Hearted Youtube comments on Premodernist (@premodernist_history) channel.

  1. It was me. Sorry 😔
    10000
  2. I'm so happy the algorithm recommended this to me. My video about this election is not nearly this good.
    8600
  3. Back in my day we used to take pride in constructing a camel by hand, now all these kids are spoiled with their store bought factory made camels.
    7700
  4. This video format is so refreshing. No unnecessary, overly-dramatic music, just straight facts
    7500
  5. Don't fall for the title folks, the title is totally fake. There's really nothing boring about this video. It's superbly presented, well articulated and informative all the way through.
    5700
  6. To me, the most impressive thing in the account is that these two men -- opposites in such significant ways and who remained opposites throughout -- still also remained on friendly terms with each other.
    4900
  7. My mother grew up in a village in the Balkans without electricity. The slaughter season for pigs was November. They ate very little fresh pork and the rest would be turned into sausage, blood sausage, bacon, smoked ham, pork rinds etc. Even the hair would be used to make rough cloth. Same goes for goats. The only meat that would be eaten mostly fresh was veal but since they had very few calves for a lot of people, storing it was not an issue. Also milk was basically never drunk fresh but made into cheese, buttermilk and butter. A lot of vegetables were pickeled and fruits made into jam. Some, like grapes and apples could even be carefully kept fresh until deep in the winter.
    3500
  8. Humans in the Middle Ages also had the same potential for intelligence that we do. Another one of those myths is that following the fall of Rome everyone suddenly became stupid.
    3300
  9. In the case of Mexico, one could add consideration of the poor diplomatic and political approach of the Aztec Empire. The fact that they relied on a tributary system and allowed their Tlaxcallan rivals to survive gave the Spanish plenty of allies - in that sense, it was more the Tlaxcallans who conquered Mexico with the Spanish help for Cortez. Had the Aztecs produced a unified state (perhaps the direction they were heading, but they weren't there yet), the Spanish would have faced a large and unified army with no allies. Even if the disease would have eventually facilitated their conquest, it would have taken much longer. Worth also considering the survival of the rump Inca state for several decades after Cusco fell and the survival of some Mayan and Central American states for even longer in the deep jungle.
    3100
  10. A personal theory of mine is that all these ancient scholars kept reading about how awesome this library in Alexandria was, but were incredibly disappointed when they actually went to see it. Then there was some bitter old person at the library who said stuff like "kids these days can't appreciate a good book. Back in my day this library was great! Any female born after 193 can't cook..." and the scholars just believed them in order to save face.
    2400
  11. As a tiny note: A Latin Pagan, like Augustus or Trajan is as different to a Christian Greek as a Muslim Turk is.
    2300
  12. The way he seems legitimately devastated for John Adams not getting as many votes as he thought he would 😂
    2200
  13. People should value more these kinds of videos edited for people with competent attention span, fluff-less, and where narrator doesn`t take 20 minutes to get to the point. This is actual content worth watching
    2100
  14. Thanks for reminding us to remember the peacemakers. Those who stop violent changes (conquerors) are quite unappreciated in history.
    2000
  15. Helllloooo random mongolian girl here i didnt know how chinges haan was seen from a western point of view so this vid was awsome. Also i like chinges haan day cuz we get a day off school/work. Legit spent the whole day drawing lmao
    2000
  16. 11/10 thumbnail.
    1900
  17. As a Turk, I can say that we don't usually see the Ottomans as a continuation of Roman Empire and treat them as separate entities. But if you ask my own opinion, it is clear that not only the Ottomans but also the Seljuks saw themselves as the inheritors of the Roman Legacy and you have mentioned many of the reasons why that's the case in your video. Another thing that I would like to add is that Mehmed II (the sultan who captured Constantinople and hence called "The Conqueror") was particularly interested in the idea of being the "Roman Emperor". After the conquest, he made the Orthodox Patriarch crown him as "Caesar of Rome/the Romans" or "Kayser-i Rûm" in Ottoman Turkish. He added Roman laws into the Ottoman Legislation. He could speak Greek and Latin. He was intellectually a superior man compared to not only his predecessors but also his successors. He even wanted to invade Italy in order to capture Rome and press his claim even further. His soldiers captured the city of Otranto in Italy but he died shortly after (some historians believe that he was possibly poisoned by either the Venetians or his own son Bayezid whom he didn't get along with). Though, after his death the idea of invading Italy was abandoned.
    1900
  18. As a greek myself i can say for sure that even today some rural greeks call themselves romans and that even until the greek revolutionary war it was common for greeks to call themselves romans. At that time the greeks were calling all romanians wallachians (vlahi). After Greece became independent and got a bavarian king on the throne that king loved ancient greek history, so he tried shaping Greece into something separate from the roman times. One of the things he did for example was that he moved the capital from Nafplio to Athens, even though at the time Athens were basically ruins of what they once were and even though back then Athens were dangerously close to the Ottoman border
    1900
  19. Anybody can learn history but not everyone can lecture like this guy
    1800
  20. Thanks for sharing this! I have a BA in Mongolian Language and Literature from Inner Mongolia University in China. I learned the Classical Uighur “Mongol” script. Cyrillic has sadly devastated the written language in Mongolia. But the Mongols in China have kept it alive. 😄 The Mongols were a warring people until they converted to Buddhism. They practice Mystic Buddhism, AKA Tibetan Buddhism, which is a mixture of Shamanism and Buddhism. In order to convert them, to subdue them, they could keep many Shamanistic practices. Converting the Mongols and Tibetans to Buddhist practitioners subdued them. Apparently, this was a kind of psychological warfare, and it was successful in subduing the warrior spirit of the Mongols. The Mongolian Language and culture is fascinating! When learning the language, the one verb that has stood out for me is the verb ᠨᠠᠮᠨᠠᠬᠤ (namnaho). It means “to ride a horse and shoot an arrow.” Obviously, the Mongolian culture is connected strongly to horses. A horse was the one thing that anyone needed to be successful in life. The fact they have a verb expressing riding and horse while shooting an arrow also expresses the importance and commonality of this dual action in their culture at some point in time. Cheers! 😊
    1600
  21. Please continue making episodes through the passage of the 12th amendment, it's really interesting
    1400
  22. As an Epidemiology PhD student: On the topic of smallpox, you can actually still get the smallpox vaccine today. It's still used for protection against monkeypox in high-risk individuals, as smallpox and monkeypox are similar enough that the antibodies offer cross-protection. On a historical note: observing the cross-protective effect between cowpox exposure (which results in relatively mild symptoms in humans) and smallpox infection was what led to the development of the first vaccines (and explains the connection of the word vaccine to the latin word for cow, vacca)
    1400
  23. Back in high school I used to have a history teacher who made our classes so engaging that I would spend all the time imagining myself living there. Listening to your videos, I get the same exact feeling. It is so refreshing to have found such an amazing and incredible channel! Your videos are always engaging, well researched and massively interesting!
    1200
  24. Changchun had some serious balls lecturing Genghis Khan
    1200
  25. It’s alright man, just don’t do it again.
    1200
  26. If you are so inclined, a continued series on each presidential election would be so amazing. I’ve loved the first two.
    1100
  27. I really appreciate you subtitling the videos - I'm fascinated by this type of history and it's so rare to find accessible videos about them as a deaf person!
    1100
  28. "Al-jahiz means the googly-eyed." Nice to see that unfortunate nicknames exist across centuries and continents. This is one of my favorite channels on youtube. Every video is interesting and informative.
    1100
  29. It happens.
    1100
  30. Way easier to pay attention to a lecture when the speaker isn't reading off a script, but actually knows his shit. Well done
    992
  31. "Yes, we're doing a lot of shady things for short-term political expediency, but remember - the election 1792 is the most important election of our lifetimes!"
    945
  32. I think a comparison to China is very apt. Both were massive empires that dominated a continent for millennia, but went through many dynastic, religious, geographic, and ethnic changes over the centuries. From a western viewpoint, we just think of China having always been “China” despite the dozens of different dynasties it went through. Yet many of them were ruled not by Han, but by outsiders like the mongol Yuan dynasty or the most recent dynasty, the Manchu Qing dynasty. If these dynastic changes don’t mean we can’t call these empires Chinese, it should really make us think about why we don’t call the ottomans Roman.
    919
  33. Most YouTubers who cover academic subjects manage to make their videos entertaining with either presentation or overt charisma, not to mention being no longer than 22 minutes, usually closer to 12. You held my attention for this entire video despite it more or less sounding like a lecture, and the reason is because your dynamic grasp on the history is so strong that it almost feels like you were part of this drama and are simply reciting personal recollections. All your videos are great but this one is probably my favorite, because you portrayed these people as humans rather than as bare information.
    901
  34. I could listen to this man talk for hours. Also the talking head style with really clean graphics is really refreshing. My new favorite youtube channel.
    866
  35. People used to sleep in barns so the crossover must have been pretty thorough over the centuries. I've had to huddle against my horse for warmth while lost in the forest and ended up clinging to him like a spider. The risk of him rolling on me during the brief periods of managing to get some sleep simply wasn't enough to dissuade me. Literally couldn't get closer. So I definitely comprehend the desire to huddle with animals when you're cold and hungry.
    846
  36. I'm from Madagascar and here, during the pre colonial era, some people were already aware of wheels. The nobility who ruled over the central highlands actually avoided it as much as they can. The main reason is that by adopting wheels and so transport with wheels, adapted roads would have to be built. The highlands were surrounded by large hills and was a mountainous area, which meant accessing it would be difficult. The nobility saw it as a military advantage as it would make it more complicated for invaders to reach the capital. Along with jungles and dense forests which were infested by mosquitoes that could cause malaria, it was deemed an effective natural protection against invaders. Building roads adapted for wheels would mean that a stronger army could easily reach the capital (like the french). As far as I'm aware of, that was one reason why wheels were not adopted even when they have already witnessed other people using it.
    844
  37. My experience in some little rural towns in Mexico, in a hot humid tropical region: Meat is almost never preserved. Everyone raises pigs in their backyard and when they sacrifice one, they go around gifting (yes, for free) parts of the pig to all the neighbors. Every neighbor will do the same when the time comes, so over time they all get a full pig for free. The meat is cooked fast and is preserved only for a couple of days in the form of a stew, that you can keep boiling.
    843
  38. I would love a Mike Duncan “History of Rome” style history of Iran podcast from you. You have a great voice, your writing is approachable but your rigor and research is obviously quality.
    815
  39. its so refreshing to hear Polish names being pronounced properly by an English speaker, thank you! Great video
    777
  40. As an American and History enthusiast I was surprised by how little I knew about this time period. Thank you for the very informative and enjoyable video.
    766
  41. I recently visited Hawaii and went to a sacred historical site (Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park). The park ranger there gave a talk about the native Hawaiians, and touched on the fact that they didn't use any wheeled vehicle for transportation. He pointed out how many people equate that to a lack of technological innovation, but then pointed all around to the landscape around him and was like "do you really think it would be smart to try to wheel a cart over these jagged lava rocks?" They just used canoes instead.
    699
  42. The root of the question is what does it mean to be Roman. Is Roman an ethnicity? Is it a political system? Is it a language? Because all of those changed over the course of Roman history. We tend to look at things like the Romans as a static snapshot of one point in time (the classical period) and anything that falls outside of that we don't consider Roman. But Rome was never stagnant and it evolved and changed over the centuries. So back to my first point we have to define what it means to be Roman first.
    665
  43. Ottoman empire was much more geographically similar than the other so called Roman empire
    663
  44. As an Austrian, this was quite interesting and enjoyable. I'm still startled by the fact that Mozart completed over 40 symphonies before the US had an elected president though, I never looked at it with that perspective. Shows again how young the US actually is ...
    650
  45. Points from the video • The Library of Alexandria was 1 of 2 Libraries 📕📗 • The Library 2 was A Library at The Museum of Alexandria nearby.📗 4:43 Modern articles name people who lived in the Early Ptolemaic period. • Zenodotus, Callimachus, Apollonius, Eratosthenes, Aristophanes, 4th Century BC 300 BC - 200 BC 3rd Century BC 200 - 100 BC • Aristarchus lived into 150 BC approximately 5:15 Decline - Extremely little records of the library itself - limited information 6:00 Egypt was prosperous in the 3rd century under Ptolemy II and Ptolemy III 7:40 The Legendary Library was not the only library in existence 8:13 Library of Pergamum, Asia Minor, existed and some Greek talents went there. 9:00 Papyrus documents were found in a dry condition, but Alexandria Greece is a humid place. 10:42 Julius Ceasar set fire to the land, and that fire 🔥 may have burnt some of the Library of Alexandria’s Books. 📕 11:21 Plutarch and Gellius both say Julius Ceaser burned down the entire Library of Alexandria📕 12:22 They saw the Library of Alexandria as a declined Library as something of the past. 13:38 Strabo notes that Alexandria’s Library was large in the 4th Century. 15:00 The Library was in decline before Julius Ceaser came along and set fire 🔥 to it. 16:06 Serapeum Library had the largest library in the city, but it was not The Legendary Library of Alexandria. 19:18 Serapeum Temple Structure. Maybe the Christians sacked this Serapeum Library. 20:50 Musli 21:07 1. The Library’s ending did not cause a dark age 2. 1 library destroyed does not cause the catalysmic loss in hunan inowledge 3. Complex Causes, this has several different factors
    637
  46. this is easily one of the best channels on Youtube, you’re so casual yet eloquent and relentlessly well informed. I have minimal interest in US political history and this was a breeze to sit through. Well done.
    637
  47. I went to school in Sweden. Oh, vikings, right! No, not very much. Emphasis is on what and who built the nation state. Gustav Vasa and Magnus Ladulås gets a lot more attention than the vikings. When we read about the vikings it's about their ships, the rhunes - and of course the mythology that never left.
    636
  48. I honestly thought this was a shitpost.
    635
  49. What’s most puzzling is that the algorithm actually recommended thoughtful and inspiring content which aligns with my real preferences. Your channel is a surprising delight, and I wish you well with it.
    628
  50. Pretty much every "This one specific thing happened that changed the course of history!" claims are never as dramatic and usually was just a gradual decline or regular change of whatever that thing is that got romanticized through history.
    623
  51. Make an apology video. Add some burning books for flavour.
    590
  52. This was great, hope you still get around to doing a video about why the Russians wanted to sell Alaska.
    586
  53. Someone left the humidifier on too long…
    574
  54. Very good video, but just to add/contextualize a few things: 1) The naming convention is not really 4+1 but 3+2, the Kunya was also not required. People of note (i.e. the kind of people listed in Biographical Dictionaries) would almost always have one (or be ascribed one later), but among general people it was more common to not have one unless you were a relatively influential person. 2) The Kunya did not necessarily refer to one's child, it was often times idiomatic or invented. For instance Abu Bakr did not have a child named Bakr nor did Salah al-Din have a child named al-muzzafar. 3) The Nisbah was used in a rather complex way and often didn't give direct information about what groups a person was associated with. So for instance a common cause of confusion is that Nisbah's could be inherited as in the case of al-Khwarezmi (who was probably born in Baghdad but his parents were from Khwarezm) or in the case of the 16th century historian Ahmad bin Yusuf al-Qaramani - who's father was from Karaman in Turkey but he was born and lived in Damascus. 4) 9:45 I think the equivalent in english to the Laqab is epithet. Anyways Laqabs were typically associated with specific titles or ranks (Amir, Sultan, Malik, Imam, Shaykh etc..), so each rank had its own associated laqabs that one could adopt (If you read Arabic you can look at al-Qalqashandi's massive scribal manual Subh al-A'asha which has entire volumes dedicated to listing out these titles). Also from the 10th century onwards (until the end of the Abbasid Caliphate) it was common for the Caliph to bestow rulers he recognized as Sultans with a Laqab. This is where Salah al-Din gets his titular Laqab from for instance. 5) One last thing I should mention which I always found interesting is that if someone's nasab was Ibn Abdallah /Ibnat Abdallah, and that person was not an Arab, it typically (but not always) indicated that that person was a convert to Islam and not that said person's father was named Abdallah.
    559
  55. "It was indeed two months before he again went hunting" 🤣 I love these kind of details - incredible sassy humour to bring the account to life in a way that's so relatable to most modern humans
    552
  56. I always get fascinated to see how a single city in Italian peninsula came to such prominence that whole civilizations and state entities claim legacy of it. Even though they have nothing to do with that physical city in particular. In this case I think Rome is truly unique in our history, that the term "Roman" means so many things outside of that city context.
    538
  57. I think another interesting thing to point out is that the wheel and axl was not a widespread invention but appeared to have been invented once in Eurasia and spread around. Outside of that we can't find much evidence of cultures anywhere independently making the wheel and axle. Plenty of cultures have toys and small constructions showing that a concept of the wheel existed, but the wheel and axle as a form of transport seems to have been a very unique spark of genius.
    524
  58. the diseases was the gap that I had in my knowledge of history. and now suddenly every thing makes sense
    520
  59. I'd suggest your impression of Changchun's obscurity is more a function of the Eurocentrism of Western education, as Changchun is actually really famous in China as "Qiu Chuji" (which was his real name). That said, his common depiction in Chinese culture is very different (much like most ancient figures), and his most well-known depiction is as a younger man in "Legend of the Condor Heroes," where he is ironically characterized as a bullheaded priest whose inflexible morality and hotheadedness regularly causes him to get into fights.
    514
  60. Big laugh at "The United States has never had a friend among the nations of Europe save Russia". How times change. Wish things could have been turned out better between the two continent spanning nation-empires, the world would have been much better for a friendship that never failed. Also, I was surprised to see you only have 4.5k subscribers - the quality of your presentation made me think you had at least ten times that amount. Great work.
    499
  61. Brb going to start calling everything a “stunning graphic element”
    496
  62. Man that's really crazy. Imagine going in to vote and the president ends up being a war hero that you couldn't even vote for
    492
  63. Kentucky, the newest state in the union, and the one that represented Jefferson's idealized America moreso than any other state at the time voting for Jefferson despite nobody else doing so is kind of adorable.
    492
  64. Absolutely hilarious that myth of the rotten meat, because they didn't have refrigerators and were so primitive, but rotten meat is just in the middle ages, not in antiquity.... Just did the same as in antiquity. Awesome vídeo and beautifully documented 👌 blessings and success
    478
  65. Thank you. That was very thought provoking. It's difficult to imagine such a brutal Warrior who habitually held life cheap, massacring any enemies that proved rebellious, was also interested in calmly debating philosophy & wanted to learn about other cultures.  I also learnt there was a Genghis Khan Day. I'll plan for next year to celebrate by building a token pyramid of skulls of my. enemies 🥳
    438
  66. The naming format was a good way of identifying who you are. I'm Joe, Joe who ? Joe ibn Murphy ibn Russell al-Yorky = Joe son of Murphy son of Russell from York. It also preserves lineage. Most people nowadays their grandpa's name.
    417
  67. I like this guy’s style. No bias. Just straight history
    411
  68. I only recently discovered your videos, but please allow me to compliment them. There's no frills, no "youtube-y" editing or shoutouts or intro cards, etc. Just well-informed, subtle, and interesting videos carried by the content itself. So, so, so refreshing. I'm wishing the best for your channel, please keep it up.
    394
  69. As an aside, it's worth listening to Constantine XI Paleologus' final speech just prior to the fall of Constantinople (available on YouTube). He's one of those under appreciated figures in history who, if born in a different time, world have been a great general. But he was we'd to an empire that was on its last leg, fighting the turks who were themselves great militarily with higher military technology.
    390
  70. Love this! Especially the explicit discussion of these ridiculous myths that rely on us not really seeing people from the past as fully human.
    373
  71. Here's a history teacher that acknowledges his students will be distracted by their phones, and proactively offers vintage silent comedy scenes for them to distract without leaving class. Brilliant.
    371
  72. i really did not expect to watch the whole video, but the way you tell this story is so enticing. it’s not flashy or too exciting, but it really holds on to your attention and is concise and well comunicated.
    371
  73. i really hope you get big one day on youtube. i am a big history lover and i think your way of explaining things, not just objectively but in complete absence of assumptions that most people, even historians, tend to make. just a really phenomenal way of explaining things!
    367
  74. Well put. I feel the tide is starting to turn.
    363
  75. My grandparents in Lithuanian countryside had literal rooms full of smoked, salted, dried meat and all kinds of sausages. Also, they had a hand-dug basement under their house and two "cold rooms" to keep all sorts of meats and vegetables. It's amazing to think that people in the Middle Ages were not clever enough to think of that.
    358
  76. It constantly surprises me how recent the adoption of the wheel for transport is: less than 5,000 years ago, I think. And I had an epiphany in the Maritime Museum in Auckland. There are lots of boats from the Pacific collected together, and they range in size from ocean crossing boats to little one-seater outriggers to go from one side of the lagoon to the other, just like a bicycle. A whole ecosystem of transport, without a wheel in sight.
    357
  77. We dont construct camels??? such an art must have been lost to the ages
    352
  78. Reminds me of why the wheel was not adopted in the Americas except in limited numbers. Its a common misconception that nobody ever had the inventive spark and thought of the idea of the wheel but that is not true. In the mountainous areas in say the South American mountain ranges the wheel is ill suited as its too dangerous when you do not have modern braking systems because when going downhill you have to spend all over your energy to prevent the load your are carrying behind you from running you right over or worse. They did have wheels on things like children's toys so they had certainly thought of it but had to use options better suited for the local environment. similar story with North America, The wheel just gets stuck in the mud unless you build a well irrigated Roman road wherever you want to go.
    344
  79. Had Constantinople reconquered Anatolia and Turkish Muslims become one of the “Roman” ethnicities (even though “Roman” did eventually become the de facto ethnicity of the empire), an Ottoman power grab could have been seen much more in the line of traditional dynastic struggles. After all, the transition from pagan to christian emperors didn’t happen overnight. The fact that they took power from outside the empire’s borders and did not see themselves as Roman subjects excludes traditional ways of seeing it through the lens of internal power struggles
    334
  80. I remember a quote from Ogedei's brothers to the Great Khan (Ogedei) when he was debating wether a city should be wiped out: "Are you gonna cry for the people again?" That is stone cold and why fantasy can never top history
    333
  81. Small correction: There were a number of beans cultivated in the Old World before the introduction of New World beans. Fava beans, lentils, soy beans, and some others. It's the several varieties of common bean, and its relatives, that originated in the New World-- lima beans, kidney beans, black beans, pinto beans, etc.
    323
  82. "Let's assume, for the sake of argument, that Europeans are human beings" lmaoo I love this channel
    313
  83. Really surprised to see this coming from a channel with less than 100 subscribers, a channel with videos this good deserves more, great content! Keep up the work! Looking forward to the next video
    299
  84. we quote genghis khan so much that it really shows insanely how much we romanticize and glorify historical conquerors and war criminals. also for fans of legend of the condor heroes, the author does have a scene where Genghis Khan and Qiu Chuji (changchun) talk about immortality, etc
    297
  85. I am glad to say that most of these names still exist today in arabic culture the Ism and Nasab are the standardized official name recognized by states but the kunya is still very prevalent like you will still meet people that are known mainly by their kunya like Abu Maryam or Umm Khalid. Nisbas and Laqabs are rarer these days but they still do exist. Another thing you might have missed is that arab women dont take their husbands last name because it doesnt exist lol or his tribe's name so tracing back their lineage is also easier
    292
  86. How refreshing it is to hear a commentary on YouTube which doesn't include music and FX and that includes thought pauses to let mind get into storytelling
    280
  87. Great video. I just wanted say I completely lost it when you said that camels were easier to construct. That just made my day.
    276
  88. No way my favorite history youtuber dropped a video about my favorite country relating to my favorite empire during my favorite era
    275
  89. "Why did Europe not use the camel?" Great point! I have never thought about it that way.
    270
  90. I studied American history for UK ‘A’ levels back in 1967 (and rather surprisingly passed.) I have never heard a clearer exposition of any aspect of it than this - and so pleasantly and professionally delivered. Thank you very much.
    266
  91. My man’s confused exasperation with the YouTube comment section is the most wholesome thing I’ve seen all week. Found the channel yesterday and been binging the content. Thanks for the entertainment!
    260
  92. Thanks for this! Your entire channel is a goldmine of serious quality, the effort really shows.
    249
  93. "... but we could still hear dogs barking in the streets." fucking chills man!
    244
  94. The difference between a crop and a weed is, a weed has the will to survive.
    229
  95. This is pretty interesting! It reminds me of how in Iceland there still are also no family names with "last names" almost always being the father's first name plus son or daughter in Icelandic to denote relations. Like Jon would have a son called Thorkell whose full name would be Thorkell Jonsson. This can cause issues when traveling abroad however because every member of the family could have a different surname and since there is an expectation for last names to be what defines family proving relationships can be more difficult.
    221
  96. The timeline visualization was super helpful. And love the structured way of your explanations.
    221
  97. 4:32 My father always called the refrigerator "the icebox" out of pure habit because he had grown up with an icebox.
    220
  98. I'm a Norwegian who has lived the last few years in rural Morocco and even though the meat in the local butchers isn't refrigerated the meat seems fresher here. A lot fresher. For instance if you buy a chicken they kill it right in front of you and you take it home still warm. I'm pretty much a vegetarian now.
    205
  99. I as Iranian always call/introduce my native language "Persian". Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, part of Iraq, part of Pakistan, part of Uzbekistan, part of central Asia & Euro-Asia speak Persian.
    202
  100. No sir. The correct response to "when did Rome fall?" Is "define Rome." 😏
    200
  101. It's so weird to me to see a video without an intro that I assumed the guy talking at the start was some other historian being quoted beforw the REAL video starts. It's very refreshing. You've earned a sub from me.
    194
  102. Hi, greetings from Iran. Love the video. Very hard to find good historical video that isn't seem like a retrospective with modern sociopolitical veneer on top of it. Also some of the moments in our history you pointed to cleared up certain vagueness of some periods of time for me.
    189
  103. ​ @premodernist_history  - More to the point, almost everyone who has watched this video hasn't invented anything. Maybe no one in the audience has. I think that's okay. Almost every person has only been a user of technology, as opposed to an inventor of technology. There's no shame in that. But it is shameful to claim the achievements of other people in one's "race" to try to disparage people in "another race." It reveals a poor sense of self and a lack of pride in one's own behavior and character.
