Youtube comments of Schwerpunkt (@wol.im.hiut.und.immer.wol.).

  1. "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and to the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."
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  2. The horse, examined as a mythical-religious symbol reveals a double face: heroic and "solar" on the one hand, funeral and chthonic on the other. In fact, the horse has an important role in shamanic techniques and in the myths connected with them – residues of both of which can be scoped within the Indo-Europeans – to the extent that we can speak of an ideology and a shamanic technique in the narrower meaning of the term: ascent to Heaven, descent to Hell to bring back the soul of the sick or accompany the dead. The shamanic cult complex, basically "chthonic", presents rather "uranic" aspects such as the absence or relatively little importance of the female elements, the cult of fire, the forging of metals and therefore the manufacture of weapons. Indeed, metals and fire – therefore the weapons, which in a certain sense constitute the most typical product of the encounter of this with those – are, together with the horse, the melting point between the sphere of the sky and fire on the one hand , that of the bowels of the earth on the other. It goes without saying that the myth of Orpheus comes to us from Thrace, and that in the Thracian religion the journey to the underworld is important, exemplified precisely by Orpheus himself in his psychagogic function, which not in all versions of the myth ends – as in the classical one – in a failure. Among other things, Orpheus has the role of animal handler through a magic-musical technique; and the Thracians, famous horse trainers throughout antiquity, gave space in their graves to wagons and horses. The Thracians are still responsible for procuring trance by means of burnt hemp: a mantic process, but probably also in relation to the "journey" into the afterlife. The custom of inhaling the smoke of hemp to obtain an ecstatic trance is witnessed as usual by the Scythians – who took over the Thracians and mixed with them in the Balkan-Danubian area – and certainly linked to the cultural complex of death and ultramundane survival. Herodotus left us a description of the Scythian funeral rites: when a king dies, the Scythians kill fifty of his servants and fifty of his most beautiful horses, and then by means of poles they plant the first on the second, leaving these knights to guard the royal tomb; when the deceased is not a king, when the funeral is over, they purify themselves by inebriating themselves with the exhalations of the hemp seed, which enhance them to the point of making them cry out bestially. Medusa, beheaded by Perseus, has the equine head and winged body with some artists: she was born out of the wound the winged horse Pegasus, which is still called the fruit of her loves with Poseidon. Pegasus's relationship with Poseidon recalls that in the Hellenic myth the horse is connected with the element of water; in fact, the name of the winged animal derives from pegaí, "marine waters", and it is known that the marine deities are typologically similar to the chthonia. Another famous horse, Arion, who belonged first to Hercules and then to Adrastus, was borned to Poseidon by another chthonic deity, Erinos, who according to a later tradition would also be the parent of the runners of the chariot of Mars; according to the Pseudo-Apollodorus, the horse was foaled by Demeter while she was "in the likeness of a Fury"; Pausanias reported that, according to Antimachus, the horse was the foal of Gaia, the Earth, herself. And it is still up to a third chthonic deity, the Podarga harpy, to have given birth to Balios and Xanthos, the immortal horses donated by the gods to Peleus and from these to Achilles, as well as to Harpagon and Phlogeus, which according to Stesychorus were offered from Hermes to the Dioscuri. To further prove the original chthonic-infernal character of the equine symbol, it would suffice to remember that the most ancient representations of Demeter are hypocephalic. The Hellenic world was therefore familiar with this constant connection of the horse with the inferior deities; and even more familiar to it was this coexistence of higher divine and lower divine, uranic and chthonic. The horse became a symbol naturally linked to death or perhaps – with Pythagoreanism and Platonism – to a "superior" state, but in any case "different" from life: according to the Oneirokritiká of Artemidorus of Daldi, dreaming of a horse could presage death. Moreover, images of this type have remained familiar to European folklore, especially that of Central Europe. In the Hibernian-Celtic sagas the horse is sometimes a demonic presence, linked to the aquatic forces no less than in the Hellenic area. Saxo Grammaticus noted the existence among the Slavs of the Baltic of horses that lived at public expense at the sanctuaries so that the god would ride them overnight.
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  3. Related videos: 🦅⚡Thanks for 10,000 subscribers: a history of Schwerpunkt - https://youtu.be/xfqOYK2OH08 🦅⚡Preliminary considerations on "AI" and the close future of history - https://youtu.be/cKpvUJsH8n4 🦅⚡Q&A n°27 - How do you do it? - https://youtu.be/2MU-V_UV22I 🦅⚡Cantor, the Longobards and the (un)reliability of scholarship - https://youtu.be/Oy4w8cs4yXA 🦅⚡Free publications vs post-docs - https://youtu.be/tF_QJo0Uwwc 🦅⚡PhD tales - Tutor, co-tutor, mentors and other points of reference - https://youtu.be/HEgXmxg4pug 🦅⚡Research time management - https://youtu.be/ESdKuF-sZdQ 🦅⚡Gustav Meyrink's Walpurgisnacht: Schwerpunkt's review - https://youtu.be/yZ7lfhfSFrw 🦅⚡How to make an effective conference speech - https://youtu.be/5vn2FdhMwAc 🦅⚡Commentary on Shadiversity's "Medieval Misconceptions: BATTLEFIELD, tactics, units, and formations" - https://youtu.be/Ueh7j0dj8bs 🦅⚡Medieval chronicles, Modern histories and Contemporary studies - https://youtu.be/qFSpns7-UAU 🦅⚡How valuable is making sources explicit for a YouTube history channel? - https://youtu.be/NWuvya9sZH4 🦅⚡Thanks for 1,000,000 views - https://youtu.be/7yyIdpS7kpM 🦅⚡All Quiet on the Western Front (2022): Schwerpunkt's review - https://youtu.be/2Y_yA9MWAd0 🦅⚡Schwerpunkt's content organization - https://youtu.be/krWrUT-xUMM 🦅⚡Q&A n°23 - How can our knowledge about Medieval Warfare be improved through arms & armor testing? - https://youtu.be/9b6XAgSCIk8 🦅⚡How history helps to face life - https://youtu.be/MmymcivuFxM 🦅⚡A guide to Schwerpunkt's content - https://youtu.be/H21o-eYfs84 🦅⚡Debunking clichés on history: "it's useless/unproven/theoretical/boring/written by winners, etc." - https://youtu.be/iYvyKTlC67Y 🦅⚡PhD tales - Selection - https://youtu.be/nwWzrF32274 🦅⚡On historical objectivity - https://youtu.be/J5q26WnvznU 🦅⚡How to objectively assess cultural values - https://youtu.be/dedf7ciool8 🦅⚡PhD tales - How to search for a PhD topic - https://youtu.be/JG7aCyVGshE 🦅⚡PhD tales - Motivation - https://youtu.be/m9W3FGKOjis 🦅⚡164 dates to learn by heart in order to necessarily but not satisfactorily know the Middle Ages - https://youtu.be/8dPbbcF-Yzs 🦅⚡On the current type of ideologism - https://youtu.be/sLb44ecTkcw 🦅⚡Why the Art of War is a necessary prerequisite to understand military history and the world - https://youtu.be/kDTiZAy4c1M 🦅⚡Q&A n°22 - On traditional grace and transfiguration - https://youtu.be/TMCChD9BC_o 🦅⚡"Frogs, Liverwurst and Spaghetti": an Imperial cuisine worth dying for 🦅⚡✌ - https://youtu.be/xk2uAI5vmcE 🦅⚡How do we know history is real? - https://youtu.be/w4BllzX-3c0 🦅⚡Calling oneself "conservative" does not spare from cultural underdevelopment: facing responsibility - https://youtu.be/juuzQ6lOiMw 🦅⚡The time for history - https://youtu.be/zLR3HCLmSDs 🦅⚡On the importance of moral forces - https://youtu.be/GbyxMG8h240 🦅⚡How to become expert in the Medieval Art of War and why civilization rests solely on hard work - https://youtu.be/U6kHjdM8v4g 🦅⚡How to get the basic Medieval history fundamentals right - https://youtu.be/KsB_1pxcsc8 🦅⚡Notes for a history of strategy - https://youtu.be/tbQIfmXYRyg 🦅⚡On responsibility, strength and reason - https://youtu.be/zX_TRZnALK0 🦅⚡On the Soviet abomination of humanity: moral history for 21st century schools - https://youtu.be/GWZVOxmM4Qk 🦅⚡On the superstitious nature of the current historical interest - https://youtu.be/246PZIROzdY 🦅⚡The alt-right (i.e. leftist) distortion of the Migration Era as denial of European tradition - https://youtu.be/1_UlyR2rSCQ 🦅⚡What professors don't know - https://youtu.be/W4md-jjdHdg
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  4. It happens
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  5. I agree, the video exposes the ideology tout-court: the degree of application and success was mitigated, such as the mentioned degree of privatization for economic necessity. About the class struggle, for example, what need would have there been to emphasize the "bourgeoisie" if this was seen as an threat/anomaly within the system? On the family it is also true, tradition could never be eliminated: not only the patriarchy didn't end but also the same religiosity is preserved privately in spite of the state efforts to atheistic conversion. Many other things went on behind the scene including prostitution, gambling, smuggling, etc.. The main thing that hopelessly escaped any ideology, was corruption in all sectors of Soviet society. What strikes in the post-socialist world is the widespread anti-rich and anti-clerical prejudice, also probably due to the resistance to the transition towards neo-liberalism that has projected these communities into a world alien to and competitive with them and/or already ideologically demonized in previous times.
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  6. Hello there, thank you heartily for the compliments, it means a lot Yeah, well, welcome to my fantastic "English pack": exactly, it would be Scythians and Getae/Gets respectively, I apologize for my poor elocution. If you're interested in these topics I also made a video on Scythian warfare (that time with a somewhat better pronunciation!). https://youtu.be/cUTOBK6yTNY I wish you a great time and enjoy
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  7. Thanks. Sure, it's on the list
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  8. Related videos: 🦅⚡Dacian infantry (I-II century AD) - https://youtu.be/umbgPdNFeRE 🦅⚡Roman Moesia and Thrace - https://youtu.be/R9BAB9nqR4I 🦅⚡Vlach infantryman (XI-XIII century) - https://youtu.be/Jm4DRPZnI5E 🦅⚡Medieval Transylvania (500-1000 AD ca.) - https://youtu.be/hlzOZHdSY9M 🦅⚡Trajan's Empire: a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/4fE32jjN85s 🦅⚡Principality of Moldavia (1359-1504): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/Vl9q7BlTb8c 🦅⚡The foundation of Wallachia - https://youtu.be/Qu2ITrxCVvE 🦅⚡The First Bulgarian Empire (680-1018): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/4UgjC0gPjG8 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Byzantines, Slavs and Avars (VI-VII century) - https://youtu.be/2OjXIOIXRJY 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Sarmatians, Bosporans and Romans - https://youtu.be/yyZXj3ipbSk 🦅⚡The Sarmatians: history of an Iranian people - https://youtu.be/XYkszK0C0cA 🦅⚡On the foresight of Roman strategy: a foreword - https://youtu.be/tKZsoMDB5ww 🦅⚡Roman Draco military standard (II-V century AD) - https://youtu.be/W7fRi96jrmY 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Huns and Goths (IV-V century) - https://youtu.be/e5y098zfkFo 🦅⚡The Visigoths: the "good/worthy" of the Migration Era - https://youtu.be/8V5013OekOI 🦅⚡Visigothic army organization (IV-VIII century) - https://youtu.be/7w-moXbp_go 🦅⚡Byzantine frontiers (565-602): Avars, Slavs and Sasanids - https://youtu.be/aoh6KRBlIik 🦅⚡Medieval Eastern Balkan Warfare (mid-XI-mid-XIV century): Serbia, Bulgaria, Wallachia and Moldavia - https://youtu.be/7X6MfGh56z0 🦅⚡How the modern Ukrainian nation was made in Habsburgic Galicia - https://youtu.be/FdWEmQsHwCE 🦅⚡Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia (1199-1349): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/3pCZj6mm1X4 🦅⚡Galicia and Volhynia (1921-1935) - https://youtu.be/EQq_8i98ftw 🦅⚡Byzantine auxiliaries (IV-XI century): Serbs, Bulgarians, Georgians, Armenians, Kurds, etc. - https://youtu.be/yMeWidTth8M 🦅⚡Asiatic heavy cavalryman (VI-XI century) - https://youtu.be/G7MRyc4s3Wg 🦅⚡Asiatic light cavalryman (VI-XI century) - https://youtu.be/D0Sn31wWAng 🦅⚡Slavs, Avars and Bulgars: an overview - https://youtu.be/mtrrvRGz74s 🦅⚡Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Russia: a compared political-military history (X-XIV century) - https://youtu.be/1Y2X1t1ksjU 🦅⚡The rise of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1241): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/KZflZCXYJp0 🦅⚡The control over evangelization: Rastislav of Moravia, Boris I of Bulgaria and Olga of Kiev - https://youtu.be/qKSihAqO5ac 🦅⚡The shrinking of the Roman Empire: Arabs, Slavs and Bulgars (VII century) - https://youtu.be/lZSndNhMraU 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Bulgars, Khazars and Magyars (VII-VIII century) - https://youtu.be/GdPjL4XHdEY 🦅⚡Kingdom of Hungary (1000/1001-1196): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/gekDkyG2CiA 🦅⚡Medieval Hungarian warfare (XI-XIV century): an introduction - https://youtu.be/uOKQY50wtog 🦅⚡The Magyars and the origins of Hungary (IX-XI century) - https://youtu.be/2NIixg0IDJM
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  9. I am glad that Schwerpunkt's time is appreciated. The slide is for the Creative Commons images credits. I do use notes sometimes, however this video was completely improvised.
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  10. Thanks!
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  11. Thank you for sharing your family history, it's quite interesting
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  12. You're welcome. Currently I'm re-uploading a lot of stuff with copyright-free images. If you're specifically interested in the Migration Era or Medieval Germany I have created these two playlists: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyipZZASdY8cB2aFqdNKPkql https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtygu32Pqqsqn5HHfkAz3K9qp
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  13. Related videos: 🦅⚡Rome, Hans & Guptas: the legacy of the Catholic Tradition in the face of the steppes' Apocalypse - https://youtu.be/DPz_rB_jW98 🦅⚡Romanized Germans, barbarized Byzantines and the hard-to-die myth of Latin-Germanic backwardness - https://youtu.be/Aexp7g5yvuI 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Poles, Lithuanians and Cossacks (XV-XVI century) - https://youtu.be/a1ovKBlwfM4 🦅⚡The overwhelming expansion of Western Christendom (XIII century) - https://youtu.be/7EYY4whYEwE 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes tactics (VI-XI century): Avars, Magyars, Bulgars, Khazars, Oghuz, Pechenegs, Cumans - https://youtu.be/026EZkbO0CU 🦅⚡The Medieval Italian financial hegemony (XI-XIV century): an overview - https://youtu.be/vxcMP3o2IK0 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Italians, Ottomans and Tatars (XV century) - https://youtu.be/ITyhHmRiRyA 🦅⚡Chingizid-Yuan Mongol Chinese warfare: organization, tactics, training & battles (XIII-XIV century) - https://youtu.be/tHwYI9rqqtU 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Rus', Lithuanians and Golden Horde (XIV century) - 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  14. Exactly. It was the original name of the dynasty, from Pepin of Landen and Arnulf of Metz whose respective daughter and son got married: they were the grandparents of Charles Martel, from whom the Carolingian name.
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  15. I prescribe this dose: - https://youtu.be/WITm6tSNXW4 - https://youtu.be/NPre0vfqnGo Corroborated with: - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiK5wwjedcoY6eeYS7qR72x - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyh3k1FWGLE0av0NxGOTzEUr Enjoy
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  16. Of course. Something already here: https://youtu.be/0CuPDvh2TBU https://youtu.be/xEDwHdUMPiM
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  17. Part 2: https://youtu.be/BkzoNdtfOhM
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  18. It remains unclear. There are remains of river/swamp buffalo dating from ancient times, compatible with a knowledge in the Hellenic age and breeding in the Roman one. Linguistically it's worth noticing that the Roman "Bubalus" is however the wild ox, not the English "Buffalo". The episode you refer to is that of Agilulf in 596: Longobards, Arabs and Normans are all credited with the introduction of the buffaloes in Italy, probably contributing to spreading them, especially the latter from Sicily to the Southern Italian mainland.
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  19. Albeit old video, the title was too long to make "re-upload" fit in it
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  20. Thank you a lot for the appreciation. I'm planning to re-make this video (together with several others), because of the tone that is somewhat killing it, I admit that I got bored myself to relisten to it now. It's an important battle, it deserves better. I'm glad that you had these memories, there is a beautiful literature on the carroccio, which highlights the belonging to the "Popolo", rather than to the city, and which therefore makes the "last stand" of the Lombard infantry around it more significant from a tactical point of view, especially after the retreat of the nobiliar cavalry.
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  21. I'll start from the Japanese occupation (1940)
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  22. I can. Some hint here https://youtu.be/IkL1Ar80tMg
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  23. Thanks. I didn't need to reference anything for this one. I've been studying these things for years, so I just chat about them until I've hit my daily word quota. No sweat!
