Hearted Youtube comments on Flash Point History (@FlashPointHx) channel.
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I think the whole concept of "tolerance" is a bit too subjective here, and this is what Morera fails to take into account. If you compare Islamic states of that time with nearly any other in the world, then they were undeniably more tolerant but by modern, post-WW2 standards I would agree that there definitely was not 100% equality.
You certainly can't say that, on average, Jews were treated as well in Christian lands as they were in Islamic lands... keeping in mind that The Jewish Golden Age in Spain was only possible under Islamic rule. That's not to say it was perfect though, but it does mean that it was much better.
Also, the Jizya tax was mentioned as a method for conversions, but I would like to mention a few things on this point. While Jizya can indeed be explicitly used as a system of oppression by a given ruler, it's foundation certainly don't function as such. If a non-Muslim were to convert to Islam, then they would have to pay Zakat instead of Jizya, as all Muslims do, so there wouldn't be as much of a difference as many non-Islamic commentators like to argue there is. Furthermore, non-Muslims are exempt from many requirements placed upon Muslims, such as conscription into a religious war, in exchange for their payments.
You must look at the context in which this system developed to understand why it makes sense. The early Caliphates had predominantly non-Muslim populations as they didn't forcefully convert conquered peoples. However, as their borders grew larger and larger, eventually the Caliphate being even larger than the Roman Empire at its height, the demand for more money and soldiers grew significantly. Because there was a general prohibition against forcing non-Muslims into military service (both because of practical and religious reasons), the rulers would just tax them a bit higher to help fund the armies instead. Obviously, this system ended up being quite efficient and a good way to ensure the advancement of the state.
To be clear here, I'm generalizing. The fact is that as you go from one ruler to another, the level of tolerance can change quite a bit and it's really impossible to capture the entire scope of the discussion within a single Youtube comment. There were Islamic rulers who would use Jizya as a method to pull higher conversion rates, while there were others who would abolish Jizya altogether.
Surely though, Moorish Spain was, on average, much more tolerant than it's counterparts to the north for this time period. If it wasn't, then there's really no possible explanation how the population could've remained so heavily Christian after Islamic conquest, with no guarantee of safety from outside Christian states. While after being conquered by Muslims, at most they'd often just have to pay a bit more in taxes (and even then, receive certain exemptions as mentioned above), other cultures would almost immediately forcefully convert/slaughter entire populations after conquering them.
Also keep in mind the intellectual and academic achievements of the Moors. Such things are only possible in cultures of open-mindedness. If the Moors really were close-minded, then they wouldn't have been so open to new philosophical, scientific, etc. ideas. Again, that's not to say they were as open-minded as modern liberal democracies, but they certainly were much more open-minded than most, if not all, non-Islamic cultures at the time.
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I am in awe. I have read, researched, watched, and been taught about the Punic Wars my entire life—over and over, after becoming fascinated by my grandfather’s explanations of “Rome” to a curious boy with an illustrated history book...and only just NOW, after listening to this installment (the first of yours I’ve watched/listened-to) do I feel truly satisfied with the way this history was handled. Thank you so much.
It seems like every explanation of the second Punic War I’ve ever come across basically follows this template: “Hannibal crossed the Alps, it was super hard and really scary! Then, Hannibal fought these exact three battles that killed soooo many Romans! The Romans got scared and adopted the Fabian strategy, while Hannibal just kind of chilled-out in Italy! Then, out of absolutely nowhere: Scipio landed an army in Africa and beat Hannibal...later the Romans would raze Carthage.”
...Without the total picture (that you provided) that is often glossed over, then the context that defined Hannibal and Scipio, Rome and Carthage, and human history forever...is lost.
Again, thank you. You have a fan and admirer of your work for life, based just on this video, which will lead to me watching/listening to everything you’ve put out. Maybe my reaction seems silly right now, but for those who love history this much, it’s a great relief to hear such pivotal moments explained with clarity, thoroughness, and genuine care for the subject that leaves me feeling renewed passion about such a familiar and beloved subject.
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In the case of Norway, the Black Death ended up having quite monumental consequences. The plague wiped out Norway's already small nobility and resulted in most of the land being left abandon. The name Ødegård (abandoned farm) originate from this time period and is a common surname today (notably internationally, Real Madrid player Martin Ødegaard). The people who moved in to the abandoned farms were commoners, leaving Norway with a large class of free peasants. Shortly after the plague, the crowns of Norway, Denmark and Sweden were united through dynastic marriages. Norway would increasingly become a junior partner in the union with Denmark. The last vestiges of Norwegian independence were wiped out during the Reformation when the Danish king abolished the Norwegian council of state. This was the last instrument of power for the remaining Norwegian nobility. From then on, Norway was governed as a Danish province. The people actually doing the governing were Norwegian bureaucrats, usually from the emerging middle class as international trade increased. The result was the power in Norway rested in the hands of people of relatively low standing compared to the rest of Europe. This might be a contributing factor for the development of Norway's relatively egalitarian society today. The nobility was officially abolished in 1814 at the constitutional congress in Eidsvoll. The representatives of the Norwegian people at the congress were almost exclusively commoner landowners and members of the middle class (bureaucrats, merchants, craftsmen, etc.) So in conclusion, the Black Death may have been a contributing factor to the development of the modern Norwegian democracy.
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Two points: First is that Portugal was the first modern imperial power, starting like you describe. There were three "empires", the first was based on the spice trade, it went as far as Japan, it conquered Malacca and died out during the dynastic union with Spain, as the Dutch and the British followed the routes used by the Portuguese and ransacked the empire. The Portuguese were not over-keen to defend this as it was now Spanish. The second "empire" was based on Brazil, the gems, gold, sugar and other commodities. This went belly-up with Brazil's independence in 1821. The third "empire" was once again based on the African colonies and their riches, this went over the side in 1974. The much-vaunted British empire only started in the 18th century and was consolidated after the Indian Mutiny when the trade and power was taken from the various rapacious "companies" and paced under crown control.
The second point concerns the slave trade. You paint it as if the Portuguese started it. This is grossly untrue, it had been going on in Europe for centuries albeit on a small scale. Captured enemies (specially non-Christian ones) were in general enslaved. it was rife during the Roman Empire, and what the Portuguese did was tap a new source of manpower they could buy from the local chieftains (yes, africans sold africans...) for relatively cheap goods. The enslavement of africans had been ongoing for centuries by the islamic arabs, there is on Youtube an interesting video by a Nigerian professor of sociology that estimates that something like 18 MILLION young African men were taken as slaves, subjected to the compulsory radical castration (penis and testicles) from which less than 20% survived. This is not only slavery, it's near genocide.
Please correct your facts, Europeans had a relatively minor role in the enslavement of Africans, I understand that for an American this is the relevant part as it still affects your society, but facts are facts even if they do not fit the current political narrative...
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These men were something else weren't they? Can only imagine how brave you had to be to travel the dangerous unknown, not only at sea, but also on land, like the Bandeirantes in the vast Amazon rainforest. The "great sadness" Bartolomeu felt is something portuguese people describe as "saudade" - a melancholic feeling that the portuguese still identify to this day, it is one of the few things that separates its culture from its brothers and cousins (spanish, italian, french, etc).
Fun fact, there's another portuguese called Bartolomeu who created the first Pirate Code, "Bartolomeu Português".
Also, I wonder how much was lost in the great 1755 earthquake, together with its tsunami and fires...probably lots of records like maps and diaries...and how much was lost in the oceans throughout history as well, maybe some records would explain some mild theories, like the theory of the portuguese discovering Australia, maybe it could change how we perceive world history today...
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The Battle of Diu of 1509 changed the global history. It marked the end of the old world order and started a new order.
It opened the international trade to Europe, which would advance later to the Americas, but passing through the huge growth of Chinese trade and all over Asia. For they ceased to obey only the arabe monopoly that was exhausted in Venice, and thence negotiated by drops, very expensive.
The world opens, Europe grows exponentially, as the products arrived in Lisbon, wherein the Germans, Dutch, French, English, among others traders, brought products made throughout Europe to be sold to East.
The Europeans who had been defeated by the Mamluks in the Crusades, this time demonstrate that their strength is enormous.
Christianity expands and practices such as burning living women when their husband died, they are no longer tolerated.
Despite the violence and religious conflicts, the truth is that the history of atrocities and intolerances have long existed in that region and they were much more cruel and devastating.
The opening of the world to the world and the interaction between all peoples on the planet, was something that could never be prevented. Isolated life within the small villages becomes boring, immutable and all the others who live outside the small village are strangers, so enemies. Knowing and interacting means evolving!
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5:30
Ibn Khaldun used the term Asabiyyah to describe the bond of cohesion among humans in a group forming community. The bond, Asabiyyah, exists at any level of civilization, from nomadic society to states and empires. Asabiyyah is most strong in the nomadic phase, and decreases as civilization advances. As this Asabiyyah declines, another more compelling Asabiyyah may take its place; thus, civilizations rise and fall, and history describes these cycles of Asabiyyah as they play out.
Ibn Khaldun argues that each dynasty (or civilization) has within itself the seeds of its own downfall. He explains that ruling houses tend to emerge on the peripheries of great empires and use the much stronger asabiyya present in those areas to their advantage, in order to bring about a change in leadership. This implies that the new rulers are at first considered “barbarians” by comparison to the old ones. As they establish themselves at the center of their empire, they become increasingly lax, less coordinated, disciplined and watchful, and more concerned with maintaining their new power and lifestyle at the centre of the empire—i.e, their internal cohesion and ties to the original peripheral group, the asabiyya, dissolves into factionalism and individualism, diminishing their capacity as a political unit. Thus, conditions are created wherein a new dynasty can emerge at the periphery of their control, grow strong, and effect a change in leadership, beginning the cycle anew.
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Not to insult my history teachers, or those who wrote the history books from when I was in school, but these 2 videos alone were sooooooooooooooooo much more effective on teaching me my own country history (from that period) then the school books or the teachers ever did, and on top that these videos are super entertaining and oh sooo well narrated. This is truly valuable stuff, I hope it gest translated to Portuguese (of Portugal hopefully) so not only the kids, but every Portuguese in general can learn our history, in a less "glorified" way, because truth be told, there's almost as much to be proud of as there is to be ashamed of. Anyway, amazing stuff, I truly have no words, congrats to all involved.
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The most important scholars of Renaissance humanism consider Prince Henry the Navigator to be the most important man in European history.
As attested by a letter written by the Italian sage Poggio Bracciolini to the Infante, in 1448-1449. The literate Italian compares his achievements to those of Alexander the Great, or those of Julius Caesar, praising them even more for being conquests of places unknown to all Humanity. Poggio Bracciolini (1380 – Florence, 1459), was one of the most important humanists of the Italian Renaissance.
Without a doubt, no one else in history has managed to make their actions change the world as much as Prince Henry. He transformed the old world of small villages frozen in time, into a world where the entire planet is part, where all cultures become part of human knowledge.
Especially poor old Europe, full of famine, will benefit most from this. Until then, rich Arab and Asian merchants said that Europe was so poor that the only valuable merchandise were white European slaves.
The world becomes truly global. However, in the 19th century the war for European national pride will make other countries that were looking for the scepter of glory in European history, try to destroy the importance of Henry the Navigator to assume the throne of global history themselves and the only way to achieve this was by accusing him of having "invented" slavery, which is totally false and scandalously shameful on the part of all those who wrote books full of lies just to try to impose slavery on him.
It is so criminally false that there is not a single true document linking it to slavery.
Only after the death of Henry the navigator in 1460 did slavery become necessary for the Americas, which had not yet been discovered at the time of Henry's death.
Therefore, the only way to denigrate him was to say that he took the slaves to the sugar plantations in Madeira. But at the time of his death, Madeira produced little more than cereals. It was the Flemish, Jewish and Genoese who introduced sugar to Madeira. They had already exploited sugar and slaves for over 100 years in the Mediterranean and especially in Sicily.
The Portuguese did not know about sugar and even less about the slavery of Africans.
In 1441, the first black people arrived in Portugal, who were brought by Antão Gonçalves, in the Rio do Ouro region. The captives and not slaves, as the racists like to call them, were treated very well, but Andahu, the native chief, constantly asked to be allowed to return to his land. Infante D. Henrique acceded to his wish, and Antão Gonçalves, when he went back to the Coast of Africa, took the black leader with him.
The relationship with the king of Congo was so good that the Congolese elites began to adopt noble titles, that is, they wanted to be called counts and even dukes.
In the following centuries, the Dutch and companies of German-Jewish capital arrived, and from then until the Belgian king's hands were cut off, the situation of the Portuguese was completely reversed.
Unfortunately, anti-Catholic and anti-Lusophone propaganda spends millions of dollars every year, just to "sow" false stories, designed to praise profit maximization, perpetuating human exploitation and destruction of the planet, through financing books, written intentionally to blame others for their own atrocities.
However, there is a big difference between what Europeans read and what they see when they get to know Portugal and the Portuguese.
The difference between mere dogmatic theory and knowledge through experience was precisely what the Discoveries introduced and that was what made humanity evolve like never before. Therefore, if we go back to blindly believing in mere propagandistic theory, we will be going back 500 years.
What everyone can really see is that the world has completely changed from before to after Henry the Navigator!
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Portugal and Spain have an intrisec and rich history. Later the two crowns would unite in the event called Union Iberiaca, ironically, the throne of Portugal became vacant because King Don Sebastião of Portugal in search of the glory of his ancestors in the "Reconquista", died in a campaign against the Kingdom of Morocco in 1578. After a War for the Succession of the Throne, most of the members of the Council of Governors of the Kingdom of Portugal supported Philip II of Spain as moderating power and put an end to internal disputes. This union lasted from 1580 to 1640, and only came to an end after a long War of Independence (War of the Restoration 1640 and 1668) that would put the House of Bragança in power in Portugal.
For my country Brazil, this union was fundamental, because the immense power of Spain at the time, this contributed and much for the colonization of the interior of Brazil. Later, after independence, the first Emperor of Brazil would be from the house of Bragança, Emperor Pedro I of Bragança and Bourbon (1822 - 1831), who also became King of Portugal (1826) after abdicating the throne of Brazil in favor of his son Pedro II.
Congratulations for the excellent work, I love your work, Greetings from Brazil to Flash Point History and to all those who love history.
P.s.: Sorry about my English.
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There are maps in the British Museum, in Paris and in the Library of the US Congress that shows lands in old Portuguese, one of them having the depiction of a land called "Isolla de Braçil", island of Brazil, dated in 1364.
Most of the maps, journals and diaries made by us during the Age of Discoveries were destroyed in the Earthquake of Lisbon in 1755 (as they were secret documents still, they were stored near the Praça do Comércio).
A Portuguese historian wrote a book about voyages that were unknown and give evidences (slim sadly, as most of them were, as i said, destroyed in the earthquake) of their existence.
Also, that son of John II, Afonso, was supposed to marry the daughter of the Catholic Monarchs. It was one of the many diplomatic attempts for Portugal to gain all of Iberia through marriage (I call this an Austrian-gamer move).
Also, Battle of Diu (1509) when? 😢
Mamluks: You killing all of us bcz we killed your son?
Viceroy Francisco de Almeida: MY ONLY SON!!!
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Yeah, too small for such big dreams. In terms of population and resources, the smallest maritime power during the Age of Discovery. That such a tiny country, with a tiny population, and tiny natural resources, was able to be the forerunner of European overseas expansion and then build such sprawling and long-lasting empire is simply mindboggling. Sooner or later, the Dutch, the French, the Spanish and the English would stake their claim. But, alas, adjusted for its size, Portugal had indeed a massive impact on the world - the first westerners to reach Tibet and Japan (which forever altered the history of Japan), the first westerners to arrive to South America (yeah, because the Caribbean are in Central America), the first to circumnavigate the whole of massive Africa, and so on...today, Portuguese is one of the most spoken languages in the world (at number 6, by native speakers); among European languages, only Spanish and English surpass Portuguese. And, what comes next on this series (the Battle of Diu), will forever change the dynamics of power in the world - if the global center of power in this age was in the hands of eastern powers, Diu will change it to western powers. Diu was indeed one of the most important maritime battles ever...and all because a father lost his son...
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As a North Portuguese, I loved it. Great Job.
Just one small thing, you mention D. Afonso II, like he followed D. Afonso I, however D. Afonso II didn't follow D. Afonso I, O Conquistador (though in Portugal everybody refers to him as D. Afonso Henriques). D. Afonso Henriques was followed by his son (his 4th son) D. Sancho, o Populador (the populator), king from 6.12.1185 - 26.03.1211. D. Sancho I was followed by his son, grandson of D. Afonso I, D. Afonso II, o Gordo (the Fat [no, I'm making this up]), king from 26.03.1211 to 25.03.1223
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That intro was perfect, masterful pacing. Thank you for this video, this is such an interesting time in history, everything is at an inflection point: cartography, gunpowder, religion, science, civics, ethics, economics. You can see the dovetails of the European miracle coming together all throughout the 15th century, and Henry might be its heraldic personification. I'm so pumped for this series!
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The Battle of Diu in 1509 marked a shift in power and the beginning of the dominance of Europeans, first the Portuguese, then the Dutch and then the French and the British, over the world seas.
The number of books on military history such as ‘50 Battles That Changed the World’ by William Weir, ‘Moment of Battle: The Twenty Clashes That Changed the World’ by James Lacey, ‘The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: From Marathon to Waterloo’ by Edward Creasey among others, all agree that the Battle of Diu changed the course of world history. It is as important as the battles of Waterloo and Trafalgar!
Surprisingly, such an important battle has been forgotten in India and even in Europe!
With the Battle of Diu, the Arab World Fell,
the Mediterranean World Fell,
the Medieval World Fell, the old Poor, Closed Europe World Fell!
The Old Theoric Dogmas Fell! The Old Little World Fell!
For the First Time a New Planet Born, a Planet called Earth, where all the globe knew their own planet, new cultures, histories, peoples and new civilizations.
From a continent full of fears, myths, famines and uncertainties born a new modern. advanced and powerful continent, that would lead the world until nowadays, a continent called Europe!
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You know I love everything you do, but this is an amazing point in Spain's future history. I am so glad you decided to show this part of 'the turn of the tide' in the Reconquista as most people do not realize where and when the later Spanish Empire was born. Berenguela can be considered not just the mother of Leon and Castile, and Ferdinand the Third but more rightly, the Mother of the Spanish Empire.
This transition is akin to the begin of the Roman Empire about a thousand years before. The consolidation of Leon and Castile sits as the pseudo-mirror moment of Rome overthrowing their masters, the Etruscans. Now the manner at which it is conducted may not be the same in exactitude, however it's long term outcome is quite easy to see in the comparative. Rome takes Etruria removing the only other truly powerful state in the north of Italy and absorbing them into Rome rather than leaving them to rot on the vine, within a few hundred years Rome is reaching out across the many waters.
The consolidation of Castile and Leon, with Castile essentially absorbing Leon into Castilian power rather than leaving the power base of Leon to rot on the vine, and within a couple hundred years Spain is reaching out across all the waters, and much like Rome, finding new lands and claiming them Empire. Spain even kidnaps and Italian (roman!) and seizes a land before hand unheard of. How is that for Berengeula's legacy?
Amazing work, superb choices as always on who really matters. I am still somewhat amazed you are not voicing on television.
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This was a bit emotional. Always felt that Duarte Pacheco Pereira was deeply, unjustly mistreated by the court and by history. This was a man of the highest caliber. The type of friend that you would take to a mortal place or to a suicidal war, and also the type of person that you'd gladly spend time with absorbing his vast knowledge and vision over a glass of Portuguese red wine. Thank you for making him justice. And thank you to promote this extraordinary warrior and Renaissance man to a vast audience. Again: thank you. What a trinity: Pereira, Almeida and Albuquerque. Regardless of the epoch, circumstances or geography, they would be military geniuses of the first order, the cream of the cream. Intelligent, resourceful, dynamic, analytical, great leaders, incorruptible, visionaries, cultured and ruthless. If you know their story, and you compare them to other revered military figureheads from other countries, you cannot deny such assumption. The intro with Camões' words was also a touch of class. All the very best
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Awesome job with the video! the effort and time invested in it is greatly appreciated! Zama is a rare battle in which it pitted one recognized military genius against another. A rare treat for any military history enthusiast who like to fantasize regarding who were the better general amongst the list of greats! Zama gave a definite answer to at least one of those quandries, who was better, Scipio or Hannibal? I can't recall any other battle in which a timeless commander went up against another, perhaps Napoleon and Wellington is the closest one, although Napoleon was a shell of his former brilliance and partly shared command in their confrontation.
To add a bit of flare and drama to your excellent video, i thought i'd add some text from Livy on how daunting and arduous the campaign in Africa was viewed and that Fabius the Cunctator predicted;
"...that Hannibal would prove a more formidable foe in his own country than he had been in a foreign one. and that Scipio would have to encounter not Syphax a king of undisciplined barbarians... nor his father in law Hasdrubal, that most fugacious general. Nor unstable armies hastily collected out of a mob of half armed rustics, but Hannibal born in the camp of his father, that bravest of generals, nurtured and educated in the midst of war, who served as a soldier when still a boy and became a general when he barely attained manhood.
Hannibal...who having grown old in victory had filled Spain, Gaul and Italy from the Alps to the straits with monuments of his vast achievements, who commanded troops who had served as long as he, troops hardened by the endurance of every kind of suffering that is scarcely could be imagined by men, stained a thousand times with Roman blood, and bearing with them the spoils taken in battle, not only of soldiers but of generals. That many would meet the eyes of Scipio in battle who had with their own hands slain praetors, generals and consuls."
As confident as the Carthaginians were in the return of Hannibal with his veteran army to Africa, they did feel a sense of anxiety and worry deep down when they thought about the general Hannibal was to face. They reflected on all the achievements that Scipio accomplished and that the misfortunes of Carthage were the direct result of the conduct and valor of Scipio's alone.
According to Livy they ".....regarded Scipio with horror, as a general marked by destiny and born for their destruction". The results of Zama confirmed their worries.
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Pedro "The Well Traveled" was Regent to his nephew and future king Afonso V, they clashed later on and Pedro lost, he was mostly erased from history, but yes, he was pivotal in bringing technology, state of the art cannons and much more so Henry could thrive in the discoveries, it is also said he was the one responsible for the colonizing effort of Madeira and Azores.
On the other hand, as stated in this great video, Henry was not an explorer and most definitively not a sailor, he was your typical zealot medieval man in that regard, wanted to profit of course, but above all, convert Africa to Christianity, defeat the Marinid dynasty by linking up with the fabled Preste João and creating a christian african empire.
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To answer who is better, according to Livy:
Claudius, following the Greek history of Acilius, reports that Publius Africanus was a member of that embassy and that at Ephesus he conferred with Hannibal, and he even relates one conversation: when Africanus asked who, in Hannibal's opinion, was the greatest general, Hannibal named Alexander, the king of the Macedonians, because with a small force he had routed armies innumerable and because he had traversed the most distant regions, even to see which transcended human hopes.To the next request, as to whom he would rank second, Hannibal selected Pyrrhus; saying that he had been the first to teach the art of castrametation; besides, no one had chosen his ground or placed his troops more discriminatingly; he possessed also the art of winning men over to him, so that the Italian peoples preferred the lordship of a foreign king to that of the Roman people, so long the master in that land. When he continued, asking whom Hannibal considered third, he named himself without hesitation. Then Scipio broke into a laugh and said, “What would you say if you had defeated me?” “Then, beyond doubt,” he replied, “I should place myself both before Alexander and before Pyrrhus and before all other generals.” Both this response, with the unexpected turn given it by Punic cleverness, and this unlooked-for kind of flattery, he says, stirred Scipio deeply, because Hannibal had segregated him from all other commanders as one beyond estimation.
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Good research and naration, but I want to correct you on two things if you allow 1) Many of the early mosques in North Africa and Spain were build with wrong direction. The directions were not established quit good yet. For example famous mosques like Qarawin Mosque, Zaitouna Mosque and even in large amounts, take for example nearly all mosques of the Old City of Qasba in Algeria. Ibn Habib, a 9th century philosopher and scientist from Córdoba, mentions that the direction of Mecca is to the rising of the star Alfasco, which is quit good. However this is about a century later than the building of the Great Mosque of Rahman i. If I am not mistaking it is also mentioned by Al Thahabi, a 13th century historian from Damascus, that a prince in Córdoba wanted to alter the direction of the Mihrab but he was advised not to by the court. 2) Secondly: it is not quit correct what you mentioned about Imam Malik saying that non- moslims must be punished if they insult the Prophet. This is not enirely true since this holds also for Muslims as Imam Malik said. Furtheremore he declaired that in the case of non-moslims they are not nescessarily excecuted but can repent from there fault, but if someone is a Muslim than they should be executed.
I want to end with thanking you for the effort and beautifull series on history you are making, I liked it very much, keep them coming!
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Some technological advances introduced by the Portuguese in the XV and XVI centuries and which explain why they controlled such a vast empire with few people.
In naval construction, after the battle of Ceuta, they introduced the placement of side cannons on ships, initiating a new concept of naval war.
Taking advantage of this ballistic value, they introduced the modern concept of naval battle at a distance, through maneuvers calculating in real time the difference of ballistic distances between the ships in confrontation, this concept surpassed the old one used and based on the approach in the battle of Lepanto.
Since the conquest of Ceuta, the Portuguese have never used boarding tactics to win a naval battle, but rather everything based on ballistic superiority.
The maximum ballistic distance of a Portuguese armored cannon in XVI century was about 1800 mts (1.8 km).
They introduced in ballistic other innovation, the repetition cannon, three times faster than a normal cannon.
In the field of infantry light weapons, they introduced a single reference weapon and a single caliber for the entire infantry army and marines, a true logistical advance in weaponry, something that only the Russians did in a similar way with the AK-47.
In the field of manufacturing, they introduced the first weapons and ammunition factories outside Europe as well as the first naval shipyards, part of the Portuguese navy and various weapons began to be manufactured in India, this explains the longevity of the empire in the Indian Ocean.
Portugal developed not only the bases of comercial modern trade but also the bases of the military logic of the modern empires.
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Wow! My Ancesters, are from, Northern Spain , Central Spain, Portugal, the Middle East, and also, Pueblo, Apache, and other Native American INDIANS. SO,
I'M A REAL
MIX OF FIGHTING
Land grabbers,
gold seekers, and womenizers.. Some of my
Ancesters came with Columbus, to
find gold, to.settle land,
and to get a taste of ad venture.
TODAY , I'M
RETIRED, AND, LEARNING HISTORY ON
U-TUBE, PLUS, WOOD PROJECTS FOR A HOBBY, THANK YOU, FOR THIS VIDEO. GOOD STUFF!
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I'm Puerto Rican, but me grandfather on Dad's side was also Portuguese, from Oporto. I also grew up on legends of Portuguese greatness, seamanship and ultimate betrayal by the Spanish, who clipped Portugals empire in favor of their own after the unification of the crowns in the 1580s, embedding the Portuguese to fight Spains losing wars against its former ally, England. It broke Portugals Empire and spirit.... Funny though, my Grandma from Mom's side is of Norwegian descent, and I grew up hearing from her Norwegian sea legends, from Snori, the first European born in the Americas (Greenland), the voyages of Eric the Red... The Norse, another of Europe's great discoverers and sea people. ✌️
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I cannot wait for you to get to Queen Isabella of Castile. Her story is outright like a fantasy novel.
The Crusades had ended in defeat. Jerusalem belongs to the infidels. To the east, the Turks had blasted their way into Constantinople, a shadow that would haunt Christendom during her time. Islam would continue its march into the Balkans, while in Iberia the banner of the Reconquista no longer stirred. Christianity was failing.
France would not abandon her rivalries with England, Aragon, and the HRE. Poland feared the heathens at her border. A succession of kings had left Castile troubled, in debt, and crime-ridden. Europe was a tiny, frightened, and cold land at the edge of the known world, soon to be conquered by an alien menace.
And then a woman—of all the people in 15th century—changes everything. Imagine from being the least likely contender for a crown to become the undisputed ruler, restoring order and justice after so many decades of anarchy, bravely riding across Spain to smack down a rebellion without an army but with her mere presence alone, forging her ill-united kingdom against the remaining foothold of Islam in the peninsula, and send forth Columbus to begin the global empire that would dominate for the coming centuries. Imagine winning for Christianity an entire continent. Imagine that her language, Castilian, has more speakers than English by tens of millions to this day.
Then imagine some history book dimming her importance by placing her name after Ferdinand. Imagine your husband being called the Prince by Machiavelli for conquering Granada, when, in fact, Ferdinand wanted to put Castile’s troops against France instead of the Reconquista. Isabella refused. The Perfect Prince was a Princess, but nobody ever says that. Imagine Sultan Suleiman praised as the Magnificent, never mind the son and brothers he killed to protect his power. Imagine Isabella, a doting mother, facing all the tragedies of her children, being called a monster by the modern world for decisions that any ruler of her time, far less virtuous than her, would have done the same as well.
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5:36: 💪 Isabella, a determined and ambitious princess, seizes the opportunity to rule Castile and faces the challenges of a kingdom on the brink of collapse and the threat of the Ottoman Empire.
16:26: 👑 Isabella's childhood was difficult, growing up in the shadow of King Henry IV and in a kingdom descending into chaos.
39:00: 👑 Isabella secures her spot in the line of succession and begins to groom herself to lead.
53:20: 👑 Isabella and Ferdinand get married against King Henry IV's wishes, face opposition from the nobility, and Isabella is disinherited.
1:10:13: 👑 Isabella seizes the throne of Castile and declares her daughter as the next heiress.
1:14:11: 👑 Isabella and Ferdinand successfully navigate their new roles as rulers of Castile and Aragon, while facing a Portuguese invasion led by Alfonso V.
1:32:32: 🌍 Isabella and Ferdinand prepare for an all-out war to conquer the Kingdom of Granada in their quest to unite Spain and defend the Catholic faith.
1:43:02: 🔥 The war between Castile and Granada intensifies as both sides suffer losses and make strategic moves.