    188
  104. Pretty fascinating tidbit. We covered the history of the electoral college in my US history classes in school but only in the abstract, 20k ft view. It's really cool to see these kinds of diary entries that provide a window at the ground level of my nation's history. Thanks for surfacing them!
    172
  105. Don't ever comment on videos but I have to comment my support for this channel. One of the best history channels on this platform, feels like my old history lectures but super engaging and eloquently presented. Please keep uploading and researching!
    171
  106. Rancid IS the perfect word, but ludicrous is the perfect word to describe thinking people ate rancid meat. Great video 👍
    167
  107. Actually so cool to hear accounts of people conversing and interacting with Genghis Khan and getting a glimpse of who the Khan was as a person and what he was like.
    167
  108.  @premodernist_history  Also only in europe. Food didnt spoil in the middle east or indian or china or mesoamerica
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  109. I just discovered your channel this afternoon and I already watched 4 videos. I must say I love your narration. There’s something so casual in the way you talk about what happened in the past that it doesn’t come off as a new lesson to me - it sounds like youre giving a friendly insight but in a non patronizing way on what we can also notice from the past instead of what is directly obvious popping out of a history book page. Breezy and casual. I like it. Thanks for not making it sound controversial or commercialized. I hope you cover more topics. More power!! ❤🧚🏻‍♀️
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  110. I can't describe enough how much I love this channel. No intro/fluff, straight to the information, always educational (I personally learn something new every vid), and FULL citations of information in the description. Already looking forward to the next video!
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  111. The Carl Sagan example is really good because honestly a great way to stop yourself from being dogmatic or dismissive of someone who’s saying something that may be false is just pretend you’re talking to Carl Sagan. You’d never talk down to Sagan he’s too cool. We shouldn’t do that to other people either.
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  112. Since the statute of limitations is finally out, I put a cigarette out in the bathroom wastebasket.
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  113. It's amazing how much prestige and admiration the Roman Empire still held throughout history that even 600 years after the Western portion fell, European kings still tried to revive it or claim some hereditary link to its glorious past. The Franks, the Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne, the Ottomans, the Russ, and the Poles.
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  114. What I love most about your videos is how you talk about these historical moments not like the stoic drama that history is often portrayed, but as the complicated human experiences they really were (and are). Please keep it up, these videos are wonderful!
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  115. Excellent content! I am so pleased to see that YouTube algorithm can still pull out such gems from its depths for me! Loved your presentation, especially that it touches on interpretation of history and projection of our understandings of today to past. As a person who was born and raised in Turkey, holding half Turkish half Kurdish ethnicity, and currently living in Greece for many years; - I feel very happy, first and foremost, to see the humility that takes place in the comments section. Not gonna lie, wanted to fish for some aggressive comments (or even a fight) to make my day, but find out that people can actually conduct themselves in an articulate manner. Feeling even happier :) - As Speros Vyronis argues, that there should be distinction between how we perceive "the end of an empire" with "the end of a civilization". Empires, with their dynasties, ruling classes, religious/political affairs may end up or overthrown in due time either by a successor entity (or even a nation-state, perhaps even a revolution) or by a challenging power. Civilizations on the other hand, do live on much longer with tradition, ceremonies, culture, ruling practices and public affairs, independently from the successor entity. In relation to your presentation, it is helpful to keep in mind what Ostrogorsky analyzes - that Eastern Roman Empire (which was not called Byzantine Empire back then, as you mention in your presentation) even in its declining years had tried to keep the monopoly of the title "King of Romans" (Βασιλευς Ρωμαιωη) as a form of power, declaring the ruling dynasty as "protector of Christians and Christendom". Many rival empires had the ambition to claim or challenge that title, and until the arrival of Charlamagne's Frankish Empire (Which he claimed the title of "Kaizer", derivation of "Ceaser", and crowned by the Roman Catholic Church) the sole monopoly of this title was kept with the Byzantine Kings. As such, Ottoman Empire was also carrying this ambition; to have that title not only for political legitimacy of its future rule, but also to showcase that it is the torchbearer of the "Roman Civilization", not "another random tribe". (Sources: (i) Speros Vryonis, "Byzantine Civilization, A World Civilization"; Byzantium: A World Civilization, Angeliki E. Lalou and Henry Macguire, Dumbarton Oaks Collection - (ii) Ostrogorsky, G., "Die Byzantische Staatenhierarchie", Seminarium Kondakovianion, 8.1936 / An English translation could be found by searching the author's name and "Byzantine Emperator and Hierarchical World Order") - It is also worth to mention that the discourse of nationalist views and ideologies in both Turkey and Greece have shaped around the relationship that both nation-states formed with their current history and the history of the Byzantine Empire. I am not a nationalist myself at all, and after many years I am able to understand that Greek Nationalism's identification with "the glory of Byzantine Empire" and Turkish Nationalism's identification with "the glory of the Ottoman Empire, which crushed Byzantine Empire" have been deliberately nitpicked certain parts of history only and have been established to create the myth of a nation and "an imaginary community", since it does not carry the historical realities of that era (considering how the Ottoman Sultan wanted to claim the "Kaizer-i Rum" title, especially). This deliberate and false interpretation of history has been also very detrimental between the relationship of the peoples of these respective countries (along with many other, more recent historical realities and atrocities, of course). Thus, I feel quite happy that with a humble video such as yours did not trigger a series of irrelevant discussions and outbursts (which can even end up with racial slurs), but rather as a platform where everybody placed their own experience growing up in their respective country and how this video relates to their understanding of today. My faith in small but quality YouTube channels have been restored! So thank you above all for that :) To all the fellow people of the shared geography of the Aegean Sea and the Levant; very nice to see us that we can engage in this gracious manner with each other, especially in this tense environment between the Turkish and the Greek State. I call Greece home as much as call Turkey home, and enjoy a humble life treading between the two. And I always feel very glad to realize that we, as citizens of Turkey and Greece, (but much largely, of the world) have much more in common to celebrate and have much more to learn together! Γεια σας σε ολους και σε ολλες! Cümleten herkese selamlar!
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  116. Just found your channel yesterday through the Genghis Khan video and I am loving it! History has always been a frequent dinner-table topic for my family (yes, I know we are nerds) and I love that there is always more to learn. I especially appreciate your acknowledgement of the biases that we project onto historical events, Eurocentrism in particular, as this seems to be absent in so many takes on history. You present with passion, logical flow, expertise, and approachability. Please know that what you are doing is very, very valuable in promoting knowledge and dispelling biases - and making one amateur history lover very happy!
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  117. This channel is criminally underrated, excellent pronunciation in Chinese, German and Spanish btw
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  118. In Portugal the most traditional dishes for Christmas is dried salted codfish (and dishes with it are all basically omnipresent in weddings) In fact codfish preserved that way is probably one of the most common gastronomic stereotypes about Portugal (and truth is we have a ton of traditional dishes made out of codfish, and most people like them a lot here, imo).
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  119. The bit about the National Gazette was great. Reminded me of the modern practice of using a burner account on Twitter to talk shit about your own organization
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  120. I've watched videos on this topic and they have been cases were wheeled carts were gifted to African rulers. These carts ended up being more trouble than they were worth and basically had to be packed permanently. Also, the akan people of modern day Ghana made wheeled toys or little wheeled sculptures thus showing a clear ability to do something of that nature. You made a good point on the tendency for Africans to even replicate European guns and canons. But despite this ability they had to heavily rely on trading with Europeans for guns and canons because certain components like gun powder simply wasn't available in commercial quantities and proved difficult and dangerous for storage. Buying from the Europeans was by far the cheapest and most viable option to acquire guns in commercial quantities.
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  121. Feel like people are missing is that we have really great wheels and axles now. But, even into the 1800 we still preferred water. Think about it New York built a canal instead of a road for intrastate commerce. The main way trade happened in the US was the Mississippi river for the majority of our history.
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  122. These videos carry me through minimum wage work without completely going brain dead watching the usual YouTube slop
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  123. These are fantastic! You're great at conveying clear time lines, helping me really grasp just when & in what order things occured. Thank you!
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  124. Your presentation style is disarming, which is odd, because i didn't know i went into history videos armed. This is a fascinating topic and I'm glad to have found this video.
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  125. As a non-Arab this was very educational. Thank you.
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  126. Not just middle ages, surnames are a VERY recent phenomenon. From as late as the mid 20th century
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  127. This channel is such a hidden gem. I can't get enough of it. I wish you continue to create this content.
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  128. I saw a program where they went to Norway to try Ludefisk because it was "traditional" and they asked the waitress if she ever eats it and she looked at them like they were the stupidest people in the world for wanting to eat it...lmao. They spit it out and the waitress laughed at them. :) I suspect a lot of "delicacies" are like that, but there are certainly delicacies that aren't THAT outside the norm. For instance, many won't eat haggis, but lots of Scots DO love it, it's not just tradition! Same with snails. Or for me, I grew up eating all parts of the animal so I don't feel superior to certain parts, like tripe is amazing when prepared correctly...the thing is if you seperate a food from its culture (and proper preperation) it becomes inedible and disgusting. Imagine if we were all trying to cook sheep's stomach without directions! So much in history is lost in translation...like spoiled meat, lol!
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  129. Hey you need to stop whatever has been keeping you busy. Quit your job and other hobbies and neglect your friends and family. Just please make more videos.
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  130. Dude you literally have LESS subscribers than me, and I am posting garbage on YouTube whenever I feel the mood for it, while you keep consistent high quality uploads... Even your microphone is 100 times better than mine... You seriously need a boost from YouTube. I'm glad I got this video recommended to me
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  131. Not just tens of millions but hundreds of gazillions of people!
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  132. I wonder what the megaliths like Menhirs actually looked like in their hayday. They could have wood/cloth/rope ornamentation and looked vastly different
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  133. I usually open and read the descriptions of videos just because my brain needs to do multiple things. This is the first time a description has legitimately made me belly laugh
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  134. So glad I discovered this no nonsense channel. You are very informative sir!
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  135. I can no longer in good conscience watch these videos without paying something. They are incredible. My life mantra is that unless you're a billionaire the only way to make the world a better place is through patience and compassion, and this hits that idea home perfectly. Thank you.
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  136. 6:30 Thank you for putting Longtudinal History events onto your timeline. Seeing worldwide historical events really puts history into context and makes it so much more vivid.
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  137. I'm going to be honest here and say that - up until I watched this video - I was someone who took the 60 million dead figure at face value, and I was someone who took the "Look! Genghis Khan caused a dip in global greenhouse gas emissions because he killed so many people!" meme at face value, which is honestly really embarrassing considering that I have a history degree, still consider the core of myself to be a historian, and thus should be far more aware of the necessity of checking my sources. So if it means anything to you, professor, the fact that you made this video means that I was able to realize just how positively silly it was for me to take those casualty figures and those unsubstantiated memes at face value. I certainly never put Genghis Khan and Adolf Hitler on the same level, but I absolutely did buy into all of the nonsense that made Genghis Khan out to be way worse than he actually was. So, yeah. Thank you, professor, for fixing at least a little bit of my wrong-headedness on this here Genghis Khan Day! Always looking forward to more of your videos! 😄
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  138. THIS CHANNEL IS A GEM!! I never thought any of this would be facinating to a 38yr old mom but alas here I am; recommended by my younger sister! My 15 year pld daughter was listening along in the car ride. I thought she wasn’t paying attention then she said wait mom can you go back I missed what he just said 😂😂.
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  139. I am so happy that I found your channel, your content is amazing.
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  140. I wish I knew this when I was a kid in school while being told my ancestors were better off being enslaved because they "didn't even have wheels." Thank you for the different point of view and information!
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  141. I remember being a history major up at the University of Pitt taking a class dedicated to the history of Iran. I always loved learning about the history of the Achaemenid and Parthian empires.
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  142. Lol the description of this video. This guy is great. Definitely one of my favorite channels on YouTube.
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  143. I define myself as Turkish. I speak Turkish, I think Turkish. but I remember feeling very comfortable culturally when I was in Greece. same food, same manners, same music. In fact, it would be useful for me to make this clear. I do not feel the same comfort when I go to the eastern region and Kurdish cities in my own country. Food changes, music changes, behavior patterns change. my village is a mountain village of Konya. Stones from the historical ruins of the ancient Roman period were used in our mosque in the inner region of Konya, Turkey, and in the village where my ancestors lived for hundreds of years. Stones with a cross on them, with Hellenic writing. we may be descendants of Islamized Romans, or perhaps descendants of nomadic Turks who came from Khorasan on horseback. not important for me. For example, the symbol of my city is the double-headed eagle and it was also the symbol of Byzantium. My father is blond, blue-eyed, and white-skinned, and my mother is dark-skinned with brown eyes and wheat-skinned. I have a mix of both colors. I am a mixed person, just like Turkey, which was once called the "Greek Land". In essence, we are familiar with the idea in the video, I have to say that the Karaman Orthodox who left my city with the 1922 "population exchange" were Turkish-speaking Christians. There were Turkified Romans as well as Christianized Turks. there were even Turkopols who lived in this geography long before the Ottoman Empire and fought in the crusader army. As a Turk, I am happy to live in this geography, to have this food culture, this music, this way of life. I would also like to thank the Romans who contributed to this.
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  144. That was a great video ❤ also your pronunciation is good 👍🏻 I am from Saudi Arabia, and here our official names are made from 4 names 1- Your given name 2- Your father's name 3- Your grandfather's name 4- Your tribe's name But the way people use it in everyday life is different, just like you showed in the video
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  145. Didn't know I needed a fall of the Roman empire video with Charlie Chaplin in the visual background 🤣 I kinda figured that was how it worked out for Rome. Would you say though, that having a "Roman Empire" that did not occupy Rome by the 14th century, would that be like having "The United States of America" if, say some war or crisis broke out and all that remained of the U.S. was Alaska but they kept the U.S. system of government? And then historians centuries later call it "The Republic of Alaska"
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  146. I'm having so much fun watching Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin as cavemen. Great visuals!
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  147. "It was indeed two months before he again went hunting" definitely sounds like a sarcastic remark lmao
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  148. Level headed and rational commentary on the mythos of the Library of Alexandria. And NOT at all boring.
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  149. Your teaching method and presentation style is entertaining, intriguing(makes me want to keep learning), and very well presented in a manner that works for my ADHD. I feel like I can just fall into your lesson and not want to stop listening. You're a wonderful teacher. Thank you for working hard to make these videos for us!
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  150. I think you definitely did a great job in trying to cover 2500 years of Iranian/Persian history in a 30 min overview exposition. And you qualified that more than enough. Much of even this summary is novel for most viewers in todays Western World especially America.
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  151. So Al ghazzali meaning cotton churner in Persian is actually very interesting. There was a very important and famous Islamic scholar and Hadith specialist named "Al daraqutni" that was his nisba comparable to "Al ghazzali" and Al daraqutni actually means " the house of cotton" because this man's family owned one of the biggest cotton mills in the region if not I'm the world so he was known by the name "Al daraqutni" because of it. So important people in your family or important jobs can also be a nisba But yeah, is Arabs have our names like this. My name would be Omar ibn Mohammed Abdalla Al hummari Al yafai. Mohammed being my dad and Abdalla being my grandfather then, alhummari being my clan name and Al yafai being the name of my tribe in Yemen. It's interesting
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  152. I really like your thinking and the way you frame the issue. This might be another factor. Growing up in Michigan we ran around a lot on old Native American trails. They're exactly what anyone would think they are. narrow, no foliage in the track. And humans walking on them, imagine thousands of years of soft moccasins, don't wear them down very much. Hard soled shoes? Maybe a little be more. Pigs have trotters, like hooves - very hard. If you've ever followed a trail on Santa Catalina Island off southern California you'll find these absolutely typical trails, like in any National Park or the Native trails. You'll figure out they were made and used by pigs because low hanging branches cross the trail making them difficult for humans. So foot traffic - low impact. Hiking the Wessex Trail in Dorsetshire, England, a >1000 year old path. It's generally much wider and sunken. Sunken means you are walking and to the side instead of an embankment of a slope, the pathway is cut down a meter. I figured out the difference near Nettlecombe Tout. There was a farm where I saw two teenagers on huge horses, at least as big as a Clydesdale. The trail near by that they rode on? Churned up like it had been harrowed. The thing is a wheeled cart would never have been practical on the Native American trails, most National Park trails (or the pig trails) but they'd have worked just fine in that horse trodden and eroded English trail. When I was a kid I was really good with a wheel barrow (hundreds of pounds of sloshing wet concrete, skinny 12 year old running it on a 2 x12 bridge over a trench?), and we made all kinds of devices. The only wheeled device we ever used, or thought to use on a trail - was a bicycle. Of course I eventually got a mountain bike. This makes me think another area of inquiry might be in China. They invented more types of wheel barrow than anyone else. Did they ever use them on their narrow trails?
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  153. well it's pretty ironic that you're saying Reza wanted to be more inclusive. He literally made Iran's official language Farsi and banned any form of autonomous governance as well as local languages (Kurdish, Azeri, Arab), banned wearing ethnic clothing in public, as well as religious clothing including hijabs. It's also convenient that you left out the fact that Reza had an admiration for Hitler, Ata Turk and Aryan identity.
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  154. Medieval Europe didn’t adopt camels…, because it was the Dark Ages there. And camels can’t see in the dark. 😅😂
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  155. I am researching this topic right now for a presentation tomorrow and yours has been one of the most organized and informative sources I have seen! Your video deserves so many more views!
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  156. This is so fun to think about! My MA is in cultural anthropology and I'm LOVING the deep dive into everyday life in medieval Europe. Framing it as time travel vacation tips is a brilliant way to make it fun and relevant! Subscribed!
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  157. This one has really helped me understand our perception of world history and what’s important or valued to some may not be important to others. Excellent video.
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  158. I'm Turkish and we are taught that Byzantine Empire ended in 1453, and that Ottomans call themselves the king of the Rum's (Rum also means Greek btw), and indeed they were the ruler of the Greeks. They do not call themselves the Roman Empire, but the ruler of the Romans is one of their titles. Just like you said. I don't think that Christianity defines the Roman Empire. I think it's the other way around, Roman Empire defined the Christianity as we know today. So in a way, if you would like to, you could call Ottomans as Romans. I have heard and sometimes used the term "Muslim Rome" for the Ottoman Empire. I think it is a distinguishment.
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  159. I love how you're able to contextualize history and recognize that the world still kept moving on outside of the influence of the English
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  160. What I find fascinating on the similarity between Roman and Ottoman empires is that they both masterfully implemented an umbrella state identity onto their subjects which is so alien to modern nationalism. The former "Rhomaios" the latter "Ottoman" and they worked that pre-nationalist phenomenon throughout several ethnicities to assimilate them into their own. The former Greek Orthodoxy, the latter Turkish Islam.
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  161. Just found your youtube channel and decided to binge watch all of your videos at once. Just amazing content, well-thought out and interesting topics from a wide variety of settings. Just amazing, and I hope you keep up the good work!
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  162. i think the last point is the most important takeaway. just like people focus on one single event like the defenestrations of prague as a cause for a war the reality was much more complex and war wouldve happened without this one event escalating it. in that case is was basically just the official declaration of a war many nations were able to forsee.
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  163. This is one of the most succinct and well articulated clarifications of the muddying of history in popular imagination. I hope you keep making videos or start a historical podcast. You have fantastic and approachable voice.
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  164. Even as an Arab this video was really fun and informative for me. A really well-presented video!
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  165. From my personal experience, the randomness you mention in what people 'decide' to call a person often comes from an individual needing a unique name to stand out within their social circle. For example, an extended family with several men named Ahmad will resort to referring to younger Ahmad's as 'Ibn Xyz...' or give and take from any of the 5 parts of a name. Or as you mentioned, a new father/mother could adopt a unique name after their first child is born. Like I said, this is from what I've witnessed personally, so it may not apply to other regions & time periods.
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  166. Thanks for this story. It corroborates what I read in John Marshall's biography of The Life of George Washington. The original version I read, in the King's English, was quite a challenge to complete, but likely the most fascinating story of our lives. The future of our republic, so many times, hung by a thread and the actions of a single person or event. I am so thankful to have read Marshall's account. I don't blame Washington at all, not withstanding that he invested his own money to feed soldiers in his army at Valley Forge, PA. Washington was truly an amazing person for whom we are all still much indebted.
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  167. my grandmother didn't have electricity and no-one in her city did either i asked her if they ate spoiled meat she said they just ate freshly slaughtered meat. so no they didn't eat spoiled meat they ate fresh meat and preserved meat.
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  168. Super entertaining , worthy of a lot more recognition than it's getting . Keep up the good work man
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  169. Your channel is brilliant, your explanations are concise and digestible 👍 Nothing too flashy and irritating like most of YouTube, just straight talking explanations which I find soothing before bed. Great use of archival footage as well. Please make more, you have an avid and appreciative listener here!
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  170. It was a bit of dry humour my man
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  171. I just discovered your videos and have been binge watching them. The topics of your videos are intriguing and your delivery of them is amazing! thanks for all your hard work!!!
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  172. This was really helpful and actually clear and doesn't feel like your biased to some opinion unlike many sources who talk about this topic, Thanks for making this video
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  173. This channel has quickly become my favorite history channel here on YouTube. Keep up the great work.
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  174. You should check out the characters and world building in Elder Scrolls 3: Morrowind. Your segment at the end immediately reminded me of how alien the dark elves and ashlanders felt. Much later I learned there was a lot of inspration taken from middle eastern cultures.
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  175. I've always taken the view that having a name in your own language for some other country or language (or city) than they have natively actually gives 'respect' to that name. Using German, Deutsch, Deutschland, Paris (not 'Paree') as examples. I remember a friend scoffing at me referring to 'Ivory Coast' and saying I should say Cote d'Ivoire. I replied saying I thought that would be patronising. She was shocked. But in a way (at least a bit) that is correct. If I were to say to a French person the I was going on holiday to 'Paree', I think they might feel that's slightly patronising and taking the piss....
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  176. This is a fantastic channel. Very comprehensive historical analysis.
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  177. Another great video! You’ve got a really great, unique style for this type of video. Others have distracting music, visuals, and transitions, but yours is a lot more reserved and I love it! It’s like the difference between Sesame Street and Mr. Rodgers :)
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  178. I actually did a very similar video myself with regards to the Roman Ottoman legacy https://youtu.be/XVcrYWWP5Yc and argued through more by general influence that the Ottoman empire continued the roman empire to a certain degree, though I did not go into the definitions so much but just focused upon the influence generally. I would Argue that the Ottomans were a continuation in a sense, at least more than the "Holy Roman Empire" in a lot of regards.
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  179. Excellent video! The situation in ancient Mesopotamia is quite similar as well. The overwhelming majority of transport of goods was done by boat along rivers and canals. (This is also partially before the domestication of the camel, which was approximately 2500 BC). Farmers would use rafts to float their produce along the river to the city. In fact, because of this system few people lived where they tilled, leading to a disproportionately high urban population in many areas of lower Mesopotamia. We know they had the wheel, as evidenced by depictions of carts such as on the Royal Standard of Ur, but these appear to have been mostly ceremonial and featured solid, unspoked wheels which would’ve made them heavier, slower, and more unwieldy. Additionally, donkeys were the preferred means of overland transport of goods.
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  180. Thank you so much for this. I'm an author who has spent time studying Old Norse, ancient China, and medieval Japan, each with their own amazing naming systems, so this was a joy to learn more about
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  181. We just had an informative 50min history lecture for free! Thank you for this video!
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  182. I love these in-depth videos on the early US presidential elections. Realizing there’s so much more behind the electoral college numbers.
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  183. a 50 minute Premodernist?? my only complaint is that it's not longer
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  184. Great video! There is a great paper by Robin Law on wheeled transport in Africa that talks a bit about how when European colonists went to Africa they had to adjust to wheeled transport not being as efficient. Here is an excerpt: "It is noteworthy that when Mr. Provensal, the Gold Coast trader who claimed to have pioneered the rolling of barrels to Accra, was urged by the British Governor to adopt the use of wheeled carts he refused on the grounds that 'they would be too expensive'. In addition to the outlay on the purchase and repair of carts, he argued that the poor quality of the roads would oblige him to employ prohibitively large gangs of labourers to handle them: 'it would take eight men to a cart, allowing for the carts going into ditches, or, in wet weather, sticking in ruts; therefore, he said, he certainly should not use carts'.
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  185. new premodernist video 😎
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  186. As a Greek, I have been saying this for years. Culturally speaking, they were far more Byzantine than Turkic, not to mention Turkish ancestry being almost entirely Byzantine. I like to think of Italy, Greece, and Turkey today of having inherited this ever so slowly evolving Greco-Roman Mediterranean culture starting as far back as the Minoans. People tend to forget that even back then they had columns, statues, cement, roads, aqueducts, plumbing, strong elements of Greek art and mythology, etc. They pretty much controlled Mediterranean trade, enjoyed the Mediterranean islands, and consumed the Mediterranean diet (especially seafood and other lean meats topped with spices and olive oil with a side of wine). Things really haven’t changed as much as people might think. Each civilization that took over was visibly different, however was also massively influenced by all the ones that existed prior.
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  187. I disagree. Ethnic minorities was probably the last of his concerns. He was just following Ataturk's playbook and wanted a new brand for the country he was modernizing. I understand that as Iranians we are somewhat prejudice and don't want to see facts as they are. I agree with the video. It is unbiased.
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  188. To add to your later point about the adoption of cattle, Africans eventually managed to breed horses in those "wet" areas, most notably the Oyo empire in modern day Nigeria whose armies were 100% cavalry in the 1600s. They had a large bureaucratic elite that survived between dynasties, similar to China at the time, and an extensive road system, but to my knowledge didn't have carts at all. But yeah, the whole "why didn't X use the wheel" thing is part of the flintstones idea of history where the wheel is the first universally applicable invention in a path that leads all the way to European modernity.
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  189. Amazing channel. I spent the entire evening listening to your lectures and you got me interested in so many things I wouldn't otherwise think about. :)
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  190. It is very difficult to overstate how much I love everything you make. Just know that.
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  191. Fascinating. I’ve been through a few American history courses, and they’ve all glossed over this bit, which is a shame. This really helps wrap my head around how Americans saw manifest destiny in the 19th century.
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  192. Personally I think that the fall of Byzantium to the ottomans represented a ship of Theseus moment. To me the Byzantine were already one degree of separation from the Romans, then come along the ottomans and that just had another degree of separation put in.
