one-inch layer before curing. They decided not to use 45-degree plies.
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  2110. Thanks for your comment, and I agree. Do you remember this story, the daredevil "Mad" Mike Hughes, who killed himself in a steam-powered rocket launch in February of 2020 in Barstow, California? One crazy guy killing himself did not create this kind of far-reaching investigation. But when you kill other innocent people, it's a big deal.
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  2111. Thanks for your comment. I had to look up corbel vault, thanks for bringing that up, cool! So, the carbon fiber was laid down with two plies in the loop direction and followed by one ply in the longitudinal direction. That was repeated for 133 plies to get about one inch. That was done five times. If you get a chance, you should watch my hull videos. I think you would like them. The description has my OceanGate playlist link.
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  2112. Thanks for commenting. The original engineering called for always lifting the sub from the bottom of the frame.
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  2113. Phil Brooks testified, under oath, that Dan Scoville came up with the idea to grind down the high spots on the surface of the layers. It seems like a good idea only in the context of preventing the high spots from growing more with the additional layers. However, the idea did not seem to consider the carbon fiber engineering. Dan Scoville's training was in electrical engineering, not mechanical or materials. There is no testimony about who he may have asked for additional help with that decision. He may have, and we just don't know at this time. It's also unclear why the local engineers at Electroimpact and Janicki did not warn against the grinding process.
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  2114. Thanks for your comment. Glad you liked the video.
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  2115. Maybe. But most of the hull stuff was already figured out by Stockton and Dave Spencer prior to Tony getting hired. At least that is what Tony testified.
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  2116.  @patrickdix772  Gald you brought that interview up. That was a great one. That father and son could tell what the deal was.
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  2117. ​@ Definition; in·tel·li·gence /inˈteləj(ə)ns/ noun 1. the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. Stockton's education; Aerospace engineering degree from Princeton and and MBA from University of California. You don't do that if you are a dumb ass. But you can have a big ego and make bad decisions, which is what he did.
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  2118. Yes, you are correct and thanks for commenting. Both the Challenger and the Columbia disasters could have been prevented. The problem occurs when management gets too far removed from engineering with complex projects. That is why we have to study the failures. Thats is what NASA would not let Butch and Suni come to Earth on Starliner. NASA learned.
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  2119. Thanks for the support. Glad you liked it.
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  2120. Thanks for your comment. Glad you enjoyed the content.
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  2121.  @janvesely6353  Agree. The Toray product they used had specification data for its compressive strength on the spec sheet and it was not bad. It's not clear what all the parameters are, but they test for it.
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  2122. Epoxy paste adhesive (Loctite EA 9394 AERO, also known as Hysol EA9394).
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  2123. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you.
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  2124. yes, I agree.
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  2125.  @graealex  Yes sir, and they should have stopped after dive 80 when they saw this big change in the strain gauges. That was a sign of a delamination and they ignored it.
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  2126. Thanks!
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  2127. I agree. I actually believe that the carbon fiber hull itself did not disintegrate and fail. I think the glue joint of the carbon to the titanium failed. Catastrophic water intrusion at that joint. I did a video about that joint, search YouTube for "Ocean Gate Titan Was Glued! Coast Guard Reviews"
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  2128. Thanks for your comment. One thing I would say is this, no matter what the cause of the implosion was, the implosion itself was an inward pressure that was going to shear off the inner rings. So, it's really hard to say if the lips failed first.
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  2129. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you like the content. You would like my three videos on the hull andone on the viewport. I don't address non-destructive testing specifically in the videos, but I did respond to a lot of comments about that. The testimony seems to indicate that the methods available for carbon fiber start to lose their specificity after about 3 inches thick. So, not too useful on the Titan.
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  2130. Thanks for your comment. Yes the AUSS project was great. Of course, it was much smaller and unmanned. AUSS showed that composites may be possible. But composites never became the standard. There I nothing quite like titanium and welds in the deep ocean.
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  2131.  @arturzhmur8735  I will have to watch that. I believe I already saw the documentary once. I will look for it again.
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  2132. Thank you for the supportive comment. I appreciate it.
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  2133. Merrill, thank you for your comment. No, that was not Fred at our observing site. The camera tracker I was using was an iOptron Sky Tracker Pro.
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  2134. The rest of his testimony was great! The lead engineer for ABS, yes he knows his stuff!
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  2135. Ha, ha. You should apply for a job at the NTSB :)
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  2136. Thanks for your comment. Yep, made in layers.
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  2137. Tommy, it's a bit more complicated than that because remember I STRESS that my procedure works only if you are using a GLASS solar filter because I know how much light they transmit. From the exposure numbers you gave me, I am guessing that you are using AstroSolar Baader film. That passes about 2 1/3 stops more light than glass. That is why you need to have such a fast shutter speed for your partial phases. (Although, if you went to ISO 200 you could be use 1/500s which could be close to glass. Especially the new Seymour glass) . Remember the relationship I teach is from your full solar disk setting (exposure) you will know where you will be for exposing the corona when your solar filter is off. Don't confuse the two things (because your solar filter material is different). One thing is with GLASS, it lets you know where you are with the inner/mid corona, to then know where you need to be with ring and beads. The second thing is for you, to forget that in your case, and just count stops to match what you see in my book. I generally work at F10, ISO 200, and ~1/200 for the partial phases, and shoot the ring and beads at 1/1000s (2 1/3 stop less light enters for beads Chapter 14). So now you have to count stops to match me. So, for partial phases, your ISO 400 is one stop more light than me and your shutter speed at 1/1000s is 2 1/3 stops less light than me (when I am at 1/200). So, your system is already letting in 1 1/3 stops less light than me when set up for the partial phases. So your shutter speed has to be 1 stop less light in shutter speed than your 1/1000s (to match me). So, if you use 1/2000 we should be equivalent. (For beads I am f10, ISO 200, 1/1000; that should equal f10, ISO 400, 1/2000s). Also, note that a 1/3 stop difference is not a big deal. Start imaging at 30 seconds before C2. In the Appendix chapter Simplifying Solar Eclipse Photography toward the back, there is a section called Solar Filters That Are Not Glass: read that. Exposure can be counted up and down and matched between the three variables. Did you download my Master Stop Chart? It makes it easy to count stops. The link is on the front page of my website, download it.
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  2138.  @tommydaynjer5334  I think 1/2000s and start at 30 seconds before C2 and at C3 continue afterward for about 25 seconds. I will be shooting these on low continuous mode at 3fps.
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  2139.  @tommydaynjer5334  Thank for your support! Have great eclipse!
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  2140. Thanks for your comment. I did not put it in the video, because of time, but the next part of Bart Kemper's testimony was using the analogy of Bailey bridge segments. So, you are correct.
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  2141. Craig, you can do it, but you don't really need to because the motion of the Moon is doing the bracketing for you; in a way. About 20 seconds before C2 you pull your solar filter and the Moon is moving so fast that 10 to12 seconds later you are out of the diamond ring phase and going to Baily's beads. The lighting changes every split second because of the Moon moving. Before C2 it's getting dimmer and after C3 it's getting brighter. So, if you bracket with your camera you are kind of double bracketing. But you could do it, maybe a 3 shot or a five-shot bracket, but you still need to be taking as many as you can in that 20 seconds. But I have found a single shutter speed works fine because I don't want to deal with going in and out of camera program modes with my camera during this incredibly exciting time. Does that explain it better.
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  2142.  @Parallax-3D  Hi, as I explained in the reply above, it is not really necessary to bracket the diamond ring into Baily's beads. In a way, the Moons motion is doing the bracketing for you by changing the light every split second. The entire time lasts about 25 seconds. My app reminds you to deal with your solar filters with two callouts at 30s and 20s before C2. So, you need to start imaging at least 25s before C2. At 10fps you are going to have 250 images. That is a lot to sort through and the images directly adjacent to one another won't be much different. Make sure your camera can buffer at 10fps for 25 seconds straight. I plan to use 3fps, I think that is fast enough for me and my camera can do it.
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  2143. Thanks for commenting. I know. This is a detail that is not discussed a lot.
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  2144. Thanks for your comment.
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  2145. You are correct about the Euro exchange math. I quickly looked up the exchange rate number for April of 2022, but I inverted the math. Regarding correcting the optical problems with the dome, it's probably something that can be done, but at what complexity and cost. Stockton was always trying to save money. He should have used a standard dome and accepted the small amount of optical issues.
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  2146.  @seanhart8742  Hello, thank you so much for the supportive comment.
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  2147. I agree with you.
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  2148. Thanks for your comment.
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  2149. Merrill, thank you for your comment. Regarding traveling and driving. There are two parts to the story. First part: It is pre-planning the weather fronts, like I explained, and trying to pick a site with the best chances of being in a bubble of high pressure. If that works out well for you then more driving on eclipse day should not be necessary. Second part: However, if that plan is not working out and clouds begin rolling in, then it is an emergency situation and you need to make a decision to make a dash to potentially clear skies. Yes, others may have the same idea, but you deal with it. You want to see totality! That is why it is called "eclipse chasing!". If you are making an urgent drive to more clear skies you completely throw out all of the complicated photography plans you had. Your primary goal in this situation is to witness totality with your eyes, even if you have to jump out of the car on the side of the road 30 seconds before C2. So the basic plan is totality with your eyes and binoculars first. If you have a few more precious moments of setup time before C2 you might quickly pull out a video camera and try to set up for video. You get my point; if your "chasing" you prioritize seeing it with your eyes and only deal with the gear that time before C2 and where you stop the car will permit.
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  2150.  @finalmidnight  Oh, that is a good point. Thank you for explaining that!
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  2151. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  2152. Thanks for your comment. The way to attach and seal the junction of the carbon fiber hull to the titanium rings.
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  2153. Yes, that was mentioned by Bart Kemper in his testimony as a possible problem.
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  2154. Thanks for your comment.
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  2155. Great! Thanks for you comment and support. I appreciate the feedback.
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  2156. Thanks for your comment. That is a good point that you make, which I didn't consider as an additional problem since my focus was on the discontinuity. Also, with the one-dimensional picture of the hump it's difficult to know all the directions of the fibers. But you are correct. Thanks.
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  2157. Thanks for your comment and support. I am glad you liked the video.
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  2158. Thanks for commenting. You are correct. Part of the design assumption is that the domes get pushed into the hull. But that is so simplified. The forces on the glue joint are very complex.
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  2159. Thank you for your comment, I am glad you like my content! I am not exactly sure what you are asking. The concept with anything creating the shadow is that the shadow edges are shape when in line with the crescent.
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  2160. Thanks for commenting. I hope you enjoyed the content.