1:57:03: 🔥 The Catholic Monarchs continue their conquest of Granada, capturing Ronda and other key cities, while facing resistance from Al-zagal and Boabdil.
2:11:59: 🔥 The Siege of Malaga and Baza: Ferdinand's army successfully captures the cities of Malaga and Baza, securing the western part of the kingdom of Granada.
2:33:13: 🔑 Queen Isabella's death marked the end of an era, but her legacy of religious intolerance and persecution continued in Spain.
2:41:13: 🌍 Isabella of Spain's reign brought both prosperity and suffering, as she built a powerful military and religious machine and funded Christopher Columbus's expedition to the New World.
Recap by Tammy AI
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Extraordinary. Thank you. Despite creating a magnificent, enlightened civilization in southern Iberia, when Muslim armies invaded Western Europe in 711 (then, the Visigothic realm) little did they know that they were opening up a Pandora Box. In time, the Iberians first, and then other Europeans, would expel them from Europe and start to chase them around the globe. Unfortunately, the consequences of this clash of cultures are still being felt today. The Portuguese were hell bent on waging a crusade whenever and wherever they encountered Muslims, even when terribly outnumbered. Cabral, with all his flaws, was such a crusader. Regrettably, innocent Hindus were caught in the barbaric crossfire between Christians and Muslims. On a side note: Bartholomew Dias was, most probably, the most extraordinary and accomplished navigator and captain of his day. He did not get there by being from the high nobility (he was not). Competence and merit alone explain his feats. And it is quite fitting that he lost his worthy life having one more go at the iconic, menacing cape that he discovered for Europe and that truly embodies the clash between Indian and Atlantic civilizations.
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Também farão Mombaça, que se arreia
De casas sumptuosas e edifícios,
Co ferro e fogo seu queimada e feia,
Em pago dos passados malefícios.
Despois, na costa da Índia, andando cheia
De lenhos inimigos e artificios
Contra os Lusos, com velas e com remos
O mancebo Lourenço fará extremos.
Das grandes naus do Samorim potente,
Que encherão todo o mar, co a férrea pela,
Que sai com trovão do cobre ardente,
Fará pedaços leme, masto, vela.
Despois, lançando arpéus ousadamente
Na capitaina imiga, dentro nela
Saltando o fará só com lança e espada
De quatrocentos Mouros despejada.
Mas de Deus a escondida providência
(Que ela só sabe o bem de que se serve)
O porá onde esforço nem prudência
Poderá haver que a vida lhe reserve.
Em Chaúl, onde em sangue e resistência
O mar todo com fogo e ferro ferve,
Lhe farão que com vida se não saia
As armadas de Egipto e de Cambaia.
Ali o poder de muitos inimigos
(Que o grande esforço só com força rende),
Os ventos que faltaram, e os perigos
Do mar, que sobejaram, tudo o ofende.
Aqui ressurjam todos os Antigos,
A ver o nobre ardor que aqui se aprende:
Outro Ceva verão, que, espedaçado,
Não sabe ser rendido nem domado.
Com toda ũa coxa fora, que em pedaços
Lhe leva um cego tiro que passara,
Se serve inda dos animosos braços
E do grão coração que lhe ficara.
Até que outro pelouro quebra os laços
Com que co alma o corpo se liara:
Ela, solta, voou da prisão fora
Onde súbito se acha vencedora.
Vai-te, alma, em paz, da guerra turbulenta,
Na qual tu mereceste paz serena!
Que o corpo, que em pedaços se apresenta,
Quem o gerou, vingança já lhe ordena:
Que eu ouço retumbar a grão tormenta,
Que vem já dar a dura e eterna pena,
De esperas, basiliscos e trabucos,
A Cambaicos cruéis e Mamelucos.
Eis vem o pai, com ânimo estupendo,
Trazendo fúria e mágoa por antolhos,
Com que o paterno amor lhe está movendo
Fogo no coração, água nos olhos.
A nobre ira lhe vinha prometendo
Que o sangue fará dar pelos giolhos
Nas inimigas naus; senti-lo-á o Nilo,
Podê-lo-á o Indo ver e o Gange ouvi-lo.
— Luís de Camões [Os Lusíadas, Canto X]
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There was NO multicultural Utopia in the Iberian peninsula during the Muslim conquest. This myth was started fairly recently. It was impossible, because under Muslim rule, the people in Iberia (the Spanish, and Portuguese) could not just convert to Islam, and become a citizen. The women could, but not the men. It's well documented that after the Muslim invasion in 711 the remaining Christians that couldn't flee to the north were now under Muslim rule, and were treated horribly. Many were enslaved, but for the ones that were not, they had to live as Dhimmi, and pay jizya(tax), which were 3rd class that had no rights. They couldn't ride horses, use weapons, carry weapons, they had to wear distinct markers to identify themselves, really for humiliation. There were many more rules that made it very hard to live. They couldn't raise their voices at a Muslim. The Muslims from the middle east were the ruling class, then the north Africans, the Berbers. The only Christian that weren't enslaved were people with skill sets, people that they needed. The women could marry in, and become a citizen, but the men could not, and after a short period of time there were no more Christians(Portuguese, and Spanish). This was evident when a city, or region would be taken back by the Christian during the Reconquista(the reconquest), there would be no free Christians, only slaves. When Granada was taken back Queen Isabella, and king Ferdinand had the chains from the slaves taken to Toledo, and hung on the outside of a cathedral as a reminder to never let another invasion happen again. They still hang today approximately 500 years later. I've been there, and It's a creepy sight to see.
This was common during the reconquest, every time they took back a city there were no free Spaniards, bust slaves which were freed.
The myth of an Al Andalus where all races, and religions lived happily together in peace is just that, a myth. It's actually impossible under Muslim law at the time.
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Great Video!
The 4th Crusade was one of the most tragic events in human history!
In my historical analysis, Europe and the West lost the most in 1204. Constantinople was the largest city on earth! It was not for nothing that Constantinople was called the "city of cities" ("Η πόλη των πόλεων").
Constantinople was like a "shield" (Ασπίδα) against the Muslim invasion of Europe via Anatolia. However, after the 4th Crusade, that "shield" was simply broken. Constantinople, in my own words, was the "shield of the west" ("Η ασπίδα/προστασία της φύσης"). By weakening Constantinople, the 4th Crusade contributed to the future expansion of the Ottoman Empire itself! Had it not been for the 4th Crusade, Constantinople would probably not fall in 1453. Ironically, the 4th Crusade contributed to the expansion of Islam. Doge Enrico Dandolo's Venice, on the other hand, was the greatest beneficiary of the 4th Crusade. In 1453, Mehmed II simply conquered a city already weakened by several invasions, wars and looting.
Nevertheless, it is CRUCIAL to highlight that Pope Innocent III, the Pope who called for the 4th Crusade, had NOTHING to do with the sack of Constantinople. In fact, Innocent simply excommunicated all the soldiers and knights who took part of the sack. After all, the primary objective of the 4th Crusade was Egypt and Jerusalem, NOT Constantinople. Rome, therefore, had nothing to do with it.
The 4th Crusade simply wiped out all the efforts made during the so-called Komnenian Restoration (1081-1180), which was carried out by the emperors Alexios I Komnenos (1081-1118), John II Komnenos (1118-1143) and Manuel I Komnenos (1143-1180). The Komnenian Restoration was a real economic relief for the Byzantine Empire. The reigns of Alexios I Komnenos (Αλέξιος Κομνηνός), John II Komnenos (Ιωάννης Κομνηνός) and Manuel I Komnenos (Μανουήλ Κομνηνός), in my historical analysis, marked a true Byzantine "Renaissance" (especially from an economic perspective). However, the 4th Crusade simply ANNIHILATED all the economic and military prosperity of the Komnenian Restoration.
In fact, ALL the emperors of the Palaiologos Dynasty, which was the last Byzantine dynasty (1261-1453), reigned and ruled over a completely bankrupt Constantinople; including, for example, Michael VIII Palaiologos (who recaptured Constantinople in 1261), Andronikos II Palaiologos, Andronikos III Palaiologos, Manuel II Palaiologos, John VIII Palaiologos (who tried to reconcile with Rome), and, of course, Constantine XI Palaiologos himself (who received the final blow). ALL the emperors of the Palaiologos Dynasty, therefore, faced serious economic and/or military problems because of the 4th Crusade. The destruction of the Byzantine Empire (Βασιλεία των Ρωμαίων), in my historical analysis, was completely decreed in 1204, not in 1453.
The greatest beneficiary of the 4th Crusade, on the other hand, was obviously Venice (Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia); the "queen of the Adriatic" ("La Regina dell'Adriatico"), as I like to call it. Doge Enrico Dandolo was undoubtedly the greatest beneficiary of the partition of the Byzantine Empire (Partitio Terrarum Imperii Romaniae/Partitio regni Graeci). Furthermore, Enrico Dandolo even received the title of "lord of three-eighths of the Roman Empire" ("Dominus quartae partis et dimidiae totius Imperii Romaniae"). Moreover, Venice also seized Crete and the island of Euboea (Negroponte). The 4th Crusade, in my historical analysis, led to the apogee of Venice's economic and military glory throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, more precisely during the dogeships of Francesco Foscari (1423-1457), Pasquale Malipiero (1457-1462), Cristoforo Moro (1462-1471), Nicolò Tron (1471-1473), Nicolò Marcello (1473-1474), Pietro Mocenigo (1474-1478), Giovanni Mocenigo (1478-1485), Marco Barbarigo (1485-1486), Agostino Barbarigo (1486-1501) and Leonardo Loredan (1501-1521).
The 4th Crusade, therefore, was a crucial watershed not only in Byzantine history, but it was also a watershed in Venetian history.
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Great podcast! So little real discussion on the Huns or Attila. Couple things:
1. The Greuthingi were Goths as much as Fritigern's people, whom were Thervingi. The difference is important as the tribes contributed to the development of the Visigoth/Ostrogoth split.
2. The majority of the Gothic cavalry were actually Alans, a nomadic peoples that were driven from the steppe into Goth lands by the Huns.
3. The Goths, Fritigern too, probably had an notion of precedent from their forebears when the the Goths destroyed the Roman Army at the Battle of Atrebus in 251 AD, in which the Army was routed and Emperor Decius was killed. Reason why this battle isn't as well known is because it was part of a bigger crisis, the Third Century Crisis, that was resolved by Emperor Aurelian, who later smashed the Goths in a campaign in 271. Simply put, the Goths knew they could beat the Romans with patience and a better strategy, but they also knew that they could lose in a retaliatory campaign.
4. Just a little detail that could lead to a great future podcast: The Sack of Rome in 387 BC was done by the Gallic tribe of Senones under Brennus. They were then defeated by the Second Founder of Rome, Marcus Furius Camillus, at the Allia, which is a tributary of the Tiber.
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Portugal has been fighting for more than two thousand years with excepcional success the most powerful armies in the world. Since Viriathus, the Lusithans and the Celts Bragaerae who defeated the Romans for more than 200 years, when France was all conquered in just 10 years. Even the great ancient writer Strabo wrote: - "And yet the country north of the Tagus, Lusitania, is the greatest of the Iberian nations, and is the nation against which the Romans waged war for the longest times".
Portugal fought all kind of invaders and expelled the most powerful army in the world of that time, the Arabs, much before the Spanish and beated them in astonishing battles of few Portuguese against much superior armies. Even before the region became called Portugal, the people and the region already had the same soul. When the Otomans already were in the doors of Viena and entering in Hungary, the Portuguese defeated them in the Indic ocean. Without that, maybe the Europeans could be speaking Turk nowadays. Portugal defeated pirates, Berberes, Indians, Chinese pirates, Mamelucs and many other forces, fighting alone, when Europeans even thought the world was just what their eyes could see.
Portugal defeated the Dutch and the French in many wars for Brazil, even fought and defeated the Germans alone in wars for Africa, destroying the German imperial dream of Deutsch Mittelafrika. Even the British were defeated when they tried to make Portugal a protectorate, during a short period of the Spanish Habsburg regency.
Castile was defeated in too many battles and Napoleon was defeated in his 3 attempts to conquer Portugal.
The Spanish famous prime minister Manuel de Godoy wrote in his memories: - French Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762): - All Portuguese, in accordance with the fundamental laws of the country, were soldiers and defenders of the kingdom until they were 60 years old... thrown into hardships, on heights, in ravines... they fought a guerrilla war, causing many more losses to the enemy than regular (Anglo-Portuguese) troops. The war of positions, marches and counter-marches, imposed by the Count of Lipa, in which we suffered countless losses, was supported mainly by the armed peasantry.
Portugal had the longest global empire in human history and yet, some call this old nation weak and irrelevant. However, there was a man that had such an extraordinary respect for the Portuguese, that he demanded his king to praise the Portuguese, his name was Wellington and he was an excellent judge of value!
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Brilliant work Amigo... To accomplish what this small Nation did ( 1 million population ) at home & around the world making Portugal the longest lasting ( over 600 years ) & 1st Global Empire & 1st Global Navel Super Power ( 1st to have canons on their ships helped ) , opening sea routes to far away lands in unknown & unchartered waters is nothing less than amazing & remarkable to say the least, Portugal today would be the greatest (in all aspects of the word) country-culture the world had ever seen if not for Portugals small population back then , the Spanish pope during that Atlantic North to South rip off line I like to call it & the Vatican hatred against Portugal for harboring & integrating with the Knights Templars ( eventually named The Order of Christ Templars ) , Portugal being a haven for Jews also dis pleased the Vatican so that didn't help , these reasons alone were enough for the invasion of Portugal by France 3 times & Spain 2 times all partly financed by the Vatican, if not for the Alliance with England ( the longest such alliance in history between 2 Nations till today ) Portugal may have not survived , England also befitted greatly from the Portuguese & Portugal in the form of Knowledge & many material riches , maps to the location of Australia & New Zealand & many other lands & islands ) why else would England make enemies of France & other Nations & the Vatican for aiding Portugal. The most powerful tool is KNOWLEDGE & for a long time the Portuguese along with the Order of Christ Templars had it in spades... but nothing produced by Hollywood why not? , there has been so much of other countries-cultures & mostly exaggerated I might add on the big & small screens> so who controls Hollywood & is responsible for this injustice ? well a certain culture from a certain country with a smaller country in it control mostly 85% of production of all movies, series & T.V. shows, & many T.V. commercials.. its clear who I speak of.,. so Portugal is excluded for reasons stated above , very little you see or hear about Portugal-Portuguese from Hollywood productions , almost nothing & because Hollywood might be the biggest most powerful brain washing institution on the planet that sucks for a certain great country that many other countries-cultures benefited so much from , some of them even becoming Powerful Empires because of it (England early on, America later on to name 2 ) . Portugal has been disrespected on purpose even some of its great explorers-navigators & Portuguese achievements have been stolen by other countries-cultures. Portugal disserves much respect & a big thank you instead, if you ask me... Buddy this upload was a mother load , loved every second, if I ever meet you in person hopefully in Portugal some where, we are going to drink like Kings... hahaha oh yeah :)))).. CHEERS Amigo & Obrigado :)
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This is complete rubbish. Why do Western whites only focus on the wars and battles of this kingdom. This kingdom reigned over 800 years. That's 500 years longer than the United States, if which the US may not see another 100. But you only focus on the battles, you brush over and fail to mention Andalucia brought Europe out of the dark ages. Led the world in science, medicine, botany, astronomy, art, fashion, and hygiene. It was the Golden age of monotheism all under the African rulers of Islam. You fail to mention these were Moors mostly, not white Arabs. Moor and Arab is distinctly different. All of your alchemy, Freemasonry, occult ate derived from these Moors, yet you only focus on the battles. That would be like me talking about America and starting with the murder of Indians, slvery of African, and war waging in the middle East, and that's how I describe America to a generation 1000 years into the future. Poor work sir. Do better. This was possibly the greatest kingdom to exist that contributed more to humans than any society.
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I love how the front line between Castile and Granada was finally changing toward the end of Alfonso XI's reign, especially after he used cannons.
Fun fact: Spanish monarchs were numbered from Pelagius/Pelayo of Asturias, so we have Alfonso I of Asturias, Alfonso III of Asturias, Alfonso V of León, Alfonso VI of León, Alfonso X of Castile, Alfonso XI of Castile, and Alfonso XIII of Spain. There were also Fernando I "the Great" of León, Fernando III "the Saint" of Castile, and Fernando V "the Catholic" of Castile (II of Aragon). Note that the Aragonese monarchs were not included in this list, which is why Fernando "the Catholic" had two regnal numbers (V of Castile and II of Aragon).
It is interesting to note that Granada later helped Alfonso XI's son (Pedro of Castile) in a civil war against his illegitimate half-brother Enrique II of Castile.
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The Portuguese in Asia is a lot more interesting than the Spanish in the Americas, as the Portuguese demonstrates cannons, the Indians and Arabs quickly learn and come back with cannons, Portuguese come with gunships, the Indians and Arabs come back with Gunships, and Indian and Arabs and even the venetians though miles apart where co-operating and allied, meanwhile the Spanish are fighting empires that are yet to discover Iron or even invent the wheel, so building cannons is just impossible, or even gunships impossible without iron tools, and the Aztecs and the Inca had no idea of each other's existence!, so there was no alliance against the Spanish, so for the Portuguese it was better and cunning strategy that made them victorious while for the Spanish it was basically fighting armies that didn't yet invent the wheel and mostly used stone weapons!.
Don't know why the Spanish in the Americas is more well known than the Portuguese in the east?.
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OMG! Years ago I grouped my international friends in Brussels to lecture them about the amazing story of Pero da Covilhã!
It gives me chills watching this video now! A BIG Obrigado to you Sir!
Please never stop! Portuguese history is impressive, huge but often overlooked, either by hollywood, europeans and even by most portuguese.
I strongy suggest next:
-Duarte Pacheco Pereira, the Portuguese Leonidas. outnumbered 1:100, fended off an invasion of 80.000 for 4 entire months at the siege of Cochin 1504. Unlike Leonidas, Pereira and all his tiny garrison of 130 men survived. There is enough content in this battle for some Netflix tv series :)
-Afonso de Albuquerque, the Lion of the Seas. Probably the greatest naval commander of the age. Made the Indian Ocean a portuguese mare clausum. His military brilliance enabled Portugal to become the first global empire in history.
-Francisco de Almeida, the Portuguese Horatio Nelson. First viceroy of Portuguese India, went on to revenge his sons death by waging war against the first international coalition ever - Ottomans, Mamluks (Egypt), Calicut, Gujarat and even the Republic of Venice.
Annihilated the enemy while outnumbered at the Battle of Diu 1509, (yeah, the portuguese had a thing about big time victories while constantly outnumbered).
This battle is ranked top 5 as one of the most important naval battles in history, for it marks the beginning of European dominance over Asian seas that would last until the Second World War.
Bonus Suggestion:
-The lost Flor de La Mar, the greatest naval treasure ever found. For this I'll just drop some vaguely related links :)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilw-qmqZ5zY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5CZQpqF_74&t=3s
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Was the same spirit as in the crusades. Even the Order of Christ, maybe the men and almost all the wealth beyond the sponsoring of this voyages, were the Portuguese branch of Templars Order. Maybe or for sure, many men who fled the Holy Land went to Portugal by this time and they and their children were eager to vengeance.
Portugal back then was a country with many foreigner people, some were Italians, some from poor areas of Spain, some English, some Flemish... and I have no doubts even many muslins and Jews that fled from Spain end up in this voyages. This men motivation. with nothing to loose, was driven manly by religion, but also by fame and wealth. It was this or certainly death without a wife or children. They choose to conquer and change the world.
I find this fascinating and perhaps their ambition was greater than any group of men since the time of Julius Caesar. They shape the way Europeans are seen in the world today, and for sure the change the world, from Europe to all continents. Without them, the world would be completely different today.
Globally these group of men are probably responsible by the biggest change in human history. War, religion, economics, science, everything changed drastically after they set foot in Ceuta in 1415.
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I can see that you appreciate Roger Crowley’s writings. You surely have read ‘Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire’ by now. Can I humbly suggest a new Flash Point in History? As you know, medieval Europe was a comparatively unimportant backwater compared to India, China and the Ottoman Empire. These places were far richer, more prosperous, more populous and more potent than any single European state. In fact, after the Earth-shattering fall of Constantinople, nobody with a sane mind would bet that tiny, weak Europe would ever become the predominant center of world power in the following centuries (all Europe had was ‘guns, germs, and steel’, to paraphrase Jared Diamond).
Well, that would change thanks to the arrival of Columbus to the New World (on the one hand) and thanks to a crucial naval battle (on the other hand). But Columbus feat was not at all though compared to the Portuguese feats - as mentioned by Crowley, the Portuguese arrived at an ocean that was far from empty. In reality, they arrived at an ocean dominated by well-established powers. What definitely changed the ‘locus’ of power from Asia and the Muslim world to Europe took place in the Arabian Sea, off the waters of the Indian city of Diu, on 3 February 1509. The context surrounding the Battle of Diu is quite colorful and interesting, as it was (in essence) a story of one man (the formidable Francisco de Almeida) bent on avenging the horrible death of his cherished son. The battle pitted the Portuguese Empire against a coalition of fierce rivals that included the Sultanate of Egypt, Gujarat, Calicut, the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
The ensuing Portuguese victory all but eradicated the influence of these powers in the Indian Ocean. This, in turn, paved the way to the European dominance of Asia and, in fact, of the whole world. The Portuguese were soon followed by the Dutch and the British…and the rest is history. Diu was truly a Flash Point in History. This battle of annihilation (like Lepanto and Trafalgar) marked the moment when Europe began its rise to world domination (if you are interested, there is a documentary about it on Amazon Prime, as well as several books on the matter). The book ‘Conquerors’ tells it all in vivid detail, and also introduces the colossal figure of Afonso de Albuquerque, the Lion of the Seas (which would be responsible conquering Malacca, another Flash Point, with his mythical dark ship, the Flor de la Mar). I do not find any worthwhile video in English exploring these battles (Diu and Malacca) and formidable men that changed human history. It would be amazing to see you produce such videos. All the best
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Love the artwork, the background music really sets the tone and enhances the narration, you just keep getting better and better each time, the patience, time, and dedication you put into your videos really shows.
So this is the beginning of the end, eh? Back when I first learned about the reconquista, my initial thought was that the final war against Grenada was a cakewalk, but this shows the truth to be the contrary. Despite the dire situation they're in, Grenada isn't going down without a fight, and I can't help but respect them for that.
Until you mentioned it, I had completely forgotten about the Fall of Constantinople, considering how significant this event was for Christians and Muslims in the west it's interesting to see how that influenced the decisions of the Sultans of Grenada, that was perhaps a major contributing factor in their decision to resist the reconquista so fiercely in the end.
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The Galleon São João Baptista (Saint John the Baptist), commonly known as the Botafogo (Set fire), was a Portuguese galleon warship built in the 16th century, around 1534, considered the biggest and most powerful warship in the world at the time.
This ship could carry 366 bronze cannons, and had an artillery power of 1,000 tons (the Chinese treasure ship, the main ships of Zheng He`s Fleet would give burthen of 500 tons and a displacement tonnage of about 800 tons). For this reason, it became known powerfull the Botafogo, meaning literally fire maker or spitfire in popular Portuguese.
The Botafogo was used both in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean, where it became famous during the Conquest of Tunis (1535). In that battle, the Botafogo was commanded by Infante Luís, Duke of Beja, brother of John III and brother-in-law of Charles V.
According to historians, it was the Botafogo spur ram that broke up the chains at La Goletta, which defended the port entrance of Tunis, allowing the Christian allied fleet to reach and conquer the city.
One member of the crew named João de Sousa Pereira, a noble from the city of Elvas, became famous because he was responsible for the ship’s artillery, and he also got the nickname of Botafogo, which he later included in his family name. Later, he went to live in the Portuguese colony of Brazil, fighting against the French and the local Tupi Indians. As a reward, the Portuguese Crown granted him some lands known today as the Botafogo area.
Even now in China near Macau, theres the legend of the Mighty Ship Botafogo that will return from the deep sea to punish kids who dont behave or dont eat the vegetables.
Conquest of Tunis (1535) In this battle, Botafogo was commanded by Infante D. Luís, brother of King D. João III of Portugal and brother-in-law of Emperor Carlos V. Emperor Carlos V of Spain and the Holly German Roman Emperor requested naval support from Portugal, he specifically referred to Botafogo.
According to the reports of the time, it was the Botafogo spur that managed to break the chains at La Goleta, which defended the entrance of the port, thus allowing the Christian armada to reach and conquer the city of Tunis.
The Portuguese galleon named S. João Baptista, in which the emperor of Germany, and king of Spain Carlos V was with his brother-in-law our infant Dom Luiz, to conquer Tunis against the famous corsair Heredim Barba-Rôxa "Redbeard", not only is it celebrated for being the largest ship, which in the seas of Europe overwhelmed the waves, for it threw 366 pieces of bronze, and being round contained 600 musketeers, 400 sword and rodella soldiers, and 300 gunners; but he is also famous for the tall carving, or great saw of finest steel, which he had in the bow, to break Goleta's chain; which can not be achieved the first time, but the second, when the infant Dom Luiz sent the pilot to take to the sea with wider turn, and given the sails all to the wind [prevention that missed the first] invested the chain with such furious, vehement thrust that it shattered it, lifting a great saw of water. The galleon came into the river, as the gentleman ran after good luck, and began to cast so much lightning upon the fortifications of the infidels, that the name came to him, which the vulgar repeats [even today], calling him the botafogo galleon (spit fire). He undoubtedly made it easier for him to achieve the conquest of the Goleta, which appeared impregnable, on July 13, 1535.
The Conquest of Tunis in 1535 was an attack on Tunis, then under the control of the Ottoman Empire, by the Spanish Empire and its allies.
In 1533, Suleiman the Magnificent ordered Hayreddin Barbarossa, whom he had summoned from Algiers, to build a large war fleet in the arsenal of Constantinople. Altogether 70 galleys were built during the winter of 1533–1534, manned by slave oarsmen, including 2,000 Jewish ones. With this fleet, Barbarossa conducted aggressive raids along the coast of Italy, until he conquered Tunis on 16 August 1534, ousting the local ruler, theretofore subservient to the Spanish, Muley Hasan.Barbarossa thus established a strong naval base in Tunis, which could be used for raids in the region, and on nearby Malta.
Charles V, one of the most powerful men in Europe at the time, assembled a large army of some 30,000 soldiers, 74 galleys (rowed by chained Protestants shipped in from Antwerp), 300 sailing ships, the Santa Anna and Portuguese galleon São João Baptista, also known as Botafogo and the most powerful ship in the world at the time, with 366 bronze cannons to drive the Ottomans from the region. The expense involved for Charles V was considerable, and at 1,000,000 ducats was on par with the cost of Charles’ campaign against Suleiman on the Danube. Unexpectedly, the funding of the conquest of Tunis came from the galleons sailing in from the New World, in the form of a 2 million gold ducats treasure extracted by Francisco Pizarro in exchange for his releasing of the Inca king Atahualpa.
Despite a request by Charles V, Francis I denied French support to the expedition, explaining that he was under a 3 year truce with Barbarossa following the 1533 Ottoman embassy to France. Francis I was also under negotiations with Suleiman the Magnificent for a combined attack on Charles V, following the 1534 Ottoman embassy to France. Francis I only agreed to Pope Paul III’s request that no fight between Christians occur during the time of the expedition.
On 1 June 1535, protected by a Genoese fleet, Charles V destroyed Barbarossa’s fleet and, after a costly yet successful siege at La Goletta, captured Tunis. In the ruins, the Spanish found cannon balls with the French Fleur-de-lys mark, evidence of the contacts stemming from the Franco-Ottoman alliance.
The siege demonstrated the power projection of the Habsburg dynasties at the time; Charles V had under his control much of southern Italy, Sicily, Spain, the Americas, Austria, the Netherlands and lands in Germany. Furthermore, he was Holy Roman Emperor and had de jure control over much of Germany as well.
The catastrophic defeat in the Capture of Tunis in 1535 by the Holy League motivated the Ottoman Empire to enter into a formal alliance with France against the Habsburg Empire. Ambassador Jean de La Forêt was sent to Constantinople, and for the first time was able to become permanent ambassador at the Ottoman court and to negotiate treaties.
Charles V celebrated a neo-classical triumph “over the infidel” at Rome on April 5, 1536 in commemoration of his victory at Tunis.
- The Portuguese ships started installing large-scale cannons aboard their ships, definitely developing naval artillery. From then on, the tactics of naval combat are completely changed. The approach is replaced by the artillery duel. The superiority of their naval artillery allows the Portuguese to defeat numerically far superior forces, enabling them to gain mastery of the eastern seas and conquer a large number of possessions in Asia. One of the greatest exponents of the naval artillery platform of this era is the Portuguese galleon, as the Galleon Botafogo, launched around 1534, with 1000 tons of displacement and armed with 366 bronze cannons, which gave it such a huge fire power, known by "Botafogo", the “Fire Thrower”.
The Portuguese cannons were mostly made in Portugal, while others, especially Turkish, Mamluk, Indian guns were imported, which created a great distance between the producer and the user. We know how important it is to have a close relationship between constructor and user in the artillery production.
The arms and artillery factories were Portuguese and only used the best bronze and the best materials. As they were royal factories, they were not intended for profit, but only for quality and so there were almost no cases of cannon burst, which was common in the opponent.
The second invention was the construction of hatches, openings in the hull of the ships that allowed firing from all angles of the ship, above the water line.
The third was the possibility of charging the cannon from behind, which made it possible to fire 5 to 6 times faster than the enemy. These were great developments, especially when we consider that after 3 centuries in Waterloo, the cannons were still charged by the front.
The most advanced technology for building ships, several kind of weapons, like the fire guns that the Portuguese first introduced in Japan and that allowed to stop the ancient civil war, more the new sea instruments that helped to navigate through new seas before any other country made possible to make ships that no one else could at that time.