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  193. Its interesting to hear all the human sides of it when i've only been taught the saccharine myths about how great they were in a vacuum, i want to hear about these old slave owning assholes arguing about their conflicting visions of the future
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  194. I feel stupid watching this. This was far more involved than I thought. Thank you sir.
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  195. so glad I found this channel!! I have my bachelors in political science and wish more professors explained things in this style. You explain how events are connected rather than just stating the events that happened. Can’t wait to see more!!
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  196. I love surnames. Surnames are awesome. A great way to read into your own history or the history of a particular region.
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  197. 476 isn't even correct for the end of the WRE, since the last legitimate emperor was only killed in 480. At that point the empire was effectively reunited (so referring to it as the ERE is not correct after 480), and it lasted until 1453. Arguably there was still an extant Roman power in Trebizond until 1461, but IMO they were effectively secessionist after the Nicene Restoration and were no longer part of the Roman Empire by their own choice. I also date May 29, 1453 as the end of the Medieval period and the beginning of the Renaissance, and about 630 as the end of Late Antiquity and the beginning of the Medieval period (marked by the beginning stages of the Arab Muslim invasions).
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  198. I started watching your videos a few days ago and I've just been binging them in the evenings. Some of the best history content I've seen in terms of choice of topics and presentation!! Keep up the good work.
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  199. The book, 1453 by Roger Crowley is a fantastic read!!! I love the way the author describes sounds! A great place to start for anyone interested in learning more about the year.
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  200. Glad I was already subbed because this was a great video and very informative. Any chance that you’ll eventually make a similar vid on the 1258 siege of Baghdad and/or the sacking of the House of Wisdom in particular? The idea of a great edifice of amassed knowledge (such as a library) being destroyed and thus setting a culture/civilization/the world back (in some ways forever) is just so horrifically fascinating. It’d be interesting to hear your approach to clarifying or covering this instance of this topic.
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  201. Random Belgian citizen here. I randomly clicked on this video not expecting too much, but I was pleasantly surprised! I've always been into history (of any nation), so this was an interesting addition to my general knowledge. Thank you! P.S.: I added my nationality because of the small edit/question at 21:44. Belgium's governmental system is SUPER complex, so I don't think it's better, but I also don't think it's worse really. (You should look into it a little if you're interested, it's insane how our government works haha)
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  202. It'd be cool if you did more videos on historical people whose morality might seem more forward thinking than we usually think they might have been like when we think of someone from centuries past.
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  203. Great Video! I would like to add that these names are fortunately still present in the Arabic world. Kunya - aren’t recognized by states but are widely present among Arabs and they are used by most people to refer to someone in a straightforward way. Ism - is recognized by states and governments will refer to you by this name. This is also kind of like your first name not in American first name but in a literal sense as you will be referred to as this name until you grow up and have a child making a kunya or get a Laqab or you’ll still be referred to by your ism for as long as you live. Nasab - is recognized by states and is the series of fathers and heritage and is rarely referred to. Nisba- is recognized by states and is commonly referred to, but some parts became more uncommon than others, nowadays nisba is most of the time referring to your tribe name but the parts that became more uncommon than others are the nisba referring to birthplaces or job occupations although they are more uncommon they are still used and are not that rare. Laqab - isn’t recognized by states. It’s close to a nickname and can refer to many things such as a person’s appearance, trait, and such.
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  204. Good lecture. I'm a Canadian who follows American politics closely, but I didn't know any of this. Regarding the question, which system is better: the original American system, or the current Canadian system? Hard to say, but the Canadian federal system has become less and less functional in recent decades because of increasingly intense regionalism, including outright separatism in Quebec. At this point, we somehow muddle along, but no one Canadian political party can claim to have nation-wide support. And given the present climate, our constitution is almost impossible to amend. Maybe the one thing that keeps us together is the wide-spread feeling that we aren't Americans. That, and everyone hates Toronto, an attitude that Toronto more or less shrugs off. And yet someone we muddle along.
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  205. the answer to "why didnt this culture use x when they could have" is 99% of the time "they just didn't need to"
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  206. Wow.. for the first time I realize as an Arab how deep and difficult our naming system is compared to the western system😅 but you did a great job explaining it❤
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  207. As an Iranian I approve this video. Very accurate description and on point 👌
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  208. I love your attention to side topics! Makes it very engaging! And not focusing too much on dates, and more on cause and effects!
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  209. No one used the wheel, of course, until it was invented. Which was quite recently compared to the span of existence of H. sapiens . The wheel has been around for only about 1/60th as long as our species.
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  210. Two Premodernist videos within days of each other? We are truly blessed.
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  211. Great video! You have a new subsciber! One question: how much did improvements in health, medicine, hygiene and vaccinations in the 1700 to 1900 hundreds increase population growth? I'm under the imprression that these things lead to more and more children surviving early childhood, thus increasing population. I would also love to hear more about you! Are you a teacher, professor or an amateur historian? Anyway, KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK!
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  212. I sometimes forget that not every person has watched CGP Grey's videos. His video on the disease advantage and why it was there in the first place is really great.
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  213. “We’ve given the little boys cigarettes and pennies, and they hated to see us go” Lmao! Gotta love those old films
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  214. Thank you for content like this, please do more!! You're an amazing story teller
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  215. The way you discuss history in such a casual yet knowledgeable manner makes it so engaging and digestible. This channel is a gem.
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  216. As a linguist I get strong vibes that Good Flag Bad Flag is the equivalent of Strunk & White's Elements of Style for writing English: evidence-free, confidently asserted opinions which somehow get popularized as universal rules.
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  217. Greetings from Germany! Thanks for the interesting video. It's really interesting to see how the voting system that's in place today, which seems to be set in stone, has evolved considerably during its early days. I was not aware of how much plotting and gerrymandering there was even for the very first presidential election. I have recently re-watched https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVhFBujPlVo, about the Alabama paradox (maybe that's why your video was suggested to me, I don't know). Voting systems are fun. How about a video about the 1855/1856 election of Nathaniel Banks as Speaker of the House? I am suggesting this for no particular reason, just curiosity. __ EDIT: Sorry about reposting the comment. For some reason, the original got deleted. Thanks for your comment, I have corrected the link. "I'm a big fan of Stand-up Maths. Awesome channel, one of my favorites." -- Indeed, Stand-up math is one of my favorite channels, too. 🙂 "If only I had posted a video about Nathaniel Banks a week ago!" -- It's still an interesting topic, even now that the incident is soon to leave the news cycle. A video about him last week would have been extraordinarily good timing though.
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  218. 'I'd like some pumpkin pie' I can't even with this man lol 🤣
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  219. I think this is the most succinct explanation of the first election and its results I've ever heard. Thanks for sharing this.
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  220. Great video! I wished you would have touched on the 1953 CIA-led coup and Iran's extremely brief foray into social democracy. But I get you were trying to fit a lot into a little. Would love more Iran content.
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  221. There is at least one more option - 1917. Because the last dynasty of Constatntinople continued (by mariage) in Russian Tzardom. That's why also Moscow is called "The third Rome".
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  222. Its also in the Quran the Byzantine was called الروم (ArRoom).
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  223. Really love your videos. Professional, informative, and extremely interesting. Nothing super flashy, all the graphics are exactly what's needed, and they keep me hooked like no other videos do. The perfect length of time too.
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  224. another premodernist hit
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  225. That editing you did for the camel construction flub was hilarious 😂 great video! I love your stuff.
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  226. I hope you take as long as you want and need to for making any of your videos. The quality is outstanding and I will be coming back.
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  227. At the end you say "I hope that cleared the confusion". I didn't even have the doubt to begin with. I just like your videos, your style, and your knowledge. Thank you very much for explaining interesting things with pragmatism and respect. ❤ 🎉
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  228. No way, I took those images of the Minnesota flag at 31:03 I was so shocked when I saw it. Thank you for using it! Great video.
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  229. Such a breath of fresh air, this channel. One of the best qualities in good educational communicators is that it takes the rose colored glasses off and represents historical figures as real people whose concerns and vision for the world feel as vivid and informed by their reality as ours are
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  230. People who enjoy you videos never make a comment and that's a shame. Your videos are exceptionally awesome and we love them! Don't let a few guys who didn't understand them or have a different view on those matters ruin your day. I know that's not really a point of this video, I just wanted you to know that. Stay awesome!
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  231. Great episode as always! Love your analysis!
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  232. I think about this every time i leave my town and get onto the highway towards Dallas. The horizon changed by skyscrapers in the distance. At night, endless lines of moving lights in opposing directions. So many humans i will never know, or unknowingly passing by someone who may be very important in my life 10 years down the line. Everyone going about their own lives in this complex interwoven world. Different civilizations built on different morals and ethics blending together after centuries of separation and war
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  233. Thanks for a fascinating video. I am British (despite the YouTube handle), and I had never devoted much thought to the Alaska Purchase before. Above all, you show how important it is, when studying history, to look closely at the perceptions of the time rather than view things in retrospect.
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  234. Love this channel and love that you’re making this into a series. Can’t wait for the next video!
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  235. Your channel is an absolute gem. It is so wonderful to see such meaningful content that strives not just for accuracy and introspection, but checks bias and busts myths. Please keep it up !
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  236. I love this video so much. We have this tendency to project our current assumptions (or tbh the assumptions of historians at different points in time) onto historical time periods at the expense of the nuanced reality of the not-so-distant past. We need more content like this on YouTube!!
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  237. Loved this lecture. Answered questions that i didn't know needed averted. Sometimes YouTube really is good and this is one of those times.
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  238. This is so well done, as usual. Thanks for making YT a more informed place.
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  239. I'd love a video on modern Iranian history from the 20th century. This was definitely a good first step for me. Thank you.
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  240. OMG! Is that Buster Keaton!?!? 😮💛😅 That's freaking Awesome! You're Awesome!
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  241. Norwegian here, can confirm. We have a lot of weird dishes by modern standard that we eat at certain times of the year, it is tradition. But it is also products of whatever way they could preserve that item at the time, either it was bleaching it, digging it down and letting it ferment, airdry, get salted etc.
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  242. Weirder, and much, much more complicated than i thought, even being well aware that history tends to be much less tidy than we tend to think. Great content, very interesting.
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  243. You’re videos are so thorough please don’t stop!
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  244. This is good content man. Thanks for bringing it up. Keep producing if you've got it in ya!
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  245. Thank you for the excellent actually educational youtube content.
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  246. Came for the content and stayed for the strongbad shirt :)
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  247. Excellent video! Thanks for the in-depth explanations.
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  248. Another great video! (these videos are so good I'm trying to get your engagement stats to go up!!!)
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  249. Even if it's a small number of viewers, I know that I myself can say that your videos are pretty special. The way you articulate the information and present these topics tops all history videos I've seen, it feels personal, for once. It's hard to say that I am content with a small number of your videos as of now, rewatching them out. Hope you choose to make more videos for the future, you're doing it right of all the others on the platform and should deserve to hear that.
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  250. Thanks for yet another great video. A sober assessment of the historical accounts of the decline of that famous library.
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  251. If you speak English ,you say Persian for the language .The word Farsi means Persian if you want to say it in Persian .Example: Spanish is the language spoken in Spain but if you want to say the name of the language in Spanish you SPANIOL
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  252. It's also interesting to see how the Ottomans were looked at in other parts of the world. These are entires from a 1895 Punjabi dictionary: ਰੂਮ rúm RÚM ਰੂਮ s. m. Rome; in India, it signities Constantinople and the Turkish Empire. ਰੂਮੀ rúmí RÚMÍ ਰੂਮੀ a. Roman or as universally understood in India a Turk, Turkish:— mastakí rúmí, s. f. The name of a resin, mastich. See Mastakí Rúmí.
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  253.  @premodernist_history  yeah he’s very influential to the genre of wuxia. His characters and stories are really popular, comparable to how popular stars war or lotr are in the west.
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  254. Lmao I'm actually writing my history thesis on something very similar to this. To further argue this position, you gotta remember that a lot of Muslim peoples had constantly referred to the Ottomans as Romans, let alone the actual Byzantine populace as well. For example, Sultan Mehmed II was referred to as a Christian Monarch by one byzantine historian and another as clearly descended from the Komnenos rather than "Turkic shepherds".
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  255. Great video as always! Thanks for the shoutout.
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  256. Great video! Would love to see more on Jefferson's presidency, and how the country's major institutions remained so despite his radically different views
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  257.  @premodernist_history  To which Genghis Khan replied: "I know how to shorten life!"
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  258. Bottomline: All the tasty food crops come from South America. That is a great value addition. Sad thing is what South America got in return.
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  259. Awesome video! I didn't even see the view count until after the video and was shocked to see only a thousand views, you deserve way more. Hopefully the algorithm swings in your favour with this one!
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  260. Wonderful job answering this! I get many similar questions about people in the Americas.
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  261. best channel I've discovered recently. please continue with your work sir.
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  262. Just came across your page today, I like it I think you have a good thing going here. I like that your videos aren't an hour long either. You get straight to the point in less than a half hour
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  263. Learning the way these names work really puts me in the shoes of people then. I imagine someone coming into a new city and people are like "you see Erich from Chicago"? And they're like "Erich son of John" and they'd be like "no, no, you're thinking Eric son of Jacob" "oh you mean the googly-eyed?" and then they go on about Eric the Googly-eyed
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  264. I love how this puts into perspective the state of the world and helps me understand my and everyone's place in it and therefore not take it for granted. A lesson in humility is priceless.
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  265. Not an American, but Canadian. Stuck around until the end because it was really interesting, and you're a very good presenter.
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  266. Echoing the sentiments of many others when I say I've been really excited to discover this channel - fantastic content and topic areas. I'd love to know more about your academic background if you're willing to share that with us?
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  267. As a Turkic Iranian, I am really happy to see that a westerner finally understood this issue.😅 Thank you for your explanation. I explain the same content in thousands of ways to European and American audiences and I don't know why it is difficult for them to understand this issue! I wish Reza Shah would not change the name of the country and allow this word to remain as it has been applied to all ethnicities of Iran throughout history. With this work, Reza Shah caused this adjective to acquire an ethnic aspect, which is completely incorrect from a historical and cultural point of view. In terms of the historical process, it should have been like this that for "Persian" to be a nationality; Equal to "Iranian"; and the ethnicity of the majority of Iran should be introduced with the word "Fars". But unfortunately, today the word "Persian" is introduced as the name of ethnicity.🤦🏻 In my opinion, considering the political events of the contemporary era, it is better to call the country "Iran" and only mention the historical use of "Persia" in somewhere like a footnote.😅 But about the Persian language, it is better to use the word "Persian" instead of "Farsi". We should not repeat Reza Shah's mistake and remove historical exonyms.
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  268. This couldn’t have been more clearly presented and people will still purposefully misunderstand just to be mad 😂 like the title asks a question and he gives an anthropological thesis…. If that disturbs you just say ur scared of learning and go LOL
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  269. Congrats on 300,000 subscribers! I just wanted to say that I really appreciate how precise you are with your wording. You always phrase everything in such a specific way to maximize clarity, and it's admirable.
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  270. I think people actually overrate the importance of the wheel mostly because everyone uses a car or some wheeled transport. While I'm not saying the wheel is a bad invention it's something that's more important and used today than it was way back then. With the only cases really being a wagon which is slower than by river and can't work in the desert or well in muddy terrain. And the chariot which was long outdated by the collapse of the Romans by faster more menuverable horses.
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  271. Mehmet the 2nd after conquering İstanbul called him the Roman Emperor ( Kayzer-i Rum) and minted coins written this in greek ( we call "rumca " language of Rum) . From that time to today we call Ottoman Greeks as "Rum" and their language " rumca " . ( Probably) After establishment of Greece the term "Yonan" then "Yunan" ( maybe from İonian) is used for Greeks in Turkish.
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  272. I really like that you put other world events on the timeline. It really helps to contextualize the world in a way that I definitely didn't get learning about US History in High School.
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  273. Phenomenal content. Perfectly described. Please continue.
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  274. I love the part where you pick up a book and look something up. It's so normal. Thanks for the explanation. I had figured out some of it but it's good to have it laid out by somebody who knows what they're talking about. A lot of the time in the West we get some Latinized version that is even more obscure like Averroes.
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  275. It's also worth noting that Africans were not without wheels entirely; chariots and oxcarts were used in the Sahara prior to the introduction of the camel, but fell out of use afterwards since camels were so much more convenient, pottery wheels were present in areas such as Sudan, and in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa like what are now the Congo and iirc Ethiopia and Ghana, we see occasional use of wheels with axels, just not as a part of everyday transport; in countries like Ethiopia and Ghana we see them used more decoratively on chests (kind of like how we see some wheels on toys in the Americas despite there being no wheeled transport there in the case of West Africa they were used to imitate the aesthetic of European carriages, while carriages themselves saw only limited adoption due to impracticality), and in the Congo we have at least one depiction of a large wheeled vehicle that seems to have been rolled out as part of a royal precession.
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  276. Again a great video, love your work. Teşekkürler.
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  277. Listen I need to let you know every time you drop a video it brings me so much joy. It’s the balance for me in your explanations no agenda just good food for thought
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  278. What a great explanation about the lives of the Libraries of Alexandria! It is amazing how a beautiful myths become history. You need to become better know on YouTube so people can get a more factual and grounded understanding of our past rather than the fantastical history most people prefer.
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  279. Love your work and your insights. So lucky to be a (albeit distant) student!
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  280. I'm from Trabzon. I was raised as a Turk. Everyone in my family speaks Turkish. I had a DNA test and realized that I do not have a Turkish genetic heritage. I looked at my family tree. There are records up to the 1800s. At the top of the list, I saw 2 people who I thought were Greek. The rest of the names were Arabic. Over time, we became Muslims and became Turkish. It can be said that we are Muslim Romans. They were taxed more than Christians. My ancestors may have converted to Islam to pay less taxes. Everyone in my family has forgotten their ethnic identity. I thought we migrated from Central Asia , but the truth was not. In a video on youtube, uncle from Trabzon was speaking Greek, of course, he also spoke Turkish, but he was saying that he was not Greek because he was afraid of being marginalized. The Christian Greeks in Trabzon were immigrated to Greece. The Muslim ones mostly became Turkish. Although few, there are Muslims who speak Greek in Trabzon. The old name of my village was Greek . Its name was translated into Turkish in 1968. Although they are Muslim in some places in Trabzon, it is possible to see pieces of Christian culture. Kalandar is an example. My grandmother knows the Greek names for vegetables, but she doesn't even know that these words are Greek. When I told my grandfather about this DNA test, he was very angry. they deny their former ethnic identity. The biggest reason for this is because of the conflict between Turkey and Greece. As an ethnic Turk .I send greetings to our Greek brothers from here.I hope we live in peace. 🇹🇷🇬🇷
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  281. Yeah like holy shit i have more subscribers with zero videos than this guy but it’s such a high quality video, i hope we see him get a lot bigger
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  282. Exactly! Whenever any historical event or thing is described as a story that sounds too perfect or utopian, we should get skeptical. I always found the almost mythological treatment of Library of Alexandria a little bit too good to be true. It could still very well be true but we should be more skeptical of these stories than not.
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  283. This is my second video of yours I have watched, having watched the 1789 Presidential election immediately before this. I think you have a great voice and a great style with great pacing. You include details that 99.9% of us don't know, but they are actually interesting details. I don't know how much you produce, but you've just gotten a new subscriber.
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  284. I cant reiterate enough how much i look forward to each of new video, always learn so much in such an engaging way
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  285. I will never stop
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  286. It isn't true. Europeans had centuries of food preservation techniques most of which we can still use today. Brining, Smoking, packing in Lard to exclude the air (see pemmican), storing where the area was colder, then there was the daily hunting - most of which was hung - and then packing it in spices and salt, drying in the sun as well. Sausages are everywhere. Then there's canning (bottling). Pickling as well. Boiling also works. Confit is a delicacy that you can make yourself.
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  287. He looks like a hedgehog and I love him.
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  288. Oooh I'll just read some of the comments on this interesting video about Afri---aaaand they're racist. Ok.
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  289. My grandpa is a huge history geek and I myself have also been interested in history but never really started diving in deep. Not really relatable with this video but just wanted to say this was very interesting and fascinating! A true example of the ying & yang. I subscribed and cant wait for more content/videos from you! Much love! 💯
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  290. Not boring at all. Clear and concise. I just blindly assumed Carl Sagan knew his topic when he spread the story about the fire.
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  291. A very interesting video, thank you very much. A few years ago, I began reading some of the Russian classics, starting with Crime and Punishment. And at some point I got really confused about the names. It seemed as if there were more names than characters in the story, and I had to work out which names actually refer to the same person. This annoyed me enough to make me look up how Russian names function, just so I could read the book properly. It's a much milder example than Arabic names, but there you go.
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  292. So happy that i found this channel. Thanks for your work.
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  293. Mr Premodernist you are quickly becoming one of my favorite YouTubers. your work is amazing thank you for providing us with this
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  294. Great video. I think which part of the name to refer to someone is depending on the most distinctive, for example you mentioned al-ghazali, most people nowadays refer to him as "abu hammid al-ghazali" because there was another scholar in the modern era called al-ghazali, and this caused confusion because the modern al-ghazali became famous and was simply referred to as "al-ghazali" so people started referring to the medieval al-ghazali as abu hammid(tho to be clear some people still just call him al-ghazali, it depends on the person and context) It's s all about what's distinctive, same would apply to the other examples you've stated
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  295. You don't have to dry or smoke sausage. The fat and salt content is enough to keep it at cellar temperatures. I'm guessing everyone made as much sausage as they had fat for. Pigs would've been the main source of fat, other animals are too lean. Also, you know pemmican? It's just sausage. Pemmican is sausage.
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  296.  @premodernist_history  I enjoyed that blooper too!! Thank you for leaving it in the video ☺️
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  297. It's funny to imagine what misconstrued tales of our time will find their way into the historical mythos 500 years from now.
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  298. Really interesting video. Always fascinating to see that things don't need to go as we take them for granted to work. 4:08 The Portuguese word for nickname in Portuguese "alcunha" (there are other synonyms) comes from this word in Arabic 😯
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  299. this reminds of the encounter between St. Francis of Assisi and the Sultan of Egypt.
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  300. As a new science professor thank you for this video! It’s crazy how powerful assuming good faith and treating others with respect can be. It’s the only way to win hearts and minds and I saw this alot during covid. It’s crazy to me that this isn’t the dominant culture in academia…
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  301. One of my first memories from childhood is my father teaching me my lineage until my 8th grandfather
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  302. So interesting, thank you. When you think about it, wheels didn't really overtake waterways until the railroad.
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  303. There's a series of videos by a small creator keystone history about the ratification of the constitution in each of the states
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  304. Wow, I just found your channel a few days and have already almost finished watching all your content. I love your teaching style (& video style format) & your perspectives on these differing historical events! Very refreshing content, & i eagerly await more from you! Thank you so much for sharing all of it 🙏
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  305. Superb video! I love how you impart the relevant information, and your own opinion, without dragging the video out like many other history channels do.
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  306. I love the way you flip the script and are suddenly talking as if people would assume the Europeans to be stupid. Fantastic casual anti-racist jab and a well-structured video.
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  307. I like your sourcing / refs. at the end--it gives a viewer the chance to review and ensure the credibility of the history presented. I think it's perhaps more relevant and important than ever for Americans to understand why there was no presidential campaigning in the way we experience it back at the beginning. The first reason was that, back then, they thought that public character did matter for this office, and particularly because most of the time the position was going to be more representational of the country than it was going to be a functional, daily role in government. Today our news media, and therefore most who listen to them, assign responsibility for just about everything that happens in the country, even inflation, to the actions or inactions of whoever is president, but at that time--and long afterwards--presidents might not even be in Washington and readily available for many months at a time. The position simply wasn't envisioned as being that important to the country's day-to-day life as state government was, or even the Congress to some extent as they held the federal purse strings. In the typical rhetoric of the Framers, the president was supposed to be a position of humble strength and statesmanship--not someone who would ever be self-aggrandizing, even in campaign speeches, etc., as that would be unseemly, inappropriate, and a demonstration of poor character and immaturity in someone who was supposed to be fit to fill that office. Today, unless it gets to be over-the-top even compared to the stars of sports and entertainment, Americans tend to reward that kind of self-view and the behaviors that go with it. By the election of 1800, though, this was put to an early test in a knock-down, drag-through-the-mud affair with candidates accused of absolutely anything that any commentator on the other side could think of that might stick, and hopefully cost them some votes, much more akin to the conduct during campaigns that we see now.
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  308. Just wanted you to know your video description had me in stitches
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  309. I am very sorry to see your comments are full of hateful vitriol.
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  310. Hey! Wanted to say I love your videos and get genuinely excited when I get the notification of a new release. Very informative, clear and engaging, coukd listen to you for hours. This video in particular I thought how this Arabic system could've impacted my naming system (portuguese). As an example, we call our first King "Afonso Henriques" which means something like "Afonso son of Henrique", as this was the way the moors would refer to him, "Ibn-Errik" (his father was an earl who got his title by helping the kingdom of leon during the reconquista). More interestingly, it seems thay in Portuguese this importance given to the father's name remained, normally last names come from the father's side, while our Castillan neighbours prefer the mother's name as the last one. Learning with you is great! Keep up the good work :)
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  311. I’m sorry your channel is getting bombarded with antihistorical views; you’re doing very good work to inform on topics that have unfortunately become politicized by people who want to retain some very outdated and disproven ideas. Keep it up, and please ignore the trolls!
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  312. When I was a spry bright-eyed bushy-tailed 20-something in college, I didn't really like going to Natural Sciences class... Now, as an old fart, I find myself filling my leisure time watching these videos... thanks, professor!
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  313. Absolute props for your pronounciacion of polish names
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  314. So glad I subbed last time a video dropped. I had forgotten about the channel until I saw this in my feed. An absolute delight to feel like I'm having a thoughtful well-researched conversation with someone about a time period I love. Appreciate all the great insight.
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  315. I really like how you described the importance of prescribed meanings. I love history, and you've helped bring a new perspective when it comes to learning about history!
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  316. This was fantastic! Please keep the content coming.. My 7 great grandfather (John Adams) is someone I love to learn more about!