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  2161. Thank you. It should help you enjoy the eclipse.
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  2162.  @AB-wf8ek  Exactly correct. Thicker doesn't mean better or stronger in this application.
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  2163. You may not think so, but this is an interesting and complex story. The Coast Guard Titan Hearings ended at the end of September 2024, just 4 months ago. All of this new information provided under oath was made available then. It takes a lot of work to go through it and put it together in cohesive stories. If you are sick of it, you will have to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is doing a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. I hope you don't stay continually angry about it..
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  2164. Thanks for commenting. In my videos, I try not to be neutral regarding Mr. Rush. I try, to the best of my ability, to present the facts and allow the viewers to judge; as you have, and that is fine. When I was referring to Mr. Rush's entrepreneurship, I was also considering the other businesses/careers he was successful with, before OceanGate. His concept of tapping into the multi-million dollar high-end adventure tourism market had merit on paper. He just completely misjudged the complexity of doing deep diving adventure tourism. Then when it looked like it couldn't work, he wouldn't back off, and that took him down the road of cutting corners and making dangerous decisions. I agree with you on that. Thanks again for your comment.
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  2165. Great. I am glad that helped you understand it. Thanks for commenting.
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  2166. Thanks. I was so thrilled that we pulled off the shot.
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  2167. Notice how NASA returned Starship unmanned. They learned from Challenger and Columbia. Starship made it through the re-entry fine, and Boeing said it would be okay. But NASA wasn't going to risk the lives of the two astronauts since the thrusters were not reliable. NASA made the correct call to return the capsule unmanned.
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  2168. Thank you for your support. I am glad you liked the content.
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  2169. Thanks for your support and comment. Glad you liked the video.
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  2170.  @fredmercury1314  Thanks for commenting. The 81 number is the total number of dives for both hull V1 and hul V2. The hull V2 only lasted 15 deep dives after the four deep pressure tests in the deep Ocean Test Facility. So V2 really only survived 19 deep pressure cycles. (2021, 22, 23)
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  2171. Happy to help. Have you gone to my website and considered getting my book solareclipsetimer.com @TheDahliaQueen 
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  2172. Thanks for your comment and that is a good point. NASA may be a little different than the FDA in a way, but I know what you are getting at. You have to play by the rules and get permission.
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  2173. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  2174. Thanks for commenting and the rigging information. Yes, the dome fell off. But it was on the deck of the Arctic Horizon while they were still on the LARS. They just got dragged back onto the deck. It was after dive 61, and they may have been taking bolts out (routine) and did not have the dome properly supported. That dome weighed over 3,500 pounds, and the "hinge" on the left side (looking towards it) wasn't really a hinge. It could not support the weight. It was more of a pivot point. When opening the dome, it had to be supported at the bottom as it opened. I agree with you, even opening and closing that dome could have caused stress on the glue joint.
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  2175.  @GWNorth-db8vn  I agree with the concept you propose. I have no idea how hard or costly it would be to engineer it and build it. The other issue is keeping it focused at the different depths because the shape of the spherical sector dome changes shape under the great pressures. The focus problem may be small and correctable, I don't know.
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  2176. Good points. They tested a 1/3 scale model to determine failure in a lab. One time. The model made it to a pressure test of just about 4,000 meters in a lab, so he felt good about the design. His plan was to have that model make it to 4,500 meters of pressure, to show some "reserve" strength. It did not and he did not want to take the time or spend the money to build an test another model.
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  2177. harkinsclark is correct. There was an internal "sleeve" (insert) inside the carbon fiber hull that was spaced away from the hull about 3/4 of an inch. Things were screwed into that insert. Thanks for commenting.
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  2178. Yes, the lips on the clevis were not strong enough to hold back the implosion forces. But I wonder if the NTSB can ever say it was the initiation or not. I think it's a hard call after the fact based on the wreckage.
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  2179.  @BumboLooks  Hi, thanks for your nice comment. Yes, I tried to use my real experience with NASA to explain some of the NASA media rules.
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  2180. Thanks for the support. It takes a long time to put all the small excerpts from the different testimonies together to tell the story. Then also make up the additional graphics to clarify it further. I appreciate your comment.
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  2181. Thanks for commenting.
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  2182. Thanks for your comment. Well said.
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  2183. Great, glad you found it an enjoyed it.
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  2184. Thanks for your comment,
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  2185. Thanks for your supportive comment. Glad you lied the video.
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  2186. Thanks for your comment. The wrinkles are weak spots and when you try to fix them you create weak spots. You have to have a perfect fabrication process which is hard when you are trying to get to 5 inches thick.
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  2187. Thank you for you comment.
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  2188. Thanks for your comment and you ask a great question. Yes, there were other ways to do it. However, they may have been concerned about adding too much additional weight. The weight of the sub is a big deal because it has to do with its buoyancy. Both to sink down to the Titanic and also to ascend by dropping weights, either in a routine dive or in an emergency ascent. The entire buoyancy balance, after weighing the crew on a dive is, within 200 to 300 pounds.
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  2189. Thanks for your comment. I agree. The gluing process, the rough seas, the weight of the forward dome, and then add the lifting eyes, it makes failure at the forward glue joint suspicious, for sure.
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  2190. Thanks for your comment.
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  2191. Paul, thank you for commenting on my video. I am glad you tried to video shadow bands, it is not easy to get a clear video of them. Regarding your idea about an experiment, I have some ideas about a laboratory model for this, but I would not want to do it with water. The experiment has to be done with varying temperatures of layers of air. Actually, I personally do not like the references in books and articles that use the pool bottom example for shadow bands. It is used a lot and I think it is misleading and confuses the issue. I put the discussion of the pool concept in my video just to try to clarify it and improve people's understanding of why it is sometimes used. The pool example is a messy example for discussing shadow bands, but I could not ignore it. I think you will like my next shadow band video I am working on, Part 2, keep an eye out for that release.
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  2192. Thanks for your comment. Well said and I am pleased that you see clearly the summary of the points I was trying to emphasize as I presented the relevant testimony to tell this story. I'll bet the best engineers would have difficulty trying to model this hull, even with what we know now because the variables are so numerous.. The carbon fiber and the matrix has to work together. If either is compromised throughout the 5 inch thickness of the hull, there are going to be some unpredictable load transfers. In addition, the carbon fiber porosity was at least three times over-specification for the Toray system used. And the glue film layers had numerous voids. OceanGate gave no consideration to any of this. I am glad you liked the video.
    1
  2193.  @kensmith5694  Understand. Thanks for your reply.
    1
  2194. Thanks for the comment. It actually that color pattern to remind people to look for the Purkinje Effect during the eclipse, right before C2.
    1
  2195. Thanks for your comment. I hope the final NTSB report will provide more information about who gave the okay to weld those rings there.
    1
  2196. You may not think so, but this is an interesting and complex story. The Coast Guard Titan Hearings ended at the end of September 2024, just 5 months ago. All of this new information provided under oath was made available then, and it is being sorted through slowly. The engineering and the personalities involved are fascinating. I am working hard to do a series of in-depth analysis videos. If you don't care about it, you will need to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is making a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. It may be talked about for decades, just like the Titanic wreck. Therefore, I hope the Titan story doesn't annoy you too much. Thanks for commenting, even negatively, because it helps me by making the algorithm suggest it to more people.
    1
  2197.  @carlahaiduk1878  Sorry about that. I made it a really low volume for a short section at the beginning of the video (58 seconds). I stretched the audio file out so fewer of them played and this also decreased the pitch which sounded better and made it less noticeable. I thought it added a bit of audio interest in a part of the video that had a long narration script. Sorry, you didn't like it. But thanks for your nice comment about the content of the video! Glad you liked it!
    1
  2198. Sure thing, glue use itself in any industry is not the problem. But the second part of your comment is true, how is it used in a design and what requirements must it meet.
    1
  2199. It's a crazy story, isn't it?
    1
  2200. Thanks for commenting. Yes, you can certainly notch floor joists but there are rules for where and how deep based on sound engineering. I did not go into all the rules in this video because it's not a home-building video. Regarding grinding down plies of carbon fiber, It doesn't make sense to me and It must be difficult to computer model the effects. So they seemed to be winging it because, unlike my floor joist example, they did not have rules to guide them.
    1
  2201. Thanks!
    1
  2202. Nice video, I appreciate it, but it's not based on personal experience. This was my 4th total solar eclipse and I am compiling a comprehensive set of eclipse observing andeclipse photography videos on my YouTube channel Solar Eclipse Timer. Check it out. Thanks, Gordon
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  2203. Thank you for watching and your support.
    1
  2204. Thanks for your support! Glad you used it.
    1
  2205. yep. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2206. Thanks for commenting. The "expired carbon fiber" subject is interesting and was discussed and questioned in the hearing. It was not perfectly clear, but the OceanGate attorneys seemed to indicate that it was not expired. Who knows? I hope that is finally cleared up in the final report. I like your corona logo!
    1
  2207. Thanks for your comment and support. I am glad you like the content of the video.
    1
  2208. Thanks for commenting. I believe it is because of getting the Titan off the dock onto the LARS. It was a tight fit, and the landing gear of the Titan had to slip into a track on the LARS to get locked in. So, they couldn't have a sling across the bottom.
    1
  2209. Boy, that is a good question. Who would want to take that risk?
    1
  2210. Yes, I did not mention it in this video, though I did in my previous one. You should watch that one, I think you would like it.
    1
  2211.  @bobcousins4810  Yes, I guess you are correct. It was all a big test. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2212. Sorry about that. I hope you liked the content.
    1
  2213. @ Sorry, about that.
    1
  2214. He was an Aeronautical engineer. He was a smart guy. Marine engineering just wasn't his training and he would not listen to the marine engineers who knew better. Titan wasn't ready for risking the lives of others, I agree.
    1
  2215. Sorry. That is the first time, out of all of my videos, that I have had that complaint. I will keep it in mind.
    1
  2216. Agree. The areas where they align would have to be weaker.
    1
  2217. Thanks for your comment. I noticed that term when he said it. I had never heard it before. I thought it was unusual, but it makes the point.
    1
  2218.  @deaddropholiday  No, there was no testimony from Spencer Composites. So, I don't know if the witnesses volunteered to testify at this hearing after being asked. They were under oath, but I don't; think they were subpoenaed, but I don't know for sure.. I have to research that.
    1
  2219.  @udirt  I agree with your points. I am not aware of the "exit interview" you are referring to? What is that? Somewhere in the Coast Guard testimony? Thanks.
    1
  2220. Thanks for commenting. I am not sure. The problem with carbon fiber is that 1. The irregularities themselves are a weak spot. 2. When you try to fix the irregularities you can make a weak spot. So, it seems like you need a perfect fabrication process.