Finally the Navigation School of Sagres, that studied and developed the cosmography, cronography, astronomy, cartography and all sciences and knowledge needed to go further and navigate until the unknown, are considered by American scholars the NASA of those times.
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1510 Goa
25 November, Afonso de Albuquerque with 1,300 Portuguese and 300 Malabar
takes Goa for the second time, in Goa was Roçalcao (Rasul Khan) with 4,000
men and 4,000 more on the outskirts of the city the battle was bloody
the Muslims attacked with courage, the Portuguese fought with redoubled vigor
and at the cost of blood and heroism they won, Goa was retaken, the capture of
Goa was so rapid that our friend Timoja with his 3,000 men arrived when his help
was useless, almost 2,000 Muslims succumbed in the fight and the rest fled,
of ours 40 died and 150 were injured
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Islamic conquest was "stopped" ... at Constantinople, twice, in the 7th and 8th centuries, after long, bloody sieges that broke the power of the Umayyad caliphate, leading to the splintering of the Islamic empire and its prolonged decline, thus giving Europe the breathing space, over centuries, to recover and regroup. Poitiers was important, but secondary. Unfortunately, it was the Eastern Christians who did the heavy work here, and so are largely ignored in favor of the battle in France, a fistfight in comparison..
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@FlashPointHx I would not go that far. From what I know, Norway's social policies were no different from the rest of Europe till the end of the 19th century. The Realism wave of literature in response to the national romanticism, had social issues like poverty as central issues. As the political parties crystallized in this period, the Labor Party started advocating for a social security net to protect workers. Labor got into power following the Great Depression. Any significant social projects were interrupted by WW2. It's little talked about, but by far Norway's biggest contribution to the war was its merchant marine. Norway had the second largest merchant fleet in the world at the time. All ships flying Norwegian flags were rolled into a state owned shipping company called Notraship, ran by the government in exile. Thousands of Norwegian sailors (the lion share of Norway's war casualties) died running convoys for the allies. Crucially, Notraship ran with huge profit margins, which meant that the Norwegian government were one of the few post-war government with financial liquidity. Add the Marshall Aid on top of that, and Norway had the funds it needed for a new social security system. I'd argue that the gradual change of the social contract over time led to the establishment of the modern brand of Nordic social democracy. People came increasingly to expect, not only physical security from their governments, but that their health, well being and financial security to be ensured by the government.
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578 AH: the campaign of Muhammad ibn Wanudin al-Hinatati to Castile and León for the raid: he managed to annilihated the Castilian forces near Talavira ,killing 11,000 of them (including 1,000 Jews)
580 AH: Caliph's campaign to Gharb Al Andalus: he besieged Santarem but failed to retake it, and then he died of his wounds during a clash with the Portuguese during the withdraw
585 AH: Caliph al-Mansur's campaign to Gharb Al Andalus: He destroyed and burned all villages and farms between Santarem and Lisbon, killing all of its men and capturing 13,000 captives
587 AH: The Caliph al-Mansur's Campaign to Gharb Al Andalus: Reconquer Silves, Beja, Evora and Alcácer do Sal: Launched the Raids, captured 18,000, and seized many booty
591AH: the Battle of Al Ark [Alarcos] a landslide victory for Almohads over the Castilians and their allies : 150,000 of them were killed while Almohads lost 20,000 dead
592 AH : Caliph al-Mansur's campaign to Castile: clashed with the Alfonso forces again and managed to crush him and then launch devastating raids on Castile
593 AH : Caliph al-Mansur's campaign to Toledo, he besieged it, launched raids on its north and opened 27 fortresses, burning cities and villages in Ucles, Majrit,and other cities, killing the men, enslaving women&children and returning with a large amount of spoils
600 AH: (In the month of Rabi` al-Awwal), the Almohads conquered the Balearic Islands and ended the rule of Banu Ghaniyah .
601-608 AH The Almohad fleet launched several devastating raids on the coasts of Catalonia after destroying their fleets.
609 AH: Muhammad al-Nasir's campaign: and the catastrophic defeat in battle of Al-Uqab, the Almohads lost in Al-Uqab and after it around 100,000 men
610 AH: The Battle of Majaz al-Himmar occurred a year after the battle of Al-Uqab near Seville: Al Sayid Abu Zakariya ibn Abi Hafs, with forces from Seville, was able to inflict heavy defeat on the forces of Castile and killed more than 10,000 of them
After this battle, the Muslims of Seville defeated all the Christian forces that came to the raid
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Queen Isabella of Castlille, the famous Catholic monarch who sent Columbus to the Americas had a diplomatic encounter near the Portuguese border with the Portuguese entorurage, before the conquest of Granada. The relations between Portugal and Castille were always conflicted, so even in times of peace the animus were at least in "rival mode". Instead of expelling the last moors from Granada she could send her troops against Portugal. So, there was a festive encounter with the Portuguese in a frontier village and in the middle of the village, the local authorities arranged a run of angry bulls, in the middle of the round plaza, there was no bulls arenas on those times. So, Isabella decided to play a prank on the Portuguese ambassador. She sent a messanger asking him to come to meet her. Obvious he had to cross the Plaza for getting the queen place. But, she demands her men to free the wildest bull when the Portuguese ambassadeur was crossing the middle of the plaza. She wanted to laugh of him running from the bull. Yet, when the bull charges against the Portuguese ambassadeur, he quickly took his cap, that was reddish and controlled the first bull impact, but than the bull turned and came against him with a much serious attack, but the ambassadeur took his sword, point with an extreme calm to the bull and thrust his sword into the bull, killing him immediately. He got up to the queen place and she said him,- well ambassador, you got rid of the bull with great mastery and the ambassador answer to queen Isabella, it wasnt nothing special majesty, in Portugal we all do it!
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Firstly, that opening chef's kiss es la perfección. You've improved significantly since you first started, and it shows. Henry is nothing if not persistent in trying to get rid of his hermanita, but Isabella has proven to be even more so, definitely rooting for her all the way.
Pacheco's "throat infection" was, er... tragic, but he's getting no tears from me. Castile, is falling apart at the seams, and on the brink of war with it's neighbors with these new developments, can't help but wonder what exactly Granada is up to concurrently. Considering we've not seen any action from them in a while, I assume they're either unable or unwilling to use this opportunity to get some land back. One thing's for sure though: this is the beginning of the end.
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Great video! In Portugal we best know our first king as "Dom Afonso Henriques"; but, as we have a cognomen for all our kings and queens (considering he/she was the sovereign), the one most used for him is "Conquistador" (Conqueror), and the other less used "Fundador" (Founder).
It's only too bad the video is somehow short, regarding to the amazing story of the Reconquista on the Portuguese side of the land. From the deserted - not wasted! - land of Gallaecia, to Vímara Peres and Fernando Magno, Portugal indeed begun to be created much before 1139 - Dona Teresa have even signed documents as "Regina" (Queen) of Portugal before Ourique Battle!
After Lisbon, the story of the Reconquista in Alentejo and Algarve regions is also very interesting, with wining and losing of castles and territories over and over, as the land became once again vastly deserted - see the stories of Geraldo Sem Pavor (literally "Geraldo the Fearless", for example). Algarve province itself comes from Al Gharb Al Andalus, meaning "Western" Al Andalus, and from the Tagus (Portuguese "Tejo") river region and southwards many villages, towns and cities names come straight from the arabic. Portuguese language itself has hundreds of arabic origin words.
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Hello! Excited for this video, gonna watch it tomorrow since it’s very late now here in Portugal. Your series led me to buy “Conquerors” wich is your main source for these videos no? I’m loving the book. I’m currently at page 100ish, in the part about Cabral’s expediction. Can’t wait to reach Almeida and Albuquerque’s conquests.
Also, I have a question for you. It is said by almost all people (including Crowley in his book), that the age of discovery was kickstarted by Portugal AND Spain and that they were the “Iberian pioneers” when it came to exploration. However, at least from what I know, not only did Portugal’s explorations start much earlier, to me, Spain kind of only happened to start “exploring” by chance (Columbus tried to get the portuguese king to fund his voyage, but he was rejected because of his miscalculation of the Earth’s diameter and because Portugal already had their “India plan”. Columbus was only approved after much asking to the spanish catholic monarchs, so I believe Spain, initially, was not interested in exploration, only starting to explore after they happened to meet Colimbus)
So I would like to ask your opinion on this and maybe you can educate me. Do you think Portugal AND Spain originated the age of discovery or do you think it was just Portugal?
Thanks!
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Finished your history of Iberia documentary series. You have my utmost thanks, such a long history done in a most entertaining way, told as a story. This is a nice way to bleed into the discovery series. From the overview of the Reconquista to the biography of one the most influential figures in medieval and modern history. These few characters given the most screen time throughout. Been researching in antiquity and the medieval periods for years now, yet still it is difficult for me to conceptualize the interconnectivity of so many incredible things going on in the same spans of time. Timur, Mehmed, Lancaster, Joan, Isabella herself. So many go through what to them is the most important thing in the world.
You have my thanks, I've been neglecting my Spanish history, looked well into the history of the new world, nice go dig into the societal and economics that made such an event possible. Truly a service to the world
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Flash Point History
(In reply to your last message[so the OP doesn't get unrelated notifications])
So I'm partially disabled. I started playing w/electronics as a hobby after having to give up several others due to their physical nature. I thought I might be able to do YT regularly but turns out that isn't even manageable.
...anyways... I explored quite a bit. Just for fun I tried making content with minimal English text and no spoken language. I used google translate to add titles and descriptions in 14 languages, and I double translated everything several times until the wording worked in both directions. I was exploring the SEO aspects of how translated language works here. Basically, don't do this, it is not effective @ ~10-15% of my viewer metrics. This was also on content that is more search view oriented and often includes part/model numbers that will be the same in every language.
I watch a ton of stuff on YT though and I tend to be analytical. The larger audiences tend to follow subjects they are familiar with. As far as advanced and slightly more in depth content Pete over on History Time seems to have a well dialed approach.
I think your content is interesting, but from my perspective, honestly, your thumbnails aren't working for me. If I'm watching nontechnical stuff unrelated to electronics I'm on a phone or tablet. From the mobile app thumbnails are smaller. I'm subscribed to many hundreds of channels, and I'm often quickly scrolling through a lot of stuff to find something interesting and entertaining on my sub feed. My like list is public, so you can clearly see what I'm watching. I'm usually pretty burned out by the time I'm watching edutainment.
Analytically, when making a thumbnail in light of these types of viewer circumstances, I think you should ask, "can a potential viewer understand what this upload is about within 1 second?" If you really break it down, that's all the marketing time you have if someone is quickly swiping through your content. I think the best example for this kind of simplistic visual marketing is the channel Feature History.
However, IMO, if your a smaller channel, under say 250k subs, I think you've got a bigger hill to climb. Once you've got 250k+ subs your faced with trying to retain constant viewership from subs more than generating new views. When you've got a smaller sub base I think you really need to capture content related interest in your thumbnails just as much as creating your branding persona.
The last thing I recall from my research is that your title, the first 6 lines or so of your description, and also the first few sentences you say in your upload (this is the real reason why there is an auto transcription for uploads), these are all used by YT to create the underlying keywords they use for SEO/suggestion metrics on the platform. These have been prioritized much higher than the CC's keywords input. However the CC input keywords are still important. As of around a year ago, you could still see the keywords attached to any upload if you view the upload from a full web browser on a PC. I think this is still the case. If you go to the browser options and use the view source code option, the keywords should be listed in that mess. You don't need to understand the code to find them. If you really want to know what works in this area look at what successful channels are doing on each upload that gets a lot of views. Look at the current stuff, but also go into their history and look at what they used to do in the past. YT is always evolving in these areas so what used to work may not work still, but it does give some perspective.
In my unqualified opinion, your thumbnails are the 'low hanging fruit' here. A change in this area would get my attention more. When looking at other highly successful channels and you really break it down most are spending a very significant amount of time making their thumbnails. If you're on YT way way too much, like me, you'll also see several channels that will change their thumbnails and titles several times over the course of a few hours when they (presumably) feel like an upload is underperforming.
Anyway, that's just my observations and opinion ;)
-Jake
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So, the king of Portugal ruled over Africa and Asia and the king of Spain ruled Europe (Spain, Germany, Nederlands, parts of France, Italy among other regions and of course, he was king of the New World, except for the Portuguese Brazil. How can it not be understood, why the world was divided between Portugal and Spain, in the Treaty of Tordesillas? Just because in the 20th century things had changed? Dont you worry, things already changed in the 21st century and they will change over and over again! The important is to recognize the true and to forget about Holywood movies made just with the purpose of making bigger countries that on those times were just regional territories, lost only in the nearest neighbor movements and without the means and knowledge to go further Cabo Bojador in west Africa. It would take 100 years more for the first to look what was beyhond and almost 400 years for the majority!
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"How many people are called Attila today?"
Well actually it is a popular name in Hungary. That's becouse Hungarians used to consider themselves as the descendants of the Huns, and it is stil a popular myth in the collective memory. I heared that Bulgarians also like to think of themsleves as descendants of the Huns, and many Central Asian peoples think highly of Attila.
Medieaval Hungarian chroniclers commented on the Hunnic atrocities, that "every great nation births from great violance, so did the Romans, so did the Macedons, etc". And indeed it really depends on the point of view. For a long time the whole world considered Napoleon a villain, a "world robber", except for the French. Westerners have this hateful memory of the Huns becouse they suffered from their campaigns, but they don't have such memory of the Mongols, becouse they didn't have direct contact. Even though the Mongols had the same ruthless, genoicidal war methode.
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There are muslim sources on the battle of Covadonga. According to the historian al-Maqqari, citing sources from the 10th century, Pelayo (Belay el Rumí) was a native of Asturias and was sent to Córdoba by Munuza, as a hostage to guarantee peace and the payment of taxes in Asturian territory. This same story affirms that Pelayo would have escaped and would have taken refuge in the mountains of the Picos de Europa during the times of al-Horr (around 717), second of the Arab rulers of Córdoba. There he would have assembled a group of fugitives confronting Muslim power. Al-Maqqari assures that it was during the government of Valí Ambasa that the Pelayo rebellion took place, and that Pelayo assumed power in the summer of 721. At that time, according to the same author, the entire peninsular territory was subdued except for the mountainous region where Pelayo and his three hundred companions had taken refuge, who after being harassed by the Muslim forces, were reduced to thirty men and ten women. There is no talk of a final defeat of the Islamic troops, although there are references to the hardships suffered by the small detachment sent to such hostile territory, and it is said that finally the muslims decided to leave to their fate those thirty "wild asses" that had no other food than the honey of the bees found in the crevices of the stones. This fact seems to indicate that there was some military misstep, although of small dimensions, and that the Muslims really did not pay too much attention to the Asturian rebels, more concerned, as they were, by the military operations in the north of the Pyrenees. Almost certainly there was the battle of Covadonga, although this must have been little more than a border skirmish.
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Do you remember the goal of Thanos in the Avengers, to kill 1/2 of everything, and thus free up resources for a bright new world?????
Well, I think that was inspired by the Black Plague. True, it was horrific, and killed 1/2 of people.
This new shortage of people changed Europe.
1.) Labor became more valuable. Serfs were now sought by other Lords. The Serf system broke down, and people became free to move.
2.) Thus, towns grew. Also, pay grew, since labor was more valuable.
Europe became free because of the Black Death. Ended Serfdom, creating the situation enabling the Renaissance.
So, Thanos wasn't such a bad guy after all, was he??
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In 1889 Wilhelm II visited Syria and he visited the Mausoleum of Saladin the following day, the Kaiser made a speech:
“In the face of all the courtesies extended to us here, I feel that I must thank you, in my name as well as that of the Empress, for them, for the hearty reception given us in all the towns and cities we have touched, and particularly for the splendid welcome extended to us by this city of Damascus. Deeply moved by this imposing spectacle, and likewise by the consciousness of standing on the spot where held sway one of the most chivalrous rulers of all times, the great Sultan Saladin, a knight sans peur et sans reproche, who often taught his adversaries the right conception of knighthood” and he donated a sarcophagus and placed flowers on Saladin’s tomb
after World War I, when the German-Ottoman alliance was defeated and both empires were destroyed, T.E. Lawrence stole the gilded wreath and brought it to London
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This is a story of how Humanity moved on into a new Era that shaped the world as we know today, having as the main character a small nation with low resources but with great dreams and hopes for its future.
Not more or less important than other peoples' and countries' histories but unfortunately not well represented at all among mainstream global media and entertainment industry. Anglo-American and Nordic history and legacy are pushed to us as the main narrative while other also important and crucial parts of History are completely ignored!
Reaching India and all that is perfectly told in these amazing videos is just half of the whole story. This is a story that begins in Lisbon, passes through Africa, India but also Thailand and Malasya, going all the way to China, Japan, Indonesia and even Australia...These men moved by a sense of Mission and also Religious passion, were able to miraculously connect the dots of Planet Earth and Humanity through Knowledge, Diplomacy, Intermixing, but also Violence and Suffering of course: as Human as it gets (and in line with what was the norm at the time)
To sum it up, this would be a major hit if turned into a Netflix Series, catering to millions of people across the Globe in several Continents because this, with all the bad and the good, is part of their History and is incarved not only in time but also in their DNA (Brazil, Africa, India, Indonesia, Timor, Thailand, Singapore, Malasya, Macau (China), to name a few
It's the untold story of how humanity become truly connected for the first time.
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First just wanna say the artwork, music, and narration are phenomenal, really gets invested in the video.
The Battle of Toro was pretty intense, had me on the edge of my seat. Portugal really gets slept on a lot, not many people realize just how strong it used to be, now it's gotten overshadowed by it's former colony in South America, which is funny and sad at the same time.
The early modern period is my favorite part of European history, especially in terms of warfare, with the introduction of the pike and shot. I find the mix of armored knights, pikemen, and gunpowder weaponry fascinating, and am disappointed it's not represented in fantasy more often, as I just love the Spanish tercios. But there just seems to be this stigma with gunpowder in most medieval fantasy, like people just seem to avoid like the plague. There seems to be this strange idea that gunpowder didn't exist until the 1700s or something.
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Great video! The level of detail is exquisite. All those maneuvers, the organization of the troops, the tactics and overall strategy...Hats off to you, dear Sir. You were able to capture all the intricacies and sheer complexity of Pereira's superb defense. I hope viewers realize that. What a commander he was - Pereira was playing with multiple, dynamic and ever-changing variables like the tides, the channel depths, the men, the maneuvers, the different guns and their different platforms (ships) with different capabilities (like speed vs. robustness - caravels vs. carrack), the moral of the troops and so on. He was playing multidimensional chess. Brilliantly. And just with a handful of men. Imagine if he had at his disposal a much larger amount of manpower. Thank you for showing us, ignoramus, the brilliance of this master and commander. That he was a contemporary of two other immense generals (Almeida and, above all, Albuquerque) is extraordinary. Unfortunately, I cannot go back in time to watch this crazy battle unravel in front of my eyes - the next best thing must be your videos. Thank you
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@FlashPointHx Agreed. And she had to be in order to survive in the world she was born in. Right down to the attempted eradication of Islam in Iberia, was survival.
Many would judge me for saying that in order for the Reconquista to be complete, she had to go pretty far. (Although it wasn't necessary to go as far as she did against the Jews though. They were just caught in the crossfire.)
Today, many judge such figures who had to homogenize their nations, in order to ensure that it survives. Even today, in order for some cultures to survive, they have to go to some pretty far lengths in order to preserve what they have of their history, and culture.
I hate to delve into the world of modern day politics, it's why the migrants are controversial. Some are paying no respect to the cultures they are going in. Statues of ancient European heroes being defaced, churches torn down, even in Catholic heavy areas in order to build Mosques over them, some of said churches over a hundred years old. Ancient tombs of Kings and historical figures being desecrated, due to ancient grudges...
Events like this is what causes figures like Isabella to fight hard, and choose some very questionable decisions. She had to assimilate the peninsula in order to ensure peace could reign in her nation. And it caused far less problems in Spain as a result of it.
Our history is important, and we can't just toss it away just due to some hero complex some may have. And events of the Reconquista are repeating today, and we need to learn how to handle the matter, before we either turn on each other, lose our history and culture, and to avoid a bloody resolution.
I don't like saying this to be politically controversial or antagonistic, but there are times, when cultures cannot live together, because their values are at odds, or there are ancient grudges that are not being put to rest.
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So for Crowley, Portugal created the most advanced ships in the world, developed and created the most advanced science of navigation, cartography, geography and cosmography, because it was poor? It created the most advanced weapons in the world for nautical warfare and built the largest naval fleets of the time to single-handedly conquer the entire Indian Ocean, defeating the most powerful empire in the world until then the Arab and it was capable of overcoming the Chinese and Indians, Genoese, Venetians and others, because he was poor and late?
In other words, while Europeans did not even have to eat during the countless famines and they couldn't even sail beyond the coast, someone arrogantly tell us that they were the rich ones? Please, look at the northern European famines and while almost in the north they had no bread, the European kings hired Portuguese doctors, not because they were poor, but because they were the best.
It is obvious that Roger Crowley does not dominate the area of historical economics, otherwise he could never make such disastrously wrong statements about Portugal's economy, when he said that Portugal was a poor country, closed geographically and economically.
Quite the contrary, Portugal was one of the most dynamic countries in terms of the internal products it cultivated, produced and even exported, whether due to the dynamic maritime trade, from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, with emphasis on trade with England, but very particularly, for the commercial warehouses that Portugal had in Flanders, where already in the Middle Ages two thousand Portuguese merchants lived, even receiving Philip IV of France grants privileges to Portuguese merchants on two occasions, in 1290 and in 1310, on this date specifically to the merchants of Harfleur.
After the Reconquista was concluded, Dinis I of Portugal became interested in foreign trade, organizing exports to European countries. In 1293 he established the so-called Bolsa dos Mercadores, a maritime insurance fund for the numerous Portuguese merchants resident in the County of Flanders, who paid certain amounts according to tonnage, which reverted to their benefit if necessary. Crowley is wrong!
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Thanks for the great video! Prior to the 14th century plague (the "Black Death"), there was wetter, colder weather in Europe, and crops failed. At that time, the population was the highest Europe ever had, so famine hit. Due to a denser population, there were far more rats. This allowed Yersinia pestis to spread and kill much more than it normally would. Similarly, before the Justinian plague, the cooler weather and dimmer sunlight probably lowered crop yields. Nutrition is important for immunity. The lack of adequate trash and sewage disposal plus densely populated cities greatly increased the rat population. Cats and dogs killed rats, but they are also not resistant to Y. pestis, so the plague wiped them out too.
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You left me stunned, the story, the narration, the data and the quotes are all impeccable, you can see the effort and great work you put into this, on behalf of everyone who watched this video, I say thank you very much in advance for leave us this treasure of information on this platform. I know it may seem like a joke, but I'm serious, if I had money to give you, I would give it to you, you really deserve it and this video also deserves the recognition of all the history lovers on YouTube.
Anyway, I'm looking forward to part 2, with love, your new subscriber
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An interesting thing about Muavya ibn Abu Sufyan is that he was the son of Abu Sufyan, who was Mohammed's greatest enemy, who led the armies of the Mekkans against Mohammed and Medina. Abu Sufyan was the most powerful man in the city and he didn't wanted to loose his influence. This is why he hated Mohamed very much. His wife was named Hind, they both hated Mohammed. After the battle of Uhud, in which by the way, Khalid ibn al Walid fought in the Mekkan army (he changed sides later), and his cavalry charge brought the victory for the Meccans, the overall leader of the army was Abu Sufyan. After the battle, Hind cut out the dead Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib's (Mohammed's uncle) liver and eat from it, as well she made for herself a necklace from the cut ears of the dead Muslims. After Mohammed conquered Mekka, he forgave to Abu Sufyan and Hind all their faults, and they became Muslims (Abu Sufyan participated also in the battle of Yarmuk and lost his eye, while Hind was encouraging him from the camp), but it seems that the Umayyad clan never wanted to loose the influence which they had before Mohammed took control of the city. Because their past as the leaders of Mecca, they did not wanted too much to consent to the Rashidun caliphs egalitarian leading way, and they wanted to take the control back. This is why, after Muavya became caliph, the Arabic empire forgot the Rashidun way and its democratic leading, policies and the caliphs court became more and more like the Persian and Byzantine courts, filled with luxury and nepotism. They were criticized by the religious leaders, who said that they forgot about Mohamed's and the Rashidun's way of religious leading. The Shia said that they are actually following their ancesters pagan way, and they only behave like Muslims is some cases.
So with the conflicts between the Umayyads (with their family branch which took refuge in Spain) and the Shia's, and later also the Orthodox Religious Sunni's continued for centuries the initial conflict between Mohamed and the pagan Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind.
Only from the 10-11 century the religious Orthodox Muslim clergy took again control over the policy in the Islamic world, and started to force the Caliphs and Emirs to follow Mohammed's and the Rashidun's way of ruling. But this meant also the starting of intolerance against the science, philosophy, mysticism, which during the Umayyad and early Abbasid rule brought a scientific and cultural flourishing to the Muslim world.
Today too the Orthodox, deeply religious, but also the extremist Islamic movements (even Al Kaida, or ISIS) say that they only follow the Rashidun way, while those who say that they are Muslims, but behave like the Europeans, love the arts, womens rights, etc., are named by them pagans or hidden pagans, as the Umayyads were (in their opinion). So Mohammed's and Abu Sufyan's conflict is continuing even today in the Muslim world.
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@FlashPointHx The Portuguese have Celtic roots, so it's no surprise.
There are no known contemporary portraits of him, but we do have physical descriptions such as that one, which makes up for the lack of an image.
The chronicles written by the contemporaries João de Barros, Diogo do Couto, Corrêa, in works such as 'Décadas da Ásia' & 'Lendas da Índia' are very, very graphic with the events, the appearance of the individuals involved and the weapons they used: a lot of references to long knotted beards, to the «Montantes» (the greatswords, called 'Spadone' by the Italians & 'Zweihänder' by the Germans), and to armors of course; the ones we do see on the animations are more akin to the 2nd half of the 16th century. During the earlier decades, full head to toe plates were still common.
Roger Crowley himself made use of those authors by the way.
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Regarding the meeting of Hannibal and Scipio, there is a great line in the movie 'The Wind and the Lion' in which Brian Keith, the US President, shares with his daughter an insight. Forgive me for paraphrasing, but, it goes, 'The road to greatness is a lonely road, only occasionally enlightened by the path of other great men... and often they are your enemy.'
I suspect that this sentiment would have been familiar to both men. I also suspect that a very tired Hannibal, at a loss to explain why his long war of successes had been totally reversed, could now fear total defeat and, thus, might have been amenable to saving what he could from the coming disaster.
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Actually, that's its original name, specifically "Frol de la Mar", and that's not Spanish, it's actual Portuguese from the period. If you look at song lyrics written in Old Portuguese, you'll find words that are no longer used in modern Portuguese, such as "muy", "perro", "mia", "el rey", but continue to be used in Spanish.
In the same way that if you read Old Spanish, you'll find words that resemble modern Portuguese and are no longer used by the Spanish today.
Languages evolve.
Reading medieval lyrics by Dom Dinis I for instance, you'll notice the pattern.
Here's two songs, by the king himself, although rewritten centuries later by other authors.
(1)
"A tal estado mi adusse, senhor,
o vosso bem e vosso parecer
que nom vejo de mi nem d'al prazer,
nem veerei já, enquant'eu vivo for,
u nom vir vós que eu por meu mal vi.
E queria mia mort'e nom mi vem,
senhor, porque tamanh'é o meu mal
que nom vejo prazer de mim nem d'al,
nem veerei já, esto creede bem,
u nom vir vós que eu por meu mal vi.
E pois meu feito, senhor, assi é,
querria já mia morte, pois que nom
vejo de mi nem d'al nulha sazom
prazer, nem veerei já, per bõa fé,
u nom vir vós que eu por meu mal vi;
pois nom havedes mercee de mi."
(2)
“[...]. Dês aquel dia em que naci
nunca bestas assi perdudas vi ;
ca as fez ant’el sangrar ante si,
& antes que saíssem daquel mês ;
per com’eu a Joam Simiom oí,
com olivas morrerom todas três.
Bem as cuidara de morte guardar,
todas três quando as fez sangrar ,
mais avia-lh’as o dem’a levar,
pois se por tal cajom perderom.
E Joam Simiam quer-s’ora matar
porque lhi com olivas morrerom.”
An extra one, by Airas Peres Vuiturom:
“Dom Estêvam diz que desamor
á com El-Rei, & sei eu ca ment’i,
ca nunca viu prazer, pois foi aqui
o Conde, nem veerá mentr’ el i for.
E, per quant’ eu de sa fazenda sei,
porque nom vem ao reino El-Rei,
nom vêe cousa ond’ aja sabor.
Com arte diz que nom quer al-Rei bem,
ca sei eu del ca já nom veerá
nunca prazer, se o Conde rein’á ;
ca bem quit’é de veer nulha rem
dom Estêvam, ond’aja gram prazer !
Dest’ é já el bem quite de veer,
mentr’ o Cond’assi ouver Santarém.
Porque vos diz el que quer al-Rei mal,
ca rem nom vêe, assi De[us] mi pardom,
que el mais ame em o seu coraçom,
nem veerá nunca. E direi-vos al :
pois s’agora o reino partiu,
prazer pois nunca dom Estêvam viu
nem veerá jamais em Portugal !”
I've been reading Old Portuguese for several years, and in every century there's different adaptations, sometimes even on the same century.