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  24. Related videos: 🦅⚡Die Strahlen der Sonne vertreiben die Nacht, zernichten der Heuchler erschlichene Macht - https://youtu.be/7F4VTNXvQGc 🦅⚡Eternally rising as the king of the living: the Sol Invictus «distant of place from people and gods» - https://youtu.be/L0MbkvVPIYM 🦅⚡«Not a mere mortal but a great deity in human form»: the traditional meaning of regality - https://youtu.be/CVSVNNswWoY 🦅⚡Historical reliability, accuracy and ideology: a compass for the disoriented - https://youtu.be/n_FlGcY960M 🦅⚡Gustav Meyrink's Walpurgisnacht: Schwerpunkt's review - https://youtu.be/yZ7lfhfSFrw 🦅⚡À toi la gloire, o Ressuscité! Why the only French identity is Holy, Catholic, Apostolic and Roman - https://youtu.be/xEi5m6jpibU 🦅⚡Schwerpunkt's backstage - Spring 2024 - https://youtu.be/yskg_1a4B_E 🦅⚡Advice for future historians of the Art of War - https://youtu.be/Naq67LTlLlw 🦅⚡Commentary on Metatron's "Were The Ancient Romans Nordic? 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A response to a great scholagladiatoria video - https://youtu.be/irZq_jl9qHk 🦅⚡Why War is the most important thing to learn for humanity - https://youtu.be/K8rE0SJuBRs 🦅⚡Have we got Medieval warfare right? - https://youtu.be/SGy3No-xRm0 🦅⚡Searching for realism? Study history - https://youtu.be/B98KJ4vC8_c 🦅⚡Von Clausewitz says to believe in yourself - https://youtu.be/Eho_ZbACoOs
    8
  25. Yes, an old one. Not so well done but still: https://www.google.com/url?esrc=s&q=&rct=j&sa=U&url=https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DylN_37cWgQ4&ved=2ahUKEwjTtoeKn9D7AhXScPEDHbkBAQAQtwJ6BAgKEAE&usg=AOvVaw3UJqOqC0cCMEUqPHXatD1T
    8
  26. Excellent suggestion, thanks. Although I can not promise to make the video soon, it's already on the list.
    7
  27. Hey. Thanks to you for the suggestion and the appreciation. If you wish to donate you can do it via PayPal at schwerpunkt226@gmail.com, however if you share I'm even happier. Thanks again
    7
  28. Related videos: 🦅⚡Q&A n°31 - "Can you recommend any books on medieval history as a whole? I want a starting point" - https://youtu.be/FztupfxgiHo 🦅⚡How history helps to face life - https://youtu.be/MmymcivuFxM 🦅⚡Medieval chronicles, Modern histories and Contemporary studies - https://youtu.be/qFSpns7-UAU 🦅⚡Research time management - https://youtu.be/ESdKuF-sZdQ 🦅⚡PhD tales - Tutor, co-tutor, mentors and other points of reference - https://youtu.be/HEgXmxg4pug 🦅⚡Free publications vs post-docs - https://youtu.be/tF_QJo0Uwwc 🦅⚡Commentary on Shadiversity's "Medieval Misconceptions: BATTLEFIELD, tactics, units, and formations" - https://youtu.be/Ueh7j0dj8bs 🦅⚡On the superstitious nature of the current historical interest - https://youtu.be/246PZIROzdY 🦅⚡The time for history - https://youtu.be/zLR3HCLmSDs 🦅⚡Q&A n°12 - How to define research questions? - https://youtu.be/PPl3i46L7fI 🦅⚡How to objectively assess cultural values - https://youtu.be/dedf7ciool8 🦅⚡Q&A n°29 - Is Schwerpunkt an authentic source? - https://youtu.be/Jj_8C-ku8LE 🦅⚡PhD tales - How to search for a PhD topic - https://youtu.be/JG7aCyVGshE 🦅⚡Books, history, education - https://youtu.be/DMS068CResU 🦅⚡Q&A n°14 - How to pursue a rigorous understanding of history outside professional academia? - https://youtu.be/BTl0fTlsbSg 🦅⚡How to study a Medieval battle - https://youtu.be/Ac0U6aLatJ8 🦅⚡Cantor, the Longobards and the (un)reliability of scholarship - https://youtu.be/Oy4w8cs4yXA 🦅⚡Q&A n°27 - How do you do it? - https://youtu.be/2MU-V_UV22I 🦅⚡Debunking clichés on history: "it's useless/unproven/theoretical/boring/written by winners, etc." - https://youtu.be/iYvyKTlC67Y 🦅⚡Why humanity and science cannot exist without each other and on the struggling meaning of existence - https://youtu.be/3doAbWvoeHA 🦅⚡How valuable is making sources explicit for a YouTube history channel? - https://youtu.be/NWuvya9sZH4 🦅⚡On historical objectivity - https://youtu.be/J5q26WnvznU 🦅⚡On responsibility, strength and reason - https://youtu.be/zX_TRZnALK0 🦅⚡Q&A n°23 - How can our knowledge about Medieval Warfare be improved through arms & armor testing? - https://youtu.be/9b6XAgSCIk8 🦅⚡Preliminary considerations on "AI" and the close future of history - https://youtu.be/cKpvUJsH8n4 🦅⚡A historical tip or two - https://youtu.be/RBPn7R10YNg 🦅⚡Q&A n°24 - Cyclical/linear history, Medieval spies, Augustan religion and Islamic monotheism - https://youtu.be/jZM50-cpsTw 🦅⚡PhD tales - Motivation - https://youtu.be/m9W3FGKOjis 🦅⚡How do we know history is real? - https://youtu.be/w4BllzX-3c0 🦅⚡On the importance of moral forces - https://youtu.be/GbyxMG8h240 🦅⚡How to make an effective conference speech - https://youtu.be/5vn2FdhMwAc 🦅⚡What professors don't know - https://youtu.be/W4md-jjdHdg
    7
  29. Thanks to you
    7
  30. Tomorrow I'm gonna make a video on it
    7
  31. You can start from here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyhAxVBS7PchIlFARsHoy1OR Also in the Roman history playlist you find references to it, especially in "Ambrose of Milan, Symmachus and the Altar of Victory" and "The imperial cult in the Julio-Claudian age: for a history of the Roman religious tradition" as the most up-dated content: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiUOgs7YBgAqPSGGHsA6_SJ
    7
  32. Sure
    7
  33. You're welcome. I also have this, that is essentially the more radical version on it, albeit infantry biased: https://youtu.be/96Gkdw-bKiE You can find all the rest of Roman content here: Roman Warfare https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyh3o03nz0_Q4GAidQpZL1Z2 Romany Army https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyi8H0nsDC94Ymd4bkR656d4 Roman History https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyg7yJqml1IHpxD_quWKPgTz
    7
  34. Yes
    7
  35. Tack
    7
  36. Hey. Thanks for the question. It's historically uncertain but remains a possibility. Surely Leo III was influenced by the iconoclastic bishops of Asia Minor and the movement was already very strong in Constantinople at the time. Let's say that the debate on icons was not new to the Byzantine religious thought and was related to internal political issues.
    6
  37. Thanks a lot for your appreciation and support
    6
  38. Related videos: 🦅⚡The conflict over Francis' legacy: the Order of Friars Minor and the repression of the Joachimites - https://youtu.be/T3jEs0BIwA8 🦅⚡On the nature of Catharism - https://youtu.be/jzxRsNN1Ims 🦅⚡The ideological implications of the peasants' struggle: Jacquerie, English revolt and Hussites - https://youtu.be/sUg2ywDxw-g 🦅⚡Justin Martyr and the Christian blessing to the Roman victory in arms to establish world peace - https://youtu.be/P2SatuW6nHo 🦅⚡Medieval French liturgy: the Franco-Roman settlement and the influence on the Western Church - https://youtu.be/lpjXCx-gh00 🦅⚡The pontificate of Innocent III: the peak of Roman Catholic power - https://youtu.be/DvWNblRyB-4 🦅⚡The intransigence of Papal power: the suppression of the Dulcinians and the war against the Visconti - https://youtu.be/0ANvtNGsSOw 🦅⚡The Dominican and Franciscan studia, the Papal scholastic policy and Bonaventure's generalship - https://youtu.be/_TsXwAoGo9M 🦅⚡Gregory VII's pontificate as the violent turning point against the lay investiture of the clergy - https://youtu.be/Vw3Eg7tz2NQ 🦅⚡«Fluet sanguis more torrentis»: holy and secular war in Hippolytus, Cyprian and Lactantius - https://youtu.be/sIxOxK_jbfo 🦅⚡Medieval European sin, penance and salvation: on the cohesion of social values (VIII-IX century) - https://youtu.be/_NEI9OyFbq0 🦅⚡The Late Antique paradigm shift: the re-affirmation of Catholic spiritual unity towards the End Time - https://youtu.be/A3IKCLmmL00 🦅⚡The beginning of the Albigensian Crusade: Innocent III, the Cathars and Raymond VI of Toulouse - https://youtu.be/3_wgpoUC5Ms 🦅⚡Peace and Truce of God: the rational order of violence (X-XI century) - https://youtu.be/txs3-vVgiG0 🦅⚡Ambrose of Milan, Symmachus and the Altar of Victory - https://youtu.be/7mWH2Hht4uk 🦅⚡Battle of Malešov - 7 June 1424 - https://youtu.be/aCk1nRRAt2A 🦅⚡When the Franciscans made military culture: John of Plano Carpini and the Historia Mongalorum - https://youtu.be/l8goh5VAN1Y 🦅⚡Hussite tactics: an introduction - https://youtu.be/Ge7nJEKcL7k 🦅⚡Integration of the pauperistic-evangelical movements in the Roman Church - https://youtu.be/SQrYQEFOQhQ 🦅⚡Humbert of Romans and the universal control over urban spirituality (XIII century) - https://youtu.be/etygReqPQBE 🦅⚡The duty of Holy War: Hugo Peccator, Bernard of Clairvaux, Peter of Troyes and Ralph Niger - https://youtu.be/CdpFzMN62Fg 🦅⚡Knight Templar - https://youtu.be/OOuuih7d3pk 🦅⚡Roman Papal power (XV century) - https://youtu.be/4Hqu06jLThg 🦅⚡The secularist theorists of the Empire: Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham - https://youtu.be/dq5MBWRC_XM 🦅⚡Saint Francis of Assisi (1181/2-1226) - https://youtu.be/52Z-L0mjgRw 🦅⚡The Byzantine iconoclasm and the triumph of Orthodoxy - https://youtu.be/GvBusQ882gc 🦅⚡Utraquist priest of the Hussite Wars - https://youtu.be/5WqZO3tnkW8 🦅⚡The ecclesiological-historiographical propaganda of Henry IV's faction against the Gregorians - https://youtu.be/nCg3CTfPxeI 🦅⚡The Cathars and their repression - https://youtu.be/PadQlSTJFao 🦅⚡Catharism - https://youtu.be/Yro3OGhg4rs 🦅⚡Vocation to martyrdom and cruel violence: on the civilizational value of Frankish-Roman Europe - https://youtu.be/VUz0EpgMcEQ 🦅⚡The monastic-military orders: an introduction - https://youtu.be/EwuwFw33Qmk 🦅⚡The pontificate of Innocent III - https://youtu.be/0h-L3GyqLxM 🦅⚡The patarian movement: an interpretation - https://youtu.be/rdVxgKQZxeQ 🦅⚡Thinking Late Medieval peasant revolts - https://youtu.be/oVIVdXICeYM 🦅⚡Medieval peasant revolts (XIV-XV century) - https://youtu.be/MlPn6WT3o38 🦅⚡Gnosis and Early Christianity - https://youtu.be/aYqEzSQxh1s 🦅⚡Before the Gregorian Reforms: Cluny, hermitage and Patarìa - https://youtu.be/ohMuyeKZWtc 🦅⚡Dominicans and Franciscans: the genesis of mendicant orders - https://youtu.be/ZHbOXc0eDy0
    6
  39. I'm glad to hear it and welcome to Schwerpunkt. Don't forget to check the playlists out, there's plenty of Indian Warfare and Italian Communes among other topics.
    6
  40. Hey, thanks. Sure, I will make it in future: I actually plan several of them
    6
  41. Related videos: 🦅⚡Henry I of England's royal household knights in Normandy (1100-1135) - https://youtu.be/jjs9hlqc3kE 🦅⚡Battle of Bourgthéroulde - 26 March 1124 - https://youtu.be/h0Ki-nb72HI 🦅⚡Duchy of Normandy (911-1469) - https://youtu.be/Mj_Xo6oRT7g 🦅⚡Anglo-Norman England (1066-1154) - https://youtu.be/3C-FxadHxY4 🦅⚡Medieval Northern French warfare (XI-XIV century): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/HEqqaQTgeNI 🦅⚡Medieval English and Welsh warfare (XI-XIV century): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/mIehu23rp-M 🦅⚡Medieval Southern Italian and Sicilian warfare (XI-XIV century): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/CxwvKzvlUs8 🦅⚡Louis VI's wars (1097-1135): beginning the re-compaction of the Western Frankish Kingdom - https://youtu.be/PN6KdWysojU 🦅⚡The reaffirmation of European dialectic: Berengar of Tours, Lanfranc of Pavia and Anselm of Aosta - https://youtu.be/pIh54sNSx6U 🦅⚡Government and politics in Medieval England (1066-1215) - https://youtu.be/1EqQWbgGouk 🦅⚡Norman government in Southern Italy (late XI century) - https://youtu.be/Mm7Z5BUPQXI 🦅⚡Angevin England (1154-1217) - https://youtu.be/9sxxRbY4ZVU 🦅⚡Refining Holy War: the Normans, the Reconquista and military penitence from Leo IX to Alexander II - https://youtu.be/qWk-P6_3mqQ 🦅⚡Italo-Norman heavy cavalryman (XI century) - https://youtu.be/tV6-K9oCQaM 🦅⚡English peasant autonomy (XII-XIII century): a European comparative perspective - https://youtu.be/amXRRbxBdOY 🦅⚡Royal power in the kingdom of England: the Norman-Angevin centralizing potential (XI-XII century) - https://youtu.be/mURsbkGl8BY 🦅⚡«A white mantle of churches»: the struggle for salvation from hermitism-monasticism to Pataria - https://youtu.be/AZQLjyj2VPc 🦅⚡Peace and Truce of God: the rational order of violence (X-XI century) - https://youtu.be/txs3-vVgiG0 🦅⚡Anglo-Saxon "select" fyrdmen (IX-XI century) - https://youtu.be/SVaoSZlG40g 🦅⚡Norman Sicily (1061-1198) - https://youtu.be/h8_Kcm3GDIk 🦅⚡Alexios I Komnenos' rise to power: the Norman and Pecheneg invasions and the honours system reform - https://youtu.be/3hjvAVFry-0 🦅⚡Western European knight - 1100 ca. (Modena Cathedral "Legend of king Arthur" reliefs) - https://youtu.be/w-aNdDjv66M 🦅⚡The Western political-territorial recomposition and Louis IX's feudal hierarchy (XII-XIII century) - https://youtu.be/k6T7-5MrL2s 🦅⚡Castles construction cost: Britain and France (XII-XIII century) - https://youtu.be/QrB00IZ6k_U 🦅⚡Western Frankish crossbowman (X-XI century) - https://youtu.be/xXA_Yw-0MDw 🦅⚡The definition of the noble lineage in post-Carolingian Europe (X-XI century) - https://youtu.be/gqS0tHsf1dw 🦅⚡The Medieval bow: the making, the longbowmen and the English tactics - https://youtu.be/2agKOpTpzRs 🦅⚡The thegn's military clientelary identity and the chivalric essence of the Anglo-Saxon soldiery - https://youtu.be/Q6CCuodatE0 🦅⚡Medieval French Communes: Louis VI and Soissons (1136) - https://youtu.be/uQLB3dotH00 🦅⚡Urban II and the Sutri agreement (1111): the separation of religious authority and public power - https://youtu.be/0Fn0Kp1Kisk 🦅⚡The elite dominant nature of Medieval literature: hierarchy, dynasty, spirit and order (XII century) - https://youtu.be/3P5Ap5UlGrY 🦅⚡Davidian Scotland - https://youtu.be/xee2sRMgEME 🦅⚡European monarchic institutional apparatus and royal officials (XII-XIII century) - https://youtu.be/-5h_StptkOs 🦅⚡Western Frankish kingdom: lay and ecclesiastical lords and seigniorial government (XII century) - https://youtu.be/2XYXsdNaHPI 🦅⚡Manuel I Komnenos (1143-1180) - https://youtu.be/5cLQknfHZoc 🦅⚡Medieval mercenaries (V-XIII century): an overview - https://youtu.be/8_VTmhJN7_o 🦅⚡Western European knight - 1180 ca. (Hortus Deliciarum ms.) - https://youtu.be/M2MnKhlF5iQ 🦅⚡From nobility de facto to nobility de iure (XII-XIII century) - https://youtu.be/t9erIenaATE 🦅⚡Seigneurial control over human mobility: Mathilda of Canossa and Kingdom of France (XII century) - https://youtu.be/nEt1xHiA0Ac 🦅⚡XII century knights' armament and tactics: myth and reality of the historiographical interpretation - https://youtu.be/boV2Q8H-kSs 🦅⚡Medieval Scandinavian warfare (XI-XIV century): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/DmS2GVmYDzg 🦅⚡Knight Hospitaller (XII-XIII century) - https://youtu.be/RkORRHFo0SQ 🦅⚡The heart of the Medieval tournament - https://youtu.be/MLrV29AjvjY 🦅⚡Battle of Dyrrhachion - 18 October 1081 - https://youtu.be/QDQCkgFvfuw 🦅⚡Byzantine warfare (XI-XIV century): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/GdEStNbYdq0 🦅⚡Varangian guardsman (X-XI century) - https://youtu.be/tKqDzvQH0hY
    6
  42. Related videos: 🦅⚡The foundation of Rome according to Livy: God's Law as Imperial Catholic Unity - https://youtu.be/dEZOUllNNDY 🦅⚡The Indo-European meaning of the Roman comitia curiata, centuriata and tributa (IV century BC) - https://youtu.be/xZ_2elXwto8 🦅⚡On the moral superiority of Roman civilization: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/Ft-6TRrikyA 🦅⚡The Italian genetic dominance in the Roman legions & the connubium-civitas rights (I-II century AD) - https://youtu.be/0rh2LYFFEjE 🦅⚡Rome's early enemies: Latins, Etruscans, Gauls and Samnites - https://youtu.be/yIz91t3uRnw 🦅⚡The rise and fall of the Vedic civilization: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/xbhFkD1cghk 🦅⚡The Norse-Germanic religion: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/_S8Im2I8jKw 🦅⚡The Indo-European doctrine of self-sacrifice: possessing the female demon of Victory - https://youtu.be/OwRaiQIjcwA 🦅⚡The trials against the Scipiones and the Roman hegemony over the Hellenistic world - https://youtu.be/3TR2ziTjYvk 🦅⚡Why Rome and Etruria NEVER actually had ANY form of hoplitic phase/army/tactics in their warfare - https://youtu.be/1mPAW5K02DQ 🦅⚡Archaic Roman military mindset: service, triumphs, Victoria, duels and leadership (IV century BC) - https://youtu.be/MLSM-in1wUc 🦅⚡Rise and fall of the Hellenic civilization: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/Cw93r_kw_c4 🦅⚡Q&A n°18 - Studying Indo-Europeans as a means to build spirit: how to and where to start? - https://youtu.be/p6tujlBkEm0 🦅⚡The Roman Imperial cult (II century AD): the Augustan legacy and the Jovian theology - https://youtu.be/WvfsZhYy4yI 🦅⚡Fortuna Caesaris: Clausewitzian theory at the root of Roman culture - https://youtu.be/ppQYw0JQDu4 🦅⚡Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder/Censor (234-149 BC): Roman mores, anti-Hellenism and De agri cultura - https://youtu.be/aTb5h8_OLXg 🦅⚡The Roman conquest of Italy: framing the moral, political and territorial dimension (509-264 BC) - https://youtu.be/0vinZlpgRvQ 🦅⚡Battle of the Allia river - 390 (387) BC - https://youtu.be/8Gi8uiPdJKI 🦅⚡70,000 slaves in 4 years: the profit of the Roman conquest of Italy (V-III century BC) - https://youtu.be/mtD6eu1Z3Jc 🦅⚡The destruction of Carthage and Corinth and the embellishment of Rome: gravitas vs luxuria - https://youtu.be/BDM_HCshv-w 🦅⚡137 years at war over 150: the hammering rhythm of the Roman expansion (V-III century BC) - https://youtu.be/Bpm_FMxF7Us 🦅⚡Italic warfare: Roman, Samnite, Lucanian and Apulian spears and javelins evolution (IV century BC) - https://youtu.be/BhHCuUuFfR0 🦅⚡The Indo-European Holy War: from Arjuna to the Templars - https://youtu.be/IRSR1JAZgWs 🦅⚡On the collimation of Indo-European religion, Clausewitzian theory and evolutionary biology - https://youtu.be/J8xgx4yUbe4 🦅⚡The imperial cult in the Julio-Claudian age: for a history of the Roman religious tradition - https://youtu.be/4xrpb0E6scY 🦅⚡Ligurian warrior (IV-II century BC) - https://youtu.be/NEx7eYTBmqE 🦅⚡Rome's Italian allies (V-III century BC): political allegiance, military activity and social cost - https://youtu.be/WvsuTZMKf1A 🦅⚡The Servian reform of the Roman army: an overview - https://youtu.be/fQiSpH0ynB8 🦅⚡The Boii ("the herding ones"): history of a Celtic people - https://youtu.be/Ey_FQYPt1Po 🦅⚡Rome at Augustus' death: imperial succession, domus Augusti, Apollo Palatinus, Res Gestae, etc. - https://youtu.be/dTDd3KSM3VA 🦅⚡The Augustan Empire: a privileged order worth dying a true Roman - https://youtu.be/crWQF0I26Gw 🦅⚡The nature of Romano-Italic warfare (V-IV century BC) - https://youtu.be/dqB_MM3WA7Y 🦅⚡Early Imperial Roman combat: a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/HtEdbXZggAg 🦅⚡Roman aggressiveness, the bona fides and the socii (IV-III century BC) - https://youtu.be/HjyMtyKcld0 🦅⚡Feudal Roman warfare (VIII-V century BC) - https://youtu.be/4q6lROsi21U 🦅⚡The power of the Roman legions: an overview - https://youtu.be/Tp8TgTxn-mg 🦅⚡Ancient Florence (Roman Florentia) - https://youtu.be/VTg7Lcj0LnI 🦅⚡Virtus, Audacia, Wut, Woths, Ódhr, Furor, Dásacht, Thyás and Ferg: the Indo-European sacred fury - https://youtu.be/wRuUhe1C9a4 🦅⚡Early Imperial Roman army standards - https://youtu.be/e972P-jYYoQ 🦅⚡The Roman conquest of Italy (V-III century BC): land, debt and colonization - https://youtu.be/pWVT01kbn6E 🦅⚡Romano-Italic aristocracy (V-VI century) - https://youtu.be/txKckAx1l_g 🦅⚡Ancient Milan (Celtic Medhelan - Roman Mediolanum) - https://youtu.be/jFTsMfR2Lwg 🦅⚡The Roman Eagle: an omen that they shall conquer all against whom they march - https://youtu.be/XbykPtlz3gk 🦅⚡Rome, Hans & Guptas: the legacy of the Catholic Tradition in the face of the steppes' Apocalypse - https://youtu.be/DPz_rB_jW98 🦅⚡The foundations of the Roman Empire: cives Romani, senatores, equites and municipia - https://youtu.be/GQ6ETz-lGs0
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  43. https://i.redd.it/tdqfnz9k7r211.png
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  44. Georges Dumézil
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  45. The Indo-European root is the same, the Latin word is independent from the Hellenic one. The Indo-European words div "sky", "day", "luminosity" and dī "to shine", "to shine", were at the origin of the Sanskrit terms divya "divine" and deva, "god", to which the Latin words divinus and deus as well as, through the variants dyu and dyaus (dyauṣ-pitṛivali was the "heavenly father"), the Latin Jupiter and the Greek Zeús correspond. In the aforementioned terms the vowel i [ī] is the verb "to go" and the semivowel v has the sense of "detach from", "diffuse", so div originally meant "the motion [i] of light [d] which spreads [v] "and dī was" the constant motion [i + i = ī] of light [d] ". Also in the Vedic word a-dyā, (lat. Ho-die) "day", the Indo-Europeans placed the symbol of light [d] to express the idea of "this [a- is not privative but pronominal basis] to go [yā ] of light [d] ".