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  2221. You may not like this kind of stuff, and that is fine. I have been gratified by the positive feedback about the content and the very thoughtful and constructive comments. Even though your comment is negative, it helps me with the algorithm, so the video gets offered to more people, so thanks for commenting.
    1
  2222. Great, glad you liked it. Thanks for your comment.
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  2223. Thanks for your comment. The reason this needs to be studied is because 4 passengers were killed, and it exposed the loopholes in the current maritime regulations that allowed it to happen. If Stockton had just killed himself, it wouldn't have been quite as big of a deal. Although it may have still created that huge media frenzy about the Coast Guard search. Do you remember the daredevil "Mad" Mike Hughes, who killed himself in a steam-powered rocket launch in February of 2020 in Barstow, California? One crazy guy killing himself did not create this kind of far-reaching investigation. The NTSB is always going to study the tragedies when passengers are killed, just like plane and train accidents, bridge failures, etc. The U.S. Coast Guard can learn from its response. This is the first time they were ever called to potentially provide a rescue attempt at those depths. Remember, this started out as a rescue attempt. And, the international submersible community will work to clarify the rules about subs and classing, and they are already working on it. There is a lot the learn in the retrospective analysis of this.
    1
  2224. Thanks for your comment. Oh yes, I agree with you. I did not discuss that a lot because I don't know a lot about crane rigging, and I don't know how gentle they could be. But I certainly see it as an issue.
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  2225. @ Thanks for suggesting that video! I just watched it and it was very good! And I agree with everything in it. With properly chosen fiber, matrix, fiber alignment, and production techniques carbon fiber can be strong and may be able to be used for a sub hull. However, and this was brought up in the testimony, the non-destructive analysis techniques talked about in the Dark Aero video don't work on carbon fiber layup 5 inches thick. Right now that is one of the problems of trying to build a hull to go down to 4,000 meters. Thanks!
    1
  2226. Thanks for commenting. I absolutely agree with you on glue technology. The Spencer Composites engineering proposal has a measurement for this glue joint. It should be uniformly 0.03 inches thick. My point in this video is that I don't see a process where there is assurance that those tolerances are being met. Maybe I am missing something. Then, the NTSB document has pictures from the wreckage showing two things that shocked me: 1. the glue surface looks as uneven as the application process in the video. 2. There is a glue surface with an imprint of the butt end of the hull showing the plies of the carbon fiber imprinted with what seems to be so little interdigitated bonding surface. So, I don't know. Spencer was supposed to be an expert at gluing these sorts of joints and I guess they planned ahead for the loading and unloading of this glued joint.
    1
  2227.  @ronkluwe4875  Thank you for that thoughtful reply and for adding to the discussion.
    1
  2228. Great! Gald you like it. Thanks for the support, it's appreciated.
    1
  2229.  @stopthephilosophicalzombie9017  Yes, the dome weighed about 3,500 pounds. If you see pictures of the sub with the dome opened in the shop they have a hydraulic jack underneath it to take the weight. If you watch my latest video about dive 87 they discuss supporting it on the LARS while on the water with bag they filled with compressed air.
    1
  2230. Thanks for commenting. I agree. It is unclear if there was a competent mechanical and materials engineer involved in the fabrication decisions.
    1
  2231. Possibly.
    1
  2232. Thanks for your supportive comment. Agree, that money and management sometimes get in the way of solid engineering.
    1
  2233. Thanks for commenting. Hopefully, some good will come out of this tragedy. Like closing the loophole of passengers being called "mission specialists" so they are considered crew. And operating in international waters where a nation's maritime safety rules are hard to apply.
    1
  2234. You know what, you may be right. Those humps are weak spots.
    1
  2235. It was a great day and a great technique to succeed with. Thanks for commenting!
    1
  2236. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
    1
  2237. Agree.
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  2238. Merrill, this is a good question. Like always I have learned from my experience with past eclipses. In 2006, on an eclipse cruise, I wanted to video the approaching shadow and video a real change in the lighting on the ship. So I set the video camera I was using to complete manual mode and I tried to guess what exposure I would need for totality by using a setting that slightly over-exposed the daylight before totality. I tried to do what you are basically asking; don't let the camera adjust exposure for the dimming light, document the diming light naturally. It did not work! Totality became blacked out on the video, which is NOT how it is, as you now know. Totality is a beautiful dark, but not a real deep dark. This is that 2006 video from my pre-eclipse YouTube channel https://youtu.be/yrOy9BdQBD8 All of these mini digital cameras, including the 360FLY, don't really have complete manual control, although some have some exposure compensation ability. So basically, I don't want to risk missing a good opportunity at a video again. I now feel it is just best to let the cameras adjust in auto exposure mode. They actually do a pretty good job of balancing the light during totality and still being able to see the crowd as you commented on.
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  2239. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2240. Thanks. I am glad you appreciate the video.
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  2241. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you.
    1
  2242. @ Agree with you. However, because the hatch was round, the hinge wasn't really a hinge that could take the weight, it was more of a pivot point. If you look at pictures of the Titan with the hatch open there is always a support under the bottom of the dome taking the weight. And this support also had to move in and out (roll or slide) while they opened and closed the dome. It was probably a mistake in this protocol that allowed the entire dome to fall off one time. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2243. Agree, it's amazing that it held up at all.
    1
  2244.  @smakfu1375  Thanks for your support and commenting.
    1
  2245. Yes! The concept is loops of strings under tension providing strength. This was loops of strings under compression just providing a platform for the plastic matrix.
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  2246. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
    1
  2247. I put a great Boeing quote in my previous video wherre Mark Negley said you have to plan for the "effects of defects." Brilliant.
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  2248. They did a poor job with the construction process of the hull. Their modeling was wrong. Huge issues there.
    1
  2249. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content.
    1
  2250.  @larryscott3982  Yes, Karl Stanley said the V1 hull was making noise going both down and up.
    1
  2251.  @JMMC1005  Yes, Dr. Kramer was the one who figured out they should be plotting strain against depth, not strain versus time. That idea revealed the problem after dive 80.
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  2252. You are welcome. Happy I could help you out.
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  2253. Thanks for your thoughtful comment and I am glad you liked the video. You are so correct. Unfortunately, the engineering community makes mistakes or supplied materials are not up to specifications. Whatever. But we learn from these disasters. Searching for the root cause is so important. This particular story is compelling because of the personality of Mr Rush.
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  2254. I agree. Can you imagine sitting in that meeting and having Stockton and Tony tell you the viewport is fine to 4,000 meters, it's just that the experts in viewports who built it are using different math. Of course, there is something to be said about how you do the calculations for something like a viewport, but you want to be on the side of safety and not disregard decades of data that created safe viewports.
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  2255. Thank you for commenting and for the support. I am happy you enjoyed the content.
    1
  2256. Thanks for commenting. Yes, I agree, Dr. Kramer was trying hard to just blurt out the facts and be politically correct.
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  2257. You may not think so, but this is an interesting and complex story. A nineteen-year-old died. The Coast Guard Titan Hearings ended at the end of September 2024. All of this new information provided under oath was made available then, and it is being sorted through slowly. The engineering and the personalities involved are fascinating. If you don't care about it, you will need to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is making a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. It may be talked about for decades, just like the Titanic wreck. Therefore, I hope the story doesn't annoy you too much.
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  2258. Thanks!
    1
  2259. Thanks for commenting. yes, that was an odd statement. Spencer Composites actually had a specification in their design analysis for the glue joint. It has a measurement on the drawings. It is supposed to be 0.03 inches thick. Do you see anything in this video that gives you confidence that they know that the entire joint is uniformly 0.03 inches thick?
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  2260. Hello, I am glad you enjoyed the content. Thanks for taking the time to comment about it.
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  2261. Thanks for your comment! Yes, it would be interesting to have some correlation with camera sensor sensitivity. Another thing that would be interesting would be to have a light source in the video at a known constant luminous intensity facing the camera thought the entire eclipse. This could possibly add some information as a reference light source. But in the "big picture" doing a video with technique is really just something I did for fun. It's an interesting twist on videoing the observation site.
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  2262. Thanks for your comment. Yes, you are correct. They got lucky a lot. They should have stopped after dive 80 when they heard the loud bang and the strain gauges changed.
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  2263. You just never know what they are going to do.
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  2264. The goal was to reproduce the way eclipse photographers used to do this type of eclipse shot before digital cameras and Photoshop. It's for the challenge of trying to do the entire thing perfectly. The set up, the field of view, the timing, the exposures. It hasn't been done this way in a long time. It was fun to pull it off.
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  2265. great thanks for your comment. I am glad I taught you something.
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  2266. Thanks.
    1
  2267.  @dewilew2137  Do it! The next good eclipse in the United States is in 2045. So between now and then you would need to travel internationally.
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  2268. Agree, when you can't get the carbon fiber to lay down to get proper specifications, you just have to give up. You can't forge ahead with blind eyes to reality. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2269. Hi, I am not aware of that report/video. It may exist, but I have never seem it myself.
    1
  2270.  @a_felid  Yes sir. I agree with you.
    1
  2271. Thanks for your comment. I am glad you liked the video.
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  2272.  @uploadJ  Thanks for your reply. I am not positive about this, but I do not think the viewport was ever spotted on the ocean floor. It was not recovered.
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  2273.  @kwelchans  Thanks for mentioning that you used my app also!
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  2274. It was also about size and weight. Stockton wanted more room without the weight. Did you see the Alvin graphic that showed it weighed 40,000 pounds. Ttian had more room for passengers at about half the weight. But, in the end, CF is probably a bad idea for a sub trying to get to these depths. Thanks for commenting.
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  2275. Thanks for the support. I am glad you enjoyed the video.
    1
  2276. People need to teach and share their experiences with others to help them be successful.
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  2277. G Great! Thanks for your supportive comment. I try to educate and not make it sensational or derogatory of anyone involved.
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  2278. Thanks for your comment. You know, despite a lot of odd things that happened, some good engineering was done on some parts.
    1
  2279.  @bartkemper5782  Thanks for your reply.
    1
  2280.  @GoldenPantaloons  Thanks for your reply.
    1
  2281. Thanks for the supportive comment, I am glad you liked it.
    1
  2282. Thanks for your comment. Yep, just the technique I outline and you will get them. You of course need my Solar eclipse Timer app.
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  2283.  @christophpoll784  Thanks for commenting. Yes, but note that the NTSB counted the plies ground to be between 1 ply and 12 plies. So not all of the grinds areas were the deep ones. But, there could have been others that were deeper, we don't know. Having said that, I was very conservative in my estimate of the total number of grinds when extrapolating from the NTSB data. So, it could have been worse than what I have in the video because I did not want to sensationalize things. But, in the end, you are correct. The grinds change the capacity of an area to take the needed and predicted load.