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Hello there, Portuguese historian here! Always great to see videos about our little patch of land! But let me correct a few mistakes, just in the first half of the video:
- Everything ascribed to Prince Henrique (Henry) is pretty much wrong. He didn't bring any experts together, he had no part at all in the development of the caravel (which had been developing slowly throughout the 14th and early 15th century). All Henrique cared about was money, and expanding his own dominions, trade monopolies, and wealth. He did sponsor a lot of trips to Africa and elsewhere, in his quest for riches, but that was about it. He wasn't the grand visionary he's been made out to be. He chose good men for their tasks and left them up to their own devices, essentially. If any money was to be made, he took a huge cut, and that was that;
- The Cruzado you showed was a later Cruzado; the first Cruzados were minted in 1457, three years before Henrique's death, during the reign of Afonso V;
- The Canary Islands had been disputed between Portugal and Castile since the early 14th century, but Castile had established its rule there since the 1402 (with the help of Jean de Bethencourt and Gadifer de la Salle's expedition to Lanzarote). Henrique didn't so much 'lose' the Canaries as he attempted to conquer them from the Castilians, but was beaten back by the native Guanches and the expedition failed;
- Henrique did not refuse to give up Ceuta in any way, shape, or form. In fact, the peace terms he agreed to with Sale ibne Sale specifically required him to give back Ceuta in exchange for the hostages he left behind - his brother, Prince Fernando, along with three other Portuguese. King Duarte (Edward) convened the Cortes (the Portuguese parliament) in Leiria in 1438 and no decision was reached regarding Ceuta. Henrique, who up until that time stayed in Ceuta nursing his wounds, then returned to Portugal to confer with his brother the king, and only then did he insist that they should renege on the peace treaty and not give Ceuta back. All of these details are in Ruy de Pina's chronicles of the time;
- You give Henrique way too much credit, which leads me to think your bibliography isn't exactly up to date. Henrique's role as the 'father of the Descobrimentos' is an entirely modern concept, created in the 19th century and consecrated during the Estado Novo dictatorship. Perhaps it would be advisable to read more scholarly (and Portuguese) sources instead of Crowley's patchwork of accurate bits of history, trenchant anecdotes, and dramatic confabulation;
- The Portuguese fortress at Mina was called São Jorge da Mina (Saint George of the Mina), not Elmina (which you misspelled as Almina), which is the place's modern name.
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It is probably not a depiction of Sri Lanka. The location of it was already known well before in Europe, through Ptolemy who called it Taprobane. His work was not widespread at all in medieval europe, but Isidore of Seville also mentions Taprobane in his Etymologies (English translation by Barney et. al. 2006, page 286.) Since the Etymologies are among the most copied and well known books through all of the middle ages, as well as one of the most important books on geography, it seems not plausible that Cresques did not have knowlede of it. I can't tell why he chose not to depict Sri Lanka, and i can't tell either, where his information on the amazon island comes from, or why he put it in that exact location.
Zheng He and his fleet only traveled on routes well known to Chinese merchants since long before. So it is plausible, that Marco Polo could have heared of such trade, although i am not familiar with that source material.
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Hey, I'm not sure if you're going to read this comment, I hope you do. This video was great, and from looking at some replies you said you are planning on doing more videos about other portuguese navigators, well...I think it would be interesting to make a video about the "Corte-Real Family".
I think they're probably one of the most fascinating families in Portugal's history, yet no one speaks about them, even in Portugal. They started under the radar as low nobility, coming from a very small town in the south corner of Portugal, but grew into a powerful house amongst the portuguese nobility that even they couldn't probably imagine. Eventually the King even gave this family 2 islands in the Azores for them to rule over. The palaces they built and lived still stand to this day in the islands.
Their history crosses for 400+ years, and their specialty was sailing the Ocean since most were navigators and trained their sons to be as well, their voyages to North America are something that is still in debate...they went to Denmark when they were young and learned about Greenland, and so there's some sources that claim they reached NA before Colombus, in east Canada, before the English and the French. Some of them disappeared in the Ocean never to be found, but some of their descendants eventually fight in the Napoleonic Wars.
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In Great Britain and some other areas of Europe, the famine that preceded the black death was caused by heavy rains, not drought as you seem to imply. Crops could not be planted and what did grow rotted in the fields. There was drought in the early 1350's in areas of Europe included England, France and Italy , but initial wave of plague had already swept through many of those areas.
It certainly seems safe to say, though, that unsettled weather and the famines that followed helped to weaken populations and set them up for epidemic disease.
It might be interesting to at least mention that the plague, though it smoldered in cities and never really left Europe until the late 17th century, continued to sweep through Europe in weaker waves about every 15-25 years, perhaps as a new vulnerable population took over from those who had survived the original black death and had at least some immunity.
There was also a third great pandemic in China and India in the 1890's. Scientists, with their relatively new knowledge of the bacterial spread of disease, flocked to the area to study the disease. Alexandre Yersin was one of those, and is credited with the discovery of the bacteria that caused this plague. It was named Yersinia pestis in his honor later.
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I am a believer in the statement that civilisation is only skin deep and that in death, there is life. I feel something similar needs to happen to humanity again in order to push for a new age, a new true revolution of advancement. The symbolism between this occurrence in history and the meaning of life, is uncanny. Great documentary, very informative and will purchase that book as I have nothing about the black death!
Btw, thank you for mentioning Malta in your documentary! Interesting fact that in the main capitol, Valletta, there is an area called "Mandragg" which means "Mandra" =/= "Dirty/Messy" and "Dragg" =/= "Drain/To Drain" and it is as you mentioned, filth up to your knees and for Malta this area was where most of the downtrodden dwelled and where most of the city's sewer congregated before spewing into the sea! There are also hundreds of plague pits and in our records it states that the death was so rapid and in such great number that anyone who exhibited plague symptoms were thrown in the plague pit and buried with the rest of the infected, dead, dying or infected. There are specified cemeteries, outside the main cities (in that time period) where it was specific to plague pits. Hundreds and thousands buried in piles, soil and rock thrown on top of them and then another layer of the afflicted, which they kept going until it was full to the brim, where then they would close it off with blue clay and sand stone and then layer large, tightly fit stone slabs on the top to keep everything in place.
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Big thanks for another incredible episode (can't wait for the next one, out of this world). Controlling the spice trade was monopolising world trade. To achieve that not only you had to link all continents/people for the first time (create a global world), but also antagonise a lot of rich and populous states and have full control of the south atlantic, all indian Ocean, red sea, Persian gulf, south china sea, sea of Japan.... and have numerous outpost everywhere (in India, Sri Lanka, Malasya, Indonesia, China, Japan, arabic peninsula, in the coast of Africa...). What are the odds of that from a minuscule country in Europe with a population 14x smaller than France?
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This was an interesting video.
I find "what if history" an often tenuous process, and often reliant on a great deal of sensationalism and general guesswork.
This video however, does manage to remain very much reasonable and keep a realistic view of the events described. I think the biggest difference would, most likely, have been the absence of Charles Martel as the dominant figure of Frankish politics. Whether that would have created a butterfly effect or not is debatable.
I definitely think that the Pyrenees and perhaps southern France would have become home to a smattering of "marcher lord" emirates, as occurred during the Arabic invasions of Italy. What we have come to know as the Kingdom of Navarra could have been the "Sultanate of Navarra".
But i don't think the Frankish realm would have collapsed. Pelayo had by this time, already begun his Visigothic reconquista, and the Franks had been established in Gaul since the 4th or 5th centuries, so they were completely entrenched and Christianised, and much, much more populous than the Arab Umayyads. The Arabs themselves, especially at this time, viewed al-Andalus as equally as much a frontier as the borders of India.
The point regarding the Lombard Kingdom and the Saxons is interesting to consider, especially since it was the Ottonian Saxons who founded the HRE in fact and name.
Interesting stuff.
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I love this channel, it's fantastic, so well done, better than any documentary produced by either Amazon or Netflix, top of the game.
Just disagree with some of the "modern historian" view into the narrator, Infante Dom Henrique never procured personal wealth, maybe some sort of glory, but majorly was in search to expand the Church, to prove this you just need to look to his life, he financed many campaigns and died as a poor man, donated what was left to the Order of Christ.
Neither Portugal looked for wealth in #1 place, Rei Dom João spend all his wealth on maps, sended embassies all over Europe to acquire every available map, hired the best mathematicians including jews. Portugal had so much of that Reconquista spirit that even proposed to Spain to conquer the Emirate of Granada, in the name of Spain, just to see the moors out of their Iberia. Spain just conquered Granda cause it was getting ugly for then, their small neighbour was expanding the Reconquista do Africa, while Spain was letting the infidels remain in Europe, just for context the fall of Ceuta was in 1415 and Granada just fell in 1492. So the development of navigation by Portugal was majorly influenced by this Reconquista spirit, they absolutely hated muslims.
I would like to say that reason #1 was to spread christianity, but it would be one understatement of the sheer hatred that portuguese had over islam, as their history points toward its crusader origin with Dom Afonso Henriques I, "to choose between the 30 coins of silver or the sword to fight the '5 reis mouros'", as Christ promised to Dom Afonso on his personal appearance, being it a legend or not, I believe that this actually happened, it surely was on the imaginary of portuguese population, on their minds as long as they fought against islam, they would exist as an independent state.
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Ferdinand didn’t made a concordant with Isabella in Aragon. That’s not correct.
He was the only acknowledged lord in Aragon. The concordant of Segovia in Castile did gave Ferdinand power in Castile as the queen’s husband, he was allowed to dispense Justice, and make laws with her, but not the other way around when he became king of Aragon.
Although that was not really a loss for Isabella, of the two crowns, Castile was by far the most important one. It was the most populous, 4 million people lived in Castile and 1 million in Aragon at the time. Meaning higher income from taxes and the wealthier of the two. There is a reason when Christopher Columbus does his expedition, the one to subsidize it is Castile and not Aragon, same with the conquest of Granada, and Navarre, and Naples. Although Naples was under the crown of Aragon, but the conquest of it was done with Castilian armies anyway.
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Hello, Flash Point History. Congratulations on another excellent video.
As a kid at school, I remember teachers calling Goa the Crown Jewel of the Portuguese Empire. Of course, at that time the loss of 400 years of sovereignty for the Indian state, after the invasion of December 18, 1961, precisely on the day I turned 8 months old, was still very much alive and annexation by India had not been recognized by Salazar, who led the regime at the time, which would only happen after the revolution of April 25, 1974.
I look forward to the next video, I can only imagine the research work that thanks to your dedication has resulted in this sequence of videos.
As Portuguese, muito obrigado.
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Thank you for another fantastic video! Don't worry about the pronounciation, we take it with a grain of salt.
The locals did kill a few of Vasco's sailors during the trip, and many were killed by disease and scurvy in the trip. If you need all your men to sail back home, you will do whatever is needed to keep them alive. Vasco da Gama reached a point where he decided to not take any more risks and engaged in harsh punitive bombings of port cities. This was also spiced by the fact those were muslims, which were really a target to all Iberians, to whom "reconquista" was a pretty hot topic still.
The locals rulers encouraged the civilians to throw sticks and stones to the Portuguese sailors of Vasco da Gama expedition, in a couple cities of the coast of nowadays Mozambique/Tanzania/Quenia. The guys that were on land had to flee in order to avoid certain death by city guards and the mob. Vasco gave orders to clear every roof/terrace of people from where stones were flying. It was a carnage and the seeds of fear were planted. Later, hostile cities would be again punished "just because".
The acts commited later on, against Indians, by other Portuguese fleets, were not totally unprovoked and gratuitous. The first "feitorias" were constantly raided, burnt to the ground, and all men were killed to the last. Revenge was pretty much inspired by the old testament... with exacerbated responses (70x7). Again, remember that the Portuguese were not many, and so, every life was important. The administrator of the feitorias were usually some sort of noble. If killed, the king, and later, the vice-roy, had to act and deliver justice or face mutiny of the soldiers.
This was common practice in those days, between contenders. Mercy was seldom. We need to look at those times with XVIth century eyes and context, not XXI century's.
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Random fun fact, the earliest physical descriptions of Duarte Pacheco Pereira's are:
"Red bearded, enormous, with the face wallowed in scars".
Edit, the reference:
«E no topo da mesa, debruçado sobre um cadeirão de espaldar de coiro, as barbas ruivas descaídas sobre um mongy de chamalote, forrado de guardalate vermelho encimado por um gorjal de bom aço das oficinas de Passau, Duarte Pacheco Pereira, enorme, sereno, a cara retalhada de cicatrizes, amarfanhava na mão direita um papel amarelecido pelas intempérides.»
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Re. the "Desert of the Duero", AFAIK a somwhat controversial term, it's more usually applied to the lands south of the Duero rathern than those north of it, where several cities flourished (Astorga, León, Palencia, Amaya and Burgos notably). Some historians suggest that, after the lands north of the Duero were conquered and "repopulated" (whatever this means), the lands south of it were a true no man's land, others dispute this extreme however. Much of the fight was concentrated in the Upper Ebro nevertheless, where "Al Qila" (the first Castile) was born.
In fact, I'd argue that the events at the Upper Ebro are much more important historically and to some extent precede the consolidation of the Duero frontier line. They not only imply mythical or historical battles with the Moors (based on Tudela and Zaragoza and fiercely interested in the fertile Upper Ebro valley, less extreme than the Northern Plateau, which is a little "European Tibet" rising more than 700m above sea level, a harsh steppe-like land) but also fights against the Western Basques of Alaba, whom the Asturians arbitrarily deemed "rebels" and conquered in 886. In due time, this eastward expansion would give rise to Castile as a distinct (and very militaristic) entity.
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Good two episodes so far. Just some remarks:
1) Caravel models were in both episodes wrong ... ot better said, the models shown were XVI century Carracks or Naus. Caravels up to this point ( in XV century ) were two of three masts and with Lateen sails ( or at most with two lateen sails and a small square sail , like Colombus Pinta ). Bartotomeu Dias 1487-88 bigger Caravels were three masted lateen sails ships ( even the Wiki on Bartotomeu Dias shows that correctly ). In previous episodes caravels were most of the times two masted lateen sails as well for actual exploration.
2) The second episode flags were anacronic. John II flag was diferent from the previous kings shown so far ( English wikipedia on portuguese flags was laconic, but correct. The portuguese one has aditional content ) for historical reasons ...
( Pedantic corner: When soon to be John I of Portugal rose to arms against ( suposed, due to abudant rumors about her ilegitimacy ) Beatriz, Queen of Portugal and consort Queen of Castille , he added the cross of Aviz to his previous king coat of arms ( Portuguese heraldy typically added crosses to bastard sons, as John I was ). Now, due to common laws in Portuguese laws of XV century ( ironically due to the efforts of John I himself to have a more up to date code of laws, that only ended to Afonso V, named Ordenações Afonsinas ), someone descendent of a bastard son would only fully legitimized as a Fidalgo ( literally "son of something" , roughly equivalent a noble Gentleman ) up to their great grandparents and, in case of being the only legitimate main branch died, they could use the original coat of arms as legitimate. So, John I , Edward and Afonso V used ( probably with some pride ) their coat of arms all fully aware that they had lowborn descendants and only John II, with their great Grandparents being noblemen, could use the original and legitimate coat of arms. But, as his royal prerrogative, he changed his coat of arms as he pleased ( also for the next episode , Manuel I coat of arms also changed * hint * ) )
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Wonderful! Thank you for your dedication to the history of Portugal. The Age of Discoveries was by no means a good example of humanism. but within the context of development, exploration, and imperialism of the time, it was a significant milestone in world history. Many things would be diferent if not for these events. The Ottoman Empire would likely have controlled the spice trade, Europe was in a constant state of civil war, and 'globalization' might not have reached every corner of the world. Let us learn from the mistakes and atrocities of the past, but not erase history. Let us honor that learning and recognize the value of what was the first step toward modern globalization. We romanticize the Roman Empire, the Viking invasions, Genghis Khan, Napoleon, and so on, yet much of history remains hidden. Thank you for this documentary.
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"What I remember about the Fall of Grenada is... is how quiet it was". So ends Al-Andalus and the Reconquista, it was a wild ride, ending with a melancholy sigh and a single tear.
It still amazes me how far we've come, it feels just like yesterday that Arabia was united under a new faith, and expanded all the way to the Iberian peninsula, yet here we are 700 years later, after a long struggle, many wars, sieges, marriages, and assassinations, Iberia is entering into a new age.
The history of Spain and Portugal in general is just fascinating, and I must say Islamic Iberia is perhaps one of its most interesting points, and has become one of my favorites to study thanks to you and your incredibly detailed videos. It's also because of this series that I've decided to continue trying to learn Spanish, and may delve into Portuguese later.
The usage of Christan slaves turned Muslim soldiers seems like a running theme in Islamic history, though I suppose it makes sense, as in Islam you cannot enslave a fellow Muslim, though I wonder if it was only Christians that this happened to, or if they did it to people of other faiths.
I've often joked about how Muslim warriors are superhuman, as their champions seemed to win every one-on-one fight in the early conquests, but at this point I'm almost starting to believe it's actually true...
There is one thing I'm very curious about though: By the time of the Kingdom of Grenada, or the Sultans and their nobility still ethnically Arab or are they Spanish Muslims with Arabic ancestry? It's hard to tell just from the names alone, as it's rather common for non Arabs to use Arabic names, if not native names of Arabic origin.
Side note: I apologize for seeming to make all my comments so long, I don't mean for it to be a chore for you guys to read through lol.
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Like in Game of Thrones, other than the two giants, there are many interesting characters to focus on. Hannibal's brothers, the other Carthagenean generals, Scipio's father, Fabius, Marcellus, Nero, the Numidians, Archimedes... and many locations other than Rome and Carthage (Syracuse, Capua, Cartagena...). There is material for many seasons.
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Esta luz é do fogo e das luzentes
Armas com que Albuquerque irá amansando
De Ormuz os Párseos, por seu mal valentes,
Que refusam o jugo honroso e brando.
Ali verão as setas estridentes
Reciprocar-se, a ponta no ar virando
Contra quem as tirou; que Deus peleja
Por quem estende a fé da Madre Igreja.
Ali do sal os montes não defendem
De corrupção os corpos no combate,
Que mortos pela praia e mar se estendem
De Gerum, de Mazcate e Calaiate;
Até que à força só de braço aprendem
A abaxar a cerviz, onde se lhe ate
Obrigação de dar o reino inico
Das perlas de Barém tributo rico.
Que gloriosas palmas tecer vejo
Com que Vitória a fronte lhe coroa,
Quando, sem sombra vã de medo ou pejo,
Toma a ilha ilustríssima de Goa!
Despois, obedecendo ao duro ensejo,
A deixa, e ocasião espera boa
Com que a torne a tomar, que esforço e arte
Vencerão a Fortuna e o próprio Marte.
Eis já sobr' ela torna e vai rompendo
Por muros, fogo, lanças e pelouros,
Abrindo com a espada o espesso e horrendo
Esquadrão de Gentios e de Mouros.
Irão soldados ínclitos fazendo
Mais que liões famélicos e touros,
Na luz que sempre celebrada e dina
Será da Egípcia Santa Caterina.
Nem tu menos fugir poderás deste,
Posto que rica e posto que assentada
Lá no grémio da Aurora, onde naceste
Opulenta Malaca nomeada.
As setas venenosas que fizeste,
Os crises com que já te vejo armada,
Malaios namorados, Jaus valentes,
Todos farás ao Luso obedientes.
— Luís de Camões [Os Lusíadas, Canto X]
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Istanbul was Constantinople
Now it's Istanbul, not Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Now it's Turkish delight on a moonlit night
Every gal in Constantinople
Lives in Istanbul, not Constantinople
So if you've a date in Constantinople
She'll be waiting in Istanbul
Even old New York was once New Amsterdam
Why they changed it I can't say
People just liked it better that way
So, take me back to Constantinople
No, you can't go back to Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works?
That's nobody's business but the Turks
Istanbul, Istanbul
Istanbul, Istanbul
Even old New York was once New Amsterdam
Why they changed it I can't say
People just liked it better that way
Istanbul was Constantinople
Now it's Istanbul, not Constantinople
Been a long time gone, oh Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works?
That's nobody's business but the Turks
So, take me back to Constantinople
No, you can't go back to Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works?
That's nobody's business but the Turks
Istanbul
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Thank you for including Isabella’s installation of the Inquisition in Spain, as well her sponsorship of mistreatment of Jewish and Muslim people, many of whose roots in Iberia went back over 700 years.
Although many people have heard of the mistreatment of Spanish (and, later, Portuguese) Jews by Christian rulers of the Reconquista, even of those who converted and whose descendants were usually sincere Christians, most viewers haven’t heard that Muslims and their descendants eventually were treated the same way. And that “purity of blood” —that is, racist hatred — is well documented in Spanish history before its “Age of Exploration” began. (Muslim converts were frequently referred to as Moriscos.)
Among the descendants and part-descendants of Jewish converts were many priests and nuns, including St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582), and St. John of the Cross (1542-1591). St. Teresa was St. John’s friend and mentor; both came from Avila, both were Carmelites, and both had converso ancestry. Both were eventually named Doctors of the Church (St. Teresa was the first female Doctor of the Church). Yet, according to biographers, both had to be extremely concerned that their family histories could cause them to be targeted by those around them, including those above them in the church hierarchy. As beloved as they are today, by Catholics and non-Catholics alike, during their lifetimes they had to tread extra carefully at all times.
Like all major figures of the past, Isabella is neither purely good nor purely bad. It’s important to consider that enslaving and imprisoning innocent people was a common practice among the powerful, and that things only got worse as Spanish and Portuguese explorers “opened up” the Americas and sub-Saharan Africa. Thank you for at least mentioning these facts.
One criticism: Quoting historical fiction in a video that purports to be “history” cheapens it. It would have been simple enough — and more credible — to suggest the range of what a historical figure might have felt, than to resort to the projections of a modern novelist.
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(forgive me, I just figure out how to make this portal accept my paragraphing! so is multiple edited tututut me!)
I wonder if some people might think your starting point way back to the Islamic Prophet was too much. I wonder how many people who, such as myself, think, oh man! Not enough! Somewhere along the line you mentioned Charles 'The hammer' Martel as a curiosity of common debate. I know this debate very well and wish to add my studied opinion here. I hope you can bear with me as I intend to be as straight as possible with the delivery.
The two questions in regards to this debate are; Did the Battle of Tours save Christian Europe from Muslim rule?, and, Did the Battle of Tours spark the Reconquista?
To the first question, my stance is yes. At the time of the battle Christianity was still a scattered and heavily disjointed confederation still surrounded by many pagan peoples. Of those States or Peoples who were primarily Christian, well to put it simple, for every State or every Peoples there existed a separate composition of Christianity. There-fore, if it were not for Charles Martel, who cut his teeth and honed his own and his core forces abilities fighting essentially against those off hand pagans and varied tribes of Christian peoples, the chance for a strong central body to unify (even as we know was only loosely until the Byzantine Crusade began) would likely have slipped from the hands of existence.Due to the victory, what I prefer to view as the Muslim high water mark as they certainly could have gone further though not by much more, Rome had time to consolidate it's grip, gather it's wits and under Charlamagne begin it's true regaining of an empire. We of course know this new face of the old western empire as the newly minted Holy Roman Empire.
Yay Charles!
Now we come to the second question, which in every debate I have entered I always begin by saying this is a non-topic debate. What I mean by this is rather simple and I think you will agree is also rather obvious. Makes me think of your recalling MP's "what did rome ever do for us", as it is exactly an equally absurd question. Did Charles Martel's victory at Tours spark off the Reconquista? Emphatically, No. You can no easier learn to swim in a pile of sand than you can reconquer a land before a central State is in effect. That is to say, before the Holy Roman Empire could be considered sturdy and existing, they could not conquer, let alone reconquer any territory. Now had the Goths somehow managed to reassemble then they could have started a Reconquista.
It is wrong minded and ignorant to think that Andalus was void of all Christian people, or that Christian people were routinely rounded up and slaughtered for sport. Christians existed in Andalus, that is, within the Muslim lands of Iberia. They, like the Jewish peoples were considered 'Peoples of the Books' as all three religions share their respective starts in the first writings of the Old Testament, or the Tora (as I believe it was called!). Though they existed as perhaps a second rate peoples, and taxable for it, they certainly were not tormented or driven out simply by being Christian. With this piece of knowledge we can now see that it was not truly a Christians on Top goal but rather a Rome back on Top goal.
This is no more proven true by any other set of conditions than these; Muslims still lived in Andalus after the Reconquista ended, The peoples of the book was thrown out immediately and replaced with Holy Roman Law and Rule, the Jewish and the Muslim peoples were outright persecuted not for their religion but rather for their social and economic traditions which greatly threatened Roman control, and finally, in a very short time the Holy Roman Empire would begin the persecution of not only Jews and Muslims but also Christians who they could drum up heresy laws against primarily (entirely) to capture lands and monies from those growing Christian power centers that dared to question Rome for it's treatment of those Jews and Muslims.
To sum up, The Holy Roman Empire needed to exist in order to reconquer old roman territory. It was purely territory and economic land grabbing with Christianity as nothing more than a readily available pretense to war on the Muslims. There-fore, my darling Charles Martel could have had nothing to do with it as all he desired was little more than kicking the Muslims back into Iberia to end their threat on his own territory in Gaul.
Did Charles save Christian Europe? Yes, his victory sheltered the babe which allowed it to grow into the Holy Roman Empire proper.
Did Charles Martel spark off the Reconquista? Absolutely not. He smashed the Muslims at Tours and went home to get his praise and profits as any good and fine little king should have done.
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The genocide suffered by the Hindus of India at the hands of Arab, Turkish, Mughal and Afghan occupying forces for a period of 800 years is considered the biggest holocaust of World history. The Indian historian Professor K.S. Lal estimates that the Hindu population in India decreased by 80 million between 1000 AD and 1500 AD, before the arrival of the Europeans.
With the invasion of India by Mahmud Ghazni about 1000 A.D., began the Muslim invasions into the Indian subcontinent and they lasted for several centuries. Nadir Shah made a mountain of the skulls of the Hindus he killed in Delhi alone. Babur raised towers of Hindu skulls at Khanua when he defeated Rana Sanga in 1527 and later he repeated the same horrors after capturing the fort of Chanderi. Akbar ordered a general massacre of 30,000 Rajputs after he captured Chithorgarh in 1568. The Bahamani Sultans had an annual agenda of killing a minimum of 100,000 Hindus every year.
The history of medieval India is full of such instances. The holocaust of the Hindus in India continued for 800 years, till the brutal regimes were effectively overpowered in a life and death struggle by the Sikhs in the Panjab and the Hindu Maratha armies in other parts of India in the late 1700’s.
Historians have elaborate literary evidence of the World’s biggest holocaust from existing historical contemporary eyewitness accounts. The historians and biographers of the invading armies and subsequent rulers of India have left quite detailed records of the atrocities they committed in their day-to-day encounters with India’s Hindus.
These contemporary records boasted about and glorified the crimes that were committed – and the genocide of tens of millions of Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhist and Jainist, mass rapes of women and the destruction of thousands of ancient Hindu and Buddhist temples and libraries have been well documented and provide solid proof of the World’s biggest holocaust.
The destruction of Buddhist statues in Afghanistan by Talibans just a few years ago, prove that Arabs were not an open and tolerant society. Something very wrong is happening in the way universal history is being written.
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Gosh. I am African, but just learning European history after migrating here. From brutal tortures at the hands of Islamic Turks, their own pope, kings and queens to literally being financially robbed and fleeced by the church, their own aristocrats, you guys have been through some dark shit!!
I complain a lot. But watching these videos from the dark ages make me grateful for simple things like tap water, dustbins, toothpaste, toothbrush, a comb, indoor plumbing, penicillin, ceramic plates and antibiotics. Mehn
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@FlashPointHx For me, people should dissociate themselves from historical events and characters. I am Catholic and have Portuguese ancestry (I am Brazilian), but I am in no position to judge or give an opinion on these people. They are in a different time than me, in a different situation and context. For me, going around bombing Muslim ships is immoral, but for me — a man in the 21st century — to judge them not only doesn't change anything, it would also be unfair and anachronistic.
And of course, there is the issue of today people trying to take "sides", as if the Catholics (or Muslims) of the time were all perfect. And because of that you have these aberrations of videos trying to "justify the Crusades", or those that paint Al-Andalus as a utopia centuries ahead of its time.
Honestly, I also watched your videos about the Reconquista and I think they are excellent for their teaching, illustrations (they help a lot and give life to all these old names) and neutrality in telling the history. Anyone can benefit from true, non-ideological historical content. Good job
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Almost 20 years ago, I bought a book in a Catholic bookstore in New York City...Isabel, the Catholic Queen, by the late Dr. Warren Carroll of Christendom College in Front Royal, VA. I read it through a number to times and gave it to our parish priest, who has since died.
I found it to be nearly impossible to put down once I started reading it. There was one chapter telling about each King or Queen that was an ancestor of Isabel and how each fared in the Reconquest.
Isabel's life was a hard life, for a queen. She never knew her father. Her half brother King Henry was an inept and weak soverign who wanted to marry her off outside of Castile. Isabel married the man she wanted to marry, was coronated Queen, won the war of succession against Portugal (and her own relatives), lost children at childbirth, nearly died herself in childbirth, conpleted the Reconquest, financed Columbus' voyage to the New World and through her grandson Charles V, united Spain.
The Inquisition will always be held against her, but it was not nearly as bad as the Black Legend claims. Isabel's son in law, Henry Tudor, was a monster with far more blood on his hands.
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I believe this to be one of the finest accounts of retelling the story of The Black Death. Accuracy counts, and in this documentary, it counted for a lot. Being just over an hour, and although short, I found myself unable to stop watching. And because of the lengths, I had serious doubts that it would be any good.
This subject fascinates me. And especially so because plagues and pandemics are the great equalizer. Rich or poor, famous or hermit, politics, race, sex, religion, age, cause, location etc....None of that matters. But the one thing I will never understand about humanity is that no matter how devastating these events are, we always find a way to make it even worse. Either through ignorance and a lack of resources to fight it, politics, or even war. As a species we rarely come together as a planet to rid ourselves of the horrors. Instead we blame and accuse each other. We become cruel to the point that life itself in many instances means nothing. Even during the rush to a vaccine to rid us of Small Pox, Dr. Salk had his rivals. He wanted to use a dead cells and others live ones. So not even that could bring us together. All because politics, money and ego ruled the day.
A perfect example of this behavior was the opening day of the battle of the Somme. Where the British military lost 60,000 men in death and seriously wounded, only to turn right around and give the exact same orders on day two. I can only imagine the fear on day one. How the entirety of troops from all sides didn't become incurably insane on day two I will never know.