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  317. In Indonesia, many people are addressed with some form of Kunya, even though it's not part of their official name. It's considered a more respectful way to address someone. For example, I was addressed with my own name until my first son was born, and then some of my family members, not all, started to address me as "father of so-so" when they call me and address me in a conversation in a more respectful way. I guess it's definitely influenced by Arabic through Islam.
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  318. I love that your videos are not just factually informative but also help teach how to confront our biases and the way we think!
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  319. That's all great but like was he 300 years old though?
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  320. Arguably it fell in 1461 with the fall of Trebizond
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  321. I love sitting down and having a calm, relaxing, yet super interesting and engaging chat about various historical times and events. Your videos always seem to create that atmosphere even though obviously they are one way. Thanks for what you do.
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  322. The difference is one of identity. When a Persian converted to Islam, they were still a Persian. But when a Roman converted, they became an Arab or a Turk. The population of Syria and Egypt are overwhelmingly Romans. The Ottoman Sultans were ethnically Roman. The Ottoman bureaucracy and military were almost entirely Roman. But because Roman was linked to Christianity they stopped calling themselves Roman. Finally when nationalism was invented and everyone picked new identities, people were forced to become Greek or Turks based on their religion rather than their culture or language. The Greek identity wiped out the Roman one, except for a few Christians who remained in Turkey, the last people who call themselves Romans.
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  323. Ugh this was the last video I hadn't seen!! Can't wait for more!!!
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  324. Don’t get why this video comments are so toxic. Seemed like a pretty well laid out and logical video. Oh wait it’s a YouTube comment section, never mind
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  325. That you kept the blooper about camels being built made me a fan.
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  326. From the title, I somehow thought this was gonna be a parody (recent events has blurred the lines further) Didn’t expect this to be a genuine piece on history 😅
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  327. I just discovered your channel. I'm surprised you don't have at least 10 X the number of subscribers. I just subscribed.
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  328. Great production quality, couple with all the appropriate uses of classic videos across. You got a sub!
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  329. Cześć! It was really nice to hear about my country's history today. Dziękuję ślicznie!
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  330. Your channel is like an informative, educational and non-racist version of WhatIfAltHist. Keep it up.
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  331. Wow this is some quality stuff! Keep up the good work.
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  332. This was so enlightening, thanks.
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  333. Excellent video 📹 I agree. The Ottoman Empire was a multicultural empire. The Greek orthodox Church ☦ is still based in Istanbul. Up until 1922, most of the economy of the Ottoman Empire was controlled by Christian ✝️ Greeks, Armenians.
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  334. You have a clear and concise way of laying out information. Really enjoy your channel.
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  335. I don't understand why the dislike ratio is so high, it's a great video, thanks man!
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  336. I love these videos, very informative and easy to understand. I also like th wide range of time periods you make videos on. Keep it up
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  337. HE’S BACK
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  338. This video was recommended outta nowhere 😆 but it's very interesting and in line of what I usually watch in youtube
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  339. well spoken, well told. Thank you for this refreshing history lesson
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  340. Didn’t expect to see full throated scientific racism in the comments, but I guess I shouldn’t be surprised
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  341. I listened to the whole thing. Just continue on to the next election, thanks
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  342. It's not that I necessarily like the topic of the Alaska Purchase, but because I live less than 100 miles from the Alaska Border, in Whitehorse, Yukon, that I find the topic interesting.
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  343. 13:57 I just like how dry and direct that message is "British America and Mexico clearly belong to us". Edit: grammar
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  344. Greetings from Turkey. It's a very controversial topic for us. It is mostly discussed in terms of art, culture, army and state structure. Also, some old Kurds call Turks "Rumi / Romi" even today.
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  345. About 17 min in and I had to tap out. His thesis has been proven. Love this dude
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  346. Another great video! Especially enjoyed that for every period of history there was a little takeaway, like the Mongols arriving as pagans before converting, or how the Qajars were the gateway for European influence in the region. Question: Towards the end of this video and the last video, you emphasized the importance of industrialization in human history, maybe that could be a next video? Also I am traveling to Europe this summer, beginning in England. To make it more than just vacationing, I want to make a series of short videos (~4 minutes) explaining places and processes important to industrialization, on location. So like sitting in a moor and explaining how a lack of trees necessitated coal extraction as a source of energy. Then a coal mine, explaining how the many rivers of England enabled its transport, along with how the earliest steam engines were incredibly inefficient, but being since they were so close to water and fuel they became effective. There's plenty of more opportunities, like explaining how English homes were heated and why they needed heat, early factories, trains, ships, ecological damage and healing, and so much more. Let me know what you think!
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  347. So that's one reason why LOTR feels so.. believable. Hobbits use surnames (baggins, took, gamgee, etc), elves use their dwellings (elrond of rivendell, galadriel lady of lothlorien, etc), while humans and dwarves use whatever the hell they want, but usually "son of". Unconvenient naming convention in fantasy settings, huh... lets learn from the legends like tolkien.
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  348. Cannot be. Ottoman Emp had little to do with being Roman other than by invading and ruling the territory and peoples of Rome.
    9
  349. Parents at my local primary school here in London have come to refer to themselves by teknonyms: my mother's phone book still contains entries like "Anna Jacob's Mum" (which in Arabic would be "حنة أمم يعقوب").
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  350. He explains that it is a statement that is (1) totally implausible and (2) not based on any historical evidence. It is just an absurd made-up claim.
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  351. Fun selection of clips, and subbed. 🙂
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  352. Great analysis! Learned a lot that I didn’t know.
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  353. "everything that challenges my dumbass worldview is cope"
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  354. Love your style of content, it's super informative.
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  355. I live in Pennsylvania and we make a really old school Italian meat called sopresata. It’s seasoned pork in a natural casing. We usually make them and let them dry late winter but traditionally they were probably made late fall.
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  356. I'm so happy to have found this channel! Keep up the good work!
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  357. Thank you! These videos have been wonderful and enlightening. Much more in-depth than my high School US History course was or could have hoped to be due to compressing so much into a semester or two. I can't help but think Washington was the right man for the job in our nascent country, both because he was a uniting figure and because he didn't really want the job.
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  358. this channel is underrated
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  359. can’t watch this yet but wanted to be one of the first to thank Premodernist for gracing us with his holy presence once again
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  360. Thank you so much for the lucid explanation! Would love you to do a similar treatment of the Library of Ephesus 🙏
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  361. Thank you for educating me and clarifying so much the myth of the great library of Alexandria. I believed so many of these myths. It caused a dark age, it had all the world’s knowledge, and it was destroyed by Julius Caesar, the Christians, and Muslims. I loved this video!
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  362. Great Video. You won a follower from Portugal. I am happy with the video, because it's crucial to explain this old reality. Africa had huge kingdom's when portugueses arives, and they already had a slavery market to asia.
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  363. Just what we needed, now Erdogan will start calling himself Roman Emperor
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  364. Another great vid! This is so fascinating because had you not dispelled this myth I wouldn't even think about it. Makes me want to question a lot more about history...
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  365. You got a new sub, please continue producing good quality contents like these. Love your voice btw!
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  366. Wonderful video! Really loved the discussion of this topic. One thing I'd add is that we should note that common people in pre-industrial societies were often loathe to adopt new technology. During the agricultural revolution in the 19th century in England, writers and agricultural scientists bemoaned that farmers were very slow and hesitant to adopt new farming practices or technologies that could benefit them. As far as the average farmer was concerned, they had methods that were proven to work (albeit imperfectly) and they'd have to ask if it was worth investing in new approaches when they might be a waste of money and effort or worse, prove to be counterproductive. There's often a conservative cultural inertia that any new technology must overcome and it didn't always happen as quickly as it does in the modern age.
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  367. Your channel is just so great. I love your editing, your voiceover, your video topics. Thanks for these great videos.
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  368. It's not made up exactly, it's riding on some pretty unstable estimates of the Chinese population at various points and conjecture about the cause.
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  369. The Ilhkhanate reminds me of somebody from my hood using the word "ill" to mean cool so in my head it's the "cool khanate".
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  370. As an Arab person, I benefited a lot from this video. Now we do not follow such a format in the name, so it was interesting to know this method.❤❤
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  371. Nice informing, fun and high quality video. keep it up!
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  372.  @premodernist_history  bro I couldn't help myself. I was doing dishes and housework and by the time I come to this was the last video. You got really good stuff, I can't say it enough. And I saw a guy who had like three videos of the crappiest content and he had like 6000 subscribers. Once one of your videos goes viral you'll be adding on people, don't get discouraged.
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  373. Great video, when the western half fell in. 476 the Eastern half didn’t just immediately cease to exist and call themselves “Byzantines” all of the sudden, they were Roman’s and lasted in for another 977 years until May 29th 1453. The term Byzantine was not even created until 104 years after Constantinople fell.
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  374. I find it hilarious that his cutoff point for "too expensive" is 4 colors where the price would start to plateau even if it mattered (which it doesn't) For screen printing you need to make a separate screen for each of the color channels. 4 channels (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and blacK) however are enough for any number and combination of printable colors. Of course that only matters if it's a unique design they never seen or had to print before, and you only want a small quantity of it. Neither is true for well known official mass produced flags.
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  375. love that you kept in the blooper where you said construct a camel
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  376. I believe it might be found (although I can’t provide statistics) that a majority of freight and passenger traffic on routes in excess of about 1,000 km is still carried by essentially non-wheeled transport - ships and aircraft. With some notable exceptions wheeled traffic is essentially a relatively local form. However, its use in machinery is practically unlimited.
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  377. i just find it amazing that i don't feel confused about this because I'm an arab so for us this is like second nature , but when he explained it i can see why it's confusing for some people.
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  378. I'm looking forward to seeing this channel grow 💪
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  379. Love the video and it's amazing to see how differnt(how the electoral college was picked)/similar(the behind the scenes to control power) the elections were. I havent seen this much detail on elections. I would love to hear about more of the older elections of american history. Love the video. Thanks for the upload
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  380.  @premodernist_history  there’s also a new English novel translation (the novel is split into 4 volumes)
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  381. "I like some pumpkin pie." Me too actually.
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  382. I'm not super into history, I'm more into science, but this is a damn interesting/ good video. I'm subscribing.
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  383. I've been thinking about how schools teach history to students. I think schools only care to teach students how our current political distribution came to be, and more often than not the answer is war. Also I loved this video, you gained a subscriber, looking forward for more!
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  384. Please don't stop making videos; keep it up!
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  385. Really enjoy both the genuine style and the particular professional attitude, subscribed
    8
  386. Mr. professor, you voice comforts me deeply. You are so great!
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  387. Your channel is a breath of fresh air among all the routine WW2 and civil war stuff.
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  388. Echoing positive sentiments from others. Also, highly enjoy the longer form content you're posting. Thanks!
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  389. Liked your video from Turkey, I saw this video just 60 minutes after I said that i love the roman history. Its a really nice and interesting topic for me (maybe for all the Turks that is just questioning this after reading the Atatürk's words about hector and Fatih calling himself as Kayzer) . Youre just speaking so quiet, slow, relax and well, this was the first history video that i just understood all of it without subs. Happy to see the after videos. Thank you for your work.
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  390. I'm binging your channel today and I swear every video I watch, your sub count is getting added by 100. So happy for your growth and lets go 100k!!!
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  391. This channel is truly a gem
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  392. I love that you’re using clips from The Mighty Hercules. Best kids’ show ever! Also, I love your channel!
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  393. The civilizations of North and South America didn't use the wheel either, except as toys in some circumstances. Even Ancient Egypt didn't use wheels until the 2nd Intermediate period when it was introduced via the Hyskos invasion. They built their monuments without wheels
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  394. Good video
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  395. This channel’s name is such bait for pseudohistorians to get angry lmao
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  396. Very good videos man, history lover here
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  397. I really enjoy your videos! I didn't think I would ever sit through an hour of listening to American history!
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  398. Thank you so much for this clarification. You are 100% correct. By the way , another reason that Reza Shah changed our country’s name in English language was to hint at the fact that Iranians were the same race as Germans ( Aryans). At the time that Germany was the major power in Europe.
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  399. As a Brit into history this was really interesting, the American government is never really explained that well, just one day poof. Elections and stuff. Thank you for shingling some light onto a under taught part of history
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  400. Any tips for camel construction in modern day contexts?
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  401. I love your videos! I'm so glad the algorithm recommended your videos to me. These are so educational and really open an entirely new lens into the founding of our country--we never really think of how political it really WAS (especially for how they teach it in school) but you articulate it so well. Your video about the election of Washington, for example, was SO insightful and gave me a whole new perspective on the political atmosphere of early America. This video is no different, I'm learning so much! It really helps put things into perspective! Keep up the great work. These videos are so good. I paused the video at 30 minutes and didn't even realize how much time has passed by. I was so invested in the content of the video!
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  402. what a lovely comment section. the largest collection of properly educated historians and scholars, carrying out a sincere and civil discussion. totally unmotivated by anything beyond a love for africa, its history and its people. a sight to behold! great video by the way. too bad shy of building a time machine and video recording what you find, some people will never, ever be convinced of anything other than their unfounded and self-rewarding biases.
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  403. My mother would tell me about how my great-grandfather would smoke meat from his farm (~ 20s and 30s). He lived in Louisiana and lived a very simple life even though he was quite wealthy. I remember seeing a picture my mother took as a kid and there are hundreds of slices of meat all hanging from racks in a tall wooden smoker. Another thing that’s neat is my mother learned French as a child in order to speak to my great-grandfather as he couldn’t speak English.
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  404. This has got to be the best educational history channel on YouTube. Some context: I grew up in the American South, and while I lived in a (relatively) progressive area, my education was undoubtedly Eurocentric and littered with bias. I studied engineering in college and had to take one U.S. History course as part of my curriculum and WOW did it open my eyes. For the first time, history was taught to me through a lens of actively challenging bias, and it fundamentally changed my world view. Now, as an adult engineer, most of my exposure to educational history content is through the internet. Nobody even attempts to challenge Eurocentrism, much less tackle it head on. This channel is a breath of fresh air. Thank you for helping me to continue to refine my world view, and to understand the history as it actually happened.
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  405. Just discovered your channel, please keep it up! Love your enthusiasm for these topics....I've already watched several, can't wait to watch more. Thank you.
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  406. My knowledge of this event was entirely from Gibbon's Decline and Fall or the Roman Empire (the Christians did it). Thanks for providing a much broader overview.
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  407. I could listen to this guy talk all day.
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  408. I would LOVE to see this kind of video with the next elections in the timeline. Your videos on washington's two elections have both been amazing.
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  409. 14:00 is so ominous, r u gonna destroy global agriculture
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  410. Awesome quality, great info. Earned a subscriber and I will definitely spread your channel to friends and family 👍
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  411. Nice Video :) Thank you for showcasing my country.
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  412. This sure made the 4chan wannabe historians mad.
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  413. Actually, there is an innovative naming scheme in Star Wars. It's from author Timothy Zahn's character Thrawn and his species, the Chiss. Thrawn is the character's "core name". The full name is Mitth'raw'nuruodo. Full names usually consist of three parts, the first one being the family name. But he wasn't born with that name. His birth name was Kivu'raw'nuru or Vurawn. He was adopted from the Kivu family into the Mitth because of the familial political machinations. Odo is a super rare honorific title he got later. The Chiss change the first part of their names when they change families, but could also lose them entirely when becoming a high ranking military official, who no longer served a family, but the greater Chiss civilization. Thus Irizi'ar'alani (Ziara) became simply Ar'alani. There is one case of a human named Eli Vanto becoming a part of Chiss military, his name became Eli'van'to or Ivant.
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  414. Fascinating.
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  415. It's a lot easier to deconstruct a camel.
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  416. if we make dumb enough comments he will upload more we cracked the code!!!!!
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  417. This is a perspective I haven't really ever conciddered. Good job
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  418. Even in the USA during the "Great Western Migration", the vast majority of "pioneers" on the Oregon Trail walked it. If you wanted a comfortable ride on the trail, you rode a horse or mule. Riding in a horse drawn wagon is actually a brutal experience, nothing like it is portrayed in Hollywood. So honestly the wheel didn't "change the world" until the advent of modern paved roads & steel rails.
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  419. Mehmed II the Conqueror, after conquering Constantinople, declared himself the Emperor of the Romans and even one of his dreams was to conquer Rome and become the absolute ruler of the Roman lands. Although it failed, we do consider that Ottomans were the 3rd Roman Empire, which is a Muslim one. People often merge the idea of Roman Empire with Christianity, as we all know that Roman Empire didn't start with Christianity.
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  420. Excelente canal acabo de encontrarlo y es muy interesante 👍
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  421. This is genuinely very fascinating. As an Australian whose whole thing is explaining the Australian political system it was great to be able to learn more about the US, but also the historical perspective too. I knew that there was a gap between independence and the first President and I'd never understood what was happening there or why - and it sounds kinda like the Federal Council of Australasia, which was the Australian colonies (before they were states) trying to work together to form a pro-federal government. It lacked its own revenue, had limited scope, and relied on the executive authority of the colony Parliaments, and joining meetings was entirely optional so some colonies just never joined. It's not a perfect parallel but the idea of a federal system being worked on by different legislatures pre-federation is something multiple countries have tried before. Henry Parkes, the "Father of Federation" in Australia mentioned the US in his famous Tenterfield Oration, saying that "surely what the Americans have done by war, Australians can bring about in peace." Apparently the US's population in the 1700s was comparable to Australia's in 1890 and that was a parallel Parkes was trying to draw, while still maintaining our relationship with the British. As for the voting system: I must admit my bias but I do think that Australia's preferential voting system is much better than the US's system (though I have read that some places in the US use it - known also as instant runoff voting or ranked-choice voting). Basically, you either number all the candidates or a minimum partial selection, and that means if your favourite candidate doesn't win then your opinion is still able to shape the outcome. So for the House of Representatives if a candidate gets more than 50% of the voters' first preference (#1 vote) then they win outright. If no single candidate gets more than 50% outright, then the least popular is eliminated, and their preferences re-distributed to the other candidates, and then repeat this process until someone has over 50%. It's not unusual to have 6+ candidates running for a single seat in the House, so the possibility of no one getting 50% outright is quite likely. This means there's chances for minor parties and independents win in situations where a first past post system would just elect a major party candidate with only 30% of the vote. It finds a more mathematically average way of finding the most popular candidate that ranks highest with the most people, without falling into the trap of an unpopular candidate in a first past post system winning because the vote was split too many ways on the competition. Our Senate also uses preferences, but normally elects 6 Senators per state so the maths for quotas gets a bit more complicated. The preferences are still part of it, and Australia's diversity in political parties mean this is where a lot of minor parties get representation to create a very mixed upper house. Great video. I'm going to check out more and see what fascinating things there are to learn about the US and history.
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  422. Thank you for such a well presented and informational video. As always, such a fun and delightful time watching
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  423. this was very interesting as an italian (and i think i am the only italian here....) and i think its better the system you have now...because the original was messed up man (just like ours now....aaaah...i love american history...)
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  424. Great video👍🏼
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  425. As an Australian, watching the US election circus is as amusing as watching a Buster Keaton slapstick comedy. Until you realize that this "system" is choosing a person who has thousands of nuclear bombs under his/her command.
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  426. Lol the racists are so pressed in these comments. Sorry guys, crying about the video and how great wheels are isn’t going to make your birthrate any higher
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  427. Love the videos! Keep educating us!
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  428. Quite an interesting take on this topic. 47k subscribers plus 1 now 😊
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  429. Very good video, professor, you successfully got me to challenge my own Eurocentric worldview. Perhaps for the next video, you can debunk the misconception that you're Louis CK's brother and explain that you're actually his cousin.
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  430. I liked this video so much that I forgot I had already clicked the thumbs up. This is the first time I liked a video so much that I stopped "liking" it. (Worry not, I fixed it and I like it once more.)
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  431. Sad to see racists in the comments are still alive and well, somehow we thought racism was over
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  432. So excited to watch this
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  433. I absolutely LOVE your videos. Please make more and maybe even make a podcast!!!
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  434. This was a very informative video
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  435. It took me a long time to remember the names but I've got it. You look like a combination of Adam Scott and Harold ramis! Also great videos btw. Very informative.
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  436. I love the topics that you choose , really interesting and well made content
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  437. Norwegian living the last few years in Morocco while learning hardly any Arabic. You kinda snuck up in me here and taught me something regardless of my ineptitude. Every little helps, cheers.
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  438. I was just rewatching some of your stuff, wistfully hoping you'd upload soon. Massive gift to me, thank you.
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  439. I love how this flips the script on eurocentrism
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  440. In Dune, a foundation of sci-fi, Frank Herbert used a great variety of naming styles, including various semitic ones
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  441. Really Interesting!
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  442. The Asantehene of the Ashanti had a golden Carriage from what I have learned the damn thing was only ever brought out for ceremonial situations then put away because it was totally useless, aside from that some Africans did use the potters wheel but generally even when introduced many just preferred the regular traditional methods I honestly think you covered this topic well, Even in North Africa that used the wheel more aka Egypt primarily transportation was The river nile, boats and when with an animal on its back. Generally speaking though I think the fact that navigable rivers coupled with fairly safe but light trade routs made the wheel a none starter wagon wheels were expensive in Europe and would have been even more so in tropical Africa with less benefit, at least I don’t think it would have been a worthwhile investment I have so much more I would likes to say on this topic but I have had no sleep all night, just happened to see you posted a vid Edit: another piece of information I have found is that wheels were known about in Tropical Africa ( I hate the term subsaharan) since at least 1850 bce if we take long history of trans saharan trade the reason it was never adopted was lack of practical use
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  443. Nice video. Thanks. History is always more complex than the stories people tell each other huh
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  444. Thanks for making this video! I really appreciate the clarity you provided. I'm now very very interested in studying the industrial revolution very deeply.
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  445. You've completely sold me. Edit: Also, the point about how you couldn't relay Virginia's flag in geometric shapes made me think of the point about children drawing, and I think some of the more complex designs are actually easier to remember in an abstract way. Remembering two deer on either side of a colored shield is pretty easy and distinctive, but if it's just shapes it's harder to remember. "Did that triangle go over here, or here? Which way was it facing again?"
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  446. Researching Ottoman history can get confusing because in the archival documents and even narrative sources there are even less names to go off of. Most grandees had the title pasha, their given name, and then maybe a nickname like “deli” or “lala.” Its very hard to track people through the archive unless you have a good idea of where they were stationed in the provinces or relationships they had. Occasionally there were major families that had a surname, but it was rare.
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  447. i'd also like to see a video detailing the other myths you described in the introduction, Love this channel!
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  448. Well, I don't want to brag... (but I'm gonna 😉) : when I saw the title, the first thing that came to my mind was sth Thomas Sowell said about Africa's geography and the way the mountainous terrain, covered with jungles and traversed by mighty rivers interrupted by high falls made communications very difficult and kept population groups isolated from each other. In this context, wheels wouldn't be a priority. It's geography.
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  449. Thank you Premodernist. Your Genghis Khan Day videos have helped me learn more about the Mongol Empire, and rid myself of some misconceptions. I'm more critical when watching history videos, thinking through a common sense filter, and better considering the source and how it warps perception.
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  450. Many ancient settlements in Turkey are on the slopes in Front of a hill. This causes narrow streets ( passages) , and steps. Donkeys were used in such settlements. Even today in historical ( central ) part of Mardin donkeys are used to pick up garbages by the municipiality.
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  451. Same as in Wales….British names could stretch back as far as someone wanted them to. For example, Rhys Ap Dafydd, Ap Llwyd, Ap Gwilym, Ap Morgan, Ap Evans. With Ap being Son of. In modern times the Britons have dropped the Ap and kept the S in son of. So names like Roberts, Williams, Jones etc all denote origin from Wales, as opposed to Williamson, Johnson, And Robertson. Etc.
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  452. The most interesting part of the video was Danishmendid coin for me. I didn't know that. I'm personally coming from Karamanids, my great great ancestors were Karamanids, (also that's the exact beylik of where Ataturk's ancestry comes from, because after Ottomans finally has beaten Karamanids, they exiled the half of the Karamanids to the Balkans to increase the Turkish population there, and this was also a tactic for them to not deal with Karamanids again. We're all Turks in the end but surely there are different dynasties or tribes, subgroups in a nutshell. But what took my attention is, I thought the only beylik who used Greek alphabet was Karamanids. So in this video I learned also Danishmendids were doing that. As a person who don't like much islamic effect on Turkish culture, and seeing arabic alphabet usage with Turkish language (I also studied some history and Ottoman Turkish in university - and using Turkish language w Arabic alphabet is just wretched, although they took three letters from Persian alphabet to fill the gaps but was not working) was always something frustrating for me. So today we use Latin alphabet but all the today's European alphabets' root is Greek alphabet including Latin and Cyrillic etc. So it's much more compatible w Turkish language. I mean Turks returned what they did after 600 years, to Greek alphabet technically. We had Gokturk alphabet in pre-islamic period but that's runic. I'm just amazed now with that Danishmendid coin. It gave me lots of ideas and thoughts all of a sudden. Thanks for sharing. Just another info as a fun fact; there's an idiom in Turkish language like "the game of Karaman, appears later on" (original. Karaman'ın koyunu, sonra çıkar oyunu) - and if you think about now Ottoman Empire is over and Turkey was founded by a man who comes from Karamanids. Relatable.
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  453. When you broke down the naming elements and refered to spec fiction naming conventions it reminded me how loads of characters in Lord of the Rings are introduced as "Aragon, son of Arathorn" or how most characters in Game of Thrones have nicknames like "Sir Jaime Lannister, the Kingslayer", for a sci-fi example theres Paul Atreides from Dune who is known to his followers as Paul Muad'Dib (the little mouse). Also the name accretion thing reminds me of Turin, Son of Hurin who goes by several nicknames throughout his life (Adanedhel, Agarwaen, Dagnir Glaurunga, Gorthol, Mormegil, Neithan, Thurin, Turambar, Turindo). I hope this was interesting if you hadn't come across these names before. Also, love your content!
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  454. This was fantastic, thank you so much for making this! I've been looking for a good overview to tie what I know of Iranian history together, and this was exactly what I'd been hoping for!
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  455. Your channel is so good and I cannot wait till it blows up, you have great content.
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  456. Been waiting a while for this! Excited to watch!