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  2284. Glad you enjoyed. It's an interesting and complex story. Thanks for commenting.
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  2285. Thanks for your comment. And I actually agree with you. Except when you watch this gluing video, you see that things are not that precise. The Spencer Composites specification for the thickness of the glue joint was 0.03 inches. I don't see that kind of precision. This brings me to your point. If the domes are forced inward, when descending, to an extreme amount of force, then the force is relaxing as they return to the surface. Who knew for sure that the glued joint could withstand that kind of cyclical load change. Is there a chance of slow water intrusion? I don't know. I lean toward the hull imploding after delaminating also. But I have another video in the works that has to do with lifting eyes on the sub. Stand by for that video, you will be interested in it.
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  2286. Thanks for your nice comment. Glad you like the story told in the video.
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  2287.  @grnbrg  Correct, a commercial entity could never afford the R & D to do it correctly. No way to make the money back
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  2288. Thanks for commenting. Hopefully, some good will come out of this tragedy. Like closing the loophole of passengers being called "mission specialists" so they are considered crew. And operating in international waters where a nation's maritime safety rules are hard to apply.
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  2289. Yes. Tony said the rings were not designed to take the weight of the sub.
    1
  2290. So, you can ride the fine line here. Boeing, NASA, and UW did in fact work with OceanGate, and on the hull; although, it was the initial design of the 1/3 models. And sure, the work was minimal, but it is not actually a lie. NASA could have done a cease and desist, but only as it regards using the NASA meatball logo in the promotion. Unless, NASA gave Stockton permission to use it, which I seriously doubt (since I have worked with NASA as a civilian). So, clearly, it was pushing the limits of being ethical, but the companies would have a tough time legally stopping it. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2291. Thanks for your comment. That is so true.
    1
  2292. Thank you for that supportive comment.
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  2293. There may be a job for you at the NTSB. Ha, ha. Thanks for your comment.
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  2294. Hi Ken, thanks for stopping back and leaving a comment! I am glad the video and the app helped you out.
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  2295. Yes, I was trying to be conservative to not sensationalize it. I wanted to base it on the data presented because anything else is a total guess. But it was probably double that amount.
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  2296. Correct. We wanted to get the spaces before and after totality as even as possible.
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  2297. Thanks for your nice comment!
    1
  2298. Yep, heavy stuff. One of the reasons Stockton wanted to use carbon fiber was for more room and a lot less weight. But it may not be the material for this use.
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  2299. Tony stopped them from diving to the Titanic and then hull 1 cracked. Then Tony was fired. David Lochbridge reported OceanGate to OSHA and OSHA did nothing. But I am not surprised because OSHA is a "workplace" safety organization. The don't "police" dumb ideas and potential public hazards.
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  2300. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2301. Thank you.
    1
  2302. Thanks for commenting. My feeling is that the failure point was not the viewport. I think they are going to conclude it was the hull and due to a delamination at a glue layer in between the layers of carbon fiber. Have you watched my latest video on the hull. Search YouTube for the title Who Engineered the OceanGate Titan V2 Hull? Maybe Nobody Did?
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  2303.  @glenmcgillivray4707  That is correct. I agree with you. I hope you did understand that in this video I am not trying to say that the dome was the failure point. I don't think it was. I just wanted to discuss all the controversy about the dome and clear things up.
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  2304. Thanks for your comment. That would be interesting, wouldn't it!
    1
  2305.  @sebastianriemer1777  Thanks for your comment, and you make a good point. It wasn't certified because the way it was built, it was not certifiable. None of those outside parties would have ever approved it, and the pathways to try to prove the design to them were basically not feasible in terms of time and cost. But regulation may stop something like this from happening again, at least not with others on board besides the developer. That is why the story is compelling, and the engineering decisions should be dissected.
    1
  2306.  @oladal  Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2307.  @user-re6yo7tj5s  Thanks for your comment. I agree.
    1
  2308. @ Thanks for your comment and your support. I appreciate it.
    1
  2309. ​ @800Viffer Ha, ha! Fun response! Thanks for your support.
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  2310. Thanks for you comment. I agree. It just doesn't; seem like a hull using glue and diving to 4,000 meters is supposed to go together.
    1
  2311. Thanks for your comment and support.
    1
  2312. You are welcome. Thank you for commenting and I am glad you enjoyed the video.
    1
  2313. Thank you for that supportive comment.
    1
  2314. Ouch!
    1
  2315. Thanks for your comment. Your statement is not correct. Spencer did the all of the engineering work for the first carbon fiber hull. And along with Tony Nissen helped design the titanium rings and the titanium domes. Spencer was responsible for gluing the hull to the rinds. They were intimately involved. Stockton did not do the engineering for the Titan. Spencer was hired because of their marine experience with building the fiberglass hull for Deep Flight Challenger. Spencer did the CF lay up for the first hull and it was a poor job. Spencer need to take a lot of blame for the first hull. NASA only consulted and they helped with the idea of a co-bonded multilayer design/idea for the second hull. But they had no input into calculating design strengths etc. Their involvement was actually quite minimal, but I thought it was interesting that they did not even care they were consulting on something that would end up being a sub.
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  2316. Thanks.
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  2317. Yes, maybe. You know, there are engineering failures all the time and they are just mistakes, things that are missed. I recent one that I followed the engineering closely on was the Florida Institute of Technology pedestrian footbridge collapse. I just recently watched a video on the Taum Sauk Dam failure. These engineering failures are going to continue to happen. The OceanGate story is so compelling because it has a single central figure, Stockton Rush, who is an enigma.
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  2318. Thanks for your supportive comment.
    1
  2319. Thanks for your question. No, the app will not have a data set for the annular eclipse. Most of the functions of the app are designed to help people with the crucial timing just before totality, during totality, and moving into C3. Since there are really no crucial timing points for photography in an annular eclipse I chose not to do programming for it.
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  2320. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2321. That is what I believe. I don't tihnk the carbon fiber hull collapsed as the primary failure point.
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  2322. Hi, thank you, sir! Glad you enjoyed it. It's an intriguing story for sure.
    1
  2323. I agree. This is the craziest story. That is why it is so interesting to me to dive into the testimony and try to explain things in these YouTube videos. Thanks for watching and thanks for your comment.
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  2324. Thanks for your comment. Tony said no when it was being designed. I hope there was an engineer with the second sub that said it was okay to do the lifting eyes and signed off on it. We may know more when the final report comes out. If not, it is really criminal.
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  2325. Thanks for your comment. Sounds like you did things correctly in 2017. I agree with Texas for 2024. I have tested the app in the path of the 2024 eclipse in Arkansas and in Niagara Falls, it is working great. However, the next version I release to the public will work for 2019 and 2020 in South America. I will wait until 2023 before releasing a version that will work for the USA annular eclipse in 2023 and the total in 2024. Thanks for following me.
    1
  2326. Yes, I agree with everything you said. Check out the path for the 2023 annular eclipse, Saturday October 14, 2023. Easy flight into Albuquerque which is basically on the center line, then rent a car to get a little out of town into the desert to be exactly on the center line and image a perfect ring of the Sun! I am going to that one! Stay tuned for my next video, really interesting video on shadow bands in the works!
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  2327. Yes, I think 50 Navy guys getting on a sub would give me some confidence in the sub also. Love it!
    1
  2328. Appreciate that. I love teaching people about eclipses.
    1
  2329. This is such and interesting comment. The Titan didn't have a "black box" like airliners have. So, when the final NTSB report comes out it is going to be their best educated guesses based on forensic data from the wreckage . At least my videos are after AFTER the Coast Guard Hearings so they are based on testimony from witnesses under oath. I have combed through dozens of hours of testimony to chose excerpts to tell these specific aspects of the story. If you are waiting for the definitive answer I don't think you'll ever be satisfied.
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  2330. Thanks for that thoughtful comment and for adding to the discussion. So, what you are saying is small amounts of hoop out-of-roundness have a more significant effect on buckling failure than thought and what is built into the FEA simulation models underestimates it right now. Is that correct? Roy Thomas, the lead endineer from ABS testified that predicting buckling failure is very problematic, so I know that engineers are aware of the problem. I hope Dr. L J Hart-Smith's work helps when it gets published. Thanks again.
    1
  2331. Thanks for the supportive comment. Glad you liked it.
    1
  2332. Thanks for watching.  I am glad you got your family to the path!
    1
  2333. Thanks for your comment. Actually, the ends were machined down, kind of like a lathe technique.
    1
  2334.  @x--.  Thanks. Good points.
    1
  2335. Thanks for your comment!
    1
  2336. This is an excellent video, thank you for doing it! I did a similar video on my channel focusing on that weird Ocean Gate promotional video and the structure of this glued joint. There are three different materials being acted on by lateral pressure at this joint. I also emphasizing the fact that there is roughly a total of 32 linear feet of this glued joint on the sub! I had a number of "engineer types" beat me up saying the glue joint has nothing to do with the failure. They like to point out the fact the domes are being compressed inward helping to close this seal. I get that, but this glued structure seems really risky to me. Thanks again for your video and confirming that you have some issue with the glued joint also.
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  2337. Thanks!
    1
  2338. Thanks for your comment. Yes, I have studied the story of the FIU bridge. The poor decision making leading to the diaster is similar in many ways.
    1
  2339. Thanks for commenting and that is such a great point. However, real innovation sometimes requires doing something totally new. The issue is that brand-new ideas have to be developed thinking that the first iterations will probably not work perfectly. Like Stockton was quoted saying (paraphrased) "the rules in the industry stifle innovation." The Titan should have been built, it was innovative. But it should have been subjected to 20 or 30 unmanned dives and then destructively examined; cut it up and see how the design and the construction is holding up. There is no way it was ready for passengers.
    1
  2340. Thanks for your comment. You have made a great point that should be considered more. Because Stockton has a degree in aerospace engineering, he thought he could use aerospace engineers to build a sub. The other reason is that no marine engineer would touch this project.
    1
  2341. Thanks for your comment. Egypt will be awesome!
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  2342.  @FuhSheezy  Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2343. Yes it is. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2344. @ Agree, I don't know why that is there.
    1
  2345. Yes, you should try to video them!
    1
  2346. Thanks for commenting. What I mean (regarding the story) is, that the information about the grinding has not been emphasized and the information regarding this grinding is fragmented over multiple days of testimony and multiple hours of testimony. So, sure the facts are there to be found. My point in this video was to put it together into a cohesive story for people to enjoy and learn.