We claim to value life but always turn around and prove how little it really means the very next minute. And using dead bodies as a bioweapon, although done all throughout military history to great success, it is not only gruesome, it is also very much an extreme psychopath who would give such an order.
Bravo. I thought this was excellant, I learned new things on something I have been studying for years and it was told in a very practical way. Not candy coating anything and without exaggeration or outright lies. Which I have seen many times. The latter of which describes the exact condition we are living under today.
Like I said earlier, I first I had extreme doubts about it being so short and still be able to cover it all. I was wrong and I am glad I was. I look forward to a possible follow up documentary that teaches about how a traveling salesman peddling his textiles in England showed up in one village a few hundred years later while ill.
The family home he had visited had people that knew why he was sick, yet didn't kick him out. They put him up and cared for him, knowing damn well that they had just become infected too. Alerting the village to their discovery, the entire village locked themselves down forbidding ANYONE in or out. Even if it meant the deaths of everyone in their village. Food was brought to them by neighboring towns and villages and left on the outskirts of their village for pickup everyday. They had a very high attrition rate, but effectivly stopped the spread of the plague to the rest of the country. They quite literally saved the lives of millions with this very noble, courageous, intelligent and selfless act. To this day there stands a plaque inscribed with the names of those who perished along with the entire story.
That is very much the Reader's Digest version and I have intentionally left a lot out. Including names of people, exact time frame and the name of the village. All in the hopes that you will take it up in the near future with the same professionalism you used here. There are stories already on Youtube about this, and some are very good. But if you have already posted such a video, I have not seen it yet and now knowing the name of your channel, I will look.
Thank you and have a blessed day.
-Your newest fan.
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In the battle of Uhud, khalid was a commander of Meccan cavalry force, and when Meccan force was retreating, khalid noticed a strategic position unguarded. He charged his cavalry, and he almost gave defeat to the Muslim. Muhammad was in severe danger, and his companions saved him with their lives. Khalid became a Muslim later.
Khaliph Umar demoted khalid because he was fearful that people started thinking khalid is behind the victories of Muslim...By demoting khalid, he wanted to show people only God gives victories...Khalid was not disappointed for this decision, rather he fought as an ordinary muslim and as an advisor to the other commanders. In his death bed, he regretted about martyrdom. Hearing his regret, one of his friend told him that He was titled "Sword of Allah", and it would not be justified in any way that the Sword of Allah fallen down in battlefield. That is why he wasn't destined to get the taste of martyrdom. Khalid bin Walid is undoubtedly one of the greatest field commanders in history.
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One aspect that was lacking about Socrates philosophy is that he encouraged people to question themselves first, their own ideas, before questioning anyone else or "the society".
Socrates saw ignorance as a dicease of the soul, and the root of all evil, so he teached self reflection first, before criticing society or other people, you should be criticing yourself, your own values, so that you can correct yourself and use what you have learned to help others. He was not executed because he "questioned the values of society", but because he exposed how the elite, the politicians and the intelectuals (the sophists) where actually ignorant, greed and corrupt, he debated then publically, not to question the values of society, but to expose how those elites were ignorant and didn't have competence to rule society.
The sophists were the ones questioning traditional values, not Socrates, he just showed how they didn't know what they were supposed to teach.
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There is obviously no record of this ever happening, but I like to imagine it nonetheless.
On the day after the City of Rome received the news of the slaughter at Cannae, and just imagine the scene, the sun rising in the east, animals moving about and making their little sounds, and the smell of food filling the morning air as Rome awakens from what had to be the most frightening news they had yet heard. 70,000 dead in a single day, their southern territories have all but defected, there is no meaningful resistance standing between Hannibal and Rome herself. The senate begins to fill with the men who make Rome function, more than a few of them very hung over from all the wine they consumed the previous night, and the ever familiar bustle from within the Senate’s walls echos through the halls.
The Senate is brought to order and the business of the day begins. First and foremost is the business of what to do about Hannibal and the entire room erupting into cries of panic and despair as one senator after another reiterates what they all learned just the previous day. Calls going out from senator to senator with proposals for negotiation, appeasement, and whatever else we can imagine from them, even terms of surrender. Until finally one among them stands up, takes the floor and delivers a speech not unlike the one delivered by Winston Churchill after Dunkirk.
“…and should we prepare ourselves well and serve with all the strength and courage as befits all true Romans, we will continue to fight, to ride out the storm of war, and out live the menace of Hannibal, if necessary for generations, if necessary to the end of Rome. That is the resolve of our people, and every man of them. That is the will of the Senate and the Republic, of all patricians and plebs, linked together in their cause, and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil with the utmost of their strength.
We shall go on, to the end. Whatever end. We will fight on the land, we will fight on our ships, we will fight in the sea, we will fight on the shores, we will fight on the beaches, we will fight in the hills, we will fight on the plains, we will fight in the farms, we will fight on our walls, we will fight at the gates…and we will fight in the streets, and in the markets, and in the alleys, and in our homes, and in the senate, and in the temples. We will fight to the last man, and the last slave, and the last woman, and the last beast, and the last child, and if necessary, alone.
For we are Roman, we will never surrender.”
Something like that.
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Don't get me wrong, I have nothing against the history of the crusades, but if you're making the video about the fall of the Constantinople - do one about how it fell (and it's fine with me, that is a longer story, that starts earlier and talks about the "milestones" in the journey to the end, because empires do not fall in one day) , then do a different series about Crusades. Half of the video is about the the 3rd crusade, that had nothing to do with the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Apart from that after 3rd comes 4th - disastrous one. Growing resentment? Yes maybe, but since the west fell, there was always a resentment between east and west. Major part of this video doesn't touch Constantinople at all and in my opinion, it's a major flaw... Maybe I'm sounding harsh but I'm a great fan of your content and just... Keep going!
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About the collapse of visigothic kingdom: it was written into its bone. I mean, the problem of visigothic kingdom wasnt the lack of army reserves, it was its flawed governing and administrative system. As most of post roman kingdmon, visigothic was authoritian, integrated ang highly centralised. Meaning, deccision werent made by a large decision making board, but by a small court, and this small court was both the leaders of the army and the high officials of the kingdom. Also meant the local government werent run by locals, it was run by the mentioned court high officials.
This system was good for the kings (helped him keep in power), but was fragile against major defeats. If a major defeat occured, then the kingdom lost its officials, so there werent anybody to start to organise a new army, defence of cities and towns.
In contrary, the roman republic could survive all its major defeats by its political and administration system. Having a senate of some hundred man, many of them ex officials of the republic meant they had the potential men to appoint to reorganise the army and enforce the alliance even after a major defeat. And election held annually meant even the loss of members of senate was fastly replanished....
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awesome content! also, I just realized she was the daughter of a Portuguese princess of the house of Aviz! Isabella of Portugal, beautiful and educated, she had several examples of resolve in the family tree! On a side note, not only the Spanish armies would have to deal with the Ottomans, but also de Portuguese fleets, in the Indic Ocean. The Iberic Reconquista, when finally concluded (in Portugal, it ended 200 years prior), changed the world and started an age of gold for christianity. Also, the security brought to western europe with this allowed for more resources dedicated to education and art. You cannot prosper if you country shares a border with an aggressive neighbor that raids constantly your kingdom. Look at Ukraine now. Look at eastern europe and the history of the Ottomans.
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1. I'm kind of surprised you didn't make a bigger deal about who McAuliffe was before Bastogne. He wasn't the CO of the 101st, that was General Taylor who was all the way in Washington attending a conference ( a sign of how completely the operation caught the Allies by surprise ) nor was he the second in command of the division, who I believe was in London at the time. He was the commander of the Division artillery. Basically he's the 2nd Assistant Manager of your local grocery store, about to be in charge when the store catches on fire. Considering that, I think he did a remarkable job, for a number of reasons.
A: The 101st had just done a rest and refit deployment following coming off the line after market garden. In short it was still in the middle of being resupplied, and so he had a shortage of just about everything at the beginning. Nevertheless the 101st ( and the 82nd to their south who was in the same situation, and of course was also a paratrooper division ) were the among the first divisions after getting the order to the front to actually begin aggressive maneuvering. They weren't stationed at Bastogne and it got surrounded, they advanced to Bastogne and got surrounded. So stellar leadership throughout the Division, and the aggressive confidence of paratroops probably had a lot to do with it, but still a bold move.
B: He basically copied ( albeit probably unknowingly ) Walter Modal's defensive model consisting of strong points manned with infantry and heavy guns supported by a mobile offensive unit to counter attack the enemy with that had stopped the Russians so effectively the year before when Army Group Center collapsed on the Eastern Front. This is not something that is easy to do, again I'm sure the elite nature of paratroopers helped in this, but as Arnhem shows elite paratroops can be overrun if not properly supported like anyone else.
C: His particular nature of caring for the soldiers Morale during the Siege, especially the elements of the 10th Armor that had had a pretty bad couple of days
2. I mean maybe, but that would have quite literally gone against German doctrine established since at least 1939, the armor always bypasses any hardpoints of resistance and leave the mopping up to the infantry, and up till now it had worked mostly quite well. However the truth was that the Germans couldn't afford to leave behind enemy strongpoints and they couldn't afford to take the time to properly neutralize them, which is one of the reasons the plan was bonkers in the first place, which everyone but Hitler saw, and ironically why it was so initially successful as well
3 Here's the thing about this entire battle to me. Even if the German's were WILDLY successful, say they eventually overrun Bastogne and capture Antwerp, it is meaningless. At most they buy themselves another 6 months. In reality, they probably don't have the industrial capacity, reserves, or fuel to even reduce the now encircled British Troops, much less retake the offensive against the Americans. Allied Air Power would roam the sky at will, even supposing German factories weren't bombed night and day, it would take over a year to build the planes to even threaten the Allied Air Force. Sustained Offensive operations without at least Air Parity is simply suicide at this point, and German High Command knew this too. I think the only thing the "Best" option wins for the Germans in the end here is that the entirety of Germany becomes Communist after the war, instead of Half, and probably not even that.
At the end of the day this plan was always bonkers, and the only reason it succeeded at first was because of how bonkers it is.
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@FlashPointHx
Sorry, my interest and knowledge in plants stems from my profession (I used to be a chef de cuisine) and is about recognizing edable plants, and what absolutely NOT to eat(and WHY not) 😂 so I could not tell you that.
However
https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conium+maculatum
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150177/
Problem is that it's not just one type of poison in hemlock. Also the time of year and climate heavily influance its toxicity. But I think the info you need is in these links.
How they made the essance of hemlock is not quite clear to me since boiling it neutralizes the toxins (maybe dissolved in alcohol?) . But I have seen its use described in a few old sources from medieval times... (as a medicine in small doses, and in larger doses, well... Deadly💀, btw even used as a medicine it caused usually temporary blindness)... and in a German textbook from the early 1900 describing poisoning methods through the ages. If I can dig up the title out of my old skull I will send it, no probs👍
If I remember correct the alkalid poison is turned into a neurotoxin in the body? Dunno where I read that but it stuck into my mind.
And for some reason I keep thinking of heracles death, when he was poisoned with the shirt that was still stained with the hydras blood.
Quote:
'However, it is still covered in the Hydra's blood from Heracles' arrows, and this poisons him,
tearing his skin and exposing his bones .'
I have a sneaky suspicion that the so called "hydra poison" was in fact hemlock essence and that Mohammed II son during his education had read quite a few of the ancient translated texts in the libraries of Granada. So... 1+1=?😂 I think he found inspiration
Sorry it took a hour to compose this reaction, coz I was researching for the book I read this in but I have not found it yet, sigh I am getting old I fear😕
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The man that you are talking about is Peter the Navigator and not Henry. The conflict between these to brothers is like King Richard the Lionheart and his brother King John. However in the the (anglo-)portuguese story the hero dies (Peter was killed in a battle that could have been avoided) before chronicles were written.The portuguese historians make up the character of Henry, because the late 19th century Portugal needed historical references and there were any to be found. The same process happened in the rest of Europe. In the UK, the character of king Richard, Robin Hood, King Arthur (in these two cases, the tales were given the final setup), etc, were created in the same fashion. In Germany, it was the case of Hermann the barbarian who was rased in Rome and helped his people to ambush and annhialate the roman army in the Teutoburg forrest.
The portrait that you see at "6:55" is now aributed to Peter by some modern historians. Henry is nowadays portraited has a reserved man, with low profile. So it is very unlikely that he would spearhead a strike into the gates of Ceuta. If that is registered in the chronicles, probably was one of his more experienced captains who took the initiative. Because he was of royal blood he was the one to take all the credits.
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Khalid & Sahaba prepared an army to conquer Constantinople and finish off the Byzantine Empire, but the plague of Emmaus halted this campaign ...
Caliph Muawiya tried to conquer Constantinople, launched more than 50 successful land and sea campaigns on Byzantium , Muslims annilihated all the Roman armies in Anatolia and seized the strategic fortresses & islands and opened the way to Constantinople.
the first siege began in the year 50 AH under the leadership of Sufyan ibn Auf that did not last long ,Muslims lifted the siege because of the severe weather
Then the 7-year siege between 54 - 60 AH, led by Janada ibn Abi Umayya Al-Azdi, after the conquest of Smyrna [Izmir] :the siege was lifted and the Muslims withdrew due to the outbreak of the second Fitna (60-72 AH) and a peace was concluded between Muslims and byzantines for 30 years
The byzantines betrayed and broke the peace. Caliph Abd al-Malik resumed the campaigns against the byzantines and inflicted several major defeats on them, the most important of which was the Battle of Sebastopolos in 73 AH and killed 40,000 of them the Battle of Misis 80 AH and seized large parts of Anatolia.
The campaigns of the great commander Maslamah ibn Abdul Malik during the reign of Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik 86-96 AH: He wiped out most of the Byzantine armies in Anatolia and inflicted on them great defeats, the most important of which was the Battle of Tyana 88 AH, in which 50,000 Byzantines perished and succeeded in conquering it and the Battle of Ammuriya 89 AH, in which annilihated 120,000 Byzantines and conquered Heracleium
The Siege of 98-100 AH,: which ended in utter failure due to the strength of the walls of Constantinople and the betrayal of the Byzantine military commander Leo, who broke his covenant with the Muslims, and several other reasons, 70,000 Muslims were killed due to cold, hunger, disease, Greek fire and Bulgarian swords
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This is just extraordinary. Great video with an immense amount of material and analysis. But just imagine for a moment that you are a peaceful peasant living in the 13th century. As you are peacefully cultivating your crops, hords of thousands strong are just outside your city walls ready to kill you. The great Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan marchs towards Europe killing everything before it, while your states troops have no answer. And just as your lands are being burned, wars around you also start taking place. And just when you thought you have seen it all, the black plague comes along. Now everyone is sick, and tired, with no idea why, millions of people die of this sickness while the sickness starts spreading everywhere. And if you thought that this will eventually end, nomads from the East now reach Constantinople as Timur destroys Bayezid in Ankara, and 50 years later, Constantinople falls.
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The Huns were a different culture to the Mongols. The origins of the Huns are still debated today, in the 18th century the French scholar de Guignes proposed that the Huns were related to the Xiongnu, a nomadic people who emigrated out of northern China in the 1st century CE. However, the evidence for this theory is not definitive, and so it is not universally accepted. Due to poor archaeological records, and an absence of a written language, it is very difficult to establish where the Huns came from. Nowadays people tend to lean more towards the idea that they came from the steppes of Central Asia, though the precise location is unknown. They first appear in written records by Tacitus, who says that they live near the Caspian Sea in 91CE. But they don't make their way into Europe until the 4th century. On the other hand, we have the Mongols, whose empire began in 1206CE, with the Mongol clans united under Genghis Khan. Their homeland was Mongolia, but upon Ghengis' death in 1227, the empire stretched from the Pacific to the Caspian sea. Their forays into Europe began in 1237CE, when Ghengis' grandson Batu led an attack on Kievan Rus (a federation of tribes centred in Eastern Europe).
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The Reconquista. It is a shame some modern Spanish and Portuguese scholars have been trying to rewrite this fundamental period of european history. They normally emphasize the peaceful coexistence of three diverse populations, the Christians and Jews who, they claim, were both free of persecution, and the tolerant and learned muslims, mostly north-african. In modern terms, non muslims were under an abusive taxation system. And repression was swift and brutal. Let us also not forget Henri de Bourgogne, who fought in what is now northwestern Spain and Portugal. What a guy! We are not sure of his exploits, but, when you see what he got from León, he must have been extremely helpful in keeping his father-in-law's southern marches safe. His son would be an even better matamoros, or I wouldn't be here writing this.
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First of, I’d like to say the video is fantastic, I love the style and I very much appreciated the importance you gave Portugal regarding the Reconquista. However, some information seems to be wrong, which is normal considering this part of Portuguese history is hard to find in English.
For starters, Henry was of more importance than Raymund, since Henry belonged to the Ducal Bourgognes, whilst Raymund was a descendant of the County holding Bourgognes. Raymund was given a legitimate daughter and Galiza, whilst Henry was given an illegitimate daughter and Portugal. This wasn’t a slight on Henry, as Portugal would be considered better territory for it’s room to grow, and bastards could inherit in the Iberian Peninsula. Second, the plan by the two cousins was a part of a Burgundian plot, initially by Hugo of Clung, later by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, to make the Burgundy dinasty the ruler of western Hispania, and to bring the Roman Rite along with it. Henry’s descendants would get Galiza, Portugal and the western portion of the peninsula, and Raymond’s descendants would get Castille and Leon. Henry was the leader of this Pro-French party, by virtue of his rank. When Alfonso VI’s only son died in battle at Ucles, leaving Raymund’s son through Urraca as heir, is when Alfonso and the Iberian nobles began having second doubts on the French nobles. However, after Raymund dies in 1107, Henry refuses to recognise Urraca as the heiress, bypassing Raymund’s son. For this, he is banished and outlawed from Alfonso VI’s court. After Alfonso VI dies in 1109, his influence grows again, and he aids Afonso of Aragon, Urraca’s new husband, against the moors. However, he soon presses the Pope to excommunicate Urraca and Afonso of Aragon due to their marriage (they were cousins) and until 1112 goes back and forth between supporting Urraca, Afonso of Aragon (they were at war with each other then) and being his own party. He was fighting the king of Aragon near Henry’s new fief of Astorga when he mysteriously dies.
His son, Afonso Henriques, is 3 years old, and that’s why Teresa, his mother, assumes regency of the county.
Afonso Henriques later has a confrontation with his mother and her lover, for two reasons: she had declared herself Queen, and Afonso VII of Leon did not like that, and she was planning on marrying one of the Trava brothers, which could eventually rule Afonso out of the inheritance. Teresa seems to have been following her late husbands dream, at the expense of her son. Teresa and Henry never declared Portugal independent in 1095, the first record of Henry being in the Peninsula is from 1096.
Teresa and her son seem to have come under siege from Afonso VII of Leon in 1127, only surviving because Afonso went to the king of Leon to offer his vassalage instead of his mother. They came into conflict at São Mamede, in 1128, as part of a power struggle, but besides Afonso now ruling the county, relations with Galicia and the Trava’s went back to being good. Also, Teresa’s lover was probably not the count of Galicia yet considering his father was still alive.
The proclamation after the battle of Ourique is a myth, he only called himself Infante de Portugal.
Lastly, Afonso Henriques was followed by his son Sancho I as king of Portugal, who then was followed by his son, Afonso Henriques’s grandson, Afonso II, as the third king of Portugal, and it was he who sent troops to fight at Las Navas de Tolosa, probably not participating directly due to inheritance problems with his sisters.
Regardless, keep up the good work, looking forward to more episodes on Portugal one day.
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subscribed, demolished the Like button, and regarding what I would have done, had i been Hannibal... hard to say. the man did pretty much everything he could have done, from what i know. Rome was a very tough nut to crack. siege equipment was pretty mediocre back then. not sure if he could have taken other cities and camp in, doubt he wanted this. his goal was to crush every army sent before him. mobility was key. and if he could not take Rome itself, there really was not much else he could have done. he hoped that, by winning so many times, Rome's allies would break away and either stop their support or even join his side. but that did not happen, all he accomplished was uniting the latins even more. also, Carthage was not helping any, failing to resupply Hannibal with much needed troops. the romans were a stubborn bunch. also, they were learning. slowly, but surely. and managed to counter Hannibal. fascinating story, expertly narrated. cheers, mate
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Why did Dias let his ships be blown out to sea then decide to follow the currents?
I'm mildly surprised this is considered a mystery.
As one who has passed most of my sea time sailing without an engine the answer seems to me, obvious.
I don't have a degree in history, a cosy armchair, or a professorship.
What I do have is experience with sailing ships that began with learning from some of the very last British sailor men who had worked cargos without engines.
Then again, there are not many sea men with my sort of experiences left now so I'm not very surprised that the academics can't answer this diddlie riddlie.
Given that on a good day his little caravels could only make about 6 knots, a lot less on a 'not' so good day, and given a current of 2 or three knots what were their chances of punching back against the current?
A no brainer, no prizes for the correct deduction.
The Portuguese sea men already knew that ocean and sea currents have a beginning and an end.
Plus, those men would have been by modern standards very religious and superstitious.
They may well have seen 'the hand of God' in their direction and fate.
Very much as Francis Drake commented 100 years later when violent storms drove his 'Golden Hind' South when he wanted to sail North, 'maybe God wants us to discover something', or words to that effect.
In Drake's case, like Dias before him, by going with the flow, the force of the weather, the will of God, he made a discovery of immense significance which today still bears his name, "Drake's ¨Passage".
Thus as a sea man I'm surprised this discovery by Dias is considered a mystery.
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Ok, now I’m really annoyed at this video, which I see as totally unnecessary.
For one, it is full of “presentism” aka moral judgment for events over 500 years old. I don’t see the need of this caveat. Also, some of it is just plain misinformation. It shows as if the inquisition was bigger and more present in people’s lives that it actually was. The inquisition was just a phenomenon of what was common and rampant in the world at the time, religious intolerance.
The idea that someone could be Christian as they saw fit was not tolerated for real until the 19 century. All countries at the time had institutions that looked for keeping religious dissension in check.
Also, there is proof of how many people were condemned to death because of religious crimes. In the life of the institution that lasted for 350 years, from the time of 1540-1700 which was when it was more active, it condemned to death 1346 people.
Obviously is a very large number, but if we take it out of context, and put it as something exceptional… is just not right. Let’s compare it to other events of a similar nature, religious intolerance. In England alone during the reign of the king Henry VIII it’s estimated that up to 70,000 people were put to death just for not accepting him as head of the church, and same with his children. In France the St Bartholomew massacre killed 3,000 Protestants in Paris alone, over twice as many condemned by the inquisition, and it was done in one day!
Religious intolerance was something common and accepted and approved of in every corner of Christian Europe. Putting the emphasis on the Spanish Inquisition is nothing but dishonest and plays into the Spanish black legend, which considers the Spanish culture and history as nothing but subpar and inferior in the qualities that we see as superior today like tolerance, democracy, economy, etc…
About the Jewish population… everyone, absolutely everyone in Western Europe like England, France, HRE, etc had expelled them from their countries, even centuries beforehand, so the idea of tolerating Jews was not looked kindly upon either. Again, present day people tend to put an emphasis on this expulsion for some reason, when it was not a unique thing related to Spain.
Anyway, I feel this series was mostly well done, but this last epilogue soured the experience for me…
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One of the primary reasons Pope Clement XI condemned the Flagellant movement as heretical was because the Flagellants were making very visible public efforts to appeal to God for mercy from the Plague. Meanwhile, while it was commonplace for towns and cities to see their very own clergy evacuate into the countryside to escape the outbreaks. In Christian Medieval Europe, the welfare of the soul and the influence priests had with God were seen as the final word in the fight against apocalyptic events like outbreaks of Plague. The poor and lower classes tended to feel extremely betrayed and outraged when their communities were ailing as the clergy rushed to escape their parishes, often only leaving religious zealots like the Flagellants as the only source of spiritual guidance and comfort during the most terrifying times there were to live and die in. Medieval Christians saw death as an extremely fragile and ritualized process that had to be observed under strict guidelines for the welfare of the deceased person's soul, and without a priest to deliver last rites and acknowledging a dying person as dying "in faith", the less likely the soul was to be received by Heaven regardless of how pious and good the person was in life. This is also why it was seen as essential that Catholics be buried in consecrated ground, as people believed well into the 16th century that they were living in the time of the Second Coming of Christ, and only those buried in consecrated ground would receive the promised resurrection, which is why Medieval cemeteries - especially in large cities like London - are so densely packed. Death was not seen as an instant gateway to Heaven or Hell, either! Purgatory wasn't just a liminal space where it was believed your soul went before being judged: it was basically a temporary Hell where the sins you may have committed in life are punished in order to purify your spirit prior to entry to Heaven. Or, it was a foretaste of Hell before the Last Judgment. "Indulgences" were special spiritual passports that the Pope or a high-ranking church official could grant if you did something particularly pious and virtuous in life, which was why it was seen as customary that pious rulers build monasteries, convents, and cathedrals during their lifetimes: it gained them esteem from God, and hopefully would allow them to make their time in Purgatory very brief, or skip it altogether.
Pope Clement was also notorious as being particularly overindulgent and decadent; funneling larger and larger sums of church tax revenue into his own entertainments and wealth, while the Flagellants primarily consisted of average townsfolk willing to literally bleed for the love of God. This is where we see the very first sparks of the criticisms against the Catholic Church that would later inspire Martin Luther and start the Reformation that would later give rise to Lutheranism and Protestantism, among other popular risings of Christianity that are still thriving today. The Flagellants were very outspoken about Pope Clement's excesses and the fact that it was an open secret that a lot of priests had mistresses, children, and used church funds to line their own pockets - quite literally embezzling from the taxpayers - while maintaining that they still observed vows of poverty and chastity. This was hardly strange, but what made the Flagellants dangerous to the Papacy was their surging popularity as they filled the increasingly high demand for spiritual comfort as the Plague raged on, and in the absence of church officials to maintain public order, it allowed common people the opportunity for free speech and free thought that would've been punished as heresy at any other time. By officially branding the Flagellant order as heretical, Pope Clement was implementing a more easily-enforced umbrella policy where the Inquisition (which nobody was expecting) could march in and bring about a brutal form of clerical martial law that allowed for the punishment and execution of anyone that associated with the Flagellants; marking anyone who sympathized with them as being vulnerable to the horrors of the Inquisition's torturers. This facilitated the later dissolution of the Flagellants as the bubonic plague slowly ebbed away and it was again safe for the clergy to return to their seats of power and re-establish public order.
The bubonic plague pandemics truly were apocalyptic if you think of it through the mind of a person living in Medieval times. When the pandemics got so severe that the Church was no longer able to function, it literally disrupted time itself. For Catholic Europeans, time was measured down to the hour by association with religion. In early Medieval times, 12 hour clocks didn't really exist! There were no such thing as minutes! The day was blocked out in 7 or 8 "hours" based upon the religious significance of that time of day marked by the tolling of the local cathedral bells and Masses. For most of the Medieval period, a 24 hour day was divided into eight liturgical designations: Vigils (currently called Matins and was also referred to as Nocturns), Matins (currently called Lauds), Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, and Compline, and the actual times at which these times were marked changed throughout the entire year and depended on where you lived! The same bell could be tolling at 2:30AM in Winter that originally rang at 5:00AM in Summer! Without the Church, time literally seemed to stand still as more and more people died.
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You didn't even have a torch for your burial, son! Here I light a city for you.” Dom Francisco de Almeida.
From the wreckage of the battle of Diu came three royal flags of the Mamluk Sultan of Cairo, which were transferred to the Convent of Christ in Tomar, Portugal, the spiritual headquarters of the Knights Templar, where they still exist today.
From a strategic point of view, the battle of Diu 1509 was no less important than any of the greatest battles in the world, on the contrary, because: it assured the Portuguese, for almost a century, absolute dominance of the Indian Ocean; considerably reduced the power and prestige of the Turks, who were then the terror of Europe, when they were already at the doors of Viena and entering in Hungary; It marks the beginning of a long period of European domination of Asia, which only ended with Japan's entry into the Second World War.
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I am not an expert on History.
I believe there is an important mistake about the reason why Bartolomeu, on his way to India, close to Namibia coast, decided to get far from the coast. A sudden storm, you said. I don't think so. The real reason was 'Aliseo Winds'. These winds move from south to north here. So, he got away from the coast looking for 'better' winds, moving from east to west. He had no other choice but he was lucky, the winds were now moving from north to south and he moved in that direction, later from west to east, later from south to north and when he met again the african coast realised that it was horizontal, not vertical. He had achieved his goal.
On his way back to Lisbon, again on this path, Bartolomeu could then go close to the west african coast moving from south to north.
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Well, we have learned absolutely nothing from all of human history, in regards to maintaining civilization..Every human civilization that has ever existed has committed suicide in one form or the other..Every civilization has a cycle of conquest, exploitation and collapse..The American empire is no less violent or vicious than any other, in fact it's reach and destructive blueprint has no equal...Our current civilization is the pinnacle of this cycle, we've left no base uncovered regarding our self destruction and collapse..To the degree of upsetting the delicate balance of natural Earth systems, and creating weapons that will destroy all that we and nature have created..We simply refuse to mature and learn the REAL lessons of our history..We refuse to mature past greed, exploitation and ego..We refuse to acknowledge the vital importance in maintaining the natural environment...Collapse is always a process, not an event.. We have been in the process of collapse for decades now, and the numerous existential issues are closing in, and accelerating...The damage is already done, it doesn't matter what we do now, our days are numbered, and it's a tiny number...No green new deals or international organizations can save us..The laws of thermodynamics, can't be negotiated..An environments carrying capacity can't be bartered with..The laws of complexity and self organization won't be denied...The web of life can't be repaired with human hands or on human time scales, and we can't survive once a threshold of damage is achieved...The only real question is, will a human phoenix rise from the ashes..Will the damage be too severe for human's to recover..I wouldn't take that bet, one way or the other...Our civilization will continue to degrade though out this decade, with collapsing societies, left and right..By the end of the next decade will see the complete collapse of our civilization..."The planet is littered with the ruins of civilizations and empires that thought they were eternal"--Camille Paglia "All of our exalted technological progress, civilization for that matter, is comparable to an axe in the hands of a pathological criminal"--Albert Einstein We are so indoctrinated, that we couldn't possibly envision a healthy society...Ignorance is bliss for a reason..But facing reality, also entails the beauty and wonder of life and Earth...