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  457. Kunya doesn't need to be the son's name. It can be anything like Abu hurairah which means father of cat
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  458. ‘Abu Something’ ‏ is not always used for the son's name. Sometimes it can also be a Laqab. For example Abu Muzaffar is a common Laqab for Sultans. Abu Hanifa for example is a Laqab for the founder of the Hanafi school.
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  459. Just found this channel but genuinely so interested by everything you talked about! What wonderful insight into each of these founding fathers.
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  460. After coming across these names and or more specifically some of the words (ibn, al-, abd etc.) it's great to have some clarification as to their actual meanings : D Thank you so much for this video!
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  461. Thank you for pronouncing Chinggis properly!
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  462. Love your content!
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  463. Anyone : *says something reasonable about African or Africans * Racists: *screeches "cope" while being absolutely worthless *
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  464. 🔥🔥🔥🙌
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  465. Very Good Video! I'm glad YouTube decided to show it to me despite the low view count, Here's hoping in the future that view count goes up a lot!
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  466. The whole sort of fat covering meat to preserve it has some others you may be familiar with. If you search for ‘potted’ foods you’ll find that this was the process, shipping records for sea travel will have it, usually for the upper class. Things like potted shrimp is a common one.
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  467. I'm a Turk, my family used to live in Selanik (Thessaloniki) before Balkan Wars. Ottomans called the state we lived in "Rumeli" which means "Land of Romans"
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  468. I in good faith disagree with you here. I think that a large channel giving factual information is helping overall reduce hate, and the number of comments you receive is simply a symptom of the existing issues here and not any real signal that you're fueling the flames of hatred. That said, keep up the good work whatever it is and whether or not it's published on this holiday. I always look forward to hearing your thoughts!
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  469. Fantastic video. I'd love to see more videos about Arabic Medieval culture, literature and art. And, why not, naming conventions in other cultures?
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  470. The movie Soylent Green pinned the year 2022 when only the affluent could afford spacious apartments and natural food. Everyone else ate wafers of Soylent Green. That was a pretty accurate dart throw from all the way back in 1973.
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  471. the wheel's superiority is such an american assumption. i think about ww2 and how the US forces were basically the first totally mechanized force and the appearently ultra innovative jet engine rocket scientist germans still largely relied on horse power for logistics... idk i think this assumption is uniquely american maybe. atleast in china we saw what happened if u dont have a unipolar gov who can mandate the size of cart wheels all the ruts dont line up and wheeled carts are constantly getting stuck... maybe that had something to do with something
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  472. Will they give the man his pumpkin pie already! >:( (stupid jokes in comments is a sure sign of the channel growth)
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  473. I hope the number of subscribers to your channel will grow exponentially like the human population has.
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  474. Great video. Very well explained. Great skills in explaining such a complex historical situation. Well done and thanks for the video prof!
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  475. I'm 35 years old Turkish guy, and I did my high school education in Turkey, in between 1st and 11th grade. Then I went to Germany for university, that part is not related with here anyway. We never learned anything like we are the continuum of Roman empire or Byzantine or whatever you want to call it IN HIGH SCHOOL. However we learned that we are a nation that closes middle ages and start a new Era. So the reason of that is pretty simple. Nationalism waves effected obviously a newly found republic. After ruling over 80 different nations over 600 years, we needed a new ID, an ID that we can be proud of. Therefore history classes were taught very epic way. Turks can't be destroyed, but only from inside. Turks starts with Huns then the Göktürks then Seljuks then Ottomans together with other small Turkic dynasties (such as Aydinogullari Karamanogullari, etc etc). So, Turkish youth doesn't need to know that Ottomans tried to be continuum of Romans because why should Ottomans need that since Turks have a glorious history, right? :) Obviously, you don't get to learn in high school that Nationalism is not an ID for middle ages, it's too much detail for 8th grade (14-15 years old) student. However, in University you do get to learn obviously more in detail. Obviously Ottomans were rising but, still it was a new dynasty. In order to increase your legitimacy, defining yourself as succeeding dynasty would not only have diplomatical positive effects but also stability wise positive effects. Therefore Sultan Mehmet also became the guaranteerer of Fener Rum Patriarchal Church, etc etc. So yes, High school curriculum was like that and I highly doubt that it changes any time soon. Maybe 20 - 30 years later, hopefully...
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  476. I don't know how did I come across this video. But I liked it a lot. Thanks.
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  477. Always a joy randomly stumbling across profesional level content on here, thank you.
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  478. this was actually awesome to learn.. feeling dumb for laughing at long arabic names as a kid, would love to see the same breakdown of hebrew names!
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  479. One does not simply construct a camel.
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  480. Thank you. My interest towards the founding of USA is growing and you dropp this what a happy coincidence. Excellent! Your videos always brings me to so many questions and makes me want to learn more. I really like to dive into a topic and use your videos as "food for thought". The "debate" between Jefferson and Adam really brings up the topic of rural vs urban wants and needs, that is still to this day a big topic accross the world. Or am i simplifying my foundation a bit too much when going into this? I also have a request/suggestion in line with this topic. The Barbary Wars. Whatever point you want to focus on would be appreciated.
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  481. At first I thought the title was strange, but the video really explains it!
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  482. This is quickly becoming my favorite youtube channel! Thank you!
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  483. Your analogy to the French Revolution which I never heard of before really persuaded me to think differently. I also really like how you present, subbed! Regarding my perspective, the Turks ended the Roman Empire but inherited many of its attributes. It is not a continuation but rather an evolution of the empire. Let us not forget most “Anatolian Turks” were but a few generations ago calling themselves romans.
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  484. İ am learning English and History, Thanks 🌞
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  485. I clicked on this video thinking its a meme and then i saw you and was quite surprised
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  486. Really glad YouTube threw this video into my recommended. Very interesting piece of history to consider. Thank you for sharing it!
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  487. Love the human perspective you’re bringing to American history! This is a great channel and I look forward to more of your videos.
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  488. Great video. The argument is solid as well as the presentation. Environmental factors reign huge in commerce and therefore history.
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  489. “Eternal Spring” (changchun) Qui Chuji. I was first introduced to this specific line of history via Legend of the Condor Heroes series, book 4 –‘A Heart Divided’. 5 ⭐️’s. IYKYK!
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  490. Absolute gem of a channel the algorithm has served me up here. First video that came up was the arabic naming convention so I assumed you were a linguist given how good your pronunciation was, but your breadth of knowledge is insane
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  491.  @premodernist_history  Checking back on my stuff, the one who said that Sultan Mehmed II was a Christian monarch was his counselor, George Amiroutzes, and the Komnenos thing was by Theodore Spandounes. Kritovoulos also refers to Sultan Mehmed II as trying to run his empire in the fashion of Roman Emperors.
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  492. Glad I subscribed. I’m from a French colony with Moroccan (another French colony) friends. Great knowledge being shared here with a pleasing and informal style. The comments are also informative, civil and very respectful. Which is a rarity on YouTube. I guess the host sets the precedent at a party. Superb channel all around.
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  493. Another great video! Thanks for sharing your knowledge with us
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  494. Amazing channel, I have a feeling you will get a lot of subscribers with time. Glad to be one of the early ones.
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  495. this is a brilliantly simple, yet poignant, explanation of what was happening during that period just as we were trying to establish our country. I love it. keep up the good work.
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  496. this is some of the most civilized comments sections I have ever seen, especially considering the fact that historical videos tend to polarize the viewers somewhat
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  497. These videos are great. I love how you include the sources you used.
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  498. Good presentation.... And love the Strongbad shirt dude! I just kinda stumbled onto this video. Watched in full and had already subscribed by the 1/2 way point. Looking forward to watching more!
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  499. quite impressed by your way of talking in English
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  500. Good Vid! Hope you keep doing it
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  501. Brillante informe ! . Por cosas del destino (y el algoritmo) termine viendo esta maravilla de trabajo. Levantare una copa de vino esta noche por iluminar mi ignorancia. Saludos desde la tierra sudamericana conquistada de Argentina
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  502. Very good stuff! I enjoy the way you think. I remember seeing a genetic test saying about 7% of Turkish (from Turkey) genetics are truly Turkic/central Asian which I would guess would mostly be from the paternal line. The rest is shared with former Greeks/Jews/Georgians/Armenians and other neighbors.
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  503. Huge fan hope you make videos more regularly 👍 studied political science back in college and you see like a great professor
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  504. Yay, another video from one of my favorite youtube historians!
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  505. So many upset racists in the comments here, love it.
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  506. Ibn Hanbal is also frequently referred to as Imam Ahmad.
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  507. Always love a Premodernist post :)! Also, I mentioned you in a video somewhat recently
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  508. Greatly appreciated. Thanks for this.
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  509. Hi I would add to this video and interesting commentary that, Hagia Sofia or Ayasofya as we Turks call it now was the main architectural icon that the Ottomans tried to emulate in their masjids until Süleymaniye mosque built 114 years after the conquest of Constantinople. In that sense Ottomans continued and improved upon the architectural legacy of the Romans. Even now modern Turkish masjids still have a strong resemblance to Ayasofya
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  510. i LOVE how you don't add any dramatic music and you dont just read the wikipedia page about the topic, so refreshing <3
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  511. Fantastic- Thank you so much. Persia/Iran has always been a mystery to me. Looking forward to more.
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  512. An incredibly dull and boring subject made interesting by a proper and thorough treatment. 95% of teachers could learn a lesson from the way this video was made. As an Australian I had less than a normal American interest in the subject (though obviously I clicked on the video) , and I still made it to the end.
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  513. Just subscribed. You have interesting content. Can't believe you're still (just) under 5k subs
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  514. There are some very good comments here. Language was definitely a factor in separation of the different christian groups, and ethnicity was too. But for Muslims it was much more blurred and does not explain why they aren't Roman. The number of actual central asians in the Ottoman Empire was not very much, especially before the Russians started driving refugees in. The number of actual Arabs was less. And the distinction between a Arab and a Turk when both were taught Arabic and Turkish as part of their education wasn't clear. The bulk of Muslims in the Ottoman Empire were converts from the ethnic group in the area they lived. Crete was 50% muslim, and those of them who ended up in Libya and Lebanon still speak Greek (those that went to Anatolia got Turkified). There are still muslim macedonians, Albanians, and Bosnians in large numbers. Due to the devshirme, the Ottoman ruling class had almost no central asian blood. By definition they were all Europeans. "Turk" is nothing but a multicultural melting pot based on religion, that only exclusively adopted the Turkish language to define it in the 19th century, and only by coercion (hence the whole Kurdish issue). The Arab world is less effected by nationalism and it may be easier to see what was. Ethnically a real Arabs is the descendants of Adnan and Qahtan. This is reflected in the policies of the GCC, which don't really count other Arabs as Arabs. Syrians, Egyptians etc, are really Cannanites, Israelites, Phillistines and Egyptians. People who first merged together into the Roman identity under Christianity and then converted to Islam. They couldn't stay as Romans due to the link between Rome and Christianity. But they aren't really Arabs either, even to this day.
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  515. Man, I love this channel and I don't know how I didn't find it before.
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  516. Very cool to see how much this channel has grown in popularity.
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  517. Your channel is a joy to watch, your perspectives fresh and inquisitive, subscribed. Thank you.
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  518. Just like the Mughals who were turks/afghans but saw themselves as Indians, although they held on to their religion (islam) but other than that completely assimilated to indian culture to the point that after emperor Akbar all other Mughal Emperors had Rajput blood in them because the Empress of india was a Hindu Rajput. Rajputs were basically maternal relatives of Mughal Emperors.
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  519. Your videos are great, high quality, and contains a lot of information. I hope u make more of them.
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  520. I always love some Virginia history, I had not known of this library before
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  521. i remember seeing your channel and when I noticed the 1-2k subscribers only (at the time) i had to support you with a follow. love the content, and I am certain in the next year you will see a VERY large following appear! cheers 🍻🍻
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  522. I'll be honest; I avoided this video for a long time because I assumed it was a meme video.
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  523. They aren't Romans because they dont saw themselves as romans, they saw as governing romans, if they saw themselves as romans and had the history of the Roman Empire as a bases for the ideology of rule, as the byzantines had, they would been romans. Even been Turks would not be a problem of legitimacy, because be roman had changed from ethnicity to the ideia of been part of the Roman civilianization. They saw themselves a continuation of a Arabic-Persian Empire that dominate roman peoples and land, so the key is the self view, if they had saw themselves as a dynasty, they would be romans.
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  524. To paint this in broad strokes, it strikes me that our deference to the wheel as a defining characteristic of cultural evolution and progress is based on the assumption that it's a "good" thing. I'm not saying it's bad, but our celebration of technological innovation is not necessarily an objective evaluation of progress. The wheel is a big deal only because we say it is. Devising better ways to carry more products to market displays a bit of a bean-counter mentality that we all take for granted. Just sayin'.
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  525. Man I love this channel and good luck on 300k! My friends and I have developed a long time fascination with Mongolian history and culture and this channel has only bolstered that with the perspective and story telling skills you bring; so whatever you do keep bringing interesting stories and historical perspective and I'll support it
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  526. You and me would be fun at a bar. Just to each other though, everyone else would think it was terribly boring how we wax poetic about madness, ancient stories , and mythology and theology. I like whiskey sour, first round is on me.
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  527. "They were cheaper to construct...You don't construct a camel" for leaving this in, you've earned yourself a sub
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  528. I just love how you are so well dressed, but have a hobo beard. I identify with you lol
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  529. I watch this video from Russia and I think you make fascinating content.
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  530. Interesting perspective. Although born and raised in Australia , I still get labelled as Rum by some Islamic people . I believe that the composition of Turkiye is a continuation of Rum but Islamic styles . They conquered Aryan and Arab worlds before conquest of Eastern Roman peoples . So in my mind the Turks are a mix of all the areas they ruled . Sure would like the rhetoric of Casus Beli to calm for the sake of peace at home and abroad as it would be beneficial to all involved .
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  531. OMG You cant imaginehow grateful i am right now it is really hard to tell this to people.
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  532. On a serious note, Minecraft is going to add camels for the first time next month.
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  533. Lonerbox made a video about this as well Like you, he went into detail how the wheel was impractical and it would have been too expansive and take too long to build roads for the wheel to work, so they just used the camel for convenience and cost reasons
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  534. Absolutely fantastic. Thank you kindly, sir. Well done.
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  535. Interesting that the US used Celsius back then. Wonder what made them switch.
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  536. I absolutely loved this video. I really cannot stress enough how fantastic of a listen that was.
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  537. Great content!
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  538. This is my favorite thing on the internet.
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  539. Great history vid!
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  540. Fine analysis. Thank you.
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  541. Thank you for explaining this!
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  542. Thanks!
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  543. What an awesome channel. Super appreciate the inclusion of sources. Thanks for the content!
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  544. Thank you for highlighting other world events in your timeline! We rarely see that, but history does not happen in a bubble, and there's always other interesting contemporaneous events.
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  545. A lot of the Ottomans had Roman blood because many of them married Roman princesses, so they had Roman nobility or royalty in their blood in many occasions. Also to note the Roman catholic church recognized Muhamed fatih as the kaiser of Rome
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  546. 22:55 no way he threw in the proposed Newfoundland flag in there and thought I wouldn't notice
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  547. Our western culture, especially American culture, is so uncharitable to the past. We're so quick to consider ourselves inherently superior to our forebears simply by the virtue of being "progressive" and advanced. The arrogance of presentism and futurism bothers me a lot.
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  548. Great Video! Informative and the audio quality was great. Look forward to your future vids
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  549. 1:58 Barney Fife walks in? Oh wait, it's just the milkman, voting for Dewey in what's supposed to be a secret ballot. Which reminds me of an election joke. My grandfather worked counting ballots. 1940, southern Mississippi. "Roosevelt"... Roosevelt"... "Roosevelt"... "Wilkie"... "Roosevelt"... "Wilkie-- aw shoot, we gotta throw out the ballots. Some damn fool voted twice".
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  550. Fascinating!
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  551. Sending gratitude from a Quanzhen Daoist monastery near Seattle! 💙
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  552. This channel is quite the oasis. I watch very little television, and watch/listen to very little fiction. On most other history channels I have to endure a presenter that speaks, for reasons I cannot understand, in a seemingly intentional, strange accent or intonation, over absurd sound effects or music...just to be weird, I guess. Besides being irritating, it can be from laborious, to downright excruciating and unbearable to endure. It is a problem that I would never have guessed I would have with trying to learn history. Here, finally, is a guy that just talks to us like a normal person does. Truly, an oasis.
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  553. Just discovered your channel, and I must say I enjoy how you present the information—subbed and look forward to more content!
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  554. Commenting for the algorithm! Good video.
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  555. This was amazing. Please make many more!
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  556. Happy belated Genghis Khan Day, everyone!
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  557. 2:37 Washington owned a great many enslaved people, or if you're watching from Texas or Florida, foreign workers who took advantage of Washington by not paying him for the skills and valuable experience they gained while employed by him.
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  558. Great presentation. This information certainly helped clarify a few questions I have had for a long time, but I suppose I was just to lazy to research. Thank you for making this!
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  559. Another fantastic video!
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  560. One of the titles of the Ottoman sultans was the sultan of the Rum land. The Ottomans destroyed Eastern Roman in name only. Apart from that, they took the whole system, its lands, its people, its traditions. The central lands of Eastern Roman were Asia Minor. And most of their dynasties were also of Asia Minor origin. For example, the Komnenian Dynasty emerged from my region, Paphlagonia. Both Roman and Ottoman identity were preserved until the Republican period. However, with the spread of the nation-state idea, all the peoples of Asia Minor were united under the Türk identity.
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  561. Another banger of a video, this channel is excellent ❤
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  562. Great job and very interesting view on many well known facts
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  563. I would try to introduce the idea of hand washing. For my efforts, no doubt, I would be executed.
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  564. Most of the mothers of Ottoman Sultans were actually of Greek or Christian origin. So genetically Ottoman Sultans were more Roman than Turkish. This is my personal opinion. I am from Bangladesh.
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  565. great video as always!
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  566. before this video i had never really seen the ottomans as a continuation, but they really could be. After the 1453 collapse, the holy romans were probably more legitimate than the ottomans. but the ottomans were continuing almost everything the eastern romans had done, and told everyone they were going to. Now I just have to figure out wether the roman empire fell in 1806 or 1922
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  567. "the reason for this is a little arcane, but if you got this far in the video you're probably really into this"😆
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  568. My family came from Italy and had a very successful business selling ice and coal to homes……
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  569. more gengis khan content please
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  570. This has turned into one of my favorite accounts on YouTube.
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  571. History was my least favorite subject in school, probably due to bad teachers who couldn't keep me engaged. I'm happy I discovered your channel, the way you present topics is finally making me appreciate the subject
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  572. Heard the pronunciation of "J-enghis" Khan and now I'm questioning my entire life.
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  573. I knew this was going to be a horrid comment section, but my gods, you say "Africans didn't use the wheel for real reasons, not because they were primitive or anything like that" and immediately the KKKlan leaders spring forth from their burrows to crusade against the idea that Africans...were...people.
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  574. just a reminder that Premodernist is the GOAT
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  575. Plus, it's not like 15th-century Byzantines bore much resemblance to Augustan-era Romans.
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  576. This is great! You will definitely see success if you keep at it!
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  577. thanks alot for clearing this up
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  578. I'll watch all your history lessons if you keep em coming sir 💯
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  579. Great video! Do you have a blog or substack?
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  580. I made it to the end of the video because I find American history, in all its aspects, fascinating.
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  581. cool education, data, and footage!
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  582. Today I discovered your channel and glad I did.
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  583.  @premodernist_history  Indeed and right up until modern times European Turkey (at its height covering the whole Balkans) was referred to as Rumelia (nowadays known as Trakya or Thrace)
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  584. Underrated channel
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  585. Excellent. Thank you.
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  586. Great lecture sir, a wonderfu intro to US politics and a fair balance of the history. Almost absolutely perfect. I have recommended this to my child who is studying history in HS and looking at making it their focus in college. Please continue the series through Adams and Jefferson's administrations.
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  587. Very interesting topic, thanks
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  588. HES BACK
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  589. From a different area that I know something about: in Japan there is also a lot of "weird" things about names. First thing is that they put the surname first (as everybody in East Asia) second is that in some contexts given names are used where an American would use a surname. For example somebody studying works of the early 20th century (as the Japanese would say "Taisho", after the name of the imperial era at the time) writer Miyazawa Kenji would describe themselves, half jokingly maybe, as Kenji-gakusha, a Kenjiologist, not a Miyazawaologist. Same with Natsume Soseki or Murakami Haruki. I always found this too familiar of a way to speak about a writer :D Another is the tradition of changing names with Samurais. One of course changed their name if they took buddhist vows but also for any other reason. So the person known to history as Tokugawa Ieyasu was born Matsudaira Takechiyo and had several other names during his lifetime. Relatedly, several centuries before the time of this person, the Heian era aristocrats of course had names, several of them in fact, but typically when talking to each other they used their titles instead. This makes reading things like the Tale of Genji in original especially demanding (apart from being written in a thousand years old version of Japanese that is barely understandable even if you know the modern language perfectly) because I distinctly remember there being one character that changed their job in the middle of the book and their name changes too but the reader is supposed to infer that they are the same person! Talking about Genji, this extends to the writer too: she is known to us as Murasaki Shikibu but that isn't her name. Murasaki is a nickname based supposedly on the character of Wakamurasaki ("young gromwell", a flower) from the book (or maybe it was the other way around?) and Shikibu is the title (job) of her father, minister of ceremonies or something like that. Her name was probably Fujiwara no Takako but we are not sure. Most other female Heian writers are like that - Murasaki's rival Sei Shonagon's name comes from her surname Kiyohara (the Sei part, that character is read Sei or Kiyo) and Shonagon is the title of her father, lesser councilor of the state. Mitsuchina no Haha, an author of a famous journal called Kagero Nikki is called after his son as "Mitsuchina's Mother". It kinda seems that their personal names were considered quite intimate by people at that time, something not to share with strangers. Oh, and talking about fantasy books: I feel like they used to have more of this "exotic naming styles" flavour but that kinda went out of style with the sword and sorcery subgenre being replaced by more "serious" styles of writing in the genre. We after all have Elric of Melniboné and Gerald of Rivia :D
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  590. Ah yes, the video that I wanted as a teenager 25 years ago. Here it is! Thank you so much, good sir. I've watched a number of your videos so far, and I have to say I very much appreciate your approach to history. You seem to have a fascination and enjoyment of history with a sort of purity, untainted by bitterness and anger which can so easily sneak in when studying things like kings and religions and other emotional topics, as history always does.
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  591. Well in school we (in greece ) refer to them as byzantines but we are also taught that it was the contnuation of the Roman empire . Basically the two last subjects we had to learn at the first grade of highschool are called "the transition from roman to byzantine " Telling us about the split of the empire and reaching as far as the "Νεαρές" lawcode of Justinian being the first lawcode written in greek . After that the hole" roman or greek" debate is sealed with the first two lessons of the second grade speaking about the change of official language from latin to greek( due to the greek or greek-speaking nature of the romans of the time ) , and after that we see how the process continues until we reach manzikert or even the Macedonian restoration when the "Byzantine" emperors themshelves aknowledged they were greeks.
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  592. I watched the whole 19 minutes of your video, it was nice hearing it as a person who knows both English and Arabic . It was also informative for me not gonna lie 😆
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  593. your content is wonderful, thank you for being consciencous about your influence. More videos about travel accounts would be awesome! You mentioned a travel account in your time travel video and doing a more in depth video on it would be super cool.
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  594. "Camels were easier to construct..." 🤣
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  595. He likes to ride and shoot! We will make him an honorary American! Yeeeeeeeha!
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  596. I often wonder how world history would have played out had disease not nearly wiped out the Americas or at least not have been so destructive.
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  597. great channel bro, happily subbed
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  598. Great storytelling
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  599. I was just watching an older vid of yours hoping for a new one soon. Ty!! Can't wait to watch this one later
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  600. Glad I found you, good videos :)
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  601. Nice video
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  602. Love this channel
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  603. Or as Carl Sagan would say, BILLIONS and BILLIONS of people.
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  604. Great video, already subscribed. Where de you recommend to get more info in the topic, really interesting stuff my G
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  605. Genghis Khan day ! I like it. The stories of travelers of history are indeed enlightening. Thx for the story. ✌️
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  606. Fabulous job bro well done and keep up the good work ❤❤
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  607. If you watched 1 more minute you would’ve gotten your answer
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  608. I, as a Kurdish, think Ottomans were Romans. Because, in my city older people name them Romans whoever coming from The Middle or Western Anatolia not just dynasty. Romî is the name for westerns.
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  609. Amazing content 👍🏽thank you 🙏🏼
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  610. Warhammer 40K has interesting naming. Adeptus Custodes don't have normal names. Their name is a collection of their deeds and they can have like 50 part long name, obviously it's usually shortened to one thing. Space Marines also don't have like a normal naming system. Once they become a space marine they just take one single name. Primarchs also just had names according to the conventions of their world. Mass Effect also has interesting naming conventions. The Quarians would have a name like: ThierName of the name of the ship they serve on. Krogans first name is just a random sound, preferably without any meaning, and when they mature it's random sound + the name of the clan they join.
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  611. Good video!
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  612. good video, i love it
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  613. Banger Video
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  614. I like this guy’s style.
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  615. Only 5 names? Laughs in Latino 🤣
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  616. Wow great vid. I'm not even American and don't care at all about how their elections work, but for some reason it hooked me to the end.
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  617. Could you please stop? Genkhis: Nu >:(
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  618. But this version is so much less sensational! We want to hear about dramatic blazes wiping out thousand year old texts from the only intellectual source on earth, setting humanity back by centuries intellectually.
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  619. as an Egyptian, when you mentioned people by their full names they would`nt really stand to me; until you just say the part they are called; or famous for, then it hits me like. . . yeah i know this guy and i actually know some stuff about him, good informative video
    3
  620. Great content ❤
    3
  621. So cool! I can't wait for 1800!
    3
  622. omg. Is that Strongbad on your shirt?
    3
  623. Awesome video. A good point well presented. Additionally, I think you should make a History of Persia podcast, and I will note so on every video you release.