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  46. Hey. Thanks to you for the appreciation! Just today I will make another video on the Roman army. Have you already check out my Roman Warfare playlist? I'm sure it can be of interest
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  47. They surely did: I talk about it in here > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZlxiFGNvKo
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  48. Hello, thank you for your appreciation and welcome to Schwerpunkt. Yes, the algorithm in search filters is infamous: you have to watch and share the content to make a difference. If you are especially interested in Medieval English Warfare I have this playlist. I have done the same for any area of Europe and am expanding even further. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyh7ng1nhKdiXwHwcHpCePsQ Enjoy
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  49. And more to come
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  50. General notice: in a few days I shall manage to obscure the video track of my videos, thus rendering the audio available for the audience again just as before. Schwerpunkt
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  51. Related videos: 🦅⚡The missed chance of a Polish-Lithuanian-Ukrainian Commonwealth: the Hadiach Union (1659) - https://youtu.be/zsEqGJPadjw 🦅⚡Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia (1199-1349): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/3pCZj6mm1X4 🦅⚡The Ukrainian national re-awakening and the Tsarist repression (XVIII-XIX century) - https://youtu.be/soppkjh1DNA 🦅⚡Ukraine in the Lublin Union (1569) and the Brest Union (1596) - https://youtu.be/ivzimzWc2Pc 🦅⚡How Ukraine acculturated the Muscovy and defined modern Russian identity (XVII-XVIII century) - https://youtu.be/bCoarKU4TwY 🦅⚡Early Rus' foreign policy and strategy (IX-X century) - https://youtu.be/JYBTuMZQDEI 🦅⚡Ukraine after 1939: totalitarian rule triggering ethnic tension - https://youtu.be/X-LeT1rEq1U 🦅⚡The Ukrainian nobility in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (XVI-XVII century) - https://youtu.be/l2A24XCa_GI 🦅⚡Ukraine under Polish rule and Soviet genocide: the rise of the Ukrainian nationalist organization - https://youtu.be/Wxwd1xEqcaM 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Kyevan Rus' and Cumans (XII century) - https://youtu.be/xGTez3R7HmU 🦅⚡Ukrainian politics in interwar Poland - https://youtu.be/C-Bl5_VL5sg 🦅⚡Rise and fall of the West Ukrainian People's Republic: political background - https://youtu.be/G7eZH5beEyc 🦅⚡Poland and Ukraine under Nazi and Soviet genocide: at the origins of ethnic violence - https://youtu.be/KVSg9ejSkho 🦅⚡Ukrainians, Poles and Jews in Galicia (early XX century) - https://youtu.be/_NX8tIc9RcY 🦅⚡Galician Ukrainian political compaction (1900 ca.) - https://youtu.be/PiUWfuyra6o 🦅⚡The genesis of the Kyevan Rusʹ: an overview - https://youtu.be/CjhumfQXQCo 🦅⚡The Early Rus' (IX century Rusia) - https://youtu.be/4Lph4ODKAI4 🦅⚡Byzantine-Rus' relations and the structuring of the Rusian Church (IX-X century) - https://youtu.be/XAqQWPJuqRo 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Rus', Lithuanians and Golden Horde (XIV century) - https://youtu.be/IcmHdNFm2io
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  52. Nope, everything is ok: just extraordinary administration
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  53. For the updates: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyhh_DfYPQ5m31XqDioWcaU5
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  54. Thanks for the appreciation. You can follow those specific topics here: - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyj46mNQcQcYfOI1MVOAHpGk - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyi5_48d9beTYVdES1O23Sps Enjoy
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  55. Thanks :) Great suggestion. Cola will surely arrive soon or later!
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  56. Thanks for sharing it. Good luck with that
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  57. Hey there. Thanks to you for the compliments and your interesting question. In the III century the Franks came to devastate the Iberian peninsula and it is possible that some Frankish warrior gangs followed other peoples such as Suebi, Vandals and Visigoths into Spain. The participation of Frankish mercenaries during the Reconquista was also rather substantial, both from land and sea (speaking of the French crusaders in Lebanon, see for instance the siege of Lisbon). Of course the presence of Frankish-French individuals in the north-west of the Iberian peninsula could then easily occur in other ways, which unfortunately are difficult (if not impossible) to trace.
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  58. Thx!
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  59. Hey. Thanks a lot for the notification, I had not inserted the video in the playlist: now it's at its place. Thank you again for the interest
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  60. https://youtu.be/1bvNHg458Rw
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  61. Thanks to you for the appreciation. If you're interested I have a whole playlist on the topic: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiEgmQuP_rmZd9ZF5qPogjp Enjoy
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  62. It is good that history has not canceled tradition
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  63. Thanks to you!
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  64. *vassalatic-beneficiary
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  65. Thank you, I'm glad to hear it.
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  66. Thanks for the appreciation. Yes, Sarmatism. It's a long story, worth being told. I addressed it in my Polish history playlist but it's also the idea for a new video
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  67. Thanks for the compliment, it means a lot. And you're right. I improvise every time and tend not to rationalize the discourse upstream. This last video in particular was a bit confusing because I wanted to cover too many and too vast subjects at once. I have to organize myself better. Thanks for the advice!
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  68. Thank you
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  69. Hey there. I might make a video about Aistulf soon, which is really a cool topic. I will post the link here
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  70. I will. I created a playlist on Medieval mercenaries for easier access: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORCEQu_7TOs&list=PLsTzegJZgtyiug9UQiNY-VJJsmhPnPnHE&index=1
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  71. On the occasion of the third crusade (1189-1192) it was established that all the crusaders of the king of France were marked with red crosses, those of the king of England with white crosses and all those of the count of Flanders with green crosses. Still in 1336, on the occasion of the crusade project of Philip of Valois there were more than 200 great lords who all took the vermilion cross to wear on their armour. Then the red cross (taken from the banner of St. George) became the distinctive sign of the English while, since 1355, but above all after 1380, the Valois imposed the white cross on their armies. On the occasion of the Flemish expedition of 1382 led by Charles VI "there was no man or woman or country up to Ghent that did not wear the white cross". The white cross was worn by French royalist forces against the Burgundians in 1414, appearing even more frequently by the mid-15th century, when it was contrasted with the red one of the English and the black one of the Bretons.
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  72. Thanks for the appreciation. I will make several other videos about the Siculo-Normans. As a reference you can check out the following playlists: Norman History https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiTG2tKD2G7K345Tl3W1Rmz Kingdom of Sicily https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiHg2kzSSe0bgmL2d0_lTDD Enjoy
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  73. Hey, thanks to you for your question! I believe that in order to acquire power at that stage of privatization and formation of autonomous dynasties in Eastern Frankia the most profitable option was to exploit the internal divisions of the system and to act as "certifying" authority of already existing de facto powers, working at the same time at the construction of a solid private asset. Hence the Ottonians did good for what they could. The subject of centralization is however important, complex and opens up to broad questions of historical perspective. When I read the question I looked for what Benjamin Arnold (who is an extraordinary author on the institutional development of High Medieval Germany) wrote about and ,at p. 92 of "Medieval Germany 500-1300 - a political interpretation", I found this passage: "It used to be thought that the Saxon kings, misled like their Salian and Staufen successors by the Carolingian example, somehow expended German assets in Italy which might better have been put to use in centralising their realm north of the Alps. But this seriously misundstands what could have been achieved with the resources at hand, which did not in any case include the mental picture of centralisation that appealed to theorists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Once Otto the Great had settled Saxony, the duchies and the Magyar question to his satisfaction, then there was nothing to lose by acquiring the Lombard kingdom, the alliance of the Papacy, and the imperial title of Charlemagne and his successors. In other words Otto I, his son and grandson may have invested some expenditure of German resources, but it returned a great gain to their prestige and no diminution of their authority. In any case, the neo-Roman Empire sponsored from East Francia did not face the same levels of internal diversity and external pressure which accelerated the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire". Other beautiful books by Arnold on High Medieval "Germany are Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany" and "Count and Bishop in Medieval Germany a study of regional power, 1100-1350". If you are particularly interested in the Ottonians or the history of the Holy Roman Empire I have created two dedicated playlists: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiBSQvtflW5BNPXH2WGkQj1 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiwKyJLIXFXHWN7F1MSx1OM Even this video on the development on the feudal practices as a coagulating factor in the absence of more complex central structures can be useful. https://youtu.be/qZrt52wui2U
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  74. There are few certain examples of the transitio ad plebem dating back to the Late Republic and some very doubtful ones that the sources date as early as the V century BC. The news on the V century are the result of false family traditions and most of them actually speak of the co-optation of patricians in the tribunitial college (which is a different thing). The only transitio ad plebem of that time is doubted by the same sources (Livy and Dio). In the Late Republic it was a mere political tool. Clodius, for example, passed to the plebs in order to cover the tribunate without going through the curular offices so that he could take a clear revenge on Cicero by exiling him through a plebiscite.
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  75. Related videos: 🦅⚡Early Rus' foreign policy and strategy (IX-X century) - https://youtu.be/JYBTuMZQDEI 🦅⚡Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia (1199-1349): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/3pCZj6mm1X4 🦅⚡Medieval Lithuania (XIII-XIV century): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/T0nvDIfa38A 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Kyevan Rus' and Cumans (XII century) - https://youtu.be/xGTez3R7HmU 🦅⚡Lithuanian Boyars' armament: Kestutis' seal (1378) - https://youtu.be/5RHwsiT0uT4 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Vikings, Varangians and Rus' (VIII-XI century) - https://youtu.be/vjWEpTWkbRo 🦅⚡The genesis of the Kyevan Rus': an overview - https://youtu.be/CjhumfQXQCo 🦅⚡Byzantine-Rus' relations and the structuring of the Rusian Church (IX-X century) - https://youtu.be/XAqQWPJuqRo 🦅⚡Mongol heavy cavalryman (XII-XIV century) - https://youtu.be/MwmXeLHKBjo 🦅⚡The Early Rus' (IX century Rusia) - https://youtu.be/4Lph4ODKAI4 🦅⚡Medieval Rusian tactics (XIV-XV century) - https://youtu.be/t6_YX_wG3Fw 🦅⚡Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Rusia: a compared political-military history (X-XIV century) - https://youtu.be/1Y2X1t1ksjU 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Lithuanians, Estonians, Latvians, Prussians and Mordovians (X-XI century) - https://youtu.be/UYculpUKsY4 🦅⚡Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Serbia and Lithuania: a comparative overview (XIV-XV century) - https://youtu.be/Nqd_oZ5aMwI 🦅⚡Polish-Lithuanian artillery (XV-XVII century) - https://youtu.be/Pn8V8J9NZHg 🦅⚡Mongolian Horse - https://youtu.be/K3A9pk1wAXw 🦅⚡Mongolian logistics: the Ilkhanid invasion of Syria (1299) - https://youtu.be/zrtukkX3Tn0 🦅⚡Wafidiyya: Mongols and other "refugees" serving in the Mamluk armies - https://youtu.be/rpcmumRVqmw 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: the Mongol invasions (XIII century) - https://youtu.be/Cqz62bg_DyE
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  76. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  77. Quick mistake-corrections: 1) When talking about the weight of the single one and a half hand sword blades' that ranges obviously between 600-900 grams, not 60-90 grams as I stated (!): fortunately my brains managed not to fuck up the equivalences in kilos. 2) William Wallace's sword is located at the National Wallace Monument's tower standing on the shoulder of the Abbey Craig, a hilltop overlooking Stirling in Scotland...and not in England (how could I even conceive it?) While the rest of the grammar mistakes are standardly included in my fantastic "English" pack. Thanks for the attention
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  78. Related videos: 🦅⚡Kingdom of Burgundy/Arles Warfare (XI-XIV century): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/B5G04SxCM_U 🦅⚡Louis VI's wars (1097-1135): beginning the re-compaction of the Western Frankish Kingdom - https://youtu.be/PN6KdWysojU 🦅⚡The beginning of the Albigensian Crusade: Innocent III, the Cathars and Raymond VI of Toulouse - https://youtu.be/3_wgpoUC5Ms 🦅⚡South-Western Frankia (X century): an introduction to the sources - https://youtu.be/PlpqVbGXayQ 🦅⚡Western Frankish Kingdom: lay and ecclesiastical lords and seigniorial government (XII century) - https://youtu.be/2XYXsdNaHPI 🦅⚡Western Frankish military mobilization (X-XII century) - https://youtu.be/ojacAE1NW8o 🦅⚡Duchy of Aquitaine (602-1453): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/ncJs3N29qSQ 🦅⚡The Alans in Gaul: from loyal foederati to feudal lords - https://youtu.be/EZOO2iujVqA 🦅⚡Medieval Paris: a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/C5cdnhCtEkQ 🦅⚡Medieval French libraries: a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/3RB2WREUYpI 🦅⚡Coats of arms of the Hundred Years War - https://youtu.be/z0VdqmWTiXs 🦅⚡Knights' panoply and mount costs (XIII century) - https://youtu.be/2-BnWdpnI-Q 🦅⚡Castles construction cost: Britain and France (XII-XIII century) - https://youtu.be/QrB00IZ6k_U 🦅⚡Travel in Medieval France - https://youtu.be/qYnHKOAnabk 🦅⚡From Philip II to Philip IV: the splendor of Medieval France - https://youtu.be/SYY8j2HAJ-s 🦅⚡The transformation of the French monarchical government between Philip IV and John II (1286-1364) - https://youtu.be/KdRtgxuuTA4 🦅⚡Monetization of military service in XIII century Europe - https://youtu.be/XZ9_TVhC7SQ 🦅⚡County of Anjou (861–1360): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/yyVNhJn5IJI 🦅⚡On the significance of the Sunday of Bouvines (27 July 1214) - https://youtu.be/_KDEyhiGKGI 🦅⚡Riding into Hell: the constant knightly awareness of infantry potential (XIII-XIV century) - https://youtu.be/2Z0dZ_3alBY 🦅⚡XII century knights' armament and tactics: myth and reality of the historiographical interpretation - https://youtu.be/boV2Q8H-kSs 🦅⚡Crusader infantryman (XI-XIII century) - https://youtu.be/qyw5jLjavPY 🦅⚡County of Toulouse (778-1229): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/Mu68CR-rxzA 🦅⚡Medieval French nobility: from the Merovingians to the Renaissance - https://youtu.be/pY7P-3ZhG-o 🦅⚡French Compagnies d’ordonnance (mid-XV century): an introduction - https://youtu.be/wxYADy00i_c 🦅⚡French army organization of the Hundred Years War - https://youtu.be/q_YMFmNpNjc 🦅⚡Louis XI (1461-1483): the re-expansion of the French monarchy - https://youtu.be/c78COWVGeh4 🦅⚡Battle of Bouvines - 27 July 1214 - https://youtu.be/YCwmI5zdyg0 🦅⚡Gallicanism, Caesaropapism and the imperial essence of the French monarchy - https://youtu.be/GG7Uxu6sW6g 🦅⚡Spread of mercenary companies (late XIII-early XIV century) - https://youtu.be/ORCEQu_7TOs 🦅⚡Chansons de geste as translatio Imperii: the traditional meaning of Old French narrative - https://youtu.be/sIE1Mrq0CAM 🦅⚡Duchy of Gascony/Vasconia (602–1453): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/RDvqfgueoE0 🦅⚡Between France and the Empire: a political and administrative history of the Dauphiné (XIII century) - https://youtu.be/Vpe2VW8nJPg 🦅⚡Medieval Dauphiné (1080 ca.-1457): a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/V-IaDGit3Fg 🦅⚡Medieval French Communes: Louis VI and Soissons (1136) - https://youtu.be/uQLB3dotH00
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  79. Thank you. Happy Easter to you too
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  80. Desiderius, who ascended to the throne in 757 possibly due to his close ties with the Frankish king (the Frankish annals even mention his election by the will of Pepin), initially adopted a cautious political approach. He relinquished control of Ferrara, Gavello, Faenza, and Bagnacavallo to the pope but delayed indefinitely the handover of other territories demanded by Stephen II in Emilia and the Pentapolis. To counterbalance Frankish influence, Desiderius forged strategic alliances by marrying his daughter Adelperga to Benevento's Duke Arechis II and his daughter Liutperga to Bavaria's Duke Tassilo III. This move was aimed at establishing political connections within the Frankish Grossreich, which exerted pressure on the northern borders of the Longobard realm. Tassilo's desire for autonomy from the Franks made him a valuable ally for Desiderius. After solidifying these crucial relationships, Desiderius eventually sought an alliance with the Franks, sealed through marriage: one of his daughters wedded the young Charles in 770. The fractured Frankish kingdom, divided between Charles and Carloman after Pepin's death in 768, worked in Desiderius' favor. The Longobard king favored Charles over Carloman, possibly due to the latter's territorial proximity to Italy. Carloman faced difficulties, and the negotiations, guided by Pepin's widow Berta, likely favored Charles. Desiderius' involvement in the marriage drastically altered the Frankish internal power dynamics, a development that was unforeseen earlier. The death of Carloman in December 771 brought about a significant shift in alliances, as Charles repudiated his Longobard wife to secure the support of Swabia by marrying Hildegard. In response, Desiderius welcomed Carloman's widow, Gerberga, and her sons in Pavia, as they fled from Charles' aggressive bid to claim the entire Frankish political inheritance, sidelining his nephews.