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@FlashPointHx , thanks. I always joke to my self about being a mutt, but I never had any problems with others accepting me than myself (when I was younger).
Brazil has the largest Japanese colony in the world, just like US had a massive Chinese and Italian immigration between the 19th century and the 20th century, Brazil had a massive Japanese, Italian and German immigration, due the slavery abolition and need of man power.
The interesting thing is that at the end of the WW2, we had a fanatic faction, called Shindo Renmei, that attacked who used to say that Japan lost the war, and all started when a local and a soldier threw horse dung at the Japanese flag and stumped on the flag, lol. The guys went berserk after the soldier's lieutenant yielding katanas.
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@FlashPointHx from all that ive mentioned thats the least important. After all, Spain was in the portuguese side of the globe, so they had to....but docking in Azores, Lisbon, vacationing in Portugal and only then telling the "news" to the spanish king.... i think that would be worth a video of yours by itself. Another few fun facts, he never wrote anything in italian, only spanish, he was married with portuguese royalty, he named 40 places in the Caribbean with portuguese names, including Cuba. His descendants never used the name "Colomb", only "Cólon". The portuguese king summoned him, in a letter existing in the Indias Archive in Seville, calling him "my dear friend" for a meeting with Bartolomeu Dias.
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Well, about peacfull coexistence. The level of the religious peace in the Umiyyad emirate was far from uncommon in the early medieval europe. Even so, that some part of europe (for example: kingdom of Hungary) was a reality even in the high medieval ages. But no one write bestsellers about the peacefull coexistence in Hungary during the house of Arpad (whose mother or grandmother was a jewish girl by the way). Why? Hungary was (and is) a landlocked country even when from the late XI. century the hungarian kings were croatian kings aswell. By theese landlocked situation, the kingdom could not reach the high of cultural and human development of the mediterran region, by its ports in croatia did not really connected the main trading rout (Danube).
However the history of the emirate/caliphate show the true story, which isnt about the religious enlightment. Nor the emirate, nor the caliphate, nor the taifa states could recruit the sufficent number of soldiers from their land. Against whom? The most sparsely populated lands of the iberian penninsula. The christian kingdoms in this time and region had maybe 8% of the population of the penninsula, but they could be a real threat even for the caliphate. How so?
Easy. The kingdoms could fill their armies ranks from the local peoples, while the muslim states could not or in an ineffective way. But why not or in an ineffective way? Simple because even the ones who converted to islam were not considered trustworthy by the ruling class of the muslim states, not to mention the christians and jewish people. Of course they could join to the standing army, but the ruling class did not support the militarization of the local communities. By this, in case of need they could not raise an army from the locals, so any major loss hampered their military capabilities for a long time. While their northern neigbours - by this militarization - could replace even their lost professional soldiers (the knights) within a few years.
Then why we believe in this peacfull coexistence? Because two things. First, it is a nice myth from a golden age. Second, because the iberian penninsula is in great position for human development by its geographical position if the penninsula is not in a permanent turmoil with itself. The emirate and the caliphate could provide this for several generations, and the early medieval states usual “tolerance” was much higher than the usual in the high and late medieval ages.
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Qual o touro cioso, que se ensaia
Pera a crua peleja, os cornos tenta
No tronco dum carvalho ou alta faia
E, o ar ferindo, as forças experimenta:
Tal, antes que no seio de Cambaia
Entre Francisco irado, na opulenta
Cidade de Dabul a espada afia,
Abaxando-lhe a túmida ousadia.
E logo, entrando fero na enseada
De Dio, ilustre em cercos e batalhas,
Fará espalhar a fraca e grande armada
De Calecu, que remos tem por malhas.
A de Melique Iaz, acautelada,
Cos pelouros que tu, Vulcano, espalhas,
Fará ir ver o frio e fundo assento,
Secreto leito do húmido elemento.
Mas a de Mir Hocém, que, abalroando,
A fúria esperará dos vingadores,
Verá braços e pernas ir nadando
Sem corpos, pelo mar, de seus senhores.
Raios de fogo irão representando,
No cego ardor, os bravos domadores.
Quanto ali sentirão olhos e ouvidos
É fumo, ferro, flamas e alaridos.
Mas ah, que desta próspera vitória,
Com que despois virá ao pátrio Tejo,
Quási lhe roubará a famosa glória
Um sucesso, que triste e negro vejo!
O Cabo Tormentório, que a memória
Cos ossos guardará, não terá pejo
De tirar deste mundo aquele esprito,
Que não tiraram toda a Índia e Egipto.
Ali, Cafres selvagens poderão
O que destros amigos não puderam;
E rudos paus tostados sós farão
O que arcos e pelouros não fizeram.
Ocultos os juízos de Deus são;
As gentes vãs, que não nos entenderam,
Chamam-lhe fado mau, fortuna escura,
Sendo só providência de Deus pura.
— Luís de Camões [Os Lusíadas, Canto X]
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It is rather interesting. In Al Andalus, a Muslim ruling state, there are Christians writing "against" Islam. While I understand that the penalties were brutal, I cannot imagine any other place in that point of history or centuries to come, where such thing could actually happen. Could Jews write against Christians? Was there any society at Medieval times where such thing could happen? This, by itself, proves the level of tolerance. For us, of course, now this seems brutal and oppressive how they were dealt with (or does it, imagine a Muslim today in France or Germany writing a book against Christianity, or a Kopt in Egypt writing a book against Islam - I think they would be burned by a mob).
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The Al-Andaluz gave birth to an intellectual speculation, in all domains, and an artistic flourishing that had no equivalent in Europe at the time. Of these three components we can take as a symbol the Muslim Averroes (Muhammad ibn Ruchd), the Jew Maimonides (Moshe ben Maimon), the Italian Gerardo de Cremona and the Catalan Raimundo Lullo, who came to drink from the sources of Arab science. Muslim Spain played a key role in transmitting the works of philosophy and Greco-Latin science to Europe in translations improved by Arab progress and libraries (that of Caliph al-Hakam II in Córdoba had, at the end of the 10th century, 400 000 volumes). Europe, at the time less advanced in terms of cultural production (except for some monasteries), sought in various disciplines (Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics) elements that served it for its own Renaissance.
In spite of being Christian and, of course, i fight the medieval islamic ideas that they want to enforce us nowadays, i still respect a lot their heritage on my Portugal.
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Very well researched, structured and presented, and narrated with a very pleasing, clear and well-modulated voice.
Just, please, work on the pronunciation of some words. Nu-cu-lar (it's nu-cle-ar), venement (is that a portmanteau of vehement and venomous?), VEE-lights (it's ve-LEE-tes or ue-LEE-tes), axies (there's no X in acies, and it's not related to axis; it should be a-kee-es), to name a few.
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ONE OF THE GREATEST SECRETS OF PORTUGUESE MARITIME EXPANSION:
It took 500 years to construct a lie and two decades of research to unmask it. The “discoverer of America” may have been the best double agent in history, because he managed to keep his secret for over five centuries. In fact, the man we know as Christopher Columbus left Portugal for Spain, on a secret mission in the service of King John II, to deceive the Catholic Monarchs and protect the monopoly of Portuguese maritime trade.
In a time as epic and adventurous as that of maritime expansion, this is a true game of spies, hidden manoeuvres, conspiracies, intrigues, betrayals, murders, fraud, lies and deceit, perpetrated by the genius of D. João II to make Portugal the first global empire.
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if Istanbul is for "the greeks" because was founded by greeks why america is not for the Spaniards???,, we know how the Spanish Empire has created the first european city there, the first university in american continent, the first church, the first american bank, the first international currency (Spanish Dollar), the first global language. And Texas, California or Florida are Creations of SPAIN. Just read the history... why cities like Los Angeles, San Francisco or Las Vegas have Spanish names?,, the clothes of K...K...K are creations of Spain, the Cowboy Hat also, etc etc etc, so... Istanbul is greek and the whole American Continent is Spanish.
Istanbul is turkish because they has won many wars... the same happens in USA.
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I find it absolutely amazing that their are people who suggest that Julius Caesar. Was not a great military leader, and that it was Caesars legions that deserve the majority of the credit for the majority of Caesars successes.
While it is true that after years of constant combat combined with their superior training, tactics,logistics, weapons and armor. The legions commanded by Caesar almost certainly achieved something that has only happened a handful of times throughout history. Which was that the legions under Caesar may have literally been the greatest military force on the planet at that current time in history.
But this was only after they had already fought many, many battles and campaigns.
Caesar fought and
Defeated the Gauls
Defeated the United German tribes
Defeated fellow Romans
Defeated the Egyptians
Despite being vastly outnumbered in every instance
From Spain, to Britain, to Gaul, to Greece, to Egypt and of course Rome. Caesar went from Continent to continent kicking ass. He faced many different challenges and tactics and ways of war, different advantages and disadvantages yet adapted every single time to gain victory after victory
This man was a military colossus who earned his place in history as one of the truly great military commanders of all time. And it earned it by constantly achieving the impossible and yet these ass hats are seriously suggesting that Caesar may not have been all the great and it’s actually his legions that deserve most of the credit for Caesars accomplishments?
This is absolutely absurd
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I'm Peruvian and a fan of History. I'm thinking now, after seeing all of this videos that we have a massive hole in our education system. Sure every country teaches history from their own perspective, but due to the nature of Peru's "colonization" (very big debate over the use of the word, since it was a completely different system than the more common idea of African colonization) we are never taught where the Conquistador's came from, not really, just "Spain". Spain didn't even exist, it was Castille and the "conquistadors" are our own flesh and blood since they stayed here and had families with the native women. Part of the pushback in the XXth century to redeem and curtail the continuing abuses towards the indigenous population, the only PoV is theirs when it comes to history and the rest of the "cast" are "otherised", which is a massive mistake since we descend from both traditions and it causes a certain amount of problems. Anyways, very good video as always, keep it up! Never knew there was such a massive defeat on Castille by Granada, it helps explain why they lasted so long!
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The moment you uttered "Sharia Law" I stopped listening to your video period. Why? Because "Sharia" & "Malaki" Islamic Laws are not of the Same my friend. You turned an excellent presentation job from History to propaganda. Mind you I am a descendant of AL-ANDALUS and I know our History by Heart, quoting a writer and or a present book author is not a Historical fact, why, because authors who first create a Title of the Book or a Title of a research book are bias and only contract to prove their personal point of views not a historical fact. To close and to educate you and the word "Sharia" is only One part of Islamic Law and "Sharia" is not an exclusive Islamic Law, also "Tarik Ibn Ziyad" was not a conqueror rather he was a Liberator, so you and tons of people like you only weave an opinion that is derived from other people opinion and you are no different than the "Salafi" Muslims who borrow other people Jurisprudence expend on them or weave them to their likings and claim them as their Own...FYI, I am a Moorish-Andalusian descendant and if I may say, Andalusia History is in my DNA and to prove it to you and everyone, I have never studied or learned Spanish Language in Any School, but I can speak it perfectly so take this wisdom as well and use it for your future Presentation on AL-ANDALUS and Islam, I have given you Four (4) Stars on One of your Andalusian video presentation, but again the moment you interjected a Propaganda Terms, I lost interest on your Work, what you did is exactly what the Church or Rome and Church of England did about AL-ANDALUS and Islam, they stole knowledge and twisted facts....
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btw, i see that your sources list has no books from Gibbon. what did you think of his pov? it wouldn't have helped with this video, right? he was very much against the empire no matter of its successes. new historians are less western oriented and more about knowing the truth. and the truth is that this empire was amazing, and i, for one, lament its fall, not because i am either greek, nor roman, neither because i am christian. but because it showed such potential, such promise. they were weird, from our modern perspective. they had this notion that the world was a reflection of the Heavens, and the Heavens were perfect, thus the world was as well. whatever happened here, on the mortal plane, was to be so. i did read somewhere that the greeks had a very similar opinion. i am talking about the hellens, pre-roman era. they considered worldly things beneath them. pretty weird. also a bit controversial, since quite a few leaders proved more than capable to show that they cared a lot about the situation of the empire, even if for self-glorification. or perhaps, the "roman" side was more predominant when it came to conquests. whichever the case, i find it fascinating.
i recall someone bluntly stated that the romans were just good at building walls. if i recall, his name sounded turkish. sadly, when the seljuks and then the ottomans found the romans, it was in a period of great instability(a roman "tradition", it seems). coupled with ineffectual leadership, and a bunch of really bad decisions, all the romans had left were those aforementioned walls. still... by God! those were some impressive walls. even today they impress, for they repelled the might of countless invaders, from huns, slavs, to arabs and persians. with a bit more unity, even the much hated 4th crusade would have met its end at its gates.
The romans of the east have an intriguing story to tell, even today. much is still unknown, much was never recorded. but what comes to the surface, of late, is truly magnificent.
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Adrianople marks a number of historical changes. It was one of the few battles in which a major Roman leader was defeated by a non-Roman enemy. Other examples were during the 2nd Punnic Wars, at Cannea, Roman senators, quastors and consuls were slain. In the battle of Carrhae 53 BC agains the Parthians, one of the Triumverate dicators of Rome was captured and killed. At the battle of Edessa, the Persians captured Emperor Valerian. But never had a Roman emperor, major general, or important location been humiliated by the Germanic barbarian tribes. Not since 396BC when the Celtic army sacked Rome did you see such a humilatiation. Even in the Tuetoberg Forest, it was a Roman general, not a Roman emperor. A Roman emporor falling in battle to people he considered refugees was a huge psychological blow to Rome, one that wasn't topped until the 410 sack of Rome.
The other nuance is these are the early stirrings of what we would call the Dark Ages, Early Middle Ages, or Age of Faith when northern or eastern, sometimes nomadic tribes, like these Goths, would have a huge role to play in medieval world and the focus of power shifted away from the Mediterranean and Italy and North to Germany, France, England and Scandinavian countries. This would be not the first a new ethnic group and Latin would no longer be the lingua francia of Europe. The Gothic cavalry was a precursor to the medieval knights as well, and Roman fortresses and fortifications had echoes of medieval castles. Infantry would play a less prominent until the high Middle Ages or the Rennaisance, when guns, powerful bows, improved tactics, and firepower, brought back Roman sized armies to Europe at the dawn of the 16th century.😊
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@FlashPointHx Yes, and his son Philip II; (May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was even king of England and Ireland! He was King of Spain (1556-1598), King of Portugal and Algarves (1580-1598), King of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia (both 1554) and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Mary I from 1554 to 1558). He was also Duke of Milan and from 1555, Lord of the Netherlands.
Son of the Roman-Germanic Emperor and king of the Spanish kingdoms Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip was called Felipe el Prudente ("Philip the Prudent") in the Spanish kingdoms; his empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including his namesake in the Philippines. During his reign, the Spanish kingdoms reached the height of their influence and power. This is sometimes called the Spanish Golden Century. Never, no one, in Europe had such power as the Iberians had on this age!
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I was fortunate to take a class on Islamic history under Fred Donner a few years ago. He put me onto them for a final paper which surveyed the textual evidence when it came to the martyrs, which is actually pretty sparse - Eulogious and Alvarus are pretty much the only surviving sources we have on them. What's also interesting is that both of these men write a good bit on increasing interest in Arabic writing and language, scolding their fellow Christians who do so while exalting Latin writings.
So right in the middle of Abd- al-Rahman II's reign, a former civil servant of the Umayyad administration named Isaac, seemingly without provocation, walked into the qadi's court, insulted the prophet Muhammed, and pleaded with the qadi to convert to Christianity. The qadi reportedly slapped him across the face and suggested that he must be either drunk or insane. Isaac assured him that he was in the right mind, so the qadi had him imprisoned and informed the emir. Isaac was beheaded for public blasphemy, and the emir circulated an edict warning that anyone else who sought to emulate his behavior would receive the same punishment. Over the next five days, 8 more Christians came forward and mimicked Isaac. This prompted Abd al-Rahman II to seek out Bishop Reccafreddus to arest and imprison the local Christian clergy to bring pressure on the local Christian population, and for a time it seemed to have worked - but the summer brought with it a new wave of executions for pubic blasphemy.
A marked change happens with Eulogious' writings after he and the rest of the Christian clergy are imprisoned. He becomes critical of both the Islamic authorities and the Christian leadership, and paints the martyrs as suffering under both a tyrannical regime and having to defend and justify their actions from their own fellow faithful.
So most of what he wrote on the martyrs are what we would today call eulogies where he gives a short background on the individual martyr's life, and then extols their virtues (in addition to giving a summary of events as he saw them). What's particularly interesting about reviewing the many eulogies that he gives is that the lives of these people were incredibly similar in certain ways.
First, these martyrdoms differed from those of the Roman days in that nearly all of the people killed purposefully spoke ill of the prophet Muhammed or Islam right in the middle of the Islamic court, knowing full well that doing so would mean their own death.
Second, nearly all of them had connections to Cordoban monasteries, many of which were miles outside the city limits, and generally practiced a fairly strict asceticism; Eulogious depicts the martyrs as ascetically-minded, and intensely concerned about questions regarding their salvation.
And third, the martyrs can be very neatly divided into two distinct groups: (1) priests and monks, most of which were executed for committing acts of public blasphemy against Islam, and (2) those who came from mixed families and publicly professed Christianity, a rejection the faith of their fathers, and were thus executed as apostates.
While both of our sources are problematic at best, the reconstructions of Colbert, Coope, and Wolf offer radically different takes on events as written. Colbert does a pretty thorough survey of Eulogious' and Alvarus' work; Coope argues that the martyrs were attempting a radical assertion of Christian identity, fundamentally opposed to Islam, in a time of increasing assimilation and insecurity; Wolf points out that both of the former pretty much take Eulogious at his word, mostly because he seems sufficiently removed from the events as they are unfolding, but that in turn seems to indicate that he wasn't a significant part of the movement itself, only ever having been personally affiliated with a small number of them. His writings, after all, would not be subject to censure by the Islamic government.
Like, holy hell, dude. That shit's cray.
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Greetings Flash and well done as always.
To answer why the so-named crusades began is a two part story.
Firstly, why ask your frenemy for help. Answer, the Seljuk Invasion of Anatolia. Of course this is not the first time Islamic forces tried to force their way into western Anatolia, however the Seljuk forces were the first Islamic who could not be paid off or bargained with in classic land trades. Another important part of this is that the old Islamic nations and sultans could not control or appease the Seljuk as they followed a very hardcore and bare-based observation of the Islamic teachings. The Byzantines realizing that no help from their Islamic friends was forthcoming and that those to the north of Constantinople were just as happy to seize the capital that left no other great force of free men then those of the Holy Roman Empire.
Secondly, why send forces? Answer, the greatest free land grab perhaps in western history. Urbane knew he could not control the many fractured groups of Christians or fractured nations of the Holy Roman Empire. The Great Church was also, due to these conflicting forces, in desperate need of rebuilding the coffers. By sending as much as 60% of the well trained and battle experienced men to the East, Urbane was able to seize up their lands, primarily by the creation of Knights Orders who answered directly to the Pope and not their nations King. Furthermore those who remained would be hard pressed to exist without the Great Church and thus were avidly willing to attack the last places held by non-Christian Kings and peoples in western Europe.
There is truly nothing unique as to why the so-named Crusades began, what is most unique rather is what happened when all those newly war minted and rich Knight's Orders came home and plumped their individual factions, such as many may remember from the Order of the Knights of the Temple (Templar Knights) who over the next 100 to 200 years would become the single most powerful and richest collection of men in the Holy Roman Empire, west and east.
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Impressive video making, I take my hat off… but, you really dumbed down the achievements of Alp Arslan, he did the impossible, the eastern romans were anywhere between 150-200,000 and the Seljuks were anywhere around 30-50,000… when Diogenes was brought before Alp Arslan, he lifted him up in an embrace and said “if it were I that lost, you would have paraded me in Constantinople, but I will do something worse, I will forgive you” ( I’m sure you came across that many times in your research ) and a correction, he wanted his daughter for his son, not for himself…. On his return Diogenes had his eyes gauged out with hot steel and Eudokia was sold into prostitution… you should have mentioned that too. Over all a great video but very biased.
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Mccauliff's Christmas message to the troops. Parts of it were presented on "Band of Brothers:"
Headquarters 101st Airborne Division
Office of the Division Commander
24 December 1944
What's so Merry about all this, you ask? We're fighting-it's cold-we aren't home. All true but what has the proud Eagle Division accomplished with its worthy comrades of the 10th Armored division, the 705th Tank Destroyer Battalion and all the rest? Just this: we have stopped cold everything that has been thrown at us from the North, East, South and West. We have identifications from four German Panzer Divisions, two German Infantry Divisions and one German Parachute Division. These units, spearheading the last desperate German lunge, were headed straight west for key points when the Eagle Division was hurriedly ordered to stem the advance. How effectively this was done will be written in history; not alone in our Division's glorious history but in World history. The Germans actually did surround us, their radio's blared our doom. Their Commander demanded our surrender in the following impudent arrogance.
December 22nd, 1944
To the U.S.A Commander of the encircled town of Bastogne.
The fortune of war is changing. This time the U.S.A forces in and near Bastogne have been encircled by strong German armored units. More German armored units have crossed the river Ourthe near Ortheuville, have taken Marche, and reached St. Hubert by passing through Hombres Sibret-Tillet. Libramont is in German hands.
There is only one possibility to save the encircled U.S.A Troops from total annihilation: that is the honorable surrender of the encircled town. In order to think it over a term of two hours will be granted beginning with the presentation of this note.
If this proposal should be rejected one German Artillery Corps and six heavy A.A Battalions are ready to annihilate the U.S.A Troops in and near Bastogne. The order for firing will be given immediately after this two hours term
All the serious civilian losses caused by this Artillery fire would not correspond with the well known American humanity.
The German Commander
The German Commander received the following reply:
22 December 1944
To the German Commander:
NUTS!
The American Commander
Allied troops are counterattacking in force. We continue to hold Bastogne. By holding Bastogne we assure the success of the Allied Armies. We know that our Division commander, General Taylor, will say: Well Done!
We are giving our country and our loved ones at home a worthy Christmas present and being privileged to take part in this gallant feat of arms are truly making ourselves a Merry Christmas.
A.C. McAuliffe
Commanding.
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@FlashPointHx I'm not saying that there was not a certain degree of tolerance between Catholics and Muslims. In fact, many foreign crusaders fighting in Spain from elsewhere in Europe found that the Spanish rulers were far too lenient towards vanquished Muslim enemies, by allowing Moors to leave besieged fortresses with their carriable goods and not outright slaughtering them. You see, the constant going back and forth, gaining land, losing land, lead to a certain tolerance between these enemies of faith. The centuries of frontier warfare lead to this mutual understanding between enemies. So yes, there was a toleration, but what kind of toleration is this? They did live side-by-side for centuries, but not in any harmonious or genuinely co-existential manner. Now, that is an example from the frontlines, but in urban centers this antagonism and unfriendliness was still the underlying attitude of these 3 faiths. We know for a fact that Muslims lived in their own part of town, Jews in theirs and Catholics in their own. Yes, there were sometimes mixed families, but many of these families were at violent odds with each other. For example, Flora and Maria who were some of the Martyrs of Cordova came from mixed families where their Muslim relations and the Islamic jurists would have them literally beaten senseless for their denial of Islam, and ultimately killed. Authors such as Maria Rosa Menocal and Chris Lowney must be either ignoring the personal accounts of Christians under Islamic rule or they are completely ignorant of them. How else can anyone of sound reasoning come to this erroneous conclusion of convivencia? So, as unreadable as Maria Rosa Menocal and Chris Lowney are, their scholarship and presentation of medieval Spain is deeply flawed. They seek to pander to Muslims and distort the reality of Islamic precepts.
So, that is my main gripe with "convivencia." This astonishingly false notion that benevolent medieval Islamic rulers somehow wanted and created this multicultural and pluralistic society and that Islam is itself the cause of such a co-existing ideal.
As for the expulsion of the Morsicos, well they were actually a legitimate threat within Spain herself. Many of them were in contact with Moorish leaders throughout North Africa who were seeking to retake what they had lost. Not only that, they was constantly rioting, killing clergy, desecrating churches and essentially constituted a fifth column. So in my opinion, removing crypto-Muslims as a state policy would of made sense at the time given the threat that Islam still posed.
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PORTUGAL OTOMANS WAR PART 2
2In 1552 Piri Reis left Suez with 30 ships. He plundered Mascate but was unable to capture Hormuz, at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. He sacked the city, but the Portuguese fortress remained intact. Informed of the approach of a Portuguese fleet, Piri Reis withdrew to Basra. He returned to Suez with two galleys of his personal property.
Following these events, the Portuguese dispatched considerable reinforcements to Hormuz and, the following year, would defeat an Ottoman fleet in the Battle of the Strait of Hormuz.
The Battle of the Strait of Hormuz 1553
In 1553, the Portuguese defeated an Ottoman fleet commanded by Morato Arrais the Elder in the Battle of the Strait of Hormuz. The Ottoman admiral was the former governor of Catifa. When trying to cross the Persian Gulf, a large Portuguese fleet commanded by Dom Diogo de Noronha intercepted him and defeated him.
The Battle of the Gulf of Oman 1554.
After the Battle of the Strait of Hormuz, Seydi Ali Reis replaced Morato Arrais in 1553, and from Basra he set sail again with a fleet of galleys towards Suez. He fought twice against a Portuguese fleet commanded by D. Fernando de Meneses, off Oman and was routed in the second battle. From Oman he changed course to Gujarat, in India, pursued by Portuguese caravels and from Surrat he returned to Turkey by land, unable to do so by sea due to the naval supremacy of the Portuguese.
The Red Sea Expedition 1556
In early 1556, two Portuguese galleys commanded by João Peixoto entered the Red Sea to gather information about any Ottoman preparations in Suez. When he found that there was little to report about the Turks, he left for the city of Suaquem, a city he reached at night and, finding it asleep, disembarked with his men and pillaged it, killing many, including the governor, and capturing a large number of soldiers. of spoils. He sailed back to Goa the next day and, staying close to the coast, plundered several towns on his way to India.
The Siege of Bahrain 1559
In 1559, the Ottomans besieged the Portuguese fortress of Bahrain, an island that had been conquered by the Portuguese in 1521 and governed indirectly since then. The forces led by the governor of Al-Hasa were decisively defeated. After this meeting, control of naval traffic in the Persian Gulf fell (again) to the Portuguese.
Battle off Camarão Island 1560
In 1560, the Turkish privateer Sefer Reis captured two Portuguese ships off the island of Camarão in the Red Sea.
The attack on Muscat 1581
Muscat, designed by António Bocarro.
In 1581, the Turkish privateer Mir Ali Beg, with three galleots and 150 to 200 men sacked the city of Muscat, a city where a large group of Portuguese merchants resided, then governed by a sheikh of the King of Hormuz, a vassal of the Portuguese.
1586-1589
Rui Gonçalves da Câmara's expedition to the Red Sea 1586
In the autumn of 1586, an armada of 26 ships commanded by Rui Gonçalves da Câmara departed from Goa towards the Red Sea, with orders to attack Muslim shipping. However, the Portuguese were attacked near Mocá, were unable to capture any ships and returned to Goa when water became scarce among the expedition.
Mir Ali Bey's expedition to the East Coast of Africa 1586
Turkish galleys.
While Rui Gonçalves da Câmara was in the Red Sea, the privateer Mir Ali Beg sailed to the east coast of Africa, who with a galley convinced the city-states of Mogadishu, Ampaza and Brava to pay allegiance to the Ottoman Empire and declare war on the Portuguese and provide him with ships to attack Portuguese shipping in the region. With 15 ships, he captured a Portuguese merchant ship in Pate in Lamo, captured a galley belonging to Roque de Brito Falcão and convinced the city's ruler to hand over all the Portuguese who were there. He then returned to Pate, where he captured another Portuguese merchant ship with all its occupants, after promising them freedom if they surrendered. From there he returned to Mocá with 20 ships and 100 Portuguese prisoners, who were later rescued.
Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition to the East Coast of Africa 1587
When it became known in Goa that a Turkish privateer was on the coast of Africa inciting the coastal cities against the Portuguese, in January 1587, the viceroy D. Duarte de Meneses sent there a fleet of 2 galleons, 3 galleys, 13 fustas and 650 soldiers under the command of Martim Afonso de Melo with orders to expel the Turks and restore Portuguese authority along the coast.
The king of Ampaza gathered 4,000 warriors to resist, but was killed in combat and the city was sacked. Pate surrendered. The city of Mombasa was spared destruction in exchange for compensation of 4,000 Cruzados. The king of Malindi remained faithful to the Portuguese, and Martim Afonso de Melo rewarded him, thus strengthening diplomatic relations with him.
16th century Portuguese ships, designed by D. João de Castro.
Finding no sign of Mir Ali Beg, the fleet returned to Goa via Socotra and Hormuz.
Mir Ali Bey's expedition to the East Coast of Africa 1588
In the summer of 1588, Mir Ali Beg set sail from Moca with a fleet of 5 galleys. Mir Ali Beg extracted heavy tribute from cities along the coast in exchange for protection, in the name of the Ottoman Empire. Then he went to Malindi, a faithful ally of the Portuguese, hoping to plunder the city.
However, the Portuguese east coast African captain Mateus Mendes de Vasconcelos was then in Malindi with a small force, and was already well aware of Mir Ali Beg's approach: a network of spies within the Red Sea kept the Portuguese in the know. of the movements of the Turks. As Mir Ali Beg approached Malindi at night, his fleet was bombarded by Portuguese artillery installed along the coast, and retreated to Mombasa, near which he founded a fort.