    3
  624. Instantly you've hooked me to your channel.
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  625. Nice, succinct and accurate!!! Thank you 🙂
    3
  626. You nailed it. The Europeans had advance shock troops in the form of the smallpox virus.
    3
  627. Funny, in high school I didn't get it and I didn't care. Now that I'm much older this seems so interesting.
    3
  628. Such a treat whenever you upload 🙏🙏
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  629. I appreciate you being so respectful discussing this. Thank you.
    3
  630. You forgot the aliens. I know because I'm a Histroy Channel historical scholar.
    3
  631. I like your videos a lot, man.
    3
  632. I blame book worms
    3
  633. Damn good presentation.
    3
  634. This is such a cool collab between two of my favorite YouTubers!
    3
  635. Another objective, well researched, perfectly narrated video. Love the work you do!
    3
  636. I just found your channel and I have very quickly fallen in love with your content. Thank you very much for your uploads 🙏
    3
  637. I'm liking where this is headed, subbed
    3
  638. Keep doing what you doing!
    3
  639. i love this channel so much, this whole style of presentation really resonates with me and makes me actually listen. keep doing what you're doing man, it's so good! <3
    3
  640. There is a manuscript from Malay Sultanate hundreds of years ago addressing them as Rom Istambol and not Ottoman.
    3
  641. Awesome video as usual!
    3
  642. Great breakdown love your content
    3
  643. HOW DO YOU ONLY HAVE 8k SUBS YOU DESERVE MORE!!!
    3
  644. Iran's flag design is unironically my new favorite thing.
    3
  645. Just got recommended this video. Instantly subscribed. Awesome content!
    3
  646. Hiya, great video! One thing i always wonderd is that it seems for most of persian history parts if not all of afganistan was in the empire. At the 32:50 mark of the video you talk about the british pushing up out of the indian planes but afghanistan was never made a colony do you know why it was taken then ?
    3
  647. Boy am I glad I found your channel. All topics you chose to cover are super interesting and covered in a really easy yet informed way. Thank you
    3
  648. You're doing well and right i agree with you....
    3
  649. i like some pumpkin pie
    3
  650. nisbas can go more detailed, so tribe family trees might have branches and an all-encompassing tribe name. and you can choose the detail level depending on who asks for your name if they are from the same tribe, you go one branch down and give that.
    3
  651. Loved how in an analogical way the whole argument shifts on Europe and all the statements that are typically used for Africans (or non-Europeans) were made. Great video once again. 👍
    3
  652. Great Video, keep it up! :)
    3
  653. My grandpa (born in 1907) used to make smoked sausage confit.
    3
  654. Bravo! This is easily the best history content in Youtube that I'm aware of.
    3
  655. New subscriber👍
    3
  656. "For some reason, you gotta have blue hair"
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  657. This is fascinating
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  658. My name's Parsa lol Great video... I do live in Iran though, I would be happy to help if there are any questions regarding my country
    3
  659. I liked the clip where the camels pass the car. It really makes the point. Thank you.
    3
  660. i'm impressed by your arabic pronunciation. cheers from an indonesian muslim! :)
    3
  661. Comment for the algorithm: I do like that you made a footnote video about this; it's always nice to have a look at all the extra asides Also, personally speaking (re: format of the video, at 4:09) I do prefer that this.was a normal video; makes it nice because then I don't have to have the video auto-looping in the background while I read the comments (though it does mean that instead I pause the video and make comment replies without necessarily actually watching the video and all the contextless point-missing that implies :/ sorry about making the comments section worse at discourse)
    3
  662. amazing video! we have a similiar thing in somali culture
    3
  663. Hello, I'm Turkish and they don't teach these kind of things in schools of Turkey. However, you have really solid points I highly suggest you to check the İlber Ortaylı's interviews regarding this topic. He's one the most famous Turkish historian (also one of the very few Ottoman expert) and he also describes Ottomans as 3rd Roman Empire in the sense that you described. I remember he once mentionted that: "We as modern Turks have less difficulty to pronuence Latin than italians" that statement alone made me shocked when you consider Turkish has compeletly different origin to any indo-european language. I also suggest you check Mehmed the conquerer he was one of the very few people in history who embraced both western and eastern culture and I'm quite certain that if he hadn't been poisoned we're living in a really different world today. Mehmed the conquerer described by Mr. Ortaylı as "The Last Roman Emperor"
    3
  664. 👏🙂 4:30 chilling indeed
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  665. Exactly 300.000 as time of posting this. I love youe content keep it up
    3
  666. Footnotes!
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  667. The American missionary Eli Smith and G. H. O. Dwight, who traveled through turkey at the beginning of the nineteenth century observed that the turkomans were generally called Turks by the Ottomans, who abhorred the name Turk and proffered to be called Musalmans (Muslims). To the Ottomans, “turk” was a name that belonged to the people of Turkestan and the nomadic hordes who roamed the steppes of khurrusan. They considered themselves civilized Ottomans, and could not understand why Europeans called them Turks. As a sophisticated ruling class, the Ottomans looked down upon the Turkish peasantry, calling them esek Turk (Donkey Turk), and kaba turk (stupid turk). Expressions like “turk-head” and “turk-person” were contemptuously used by ottomans when they wanted to denigrate each other.”
    3
  668. I'm a lur and thanks for this video
    3
  669. Yo. I think Lin Manuel had this dude on speed dial.
    3
  670. You're awesome. Please make more content!
    3
  671. this show is the best
    3
  672. I once changed my name to just my first name. My driver’s license just had one name. After 9/11 I tried to renew my passport and they were like, “yeah, no. You’re gonna need to bring in your birth certificate and other forms of ID”.
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  673. Thanks!
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  674. UNDERRATED CHANNEL! YOU ROCK MAN!
    3
  675. Another one!
    3
  676. Wow I appreciate this video a lot didn’t realise a westerner would even care to know or learn about how Arabs or different ethnic groups adopted the Arabic language where named back then
    3
  677. This is quickly becoming one of my favorite channels
    3
  678. Very easy and interesting watch, thank you!
    3
  679. fascinating. Id like to read it
    3
  680. Roman institutions continued past 476. Odoacer was considered subordinated to the Eastern Roman Emperor despite having deposed Romulus Augustulus Caesar on August 24, 476 A.D. this subordination was the same in ceremony. legality and in application as that of Romulus Augustulus. Odoacer, however, was of Germanic blood. However, a number of North African Roman Emperors such as Caracalla and Septimus Severes, a Thracian Roman Emperor Maxentius Thrax, and other non-Italians had severed as Emperors through much of its history. Theodosius rebuilt much of Roman institutions and buildings and usurped Odoacer but was subordinate to the Eastern Roman Emperor. Justinian falsely charged Theodoric with non-subjugation to him and invaded Italy to establish his own power, even as late as the early seventh century the Eastern Emperor directly ruled the city of Rome and its enclaves, several other small areas in Italy and officially ruled the Germanic Lombard commander of the rest of Italy (but weakly). A portion of the political entity of the Roman empire remained after 1453 until 1479. The Holy Roman Empire of 800 was revived in a new but different incarnation under Otto I in 952. This was later correctly described by Descartes as neither Holy, Roman, or an empire) but rather a loose confederation of over 1000 polities). I therefore do not count the Holy Roman Empire that was dissolved after the defeat of Austria by Napoleon who forced the Holy Roman Emperor to step down and denounce his own divine right to rule given him by a Papal legate, so that Napolean whose rule was legitimized when a Pope handed him a crown which he then placed on his head in 1804 would be the only Holy emperor in Europe.
    3
  681. 😂 I like you man! You made me laugh so hard! I appreciate your critical thinking! It’s a rare attribute!
    3
  682. You know one knows about Iran -- for real -- when he/or she get the pronunciations right. This gentleman's pronunciations as good as an Iranian native. Bravo, and definitely not a fake.
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  683. This is so great
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  684. great subject
    3
  685. This man is brilliant and I sincerely hope that he is a full professor of history in a good school.
    3
  686. Hey that looks like the climate change hockey stick, wonder whether there is a connection...
    3
  687. I'll watch this video after I finish filling out all of those government forms
    3
  688. Well done! The fragments of my knowledge put in order.
    3
  689. I really enjoy this channel, I wish you uploaded more!
    3
  690. I appreciate that 'Roman Empire' label on the map.
    3
  691. I agree with your initial assessment that when speaking in English the language should be referred to as Persian. Just as you used the German/deutch example. It would be linguistically incorrect to use the word Farsi when speaking in English. Simply put, when speaking in Englush we should use the English word for that language which is Persian. On a different note, I can tell you why and how the word farsi enteted into the recent English language. After the 1979 revolution a large number of Iranians immigrated to the US, many of them when asked what language they spoke, simply were not fluent in English and would say they speak "farsi", that's one reason, the second and more regrettable reason is when Iranians who were educated and fluent in English, started using the word "farsi", believing erroneously that they are doing a favor to the persian culture by referring to the language as "farsi". I would summarize my comment by saying the language should be referred to as "Persian" when speaking in English, and it would be linguistically incorrect to call it Farsi, in English. Thank you for your video.
    3
  692. We also do this in bali actually. Menarik sih, antara bali juga dipengaruhi islam/Arab atau di Indonesia sudah ada bentuk lokal dari kunya
    3
  693. Just like Santa, we gave the little boys cigarettes and pennies.
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  694. Thanks!
    3
  695. I honestly would like the 1789 system for choosing a President and Vice President.
    3
  696. Awesome video man! Idk how I just now stumbled across your channel but I like what I'm seeing. Keep up the great work!
    3
  697. Very interesting vid. I have the same thoughts while reading historical travelling accounts: it is somehow a time travelling for myself. And it is also so fascinating hoe these people see each other and their differences. I also like you thoughts at the end: Very true - even though this might be so because an Asian philosopher tends to be unknown to us Europeans as he didnt have much impact on our history. Greetings from Germany.
    3
  698. Another great vid!!
    3
  699. Here since 77.9k
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  700. Im a Taino from Puerto Rico, my grandparents were too, they practiced the Taino culture, which is dense farming in small plots. farming small efficient plots, like turning your backyard into a mini-forest of fruits and veggies with some animals like chickens. My mom's parents were farmers, I miss the farm life very much, my father's parents were fishermen. I also miss going out fishing on the boats, scubadiving, catching lobsters.. That is slowly dying thanks to over population. Why grow your own forest and fish your food when you can go to the store and buy it.... if you have money, so to w joy life, you need money? But I was already enjoying life without it, but then I was forced off my way of life by the capitalist who claims I need to work hard and have money to enjoy life, instead of just farming and fishing and enjoying life without working for someone else...
    3
  701. Super interesting. Subscribed!
    3
  702. “Let’s assume, for the sake of argument, that Europeans are human beings” will never not be the best rhetorical jujitsu ever
    3
  703. this is one of the best youtube comments sections i've ever seen. i've learned nearly as much here as i did from the video above
    3
  704. Thankyou. You are a very good speaker. You depth of knowledge seems unfathomable
    3
  705. More modern Iran history please
    3
  706. This guy sounds like Jeff goldblum from Jurassic Park lol...
    3
  707. Fantastic video. I look forward to seeing your channel grow rapidly
    3
  708. For the first eight minutes I was inwardly screaming "tsetse flies!" I was getting ready to write an angry comment when you finally got around to mentioning them. :P
    3
  709. Bro Please make more videos, you're so knowledgeable and your voice is just 👌
    3
  710. ¡Gracias!
    3
  711. This was an incredibly informative video, thank you for posting it!
    3
  712. I appreciate that you aren’t biased.
    3
  713. Great video, now I'll have to look up more on Changchun. Happy Genghis Khan Day!
    3
  714. Wow, medieval travel accounts, that sounds really cool. I know what I'm getting into next!
    3
  715. Amazing channel!
    3
  716. Excellent account-- keep em coming, American needs to know its history in detail.
    3
  717. Like the unique and interesting topics
    3
  718. I'm Turkish. The answer to your question of whether the Ottomans viewing themselves as a continuation of the Byzantine empire is thought in schools is, no it definitely is not. Unfortunately Turkish history has still a very nationalistic view, even though the country itself has always been fiercely multiethnic. Majority of those ethnicities have long melted within each other, and constitute the largest part of the population, the average Turk. How we ended up in this situation is quite a story in itself.
    3
  719. This is so good. Clear. Great story telling.
    3
  720. I’m a Canadian with A political science degree, who finds himself, explaining American politics to his American wife and children. The parliamentary system is the one I’m most familiar with, and I’ve always found the American government structure kind of perplexing although I do understand it quite well. I rather like the idea of having the most popular vote and second most popular vote go to President and Vice President. I can’t help but think how much better federal politics would be today if the leader of the leader of the republican party and leader of the Democratic Party, became president and vice president. I think that would be a much better representation for the rest of the country. Thanks so much for an educational video.
    3
  721. This is a really fantastic video. Great job.
    3
  722. Great video.
    3
  723. Very interesting approach!
    3
  724. Fantastic video
    3
  725. Always happy to see another video
    3
  726. Where did all of these people come from? Your mom
    3
  727. Nice Strong Bad shirt!!!
    3
  728. Thank you so much for the upload, Premodernist! Your stuff is GREAT!!
    3
  729. I noticed immediately the presenter voice sound like Jeff Goldblum, doesn’t have Jeff’s herky-jerky speech pattern, more akin to Ben Stein👌👏👏👍clear, matter of fact style. 🎉🎉🎉Learn history with Jeff Goldblum🎉🎉🎉
    3
  730. who are you to say i don’t construct a camel?
    3
  731. Thank you for taking the time to put this content out there. Always really enjoyable
    3
  732. Second video of yours that I found, this one and the election of George Washington one. Subscribed and love your videos and learning along with them
    3
  733. We won! We won progress! So funny lol great video love your channel
    3
  734. 1453
    3
  735. Love the homestar strongbad shirt! Great video
    3
  736. Now this is quality content. Blessed forever be the almighty algorithm. New sub 👍
    3
  737. For Saladin his Kunya, Abu al-Muzaffar, works more like a Laqab (Nickname/title) rather then the average Kunya (Sons name). Similar to Abu Bakr (1st Caliph, whose personal name/ism is Abdullah) and Abu Hafs (2nd Caliph, Umar).
    3
  738. Lord of the rings uses the Nasab naming scheme lol
    3
  739. Informative 🎉
    3
  740. Thank you for the well researched content!
    3
  741. Great perspective!
    3
  742. Beautiful video, nice work.
    3
  743. This was cool
    3
  744. Highly fascinating
    2
  745. let's go!, can't wait for the five hour part 3
    2
  746. I’m so happy! I loved your video, ended up binging your whole channel!! ❤
    2
  747. Fascinating! Thank you!
    2
  748. as a turk from istanbul, i view turks of turkey as roman people. if you think about it, the turkic population was far smaller than the roman population at the time. and when you look at turkish people today, most of them look like mediterranean people, not like kazakhs, mongolians or other central asian people. now it's obvious that most of the turks today are decendants of romans who inherited turkish culture. and if the ottoman turks inherited the roman empire, then today, turks must be romans.
    2
  749. Love this kinda minutia.
    2
  750. i love this channel! keep doing this
    2
  751. good video... btw... from the beginning of time until mid-19th century... 2/3 of the world GDP was in India and China this single statistics... usually humbles many Westerners ur correct... their is a superiority complex in the West.. i hate it
    2
  752. Sadly I feel that this skates over the issue of whether Otto III introduced the wheelbarrow to Poland
    2
  753. John Adams got his chance and was an amazing president! The man's willingness to take a back seat for the good of the system is pretty remarkable. Same goes for the whole bunch. And the fact that the Federalists didn't really have anything to worry about since the Anti-Federalists all behaved in good faith. I wish we could get back to good faith politics.
    2
  754. This is quite a sbemail
    2
  755. This is wonderful. Challenging racist assumptions with simple, clear questions and examples. Thank you.
    2
  756. This was very cool. You have earned a new sub from me. Great job.
    2
  757. 6:02 This is where it gets GOOOOOOOOD!!!!
    2
  758. nice i been waiting on this for a minute
    2
  759. Within 7 days!
    2
  760. I am from Spain, and honestly this is a fascinating topic
    2
  761. Next you're going to say Pluto isn't a planet, and Santa isn't real
    2
  762. Very interesting, I thought this was for to be something else due to the name. I thought you got the channels name because your not a damn postmodernist and your cleaning your room.
    2
  763. I think you have the cause and effect backwards. The industrialization of agriculture didn't cause the growth in population. It was the result in the growth in the population. You can see that now. Modern agriculture is even more industrialized than it was in the 1960s and 1970s. But global birth rates have dropped to around 2.5 children per woman (or family, however you want to count it). The growth in population came about because of better hygiene and public health measures. The demand to feed more people led to the industrialization of agriculture to meet that demand.
    2
  764.  @premodernist_history  tbh i kinda love it. Granted it would be nice if we lived in a world without racism, but so long as racists still exist, I'm quite happy to see them (unintentionally) promote a video refuting their own ideology.
    2
  765. When the Holy Roman Emperor abdicated in 1806 he didn't dissolve the empire... he just abdicated... the Roman Empire still exists!
    2
  766. Interesting video
    2
  767. Excellent. Give us MOAR!
    2
  768. I loved the video! Didn't know the channel 'till now, but when I have the time I'll binge all of it
    2
  769. very knowledgeable video, learnt many new things, being a muslim knew few things like didn't knew what exactly they were called like "kunya" , "nasab", "nisba" etc. great content, really appreciate it.
    2
  770. Enjoy it, 👍 Thanks 👏 👏 👍 👍
    2
  771. 11 year old me in 8th grade American history class would never think he would enjoy learning this as much as I just did. Does that make me an old man? 😂
    2
  772. Wow outstanding work great job Sir 👏👏 All the love from Algeria 🇩🇿 Thank you
    2
  773. I just discovered you your voice is so calm
    2
  774. Damn youtube algorithm got me pegged
    2
  775. Great video
    2
  776. What a beautifully constructed YouTube video. thank you
    2
  777. Thanks!
    2
  778. Thanks for sharing Sr
    2
  779. In case you knew or assume the tribe name but you don't know the first name of the person you would say : YA AKHA SHAYBAN, in case of the Shaybani, it means " our brother from Shayban tribe" In case you meet a total stranger with no clue to his name(s), you say : YA AKHA AL ARAB. It means " an Arab brother"
    2
  780. Amazing video! Love someone whose passionate about their topic and it just shows !
    2
  781. Good video 👍
    2
  782. I was nervously clicking on this video wondering if I was about to here some incredibly racist stuff lol, so I'm glad it was not that. This makes a lot of sense, and reminds me of similar things I've watched and read that talked about the importance of geography in human civilization, such as having easily navigable rivers available
    2
  783. this is so helpful for APUSH
    2
  784. Great video!
    2
  785. The election was weird because of Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton. And there's a million things he hadn't done. But just you wait.
    2
  786. Keep up the good work. Your content is very intresting, binge-worthy :)
    2
  787. George Washington still the greatest U.S. President in my mind🎉
    2
  788. This is a great video 👍
    2
  789. You should do podcasts sir. I bet you it would be a hit
    2
  790. Welcome back!
    2
  791. I really enjoyed this video, so I had to check out your other videos as well. I think your channel is going to explode very soon.
    2
  792. I just found your channel and I love your videos. Your angle for teaching history is very interesting! Keep it up.
    2
  793. @Premodernist  Can you pretty please do a few more videos, perhaps a series, on Mideavil myths that just won't die?!?!? Like: No one ever believed the Earth was flat. Washington Irving wrote that in his biography of Christopher Columbus in the 1800s and it stuck in the social conciousness. The Catholic church wasn't anti learning, they were pro learning because God created everything, everything a person could learn would only bring them closer to God. People didn't suddenly become stupid after the fall of the Roman Empire. Some knowledge was lost over generations, but that paved the way for new ideas and art forms like Gothic architecture, etc. Would Love it if you could. I enjoy your work immensely!
    2
  794. "I don't know if you're familiar with Star Trek," he said, casually, to 152,000–204,000 people, as though they were each about to answer. (That cracked me up more than it should have.)
    2
  795. good video
    2
  796. We, as Arabs, are proud of our lineage. A man must bear the name of his ancestors and his tribe, which is a cause for pride. For us, a man is not affiliated with a land or profession as a name for the family. Rather, it must be attributed to a man. Currently, some lineages are lost in the region of the Levant, because they are now attributed to professions or lands in which they were born. For example, Nabulsi is attributed to the Palestinian city of Nablus, or the goldsmith is attributed to the profession of goldsmithing, but most Arabs today still maintain their lineage that has been connected for thousands of years. years. Sorry for taking long
    2
  797. Thanks!
    2
  798.  @premodernist_history  yes. Camelopard is spelled how it the Greek would be Anglicized. Which is interesting because giraffe comes from the French girafe from the Arabic زرافة (zarafatan)
    2
  799. Just one word for this video, perfect 👌
    2
  800. as a Turk and a big fan of history,i can say, many Turkish and Ottoman sourses shows and says that also the Ottomans saw them self as a continuation of the Romans.this fact is not related with any religion or nationalities..also Romans switched from Paganism to Cristianity,they did excists as well from a lot different races..esspecially Mehmet the conqurer called him self in many sources as the new Roman emperor.
    2
  801. No 'like and subscribe ' segment is refreshing
    2
  802. removed = "taken down" in nato parlence
    2
  803. As a Alaskan my self this is interesting
    2
  804. Enjoying this series.
    2
  805. Thank you. Enjoyed the whole video. Not a "hardcore Alaska Purchase fan," but an interesting subject i knew little about.
    2
  806. Umm... keep up the good work. This episode is awesome! Well done👍🏽
    2
  807. Nicely explained... Thanks
    2
  808. In the beginning of the video you kinda sound like Hugbees
    2
  809. All the but hurt Europeans in the comments 😂😂 If you read history you will see he is correct.
    2
  810. As a Turk, we were not taught this idea. However, some say that you are Muslim Greeks. :D I think what you say is true in terms of ethnicity. However, in other aspects, Turks brought a whole different culture and system, whilst got influenced by the dominant culture in Asia Minor. I believe most of us would have greek origins and many of the greeks would have similar ethnic backgrounds.
    2
  811. Wow this is a great video! The way you explain the situation is so clear and unbiased.
    2
  812. Thanks, I've always wondered about this
    2
  813. “The election of George Washington was weirder than you think.” Bold of you to assume I’ve ever thought about it at all.
    2
  814. So glad I found this channel, very informative and well done, thank you for sharing your expertise and time
    2
  815. This is super detailed, coolio
    2
  816.  @premodernist_history  honestly, i’ve played games like Civ my whole life and i’ve never critically analyzed how the tech tree is just kind of implicit and the effect that could have. and that definitely has left this latent assumption that european technological development is the default or best way.
    2
  817. Great video! Subbed
    2
  818. Enjoying your videos and I hit the subscribe button keep em coming.
    2
  819. da goat
    2
  820. Great video. Really interesting
    2
  821. Thank you for the recommendation Youtube
    2
  822. Thanks
    2
  823. Brb gonna construct a camel
    2
  824. thanks for the video!
    2
  825. Very good channel, I like how I can listen to you at work
    2
  826. Fascinating, I always wonder what or how the country was run during the interim period when the U.S. states became independent in 1776 and the amendments made to the U.S. constitution.
    2
  827. Great video specially the end, everyone interested in history should understand well the end idea
    2
  828. And George Clinton eventually went on the form the P-funk All Stars and everything turned out ok.
    2
  829. Finally a channel where I can listen to Louis CK lecture me on super interesting diverse topics.
    2
  830. Really cool story!
    2
  831. Thank you!
    2
  832. Egyptians are called Egyptian after the Arabs conquered and assimilated it even with Mamluk rulers no? So you could draw the same conclusion for the Ottomans. It depends as what you see as being Roman (being Italic, cultural Roman, faith, government form).
    2
  833. Funniest thumbnail I've ever seen
    2
  834. Heard tidbits of this in gov't class. This is interesting.
    2
  835. I enjoyed the discussion and I found your reasoning at the end very commendable. I look forward to your future videos about Chinggis Khaan coming out whenever they may!
    2
  836. You make such fascinating videos. Keep it up.
    2
  837. Excellent video, very interesting topic. I loved how you turned the questioning around on to Europe, I think it's a very good way of getting us in the west to think of history outside the perspective we're used to. It's a shame about the racists in the comments, they're really quite sad.
    2
  838. I read Ottoman historical chronicles in the original language and find little evidence of “Roman” identity beyond occasional references to the territory of Rum or Rumelia (present day Balkans) or very rare invocations of Kayseri Rum, a title that is abused as a piece of evidence for the claim that the Ottomans were “Roman.” Ottoman institutions and imperial ideology were developed and influenced by much older Persian concepts of kingship that pre and post-date Islam. Furthermore the Sultan is rarely called Kayser-i Rum by Ottoman authors, the term more often used is the Persian Padişah-ı Hümayun (Felicitous Emperor). Ottoman imperial institutions were heavily defined by Islamic learning and the juridical officials, as well as the Sufi dervish orders. People mention the influence of Byzantines on the Ottoman Empire but in practice that meant little. The fetish to transform or invoke the Ottoman Empire as “Roman” says more about contemporary obsessions over successors to Rome than the empire itself.
    2
  839. I enjoyed this, and the original video, tremendously.
    2
  840. Finally a new video. Thanks for your work. Really interesting!
    2
  841. I'd like to add anecdotal evidence about the expression "I'm Roman". As a person born and raised in Rome, I use the term "Roman" as "person from the city of Rome, Latium, Italy". Non-Italian Europeans find it very weird when i say "I'm Roman" (in english or in german): they think of Julius Ceasar. While saying "I'm Roman" in modern Italian literally means: i was born / raised in Rome. And that is associated with "romanesco" (italian dialect spoken in Rome), a certain friendly rudeness (allegetly a character trait of inhabitants of Rome), and specific dishes (pasta alla carbonara, cacio e ceci, etc.).
    2
  842. Finally another vid of yours. Do this full time. Please? 😮‍💨
    2
  843. You get a like, but DEFINITELY click bait 😂🎉
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  844. You should do a collab with The Historian's Craft. Very similar methodology and depth of analysis.
    2
  845. Me too 1950s man, me too.
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  846. Still to this day people of Greek origin in Turkey are called Rum (bit more complex than that but that's the short version)
    2
  847. Please make more videos. You mention so many details I’ve never heard before in any videos and they’re important things. I’m learning a lot on your few videos you have.