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  81. I'll do it, thanks for the suggestion and the appreciation Sure, the effigy of Victory has gone back and forth in the Curia, while the iconography of victory remained, like other symbols of pagan origin which were readapted in a Christian key. The removal of the statue is primarily a political act to support Christian elites. Ambrose had specifically denounced that pagan sacrifices were still being offered for a Christian emperor. I think that in the gesture of repression, more than a perfect obedience to the Catholic precepts, there may be the need to purify the shame of Adrianople through an ideal "regeneration" in the essence of victory herself. This theory was suggested to me particularly because of Gratian's passion for his Alan bodyguard, but I can easily be wrong.
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  82. I hope so, as I didn't wish for it. I may be getting such ads from clicking on the videos from another account using the same IP. I'm glad to hear it. Albeit I worked at lenght on the 14th century I didn't venture in the later Middle Ages either: I'm learning a lot about it just through my own videos.
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  83. I'm definitively not a genius (luckily!) but thank you for the appreciation. In the past the doctorate was the first step of the academic career, now the last step of the university one
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  84. Thank you again. That is absolutely true. I created a playlist dedicated to this chapter of Roman history, which at this point has become rather hefty, you may find something that interests you: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiB7xOjYLJlKQ6WbPHtOQHT
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  85. Thanks to you, I appreciate
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  86. Thanks Jan Bajer The connection Svatý Vít-Svantovít is very likely Christian missionaries played a lot on these analogies, both linguistically and conceptually. For instance, Christ was presented to the Saxons as a Germanic prince and the apostles as his comitatus.
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  87. Hello there. Thanks to you for your interest and appreciation, it means really a lot! You can find further contents about Byzantine history in the playlist I dedicated to it. Good luck with your studies!
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  88. Thanks
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  89. I'm glad you appreciate
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  90. Dyrrhachion 1081 is incoming
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  91. https://youtu.be/kKcwNxPtxWU
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  92. Thanks. Not the first time I'm asked. I'll think about it
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  93. I'm glad you appreciate. As a starter I'd look at: - M. Heinzelman, Bischofsherrschaft in Gallien. Zur Kontinuitat römischer Führungsgeschichten vom 4. bis zum 7. Jahrundert, München, Artemis, 1976 - C. Brühl, Palatium und Civitas, I: Gallien, Köln-Wien, Böhlau, 1975 - L. Pietri, La ville de Tours du IVe au VIe siècle, Roma, École française de Rome, 1983
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  94. Buck, The Principality of Antioch and its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century Asbridge, The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098-1130
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  95. Druhtiz
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  96. https://youtu.be/_JVURVCdULU
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  97. In this case von Clausewitz is defining a theoretical principle that is valid for any war: in practice this dynamic is mitigated by the control and modifications which act on the military instrument, which vary from conflict to conflict. So we talk about absolute extremes that in real wars are never fully achieved.
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  98. Fas est et ab hoste doceri
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  99. Thanks to you
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  100. Ottaviano Bon, The Sultan's Seraglio Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453-1924 (esp. pp. 80-106).
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  101. You got the point: if you sit there waiting for the other to attack you're done for
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  102. Sure, it's on my list. Thanks for the suggestion
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  103. Welcome to Schwerpunkt, thanks to you
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  104. Yes
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  105. You're welcome. Thanks again
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  106. Related videos: 🦅⚡Why Rome and Etruria NEVER actually had ANY form of hoplitic phase/army/tactics in their warfare - https://youtu.be/1mPAW5K02DQ 🦅⚡Rome's early enemies: Latins, Etruscans, Gauls and Samnites - https://youtu.be/yIz91t3uRnw 🦅⚡Celtic infantryman (IV-II century BC) - https://youtu.be/JcmQo2L6HMw 🦅⚡The Roman conquest of Italy: framing the moral, political and territorial dimension (509-264 BC) - https://youtu.be/0vinZlpgRvQ 🦅⚡The nature of Romano-Italic warfare (V-IV century BC) - https://youtu.be/dqB_MM3WA7Y 🦅⚡Gallic warband infantryman - https://youtu.be/T123G_QUSlI 🦅⚡Fortuna Caesaris: Clausewitzian theory at the root of Roman culture - https://youtu.be/ppQYw0JQDu4 🦅⚡Archaic Roman military mindset: service, triumphs, Victoria, duels and leadership (IV century BC) - https://youtu.be/MLSM-in1wUc 🦅⚡Roman aggressiveness, the bona fides and the socii (IV-III century BC) - https://youtu.be/HjyMtyKcld0 🦅⚡The Indo-European doctrine of self-sacrifice: possessing the female demon of Victory - https://youtu.be/OwRaiQIjcwA 🦅⚡Rise and fall of the Hellenic civilization: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/Cw93r_kw_c4 🦅⚡On the quality of Roman leadership - https://youtu.be/ZC9luA4t0Z4 🦅⚡The rise and fall of the Vedic civilization: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/xbhFkD1cghk 🦅⚡Italic warfare: Roman, Samnite, Lucanian and Apulian spears and javelins evolution (IV century BC) - https://youtu.be/BhHCuUuFfR0 🦅⚡The Virtus in the Roman-Celtic-Germanic religion: the Age of Order from Caesar, Tacitus and Vegetius - https://youtu.be/rYff2q_FTU8 🦅⚡70,000 slaves in 4 years: the profit of the Roman conquest of Italy (V-III century BC) - https://youtu.be/mtD6eu1Z3Jc 🦅⚡137 years at war over 150: the hammering rhythm of the Roman expansion (V-III century BC) - https://youtu.be/Bpm_FMxF7Us 🦅⚡Rome's Italian allies (V-III century BC): political allegiance, military activity and social cost - https://youtu.be/WvsuTZMKf1A 🦅⚡The Roman conquest of Italy (V-III century BC): land, debt and colonization - https://youtu.be/pWVT01kbn6E 🦅⚡On the foresight of Roman strategy: a foreword - https://youtu.be/tKZsoMDB5ww 🦅⚡The Indo-European Holy War: from Arjuna to the Templars - https://youtu.be/IRSR1JAZgWs 🦅⚡Hellenic unarmoured hoplite (IV-II century BC) - https://youtu.be/pzb4EqGwOmM 🦅⚡On the moral superiority of Roman civilization: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/Ft-6TRrikyA 🦅⚡Hellenic cavalryman (400 BC ca.) - https://youtu.be/8ERVP505Dvk 🦅⚡The Norse-Germanic religion: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/_S8Im2I8jKw 🦅⚡Roma Victrix: the forgotten reason of Capitoline military superiority - https://youtu.be/nSQAoKjgKtI 🦅⚡Hellenic hoplite (IV-II century BC) - https://youtu.be/O0mQBKPQIHY 🦅⚡The life of the Hellenic civilization: notes for an Indo-European historical interpretation - https://youtu.be/o0OSrWkSOuo 🦅⚡The Scordisci: history of a Celtic people - https://youtu.be/EyldnUaQx4g 🦅⚡Iphicratean hoplite (375 BC ca.) - https://youtu.be/3y5bw8e_WZ0 🦅⚡The Aedui: history of a Gallic people - https://youtu.be/osEn876Dhlc 🦅⚡Celtic heavy infantryman (IV-II century BC ca.) - https://youtu.be/141p44JDyAw 🦅⚡Etruscan hoplite (VI-II century BC) - https://youtu.be/CrcU5D7hnd4 🦅⚡«Not a mere mortal but a great deity in human form»: the traditional meaning of regality - https://youtu.be/CVSVNNswWoY 🦅⚡Early Imperial Roman military food (panis, caro, olus, caseus, oleum, piscis, poma and vinum) - https://youtu.be/4PTlruC5CAU 🦅⚡The destruction of Carthage and Corinth and the embellishment of Rome: gravitas vs luxuria - https://youtu.be/BDM_HCshv-w 🦅⚡Early Imperial Roman aeneator (cornicen, tubicen, liticen and bucinator) - https://youtu.be/nQewgrrVxbA 🦅⚡Hellenic hoplite (IV-II century BC) - https://youtu.be/O0mQBKPQIHY 🦅⚡Early Imperial Roman combat: a very short introduction - https://youtu.be/HtEdbXZggAg 🦅⚡Rise and fall of the Hellenic civilization: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/Cw93r_kw_c4 🦅⚡How to approach the Roman Art of War: a foreword - https://youtu.be/xrbQpijmW6w 🦅⚡Carthaginian army organization (IV-II century BC) - https://youtu.be/5Xl5gxvA2-M 🦅⚡Virtus, Audacia, Wut, Woths, Ódhr, Furor, Dásacht, Thyás and Ferg: the Indo-European sacred fury - https://youtu.be/wRuUhe1C9a4 🦅⚡The continuous training of the Roman army - https://youtu.be/MacIdtXgivI 🦅⚡Carthaginian tactics (IV-II century BC) - https://youtu.be/c5lVxqtV3U8 🦅⚡Celtic tactics (IV-II century BC): an introduction - https://youtu.be/NSA5xKs9kOM 🦅⚡Roman Draco military standard (II-V century AD) - https://youtu.be/W7fRi96jrmY 🦅⚡Archaic Roman combat - https://youtu.be/783DX3Kk32Q 🦅⚡Rise and fall of the Hellenic civilization: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/Cw93r_kw_c4 🦅⚡Miles atque barbarus: the Imperial cult as unitary tradition of the Romano-Germanic identity - https://youtu.be/MfG1tLKbfOY 🦅⚡The power of the Roman legions: an overview - https://youtu.be/Tp8TgTxn-mg 🦅⚡Gallic Warfare - https://youtu.be/UalJa3jYQG4 🦅⚡The imperial cult in the Julio-Claudian age: for a history of the Roman religious tradition - https://youtu.be/4xrpb0E6scY 🦅⚡Early Imperial Roman army standards - https://youtu.be/e972P-jYYoQ 🦅⚡General character of the Roman battle - https://youtu.be/bp9vsDAW0pM 🦅⚡Roman cohort tactics (I century BC) - https://youtu.be/ZgsPo12hdMg 🦅⚡Roman Antonine-Severan legionary (138-235 AD) - https://youtu.be/V1IIujOvWkw 🦅⚡Late Republican Roman legionary: a conceptual history - https://youtu.be/nsrq_hpsmiA 🦅⚡Roman cohort organization (I century BC) - https://youtu.be/429PhZORw0c 🦅⚡Early Imperial Roman marines (milites classiarii) - https://youtu.be/kjld_-8k5lM 🦅⚡Augustan Empire: a privileged order worth dying a true Roman - https://youtu.be/crWQF0I26Gw 🦅⚡Manipular legion vs Macedonian phalanx: the core of the matter - https://youtu.be/gFH-yOhLINc
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  107. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyjQIH-jswMi3uG7yiJOnKcx
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  108. After the massacre of Gainas' Goths the anti-Germanic party imposed in Constantinople the national element which maintained control of public life until the mid-V century. However already in the 30s the generals of Germanic origin reappeared in good numbers in the imperial army.
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  109. https://youtu.be/HEihyDNPocY
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  110. Спасибо! Извините за резкость, но я увидел, что мой первый комментарий исчез, и я подумал, что его удалили. Я понимаю, почему вы увлечены этой исторической темой. Я уверен, что вы можете создать хорошее видео по истории сарматов самостоятельно: если вам действительно небезразличны мои видео, вы можете создать плейлист на своем канале, куда вы можете добавлять мои видео и смешивать их с другими вашими видео: так что чтобы люди смотрели оба наших исходных контента в одном плейлисте. Для любой другой информации я всегда доступен, и спасибо, что поддерживаете контакт. Хорошего дня
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  111. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiB7xOjYLJlKQ6WbPHtOQHT
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  112. The use of shields in mounted combat had been steadily declining during the first half of the 15th century, so that they are generally only to be found in tournaments after 1450 ca.. This was partly compensated by having larger pieces of armor on the left arm which in England began to appear by the 1440s. The latter dynamic even happening with some delay compared to the continent, showing that it hadn't to do with the English man-at-arms' reliance on two-handed weapons but with the obsolescence of the shield for full plate armor both on horseback and on foot
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  113. https://youtu.be/2MU-V_UV22I
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  114. Uhm yes, it's low. I'm sorry for my poor recording means: if you have headphones however I'm sure that you can listen to that clearly. Thanks for your interest!
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  115. Hi, thanks for the question. Sure and I will discuss it at some point. At the moment I have something about it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoEBjSzEHsc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vl-8VK4TDok Enjoy
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  116. Hi, thanks for the question. The Aragonese ruled Sicily continuously since 1282, despite the Angevin best attempts of reconquest. The claims over the entirety of the previous unitary kingdom were however maintained up until Joanna officially recognized as permanent the loss of the island. I talk about it here: https://youtu.be/bPFDiKye6Hc
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  117. https://youtu.be/E2AmW-WePXc https://youtu.be/0asP-1tS23Q
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  118. Thanks to you for the appreciation. Gonna make another on Bulgaria soon
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  119. What a beautiful reading and, especially, what a beautiful question! I'll try to make the answer simple, but it's challenging. With the crisis of the Empire in the early centuries of the Middle Ages, the Italic-Byzantine society grew decentralized and relatively homogeneous to the Longobard one, especially in the countryside (the Longobards, except for Rome, in the second half of the VIII came to reign practically all over the Italian peninsula): the Byzantine influence remains stronger on the great coastal cities of southern Italy, which however also soon gained great political autonomy and a republican character: Amalfi, the first powerful Italian maritime republic, was Southern, and so Gaeta, Naples, Bari, etc. Therefore in Southern Italy urban autonomy, commercial development and the Roman infrastructural base were well started earlier than the cities of the Po Valley, which since ancient times were less developed and still relatively disconnected from Mediterranean traffics. The Southern Italian Apennine hinterland was largely Longobard too: here Germanic law was in force (and it remained in the juridical practice of the Kingdom of Sicily up to the Contemporary Age), and the local aristocracies managed to defend their autonomy by exploiting on their frontier position between the Carolingian Empire and the Byzantine Empire. Islamic Sicily, despite the political-institutional influences of the Caliphates of Cordoba and Baghdad and the growth of Palermo a leading center, remained a little-centralized land because of the parcelization that the Arabs had made of large Byzantine estates, which therefore had formed a myriad of small, weak but very autonomous seigniories in the countryside. This all changed with the Normans: paradoxically it is only at this moment that the Arab and Byzantine administrative forms truly find their full expression, being attached to a robust feudal apparatus like the Norman one. In Sicily the he Normans had had an easier game because they had not met the opposition of strong aristocracies, while for centuries the peninsular territories were harshly opposed to the "Sicilian" domination, with continuous rebellions and the recognition from the Hautevilles of local privileges that were only very progressively dampened from the expansion of baronial rule (and on which the Normans themselves at time played to counterbalance the power of their great feudal lords). In historical perspective this made the kingdom of Sicily the most advanced state of the High Medieval West, and it is only from the Angevins onwards that that it gradually began to decline through the uncontrolled spread of baronial power, being its policy subordinated to that of decentralizing external powers and not of a local center as with the Normans and the Swabians: a decline that could have been reversed at least until the XVIII century, when the kingdom of Sicily was still one of the most advanced states in Europe thanks to the Norman-Swabian achievements. In Northern Italy the Longobards founded their kingdom on a solid urban base: here, unlike Gaul and Spain, the large estates had in fact been destroyed during the Gothic war, and no strong private clienteles could compete with public authority: this allowed the Longobards, among the other things, to mantain a functional elective monarchy which emphasized their fiercely egalitarian character of Germanic tradition (which in that people was already particularly marked compared to the other Germans): the municipal pride of the northern Italian cities however already existed in Late-Ancient Roman society and continued to develop under the Longobard rule through the recruitment of educated and juridically skilled personnel (in any case since the end of the VII century at the latest it no longer even makes sense to differentiate the Lombards from the Italic population, given the demographic dynamics). For its civil development the kingdom of Italy maintained a greater prestige than the others in the Carolingian Empire and much of the Longobard administrative forms and legal practice kept developing into its cities well up to the Communal Age (the Edictum Rothari gave impulse, among other things, to the recovery of Roman law and the birth of universities). Naturally also in Italy the Franks carried out, their social engineering, concentrating enormous wealth in the hands of very few and aggravating the condition of the freemen: yet their authority was soon eclipsed, and the feudal culture developed in parallel with the urban one. Without a strong control over these dynamics (ie the abortion of an Italian monarchy in the post-Carolingian period), the cities had eventually the best, with the progressive urbanization of feudal elites and the material capacity to oppose politically and militarily to the centralist movements from part of the Germanic emperors. In ultimate analysis the urban development of Southern Italy was cut short in the bud from Norman feudalism, while in Central and Northern Italy the absence of a strong central power and the development of trade between the Mediterranean and continental Europe allowed the consolidation of independent republics.