Tomé de Sousa Coutinho's expedition to the East Coast of Africa and the Battle of Mombasa 1589
Naval and war flag with the Cross of the Order of Christ.
Even before Mir Ali Beg had set sail from Mocá, Vasconcelos had already sent a ship to Goa to warn the viceroy that the Turks were about to leave the Red Sea.
From India, governor Manuel de Sousa Coutinho dispatched an armada of 2 galleons, 5 galleys, 6 sandeels and 6 fustas with 900 Portuguese soldiers, commanded by his brother Tomé de Sousa Coutinho. At the end of February 1589, the fleet reached the east coast of Africa and, stopping at Lamo, learned from an envoy from Vasconcelos that Mir Ali Beg had founded a fortress in Mombasa. In Malindi, Vasconcelos joined them with another galeota and two Malindi fustas.
The Portuguese fleet reached the island of Mombasa on March 5. The Turkish fort built at the entrance to the port was attacked and captured; 70 Turks were killed and 30 cannons captured. On March 7, 500 Portuguese disembarked but quickly discovered that Mombasa had been evacuated and the inhabitants sought refuge in a nearby forest, with the Turks.
A cannibalistic tribe called Zimbas established camps on the other side of the channel that separates the island of Mombasa from the mainland and the last two galleys of Mir Ali Beg prevented them from crossing the channel, but they were attacked and captured by the Portuguese. Wanting to capture Mir Ali Beg and the Turks, Sousa Coutinho authorized the Zimbas to cross the channel - as soon as the people of Mombasa realized that the Zimbas had invaded the island, they immediately ran to the beaches, begging the Portuguese to let them come up on board. Many drowned. Among the people captured by the Portuguese was Mir Ali Beg.
Battle of Matapão
The eighth Ottoman-Venetian War was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718. Portugal joined the Christian armada.
Portugal's participation was decisive in the outcome of the war with its victorious participation in the naval battle of Matapan fought on July 19, 1717.
It was the Portuguese who fought the most important fight in the battle, with the Ottoman fleet withdrawing after a day of fighting, mainly with Portuguese warships.
After the conquest of the Morea by the Turks, they advanced overland, surrounding Corfu. Faced with this threat, D. João V, King of Portugal at the time, commissioned the Count of Rio Grande, Admiral Lopo Furtado de Mendonça, to command the Portuguese squadron, to meet the Turkish force besieged off Cape Matapão, culminating in a historic Portuguese victory.
From the 18th century onwards, Portugal was essentially concentrated in Brazil, coveted by other European powers, quickly becoming the greatest source of wealth that Europe had ever seen.
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Alexios the 4th created his own problems as far as I can tell. As well as problems for everyone who were supposed to be his people. I can't blame the people for being angry 😤. However I think I need to go back because I think I missed how he got deposed in the 1st place. Considering how many of the regular people suffered because he basically went to what has been their long time enemy and made a deal that he really couldn't uphold it doesn't matter how it happened, he's at fault. I can't help but wonder though what would have happened if his Uncle had just offered all of the crossbowmen and anybody with a ballista some gold if they were the one to actually hit him with a bolt when they paraded him by on the ship in full view of the city walls. I also have a question like what happened to the Greek fire they used to use with all these ships near their sea wall you'd think spraying them with it would be effective? Why didn't the sea wall have any projectile weapons that they could use to take the ships out while they were in the golden horn? If the citizens are willing to fight the army once it's in the city why aren't they willing to help drop tar, hot oil, coals, even rocks on the heads of the people trying to get in through the sea side wall? I'm a mother with 2 daughters and everybody back then knew what happened when an invading army came into a city and I wouldn't be leaving it to chance if they would be OK or me I would be up on that wall with anything I could use. If you're worried about retribution on the women of the city for helping if they're seeing doing so, some men's hats and cloaks can go a long way. Honestly that's one of my biggest frustrations when listening to these history documentaries, is how the women and children just seem to hide and I'm sure many of them are actually bringing refreshments and food to soldiers on walls, but they could do so much more. Pope's twisting the Bible to not just allow but often encourage so much war, wanton destruction, and general ruin on average people trying to survive in places they have no tangible connection to is a despicable stain that can never be washed out. The Papal City is I feel one of the perfect examples of why I believe the founding fathers of America believed keeping church and state separated was so important. I believe Muhammad and his book and belief in "holy wars" and the death and destruction that has come from it is another. Whenever mankind soothes its conscience by believing that the horrible acts that they commit against other humans is somehow condoned by an entity that will forgive or even reward them things seem to get so much worse. It doesn't even have to be religion be fair, there just has to be a Dogma of some kind like socialism or Marxism involved and everything goes t*ts up.
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In 2012, it was reported about the archaeological discovery of special scientific importance, which provides an answer to many questions – political, religious, social, Scientifics, trade and others. This scientific discovery is based on scientific research conducted during 1948 - 2012 and established the existence, in the Balkans, the Caliphate of Bass Arabia(باس عربية), with its capital in Sehr Al Jadeed(سحر الجديد). It was the most important and developed Trade Centre, which connected all Great Trade Route of Early Middle Ages, including connections between the Vikings and the Arabs.
and that's not all…
International Scientific Project “Sehr Al Jadeed and Great Trade Routes of Early Middle Ages”
Regards,
E-mail: aptc.md@gmail.com
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Incredible. As I listened to you move from event to event, it nearly gave me chills to hear every single thing I would hope to hear included in this incredible story—and always delivered with all of the reverence of History’s Executor, honoring its will. I was thrilled at the allusion to Caesar at the end, as I was drawing the comparisons myself, only to see the screen fade into the image of Caesar accepting Gaul’s surrender.
There are so many parts of Caesar’s conquests that make that part of Roman history seem almost deliberately self-referential to the Punic Wars. Like how it was still controversial for Caesar to make Cisalpine Gaul eligible Roman citizens, over 150 years after regaining those lands after Hannibal marched through them. Or how Massilia’s loyalty to Rome during the 2nd Punic War allowed it a privileged status until it fell on the wrong side of the Civil War. Most of all, I think that if Romans could have looked into their own future and learned from it, they would make a policy to not allow anyone named Cato to speak at Senate. Oh, and I can’t leave out how Caesar fought a decedent of Scipio in Africa and the legacy of Africanus and his Grandson made it a popular myth that even Caesar couldn’t beat a “Scipio” in Africa...so he found a distant relative to recruit and beat a Scipio in Africa.
Again, I think you did a perfect job with telling this history. I especially enjoyed your connection from the Punic Wars to direct intervention in the Greek World by Rome. That seems so often overlooked, in my opinion. I feel a sense of pity for Greece at that time: after everything that Hellos had both accomplished and endured, they still never had a chance against Rome because of Philip V’s awful timing. It forced an immediate response that favored a sort of diplomatic by the Romans. Rome never forgot its enemies though, and after the influence of Graecophiles like Scipio and dispersing the culture of Syracuse into the Republic, Rome returned with an even better understanding of how to exploit that culture. Furthermore, Rome found itself engaging an enemy that used the same style of warfare that Rome itself had experienced using successfully, and abandoning it when they found its weaknesses excessive. Not least of all, the Romans who landed in Greece after the 2nd Punic War, were from what has to be one of the most unbelievably battle hardened, experienced, and tactically innovative armies in all of history—what else could a country produce after surviving Hannibal and raising a generation in the shadow of that conflict.
Thank you so much for the work you put into this and your particular gift for doing this. It’s been at least an equal joy as learning it for the first time again.
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@FlashPointHx This is very interesting, because I felt like it must just be me, given the amount of time I spent listening to Carlin before discovering this video, but I have to say, & I mean this in the best way possible, I hear so much of Carlin in the way you tell a story. Smooth, well thought out, I mean I can't really even place exactly what it is. Yet you definitely have your own style, which is fantastic. For someone who's heard Carlins podcasts multiple times each, & desperately needs a fresh story & perspective, man, this is really a gold mine. You did an amazing job on this, so thank you, u have a new sub & fan here for a long time coming.
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I have Liddell-Hart's book on Scipio and I have read it over and over. Every time, I am struck by the profundity of Scipio's machinations. I've pondered if Scipio could be so intelligent without a deep martial experience. I've wondered whether he was possessed of many wise subordinates who brain-stormed for him during his formative period in Spain. It's just so difficult to grasp how evolved his army into such a marvelous weapon.
Alexander walked into an army ready-made and acted boldly, thus his successes. But Scipio received a broken army which he, somehow, molded and improved, and then used in uncanny, unorthodox, maneuvers and went on to an unbroken string of victories in Spain, and in Carthage, where his cunning overcame much larger armies before he ever encountered Hannibal, himself.
I really think he was become the greatest commander to ever live. I am perplexed that, somehow, history and historians managed to overlook him. Btw, loving this, as much as I did your first.
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There are so many stories to cover around this period. It would be good if you spoke, not only about reconquista, but about repopulation.
In Castile particulary(which was a frontier zone and victim of andalusian attacks), the new lots of land belonged to those brave enough to defend it, since christian kings were barely able to do so. These people plowed the land with a sword on their waist, and a horse ready to flee or attack at any moment. The count of Castile was basically a judge and military leader, not a "lord", and peasants were mostly exempted of paying taxes. These privileges are documented in so called "cartas puebla" and "fueros".
So in a period of feudalism, you have these free peasants, it's quite remarkable.
Anyway, you're doing a very good job and I hope you continue the series ad eternum! :D
edit: crappy ortography in a couple of words.
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Thank you for your video. It has shown a light over an obscure and interesting passage of medieval history. Not the history of Spain, which didn't exist in those times, but of Catalonia. It demonstrates what can be done in an atmosphere of religious tolerance and mutual understanding. It is a pity that the jews were expelled from France not long after this map was made. And later from the newly created kingdom of Spain. From Jewish History: "As news of the Spanish [Christian] riots reached Majorca, riots broke out all over the island. Despite the efforts of Francisco Sa Garriga, the local viceroy, the entire Jewish community was destroyed and its inhabitants were either converted or murdered. Over 110 families converted, and the remnants fled to North Africa. Although a number of Jews were again invited to reside there the following year, a blood libel 40 years later ended the 800 year old Jewish community." (From http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1391&endyear=1391). The Cresques family, who made this map, emigrated to Portugal and ended colaborating with the Sagres Academy, created by the prince Henry the Navigator.
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@FlashPointHx You misunderstand Desert of the Duero thing. I study history at Asturias myself, and we've treated this point quite some times. It wasn't a desert because of the climate or the lack of water (as said before, mediterranean climate) but because the constant muslim raids kept the lands from being populated. Essentially, when Alfonso I reached the southern part of the mountains, he sacked muslim cities and brought the native christian population back to Asturias, leaving the cities between the Cantabrian Mountains and the central mountains of Spain virtually empty as a buffer zone. Again, not because of it being a desert, but because it was very vulnerable to sacking. Hell, Castile comes from "Castillo", castle, because the new settlers from Asturias had to fortify almost every population they created to have a defense against the raids.
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Flash Point History the earliest known document of Henry of Burgundy in the Peninsula is from 1096, which also confirms his status then as count of Portugal. He was influential because he was the great grandson of Robert II of France, and so related to one of the most important noble families in Western Europe. Considering that most Portuguese sources point to the early 1100s as the time the cousins began plotting (because of the birth of Sancho Alfonses, as I said before) for the inheritance of the Spanish Kingdoms, it is likely that the telenovela like story you found (and which is also taught in primary education here) is a later embellishment, as is most of Afonso Henriques early life. We do know that when Henry fell out with Alfonso VI, he was banished from the court and he ruled Portugal semi independently, which might be where you found some sources claiming Portuguese independence during Henry’s governorship. Later, because of the Hispanic Rite not being dismissive regarding bastards, Teresa wanted to split the kingdoms with her sister, not be left out because of her illegitimacy. It is quite funny that amidst all of these different interests conflicting with each other, Portugal is born. There are some other nuances, mainly regarding the Douro Aristocracy and the Braga/Santiago de Compostela conflict that really gave birth to Portugal, which I can discuss further if you wish. And no, in 1212 Afonso II simply could not participate in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. He had just inherited his kingdom in 1211, was still consolidating royal power, had to deal with civil wars because of his sister, who owned many castles of their own, King Sancho’s bastard sons, and most importantly, king Afonso II was afflicted by leper’s disease, and would have found it very hard to travel and participate in any battle.
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Your videos have always been excellent and fascinating. Maybe I don't understand how brutal life had been back then if people were of differing religions or races, but what Vasco da Gama did, setting fire to a ship full of innocent people, including children, was beyond any moral or ethical norm in any society or any age. That requires a cold heart, and not just a bad temper. The way he treated each Muslim ruler he met when he had a 20 ship armada was despicable, at least to me. They may have treated him badly, but he was far worse. A ruler can't evict the majority of his population because they are Muslim, especially when they are the life blood of the city. Vasco da Gama acted like a Mafia enforcer getting protection money, and I don't think he really cared what religion they were. I think he just wanted their gold and spices. If he did, he should have known that the way to sincerely convert people to one's own beliefs is to convince them instead of conquer them. There's certainly less bloodshed on both sides.
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Great Video!
The Great Schism of 1054, in MY historical analysis, was one of the main catastrophic events for the Medieval Christian civilization (and for Christian history as a whole). It was also catastrophic for Constantinople! The Great Schism created a series of events that triggered the Fall of Constantinople itself.
Note: The Great Schism of 1054 was not only catastrophic within the religious sphere, but it was also catastrophic militarily and politically. Moreover, the Great Schism created a "domino effect" that contributed for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire itself! In my historical analysis, the Schism was catastrophic due to three main factors (which are interconnected).
• 1) The Schism divided the Latin and Greek churches. The division of the two churches (Σχίσμα των δύο Εκκλησιών) only reinforced the rivalry and disagreements between Constantinople and Rome.
• 2) The Schism of 1054 directly led to the sack of Constantinople in 1204. Had it not been for the religious division between Latins and Greeks, Enrico Dandolo's Venice would never have plundered Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.
• 3) The Schism of 1054 triggered the Fall of Constantinople itself (Άλωσις της Κωνσταντινούπολης). The Fall of Constantinople was simply a direct consequence of the Fourth Crusade. In my historical analysis, the destruction of the Byzantine Empire was completely "decreed" in 1204, not in 1453! 1453 was only the "mercy shot". The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) simply destroyed all the efforts made during the so-called Komnenian Restoration (1081-1180), which was carried out by the Emperors Alexios I Komnenos (1081-1118), John II Komnenos (1118-1143) and Manuel I Komnenos (1143-1180). Furthermore, the 4th Crusade further weakened the city that once represented the "shield of Christianity" ("Η ασπίδα/προστασία του Χριστιανισμού"), the "queen of the cities" ("H Βασίλισσα των πόλεων"), the "pride of the Christians" ("Η υπερηφάνεια των Χριστιανών"), and the "queen of the east" ("Η βασίλισσα της Ανατολής"): Constantinople! In fact, ALL the emperors of the Palaiologos Dynasty reigned and ruled over a completely bankrupt Constantinople (including Michael VIII Palaiologos, Andronikos II Palaiologos, Andronikos III Palaiologos, John V Palaiologos, Manuel II Palaiologos, John VIII Palaiologos and Constantine XI Palaiologos). ALL the emperors of the Palaiologos Dynasty faced serious economic and/or military problems because of the 4th Crusade (which, in turn, was triggered because of the Great Schism). After the fall of Constantinople, all of Medieval Christian civilization was threatened. The "shield" (ασπίδα) that Constantinople represented was "broken". Since the 4th Crusade was a direct consequence of the Great Schism, the Schism of 1054, therefore, indirectly contributed to the fall of Constantinople.
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yes indeed and al nasir will die 1 years after las navas de tolosa, do you know the story of al nasir with the king jean?
In the early 13th century, John, King of England was under pressure after a quarrel with Pope Innocent III led to England being placed under an interdict, by which all forms of worship and other religious practices were banned. John himself was excommunicated, parts of the country were in revolt and there were threats of a French invasion.
Writing two decades after the events, Matthew Paris, a St Albans chronicler of the early thirteenth century, claims that, in desperation, John sent envoys to al-Nâsir asking for his help. In return John offered to convert to Islam and turn England into a Muslim state. Among the delegates was Master Robert, a London cleric. Al-Nâsir was said to be so disgusted by John’s grovelling plea that he sent the envoys away.
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Haven’t finished the series (started since day 1) and I have to say that dam, I never noticed how wonderful your voice is. Great narrator. Anywho, a comment on high water marks: I mean, I might understand your point about us and historians looking back and conclude “this was their high water mark” but on the time that a general views it at the time in rl, they do. I think Lee, for example to follow yours, understood that the battle of Gettysburg was the high water mark of the confederacy. I believe he even wrote to Jeff Davis about it and asked to resign his commission due to his failure. Even the union probably saw it as Gettysburg on itself wasn’t a strategic place, it’s so happens that a minor skirmish turned into a battle because Lee ordered his army to march there and ordered his commanders to take them hills and the union decided to die on those hills. Even if Lee won on Gettysburg, vicksburg would have still fallen given the north control of the western theatre and opening the south. For Rommel, I don’t think reaching the Qatara depression was his high water mark but rather the recapture of Tobruk but like Stalingrad, the battle for Moscow, and even napoleons invasion of Russia were viewed at the time as high water mark moments. Yamamoto for sure also thought that when Japanese forces were beaten off on midway while sitting on the Yamato looking through his binoculars. It’s just time probably that confirms those moments, not looking back at events on hindsight
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Domination and liberation of Andalus had a bright side. When the Moors left in early 15 th. century, they left behind a library of 400,000 books, the intellectual superiority of the Moors, was not burnt down. The books were translated by the Europeans and educated them in science, mathematics, medicine etc. and produced a host of giants in Kepler, Copernicus, Descartes, Leibniz, Newton, Euler etc., and brought the Europeans out of the dark age and into enlightenment, to be able to create the modern civilization. And how did the Christians repaid the debt?
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isn't it pretty established, that secession wasn't a spontaneous idea when Lincoln was elected? Even by simple logic, there must have been quite some planning and preparation going into it. I'm always curious about this simple common narrative.
Simple stories in history usually turn out to be not simple at all.
Another case is the idea that the war could have ended much earlier. That's certainly true Had McClellan been more competent in Virginia or followed up Antietam, Or Meade followed up Gettysburg. Had the union army pushed on all fronts at the same time (instead of allowing the CSA time to bounce armies back and forth), as Lincoln wanted in 62 and Grant did in 64. BUT had the war ended much earlier, slavery would likely have survived.
Also interesting what Grant has to say: 1. he defend his decision at the time (not in hindsight) of not fortifying by saying that he thought training his new troops was a better use of the limited time. 2 he writes initially he agreed with the praise Johnston gets. But with later insight into CSA reports and decisions made before and during the battle Shiloh he kinda reverted that assessment. Not only because the General running around at the front is brave but stupid. He goes into some detail on that.
He also insists that Lee was a common, mortal man, not some sort of mysterious invincible being that he was painted as even at the time.
He actually criticizes Lee for being only extremely defensive in the final campaign. With a bit more aggression at certain points (Grant claims) Lee could have send the Union army home, since Grant had to take risks to protect his supply lines and to stop Lee sending parts of his army to Johnson against Sherman. Overall of course there is little doubt that Lee was on the battlefield the best General. But he was never given overall strategic command of the CSA armies, since Davies fancied himself to be quite the military genius. Espeically loved hiring and firing Generals for personal reasons. When he praises (Johnston) or blames (Johnson) Generals, it's always worth checking the backstory of that.
So we will never know, how Lee would have fared against Grant on the big chessboard. Because off the battlefield itself, what the union armies (Sherman, Thomas, Sheridan...) did at the time (64+) was run and coordinated by Grant.
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Henry was in fact not so brave, glorious and visionary as it seems. History we learned in school is outdated. Henry's history was mostly based on his autobiography and also the untruth mention of a naval school in Sagres, that never existed. That was a wrong translation from XIX century (I think german writer) that missunderstood the chronicles of João de Barros (also a writer that didn't live Henry's era). The sources are not valid and not proven also by any evidence.
He was an opportunist that wanted success, so he did all he could to be advertised and remembered as bigger than he really was. Non contemporary claims that he was visionary tell more about XIX century goals and revival of Portuguese empire nostalgia than about history itself.
There are very good update on history made by two academic and good historians Paulo M Dias and Roger Lee de Jesus that try to end a lot of myths about Portguese history, for example, the podcast "Falando de Historia" and the book "Atualizar a História" are very good contributions and introductions with reliable references to go deep on that subjects.
History of Portugal is amazing as it is. XIX century waves of nationalism and XX century Portuguese nationalist dictatorship, created a blind nationalist and epical version of selected memories of portuguese history. Portuguese history don't need that emphasis, it was already impressive, brutal and full of good, amazing, epic and bad episodes.
The caravel shown seems to me a late version of a caravel from late 15th century, the original ones that explored africa had two latin sails and they were between 50-60 tons. these were good to navigate against african ocidental coast currents that come from south to north
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@FlashPointHx Like I said, most of the content is fine. I also appreciate you animating and machinima-ting footage for some entertainment value. I follow you on Facebook and remember debating the title "The Next Generation" there... My point was not demanding more content on this series, which has a specific scope where the Visigoths don't fit. I just thought your short take on the Visigoths to be an egregious statement, which I suspect might have to do with a bit of Leyenda Negra (traces of defamatory anglo-saxon historiography which worsen the image of Spain) and a couple of very outdated misconceptions on the 'Dark Ages', which most historians agree is, at best, inaccurate in a description of the Middle Ages - Jacques Le Goff makes this point in the short and sweet way in many interviews he gave; that the Middle Ages shouldn't be regarded as an interregnum from the glory of Antiquity to the Modern era, but rather the necessary steps to get there and the continuum one can easily observe. Rome had been sacked a couple of times before Odoacer 'abolished/destroyed/ended' the Western Roman Empire. The coup de grace from Odoacer, when viewed up close, is no different from what the 3 last dynasties of emperors did. Odoacer even behaved much like a roman emperor would at the time, restoring public buildings, supporting intellectuals... Theodoric actually took credit for many of Odoacer's endeavours. Boethius, one of those who earned the title of 'Last of the Romans' worked in the Ostrogothic administration and made his brilliant works of philosophy in their court (and prison - the Consolation is a delight).
TL;DR Barbarians are not just barbarians, and I only went this far with my rant because I feel your channel promises much more than it delivered in that opening.
Again, best wishes, keep it up
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Caesar was no doubt about it a genius at taking advantage of what he had, he took chances, made mistakes but the amount of battles he did and his record i cant understand the people that dislike him?
All his criticism seems to stem from a modern viewpoint which is just plain stupid.. Genocide, taking slaves, burning crops and villages is all part of war, preventing further wars in the imminent or far future, making a whole region possibly not taking up arms. Even when maybe not necessary there is always a future goal, reward, event that suddenly made it very necessary.
also today aren't there slaves? Isnt the governments, big companies, banks and industries taking advantage of the people.. sure we got it better than then but for how long? just saying. Our systems in the western world and indeed the entire earths are corrupt, elite schemers who do nothing but enrich themselves. China, Russia, USA, Nato, FN.. arent they just different sides of a coin, the same characters just from different areas.
This took a huge turn haha, sorry.
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Hello, FPH. I hope you are having a great day.
I have a question to ask, and, you could take it as a suggestion.
If it is not too much of an issue, could you add the time periods in the titles of your videos on reconquista and early islamic conquest series videos?
I was trying to find the video where you talked about Al-Mansour (or is it Al-Manzur?) and it took me a while to find it. I was also trying to find that video where you said "I'm sure he was reviewing legal documents". xD (boy was that a great video).
This isn't necessary, and if you have good reasons not to add them in the title, I totally understand. But, I remember, for example, Tariq's entry into the iberian peninsula in 711. Or, the rule of Alphonso the Wise all the way upto 1284. I think i remember events with their year(s) better. Not sure.
Thanks if you can. Sorry if this puts extra work on your shoulders. You don't have to do this, if you have strict deadlines mounting on you.
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@FlashPointHx I actually have myself to blame, partially at least. I'm used to audiobooks, audio only, fiction and educational, say the Durant series, like The Age of Faith. I'm used to having to imagine the scenes, event, maps and whatnot in my head - without the music playing. What you're doing on the other hand is the full blown multimedia experience. You can't really multitask well while listening to this, and the music is part of the experience, you've incorporated it into the lecture. I guess I'm just bummed you don't do lite versions too, audio only without the music. It's not easy to find material with this wide a scope on 600-1600 Mecca vs Madrid.
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How Christian Romans ruled their Empire ?
" During the 960 AD , Crime (in Constantinople ) was rife , especially in the dark and crowded quarters . Prostitution flourished , one visitor primly asserting that just as Constantinople exceeded other cities in wealth , so it excelled them in vice.
Various attempts had been made by the authorities to stamp it out , including the creation of a sanctuary for those who wanted to escape exploitation . It was much more common , however , for emperors to be numbered among the clients than among the rescuers of prostitutes."
" In around 1200 , a riot began over the arrest and flogging of a thief. The crowd were incensed because they knew that the man had been acting on the no order of a corrupt prison governer, John Lagos , who set his charges free by night to steal and then took a cut of the proceeds ".
Book : CONSTANTINOPLE capital of byzantium
AUTHOR : Jonathan Harris
page : 131, 139
EDITION 2007
" Constantinople itself is squalid and fetid and in many places afflicted
by permanent darkness, for the wealthy overshadow the streets with
buildings and leave these dirty, dark places to the poor and to
travellers. There murders and robberies and other crimes of the night are committed.People live untouched by the law in this city,
for all its rich men are bullies and many of its poor men are thieves. A criminal knows neither fear nor shame, for crime is not punished by law and never comes entirely to light.'
"By the time of Justinian we know that the Mese, the 'Middle Street' that ran
through the city from east to west, was a busy daily market - and that 'more than 500 prostitutes' conducted their business there according to
Procopius".
Book: TASTES OF
BYZANTIUM ,
the cuisine of a
legendary empire
Author : Andrew Dalby
Edition : 2010
p - 38 ,60
" Constantinople had many brothels - the most famous were located in side streets near the Forum of
Constantine. Foreign visitors were shocked by the vice they saw in the streets, especially the
prostitutes who openly worked the streets. The Crusaders expressed dismay at them and then
patronized them. The city regulated prostitution under the city prefect and they were taxed.....One can assume women also worked independently as
sex workers throughout the city. They also worked privately in the neighborhoods of the city, living in
shacks right alongside churches. One account says they could be very noisy - you could hear them in
the local church during services - which indicates drinking was probably going on there, too. The church seems to have ignored the trade..... Some of the annual religious holidays associated with specific saints had devolved into excuses for drunkness , ribaldry and licentiousness......Ode of Deuil, who visited Constantinople for 23 days in 1147 with the French King, Louis VII and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, reports : Constantinople is Christian in name, not in fact.
Source : " Daily life in 12th century Constantinople"
Author: Bob Atchison
https://www.pallasweb.com/deesis/daily-life-in-constantinople.html
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@FlashPointHx You do know that Muhammads loyalty was primarily to his own tribe, including the polytheists that he later bribed to convert to Islam, he bribed them with booty that he stole from his most loyal supporters the Ansar of Medina, the reason why I object to westerners referring to him as a "prophet" is because it gives him unwarranted credence and encourages jihadists, Muhammad was not even a good military leader, the battle hardened Ansar and career convert generals such as Khalid ibn Walid were the ones that won his battles and later expanded the domain of islam, which is just a mish mash of 7th century unreformed judaism and Arab polytheist beliefs, in fact most of sharia is copied directly from the older books of the jewish Talmud, Islam is barbaric, intolerant and backward ideology, which has a history of always killing the goose that laid the golden eggs, so many people, including exmuslims will take offence if Muhammad is given more merit than what he deserves, other than that your videos are very well made and informative and are far superior to the K+G videos and other similar ilk that are propaganda tools for islamists and jihadists as they do not give proper historical accounts of earlier Muslim expansionist campaigns
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@FlashPointHx That's the second time that you have called one of my comments as "awesome". It feels like I have achieved something great in my life. xD
Thank you for your kind words.
I see. I feel bad for both Alphonso and Ferdinand, but, at least, the succession crisis did not go out of hand.
What about Alphonso's wife, by the way? She sounds like an intelligent and smart lady, and could probably have had a video of her own, if we knew more about her. Do we know more about her than what you have mentoned here, in this series?
Sadly, women in history don't get much appreciation.
So, learning about people like Berenguela, Isabel, Zenobia (and even Cleopatra) sounds unusually good.
Nice. I can watch the entire compiled video in one sitting then. xD
Keep up the good work.
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@FlashPointHx Sorry for the late reply. for some reason, did not get notified about your comment. :/
I see. I remember several mentions of her in this series, but was wondering how there wasn''t a video just for Yolant, like how it was done for Berenguela.
Woah. She left him at that time? That is some timing.
So, by "left him", you mean, unofficially divorced Alphonso and left him forever? or, did she eventually come back to live with the king?
Nice nice. As long as the workload on you is not too much, you could think about adding a video about that 'drama'. If you feel like it's not that important, leave it. It's your channel, after all. xD
Awesome. I watched a video on Isabella by 'Real Crusaders History'. That video was great. Isabella truly is a fascinating historical figure. Also, if i am not mistaken, figures like Columbus and Francisco de Almeida (who I know from Age of Empires 2 campaign xD) are during the time of her and Ferdinand's rule.
This has been a week of good news. xD
Thanks for the immensely kind and informative conversation.