    1
  2347. Agree with you. As I said in the video, NASA was interested in seeing the thick laminate project being worked on; to learn from it They did not care it was about a sub. If they stayed on until the end, they may have had the chance to have real input on whether or not it could work. They never got to a point of actually building anything or giving real engineering design information.
    1
  2348. Hi, it's really difficult to give exposure settings for different gear. The best way to do it is to take your F/stop, and your ISO and compare it to other images published, and match the exposure to your gear by counting stops up or down as needed. On my main website Solar Eclipse Timer I have a free PDF download of my Custom Stop Chart which makes counting stops much easier. My timer is key because it tells you the exact timing you need. And I have a digital download book that will teach you everything you need to know.
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  2349. Thanks for your comment. Yes, adding the lifting eyes seems to be a bad idea.
    1
  2350. I think the force of the implosion would make those measurements invalid as it regards attributing any damage from the lifting eyes.
    1
  2351. Yes, I agree with you. The entire story about the viewport is controversial and odd (they caused the controversy). But I think it was the hull that failed also. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2352. Thanks for your comment. Glad you liked the video.
    1
  2353. Great! Glad it will help you! Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2354. Yeah, thanks for your comment. I never heard anything more about that carbon fiber controversy either: out of date or not? The funny thing is, Stockton just let Spencer Composites do the hull engineering over anyway. I am not sure why he was even communicating with Boeing and NASA. And it wasn't much; maybe just enough so he could say they were involved?
    1
  2355.  @jaredurbain9705  Yes, they got the cut-off ends from the first hull. The way I understand it, when the fiber is wrapping, at the ends it has to double back on itself, so it makes it thicker there. So they cut off about 5 or 6 inches on each end. But Tony made the point that these short cut-off ends don't really represent properly the laminate at the center of the hull. That is why he testified that he didn't understand why Spencer wasn't making them much longer; like 24 inches longer. Then when you cut off the ends you have a good section that really represents the hull. Tony called these good sections "witness panels." So, when David Lochridge was all bent out of shape about the appearance of the quality of the cut-off ends he saw, I agree with him that they looked bad, but they don't represent the hull well.
    1
  2356. Shadow bands start to occur about 90 to 120 seconds before 2nd contact and are something you see with your eyes. Baily's beads happen in the last 10 seconds before 2nd contact and are really a photographic entity. It happens the opposite way after 3rd contact, beads for about 10 seconds followed by looking for shadow bands on the ground.
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  2357. I did mention that the problem could be worse if grind spots were in-line.
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  2358. If shooting through high clouds but the eclipse is still visible, you need to compensate for the decrease in light and slow all of your shutter speeds by 1/3 or 2/3 stop.
    1
  2359. Hey Brian, good to hear from you and thank you for commenting on the video. I am glad you liked it. Yes, seeing a perfect situation of the dissipation of convective clouds was amazing. I was so glad to experience it, because conditions all have to line up perfectly for it to happen. And afterwards, analyzing it was fun because we have such great satellite imagery and then I had access to the Lidar data which puts it all together again. As far as measurements, your plan for radiation and some sort of solar energy plot would be nice to do. I want to do temperature accurately, I messed it up in 2017. And I want to LUX at the next eclipse, I forgot to turn on my LUX meter in 2017! My other plan which I am working on right now is to continue my research on the limb color spectrum shift reaching Earth. Watch my Eclipse Lighting Part 2 video and you will see what I mean. Gordon
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  2360. Thanks for commenting. The loads getting transferred up to the next level would be true if the glue was behaving so strongly it was like it was not there. That is not the case, however. The glue was breaking down and I think it was due to shear forces in between the layers. The layers were moving in some areas. I am not sure the final report will point to one thing. But my guess is the co-bonding technique failed, so it was the hull.
    1
  2361.  @funguy398  As far as I have been able to learn, there is not good way to look into carbon fiber composites thicker than about 3 inches. After that the resolution is not useful.
    1
  2362. Thanks for your comment and your support. I have more Titan videos on my channel, and I am working on one right now about dive 87.
    1
  2363. I agree with you. It seems like even 1 inch thick it too thick to do it smoothly.
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  2364. Great news! Glad you found mt app from My videos on Smarter Every Day, used the app and it made the eclipse more enjoyable for you. Thanks for commenting on this video and I am glad you enjoyed the content.
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  2365. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  2366. Thanks for commenting. I believe it is because of getting the Titan off the dock onto the LARS. It was a tight fit, and the landing gear of the Titan had to slip into a track on the LARS to get locked in. So they couldn't have a sling across the bottom of the sleds. There was no way it would have been a good idea to sling it from the carbon fiber hull, the titanium domes on each side weighed about 3,600 pounds.
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  2367. Thanks for your comment. Yes, there is a mix of units used when talking about the Titan. It starts with the fact that the original mechanical engineering was done in the English system. So, the dimensions of the sub are always discussed in feet and inches. However, Stockton always discussed the depth of the Titanic in meters: "first carbon fiber sub to go to 4,000 meters." Even during the testimony the engineers would mix units, again talking about the depth in meters but the pressure in PSI. The Titan marketing brochures listed both units. The non-engineering public has to hear units they understand, otherwise the message will be lost. We are just going to have to accept it when talking about the Titan. But, I appreciate you discussing it.
    1
  2368.  @danepatterson8107  Thanks.
    1
  2369. It does seem like that. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2370. I know. It's amazing, sad, fascinating, crazy, all at the same time.
    1
  2371. Yep, the Sun will move about 40 degrees from left to right, so you need to make sure you have enough field of view on the film. You need a little padding on the left and right sides so you also need to plan when to start with the first image. The camera was working at about a 35mm FOV, so it had a horizontal FOV of about 54 degrees.
    1
  2372. Thanks for your thoughtful comment.
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  2373. Hi, for ISO 100 and f8, my opinion is that 1/4000 and 1/6400 are too fast. But that is my opinion based on my experience. With my setup at f/10 and ISO 200, I shoot the diamond ring and Baily's beads both at 1/2000. I believe those are the settings used in this video. At different eclipses and even at different place on the path the beads can be VERY pinpoint and VERY bright. So, to image them a a clear distinct point may require a very fast shutter speed. But you can't worry just about those pinpoint ones. Everything is a balance at this stage of imaging an eclipse. This all happens over about 25 seconds and you have to realize the Moon is doing all the work for you my moving, constantly changing the light and the shape of the ring and beads. You can't just worry about bead, because you will mess up your ring. Unless of course you are scripting a sequence with a computer and can have the compute change shutter speed instantly. If you are doing it manually like I teach in this video you have to pick one shutter speed and go with it. Do you have my book? I highly recommend it if you are serious about eclipse photography. At $9.99 for a digital version for over 500 pages of material it is well worth it. Go to my website, listed in the description.
    1
  2374. Thanks for your comment. That is a great insight into the issue.
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  2375. Thanks for commenting. Yes, the weather and cloud cover is a bit tricky for the solar eclipse in Spain. A coupe of issues actually, the weather patterns themselves and the fact that it is a setting eclipse throughout the path, so there is always more risk for cloud at the horizon. On the northern coast of Spain the weather patterns are worse, but it maybe worth the risk to see the eclipse setting over the ocean. That would be beautiful! To the northeast of Madrid, in the mountains, the weather improves. On the southeast coast of Spain the weather improves more, but the eclipse is low an you have to watch out for the terrain. Then you can always go the the Balearic Islands, as you said, but then you have no ability to reposition in case of bad weather. Considering all of that, being mobile to the northeast of Madrid gives the best options. The app right now is not ready for 2026 but I am working on the update to get it ready. I will also be releasing a new version of my book by next year.
    1
  2376. @ Agree. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2377. Yes, some of the non-paying passengers with influencers is about marketing and gaining more recognition.
    1
  2378. Thanks for your comment. I appreciate you adding to the discussion. If you have that much engineering experience, I imagine the Titan story must make you cringe.
    1
  2379. Thanks for your thoughtful comment. I am sure you have been in some frustrating situations. Thanks for sharing, and the small rant is fine.
    1
  2380.  @Tuleytime  Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2381. Thanks for the supportive comment. Gald you liked the video.
    1
  2382. Destin, this is cool! Gordon
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  2383. There may be a job for you at the NTSB. Ha, ha. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2384. It only matters if you care about science and technology, analyzing failure modes, doing proper design and analysis, planning testing protocols, etc. I agree that no one will try this for a long while due to the stigma of how this one failed under OceanGate's leadership. But this hull survived a lot of pressure. There may be a role for carbon fiber in hulls that go to lesser depths, so we should learn from this. You may like this summation. It got to the Titanic 13 times at 3,840m (and in 2022, it got to the Titanic on four consecutive dives!). It also had one dive to 3,500m, one dive to 2,900m, and two other deep dives, 1,700m and 1,380m. You can also count the five high-pressure dives in the Deep Ocean Test Facility done before the expeditions as cycles (3,000m, 4,000m, 4,200m x 3). So, that is 20 deep pressure cycles (if not including the 1,380 and the 1,700).
    1
  2385. Agree, the pressurized autoclave debulking is a way to get voids out of the laminate. It did not seem to be great even at this one-inch thickness and that may be due to the protocol they used. We don't have specific information about the autoclave protocol that I can find and I am making a video about that. But gluing multiple one-inch layers together was very weak. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2386.  @remcovanvliet3018  Absolutely correct.
    1
  2387. Brandon, thanks for pointing out the typo. I corrected it. Gordon
    1
  2388. Ouch, you are correct.
    1
  2389. Basically correct.
    1
  2390.  @neoplasma1  Thanks for your reply. Pure carbon fiber, a bit over 5 inches thick. My Titan playlist link is in the video description. you may enjoy the hull fabrication videos if this interests you.
    1
  2391. It is tough to answer, but if I do comparable stop counting, your settings, 1/1000s, ISO 500, F/8, are a very comparable exposure to when I shoot C1 at 1/200, ISO 200, F/10. So I would stick to my normal recommendation for you, the ring and beads should be letting in 2 stops less light. So, I would shoot ring and beads at 1/4000s.
    1
  2392.  @ShuRugal  Yes, that seemed to be a trend. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2393. Good question. I have no idea.
    1
  2394.  @nerdjournal  Thank you for your supportive comment defending my video. I deleted the rude comment you were replying so that is why your reply now seems a bit out of context.
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  2395. That is what Tony Nissen said, you must lift it by the cradle.
    1
  2396. It would be expensive to make new ones. They were probably okay to reuse, as long as they did not harm the titanium when they were cutting out the old carbon fiber hull. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2397.  @zak-a-roo264  yep.