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  120. Thanks to you for the interest. You may already know it but I have a playlist on the Longobards https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiK5wwjedcoY6eeYS7qR72x As for any info about Longobard history please feel free to ask. Good luck with your novel
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  121. Related videos: 🦅⚡Principality of Serbia (780-960), ft. Duklja, Travunija, Zachlumia, Narentines/Pagania and Bosnia - https://youtu.be/YPKPwOWZ6CU 🦅⚡Serbian invasion, settlement and evangelization (VII century) - https://youtu.be/VtZXkRIPEHE 🦅⚡Battle of Dyrrhachion - 18 October 1081 - https://youtu.be/QDQCkgFvfuw 🦅⚡Danubian Bulgarian army organization (VII-XI century) - https://youtu.be/sUofkjh8uj8 🦅⚡Medieval Eastern Balkan warfare (XI-XIV century): Serbia, Bulgaria, Wallachia and Moldavia - https://youtu.be/7X6MfGh56z0 🦅⚡Kingdom of Croatia (925-1102) - https://youtu.be/1PZvoNVUx5A 🦅⚡Simeon I, the Bogomilist heresy and the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire - https://youtu.be/zOvbOsTdeE8 🦅⚡Italo-Norman heavy cavalryman (XI century) - https://youtu.be/tV6-K9oCQaM 🦅⚡Origin hypotheses of the Serbs - https://youtu.be/FGCa4JkLrlI 🦅⚡Republic of Ragusa/Dubrovnik (VII century-1500 ca.) - https://youtu.be/MSUVS9UbDk8 🦅⚡Slavic warfare (VI-XI century): an introduction - https://youtu.be/E8OYb-rMnuM 🦅⚡Refining Holy War: the Normans, the Reconquista and military penitence from Leo IX to Alexander II - https://youtu.be/qWk-P6_3mqQ 🦅⚡Vlach infantryman (XI-XIII century) - https://youtu.be/Jm4DRPZnI5E 🦅⚡The First Bulgarian Empire (680-1018) - https://youtu.be/4UgjC0gPjG8 🦅⚡The Gregorian Reforms (1049-1122): a recap - https://youtu.be/In_d57xYaw4 🦅⚡Italian maritime domination of the Mediterranean (XI-XII century) - https://youtu.be/W2r2TaNihdU 🦅⚡Alexios I Komnenos (1081-1118) - https://youtu.be/toCWw9yIikQ 🦅⚡Norman government in Southern Italy (late XI century) - https://youtu.be/Mm7Z5BUPQXI 🦅⚡Basil II: the supportability of the expansion - https://youtu.be/8d4ggZIJivo 🦅⚡Norman Sicily (1061-1198) - https://youtu.be/h8_Kcm3GDIk 🦅⚡Alexios I Komnenos' rise to power: the Norman and Pecheneg invasions and the honours system reform - https://youtu.be/3hjvAVFry-0 🦅⚡Varangian guardsman (X-XI century) - https://youtu.be/tKqDzvQH0hY 🦅⚡Zoe, Constantine IX Monomachos and Michael Psellos: the end of the statal army and the Great Schism - https://youtu.be/vJuCylFsHm4 🦅⚡Gregory VII's pontificate as the violent turning point against the lay investiture of the clergy - https://youtu.be/Vw3Eg7tz2NQ 🦅⚡Kingdom of Hungary (1000/1001-1196) - https://youtu.be/gekDkyG2CiA 🦅⚡The Komnenian Era: an overview - https://youtu.be/hdA_tmH_BKw 🦅⚡The Southern Longobards (Langobardia Minor) - https://youtu.be/Mm7Z5BUPQXI 🦅⚡Byzantine cataphract (XI century) - https://youtu.be/eYDMUjihsZw 🦅⚡Medieval Western Balkan Warfare (XI-XIV century): Bosnia, Dalmatia, Albania, Croatia and Slovenia - https://youtu.be/1tNp5i6sOWQ 🦅⚡Medieval European cities: power, inhabitants and development (XI-XII century) - https://youtu.be/tloWKvuXf80 🦅⚡Kite-shield patterns and symbolism (XI century) - https://youtu.be/DeYCTJ7yDS0 🦅⚡Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Serbia and Lithuania: a comparative overview (XIV-XV century) - https://youtu.be/Nqd_oZ5aMwI 🦅⚡Balkan heraldry (XIV-XV century) - https://youtu.be/hgoMroXQP-o 🦅⚡Byzantine auxiliaries (IV-XI century): Serbs, Bulgarians, Georgians, Armenians, Kurds, etc. - https://youtu.be/yMeWidTth8M
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  122. I will, thank you!
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  123. You're welcome, thanks to you for the appreciation. There are countless primary sources in both Latin and vernacular but, for a general reading, one can approach the period through the chronicles of the Villani brothers (prominent sources also for the battles of the Hundred Years Wars), which are famous and readily available in translation. Historiographically, although dated, the evergreen is Mallett's "Mercenaries and their Masters". There are several works in Italian but I don't think they are published: you could check Pieri for an introduction to military art and 14th-15th century Italian politics and society. I too will publish something in English sooner or later, especially on Italian late Communal armies and German mercenaries. Hopefully, however, I'll cover everything in detail on Schwerpunkt along the way. Updates in this playlist, if you haven't checked it out yet: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyhJ8N_9KzP3_cvpvFTBN9Vo Enjoy
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  124. They are, most of them. Everything is safely here and will come back soon though. Today I'm gonna make a video explaining all
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  125. Hey there. In the golden age of patristics I do not remember particularly humble origins: among the Great Fathers only Athanasius of Alexandria, albeit we don't know how poor his family actually was. Ambrose's father was prefect of the praetorium of the Gauls (!), while Augustine came from a more modest family but still belonging to the "honestiores". In general, the coincidence between ecclesiastical elites and senatorial status will be increasingly marked. Of course the situation was different for the pre-Constantinian period, when Christians actually came from the lower strata of the population.
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  126. A special mention also goes to the late Angus McBride
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  127. Oh, well, that is a remarkable event that demonstrates the vitality of the Roman Commune in the broader XII century Italian Communal development. It also reveals the broader ambitions of the Roman aristocracy at an international level. Moreover, the expulsion of the Pope from Rome was, besides the events of Lombardy, the official reason for the first journey in Italy of Barbarossa. In short, a lot on the plate: I do not know whether I'll talk about it soon, anyway it's a good idea, thanks!
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  128. True that, Caesar's coins don't have to do with Thapsus, I got mistaken. And great explaination, thank you! Surprisingly beautiful the last coin: I believe that sarissa is used by Alexander against the crew master, who seems to grab the weapon anyway. This is how it's interpreted by the description in the link. Here it's larger: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DNiCCm4XcAIgdtF.jpg
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  129. Also if anyone stumbles upon these advertisements please let me know about it, better under this comment
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  130. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  131. Hey there, thanks for the interest, it means a lot. Yes, I'm a Medievalist and military historian. My master's thesis was on Habsburg history of the XIII century, and yes, I think I'll talk about it in the future, but I won't venture into Modern history soon. On Medieval Germany I really like the books by Benjamin Arnold, who deals with the evolution of the Holy Empire under a political-institutional profile. Then you can read P. H. Wilson, Heart of Europe A History of the Holy Roman Empire and J. Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. For a bibliography on the Justinian age Ostrogorsky remains useful. Georges Tate's Justinian deserves particularly, then J. A. Evans, The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire is fine too. Yes, I created a Patreon account but I still have to activate the card.
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  132. Thanks to you for the appreciation and welcome to Schwerpunkt
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  133. Related videos: 🦅⚡How valuable is making sources explicit for a YouTube history channel? - https://youtu.be/NWuvya9sZH4 🦅⚡Europa Barbarorum & Roma Surrecta (not Surrectum) II: cultural perspectives and historical accuracy - https://youtu.be/MRyvkUIUAj0 🦅⚡The tetralogy of victory - https://youtu.be/sH3M_FQSAzU 🦅⚡On the (un)certainty of victory - https://youtu.be/3O5TOF7xZPU 🦅⚡The concept of absolute war in the Clausewitzian theory - https://youtu.be/ySGwX7p414E 🦅⚡How to study a Medieval battle - https://youtu.be/Ac0U6aLatJ8 🦅⚡What is military logic - https://youtu.be/DOD9gw8AIeo 🦅⚡People and tyrant: responsibility in violent discourse - https://youtu.be/V5Ss_Bi_s2g 🦅⚡Searching for realism? Study history - https://youtu.be/B98KJ4vC8_c 🦅⚡Betrayal: a political fabrication - https://youtu.be/srBVbR80rrw 🦅⚡On the importance of moral forces - https://youtu.be/GbyxMG8h240 🦅⚡Believing in yourself after a great defeat - https://youtu.be/Zv2oQfTzRd4 🦅⚡History as the killer of moral relativism - https://youtu.be/hT7MzbioxXE 🦅⚡On exploiting gaps in the enemy line (et cetera) - https://youtu.be/o6iyeqAvTDQ 🦅⚡How realistic are Total War series battles? - https://youtu.be/R61Qw8bHx6Y 🦅⚡Notes for a historically accurate Total War campaign - https://youtu.be/YWk__GTBNAE 🦅⚡On historical objectivity - https://youtu.be/J5q26WnvznU 🦅⚡Von Clausewitz says to believe in yourself - https://youtu.be/Eho_ZbACoOs 🦅⚡How history helps to face life - https://youtu.be/MmymcivuFxM 🦅⚡Wanting victory: from the Cold War to Iraq - https://youtu.be/2EQgWlCwYp4 🦅⚡Have we got Medieval warfare right? - https://youtu.be/SGy3No-xRm0 🦅⚡Why the Art of War is a necessary prerequisite to understand military history and the world - https://youtu.be/kDTiZAy4c1M 🦅⚡How to get the basic Medieval history fundamentals right - https://youtu.be/KsB_1pxcsc8 🦅⚡Notes for a history of strategy - https://youtu.be/tbQIfmXYRyg 🦅⚡The time for history - https://youtu.be/zLR3HCLmSDs 🦅⚡On responsibility, strength and reason - https://youtu.be/zX_TRZnALK0 🦅⚡Free publications vs post-docs - https://youtu.be/krWrUT-xUMM 🦅⚡Defense: notes in strategy - https://youtu.be/Jjpzzv315_k 🦅⚡Historia vero testis temporum, lux veritatis, vita memoriae, magistra vitae, nuntia vetustatis - https://youtu.be/2LG07T_KfoI 🦅⚡How idealism was removed from Western education: the prevalence of Marxist materialism after WWII - https://youtu.be/9X9slEW6J7k 🦅⚡How to make an effective conference speech - https://youtu.be/5vn2FdhMwAc 🦅⚡A guide to Schwerpunkt's content - https://youtu.be/H21o-eYfs84 🦅⚡Debunking clichés on history: "it's useless/unproven/theoretical/boring/written by winners, etc." - https://youtu.be/iYvyKTlC67Y 🦅⚡How history makes you conservative - https://youtu.be/3-39ETz7QAI 🦅⚡How to objectively assess cultural values - https://youtu.be/dedf7ciool8 🦅⚡On the superstitious nature of the current historical interest - https://youtu.be/246PZIROzdY 🦅⚡Cantor, the Longobards and the (un)reliability of scholarship - https://youtu.be/Oy4w8cs4yXA 🦅⚡What professors don't know - https://youtu.be/W4md-jjdHdg 🦅⚡Research time management - https://youtu.be/ESdKuF-sZdQ 🦅⚡Why humanity and science cannot exist without each other and on the struggling meaning of existence - https://youtu.be/3doAbWvoeHA 🦅⚡PhD tales - Selection - https://youtu.be/nwWzrF32274 🦅⚡PhD tales - Tutor, co-tutor, mentors and other points of reference - https://youtu.be/HEgXmxg4pug 🦅⚡Commentary on Shadiversity's "Medieval Misconceptions: BATTLEFIELD, tactics, units, and formations" - https://youtu.be/Ueh7j0dj8bs 🦅⚡How to become expert in the Medieval Art of War and why civilization rests solely on hard work - https://youtu.be/U6kHjdM8v4g
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  134. Regesta diplomatica nec non epistolaria Bohemiae et Moraviae, II, Annorum 1253-1310, ed. J. Emler, Praha 1890, p. 144, 1106: «O(ttacarus), rex. Boh. Auxilium exposcit a ducibus Poloniae. – Requirentes racionis circumspecte scrutinio gentium genera diversarum invenimus, quod nobis magis est conformis spaciose Polonie nacio et inter universas orbis provincias nostris, quas auctore deo gubernamus, regionibus eadem cuiusdam proprietate similitudinis magis eciam est affinis; ipsa enim in lingue consonancia nobis convenit: ipsa proxima loci contiguitate, nullius interiecta distancie spacio, terris nostris coniungitur: ipsa et unione glutinatur sanguinis, et affinitatis nobis connectitur vinculo, et demum inter ipsam nostramque serenitatem reperitur conformitatis conparitas, ut suos alumpnos et eos ex eiusdem vena profluxisse scaturiginis glorietur. Ob istius itaque consideracionis aspectum, veris utique racionibus veroque promissionis tramite procedentem, in llius transimus disposicionibus habitum, et ad hoc naturalibus inducimur suasionibus, ut magnificos. Polonie principes, barones, milites, et populos universos, quos sue amplitudinis sinu complectitur atque fovet, striccioris dileccionis prosequamur benivolencia, ipsorum gaudeamus in prosperis et turbemur adversis, ipsi cupiamus esse presidio, suique honoris et glorie continuum zelemus augmentum. Ex hac eciam consideracione magna nobis emergit fiducia et consurgit ac provenit spes infracta, ut nos in necessitatis articulo requirere debeamus intrepide, nobis quod letanter curetis suvenciones et auxilia exhibere. Unde cum dominus Rufolfus, rex Romanorum, non contentus quod abstulit terras nostras, feruens adhuc malignandi cupidine, offendendi nos amplius siti estuet pociori, cumque nos ad resistendum sibi viriliter desidiosum hucusque nunc ereximus animu, velimusque suis occurrere potencia nostre manus obice contumeliosis insultibus et pressuris, dileccionem vestram attencius duximus exorandam, quatenus nobis in auxilium venire dignemini cum strenua, sicut vestram decet excellenciam, armatorum militum comitiva, ita quod in tali die sitis in tali loco constitutus, ubi per solemnes nuncios nostros, vos et vestros decenter faciemus recipi eo tempore, et honorifice conduci ad nostre presenciam maiestatis. Sed ad huius quidem nobis impendendum subsidium non solum prefata vos debet inducere racio, verum eciam cause alterius efficax argumentum, quia si, quod absit, nos contingeret prefati regis oppressione pessundari, insaciabiles theutonicorum hiatus se liberius expanderent, et manus improbas facilius usque in ipsam provinciam extenderent ipsorum noxj appetitus; sumus enim vobis et terris vestris quasi firmum secure tuicionis preurbium, quod si forte ante sevientis indignacionis faciem non posset, quod deus avertat, resistere, intelligere potestis, vobis et vestris subditis magna tunc pericula imminere, quia procax habendi fames contenta non esset nos tantum sibi subicere, sed bona vestra diriperet et in vos insuper intollerabilibus angustiarum gravaminibus inseviret. O quantis afflicionibus exosa theutonicis vestre tunc opprimeretur nacionis numerositas, o quam dire servitutis iugo libera submitteretur Polonia, o quanta sub clade fatisceret tunc universitas vestre gentis, certe in promptu satis est advertere, magisque vos potestis preconicere, quam deceat nos referre. Quapropter intendite in adiutorium nostrum, intendite et ad propulsandum longius distantis adhuc flamme incendium opem et operam efficaciter exhibete, attendentes consulcius fore obstare principijs, quam postquam ignis vorago nimis invaluerit resistenciam non timentis, et quod is, qui vicinam domum, ne comburatur, defenderit, tuetur propriam mansionem. Ad hec nuper nostra serenitas intellexit, quod dictus rex Rudolfus suis suasorijs legacionibus vos non solum a nostra quesierit amicicia, ab inpensione iuvaminis removere, verum eciam inter nos dissidentis zyzanie lolium seminare. Qua de causa cum, si bene velitis attendere, hoc vobis ad honorem non accederet, sed pocius ad iacturam, affectuose deposcimus, quatenus ipsius suggestionibus aures nolitis patulas adhibere, quin ymo nostrum qui de vestre sumus gentis genere, in auxilium accingamini hilariter ac potenter; deliberacione advertentes provida, quod si vestrum iuveritis, vos iuvatis, et utique nobis prebebitis auxiliaris dextere subisidium, nos adversus adversarios vestros nostrarum exponemus potenciam virium, et vobis potencialiter assistemus, sive iidem adverarij vestri christiani fuerint vel pagani».
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  135. The Italian maritime republics, by far.
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  136. https://youtu.be/ER_HzK7mE5s
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  137. I will, thanks for the suggestion. For now I have this: https://youtu.be/K6t1h_sM--0
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  138. Thanks
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  139. It means a lot to hear, thank you.
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  140. Thanks, it means a lot. About the battle it essentially gets down to A. Kusternig, Probleme um die Kämpfe zwischen Rudolf und Ottokar und die Schlacht bei Dürnkrut und Jedenspeigen am 26. August 1278, in Ottokar Forschungen (Jahrbuch für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich. Neue Folge 44/45), Wien 1978-9, pp. 226-311. To date there is not much to add on the tactical dynamic of the clash. Certainly the political and cultural importance of the battle has produced other historiography in more recent years. I'm not aware of significant works in English and the few popular books on medieval European warfare dealing with the battle reconstruct it badly. In any case, I am planning to do a series on the Marchfeld campaign and battle based on my master thesis, so I will have the opportunity to talk about it profusely. Göllheim is very important too indeed and in some ways similar to Dürnkrut und Jedenspeigen, both tactically and strategically: I will have to talk about that too and more about the Habsburgs in general because in fact I oddly have not yet done anything specific about them on Schwerpunkt.