    2
  848. I hope you continue making more videos explaining complex topics in clear terms. Thank you
    2
  849. I like some pumpkin pie, too.
    2
  850. tell me that you're a Jeff Goldbloom impersonator...
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  851. He took الغَزَالي and mistook it for الغَزّْل which means something to do with flirting 😂.
    2
  852. As an orthodox Christian and a Greek, I know that I am a Roman. If any Turk (from Turkey) considers themselves a son of Rome as well, they have good reason to do so.
    2
  853. Potato isnt just calories per acre... it's also manpower as well. Wheat, ya gotta harvest it, seperate the seed from the chaff, grind it into a fine powder, then thru voodoo magic, sprinkle some pixie dust on it and bake it (who and how did anyone ever figure out yeast?). It takes a lot of people to turn wheat into food. Potato, you pluck it up out of the ground and boil it. That allowed the movement of massive numbers of people off the farms, and into cities (or in Prussia's case, the army). Without the potato, industrialization wouldnt have happened...
    2
  854. Did you know the Europeans didn't even invent gunpowder? They had to learn it from the Chinese. What a bunch of idiots. They must have inferior genetics. It's arbitrary to take a particular piece of technology that a group of people didn't create and use it as an argument against the intelligence of that group. That's what this video is attempting to address. Think of it this way. Nobody invented the wheel, or agriculture, or metal, or writing for tens possibly hundreds of thousands of years. In fact we've not had these things many times longer than we've had them. So if there is an argument to be made about someone's ancestors being dumb it should really apply to all of us and if anything the occasional discovery of new tech historically has been a very rare thing that then spreads out. If there is any cope here it's the racists that want to use the one out of a billion of their ancestors who figured out they could roll something on an axel as an argument that their non-inventing asses are somehow superior by virtue of that discovery.
    2
  855. Love the Strong Bad tee.
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  856. The flaw in the system was exposed in 1800 when Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received exactly the same number of electoral votes. Since neither had a majority the vote went to the House of Representatives where Jefferson was elected President with the help of Alexander Hamilton. As a result the Constitutional Amendment was made effective so we have the present system where the President and Vice President are separately identified on the ballot.
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  857. Thank you so much. This primer was very interesting for an American who was not taught this in public school or even college.   fwiw - your coverage of Iranian recent history - the 20th century - was no more abridged than the other bits. Several minutes on just a few decades dwarfed the time on centuries earlier! But of course people are always more sensitive to recent history with which they have deep knowledge, documents, memory and strong opinion.
    2
  858. Great video.
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  859. äußerst faszinierend
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  860. Great video!
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  861. Interesting. Thank you for sharing
    2
  862. Thanks!
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  863. Awesome video I love your channel. Can't wait to watch you grow
    2
  864. Great video. I'm glad that I found your channel.
    2
  865. I like some pumpkin pie
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  866. Outstanding. Thank you so much for doing this, and for doing it so well. Clear and objective. I appreciate you.
    2
  867. So glad i found your channel! Pure history and facts!! Gonna be bingeing your content today
    2
  868. May Allah guide you to Islam
    2
  869. That man and his pumpkin pie 😄
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  870. I agree with other commenters, this was clear, I didn’t get distracted for some reason, subscribed.
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  871. thank you, thank you, thank you, .......from ya black cousin in nashville salute my guy for the knowledge....i thought i knew now i know........gerrymandering was baked in cause people dont trust others to have their best interest at heart. reminds me of the guy from the movie a beautiful mind who came up with the social engineering with a zero sum game . who basically came up with a equation that pits people against one another and motivates them to be in competition with those same folks , yet able to work alongside them.....which is how corporate offices work
    2
  872. What an interesting video I came across this morning. I’ve always find kahn interesting. Subscribed.
    2
  873. I think it's a pretty interesting topic, I always thought that Ottomans weren't seeing themselves as Turks and that was the reason why a lot of the rebel happened. They told Turkmans barbarians, old-fashioned, uncivilized; killed and moved them to other side of the county: Balkans for prevent rebellions. I also read from a book (Doğan Avcıoğlu - Türklerin Tarihi: Birinci Kitap) that most of the important people in Ottoman Empire such as kadıs (Some kind of judges.) called themselves Rums which means Romainen just like you told in the video so briefly I don't think most of the Ottoman family and people in high statues weren't calling themselves Turks because they thought they were barbarians and uncivilized people but they also need to control those people so they make people think they were Turks (which they were) but they think they weren't turk and they were Rum (which they weren't). I hope it was comprehensible, sorry if I made some grammer or/and meaning mistakes.
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  874. Are you CGP Grey?😂
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  875. Waaaaaaay better than CGP Grey!
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  876. Uncured meat would be eaten immediately after butchering the animal though. You simply keep the animal alive until then. Unlike today, where we are eating meat that is 'starting to turn' all the time.
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  877. Comment to help boost agorithm, thank you for the lack of annoying edit, bgm and being straight to the point.
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  878. I'm not an American but I do want to know how the greatest country on earth started to be.
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  879. Bro very good video
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  880. great video
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  881. this was such a great video. i really appreciate you making it and i’m glad i saw it.
    2
  882. Why do I keep watching this video?? Why is this story so fascinating??
    2
  883. Show up for the history, stay for the history, remember it for the Strong Bad t-shirt 😁😎
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  884. Thank you! Very well done and those extra pieces added to the enjoyment
    2
  885. Spices were also way way more expensive than meat, so it really doesn't make sense to have them just to mask smells.
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  886. Well done!
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  887. Strong Bad!!! Making the making of the bacon, and the taking what we taking, YEHAHHHH
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  888. It should also be mentioned that some Greek scholars/philosophers referred to the Sultan as 'Basileus' even in private letters. Basileus means rightful ruler, as opposed to 'Tyranos', which means unrightful ruler.
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  889. You are the first person who has made history interesting for me
    2
  890. I could listen to this guy explain "how to install a kitchen faucet"
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  891. Tldw, people always loved to sensationalize history or fasly retell it to blame groups of people
    2
  892. I remember reading something a while ago about the introduction of surnames in Turkey, which was mandated by Ataturk when he was in power. A lot of Turks didn't really appreciate being forced by the government to change their names so they would pick entirely random, even stupid or profane words to be their family surnames, while in their day-to-day lives still using the name they'd always used. But then fast forward 100 years to the present day, now that western-style surnames are fully established in Turkey, many Turks are stuck with odd or even embarrassing surnames that there is no easy process to change.
    2
  893. “Can u not”
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  894. Really appreciate the strongbad shirt
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  895. I just came upon your videos yesterday and instantly subscribed. I've never had history explained in such an engaging, analytical and accurate way. I will be binged watching all your videos sir!
    2
  896. The George Washington Election vid piqued my interest; this vid convinced me to subscribe.
    2
  897. JAN. 7, '89 .... STUART! ... BLACKBURN .... who will WIN?!?!?!
    2
  898. An Indian holy man said to Alexander the Great - "King Alexander, every man can possess only so much of the earth' surface as this we are standing on. You are but human like the rest of us, save that you are always busy and up to no good, traveling so many miles from your home, a nuisance to yourself and to others. Ah well! You will soon be dead, and then you will own just as much of this earth as will suffice to bury you."
    2
  899.  @premodernist_history  certainly, he has also really great sense of humor you may check "teke tek" videos on youtube with subtitles where he, Celal Şengör and Fatih Altaylı discusses any topic which relates social/physical sciences.
    2
  900. You're gonna be the next Vsauce combined with Ray William Johnson and Smosh. Keep it up m8
    2
  901. Dear Sir it was very educational as you divided ➗ to deferent sections, thanks 😊 🙏 so much 😀 but do you not think subject as 2900 years of most important country Sach as Persian history all together Middlest par of the world that we know now need much longer videos 📹 maybe many videos . Dear Sir you have ability and knowledge , I like to in courage 👍 you to put your time and knowledge to good use I am sure you will have good results and good followers in all over the world 🌎 best 👌 wishes cyrus from Thailand 🇹🇭 i enjoyed very much good luck for future 😀 😊
    2
  902. Third vid of yours I've watched. Amazing stuff, thanks for the learning!!
    2
  903. So grateful I found your channel!
    2
  904. Very good and interesting video! Like and share and sub
    2
  905. Fantastic video! I am very happy to have subscribed. I would love a deep dive into some of our more obscure flags such as Appeal to Heaven
    2
  906. -Starts as the smallest turkish beylik -Conquers constantinople, changes an entire age (based move) -Dominates 3 continents and becomes both the richest and strongest empire on earth (godlike) -Is so f*cking strong that it takes 200 years of internal and external effort to eventually destroy (lives 620 years) -Refuses to elobarate further.
    2
  907. I really enjoyed the reversal of eurocentrism at the end of the camel segment of the video.
    2
  908. Fantastic summary!
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  909. awesome channel
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  910. This has quickly become one of my favorite history channels on YT. Keep em coming doc!
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  911. beautifiul video and....you know one of the last uses of the trebuchet?? during the siege of tenochititlan by the conquistadores since they did not have enough ammunition and gunpowder (and cannons in general...) for their cannons
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  912. NEW VIDEO
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  913. I love the fact he’s wearing a strong bad shirt
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  914. I swear I could fall asleep to anything you read . Totally not a diss. I love your tone and inflection. Also your non nonsense way of explaining things. It comforts me. Thanks buddy for making this interesting but also bland in a good way.
    2
  915.  @premodernist_history  I thought I recognised it. Ah, those were the days! :)
    2
  916. A deep dive tour de force.
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  917. Great video, deep knowledge is evident
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  918. "You don't construct a camel" Dead
    2
  919. I am pleased that you cite your sources throughout and provide a crawling bibliography at the end.
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  920. what an awful example. you're simply completely wrong. sounds like you've been mentally conquered and you're desperately trying to make everything fit you're 'we're all the same' taught propaganda.
    2
  921. Love this content. Incredibly informative and insightful. I wish I had you for a history professor!
    2
  922. This is an amazing video! I love your delivery.
    2
  923. I love your work! Thanks!
    2
  924. I'm not American (I've never even been in the States) and I made it to the end of the video. Why? It has been, will be and is a cool subject and the video was pretty nice; granted: it was just a guy talking (I like that, by the way) but he was talking in a right pace and right to the point. Thanx.
    2
  925. Let’s goooo new video!!!!
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  926. Your vids are GREAT. I keep recommending you to my fam/friends. Keep it up I will pay lmao
    2
  927. Interesting!
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  928. NEAT learned something!
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  929. Great job in filling in many missing details of historical significance that I wasn't aware of!
    2
  930. Nice
    2
  931. I'm so happy I've found your channel :D
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  932. Really cool channel, looking forward to watching more of your videos!
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  933. Earned a sub sir. This was amazing.
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  934. this channel is awesome
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  935. Great video!
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  936. I think it kinda boils down to a modern audience not realising that wheels are ubiquitous today mostly because we have motors. And roads of course.
    2
  937. Okay but he didn’t kill the dogs tho Thats kind of wholesome
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  938. I adore the amount of information delivered here. Bloody brilliant! Thank you bud
    2
  939. I love the video, I think people in the past had considerably more moral lives than today, convenience and luxury don't typically create moral people
    2
  940. in my country kids sometimes call adults with their children's name. "mama nya hani" "bapak nya hani" kids do this because they sometimes dont remember the adult's name but remember their child's name cause they're friends. it's never taught by any adults.
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  941. I live history and I love your content, thank you!
    2
  942. Outstanding, subscribed! Answered 100 questions (🤣) I've had about the electoral college.
    2
  943. As you can tell by my username, I love John Green. But good on you for correcting Crash Course!
    2
  944. It’s as stupid as it sounds .. rotten meat , covered in pepper. , spices , salt , if it’s spoiled today or then it’s going to make you sick 🫣😳😀
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  945. Thank you. This was really very nicely with academic sources explained to remind me of being in college class with my favorite professors.
    2
  946. Youre my new favorite channel
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  947. we should go back to these naming conventions
    2
  948. These are among the best videos on YouTube, and I HAVE watched them all
    2
  949. wow, i loved this video.
    2
  950. I do appreciate a good hassock, but don't you think that's going a bit overboard?
    2
  951. We couldn't have possibly chosen a more boring nerd to tell us about the most badass man to ever live
    2
  952. An End to Killing, 2013 film was about Master Changchun travelling and ultimately meeting Genghis Khan
    2
  953. We transformed the megafauna into us
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  954. Good video
    2
  955. Nice video!
    2
  956. Just discovered this channel, liked and now subbed. Love the style of presentation very much.
    2
  957. Man finally, a new video!
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  958. This should be played in schools
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  959. Instant sub
    2
  960. (Well just want to see how a government was built
    2
  961. Wow, this was a really fascinating video Truly eye-opening amazing content. Thank you.
    2
  962. Very high quality information, glad I saw this.
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  963. Your voice and mic are perfect. The audio is just so nice
    2
  964. 14:55 A Tiffany!
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  965. Love your channel! Keep making videos
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  966. Great video!
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  967. cool video :-)
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  968. I think Bill likes pumpkin pie
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  969. Excellent video! One important thing of note is that the 10,000BC-present day timeline is EXTREMELY recent. Our own genus homo sapiens has been around for 200,000 years. Our genetic ancestors and family have been around for many millions of years. About 3 million years ago the Stone Age started and we find stone tools and tool use from then up until present day. There have been periods of close extinction. There have been many, many periods of ice age and global warming. Huge changes to flora and fauna and environment. All that to say, I like to consider the best micro view of our timeline as starting 200k years ago once we really crystallized into our own species Homo sapiens, and so you would better consider the year as being 202,023 rather than 2023 or 12,023. You might think this video does a good job showing how quickly our population exploded, but it is putting it in the most modest timeline possible, I suppose for ease of digestion, but imo it is really important to keep this in the context of 200,000 years at the very least. Otherwise you are telling such a short history it might mislead you to not consider the bulk of the history, the bulk of the substance, the bulk of the evolution, the bulk of the learning, the bulk of the factors that lead us here. To imagine that the same thing was pretty much going on for 3 million year until 10,000BC would be a completely confused view, and one which he is not espousing, but I can see a lot of people being confused here and not really understanding the context.
    2
  970. A majority of what you said I did know, however your end bit about events that happened and our interpretation of those events was new and an interesting thing that I think adds a lot to the overall conversation of historical analysis.
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  971. Love that strongbad shirt
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  972. Immediately clicked on this when I saw it pop up. Well worth it.
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  973. Excellent excellent
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  974. I love your videos
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  975. Fantastic. History extremely well done. Thank you.
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  976. Great to see objective english resources
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  977. check-a check-a check-a check-a EMAILLL!!!! 😎 love the shirt!
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  978. Super informative stuff, subbed 👍🏼
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  979. Brilliant video. Subscribed
    2
  980. Nice to see a new history channel in the algorithm
    2
  981. I don’t know why this was suggested to me but it’s content I love. Great video, had no idea about all of this
    2
  982. 4 months, dude!!! 4 months since your last video!!!
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  983. Also, I have like 25k views while you have only 2k while having a much much better video quality? I feel like this is so unfair, so in order to balance out, I'll give you a sub!
    2
  984. What an absolutely amazing video. Make more and longer videos. Mabye do a full Marco polo video/series.
    2
  985. Thanks for posting this, and please (if you can) keep doing these. They are outstanding.
    2
  986. Question: Do you plan to continue this series on the development of the US system? I'll subscribe if you do.
    2
  987. Absolutely fascinating, especially from a Canadian perspective for me, as I'm Canadian. Great presentation!
    2
  988. Do I even need to tell you what a great video this is? Nahhhh, you already knew that. So ... just let me say thank you.
    2
  989. No one talking about Strong Bad? No one? We need to talk about that shirt, friends.
    2
  990. 21:44 I got it to the end of the video cus I really like American History. Also I kinda wanna immigrate there someday.
    2
  991. Did you send this to John? I think he'd appreciate it, truly.
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  992. What changed everything is nationalism and population exchange between turkey and Greece and other things.
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  993. great video
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  994. Hi, Curator of the Sitka Historical Society & Museum here! (Transfer took place here) Please keep in mind that Russia "purchased" one acre of land from the local indigenous people, the Tlingit people. Tlingit culture does not have the same concept of land ownership as we are familiar with. Land belongs to the earth and we are merely the caretakers of the land. Russia did NOT own Alaska. They "owned" one acre and made the executive decision that they owned it all.
    2
  995. Well, I just subscribed.
    2
  996. Awesome summary of the elections! Thanks you!!
    2
  997. What a great voice reminds me of Scott Brick. I listen to too many audiobooks Great video!
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  998. our system isn't better at all, but i live in Belgium so we are also, since i believe the 70s a federal state but also a parliamentary monarchy so no president at all but we vote by region as well, the issue here is that both major regions are counted as both being 50% of the total voting weight, BUT flanders has about 66% of the population, if you go by economic contribution or tax contribution it is closer to about 70% of the total, with flanders subsidizing wallonia for about 10% of their gdp, and this has been the case since at least the 70s don't get me wrong we are very different people, linguistically, politically, economically, geographically,... so it makes sense that we would have two different parliaments for internal matters but it just isn't fair when it comes to the federal level and when it comes to representation in general
    2
  999. Me: "What is the equivalent of the Alaskan Purchase in today's dollars by Seward?" ChatGPT: "The Alaska Purchase, also known as the Seward's Folly, was a treaty signed in 1867 between the United States and Russia, in which Russia sold Alaska to the U.S. for $7.2 million, or roughly 2 cents per acre. In today's dollars, using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as a measure of inflation, that amount would be equivalent to around $128 million." Is this legit?? Merely $128 million dollars for the whole State of Alaska??
    2
  1000. what a gem of a channel
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  1001.  @charlesfu3726  Not quite. The Ancient Roman identity was used quite differently than the Medieval Roman identity. During antiquity the Roman identity was largely used to distinguish whether or not someone had citizenship of the empire, not as an ethnic identity. In the Middle Ages, Roman literally translated to “Greek speaking Christian” or “one’s Greekness”. This video makes this clear at 5:10. In short, the Ancient and Medieval Romans used the same word (Roman) for two different meanings. The Medieval Romans and Ancient/Modern Greeks used two different words (Roman & Greek) for the same meaning, which is defined as the Greek ethnicity. Understand, ethnic identity and ethnicity are also two different things.
    2
  1002. The comments are gold here as is the content of this video.
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  1003. Just a weird idea. I mean, you'd still get ill and it would be wretched to smell or taste. How many meals would it take before people were like, NO. People liked spices because they were new and exciting. They were the high tech of the day.
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  1004. This is where Washington becomes so critical and why there is him, Lincoln, and a bunch of guys afterward who held the job, pick the order. Washington knew everything he did was setting the precedent and he was in many ways the true father of the Constitution. He wanted it to endure so he did his best to avoid getting involved too deeply in the spat between Jefferson and Hamilton (though Jeffersonian historians may disagree) and he stepped down after two terms, discarding the notion that the states had removed one king and replaced him with another. Washington knew there needed to be a smooth, voluntary transfer of power in order for the Constitution to survive. Like his hero Cincinnatus, he would finally retire to his farm. King George the Third called him the greatest man in history when he stepped aside after the Revolution. Old mad King George was right. There are no more Washington's. Maybe that's why countless revolutions fail time and time again. Thanks for the video. Good stuff.
    2
  1005. These stories are worthy of a month python sketch.. fascinating!
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  1006. Very good channel. Subbed 👍
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  1007. spicy video
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  1008.  @premodernist_history  Somehow, I got a feeling that he might be Byzantinian vaka-i nuvist (court historian) under Ottoman employment rather than a self thought historian like Doukas
    2
  1009. Remarkable video!
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  1010. Thank you for sharing your research.
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  1011. Excellent video. I appreciate the context you provide to the time, that often escapes other presentations on the manner.
    2
  1012. Perhaps an unpopular opinion, but the way Adams was treated during these years is such a travesty. No man did more, in my view, for the founding and preservation of an independent America in terms of trade, diplomacy, and negotiations with Europe--things that would "stick" after the war, in particular. I do hope we can revisit Adams's legacy at some point--and let's also be reminded that it was Adams that primarily advocated and nominated Washington for General of the Armies in 75.
    2
  1013. Yoooo😱 🙌🙌🙌
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  1014.  @premodernist_history  I discovered your channel today and I watched a lot of your videos in one sitting. I love when historians help us understand history in a way that contradict great national narratives. Your work is a true gem from all the history youtubers that only read wikipedia.
    2
  1015. Highly interesting
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  1016. Please upload more
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  1017. Why is this guy so cool?
    2
  1018. I would like to see a video going into your reasons for why 1453 was the fall of the ERE!
    2
  1019. I've only heard that there was a fire and it burned. It's from Pliny the Younger or somebody, an ancient chronicler. I may have heard that it was an invading Christian army, and someone else claimed it was to destroy all evidence that Jesus wasn't real. We've blown its significance way out of proportion. When my grandfather homesteaded in Montana, he took a photo of a building in St Louis or maybe Kansas City. It was apparently, a famous building that was the talk of nation. I can't remember what it was but I think it was a train station. I think it had a big clock on the front. Very impressive for turn of the century Missouri. Many things are like that. I personally know a guy who for years told the story of seeing the Super Dome. If everyone's accounts were lost and all historians had was his version, the super dome would have been like the Colossas of Rhodes, Library of Alexandria,
    2
  1020. You sound just like Steve Martin.
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  1021. As a Pole and a bit of history buff I found early history of Poland really frustrating. Sources are scarce, and modern interpretation (akso what we learn in school) are at least a bit victims of politics and propaganda.
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  1022. Nice vid
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  1023. Well, that was a refreshing and interesting YouTube video, thank you. Going to have a look at your other content.
    2
  1024. Their parents all boinked a bunch of times, thats where most people come from
    2
  1025. The memories! I haven't seen home star runner in 15 or so years. Looks like they have a "new" look.
    2
  1026. Excellent video, excellent channel!
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  1027. Please continue posting professor 🙏🏻🙏🏻
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  1028. This is a pretty big deal imo. I've always just implicitly accepted the ideas that there was a library, it was awesome, it was destroyed and that therefore we can't have nice things because people are trash. It's strangely unburdening to consider that the soundbyte version of the story is exaggerated and oversimplified.
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  1029. 4 names are required in formal docs here in this part of the world.. Your name, your father's, your grandfathers's, then your nasab (family/tribe name) Some formal docs in my country jordan requieres the mother's name and nasab too In our culture, people still use abu/um (insert eldest son name)... Knowing your lineage is seen as an honorable thing in our culture My father once written down our lineage up to 4 rows of an A4 paper ( Horizontally) Ppl still ask about your 5th or even 7th great grandfather if they want to know your family's historay, its a popular topic to connect with new people or to tell stories about the family's history My grandpa does that alot
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  1030. What a helpful video and comment section. Thank you. Sometimes I like fantasy that is clearly based on say, Victorian England, but I agree that fantasy with other naming conventions would be interesting.
    2
  1031. Fun fact ottomans were Persianized Europeans. They didn’t even call themselves turk.
    2
  1032. Talking about turks and greeks(byzantine etc.) at the same video is like a spark in a hay bale. The comment fights OMG
    2
  1033. I was worried this would be some bias or anti American video but I liked it
    2
  1034. Awesome and thought provoking video
    2
  1035. "I'd like some pumpkin pie!" 😂
    2
  1036. Interesting thought. Seems to me like the Ottoman Empire isn't a continuation of the Roman Empire, but the (East) Roman Empire didn't abruptly end in 1453 either. It just would be the same thing you can observe in the west - some gradual change that transformed the former Empire into something else. Seeing it as a process makes it almost impossible to define one single point in history where the Empire in all it's aspects and on all it's land suddenly ceased to be and was abruptly exchanged for the new thing, even if there were certainly notable steps and milestones with a special significance during the transition. But in the end you can only state that at some time it was definitely something new, with the ties of the new thing to the roman empire being not stronger than the ties to other predecessors combined into this Empire, and the line of tradition being cut or entangled to the point of loosing all meaning everywhere. And with some sort of a "blackbox" in between the old and the new empire, in which the transformation took part and where actually most is left to the viewer's perspective.
    2
  1037. This is impressive, to say the least
    2
  1038. Love this channel! Keep it up!
    2
  1039. Oh wow, congrats on the growth! So many subscribers in just a few days, and coming up on 1 million views on this video. You absolutely deserve it.
    2
  1040. Africa and The Galactic Empire have something in common
    2
  1041. When I think of Genghis Khan, I think of a John Wayne type.
    2
  1042. I like calling Turkey a continuation of rome cause it pisses off romaboos and byzantaboos online.
    2
  1043. Very interesting stuff!! Thank you.
    2
  1044. How often are state flags used in situations where confusing them is a problem? I believe proponents of “good flag designs” make this a much bigger deal than it really is. Same with Indonesia and Monaco. Is it really that big of a problem? When is it crucial to tell the Indonesia and the Monaco flags apart? If it really was a real problem, then they probably would have changed their flags a long time ago. Just let them have their flags. Who cares about what some Ted thinks?
    2
  1045. Subscribed because your time travel video was on my explore page or whatever. Very interesting. Especially the bits about race and foreign looking people. And how news travelled and the curfews in town. I learned so much thank you
    2
  1046. I wish people understood that burning books actually releases all the imprisoned knowledge into the invisible ether and makes the magic knowledge knowable to all people, instead of just the wizards who trapped it in the page prison. Burning books is actually the best thing to do for anyone who truly cares about preserving knowledge for ALL PEOPLE
    2
  1047. I want to add that one of the key scholars of Islam, Ibn-Taymeya. Is called so after his grandmother Taymeya who was a well known preacher. Basically all of the males in his family were called like that but since he is the most well known among them and the name stuck.
    2
  1048. Just the Truth and nothing but the truth, I like the way you think!
    2
  1049. Good video
    2
  1050. Ngl my name is abdulbaqi Omar abdoalbagy Abdullah abdoalbagy alfokai Abdullah abdoalbagy al sheikh al ja'ali ,
    2
  1051. Insightful! Liked and subscribed!
    2
  1052. Somehow, I came across this video. I was searching for Pokemon cards. I ended up watching this video. Amazing video. I enjoyed it a lot. I am sharing this video. Thank you
    2
  1053. Great video man
    2
  1054. Absolutely loving the in depth political history of the US! Please keep making these!
    2
  1055. Thanks!
    2
  1056. I need you to stop calling him Chungus Kahn. “Oh but I’m not, I’m calling him Jengis Kahn” yeah but all I hear is Chungus Kahn. And I need you to stop.