    1
  2398.  @syjiang  I agree with you. I don't understand why they made the viewport a big controversy. The should have just used a certified design Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2399. Thanks for your comment. I agree, it seems like a terrible idea especially because the first engineering plans said never to lift the sub by the rings, as per Tony's testimony, May be a second engineering company at some point said it was okay? Hopefully the final NTSB report will have more information on that.
    1
  2400. Could be. We had light cirrus clouds but did see a short duration of shadow bands prior to C2.
    1
  2401. In the last few seconds, there should be a pop-up to link to my viewport video as part of my Titan playlist.
    1
  2402. Thanks for the supportive comment.
    1
  2403. Thanks for your comment. I agree. We don't know how they chose that product. Maybe there will be more information in the final report.
    1
  2404. Merrill, thanks for your comment, I am glad you enjoyed it! I was at Tsali Notch Vineyard in Madisonville, TN. Where were you? Please take some time to look at my other videos and comment or post questions. I have many more instructional videos to come. Follow my website at solareclipsetimer.com. I am presently updating my app to work in South America for 2019 and 2020. And of course. later I will update it for the next United States eclipse in 2024.
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  2405. Merrill, I am so happy that you learned the drift method and used it successfully. That is such a simple but really cool technique for folks that don't have a tracking mount. This was a great eclipse for the drift method because the motion of the Sun kept it relatively flat through out the country. And it was a good duration eclipse, it's pretty easy to get lined up for a 5 or 6 minute drift. Thanks you telling me that you did that, that makes me feel great!
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  2406. Thanks for commenting and ading to the discussion about welding.
    1
  2407. Thanks for your supportive comment.
    1
  2408. Thanks for your comment and your support; it's appreciated. I am glad you like the content.
    1
  2409. I have tried to find out why all the bolts weren't in on that dive, but I am not sure. I can't find a good answer. It was after dive 61. That dome weighed over 3,500 pounds, and the "hinge" on the left side (looking towards it) wasn't really a hinge. It could not support the weight of the dome, like the hinge we are accustomed to on a regular door. It was more of a pivot point. When opening the dome, the dome had to be supported at the bottom as it opened. They obviously missed supporting it properly during that recovery.
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  2410. You are welcome. So happy it was helpful!
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  2411.  @johnt.hemming5354  No problem. There is a lot to learn. I hope you have my book? Go to my main website for the links.
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  2412. Thanks for your comment and support. Glad you enjoyed the videos.
    1
  2413. Hi Scary, the Android operating system has been updated many times since 2017. It is presently on Android version 13. I have needed to update the app through time to stay compatible. But the present programming should be compatible back to Android 10. So. Google/Android updates have created incompatibilty with versions of the Android operating systems older thsn that. And certain older phones and certain carriers can create issues also.
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  2414.  @ScaryFear  It should run on a tablet. The versions since 2019 use an in app purchasing process. So you need to buy the 2024 eclipse data for $1.99 when the tablet has an internet connection.
    1
  2415. Thanks.
    1
  2416. Thanks for your thoughtful comment and support. Yes, they are things that make this story compelling other than just the engineering, the main one being that it has a central character in Stockton Rush.
    1
  2417. Thanks for your comment!
    1
  2418. Thanks for your support.
    1
  2419.  @Hydrazine1000  The Coast Guard and the NTSB are doing independent investigations. They did the public hearing jointly so as not to duplicate the task. I believe we will get two separate final reports, one from the NTSB and one from the Coast Guard.
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  2420. Thanks for your comment. I would reply with two things. 1. Yes the hull may have imploded from delamination. That may be it. 2. At 6,000 PSI you don't have a "leak" at the ring glued junction. There is no "drip, drip." If there is a breach there, then that would in turn, be the reason for the hull to implode. The hull crushes either way, it's just what started it.
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  2421. Thanks for your comment. I am only the messenger taking the time to comb through the hours of testimony and put the interesting stories together about unanswered questions. Tony and his engineering partner at OceanGate already did the math and told them what they should NOT weld on lifting eyes on the rings after the fact. The rings were not engineered into the original design of the rings. Tony was concerned about microcracks in the epoxy due to the shear forces. At the end of the video, if you watched that far, I mentioned that for the second sub, there was another engineering company involved. I leave open the idea that the second company may have done additional engineering (besides Tony's) and said it was okay to weld lifting eyes on the rings and told OceanGate exactly how to do it. But at this point in time, there is no information about that clearance in the public domain. And from the information I have gleaned from the expert welders who have commented on the video, I doubt that it can be done without implications.
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  2422. Thanks for your nice comment and getting my app! I appreciate your support. Yep, it takes a little gear to do this. But you can enjoy the eclipse without doing photography. Do the simple partial phase experiments I talk about in the video. They are fun!
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  2423. Agree, That is what Tony designed.
    1
  2424.  @mikoto7693  Agree! No way to get out from the inside! You have to be found and then pulled out of the water to be let out.
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  2425.  @Rich-on6fe  I agree. The titanium rings had that weird shape milled into the surface to try to match the moduli with the carbon fiber. So, they thought about the mass of the titanium and its response to temperature and those types of things. But it seems shaky to me.
    1
  2426.  @mikoto7693  Agree.
    1
  2427. Yes, you are correct. I did not get into that specifically, but that is correct. Thanks for your comment.
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  2428. Hi, thanks for your comment and support. It's appreciated! With eclipse photography timing is everything, so now you get it and understand why I developed the app. Great!!
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  2429.  @meeder78  That is a great question! I don't have an answer. I don't know how they program those machines.
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  2430. Thanks for commenting. It's an amazing story of errors and odd decisions with a tragic ending.
    1
  2431.  @ocoolwow  Yeah, I know. That huge effort was weird. But as a government entity, I think they were obligated to do it.
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  2432. Agree, and not enough surface area for glue.
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  2433. Chris, thanks for your comment! Yes, the point of greatest eclipse is fascinating and not enough people think about trying to understand it, even though it's marked on all of the eclipse maps. In this video, I try to "break it down" and make it easily understandable.
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  2434. Yes, the dome fell off. Thanks for commenting. But it was on the deck of the Arctic Horizon while they were still on the LARS. They just got dragged back onto the deck. I have tried to find out why all the bolts weren't in at that point, but I am not sure. It was after dive 61, and they may have been taking bolts out (routine) and did not have the dome properly supported. That dome weighed over 3,500 pounds, and the "hinge" on the left side (looking towards it) wasn't really a hinge. It could not support the weight. It was more of a pivot point. When opening the dome, it had to be supported at the bottom as it opened.
    1
  2435. Watch Tony's testimony at 3:20 about material moduli. They did a lot fo good engineering, so I think he was aware of temperature differences also, but that never specifically got discussed (that I found).
    1
  2436. What Tony's testimony starting at 3:12. They did a lot of good engineering. I feel sure they took the temperature issue into consideration. Thaks for commenting.
    1
  2437. Thanks for your comment. Regarding the Boeing feasibility study, during the hearing, they did put some of the pages up on the screens (live), but you are correct, the full document is not on the Coast Guard website. Remember that the Spencer Composites design document had to do with the V1 hull. In that document, in some places, they use a 2.25 safety factor and in others, they use 2.21 safety factor. When Nissen quoted 2.21 for the failure at the center of the case, he was quoting directly from the Spencer document for the information about hoop failure. That is the number there, it's on Page 22 of the Spencer document. The titanium rings from the V1 hull were reused for the V2 hull. The inside measurement for the channel for the carbon fiber hull was 4 1/2 inches. For both the V1 hull and the V2 hull the outside surface of the hull was milled down to 4 1/2 inches to fit into the rings. Spencer Composites specifically stated in their document that it was okay to taper down the end of the hull to fit. The length of the milling was 1 1/2 inches. The depth of material removed was different for each hull. The V2 had a larger finished outside diameter.
    1
  2438. That is a fair question. The Toray specification for porosity for the laminate when properly cured was 0.46%. The ASTM testing found porosity of 1.1%, 3.3%, and 3.6% in different samples. Dr. Kramer rounded it out and testified that the average porosity was about 2.2%. So, divide any of those numbers by 0.46 and you see the range they missed by. Using Dr. Kramers' number (2.2) they missed the spec by 4.78 Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2439. Thanks for the comment. I am so glad you like the content and the way it was presented.
    1
  2440. Great points. The Coast Guard testimony mentioned that the domes would have over a million pounds of pressure on them. So, you are correct, the force pushes the domes in. However, that does not necessarily make the carbon fiber to titanium interface joint watertight. The glue had to hold the domes on the hull so it could be moved around as a unit, and watertight seal the joint. There were a lot of stresses to the glue on the joint to the ring, to which the hatch was attached. At 6,000 psi you don't get a "drip-drip" leak, like the plumbing to your kitchen sink. At 6,000 psi the weak spot propagates instantly to a catastrophic explosion.
    1
  2441. Agree, that was an odd statement.
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  2442. I think you are correct in everything you said. Have you watched my other video about OceanGate finances? Search YouTube for this title - OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  2443. Thanks for your comment and support. I am glad you liked the video.
    1
  2444. Great. I am glad you like them. My astronomy specialty is total solar eclipses. Since you are from the UK, are you getting ready to go to Spain for the eclipse on August 12 , 2026?
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  2445. Thanks!
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  2446. Great! Thanks for the comment and the support. Glad you lied the video.
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  2447. Yep, that probably could be worked out by an optical engineer. But once you do the optical pathway math, you then have to build a very accurate glass or acrylic lens that is 15 inches in diameter (the size of the inside of the Titan viewport) that bends the light rays in the manner you need to make the corrections. That might not be easy with acrylic; I have no idea how accurately you can mill, shape, and polish acrylic. Then, the shape of the dome changes as the sub gets deeper, so the optical pathways are constantly changing. That might affect the function of the inner lens. Now, you could make the inner lens to be set up for 4,000 meters if you knew how the optics behaved under that pressure. But then it might not work as well if you were diving on another site that might only be 1,500 meters down. Who knows. Thanks for commenting on my video.
    1
  2448. Thank you for your thoughtful comment!
    1
  2449. Thanks for your comment.
    1
  2450. Thanks for your comment. That is a good point. I am working on a video right now that is about Dive 80 where they saw the strain changes. It's a complex story. It's not as simple as one might think to know if what they saw was significant or not.
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  2451.  @jeremeymiller3406  Okay, I understand what you are asking. What they were testing out on Cyclops 1 were the motors, motor controls, the game controller concept, new sonar, the computers, communication, etc. This was all stuff that was not related to functioning at the 4,000-meter depth of Titan, but could be moved over to Titan.