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  141. Thanks to you a lot for the appreciation
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  142. You're welcome, thanks to you for the appreciation. For any update or summary you can check the various playlists: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyi5_48d9beTYVdES1O23Sps Enjoy
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  143. Me too
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  144. Hello Mr. Sparacio, first of all, thank you very much for your appreciation, it's a strong incentive for me to do more and better on the channel. Relatively to your question, it's wholly plausible that you can have French Angevin/Norman ancestry through your Sicilian origins. Given the historical dynamics it is more probable that your French ancestors arrived in Sicily through the Norman invasion than with the Angevins, who in Sicily ruled briefly and did not substantially alter the genetic pool: the Norman settlement was longer, continued over time and had a significant demographic impact on the island. The origins can be however among the most disparate: many French have crossed Sicily during the Crusades, as also, during the Low Middle Ages, there were Lombard settlements in the heart of Sicily that could have brought elements of Frankish ancestry, but as you understand we are in the realm of speculation. I hope it helps Sincerely
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  145. Desiderius, who ascended to the throne in 757 possibly due to his close ties with the Frankish king (the Frankish annals even mention his election by the will of Pepin), initially adopted a cautious political approach. He relinquished control of Ferrara, Gavello, Faenza, and Bagnacavallo to the pope but delayed indefinitely the handover of other territories demanded by Stephen II in Emilia and the Pentapolis. To counterbalance Frankish influence, Desiderius forged strategic alliances by marrying his daughter Adelperga to Benevento's Duke Arechis II and his daughter Liutperga to Bavaria's Duke Tassilo III. This move was aimed at establishing political connections within the Frankish Grossreich, which exerted pressure on the northern borders of the Longobard realm. Tassilo's desire for autonomy from the Franks made him a valuable ally for Desiderius. After solidifying these crucial relationships, Desiderius eventually sought an alliance with the Franks, sealed through marriage: one of his daughters wedded the young Charles in 770. The fractured Frankish kingdom, divided between Charles and Carloman after Pepin's death in 768, worked in Desiderius' favor. The Longobard king favored Charles over Carloman, possibly due to the latter's territorial proximity to Italy. Carloman faced difficulties, and the negotiations, guided by Pepin's widow Berta, likely favored Charles. Desiderius' involvement in the marriage drastically altered the Frankish internal power dynamics, a development that was unforeseen earlier. The death of Carloman in December 771 brought about a significant shift in alliances, as Charles repudiated his Longobard wife to secure the support of Swabia by marrying Hildegard. In response, Desiderius welcomed Carloman's widow, Gerberga, and her sons in Pavia, as they fled from Charles' aggressive bid to claim the entire Frankish political inheritance, sidelining his nephews.
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  146. Thanks to your for the appreciation. I know a thing or two about the 18th century Commonwealth armies, especially the ones of the partitions. I will talk about them sometimes About the 17th century mercenaries I said something here (but I can make something more specific course) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKQrusKE-P8 As a general reference to the Commonwealth army (if you hadn't found out already): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyirVSKNTlZfruTDSc3vT-3w Enjoy
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  147. More of it here: https://youtu.be/qVwu4PhFytM
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  148. Thanks for your interest
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  149. You're welcome, I'm glad you appreciate. Yes, in short, political cohesion as the basis of military strength. A coincidence of social, political, geographical and economic factors had reinvigorated the economy of some territories and at the same time developed in the populations who lived there feelings of independence and national belonging, thus giving them both the means to fight and a reason to do so. We are talking about the 14th century, because in the 15th the infantry growth lost its spontaneous and popular character and it is framed by the great princely powers in professional military systems. As regards Flanders or Switzerland, in the 14th century the sense of belonging to a community had grown to the point of taking on the characteristics of an embryonic concept of nationality widespread in large sections of the population, including nobility. The nobles of these regions ceased to make caste apart, but began to share the same ideals as the lower classes, providing them with the services of their own military education, which the bourgeois and the peasants completely lacked. The decline of the Empire, France and the Papacy at the beginning of the 14th century played a role in the "secularization" of thought, especially as regards the autonomy of local powers (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQTNz1fn27w&t=1s). The contempt of the nobility towards the lower classes however remains (the 14th century witnesses the mass repression of the peasantry, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ow4HhzfaAs), so their interest was aimed at consolidating their own power. Humanism is an elitist movement and, in its Italian cradle, which had pioneered the developments of both republican regimes and the European infantry, the ruling classes consistently maintained both cavalry and infantry, with an important decline of the latter: a phenomenon that reflects the ennobling of the patricians and gentrification of the military nobility in the face of the decline of popular infantry and the mass of wage workers after the crisis of the 14th century.
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  150. Hey. Thanks for the question Every military operation has its political mandate. In this paragraph von Clausewitz describes what strategy has as an end in itself: when it is reduced / modified by the mandate, the picture changes, even if the intrinsic end of the struggle remains the same. Later on in Vom Kriege we will expand further on these concepts
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  151. I am deeply flattered that you continue to follow my channel! It’s a great honor knowing your profession but also and especially because you’re a true Middle Ages’ lover. Objectively, one can not remain insensitive to the charm and myth of the Hohenstaufen. I could speak endlessly about the Swabians but time only obliges me to respond to a kind person who shows interest in my (very) modest thoughts. The relationship between the Papacy and the Empire and the struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines is undoubtedly a complex and complicated subject, not easy to approach even by a specialist. From my point of view the key to understanding this chapter of history is to try to understand (and accept) the ambiguities and contradictions that the two powers and parts expressed, which certainly is not easy for our modern secular mentality. Dante, like all geniuses, represents the very apex of these ambiguities and controversies, which are naturally augmented by the political context, for which I am very much in agreement with your explanation. It is no coincidence that Foscolo called Dante the "Ghibelline": the White Guelphs were a reasonably moderate party in the face of the excessive power of the Papal-Angevin block, which had practically hegemonized Italy at the time: their moderation translated itself ideologically into that of the canonical division of spiritual and temporal power, even though in political practice it served mainly to counter the heavy papal interference in the political life of the city. The rise of Florence had been caused by the profits that the city bankers had obtained from the Sicilian crusade of Charles of Anjou and, for Dante, the Florentine Ghibelline leader Farinata degli Uberti, although recognized for his great individual value, is still an enemy to be sent to hell (curiously, always for heresy as Frederick II, an all-papal stereotype towards the political enemies, in spite most of them, including Farinata, were actually from what we know historically quite pious men). The point is that an equally heavy Imperial influence in Florence would have displeased Dante himself: however that's exactly that Imperial influence which was lacking at the time and indeed its revival was seen as the only hope of diminishing the Angevin one (encumbering for the popes themselves at a point). Consider that throughout Communal Italy the exiled Whites allied without problems with the Ghibellines, fighting against the Black (i.e. pro-Angevin) regimes… and even the Blacks came to remove the Angevins at some point: too many factors to identify a single ideological dichotom, especially in a time in which both the Empire and the Angevins (including the popes of Avignon), were in crisis and irreparably loosening their grip on Italy. In this perspective the proximity of such a refined man of letters as Dante and a great Ghibelline lord and patron like Cangrande is not surprising, at least no more than the one of Petrarch with the courts he so despised in his writings. The permanence of Alighieri in Verona under the wing of the Imperial vicar of Italy was undoubtedly a good opportunity for the poet who had so much hope in Henry VII of Luxembourg, who, beyond the overall failure stigmatized by Dante, had really managed to restore a strong Ghibelline block in northern Italy led by the Visconti and the Della Scala, after decades of Guelf dominance. So how to reconcile Dante's Ghibellinism with the condemnation of Frederick II? Even in here is a lot of formality and ambiguity, but in a very subtle way. First of all, Frederick had failed as a universal emperor, and this is a very heavy point: Dante performs in the Divine Comedy a spiritual path whose purification can not fail to take into account the attempt of Frederick to have made of his court a counterpart to the Church almost as a new Messiah, drawing from himself the law as Moses himself; Dante could admire man, the universal monarch and his knightly virtues, but not his ultimate destinty. And this means a lot for an extraordinarily cultured person like Dante, who in other works praises Federick's intellectual abilities epitomizing the Swabian as the symbol of human reason (he also thinks, in parallel, of the fate of Ulysses in Hell, condemned for his intellectual independence). In the universalistic and already anachronistic vision of the Comedy, Frederick’s confidence in earthly virtues must not and in any case cannot overcome divine justice.. It is worth noting however how in Purgatory the figure of Manfred redeems the glory of the Swabians powerfully both in the earthly and celestial world: music, poetry and science are evidence of the nobility of the Hohenstaufen, whose heir, though also condemned as a heretic and defeated and killed by the Crusaders, will finally earn heaven and whose kingly figure (symbolized by the tomb) is superior to that of the Angevin and Aragonese rulers. All this is very significant because Manfred, like other characters of the Comedy that are placed or destined in Paradise (as the radical Aristotelian Sigier of Brabant, ultra-condemned by the Church), are actually strongly etherodox when not even heretical, that Dante however chooses to save: it's in the comparison of these figures with the highest earthly authority that we understand how strong was the need to punish Frederick II as a universal emperor to reconfirm the unattainable perfection of earthly power before God: divine justice always surpasses the human one. More briefly, the problem of the Church was objectively the impossibility to renounce the prerogatives laboriously earned by the struggle for investitures: if good invariably exists with evil in earthly affairs, any temporal power, ecclesiastical or secular, is not immune from sin: in this sense the intentions of Frederick were irreconcilable with those of the Church of Rome and vice versa, since every earthly power tends invariably to prevaricate the other. The popes won, and also on this we must reflect to understand medieval Europe beyond universalism. I hope it has been helpful, have a good day!
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  152. Thank you for the appreciation. I intend to cover the Condottieri era in detail, the historical military units specifically with dozens of videos on Italian armor of the period. I'm also working on something more introductory about the period. As for military biographies, I'm moving in that direction starting with the series on historical regions. I'll definitely cover a lot of Condottieri figures over time. For now there are these videos for reference, in case you ever missed any: 🦅⚡Battle of Molinella (Riccardina) - 25 July 1467 - https://youtu.be/sHmxaKmlUNc 🦅⚡The decline of the Communal army and the rise of the Condottieri (XIV-XV century Italy) - https://youtu.be/GZZPRZLCb_g 🦅⚡Rise of mercenary companies in XIV century Italy - https://youtu.be/GLkwYdMtMkg 🦅⚡Venetian army organization (XIV-XV century) - https://youtu.be/laggxc-d1B8 🦅⚡Free companies in XIV century Italy: an introduction - https://youtu.be/7DlpXHNyx8U 🦅⚡The Visconti and Veneto lordships and the soldiers of fortune (second half of the XIV century) - https://youtu.be/leyKxdo1bAY 🦅⚡Eurasian steppes warfare: Italians, Ottomans and Tatars (XV century) - https://youtu.be/ITyhHmRiRyA 🦅⚡Gian Francesco Gonzaga and the military tradition of the Mantuan Marquisate - https://youtu.be/at31bA28kOc Enjoy
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  153. Thanks :)
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  154. Thanks and welcome. Did you check out the playlists already?
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  155. Thanks to you for the appreciation, I'm glad these videos help. If you're interested in Medieval France, the Late Middle Ages and the Historical European regions series you can check these playlists out respectively: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiDN-rA5Rslfip2aY_XKpII https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtygDgp7lQjZDLyUXDQDpK4Oy https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyhuu9XOUovZUI_ivrhlFClS Enjoy
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  156. Thanks for the suggestion. I'll get to that
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  157. Usually important disputes over property and territorial jurisdiction between lords, monasteries and farmers. Most of the surviving placita come from the monasteries, which however preserved only the causes they had won.
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  158. https://youtu.be/_4OQnwTRLzM
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  159. Hey there. I actually remember your name from the subscription notification back in the day. Thank you heartily for the compliments and the assiduity you show, it means a lot. Have a nice day!
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  160. Thanks to you for the appreciation. If you're interested in Medieval Hungary you can follow the updates here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyi5JZpbPQt_7xIw5Y2GpNld Enjoy
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  161. Thanks for the appreciation and welcome on Schwerpunkt
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  162. To you
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  163. Thanks for the appreciation and welcome to Schwerpunkt
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  164. Thanks a lot. If you are interested, I have these playlists about Medieval Bohemia, Hungary and Poland: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtygSZEraGUjwWpq6iQ-kjXdc https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyi5JZpbPQt_7xIw5Y2GpNld https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyizkUeejyAIgHvz8S5_eL7Z Enjoy!
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  165. Thanks
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  166. Yep
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  167. Thanks to you
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  168. https://youtu.be/X7G534oGPqM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQW-JkMNv0U
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  169. I uploaded these recently: https://youtu.be/Mu68CR-rxzA https://youtu.be/PadQlSTJFao
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  170. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  171. Thanks for the appreciation. There are no pictures, I'll re-upload it at a point with the same title: https://youtu.be/-tLFuAjVA6w Enjoy
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  172. Thanks. All saved, no worries
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  173. Das freut mich sehr
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  174. Sometimes I just have to improve my pronunciation
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  175. Still haven't made one fully on it. Here I discuss it partially: https://youtu.be/dbiwkbcIqpw
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  176. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa#/media/File:Repubblica_di_Genova.png
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  177. You may like https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtygPaENaeB6U1Yba07KeIJwY
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  178. https://youtu.be/yO9KURAPbc8
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  179. Thank you, I appreciate
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  180. Thank you for your appreciation. In Bronze Age chariot warfare missile fire was indeed a crucial aspect of combined arms tactics, but it was the shock charge that ultimately determined the outcome of battles. I understand that the use of "caracole" archery tactics by chariots has been more popularized, but the fundamental ratio of strengths remained constant in this regard. I have been covering the era spanning the late second millennium BC to the early first millennium BC when chariotry and cavalry tactics evolved in tandem. For more information on chariot warfare and the importance of the shock charge, you can refer to my content where I delve deeper into its significance. https://studio.youtube.com/playlist/PLsTzegJZgtyh4kNfnrSuT2BUb-iREgntm/videos https://studio.youtube.com/playlist/PLsTzegJZgtyhLpWCeaiM765h7iRWIKQf8/videos Enjoy
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  181. I'm glad to hear it, as it's a recently started series. You can follow the updates about naval history here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyhffYrkeltMEWCjTLzF6oDB
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  182. https://youtu.be/mN_aD5iT7ZA
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  183. PS The Byzantine Italy playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtygrGOjrC9oHta8LSTkpdM03
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  184. Hi. Thanks for the appreciation. I'm gonna create a Byzantine Italy playlist soon. If you don't know them already you can also check out: Medieval Italy: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyj1cZ4ej1yco5eB522T21Bx Kingdom of Sicily: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiHg2kzSSe0bgmL2d0_lTDD Enjoy
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  185. I'm working to see if I can duplicate all the content on Spotify
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  186. Absolutely. In fact, it's meant as a direction, not a location. Concepts like these are purely conventional. In the case of those two kingdoms, as well as Poland, Central European is indeed more correct.
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  187. The absolute best (almost literal) is that of Matthijs Jolle, the most modern in language (but interpreted) instead is that of Howard and Paret, however in the Everyman's Library edition.
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  188. The one of the Germanic auxiliaries against Alexander Severus on the Rhine which led to the rise of Maximinus the Thracian.
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  189. https://youtu.be/HzjUGVg0CCk
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  190. You got the key point of the whole Gothic War
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  191. Hey, thanks. There were not more than 10 minutes left, I'll re-address the whole question on another occasion.
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  192. I'm deeply touched to read this, thank you. While Schwerpunkt may have helped you, you really did all this by yourself: there's nothing that you can't achieve if you really believe in it: "for the Spirit God gave us does not make us timid, but gives us power, love and self-discipline" (2 Timothy 1:7).
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  193. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  194. Thank you. Hopefully, in the future, I will have the opportunity to create a series based on my master's thesis on the Battle of Marchfeld (fond memories indeed). I also have a video planned which will feature Ottokar's armor from his renowned seal
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  195. Hey. Thanks for the interest and the advice. Yes, especially today it was rather bad, I'll try to improve!
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  196. Hey there, thank you a lot for the appreciation and the interest It's no bother, on the contrary: https://imgur.com/a/9EZQrEx It's the grave-slab of John Maclan of Ardnamurchan (died 1518), after J. Drummond, Sculptured Monuments in Iona (1881) For the audience it's worth reminding that John fought in Argyll's division at Flodden, but somehow managed to escaple the slaughter.
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  197. Hey there. Thank you, I'm glad you appreciate
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  198. That's really meaningful to hear, thanks to you
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  199. Thank you heartily again. If you are interested in this particular kind of topics I recommend you the Medieval Christianity playlists that deals pretty broadly with them at this point. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiNynkc5PM_9aMB0wVFIeMX Enjoy!
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  200. Hey there. Thank you for sharing your thoughts on Schwerpunkt! By the way, I re-uploaded the video on the early Islamic invasions: I wanted to let you know, but I found no way to send you messages. Anyhow, matter solved. Thanks for the advice. I make extensive use of tags, and I think they work well: the reason why you've never been suggested a video of mine is probably normal statistics considering the sheer number of videos existing on Youtube. I receive about 10% of total views from related videos. A real coincidence that on the Strategikon ... although in that case it probably helped the fact that there is very little on the Internet about it. Thanks for your appreciation and compliments, I feel that they are genuine and that there is a real passion for history behind them. I hope I will not let you down! Let's everything go step by step. It's like an investment, we'll see how much it will produce.
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  201. First of all, thank you very much for your interest and appreciation, it means really a lot. I am also particularly pleased about the considerations on the content's variety: as you have noted, I have a soft spot for the Holy Roman Empire and, more generally, historical topics that unjustifiably escape the horizons of today's popular culture, which is exactly why I started talking about them. Regarding the criticism, straightforwardness does not do but good: the two points you have highlighted are self-evidently the major problems I'm facing. I won't not repeat myself now as on other comments, but when I will arrive (in a few days) to 200 videos, I will generally resume these considerations and give a broader response which I think I owe to my audience. Let's say, however, that in general mine is a bet: I can not dedicate myself to sophisticated graphic montages chiefly for reasons of time, and I concentrate everything on the contents (even here, as far as possible). I do not know how long it will pay over the long term, but I want to find out. However thank you again very much and I hope my videos will continue to interest you! Have a good time
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  202. Hey. Thanks a lot for the compliment, it means a lot Yes, it's true, I'm realizing that the Migration Era is really appreciated by many people and yet there's a relatively scarce amount of material available on Youtube, reason for which I'm trying to progressively cover it a bit. I believe I have enough grasp of your tongue to suspect the cause of your amusement, therefore I won't ask further :D I surely will. Thank you a lot again and I wish you a great time!
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  203. There are several: the cover picture is from Johnny Shumate (https://johnnyshumate.com/), others are from Amelianus (https://www.deviantart.com/amelianvs), Giuseppe Rava (http://www.g-rava.it/giuseppe_rava.htm), etc.