    1
  1057. Nice work on the video In Imam al-Dhahabi’s Siyar a’laam an-nubalah , it says the following on the bio of Imam al-Ghazali: …روى ابن النجار بسنده أن والد أبي حامد كان يغزل الصوف ويبيعه في دكانه بطوس… “Ibn an-najjãr narrated with his chain that the father of Abu Hamid (Imam Ghazali) would weave/spin (غزل) wool and sell it in his shop in Tus.” The book mentions another statement supposedly by Imam Ghazali himself: …قال لي الغزالي : الناس يقولون لي الغزالي ، ولست الغزالي ، وإنما أنا الغزالي منسوب إلى قرية يقال لها : غزالة... Al Ghazali said to me (one of his contemporaries): ‘The people call me “Ghazali” (a weaver) but I’m not. I am “Ghazali” in attribution to a city called Ghazaalah.’ Allah knows best
    1
  1058. I absolutely love this channel looking forward to more videos
    1
  1059. BOOOOOOORIIIIIIING
    1
  1060. Oh, another thing with names in Japan: even today adoption by a relative to set up a arranged marriage or solve inheritance is quite common so many people, especially in politics, have different surnames from their siblings. Thus Kishi Nobusuke had a brother called Sato Eisaku (both prime ministers) and Abe Shinzo had a brother called Kishi Nobuo (one prime minister and the other a minister. They are all closely related which tells you something about how hereditary Japanese political appointments are).
    1
  1061. It's ok that George Clinton didn't get elected vice president... He had a great career in Parliament.
    1
  1062. I loved everything about this video, I would really appreciate a series of all the presidential elections. I would watch them all, you’re such a fantastic storyteller which makes it so much easier to digest and remember.
    1
  1063.  @premodernist_history  Woot!
    1
  1064. Great video, but I have to say it's pronounced "Noof'n land" with a distinct break between the syllables. Many people, even the british and mainland canadians will say "New-Finlind" which is just hilariously incorrect lol.
    1
  1065. Love these videos, keep at them, can’t wait to see you blowup
    1
  1066. Non-American here. Watched the entire video because historical politics is fascinating, regardless of where it is. As for the Q about the electoral system, I think the biggest problem is the electoral college itself. How often do you need to have the candidate that wins the popular vote lose the election to realise the system is broken? Here in New Zealand, we had a 1st past the post system that had the same problem. We got rid of that for a different system. That system has flaws of a different kind, (the tail often wags the dog), but at least the party that won most votes USUALLY leads the government. I believe single transferable vote is the better system. The downside is that it is more difficult for a lot of people to understand.
    1
  1067. This lecture is priceless. Thank you.
    1
  1068. that aside about sci-fi reminds me of an older Tom Scott video, in which he was mystified on how all the counting systems in sci-fi were all pretty much base 10. While here on Earth, we have many different base counting systems, and all these sci-fi shows, movies, books, etc can do well to learn from how these simple things work in different Earth cultures.
    1
  1069. As an Arab I would like to post my name here, but the problem is that I'm not the type that likes fame 😊
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  1070.  @premodernist_history  my pleasure, I hope you see the admiration and the respect for your work beyond the roughness of my comment. I liked the video and the presenting I just disagree with the idea. I believe, like everyone around the mediterranean (to this day), turks have carried on cultural aspects of Rome from wine and bread to the bath (the turkish bath being just a continuation of the roman one) but I believe that the ottomans have picked up those aspects long before they invaded Constantinople, (they have settled anatolia close to two centuries at that point) just due to the powerful shine of roman culture and philosophy of life... countries start and end somewhere and sometime... culture is just a post mortem heritage ...
    1
  1071. Further research will uncover a disturbing link to an ancestor of Mrs. O’Leary’s cow.
    1
  1072. I'm a kabyle from northern Algeria my civil name is Ghilas Maouche but my traditional name is Ghilas ouamer ou lbashir ouamer nath oumaouche , the last one being the source where the french gave us the last name but not everyone is lucky to get their last name based on thier tribal name .
    1
  1073. In this account Genghis Khan sounded - to my ears - like he was being reeeeeally sarcastic. Mocking Changchun.
    1
  1074. i thought this video was a really neat explanation, i didn't think about that being the reason why some food is sometimes eaten at certain dates! It makes a lot of sense though, quite an interesting twist!
    1
  1075. No it didn't wft is wrong with u westerners.... first of all u are part of west who named Besileia Rhomaion as Byzantine Empire and now u are legitimizing Ottoman Caliphate as Roman Empire..wtf like really wtf, this is the clue for every rhomanio or greek orthodox even if westerner leave catholicism or protestantism they'll still think like one
    1
  1076. So that's what happened at Balkh? Li's account was terse: "過班裏城，甚大，其衆新叛去，尚聞犬吠。", i.e., "Passing Balkh city, very large. Its people just (newly) deserted. Still heard dogs bark." Typical self-censorship, as practiced since Confucius himself.
    1
  1077. 3:25 "THAT GUY" IN BALKH 1,000 YEARS AGO: "pfffffft! Genghis WHO?? I'm tellin ya this is a great idea! we got this!"
    1
  1078. Lord Timothy Dexter ftw
    1
  1079. I grew up in Turkey as half Macedonian part of ermenian and also turkish. And actually most of the people in turkey are like me even though they don't accept it. There is a research about the DNA map in turkey. It shows us that we are Romans. I mean at least the west side. And when you go to Italy or Greece or west side of turkey people are so similar. Not just looks also behaviors are similar. However there is a turkish historian Celal Şengör says that we are Greeks who became Muslims later. And also Mehmet the second said that he is now emperor of Rome after he conquered the Constantinople.
    1
  1080. Mountaineers are always free
    1
  1081. Another note about the use of Kunya, that there are sometimes default Kunya that are given, and sometimes override the eldest son Kunya. A named Mohammed for example would get a Kunya of abu Qasim, or Abu Jasim despite not having any son named Jasim in reverence to the kunya of the Prophet Muhammad (saw) - abu-‘l Qasim. It can also work bidirectionally, a man named Qasim can get a kunya abu Muhammad, even without a son, or even being married. There is also the case of kunya as nick-name, which can come in the form of a diminutive, like Abu-Steif (اب صطيف) for Mustafa, in addition to a kunya in the form of a qualitative nickname abu Mun’im in the similar sense as the theophoric abd-Al Mun’im, (the servant of The Benefactor) but in this case Abu Mun’im would evoke the sense one who is themselves recognized as being a benefactor thus being worthy of a kunya abu Mun’im. A side tangent on names such as Abdullah, abd-Al-Rahman etc., these names have corresponding naming types in medieval Europe, drawing on either Jewish or Christian theophoric naming schemes and is the historical norm extending into Ancient Egypt and Sumer, and still widely in use in India as well. Many of those wonderful names were dropped as the West de-Christianized but there are still a surprising number in use.
    1
  1082. a video about Bernward and Sophia of Gandersheim would be so awesome
    1
  1083. ¡Gracias!
    1
  1084. the laqab is like lets take for example dwayn the rock johnson the laqab is the rock why well if you punch him then youre hand gonna break so hes as tough as a rock now we call him that although sometime laqab can refer to youre tribe like my name is عمر بشير علي محمد شهاب الطائي omar bashir ali mohamed shihap the tai notice that taie refers to the tribe of tai
    1
  1085.  @premodernist_history  Все равно спасибо за обхождение. Still thanks for the courtesy :)
    1
  1086. hhhhhhhhhwheel
    1
  1087. I was mesmerized by your discussion because many of the things you gave were new informational revelations to me because most of what I heard before about this loss event was the old storyline standard cast of characters villains that ended the library of Alexandra the treasure house of the ancient worlds vast collection of knowledge.
    1
  1088. Fun fact: during the mamluk-ottoman war, the Egyptian historian ibn Ayas was referring to the mamluks as (the turks) while he referred to the ottomans as (the Rum/Romans) and Selim as "the Sultan of Rum".
    1
  1089. Fascinating. Unfortunate how lies and exaggerations get repeated and then passed on as fact.
    1
  1090. This video could have been 2 seconds long, simply saying no. You can make claims with the HRE, Catholic Church and Russia as a few examples but the Ottomans hold absolutely zero claims. If you go off this notion, the ottomans are as Roman as the vandals, Ostrogoths, and caliphate.
    1
  1091.  @premodernist_history  it’s an incredibly interesting take too especially when you realize the Ostrogoths kept the governing structure of the Romans. Perhaps if the Ostrogothic rulers took up the title of magister militum and ruled as foederoti this would make sense, then again those times were full of speculation.
    1
  1092. Dude, our names are still like that. My name is Khalid Ibn Nasser Ibn Saeed Ibn Nasser Ibn Ali AlAli AlRasheed AlShammari in our modern IDs, Driving Licenses, and Passports etc. Including family books, that would include your clan and tribe. And if I was to jot down the whole thing in Arabic, it would be as follows: خالد بن ناصر بن سعيد بن ناصر بن علي بن محمد بن أحمد بن عمر بن حسين بن عثمان بن محمد بن عبدالله بن سعيد بن منذر بن راشد بن معاوية بن علي بن زيد بن علي بن منصور بن عيسى بن علي بن خالد بن عمر بن عبدالرحمن بن عبدالرحيم بن عبدالله بن محمد بن مبارك بن محمد بن مبارك بن عبدالله بن عيسى بن محمد بن أحمد بن عبدالله بن عبدالرحمن بن يزيد بن مروان بن محمد بن علي بن عمر بن حسن بن عيسى بن عبدالعزيز بن عبدالله بن محمد العلي الرشيد الشمري الطائي And yes, I know the whole thing by hard. 😅 I can go further down my lineage, to the early 5th century CE. But that’s just about it. I think it’s almost 60 generations or 65.
    1
  1093. You don't know what I think!!
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  1094. Why are you a premodernist if you don’t like the lack of sources relative to the modern period?
    1
  1095. Don't lump Jamie Oliver in with us English when his entire culinary training was in Italian food (doesn't mean he's good at that either tbf). We might not make the best food on Earth but we're not that bad. The main reason English cooking gets dumped on so hard is after 2 world wars which left entire towns without a male population (forcing the women to work rather than teach their kids how to cook) crippling food standardisation to avoid starvation (as one example, pre-WW1 Britain had over 3,500 cheese manufacturers each with their own centuries old recipes, by 1945 there were less than 100 which were legally forced to make only 5 varieties) plus rationing that continued through to the 50's meant we lost most of our culinary herritage. When the nation finally started to recover rather than look back for inspiration on how to cook not-terrible food people looked abroad instead, sealing the fate of English cusine.
    1
  1096. The only reason Washington was the first president of the US, is because Chuck Norris didn't want it.
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  1097. Wow, a video about the Ottomans that isn't rife with xenophobia and racism. Great! Hatred towards the Turks runs so deep in western countries that it's quite hard to get an objective video looking at things from different angles. Very good analysis. 👍🏼
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  1098. yorumlardaki medeni tartışmalar çok iyi.
    1
  1099. THANK. YOU. I've been saying this for what feels like years now with the Maine flag debate. Yes, the 1908 flag is cool, but stop slandering the "seal on bedsheet", that is design that the local GAOTR chapters, including 20th Maine vets, wanted. Regimentals go HARD.
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  1100. You rock, sir.
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  1101. Very informative. I look forward to your followup.
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  1102. Ibn hanbal is referred to by his contemporaries as abu Abdullah
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  1103. Really awesome video. Provided context to a ton of historical events. Love the channel!
    1
  1104. Tarihsel olaylara objektif yaklaşmanız çok hoş, ayrıca söyledikleriniz doğru, Fatih Sultan Mehmet kendini "Kayzer-i Rum" Olarak görürdü, Türkiye'den Sevgiler saygılar 🇹🇷
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  1105. people say that slave of allah is to much but the dont realize that its the reality either you be slave to god or you can be slave to anything women money desires etc....
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  1106. Two important exception in Fantasy i can think of is in Tolkien's where even the english-y hobits have somewhat not modern conventions (like they often use patronyms like Son of) and Avatar where most characters have only a given name except some of noble descent. Even in the western world the conventions are different in places, First name middle name last name is very American. Latin catholic countries generally have complex names made of many given names of linked names to their name of their parents, their godparents, maybe grandmother grandfather, some important saints, often both the family name of the Father and Mother. And suprisingly, the habit of using kunya is not as exotic to me since people around here are nicknamed sometimes as "Père Michel" "Mère Nicolas" where Michel and Nicolas would be the name of their sons. Not to down play the differences, it's still very fascinating to see that arabic names work very differently to the most common First Name last Name of most of the western world.
    1
  1107. Excuse you? Father to child? I literally have my mother’s maiden last name, I am very offended you didn’t say parent to child (I’m off joking about the being offended part lol)
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  1108. As a Turk, I am not fond of the idea that the Ottoman Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire. But what bothers me more is the European bias against the idea that the Ottomans could own something that they (the Westerners) think belongs to themselves. The Romans fought the Greeks and conquered their lands. They exploited them materially and culturally. They imported the learned men of Greece as slaves from the newly colonized territories. They admired the Greek culture but they did not hold the Greeks in high regard. Then, somehow the Romans embraced the Greek religion, i.e. Christianity. Even worse, they embraced a religion, that originated from Judea and spread among the Greeks -- a religion, the earliest texts of which were written in Greek. And within a few centuries, Latin lost its status as the sole official language of the Empire. Different religion, different language, different culture. If they could still be called "Romans", then the Ottomans too should have the right to call themselves so. Whether or not we like it, the Roman Empire continued in Constantinople with a new language and religion, and then the Ottomans took over the Roman legacy and maintained it with yet another language and religion. I couldn't care less if the Ottomans were to be called Romans or not. But technically they were the continuation of the Roman Empire, which ended in 1922.
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  1109. Great!
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  1110. Brit living in Aus here. Found the whole thing fascinating and watched it all. Top stuff.
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  1111. not only medival untel now in arabic for example im (abd al hakeem ) which is my name and (abas) my fathers name and (jawad) my grandfather's name (alshamary ) my tribe name and i could continue cuz i memorizing up to 10 name of my grandfathers
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  1112. “This was mainly for financial reasons..” (Me excited) “But I’m not going to get into that.” 😞
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  1113. This was incredibly entertaining and your presentation style is warm and simple - I appreciate this a lot!
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  1114. Most Arab countries have adopted the western recognition of the Ism (first name) and nasab (last name). Muslims moving to the west have had a major issue as not typically having surnames. Like some Arab countries, they've copied the western approach. This means that some newly born Arab Muslims no longer have full long names, now it's just Ism and Nasab. For some Asian Muslims (with Arabic names), it's a completely different story. Many Pakistanis, Bengalis and Indian Muslims didn't use surnames either and so in a single family many siblings could have different second or last names (surname if you will) - sometimes made up of titles like Begum (Dame / Lady). When many arrived, some didn't even have a 2nd or last name, they just had first names and made up their second name. Second or third generations in the west have now began to use these second names as Surnames or family-names, but it creates odd variants like 'Rahman', 'Karim' or 'Uddin' family names. Nobody really uses Laqabs anymore but Kunyas are still quite popular in Gulf countries and amongst western conservative Muslims (popular amongst Salafis). It has fallen out of favour in some Arab countries and is seen as 'old' and outdated (or even lower-class / villager / farmer).
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  1115. Pennsylvania and Virginia are Commonwealths not states! Please respect us! Hahaha
    1
  1116. Caveat to those biographic dictionaries: They're loaded with falsifications. Tribes are nominally kinship based states but often neighbors, friends, slaves, and allies are included by creating fake family connections about dead people.
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  1117. Excellent! I can only imagine what it would be like to be raised in Constantinople, then married off to central Europe. She must have cried every single day. In Modern times, I think it would be like taking a girl raised in Manhattan, attending private schools and living in a penthouse, and sending her to western Ontario. But then again, as the offspring of Slavic serfs, I say "boo hoo." My people were happy to have a half pint of gruel every day and avoid being beaten by the Lord.
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  1118. Bad green screen
    1
  1119. well we still today call greeks who lives in cyprus and anatolia as "rum" but greeks who lives in greece as "yunan" in turkey. and i was so curios about that when i was kid. like i remember me asking myself "why do we call greeks "rum" when there is already a word for it "yunan". what does it mean?" then i learned about this in high school. So yeah they teach us at our schools how was the ottoman society works etc. And also i would like to add that Ottomans bureaucracy, laws and state interior is heavily influenced by romans. even army interior too. every conquest at roman territories did romanize ottoman. and in that case i would call ottoman as continous of roman empire. but i totally understand how mostly westerners dont see it that way. long story short really nice topic to talk about. Thank you for great video sir! have a nice day.
    1
  1120. Great video, as always. See you on Genghis Khan Day 2025. :P I would disagree that all of the deaths during the Mongol Conquests weren't on Genghis Khan. He started the whole thing and later Mongols were just following his example, I guess. They were doing the same thing of massacring cities to terrorize others. I'm not saying that he's extraordinarily bad or anything, it's just how things were but still, I think he CAN get some blame for the stuff that happened after him too.
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  1121. My favorite historical nickname is Ibn Batuta aka son of a duckling
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  1122. I love your channel and videos. While I am no longer able to attend classes or be a part of academia, you help introduce me to a variety of topics I would otherwise not be exposed to in a compelling, rigorous, and simultaneously entertaining manner. Kudos to you 🎉
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  1123. Even American colonisation changed a lot in the 19th century. Before the 19th natives were still majoritary. At the end of it they were roughly 5%
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  1124. you pronunciation is pretty good for an American, btw Al-Ghazzali means the one who knits (makes clothes or makes threads out of wool or whatever), this was his fathers occupation and he just inherited this nisbah from his father
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  1125. Finally, a good video by Western Historian channel
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  1126. Interestingly, this system disappeared not that long ago. Mohamed Fellag (born 1950), an Algerian Berber, for example, had a whole play (Le Dernier Chameau) where he discussed his youth under French colonial administration, and how his tribe still used this system over the patronymic system & were pushed to change it by the colonial administration. It's quite crazy how recent this change was. But it sadly was also somewhat destructive: for example, it's hard to retrace my far ancestry in Algeria, because my last name is a deformation of a deformation of a deformation... and older genealogical documentation often is incomplete, or uses this older system, which is harder to match with people, as the older generations are dying out. It is still very interesting to see the evolution and changes in naming people.
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  1127. Thank you. Perhaps the world is not wheel compatible until we make it so.🙃
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  1128. Have a sub.
    1
  1129. Well that puts things into perspective and a somewhat more realistic historical appraisal of the library. Never gave it much thought but the idealised grandiosity of the library on reflection does seem a romantic interpretation.
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  1130. 7:00 الغزالي al Ghasali means the one who weaves cotton( you probably read the Ghasl meaning which is to flirt with other sex), most likely it a given surname of those who worked as cloth makers like النجار al Najjar the direct translation is the carpenter, like many surnames given in old times they were a profession they used to do you can find two different line of families with same name but no real link between them. but overall this has died down and now you need to give testimony and certificates of you begin called this name and your ancestors too
    1
  1131. Everyone who conquer China can be Chinese dynasty. Thus, everyone who conquer Roman Empire ca be Romans.
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  1132. Ptolemy Egypt is a perfect example of what you’re saying.
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  1133. Thanks!
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  1134. Roman and Ottoman they are both big empires and that means mixture of people, mixture of east and west ... It is sad that nationalism effects our way of thinking. People are thinking like roman=west, ottoman=east or greek/ turk but this is not true. Ottomans took lots of traditions from Byzantium. Also It was a multicultural empire, including the dynasty and state management. Also slavery system and eunuch's coming from Roman period but in east europe they teach this like a "eastern barbaric tradition" ... and hamams: they are also Roman! I feel myself as mixture of so many cultures. I have turkish, egyptian, cretan, cypriot and afro roots. I would like to live in an empire.. but also including democracy. I kind a fed up with nationalism.
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  1135. #71 🔥
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  1136. In a Turkish school you mostly hear that Ottomans conquered Istanbul and ended the Roman Empire. It is hidden that Fatih called himself the ruler of the Roman Empire. But If you are lucky enough to get raised in an intellectual family, then you know that you cannot completely believe the things written in school history books. I knew about the reality of Sultan Fatih, but mostly kept silent during my University years where I stayed at religious governmental dorms. Everyone there believed that it was written in the book Kuran that Fatih will conquer Istanbul.
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  1137. 金灿荣密友
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  1138. Toynbee would have agreed with most of what you said.
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  1139. l have 3 friends from Indonesia.. They all called Mohammed and no last name.. so l callin them M1 M2 and M3
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  1140. This video and the comments gave me a anxiety even though i am native Arab. The language is so rich and explaining and understanding it is quite difficult. This is only a discussion about names, imagine a discussion about poetry or grammar.
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  1141. Turkish history, on more advanced level, teaches its students that 1453 is an important event not because Byzantine fell, but Ottoman Navy now could rule over all ports and inland seas in Anatolia, fighting with Venice and other Latins, where Byzantine could not. Just as Ottoman War Machine stopped, and could not make sense of the new world where they cannot conqueor all the time, there was no Roman Emprire to conqueor for. So, 1453 is not important, just because a city fell. Then there is the rigid Byzantine structure, very different from the West, implementing all sorts of laws in economy and politics. When Byzantine Empire failed to live up to its system, Ottomans are the ones who came delivered it. Their laws, protection and trade was everywhere in Roman lands (eastern). Of course, when they too became incompetent, again their claim to be Kayseri Rum was meaningless.
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  1142. Canadian here. Thanks so much for this!...a fascinating analysis. :)
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  1143. He is known as “Al-Ghazali” in relation to the spinning industry, as his father worked in that industry
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  1144. The Roman Empire ended in 1945 on the deck of the USS Missouri
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  1145. I sense that the ability, innovation, and adoption of new ideas in this channel, will lead to strong channel growth. Just a hunch.
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  1146. I made a diffrent naming system for one of my settings, where it is important to know who your mother are, and your "clan". So it's "first" name + mother's mame + clan name. There is a few exceptions, the oldest daughter will take the mother's name as her first name after a specific age. Sometimes new clans are made but they are named after the first mother of the clan.
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  1147. If you have a Kunya written before the actual name we usually read the Kunya then stop briefly like there is a coma in between, to differentiate that it isn't in the actual name but still something you can call the person, we still use Kunya here in Saudi Arabia and it varies it is mostly used as a form of respect or being more official with someone for example: my father calls his older brothers by their Kunya except two one younger and one older the older doesn't because he has the same Kunya as the older one. and the Kunya usually be name after your eldest son sometimes oldest child even if she is a girl the example you gave with Ahmad bin Hanbal even tho he has a son older than Abdullah named Saleh people still used 'Abu Abdullah' as his Kunya it might be because his oldest son much older and already has a job as a judge in another city while Abdullah 10 years younger but he was with his father all the time studying and learning from him. The Al-Ghazali it is actually the name of a village belongs to the Al-Tosi city, and his father was working in weaving in Arabic called 'Ghazil' We might not have a surname like the west do but we have the tribes or family name as a surname, something also interesting some tribes are very large that they kinda have a tribe within a tribe since one linuge might have a lot of number that they distinguish themselves from other tribes number by creating a new family name returns to that one man in the linuge that started it.
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  1148. History is all perspective, whether you were there or not.
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  1149. That is a great video. I have never realized that this can be strange for non-Arabs. Our nisba is Al-bakry Al-Qureshi Al-Khalis. I don't know where the last nisba came from tho. For al-ghazzali, it means the Gazelle (as in the animal). For Salah al-Din, the most common nisba is al-ayyubi not al-tikriti although that could have been used as well. Again, I enjoyed this video a lot. Very informative even for a an Arab like me.
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  1150. Its not just Ottomans, Muslim civilisation can be seen as continuity of Romans, adapting the Crescent as a symbol and the architectural Domes and minarets (see Byzantium and older Russian Orthodoxy architecture) and most importantly adapting the Roman culture and science through Greeks and Roman teachings and preserving, translating, transmitting, adapting, or improving or even correcting them (ie. like how our eye sees or see the history of alcohol, soap, cutlery (especially fork), mirrors, scientific methods, architecture, music etc.) The usage of words Istanbul is "στην Πόλι" " [s timˈboli], meaning "in the city" / "to the city" OR Anadolu/Anatolia > Ἀνατολή (Anatolḗ) meaning "the East" ... and also if u take the pre-islamic history, and study Ancient Greek history is part of Asia Minor, from their scholars to the locations... it is just huge, you cannot have a Greek history without Turks and Turkic history without Ancient Greeks, from Phrygia's King Midas with donkey ears Vs Turkic Warrior Mitas OR the Romulus and Remus Vs Turkic Asena... there are so much combined/entangled together that it is surprising to see people getting surprised to see these things together... the surprise, the awe and the shock comes from our ignorance of our own history not the other way around....
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  1151. Questioning many things after hearing it pronounced "Jengis"
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  1152. That was some really cool philosophical extrapolation.
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  1153. Excellent video
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  1154. As a paraguayan, a country in the middle of south america, the notion that carrying stuff in the head is something exotic from other places is just strange. We inherited exactly that from Europe. Women used to do it until fairly recently, and now it remains as tradition. Alongside our traditional music, paraguayan polka, women usually wear as costumes pottery on their heads while they dance.
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  1155. Your pronunciation is really really good
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  1156. Before the 19th the europeans were like Greece for Mediterannea : good weapons, good ships but no real advantages. Firearm were impressive, but not more than elephants for example and local weaponry was often more adapted to local environnment.
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  1157.  @premodernist_history  Ahahaha you put in the best way. Exactly. And you're right for the alphabet issue. Btw interestingly, I've just encountered a scene from the TV-serie called "The Magnificent Century" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHf9jYVE_BU At the 4:48, after Suleiman I conquered Hungary, he is inspecting the artifacts and statues, and is giving an order that he wants all of these things to be brought to Istanbul, by saying "the property of Rome should be in Rome." It's a great coincidence that I watched this video after watching your video. The little line here perfectly matches with your claims. This TV-serie also was shot by help of historians so it's amazing line actually.
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