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  2452. Thanks for your comment. Within the constraints of working at OceanGate I think Tony tried to build what Stockton wanted to the best of his ability. You should watch Tony's complete testimony, you get a feeling for the culture at OceanGate.
    1
  2453. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am glad you liked the content.
    1
  2454. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am glad you liked the video.
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  2455. Thanks for you support and watching the video. Glad you liked it.
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  2456. Thanks for your comment. That very well could have been what happened.
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  2457. Yep, typo on my part, sorry. It's so hard to proofread everything on a video editing program timeline. This video had a lot of inserted annotations
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  2458. Ivan, I am so glad I am reaching people in Chile! I will watch the eclipse in Argentina and then come over to Chile to visit! Ivan, the website that I use to get maps and to plan for observing sites is the site run by Xavier Jubier from France. Search Google for; Solar Eclipses - Interactive Google Maps - Xavier Jubier. I will add the link to the description also. Then you look at the interactive maps and plan for a position in the path. But you must factor in the long term weather and cloud predictions from Jay Anderson. But finally, you must watch the local weather systems for the 4 to 5 days before the eclipse and monitor the motion of the weather fronts. About 36 to 48 hours before the eclipse you will have a good idea of where to go for the best chance of clear skies. It would be nice to just stay in Coquimbo, La Serena or La Higuera, but the chance of clouds next to the Pacific Ocean is risky especially since this is such a low in the sky eclipse. Therefore most people are traveling East to the area of Vicuna where the cloud risk is predicted to be less. Have fun!
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  2459.  @stellviahohenheim  Hi, thanks for the nice comment. Happy you enjoyed the video.
    1
  2460.  @ashen-one--x  Thanks for your comment. Yes, anyone can "Monday morning quarterback" like what I am doing. That does not mean it's not useful to analyze in retrospect. The thing that bothers me is that these issues would have been obvious to a good engineer during the process! So, OceanGate either did not hire the right engineers or did not listen to the right engineers. This tragedy should not have happened.
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  2461. Thanks for your comment. It is quite a story, isn't it?
    1
  2462.  @alexpyattaev  Thanks for your comment. Bart Kemper is a very qualified mechanical engineer and he was the person who presented the analogy that I discuss in the video. I thought his testimony was an eye-opening, fantastic, and simplified way to look at the hull. If Kemper says it's a good analogy, then it is.
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  2463. Additional response to a reply I wrote to Merrill below. I have copied and pasted a story/review from a user about using my app for the 2017 eclipse. This was originally posted to the Cloudy Night astronomy forum. It's a story about driving right before the totality to get away from an obscuring cloud and how my app helped them out. This is "eclipse chasing". The story speaks for itself and must have been quite a scene :)! "I had it running on my iPad and was playing it thru my car stereo. When we had to make our mad dash to escape a large cloud just before totality I tossed the iPad in the back seat but left it running. I was driving 70 MPH down an access road along Hwy 13 east of Marion, IL and heard the countdown to totality just as my friend, hanging out my passenger window, yelled "There it is. It's coming out". I pulled over as soon as I could and we ended up seeing all but about 15 seconds of totality. So I missed second contact by about 15 seconds. We still had 2:10 or just shy of that."
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  2464. You are correct. It is to the point where they will be in every almost astrophotography image when there is an angle to the Sun over the horizon.
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  2465. Agree. Thanks for commenting.
    1
  2466. Hi Stuart, thank you for your report and your support. I am glad the app helped you out.
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  2467. That is a great question. And thank you for commenting. I have carefully listened to Phil Brook's testimony again, and they were hearing more acoustic activity in AE channel 4 in 2022 that they did not hear in 2021. There was a change going on, but it was just reaching the level of their concern level (arbitrary hit count of 5,000). So they were watching it. But I think they were getting evidence that the hull was changing.
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  2468. Thanks for your comment.
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  2469.  @SuperYellowsubmarin  Thank you for providing that explanation.
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  2470. Agree. Thre wer other ways to do it.
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  2471. That's correct. And in my view, Mr. Rush was pushing it to the maximum degree. It's hard to sell seats at $250,000 per seat. You start to make bad decisions when you are under pressure to save your business model. Did you watch my other video about OceanGate's financial situation? Search YouTube for; OceanGate Was Broke! - Titan Caused It - Employees "Spill The Beans!"
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  2472. Thank you for your thoughtful comment. Stockton started out with a different plan and may be a noble idea; to have better access to the seas beneath the surface. But marine engineering wasn't his strength and he may have been misled by the poor modeling and engineering at Spencer Composites. They told him the first hull would have incredible strength and be good for at least a thousand dives. It's a crazy engineering and entrepreneurial failure story. I am glad you like the video and thought it was worth your time.
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  2473. Thanks for your supportive comment.
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  2474. Thanks for commenting. Yes, Boeing recommended 45-degree cross plies; OceanGate thought they did not need that and did not do it.
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  2475.  @yinyangsaladgang8789  Thanks for your reply.
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  2476. Yes, as strange as it seems, it happened.
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  2477. I agree with everything you said. But in this case, there wasa culture of hiding things for the fear of someone telling them no.
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  2478. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you. But the folks at Electroimpact were supposed to know what they were doing. They had a lot of carbon fiber experience. But mostly with aircraft. I don't know what to make of it.
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  2479. Thanks for your comment. That is a valid point. However, Mr. Kohnen thought trying this innovative hybrid design was not unreasonable, but it needed to be tested and proven. He thought Stockton had enough sense to do proper testing unmanned. He couldn't control the fact that Stockton and Tony were going to "wing it." But you do have a point. He was selling a viewport to folks who were talking about deep depths. There could be a case for Mr. Kohnen saying "I don't feel comfortable making this for you guys, find someone else."
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  2480. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together separate bits of testimony on specific interesting subjects about the Titan. And without being derogatory and sensational.
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  2481. Thanks for your comment. You are of course, correct; there is no way people should have been in this sub.
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  2482.  @notwithintolerance  Interesting, I hadn't noticed the viewport in the ROV footage. I will have to look again.
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  2483. Yep, I agree. Especially when the industry standard is welded titanium spheres.
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  2484. Thanks for your supportive comment.
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  2485. Thanks for the nice comment. I am going to work on more.
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  2486. Thanks for your comment. Tony Nissen planned to it to be lifter form the landing gear. The mounting of the landing gear frame was the best way to stabilize everything. I have images of it lifted form the bottom of the frame, and that one image I found where it was being lifted from the top of the frame. I wish we had testimony from someone that specifically addresses the decision to weld on the lifting eyes. We don't at this time, but maybe some more information will come out in the final NTSB report.
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  2487. Thanks for commenting. Even though it is negative, it helps me by creating engagement, which makes the algorithm suggest it to even more people. Thanks again.
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  2488. Francois, that you for your comment on my video. To answer your question, no I have never been in the tropics at a position and on a date where the Sun would be directly overhead. I would love to do that. An eclipse directly overhead would be interesting, but extremely hard to set the gear up to photograph. I make this point in my second video about choosing an eclipse to travel to, the 2020 eclipse in South America occurs at an altitude on 72 degrees. It's just hard to photograph or even observe things that are directly overhead. Gordon
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  2489. Agree.
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  2490. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. You may like this summation. It got to the Titanic 13 times at 3,840m (and in 2022, it got to the Titanic on four consecutive dives!). It also had one dive to 3,500m, one dive to 2,900m, and two other deep dives, 1,700m and 1,380m. You can also count the five high-pressure dives in the Deep Ocean Test Facility done before the expeditions as cycles (3,000m, 4,000m, 4,200m x 3). So, that is 20 deep pressure cycles (if not including the 1,380 and the 1,700).
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  2491. You are correct; one was the Navy's AUSS. That was glass fibers, and it did quite well. It was smaller and unmanned.
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  2492. Most likely Texas. Thank you for watching the video. I would appreciate it if you shared my work with your friends and followers, especially information about my book. It provides excellent preparation information for the 2024 eclipse.
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  2493. I agree. I am surprised they keep that on LinkedIn. But I guess you can't hide it. They still got hired by new firms.
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  2494. Good question. I bet the cutting of off the rings from the hull and milling out the carton fiber in the c-channel was done at the Janicki company. They are the company with the equipment that cuts the sub down to size - cuts off the excess hull on the tow ends after the laminate process.
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  2495.  @DavidLindes Great, have fun and have a great eclipse!
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  2496. Gald you enjoyed the content. Thanks for the feedback.
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  2497. Agree, it's amazing it worked at all. But it was so risky, which of course is obvious now. I don't understand how Stockton trusted what he was doing.
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  2498. I know! Crazy isn't it?
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  2499. Thank you for your comment. I am happy you like the video.
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  2500. Merrill, this eclipse experience, and data make me believe the atmosphere is the biggest factor. I need more data. I found I guy who has another great video from Tennessee. It's not oriented, but I am trying to get in touch with him to see if he can give me a basic idea of his setup direction. Yes, I now think the movements are NOT predictable a head of time. Gordon
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  2501. Thank you for your comment. At the end of the video I state that I don't think failure of the viewport was the reason for the implosion, I think it was the hull. This video is about the history and the controversy about the conflicting depth ratings told by the people involved and other experts. Thanks.
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  2502. Thank you for your support. Glad you liked it.
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  2503. Sure, but what I am using may NOT be what you need depending on your setup. For 2024 I will be working at f10, ISO 200, and a shutter speed of 1/200s0. We will set Continuous Low shutter release at 3fps and take images beginning at 30 seconds before C2 until about 10 seconds after C2 to get good shots of the chromosphere and prominences. Then switch to do manual shutter sped bracket for totality trying to do the bracket around the time of max eclipse. Then go back to 1/2000s to get ready for C3. Start imaging when my app says 10 seconds (before C3) and image for about 25 seconds. Replace solar filter for the second set of partial phases. I hope you have my app and my book? Go to my website for more information.
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  2504. @ Thanks for commenting. I did an in-depth analysis of the controversy about the design and the rating of the viewport. I think you would like that video. Search YouTube for this title 12 Weird Facts About Stockton's Titan Viewport
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  2505. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you.
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  2506. Thanks for commenting and glad you liked the content. i agree with you. I go back and forth between the hull or the joint being the primary problem. I have done three videos on the hull and one other video on the glue joint. But this lifting ring controversy is certainly interesting, isn't it?
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  2507. Thank you for that nice comment.
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  2508. Thanks fro your comment. I agree that using two dissimilar materials will not be the future with submersible building. OceanGate tired it by convincing themselves they could engineer for it, but it is a bad concept.