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  204. https://youtu.be/tPAELlaa7l0
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  205. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  206. Hi, thanks for the appreciation. If you haven't checked out already I have new uploads in the Merovingian playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyjQnUky2U-qUiiPaJS-KWJS Enjoy
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  207. Hey. Thank you for appreciating this "retro" video. Yes, it's possible: this is valid also for some Burgundians still living east of the Rhine and even those Franks that had appealed to Attila. In general the situation was pretty fluid in the area. We will make a video on the battle of the Catalaunian Fields at some point
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  208. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrival_of_the_Hungarians
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  209. Hey. Thanks a lot for the deep and thorough comments, I appreciate a lot. Yes, I didn't mean to say that either. In reality your concept on the need to have more experts converging on the same theme is the best option in any case. I honestly don't remember what I specifically said about it, I just remember that I wanted to highlight the problems of a knowledge that is only hyperspecialistic or only generalist: so the two kind should hopefully coexist. Regarding the last question, you gave me a great idea for an upcoming video, thanks! It is a very complex but actually necessary topic.
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  210. Hello there. Thank you very much for the bibliographic advice. I'm not sure I already have this book but I have never read it in any case. From the nature of the text I also understand the reason for the suggestion and I appreciate it even more. I also thank you for the comment because it gives me the opportunity to note, for anyone who hears that first part and has doubts, that is only a "side" of my philosophy of history (if I can ever speak in these terms for my rather scanty considerations). In general I think it is very important to judge history in moral terms, but for its historical purposes proper: that is, to understand, like a judiciary could do, about who's responsible, for example, for a senseless slaughter of civilians. So me considerations are aimed more at reflecting on the basic attitude that largely exist in the approach to history in popular culture, in a very transversal way in terms of political orientation, which prefers moral judgments without knowing the facts. That said, I thank you again for the comment and I wish you a happy 2019!
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  211. Thank you, I'm glad to hear it
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  212. https://youtu.be/7pvsE7tfakw
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  213. Thank you for the compliment. If you haven't checked out already, here the Polish history updates: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyitaXgRE9Gm6REMoNdY3Dl_ Enjoy
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  214. Thanks
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  215. Thanks to you for the appreciation. In case you're not aware of the Medieval France playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiDN-rA5Rslfip2aY_XKpII Enjoy
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  216. Hello. Thank you very much for the compliments, they are very heartfelt. I'm not an expert on most of the topics I talk about, however I try to do my best to expand the public's historical awareness. With regard to Bulgaria, it is precisely what I thought, as well for other times and spaces that are largely ignored for unjustifiable historiographical reasons. Now I do not remember specifically what I said about Bulgarian history (I may have said unintentionally incorrect things), but I am reminded of the fact that in the Bulgarian monastic libraries are present many texts that, for different issues of distance, accessibility and language, still need to be studied and would add a remarkable lot to the already rich and important history of Bulgaria, especially about the Late Middle Ages. I hope to soon make a nice video of Medieval Bulgarian history, which actually lacks within the substantial amount of videos I've already made. I thank you again and I wish you a great time!
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  217. It's good. I've read only Grant, Garibaldi and Mannerheim so far: the texts reflect the quality standards I discussed in the video.
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  218. Thanks for the correction. I remembered slipping on that one
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  219. Hey there. Thanks for the comment.  Yeah I have in mind to do a video like that. I realize it can be useful for many, at this point I'll make it sometime soon
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  220. Hey there, thanks for the attention. Yes, these early videos suck more than they should, however I improved over time, both in information and technical terms: most users come across my older content first without checking the rest I should put links to the playlists so to show the scale of related topics available. Again thanks for the feed
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  221. Thanks to you a lot for the appreciation
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  222. Thanks for the appreciation
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  223. None taken down. The only other I made on Dacia is this: https://youtu.be/YlPNbKUBSB0. I'll be making more, soon hopefully
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  224. Yeah, with accuracy, roughly 40 metres. No problem, it's a big deal you are actually interested in such things in the first place.
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  225. https://youtu.be/MN9BGjaMc7k
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  226. https://youtu.be/II64IjkvcIY
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  227. While this upload may be outdated, it still serves its purpose: https://youtu.be/PwhqGYnZAV8 In the series on seigneurial/post-Carolingian history, there are other numerous discussions on how manorial reserves played a significant role in the governance of peasants by the lords.
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  228. Thanks for the appreciation
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  229. Thank you a lot! I'm glad that you contribute to Schwerpunkt Of course, I wish to make more videos about it. In the meanwhile have you checked this out already? https://youtu.be/vDas58XTP2M
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  230. It is, I should label the older videos as such and/or re-make them as they are not so good to listen to
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  231. Sippe
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  232. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  233. Yes, I think it is plausible that the progressive lightening of hoplitic equipment may have led to such solutions, and Boeotia was a forerunner. In the specific case I do not know of other evidence, but this typification is very similar to some Persian shields. In general, the lightening of the phalangitic shield has a more ancient and rooted origin than the Iphicratean reforms.
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  234. Thanks to you, it means a lot
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  235. It's, really! Thank you very much for listening to all of it, it means a lot that there's someone who is so interested in von Clausewitz and his thought.
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  236. Good luck in that. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  237. https://youtu.be/wIlGAnzrRjI
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  238. Virtually all from Wikimedia Commons: it's the last reliable source of Creative Commons pictures. The credits are listed at the end of each video, except for the public domain images which do not require attribution.
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  239. Thanks!
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  240. PS If you're interested, I discussed this topic in part in the video on the 395 BC battle of Dascylium. Here it is clear how few chariots could be effective against already messed up formations https://youtu.be/ltTYcQXhluY
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  241. We've all been there. Unfortunately, the stereotype of the fierce and undisciplined horde attributed to the Achaemenid armies is still very common in pop culture. It is enough to read just the Hellenic sources to understand the level of coordination, individual and collective training, maneuvering skills that the Persians had. I will talk extensively on the subject in the future. Thanks for the "loyalty": it is always a pleasure to read your comments.
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  242. Campaldino 1289. Yes it's scheduled in the series about Feudal Europe
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  243. Thanks for the appreciation. Have you already checked out my Steppes Warfare playlist? There's plenty of similar videos in it: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyj46mNQcQcYfOI1MVOAHpGk Enjoy
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  244. At 1h 19? The Treaty of Senlis, relating to the Burgundian succession, was officially signed in Senlis, Oise on 23rd May 1493 by Maximilian I of Habsburg and his son Philip "the Handsome", Archduke of Austria, along with King Charles VIII of France.
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  245. Too good, thanks
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  246. Hey there. Thanks for the suggestion, I will discuss the topic one day. I addressed it in on several occasions in my playlist on Modern Warfare: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcOj1WhN4_Q&list=PLsTzegJZgtyh-jrEXWNJnYew2Z-u6dQNQ The theses supported by Parker are however highly contested by other scholars, and I myself do not share them.
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  247. Thanks to you for your interest!
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  248. This is for your impiety ;): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiK5wwjedcoY6eeYS7qR72x
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  249. It's both + making their own business (as a general rule for whoever was under the Romans and the Huns). If you are specifically interested in the Visigoths you can check these out https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o78XC1xrDMU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhZB4-J3D2s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaX94Z6VK8c Have Ostrogothic stuff too
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  250. Not really, no. I'm mostly about my research and these videos for pastime at the moment
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  251. Among others, Juv. III 35-113
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  252. I will surely address the topic and the question, thanks for the suggestion!
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  253. Thanks to you for your appreciation and welcome!
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  254. Hey. Sure, it's on my list. Thanks for the suggestion and support
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  255. Or they'll maybe join the table!
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  256. https://youtu.be/yJrJQJcEpLk
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  257. No need to apologize, on the contrary, I read your experience with great interest. We are absolutely of the same opinion regarding video games with historical background, they often push many more people to learn about history than school. I've never tried Reddit, but it seems like a great idea. Probably in a while I will start to post there too. Thanks for the precious advice. For the rest, thanks again for the compliments. If you have not already done so please check also the theme playlists that I have created, maybe there are topics that interest you more or less and this "guide" can help you. Enjoy yourself and have a great time!
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  258. Oh...so. I'm always interested in hearing the reasons why people approach these topics.  No, I really never played such titles, although I've heard that managerial aspects widely meant are pretty detailed: I do not know how much they render in terms of historical "simulation", but they can help players to understand some political, social, economic dynamics that, as in your case, eventually push them to want to know more in more stricter historical terms. Moreover, I am not an expert in economic history myself: in practice for these topics I maintain a generalist level and I try to do disclosure more than anything else.
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  259. Hey. Thank you so much for your appreciation! I'm very glad about it and it pushes me to do more and better. You must be a very patient person to listen to me in that way! :) Thanks again
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  260. Sure I think he's a must
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  261. Thanks to you
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  262. Thanks
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  263. Thanks for the appreciation. Most of them are re-uploads, I specify it in the title (this video is new though).
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  264. You're welcome. Enjoy
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  265. If you're interested: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyhDFBSN1rtb76VdnvMK1tcs
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  266. Confessions can be heartbreaking ;)
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  267. Welcome to the bet on my nationality ;)
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  268. Hey there. Thanks for the comment. True, the Severan age is somewhat overlooked in popular culture, I think it's great that you are working a novel about those times. On the Severan age I also made another video about the symmacharii/symmachiarii: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMxIEVWwDoo I'm feeding my bets on my nationality, so I'm glad you're participating in the debate ;)
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  269. Thanks to you! If you're interested in the Carolingians I've created a playlist dedicated to them https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiEgmQuP_rmZd9ZF5qPogjp
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  270. Thanks, I appreciate
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  271. Yep. I'm gradually re-uploading the older content with creative commons pictures. Never had claims/strikes so far but I can't go on like that for long
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  272. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  273. That comment on Clovis was so random, I had never heard of it either. In the audio you get the actual crack I had at the moment. Yeah I get what you mean. Knowledge always comes with the burden responsibility and it's not automatic to make good use of it. Yet it also instills doubt and that erodes dogmatism on the long run. We're complex beings
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  274. The vexata quaestio of national identities is certainly a vast and complex topic and of renewed interest especially in today's politics. I personally have an ambivalent attitude sometimes because I like to mitigate extreme positions, both on one side and on the other. Unfortunately there's is a sense of disorientation due to which what happened in the past must be forcibly brought back to the present. In fact, I believe that rather than nationalism/anti-nationalism, the underlying problem is to consider history in finalistic and non-contingent terms. Because proto-national and other identities were often strong and lively since that time but were linked to changing dynamics depending on convenience. Of course a monarchy had more interest in homogenizing local identity, while smaller entities emphasized their prerogatives in an autonomistic sense. Then there is to consider what is the purpose of our teaching: what should we explain and for what purposes? Why are people interested in these topics? After all, wiping out certain propaganda is child's play: the real challenge will be to change the historical vision to masses that are substantially lacking in it. I particularly care about the common European school project: and to take such step one cannot proceed with a partitically oriented view of history.
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  275. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  276. Sure African Romance was spoken from the Roman conquest to sometime in the High Middle Ages, mostly among the urban an coastal communities
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  277. Try with "The sunset of chivalry between Bayard and Ariosto": I don't post the link to the video because it's going to be re-uploaded.
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  278. Very interesting information, thanks. This etymology is found in the toponymy etymology of many frontier regions of Romance language, such as Wallonia, Walacchia or Welschschweiz.
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  279. A comment like this alone is worth all the videos I make. Thank you heartily. I'll see about the topics, thanks for the suggestion
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  280. It's heavier than it should have been
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  281. https://youtu.be/x6GPu-0t3y0
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  282. https://youtu.be/KlLi70_KQZE
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  283. Yes
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  284. Hi. Thanks for the appreciation. The northern equivalent is the langue d'oïl, from which the modern French "oui"
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  285. Happy Birthday! I hope you had a great time. The end of history illusion is a real challenge, nevertheless von Clausewitz was able to delineate War in its universal a-temporality and no one has been able to overtake him, beyond what his detractors believe, without understanding (nor knowing) him. We have more to learn about War from the past than they did at the time from the future.
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  286. https://youtu.be/hAWvRtZut1w
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  287. Thanks to you for the compliment
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  288. Thank you for the appreciation. I do miss cavalry and artillery: I'll keep you informed. I'll make videos about the single battles at some point too. In any case, if you still haven't checked it out, here's the updated English Civil War playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiNg6y4ufeB0v1JOqRV60QS
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  289. You're welcome!
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  290. https://youtu.be/zWiRp0uYYEE
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  291. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osterteppich_pelican.jpg
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  292. https://youtu.be/wixrElq0pGk
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  293. Interesting in the history of Milan, despite the great strength of the popular classes during the times of the Lombard League, is that a People's government has never really formed: bishop, nobility and people maintained a social balance unknown to other cities.
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  294. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  295. I'm glad. If you're interested in the Longobards you can check this playlist out: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiK5wwjedcoY6eeYS7qR72x Enjoy
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  296. Muqallab
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  297. https://youtu.be/PPl3i46L7fI
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  298. Thanks. If you're interested in Medieval economy you can check this playlist out: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyi5JE2rOUram_EjDypkf5-U Enjoy
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  299. Thanks for the thought. From April I will give some guidelines for it
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  300. Hey, thanks for signaling that! This is the full map (yes it's rather approximated) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Europe_mediterranean_1190.jpg!
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  301. https://youtu.be/XxCyixdh75E https://youtu.be/rcVOZ4wVBJ0 https://youtu.be/9gO4ZPcyW24
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  302. Thanks, I mistyped
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  303. Anything Milani, Grillo, Menant and Maire-Vigueur's is mandatory at least as an introduction
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  304. The better ones are in Italian, however a good title is Najemy's A History of Florence
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  305. Thanks for the appreciation. If you haven't found out yet, here's the whole list: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyi5_48d9beTYVdES1O23Sps And Byzantine history too: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiB7xOjYLJlKQ6WbPHtOQHT
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  306. Thanks!
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  307. Thanks for the appreciation
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  308. I got most of the pictures from the Internet, while the one I uploaded here is taken from Ross Cowans' Late Medieval Scottish swords, which I used broadly as a source. I don't have the actual Drummond's work though, nor I own other texts about the Iona iconography. I drew data from other books too but I don't remember now exactly which ones now. You're welcome, I'm glad if I can give a little help with my modest means. It's amazing that you have such a deep historical interest and I'm sure that your work is really great as well.
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  309. Thanks for the appreciation. I will surely make single videos about each of the Pyrrhic War battles. A brief analysis is already here: https://youtu.be/gFH-yOhLINc Enjoy
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  310. It's a honor to have you here. A few for now: get well soon and do all you must. Know that you're welcome and that we'll hear your story. Usque ad finem et ultra
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  311. Alright, I will, thanks for asking. There's something here already, in any case you know where to check. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyjdWnvuITY6FhJkE4F05Ga4 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyjWZBjZoKIloVG9l7YC0HNU
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  312. https://youtu.be/TMCChD9BC_o
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  313. Thanks
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  314. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  315. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  316. Thanks. I'm really glad that you're following this series and that you appreciate it Violence is a tool in the hands of politics and, albeit intention of the latter can be malicious, violence remains a specific mean enacted by that same intention.
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  317. The next is going to be France. Yes, likely
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  318. https://youtu.be/NuGIkW1tgVU
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  319. Thanks to you
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  320. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  321. Thanks
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  322. Thanks
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  323. Hey. Thanks for your interest! Sure, I will progressively cover the whole Spartan military history
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  324. Thanks to you
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  325. Thanks
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  326. https://youtu.be/ppQYw0JQDu4
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  327. Related videos: 🦅⚡Alamannia and Alpine Raetia (V-X century) - https://youtu.be/CqelQ7iCor4 🦅⚡Goths, Alamanni and Franks and the barbarian perception of the Roman world - https://youtu.be/aSVIKUrXL48 🦅⚡The coalescence of the barbarian confederacies: Franks, Alamanni, Saxons, Goths, 🦅⚡Burgundians, Picts - https://youtu.be/mM9l8b1MgeY 🦅⚡The Thuringii: history of a Germanic people - https://youtu.be/x6GPu-0t3y0 🦅⚡The Virtus in the Roman-Celtic-Germanic religion: the Age of Order from Caesar, Tacitus and Vegetius - https://youtu.be/rYff2q_FTU8 🦅⚡Sacred/magic swords in the Irano-Germanic culture - https://youtu.be/jf2qt588Lz4 🦅⚡The Norse-Germanic religion: an Indo-European interpretation - https://youtu.be/_S8Im2I8jKw 🦅⚡The Germanic leges from the Migration Era to the Carolingian Empire - https://youtu.be/KVFUfCgZ5Lo 🦅⚡Miles atque barbarus: the Imperial cult as unitary tradition of the Romano-Germanic identity - https://youtu.be/MfG1tLKbfOY 🦅⚡Rome between the Ostrogothic sieges (538-544 AD): the Latin-Germanic ties against Byzantine rule - https://youtu.be/RveoQvu7NyI 🦅⚡Early Germanic warfare: an introduction - https://youtu.be/sVCjiI9UfOE 🦅⚡The Romano-Germanic Christian meaning of Charlemagne's imperial coronation in contemporary sources - https://youtu.be/EtSmesfHYHM 🦅⚡Early Germanic identity: between myth and reality - https://youtu.be/KOeSlN3NnE4 🦅⚡Germanic settlement in the Migration Era: Italy, Spain, Gaul and Britain - https://youtu.be/sIiN77YOYyw 🦅⚡The III century crisis and the first settlement of Germanic islands within the Roman Empire - https://youtu.be/14IDoznbtYg 🦅⚡Foederati policy between West and East: the Germanic-Byzantine destiny of Italy (IV-VI century) - https://youtu.be/I8BvZ7WonDc 🦅⚡The Sword of the Spirit: the superimposition of Christian and Germanic military values - https://youtu.be/ydnJXlhFYyQ 🦅⚡Romano-Germanic relations during the Migration Era - https://youtu.be/fS0HY5SS8gI 🦅⚡The law of the Germanic peoples - https://youtu.be/eVmyQabuoA8 🦅⚡On the importance and significance of the Romano-Germanic identity - https://youtu.be/vf87x_taxCI 🦅⚡The role of berserkir and úlfhéðnar in the Germanic communities - https://youtu.be/O1opQKvLgH4 🦅⚡Germanic comitatus "adoptio per arma" - https://youtu.be/scbDWKxUJJ4 🦅⚡Germanic swords (VI-IX century): making, value, symbolism - https://youtu.be/7C2R-F6AzP8 🦅⚡Christian faith and Germanic rite: the Norse religious syncretism - https://youtu.be/jPCOX_p13Iw
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  328. A mix of Germans, proto-Slavs, Celts, Sarmatians, etc.