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  2509. 😀
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  2510. jmadig, Great, you found my new YouTube channel. There is a wealth of information here about how to observe, enjoy and photograph a total solar eclipse. A spinning horizon camera serves as the basis for the new Video Practice Session in Version 2 of the app. The videos that cover all of the partial phase phenomena are comprehensive and detailed. Enjoy! Gordon
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  2511. Great! Thanks for your supportive comment. Glad you liked the content.
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  2512. I've already tested the app in the 2024 path both in Arkansas and in upstate New York. It is working fine for that path. But the next release will be limited to the two South American eclipses in 2019 and 2020 as I add some new features. Gordon
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  2513. Thanks! I was thrilled that we did it.
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  2514. Thanks for your comment. I am glad you liked the content. The engineer Bart Kemper is the one who had the brilliant idea to simplify the problem to a span of a bridge. The next part of his testimony, which I did not use, went on to discuss bridge Bailey Bridge trusses and how they take loads and where introducing defects can change the loads and eventually lead to failure. I chose to use the compression and tension side of joists instead of trusses.
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  2515. That is probably true. And Hydrospace was probably just more expensive in general. Hydrospace wanted just over $24,000 for the spherical sector dome to fit the hole and all of the engineering for that design is worked out. Nothing more to figure out, just build it. Thanks for commenting.
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  2516.  @nathansmith3608  Great. Thanks for the positive feedback.
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  2517. Thank you. I am glad you liked it and took the time to provide feedback.
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  2518. Thanks for commenting. We are in between eclipses, the next one being August 12, 2026. I enjoy all aspects of science, technology, and engineering, so this has been fun for me to analyze.
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  2519. You may not think so, but this is a complex story. Remember that a 19-year-old tragically died. The Coast Guard Titan Hearings ended at the end of September 2024, just 5 months ago. All of this new information provided under oath was made available then, and it is being sorted through slowly. The engineering and the personalities involved are fascinating. Analyzing it may provide for updating the maritime regulations so this never happens again, so it's really important for it to be investigated. If you don't care about it, you will need to work to ignore it. Netflix is releasing a movie about it soon. The BBC is making a movie about it. The final reports from the Coast Guard and the NTSB will eventually come out and create another news cycle. It may be talked about for decades, just like the Titanic wreck. Therefore, I hope the Titan story doesn't annoy you too much. Thanks for commenting, even negatively, because it helps me by making the algorithm suggest it to more people.
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  2520. The viewport was probably shattered. It looks like the retaining ring was sheared off with an outward force. I doubt it was blown out and survived in one piece.
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  2521.  @my_channel_44  I have a video that is all about grinding down the humps in the layers. Search You Tube for this title OceanGate Titan Hull - Hundreds of Ill-advised Carbon Fiber Grind Spots
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  2522. Thanks for your comment. I agree with you.
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  2523. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate you noting that I am trying not to be sensational about the Titan accident. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together hours of separate testimony on the subject.
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  2524. You have some points. It took a long time for Lochridge to get cleared to come to the U.S. and start work. It dragged into the Spring of 2016, by Lochridges own testimony. Tony asked David Spencer from Spencer Composites to oversee the gluing of the rings to the hull. Spencer sent their technicians to do that glue work and Spencer chose the type of epoxy to be used. Tony was just watching it happen. In his testiimony he stated that his primary role that day was to make sure things (ring and hull) lined up to be square. Apparently, gluing carbon fiber was one of David Spencer's specialties.
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  2525.  @mechadrake  Yeah, I gues they traveled wet after filing the laminate and just covering the layer with that peel ply for protection.
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  2526. Thanks for your comment. I agree that this is fascinating. I have new data from the 2024 eclipse which is interesting. I talk about some😢 photoediting adjustments I made starting at about 6:10 in this video.
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  2527. Thanks for commenting and I am glad you liked the content.
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  2528. Good point. I guess the pool of potential buyers gets lower the more and more you get over $250,000 per seat.
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  2529.  @olhydra  I Agree, he was flying around the country trying to convince people to sign on.
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  2530. Thanks for your comment. I enjoy analyzing this testimony. It's amazing.
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  2531. Thanks for your comment.
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  2532. Thanks for commenting, and I am glad you liked the content. I appreciate the support. I am trying to analyze and present the facts by piecing together separate bits of testimony on specific interesting subjects about the Titan. And without being derogatory and sensational.
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  2533. That is a good point. Leaving Titan outside that winter was such a negligent idea! They should have brought it back to Seattle and worked on it, pulled the liner, and inspected the hull from the inside. They simply did not have the money to flatbed it across the country again.
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  2534. Thanks for your comment. You are absolutely correct that the domes get forced inward. The domes are getting forced against hard epoxy. Tony was worried about mircocracking in the epoxy. The issue is that at these pressures, you don't get a "drip, drip" leak like under your kitchen sink. When it goes, it goes all the way, causing an instantaneous catastrophic leak/implosion. And the lifting eyes weren't the only thing stressing the front ring glue joint. What about opening and closing the 3,500-pound front dome hundreds of times? Thanks again.
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  2535. It's Fine to look at the last part of diamond ring into Baily's beads with your eyes. But NEVER with magnification like binoculars or a telescope. Can't use magnification until into full totality.
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  2536. Thanks for your comment. At the time I uploaded this video the type of epoxy was not even publically known. It is now due to the Coast Guard/NTSB investigation. (Loctite EA 9394 AERO, also known as Hysol EA9394). Obviously, if you are trying to bond two dissimilar materials together epoxy may be the answer. The point of this video was basically: the standard build for deep diving submersibles to sustain 6,000 PSI is a sphere built with welding together steel/titanium, not glue. So, you can't separate the decision to use glue from the technique of applying the glue. If you are going to use "industry standard epoxy adhesives" (your terms) it should be applied with industry-standard procedures, as in controlled conditions; temperature, humidity, dust control. etc. I did not see that attention to detail in this fabrication video, did you? So, actually, those are two gotcha's. And I can add a third. After the investigation when the Spencer Composite design document was released, we learned that the gap for the epoxy was specified to be 0.06 inches. Do you have any confidence in that specification (in all gaps) being met by what you see happening in this video? Thanks for adding to the discussion, I appreciate it.
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  2537. Thank you for that comment. The idea came because of the engineer Bart Kemper who used the bridge analogy, which was brilliant. In the next part of his testimony (which I did not include), he talked about a truss bridge system and where and how loads could make it fail, of course vertically. He takes all of the complex cylinder engineering out of it. I thought the joist analogy was better for the average person to picture and the principals are similar. I am getting a little pushback in comments from some engineers, but I did not make it up, the idea came from an engineer who testified under oath.
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  2538. Thank you for your comment and the constructive criticism. When editing, I try to keep things moving along, and I try to have the people who gave the testimony say their part. I want to limit the amount of time I talk about what they say (basically repeating the information). So, sometimes, that doesn't leave a lot of time for graphics. I will take your comment into consideration with mt future videos.
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  2539. Yes it did!
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  2540. Thanks for your comment. It is just a possibility. The other thing about the story is the "culture" of the engineering decisions.
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  2541. Thanks.
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  2542. Yep, many, many issues.
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  2543. They designed and engineered the sub using the English system of measurements, so I stick to that in my video narration. Except, when they talk about depth. They always have used meters for depth and, therefore, in the video, so do I.
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  2544. Thanks for your comment!
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  2545. Thanks for your comment. On the final dive, the descent rate was reported by the team to be 33 meters per minute, which is a normal descent rate. Just before the implosion, the sub reported "dropping two weights," which is a normal procedure to slow their descent as they approach the bottom. Two weights for them is a total of about 70 pounds.
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  2546. Thank you for commenting and supporting. I appreciate it, and I am glad you liked the video.
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  2547. They did not. This V2 hull was a one-off with no testing at all.
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  2548.  @swashington942  Check out Destin's latest eclipse day video. He came with me and my group to the eclipse and we had a great time.
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  2549. Agree, I am sure none of the "mission specialists" ever saw that epoxy video.
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  2550. Thanks for your comment and I am glad you liked the video.
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  2551. The first 1/3 scale models dones were just that. They had carbon fiber domes. That was Stockton's original idea, all carbon fiber. However, the models with the CF domes failed at the dome area. They could not take the pressure. It may be because to mount the mandrel for wrapping you have to have holes at both ends for a center rod. That hole was the weak spot. So, he switched the concept to the titanium domes.
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  2552. @ No problem, glad you liked the video.
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  2553. @ Correct. They also tested the 1/3 scale models with a metal plug-in one side which I guess later would be the position for the viewport. But the domes were just too weak due to the perforations in the center. They had to give up on that.
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  2554. Thanks for your supportive comment. I am glad you liked the video.
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  2555. Thanks for commenting. I agree with you.
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  2556. It's difficult to say. If you are referring to the 2024 total solar eclipse in Mexico or in the southwest United States, it is a high altitude eclipse in April, with max eclipse around mid-afternoon, so there is some time in the late morning for ground heating, even before the partial phases start. The Sun is traveling on a mid-Spring ecliptic, so it won't have maximum angles for ground energy delivery. So a lot will depend on the actual ground cover/characteristics at your specific observing locations and then the wind conditions on eclipse day. Meaning, how much energy can be absorbed and then how will the energy be released. But I think that most likely the minimum temp drop would be 8 to 12 degrees, which can happen at most eclipses. But possibly a drop of the mid-teens? My situation and observing location in 2019 was rare and just optimal for a max temp drop.
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  2557.  @onedollasnake  You are correct. For example, at the Mexico - United States Border, on the centerline, the Sun altitude will be 59.4° at C1 and 68.5° at Max eclipse. I will be great!
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  2558.  @onedollasnake  There is no way to quantify a single brightness of the corona because it spans such an incredible range of brightness. From very, very bright at the inner corona to very dim at the outer corona. No video camera capture and no single shutter speed can capture the range (like your eyes can). That is why you see many different appearing corona images posted. Read this https://www.solareclipsetimer.com/photo-step-4.html and look at this 2019 report https://www.solareclipsetimer.com/2019-eclipse-report.html and look at my HDR images.
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  2559. I agree. There is no publicly available engineering data on this co-bonded hull strength right now. The Coast Guard may have it, but they haven't released it. I wonder if there was any FEA at all?
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  2560. Great! Glad you liked it.
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  2561. Thanks for the supportive comment.
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  2562.  @DailyFrankPeter  I agree with you.
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  2563. Agree with that. Thanks for commenting.
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  2564. Thank you for your kind comment and support. Glad you liked it.
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  2565. Sure, it gets to an extremely small crescent or a really bright and big diamond ring (same thing). And the ambient LUX gets very low. But you never get to full totality with full corona.
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