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  329. Thanks for the appreciation and welcome on Schwerpunkt
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  330. Rum is literally Rome, from the Roman land of Anatolia that the settling Turks knew as such. Seljuk is disputed, however it's likely connected to purity/virginity, in the sense of spring/renewed force. I did this on the Assassins, I shall eventually re-upload it with new pictures: https://youtu.be/1VnKtEDeLjc
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  331. Thanks. Not a problem: this is actually one of the early videos re-uploaded, today I speak better than that
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  332. I'm glad to hear it, thank you a lot
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  333. Yes those were the 12th century Tunisian and Tripolitanian possessions of the Hauteville dynasty. In 1510 the Spanish and the Sicilians conquered Tripoli which stayed under Sicilian administration. After a few years Charles V assigned the fortress to the Knights of Saint John, who lost it to the Ottomans again in 1551.
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  334. Thanks, I'll try my best
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  335. Thank you, I appreciate
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  336. I'm glad to hear it
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  337. I see you're well into the period! Yes, definitely the Western Slavs were among the most stable groups. I very much agree with your line of thought: surely the Slavs began to build fortified centers as soon as they arrived in those areas as well as they certainly exploited previous settlements. Also the progressive emancipation from the Avars was certainly played an important factor and, combined with the general economic recovery of the VIII century, it makes the emergence of fortified centers in the area seem rather logical. Fredegar's testimony is very fascinating: the Slavs had indeed a reputation as heroic and fanatical defenders, which can be interpreted as deriving from the continuous warfare with the steppe's peoples, against which Slavic fortifications had to have more than proven effectiveness over time. Also on the second part you find me very much in agreement. As far as I know the Slavs actually emerged from the world of the "forest", which is different from that of the "steppe" (in Slavic mythology this is quite evident): in their origins, as well as for the Germans of the wooded regions, their cavalry was not very developed. I find it very interesting, however, how the Slavs learned early to ride, and in this also the relationship with the Avars must not have been without important consequences, as it had been for the Germans under the Huns. All the Slavs in later times developed good and numerous cavalry, (I mention this in the video on the Polish tactics of the XI-XIII century), and also their material culture shows a "chivalric" culture from an early age: relatively to this last point also the contacts with the Carolingians and the Ottonians played an important role, a bit like for the Danes and other populations bordering the Frankish empire.
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  338. Hey. Thanks for pointing this out, because it is a concept that I often express and that can be legitimately criticized. Let's say that the concept of semi-nomadism does not strictly imply large-scale migrations but rather the environmental sustainability of permanent settlements. Even scattered housing and cyclical movement at short range and for a few weeks during the year, fits into the definition. Semantically the extremes of semi-nomadism can overlap with the ones of sedentarism and nomadism. More or less the limits of the semi-nomadic world in Europe remained for a long time the ones of the Roman Empire: where a fully sedentary society was sustainable, the Romans had stopped and built, while "outside" mobility had remained a matter of survival. It is a technical problem related to the availability of materials necessary to preserve large stocks of food that can support larger settlements than just villages: a completely different reality from that of Western and Southern Europe. For instance, also certain Celtic and Germanic tribes did not migrate for centuries, but on a local basis they were still unstable tribal formations in constant balance with each other and able to migrate should the case arise. There is a debate on the originary sedentaryism/semi-nomadism of the Slavs, much of which has unfortunately to do also with ideological reasons. At least during the whole Migration Era, to me the Slavs had all the characteristics of semi-nomadic peoples. Later, especially for the Western Slavs during the period that I describe in the video, this is certainly debatable: about this point I have to say that I'm objectively biased, because I tend to emphasize the difference between the Carolingian settlement models and those of the peoples of Central-Eastern Europe. The Franks carried out a real social engineering by exporting full-sedentary and central settlement models that were previously unknown to those tribal populations and which which implied the literal transformation of the local environment. The settlement stability of the Slavs after the VI-VII century was in my opinion a contingent fact linked to the vacuums left after the Era of Migrations, which allowed these populations to develop in very large and relatively undisturbed basins, managing even to absorb demographically the repeated settlements of the nomadic peoples of the steppe. There is however also to consider that, especially among the Eastern Slavs, the nomadic influence was so strong at the point that some of them even became nomads (see the Cossacks). In the West and in the South the full sedentarization took root earlier. With respect to this last point, I also like very much, as a military historian, to underline how the military culture of the Migration Era remained alive for much longer among the Slavs than other Western populations. A question of political and social models and of contact with the peoples of the steppe, but still structural and linked to the lower economic development of Eastern Europe, which therefore made society more dynamic and "mobile", both in material culture and mindset. It is no coincidence that the Slavs of the Migration Era, for example, were substantially going by foot, while they later developed large bodies of cavalry in their armies.
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  339. You're welcome
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  340. Welcome to the bet on my nationality
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  341. https://youtu.be/9jkD9MgwzDE https://youtu.be/309XsY23W74
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  342. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  343. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  344. https://youtu.be/wixrElq0pGk
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  345. Good tip, thanks
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  346. Please. Largely, yes. By the mid-XI century the Norse element had already been diluted into the local "French" population (that is in turn Gallo-Roman with strong Frankish influeces), at all levels of society. What we call "Normans" at the time of the conquest of Sicily is a synecdoche to indicate a rather multiethnic group of people that in some cases were not even native to Normandy: for instance, large groups of Bretons and Flemish participated to the Norman conquest of England.
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  347. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  348. You're welcome
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  349. Thanks for the appreciation
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  350. Thanks for the appreciation. The reference is always the Battles playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtygrmiyyGfSxTMgNQkThPKpR Enjoy
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  351. https://youtu.be/jZM50-cpsTw
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  352. https://youtu.be/ud07gCE4Wew
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  353. Yes, I blurred it myself. I need to re-upload it with Creative Commons images, like the others.
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  354. To you
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  355. https://youtu.be/vxcMP3o2IK0 https://youtu.be/1duvpWWJaoo https://youtu.be/W2r2TaNihdU https://youtu.be/Ztg32z0Gc0I https://youtu.be/cse9olllT3Y https://youtu.be/S7-xYwzxsO0 https://youtu.be/D1d4fyQKVOs https://youtu.be/vzFLPvUqPws
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  356. Sure. You can check this playlist for updates: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyiNg6y4ufeB0v1JOqRV60QS
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  357. You're correct
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  358. It's really both. I've briefly touched the topic in here but I intend to return on chariot warfare in the future through a dedicated video because it's important to understand how it worked. These are the heaviest types of chariot, which begin to appear from the time of Ashurnasirpal II onwards, in parallel with the strengthening of infantries during the first millennium BC (and the consequent decline of chariot warfare itself). Unlike the two-horse light chartios, which were more manageable and had a much more dynamic tactical use (similar to the Renaissance caracole), these heavier chariots were more especially designed for breakthrough actions. All cavalries have firstly a psychological and only secondarily physical impact: the heavy chariot was designed to scare through the sheer mass launched at speed weakening the enemy cohesion even before impact.
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  359. No prob
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  360. Thanks to you, as always
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  361. Thanks to you!
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  362. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  363. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  364. Thanks
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  365. You're very complimentary, thanks! I do not think I deserve it, I would like to discuss these topics in a much more proper way
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  366. Thanks to you
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  367. https://youtu.be/tz3bD0G1o9s
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  368. I'll paste and copy this from Facebook at the rest of the audience's benefit: Thanks for the appreciation, it means really a lot The question is legitimate and the reasons for poor graphics are mainly 2: 1) I don't have time 2) For some specific topics it is difficult to find suitable images Unfortunately I do not think I can improve graphics in any way at the moment
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  369. Hey. Thank you for the interest. These early videos are definitively not the best of my accomplishments. Also Youtube algorithm is weird: a comparable video about the Alamanni made at the time got (and keeps getting) much more views. I will probably make something new about the Vandals soon. If you're interested in the Migration Era you can check out this: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyipZZASdY8cB2aFqdNKPkql
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  370. https://de.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Datei:Die_Gartenlaube_(1899)_b_0868_e.jpg
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  371. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtygCuZ3w0krEIB1yAvI6hjnD
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  372. Thanks to you. If you're interested about the ministeriales I made these videos too: https://youtu.be/_F0jXCBgD7Q https://youtu.be/7hhLdFjNVv8 https://youtu.be/KfwacMpRW3w
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  373. Thanks to you, I appreciate
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  374. From Romagna, the factional struggles extended to the Marche, where Ghibellines and Guelphs establish, at the regional level, coordination structures that crystallize the opposition between the two factions, hinder any form of reconciliation, and represent a serious factor of internal instability for the individual cities. The reflections of this situation on the professionalization of local troops in a mercenary sense are evident: in the first decades of the 14th century, when the Marche and nearby regions are the scene of countless conflicts between Guelphs and Ghibellines, the troops recruited by the Montefeltro and the most important lords of the region, such as the Ubaldini, Chiavelli, the Guidi of Modigliano and Petralla, the Atti of Sassoferrato, the Counts of Pignano, etc., increasingly take on the appearance of extremely mobile professional bands, more suited for profitable raids than for actual battles; in short, these troops adopt a lifestyle similar to that of foreign mercenaries who are already serving Milan, Venice, and Florence; to fully adopt the characteristics of true professional militias, they only need to serve these major powers, which occurs in the years 1330-1340. On both sides of the Apennines, but especially in the mountainous area located at the border between the Marche, Umbria, and Tuscany, there is hardly a family in which at least one of the sons does not choose to take up the profession of arms and does not find a way to enlist as a foot soldier, knight, or miles at the head of a group of lancers. The qualification and military capabilities of each depend, of course, on the level that their family occupies in the social hierarchy but also on their military experience: even a Montefeltro must have proven himself at the head of a contingent of knights before being recognized as capable of commanding a troop of several hundred lancers; an Atti, a Chiavelli, a Varano, unless they possess exceptional military talent, will not attempt to establish a company that counts more than a few dozen lancers. From the Informatio status Marchiae Anconitane, an inquiry conducted in 1341 by the papal legate Jean Dalpérier on the state of the Marca, commissioned by Benedict XII to better understand the situation in the restless region, many observers exhibit a keen awareness of witnessing that fundamental and irreversible process of the “dissolution of communal values” that took place in the first half of the 14th century and the affirmation of a noble ideological model based on family solidarity, the struggle for dominance, a taste for arms, and a constant recourse to violence. The political, social, and institutional reasons for the regional history in the early Trecento had to be traced, according to the opinion of many figures consulted by the apostolic nuncio, to the presence of a dense web of lordships that struggled to recompose into broader territorial coordinations. The importance of military instruments in Marchigiana politics is eloquently reflected in Bartoluzio's response, the parish priest of Murro, in the diocese of Fermo, to the question about what he considered to be the best way to control the region: “he replied that if the said rector is strong enough and has a sufficient number of mercenaries, the said Marca will always be in obedience and reverence to our lord and the Church, and he believes that four hundred or five hundred knights would suffice, and if he had them in a short time, he would do so, that in the said Marca or any part of it, no one would dare to rebel, and whoever is rebellious would immediately come to the mandates of the Church and the said rector.” The intensity and frequency of wars in the Marche are well exemplified by the fierce competition between Ascoli and Fermo for control of Porto d'Ascoli and its fortress. Hostilities had been ongoing, with alternating fortunes, since 1256 when the first clash occurred. Other conflicts followed in 1280, 1285, 1324, 1326, 1346, and 1349, and then resumed after a peace in 1351, in 1458, 1464, 1485, 1487, 1495, and 1498, which would be too long to recount. The temporal distribution of wars between the two towns is significant: the war rekindles around 1325 – in the wake of Italian events – and “exhaustion” follows the Black Death. It is not surprising that the political instability of the Marche becomes a refuge for armed adventurers, as in 1322-1323, when the "Company" of foreign mercenaries led by Deo dei Tolomei, forcibly diverted by the Florentine-Sienese from their plundering in Tuscany, decided to “land in the Marca and in several part
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  375. Hi, thanks for the appreciation. Of course. They're both on the list
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  376. https://youtu.be/x-a62rrLefY
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  377. Thanks
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  378. Thanks
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  379. Thanks to you for the appreciation. In many ways such symbols are universal, I don't remember in which video (possibly this same one?) I stressed the parallelism with Assyria, Egypt and other cultures. We will come back on the topic with dedicated videos on Paleoeurasian culture and others in the future
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  380. Theodoric restored the ancient palatium and the Longobard king Perctarit subsequently expanded it. Unfortunately not, it was demolished in the 11th century
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  381. It's the next of the list for Germany. While I guess you already checked out the Hohenstaufen playlist: https://studio.youtube.com/playlist/PLsTzegJZgtyhgIwbatc_zj6MEFuqLnsqe/videos
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  382. Thanks to you, I appreciate
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  383. Thanks
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  384. I would feel more confident to know the opinion of an expert, however I also think the same: it seems that the wild boar would later become the symbol of the whole Hispania Citerior, just like in other Celtic/Celticised lands (btw the boar figures even among the early Roman and Italic military insignia, etc.) I suspect such guide animals to have grown as a municipal symbol of the Celtic oppida mostly with the subsequent Roman urbanization, which would then have also "canonized" them as such (see for example the characters of the Roman deities hybridized with the local ones in the iconography, etc.)
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  385. https://youtu.be/_CHZNzTVAHY
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  386. Sure, we'll get to that. Thanks for the suggestion
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  387. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  388. Hey. Thanks for the request. Unfortunately the old videos are like this now, while from some month I have doubled the volume and reduced the background noise, it should be better. Thanks for your continuous interest
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  389. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  390. https://youtu.be/GlCS04mRdRU
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  391. Hi. Thanks to you for the appreciation. Sure, I'm going to cover these topics in the future. If you're interested in Celtic Warfare, the Migration Era and Medieval Britain & Ireland you can check these out: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyh_c8x6KEtcTdhOyE5Spt6Q https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyipZZASdY8cB2aFqdNKPkql https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtygxV0K4qtm2MpJ_ZUl8b-0Y Enjoy
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  392. It's great you found that out! I think it's really amazing, thanks. Here it tells the short story of his qualities as warrior and single fighter. https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Marcus_Servilius_Pulex_Geminus
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  393. Hello there. Thank you a lot for this! No, I do not understand much about numismatics and I did not know these coins. They are really very beautiful and I find it very interesting that this "knightly" conception is found in so "late" finds (120-100 BC ca.), testifying to an ancient Roman taste for cavalry and individual combat, against the usual stereotypes. There are also a couple of other interesting points. In the first image the cavalryman on the right wears the "iconic" Roman equestrian equipment while the one on the right seems to be equipped with a scaled armor that reminds me very much that of the Iberian peoples: considering the era, it could be a propaganda echo of the Gens Servilia relatively to Quintus Servilius Caepio consul in Spain in 140 BC. The second image is even more interesting for the generally archaic taste and some mixed characteristics between Italic and Hellenistic warfare: in particular the "clipeus" (which also demonstrates, even here against stereotypes, its usefulness not only in formation but also in single duel), and what appears to be a "thureos" (it is too narrow and not very enveloping to be a "scutum", at least in a more rigid categorical classification system).
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  394. Thanks to you for the compliments, I also appreciate your honesty and interest for Schwerpunkt
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  395. You're welcome. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  396. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  397. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyjzQS2i9DUmu6RSe8o6E1gm
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  398. https://youtu.be/CjhumfQXQCo https://studio.youtube.com/playlist/PLsTzegJZgtyiO9nCAq4kxn8uFAnMVCEj8/videos
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  399. https://youtu.be/tz3bD0G1o9s
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  400. Thanks for the suggestion. If you search in the Medieval Islam playlist there's something else on the Ottomans. I also made a video on the XV century Balcanic crusades, which is naturally related.
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  401. I understand the sense of malaise that these arbitrary categorizations can generate. Thanks for your opinion Jan Bajer, it helps me to re-think and re-phrase better.
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  402. I don't think so
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  403. Thanks
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  404. Thanks to you for the appreciation!
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  405. Wikimedia Commons. You can find the Creative Commons attribution at the end
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  406. Thanks
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  407. Thank you
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  408. Sure we can descend into biographies at some point
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  409. Thank you
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  410. You're welcome
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  411. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  412. Thanks to you. In the Medieval Society playlist there are several videos on the topic https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsTzegJZgtyhlEgSeiIY2P8jmlbRcWLbU
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  413. Thanks
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  414. Asset value
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  415. https://studio.youtube.com/playlist/PLsTzegJZgtyhV2gfozoZxYyf7AZ-zXmTx/videos
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  416. Now that you make me think about it I still haven't made a video on Saint Thomas. Thanks for the suggestion, that is on my list
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  417. This is precious, thanks
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  418. Yep
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  419. There were and will be: Early Medieval European Jewish occupations (VI-XI century) - https://youtu.be/9Fk9nyhJCD0 Medieval European Jewish status and integration (VI-XI century) - https://youtu.be/puMGOoWOkps Poland, Bohemia, Hungary: Ostsiedlung, trade routes, town charters, Jews & loan words (XIII century) - https://youtu.be/WUUXN3PxL9I
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  420. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-European_languages#/media/File:Map_of_Paleo-European_Languages.png
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  421. Sure. For now I have this https://youtu.be/B5F0vJuQJoA
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  422. Hey, thanks for the appreciation. Yes I do, I am a PhD student. No, unfortunately I don't have time for it, yet I try to interact here.
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  423. Thanks to you for the appreciation
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  424. Thanks
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  425. Thanks to you for the appreciation. I intend to cover a lot about Swiss history but I still have to start. Recently I've made this about Alamannia and Alpine Raetia though: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bK8qtVjB7BQ
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  426. Well then, thanks to you for the appreciation and welcome to Schwerpunkt. If you haven't checked out already, I have plenty of playlists for accessing the content more easily: https://studio.youtube.com/channel/UCzmVYmxIvkrjmBNgLJMJYEw/playlists Enjoy
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  427. It looks like the twitter account has been deleted: thanks for the information. Sure, you can write me at schwerpunkt226@gmail.com
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  428. Don't worry, it's a pleasure to read your insight, I learn always something new
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  429. They are all safe and coming back soon. In a couple of hours I will upload a new video that explains all
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  430. All right, thank you for telling me. In a couple of weeks I shall have rendered all the audio available again while obscuring the video (that you don't need much).
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  431. Yes. I will re-upload them all, gradually. Sorry for the inconvenience
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  432. https://youtu.be/FztupfxgiHo
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  433. Thanks to you and welcome on Schwerpunkt
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  434. That was a messy business! Yes, I could. I think I should talk more about the Eastern Roman history "proper", meaning that up to now I've been discussing it either regarding to strictly military history topics or framing it in the general Medieval history videos (which are mostly Western-centered).  I'm thinking about it, thanks for the suggestion!
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  435. Thank you, I will!
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  436. Thanks!
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  437. Wow, great compliment there, thanks a lot
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