Have a nice day, Flash Point History guy. xD
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As a student of history the empirical evidence is every empire of the past collapsed from within. Everyone questions why. The answer is very simple when we apply human nature wits responses. When the individual is no longer valued and individual Liberty is no longer respected combined with government propaganda, lies and secrets the cohesion of the people erodes. When the individual is forsook for the “collective”, which is nothing more than a commune of individuals, the individual contributor is not valued. Attila was successful because he valued each individual in his domain and because of that value placed upon them they were willing to sacrifice. The same principle applies to the early Roman legions, the Norse raiders, the Celts, the Anglo-Saxons, etc. When the individual is no longer valued and his individual Liberty, principles handed down from the Indo-Europeans, the individual then feels no obligation to contribute. Respect the individual and his individual Liberty and he will die supporting you. A lesson that Americans have not been taught in a century. America today is fraught with government propaganda, lies, and secrets. What government, given the power to teach its people, would ever teach them the power they hold over their governments?
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@FlashPointHx It would not surprise me if the triangural sails were used since the times of the Old Kingdom or even back to the Neolithic times - and by no means did I say above "Greeks invented them", I was just aware of the oldest known to me reference to them being Greek. When you are sailing, it is not hard to imagine different shapes of sail. In the Mediterranean or in the North Sea, the distances were known, the sea routes known by heart, the winds known, so it made sense to put rectangular sails to go faster all while their military ships were, and not accidentally, fitted with oars. Yet Byzantines made the shift to triangular at least for their military ships as they wanted to move them more out in the open and thus mainly going with the sail and also be able to sail better against the wind (especially as they then had stationary musts, contrary to moveable musts of the ancient ships). By all means, in the open oceans, the triangular shape made more sense, thus the caravels incorporated all, lateens, setees and rectangular.
BTW I watched all your documentary, it was a pure joy. As a Greek I am on the one hand fascinated by the Age of Discovery that happened as our own Empire was dying, but on the other I know more the general lines, not the intrinsic details. Thank you.
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Dude's the definition of plot armour. He kind of reminds me of that one guy who became a soldier, then a doctor, and finally a NASA astronaut in that order.
I imagine that, if he was Asian, Duarte was definitely that one cousin his cousins were always being compared to:
"Son, why can't you be like your cousin Duarte? He already graduated, now he is a military commander. He has his own ship. HE BEAT THE INDIANS IN A CURBSTOMP BATTLE! And he was outnumbered ONE THOUSAND TO ONE!"
"Why can't you be as smart as Duarte? He speaks ten languages, YOU CAN'T EVEN SPEAK PORTUGUESE CORRECTLY!"
"You're so stupid, yesterday you were studying for a BLOOD TEST! And you know what Duarte can do? HE CAN PREDICT THE F*CKING TIDES! He look at the moon, and goes, 'High tide.' THEN HE KILL THE INDIANS!"
Obviously this is an exaggeration.
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@FlashPointHx Yes, Alexios. I don't know why I typed Manuel. I don't think that the leaders of the Crusades were motivated by religious ideals as much as they were motivated by more earthly and achievable goals, and by personal ambitions like conquest and power. Certainly there were pious and even fanatical individuals among them, especially in the later Crusades (King Louis IX comes to mind who was like a Catholic taliban), but I believe that rulers and leaders back then were just as realistic and pragmatic as they are today. Their actions speak for themselves. The Crusaders broke their oaths to the Emperor and kept cities like Antioch for themselves, as you already know, founding their own Principalities and kingdoms in the Middle Orient, the so-called Crusader states.
When the Romans took Nikaia through diplomacy the Crusaders raged because they weren't able to plunder the city or take it for themselves. The atrocities and looting they commited when they took cities like Antioch for example, and ultimately Jerusalem, butchering thousands of Christians, are always glossed over in Western historiography. As are many other aspects of the Crusades and Western/Latin society in general. Western historiography is heavily biased and "Western Eurocentric" to the point where Eastern Orthodox nations like "Byzantium", Kievan Rus, Bulgaria, the Romanian states, etc are rarely considered European and reduced to mere footnotes of history. The Eastern Roman Empire was too big to write out of history so it is instead spifefully called "Byzantine" to this day and consistently portrayed as decadent and despotic, perfidious and alien, etc. Scholars who deviate from this tradition of interpreting history are discredited or criticized, like Runciman during his day. But I digress.
I'm certain that our views are diametrically opposed.
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@FlashPointHx Thanks. When I first clicked on this video, I realised that this was not the beginning of the story of The History of Byzantium podcast, so I listened to the introduction, and went to the website, both of which recommended The History of Rome, by Mike Duncan, so I’ve been listening to that, in preparation for The History of Byzantium (I’ve put The Fall of Rome podcast in between). Your answer to the question means that I now know around about when I can start watching this series as opposed to consuming the audio-only sections of the podcast that this series covers, when I get around to it. I’m listening to 2 History of Rome episodes per day, and have finished episode 106, as of today.
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@FlashPointHx - It was longer than that and, as far as I could understand, it was an apology of the Senate of Rome as if that was some sort of democratic institution (not at all: it was a council of the upper caste) and of the supposed civilizational qualities of Rome, which was IMO quite barbaric and in which we can easily observe bad qualities like relative indiference towards science and exploration, which would set the stage for the later Dark Ages. I often ponder that, if Carthage (equally aristocratic as Rome but less militaristic and more entrepreneuring) would have won the Punic Wars, we might have reached America a thousand years earlier quite easily.
I agree that empires are destroyed from within. I also think that it's generally good that empires are destroyed. The more I learn of History, the more I realize that empires are reactionary and hinder human progress (it applies equally to Rome, China, Persia, Islam, NATO, etc.: there's a self-complacency and fear of innovation and external influences in all them that wreaks havoc in all them).
Unlike what you depict it was not the Huns the real cause of the Roman collapse: it was disaffection by the population (bagaudae, defections, indifference) and also the internal sabotage of the Western Empire by the Eastern Empire. Diocletian's and Constantine's move of the capital to the East radically devalued the Western Empire, very especially Britain and Gaul, and basically left them as sitting ducks for whoever could throw the limes down (or just cross the frozen Rhine the last day of 406). Once Hispania had fallen to the Germanics (409) and Rome was looted by the Goths (410), the Western Empire was effectively over, all the rest is epilogue.
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Thank you for your reply, do not feel bad I did not give you a Five (5) Stars on One of your other presentation, Actually I started with Five (5) Stars, LOL, but since I am also a formal executive with a Five (5) Stars Hotel, I changed it to Four (4) Stars immediately knowing that I will be viewing more of your videos, so my friend do not feel bad about my rating of Four (4) Stars, and you should :) have recognized that Four (4) Stars coming from a true Descendant of Moorish-Andalusian, you should be proud, and I even equated you to some of the present Muslim "Salafi" Expert and kind even explained what "Salafi" means, so you see, I took the opportunity not to only provide you a comment, I also educated some other people in the process, Last but not least, when it comes to Translation, I am seriously tough on those who misuse Terms in relation to Words, forgive me, I am a Polyglot :) and polyglots are not easy and those who attempt to translate or interpret other languages and I also know you did a lot of work to come up with your presentation and I know it is not easy, Here is a suggestion for you, you should research about the Books that Church of Rome and Church of England are storing away from public in some storage or in some very strict libraries that Only Researchers are allowed, and I know this for a fact, and the last news I am aware of is a book by an Andalusian that was auctioned for approximately $450,0000+ and now for sure the public will never be able to know of it, Good Luck to you, and ALLAH will reciprocate for your work weather it is a positive work or negative work and ALLAH KNOW BEST.
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@FlashPointHx “...follow the person who seeks the truth, but always question those who say they know the truth". "...post reconquista intolerance - that's definitely correct". To point out your contradiction, as a seeker of truth of history you can never be 'definitely correct'. A nuanced perspective (as you claim to have) you can find in this 1994 BBC video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CY-pS6iLFuc&t=1s. Even with quality work such as this having been out for years, the myths surrounding the 'reconquista' (which you will see, if you care to watch, has roots in English/Spanish political rivalry) continue. I've always loved the history of Islamic Spain (although from the fantastical sort of 'Arabian Knights' perspective) and there's nothing I adore more culturally than its mezquitas. However, to perpetuate the idea of the cruel Christian and/or Spaniard (far worse than anyone else) when viewed through more informed, honest, unbiased, and intelligent discourse, can be seen as distorted and exaggerated (to say the least). Frankly, not only is it unfair to the Spanish people of today, its also offensive.
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The main reason for the battle was the destruction of the city of Ani (a Christian city with 1000 churches) by the Seljiks, they slaughtered 200,000 christians + the complete destruction of Georgia, as the Seljuks invaded it 1063 and destroyed its major cities, such as the city of Maryam Nashin, Aali L'aa, Sabith shahr, and they conquered it with the sword and severals fortess and they annihilated their men and troops after series of battles.. In addition to the frequent and annual raids launched by the Seljuks on Byzantine lands, the most important of which is the famous raid of Ibrahim Inal 1048 in which he annihilated most of the Byzantine-Georgian army of 50-60,000 men in a major battle in one of his raid and captured the Georgian king of Abkhaz and returned with 100,000 captives
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@FlashPointHx ok, so now Im back to this one. I'll tell you some obversions, and they aren't necessarily recommendations. I like the tone you use in your videos. You project relatability and i feel like I'm chatting with somebody in the office while taking up a stand up break. Like I am walking by your desk, and you say, "Hey Brandon, while I got you here for a few minutes, lemme tell you about the establishment and expansion of Islamic hegemony. It makes the content more digestable. To support your tone of voice, you also include comments like "...he would have given him a like on his facebook page". Also, I feel that the pacing is good and doesnt lose momentum. I also like the inclusion of images and maps to support the podcast for the video format. I like how you dont just show a map, but you will pan or zoom so it keeps activity across the screen. It makes the videos more engaging than just a static map on the screen.
Also, I think the area i struggle with, and it is just my problem, is that this is inherently a podcast, which means it is designed to be complete with only audio. So you rightfully include an abundance of information and deliver it in an easy to follow voice. But my trouble is that i am used to a video format. What i mean is a video that primarily makes use of video media. Consider an old History Channel video. They would include things like establishing shots with no dialogue, transition shots that also have no dialogue, etc. The gaps in audio make it easier to let the information sink in while the next section appears. Your voice is so rhythmic and constant, it is like resting on an innertube going down a gentle brook. It is so easy to get lulled into a relaxed state, and then lose focus on the information.
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@FlashPointHx , hello! Sadly, the best bibliography exists only in Portuguese, but I suppose that, for Henrique, you could do worse than to read Peter E. Russel's 'Prince Henry "the Navigator": A Life' (Yale University Press, 2000). There's a summary paper on the Sagres School myth called 'The alleged nautical school founded in the fifteenth century at Sagres by Prince Henry of Portugal, called the ‘Navigator', by W. G. L. Randles, which could also yield some data (though it is a bit outdated now). For maps, map-making and Portuguese discoveries and cartography I recommend the chapter 'Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance' in 'The History of Cartography', vol. 3. (University of Chicago Press, 2007), which I believe is available online for free.
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I love these videos, thank you!
Rough translation from the Chronicle of López de Ayala: "After all these battles that the noble prince king don Alfonso did, he went to encircle the town and castle of Gibraltar in the year of the Lord of one thousand and three hundred and forty-nine. And this place of Gibraltar is a very noble town and castle, and very strong, and very remarkable and very precious among Christians and Moors. [...] And having don Alfonso the Moors so settled in Gibraltar that they were already to surrender, it was God's will tat the pestilence of death spread very great in the 'real' of king don Alfonso, and this was the first and great pestilence, which is called the great mortality, and two years before this there was already pestilence in France and England and Italy, and even in Castile and Leon. And the great lords, and prelates and knights who were with the king in the 'real' of Gibraltar told him and advised him to leave that fence because many companies had died and were dying every day, and he was in great danger of his body. However, the king never wanted to leave the real, begging the gentlemen not to give him such advice, because he had the town about to surrender, and because the Moors had previously won him the town, it would be a great shame to leave it that way. And this was the biggest spot that King Alfonso had in his heart. [...] After many advice from those gentlemen, it was God's will that the king got sick, out of which he died on Good Friday. And it was made for the king don Alfonso very great cry of all his people, for it is true that in his time the Crown of Castile was very honored [...].
And this king, don Alfonso, was not very big-bodied but slender and strong, and white, and blond, and frank, and hard-working, and successful in wars [...] ".
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I would argue that the Battle of Adrianople was crucial in the short-term in that it killed off the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens and dealt a severe blow to the eastern empire, and in the long term in that it presaged, over the following decades and more, a radical shift in the imperial military toward cavalry/archery/etc. Of course, due to various contributing factors, the West did not survive this shift; the East, however, did, if in a somewhat diminished state, and was ultimately able to field smaller yet arguably more effective armies in an era dominated by fast moving, cavalry-focused forces. If Justinian had been more measured in his conquests, allowing for his successors to finish the job and not depleting his treasury, and the later brutal Sasanian wars and subsequent crippling Arab conquests of the late 6th/7th centuries had not occurred, things may have gone very differently from the mid-600s onward. Remember that Constantinople had reconquered its African provinces and had a strong foothold in Italy itself, not to mention other reconstituted imperial territories. An Eastern Roman Empire that retained hegemonic status could very well have continued further expansions instead of steadily eroding into something of a rump state (at least when compared to its former self). It was this collapse of the easternmost portions of what had been the massive Roman Empire over the course of the 600s, enabled by the previous weakening of the empire fighting the Persians, that truly brought about the end of the Roman Empire as a dominant force, leaving it a generally defensive power fighting for its survival.
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I'd like to think that after the 1204 sacking, Bulgaria became the third Rome, having been on the ascent at that time. Kievan Rus was long dead and the Russian principalities fell victim to the Mongols less than 20 years after Constantinople. Bulgaria's capital fell in 1393 ( the country itself 1396 ot 1422, Vidim kingdom, Dobruja despotate) while in 1389 the first ever Russian Grand Duke was elected without Mongol approval, following Dmitry Donskoy and Moscow's rise, thus making Moscow the 4th Rome. Some consider it the current Rome, though if we want to get technical, it was sacked in 1571 by the Crimean tatars and Ottomans, captured in 1611 by the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth and afterwards in 1812 by Napoleon, though ultimately Russia beat all those enemies to the ground, so who knows. History is fun and your channel is awesome dude. You are an inspiration :)
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THIS DOC CONTAINS TOO MUCH DUST,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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The movie, RESTORATION with Robert Downey Jr. presents not only a tale of the period, but also captures the intensity of the plague. We can, in the future, expect more plagues and, I am not referring to COVID, which indeed has had an impact. COVID however, is just a glimpse of what will come. Since the development of Penicillin, we have seen bacteria evolve to a period when Penicillin, while effective to some degree, has lost most of its power as a cure all. Hence, more and more antibiotics have had to be developed as microorganisms evolve ever more quickly to resist the medications available. The incredible speed at which a microorganism can spread will put the plague to shame. Prior to COVID, medical scientists knew that pandemics would occur. It's the not if, but when. COVID has been enlightening to the modern world which has experienced the speed of spread. Without population control, the planet will reach a point where density per square mile is astronomical, and when the next pandemic, (or, the next and the next, and so on) hits, the cost in lives will be staggering.
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My friend, the #1 failure of any and all Empire's that I have come up with, is inner corruption. Your term "impotence" is a very good description as well. Certainly other factors help escalate the downfalls. (Famine, Natural disasters, disease, and other peoples) but you can see Empires survive these, until they become so embedded in corruption(greed), they collapse. You can see this in the chinese dynasties, Monarchies of Europe, The Islamic Caliphate's. Even the Hun's and The Mongals. Inner Turmoil, Not outside forces destroyed them all.
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There was no oral tradition about the Arab invasion of the Iberian Peninsula.
There is unanimity among classical historians that the Berber Taric Ibn Ziyad and the Arab Musa Ibn Nuayr were the protagonists of the Arab invasion.
The first historical source that speaks of these two characters is El Tarif by an Andalusian author Ibn Hadith in 891, where did the author obtain this information? From the mouths of the Andalusians? No, the Andalusian author himself tells us that to obtain this information he had to travel to Egypt, to ask Egyptian wise men about Abdullah Majath who never set foot on the Iberian Peninsula.
That is to say that in the Iberian Peninsula nobody knows of an Arab invasion, neither of a certain Taric nor of a certain Musa, the historian has to travel no less than 4 thousand kilometers to Egypt to find out that his country was invaded, something that neither neither he nor his Andalusian countrymen knew.
For almost two centuries there was no written or oral tradition of the Arab invasion!
For those ignorant that think that the Iberian peninsula was invaded by The Moors, give it up, it NEVER HAPEN.
It was a civil war between Arians and catholics, Roedric wanted to put his son Witiza with the help of the catholic church and the Arians had enough of it.
I am going to show you the place of the Battle of Covadonga happen:
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/187743878200454117/
https://www.turismoasturias.es/en/covadonga
This is the place where the Arabs lost more than 184000 soldiers and the Cristians 60000, can you even fit them in there standing? It is and it was always a shrine.
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@FlashPointHx Well these people are seriously religious people. Even when they had destroyed Persian empire they still did not build any palaces and lived in the desert in modesty. So Omar being a very close friend of prophet Muhammad did not like the idea of people praising Khalid rather than God.
As you yourself consider it that way i think you can see why. So when Persia was conquered by some other general his point was made.
Khalid was a genius and great general but his letter actually explains the army he had. People who desire death like persians desired life. With such a high motivated army it's much easier to conduct military tactics.
For example battle of Yarmouk could not be won without a very well motivated army. You first need to hold off enemy on the front to encircle them and that is no easy task against such an army.
It seems to me early muslims could only be defeated by superior tactics or superior equipment. Yet they managed to win these battles with inferior equipment.
I think this is kind of like Iran winning against the US and Russia. Or African tribes rising to power out of a sudden.
From what i know Arabs were not known to be conquerors, they did not have the culture nor the equipment.
God sent prophet Muhammad, one man and it eventually led to fall of 2 empires, i think that is amazing.
Well i'm a muslim so not surprising that it's amazing to me :D.
I think he turned these people into conquerors and their story will be told as long as the world exists.
Reminds me of these verses from Quran:
We have certainly sent down to you a Book in which is your mention. Then will you not reason?(21:10)
But if the Truth had followed their inclinations, the heavens and the earth and whoever is in them would have been ruined. Rather, We have brought them their message, but they, from their message, are turning away.(Quran 23:71)
Unfortunately the translation is not very well, "your mention" and "their message" parts are from the word "Dhikr" which can be translated as repeated rememberance, mention. So it can be basically translated as honor, or honor of being remembered, being mentioned.
THANK you much for this video, it's one of the best so far. It's a shame nobody wants to document this era due to politic stances.
Liked and subbed.
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ok.
1) might pyrrhus have tried to use the substantive existing presence of greeks in france and spain to build an alliance with the celts? massalia, for example, was at this point a somewhat ancient greek stronghold. and, that's something you sort of glossed over - that the greeks were definitely in spain before either the carthaginians or the romans. if so, it opens up the other side of the map, and it puts pyyrhus, rather than rome, in charge of the first western empire.
2) i'm going to go with you with the romans as carthaginian mercenaries, but i'm going to finish the thought - this kind of thing is frequent in both roman but especially in arab history, as they frequently hired northern mercenaries and then watched them revolt. so, you ended up with the mamlukes in egypt, for example, which then took over the ottomans from the inside, as well. it's entirely plausible on it's face that the carthaginians may have hired romans to fight, but it would have no doubt backfired and let the romans take them out from the inside.
3) nonetheless, that map you present is essentially the map of medieval europe, except that carthaginians/arabs get spain and the romans/europeans get turkey. both those positions are untenable, but that configuration may have existed at some point, sure. i don't suppose that this observation is coincidence.
in the end, i think you get that continental stability, regardless, and nothing much really changes in terms of outcomes.
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Wow, it's videos like these that really make me love history. And the history itself makes me love history. The Punic Wars, and especially the 2nd war, are so dramatic that they're one of the few conflicts that had the real possibility of changing the world as we know it. Knowing what was at stake in these conflicts really brings out the epicness of each battle that was fought, the weight of the decisions of every commander, and adds to the dread that each side must have felt upon losing these battles. Your narration brought it all together beautifully, a clear, pleasant voice, over a detailed and well structured presentation. I reached the end of this video feeling as if I had just finished watching a movie, complete with a cliffhanger hinting towards the inevitable sequel and all. I must also say I left this video with more knowledge of what happened during the war, you went into some details that most people don't go into on youtube. So, thank you very much for this. It was a pleasure, can't wait to watch the next part tomorrow!
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New subscriber, here, and something of an amateur military historian, myself. ExceIlent analysis of this battle, and the lead-up to it.
I think that anytime a strategy is solely based, and needs without doubt to go off without any hitch, on such a tight timetable AND the capture of enemy fuel dumps, it's a recipe for failure, especially when you're relying on your enemy to fold in the face of your attacks. It reminds me of the axiom, and I don't remember who said it, that, if you're going to into battle, remember your enemy also gets a vote; Hitler and OKH forgot about that and it ultimately brought about their downfall much more quickly.
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This was excellent! I am an avid currency collector and watched this to educate myself about the plague, in general, but specifically about the time frames that the plague was in different areas and who the various rulers were (so as to better identify coinage that was in use at the time). Far beyond that, though, this was very interesting, informative, and easy to follow. As others have already commented, it's fascinating to "see" the world in general through the eyes of the people of the time. That said, though, I think everyone realizes that not every element of recorded history is guaranteed to be factual simply by virtue that someone wrote it down that way. Embellishment, too, sometimes finds its way in, like in the movie "Braveheart" where William Wallace goes from killing 10 men to 100 by the time the story finishes getting passed on. I have to doubt the account of the young girl who "forgot how to communicate" by the time help got to her; I can attest to the fact that one might lose their knowledge and ability to use a foreign language over time, but if the girl were still "young", I doubt she would have forgotten her native language yet. In any case, the video maker is simply introducing the historical information available as it is, and I'm quite appreciative. Besides, what more can one do? Incidentally, it seems that the reigning monarch who died from the plague was "Alfonso XI" as opposed to "Alphonso" (unless there were alternate spellings).
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I have a different take on whether it was a mistake to divide up the Empire between East and West. According to me, the Empire was already divided and not by the choice of any emperor. The Latin vs Greek difference is obvious and well understood. Equally obvious, but less often mentioned is the difference in defensibility between the East and West. This becomes clearer if we replace the notion of East and West with Terrestrial and Maritime. The West is for the most part Terrestrial, there are large expanses of land, and in the Gallic provinces most of this land is arable, and thus very desirable for the "Barbarians" across the Rhine. Since this part of the empire is Terrestrial it is hard to defend once a frontier is breached, because moving large military forces on land is difficult. The East is essentially Maritime. There are very few areas that are far from the Mediterranean or Black Seas, and the area the farthest away from the Mediterranean is Upper Egypt but that is on a highly navigable river, and thus still Maritime. The arable land in the East/Maritime Empire is concentrated in Egypt and is easily defensible, with near impenetrable desert on both sides. Most of the land in the Maritime Empire is mountainous. There are also the islands: Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete and numerous others. An almost entirely landlocked sea such as the Mediterranean can be defended forever, provided enough maritime power is maintained to prevent the construction of enemy fleets on its shores. Because it is landlocked, there is no danger of an unknown enemy arriving from across the ocean.
I think that the fundamental problem of the Roman Empire is that while it was geographically a Maritime Empire it conceived of itself as a Terrestrial Empire. It was a Sea-based Empire that feared the water. The consistent error made by ambitious emperors after the crisis of the 3rd century was to attempt to restore the Empire to its past (Terrestrial) glory. The Empire of Trajan was inherently unstable and indefensible. As rivers go, the Rhine is a pretty good barrier, but no river barrier can withstand the pressure building up across 5,000 miles of North Eurasian Plain, and once the barbarians are across, the Plain continues across Northern Gaul. For a sedentary empire movement on land is difficult, for nomadic horse warriors, movement on an open plain is easier than movement on the sea.
Historically, the Western Empire fell, and the Eastern Empire endured. In a different world where the Romans realized the true nature of their geography, the Northwestern Provinces could have been abandoned, and a purely Maritime Empire bound together by the Mediterranean Sea could have endured until today.
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Great stuff, I love your delivery!
But because it is evident that you take a topic and attempt to remain as neutral as possible, allow me to provide a slight bit of constructive criticism.
It sounds at times like there is a slight undertone of bias against decisions made by Christian forces, vs those made by others.
Its noticeable by what you highlight, side commentary, and tone.
One single example is how there is highlighted criticism of Christian forces not vested in the reconquista, as they should be. This is done by pointing out they attack both Christians and muslims.
But then highlighted criticism of the exact opposite action in how Christian forces dismiss Muslims from conquered territories later on which is in line with the reqonquista.
Not contesting whether or not these things happened, nor the accuracy of your information, rather that a position over time, not solely on content, but becomes noticeable based on opinions, delivery, tone of voice etc. It only becomes more evident with more content provided.
However I absolutely love this stuff, and you are extremely entertaining and well read. Thank you for your great vids !
Keep up the good work, and hopefully my criticism is taken as constructive, not as an attack on your material.
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Just saw this on 10/5/22...Because - YouTube. Anyway: fantastic, as always. A couple of points:
1. The Bulge was a desperation throw on Hitler's part. By that point, he was trapped in a corner, and had to do something, anything, on both major fronts, or give up....and that was not on his agenda. But it couldn't work. Hitler needed at least another 200K or so troops, and he wasn't going to get them from anywhere, and the necessary logistical structure was in the same place. It was a no-go from Square One.
2. On Hitler ignoring his generals: You have to remember that while Hitler overruling his generals is seen as a bone-headed case of (insert pride, stupidity, arrogance, megalomania or all of the above), there were plenty of reasons for him to overrule them:
a. The generals told him that the Anschluss would fail; it didn't.
b. They told him that Czechoslovakia would be a disaster; it wasn't.
c. They told him that Poland would never work; it did.
d. They told him that his attack into France would result in WW1 2.0. That didn't happen.
e. The only reason Hitler stumbled in Barbarossa - was because he listened to his generals and lost focus on what he needed to do. (Barbarossa was always going to fail, of course (unless Stalin suddenly dropped dead), but that's beside the point).
f. Hitler lost the Battle of Britain why? Because he listened to his "expert" Air Marshal, Goering.
g. The 6th Army was destroyed at Stalingrad why? Because Goering assured Hitler that the Luftwaffe could keep the 6th supplied via air (In winter. With nowhere near the requisite lift capacity.), so Hitler didn't see any point in ordering von Paulus to try and retreat or break out.
h. Operation Merkur was a disaster, because Kurt Student was so confident of his insane plan, and....Goering backed him to the hilt. Because of that operation, Hitler refused to authorize any other major parachute assault operations for the rest of the war.
You can't count Yugoslavia, Greece or North Africa - Those were never on Hitler's agenda. He went into those arenas to save Mussolini's butt (and, being completely honest, he won 2 out of 3). Basically, after France, there was pretty much zero reason for Hitler to listen to his generals at all.
Germany was never going to win (unless the Allies just quit). For a fantastic breakdown of the economics of the war you should check out Jon Parshall's articles at: combinedfleet(dot)com/economic.htm and combinedfleet(dot)com/guadoil1.htm. Also, while rather a controversial type, you should chek out TIK's relevant video's on YT: youtube(dot)com/watch?v=kVo5I0xNRhg, youtube(dot)com/watch?v=1Oc_lFmp6vQ and youtube(dot)com/watch?v=CvHd1b20wdc
As to what to do next for the series? The Pacific campaigns...check out Montemayor for his WW2 videos, and Strategy Stuff for his videos on Japan and naval theory, in general.
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Many years ago, as a young man of letters with a thirst for adventure and a love of History, I went to maritime school and joined the Merchant Navy. I didn't fight the Ottoman Turks, natürlich, but I've been to Indonesia ("the spice islands") and Australia. Endured the horse latitudes, crossed the International Date Line, got a tattoo, had my fair share of adventure including the loss of a ship, was close to sinking in the Atlantic. Once, leaving Lisbon Harbour, the Tower of Belém fading in the distance, the feeling of leaving the Tejo Estuary and into the great unknown...
I lived the dream.
Us Portuguese, we all have an India in our hearts. A sense of purpose that's greater than us. A wild goal in mind. And when they tell us it's impossible, that only makes us even more determined.
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Once again a fascinating piece of history. I really want to see the completion of the Reconquista now!
However, I do have some questions/remarks. Alfonso X's change of tack regarding the position of Latin is presented here as though he was the first to encourage the use of the vernacular in Europe. If this is what you meant to say, it's not really correct. In France, Germany, England and some Nordic countries, notably Iceland, there were already people writing in the vernacular before Alfonso was born, or before he became King of Castile. King Alfred of Wessex made translations from Latin into Old English in the 9th century. The French and Occitan literature produced at the court of Eleanor of Aquitaine - 12th century - was mostly written in the vernacular. So were the romances of early High-German poets like Hartmann von Aue, Wolfram von Eschenbach and Gottfried von Strassburg, and the earliest Icelandic sagas. While Alfonso was still a child, the law text Sachsenspiegel (Mirror of Saxons) was translated from Latin into medieval Low-German. The Norse Heimskringla (Circle of the World) was written in the same period, and Kongespeilet (Mirror of Kings) around the time Alfonso became King. Etc. Maybe you mean Alfonso X was the first to prescribe it from above for non-ecclesiastical texts? Or the first to organise the use of the vernacular on a nationwide basis? From what you do say, it's not quite clear to me what it was that was so innovative.
Also, minor nitpick: William of Holland was never officially crowned emperor - he was King of the Romans, that is, emperor elect. (And he got himself killed, but of course this still means he died.)
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@FlashPointHx I have been to Peru twice. From the iquitos in the amazon to puno. Cusco, arequipa, paracas, huacachina/ica, huarez, lima, Trujillo, cajamarca, and several others. Talk about ruins everywhere with so many ancient people to learn about. Plus up in the andes many natives still live in a pretty traditional way. Some crazy landscape for anyone but for a South florida boy where about 12 feet is our highest elevation for 200 miles, its unbelievable. The South has probably 95 percent of the international tourism and rightly so with cusco and such but I went up north where there are few tourist and really enjoyed it. Huarez, Trujillo and cajamarca were pretty cool. Kind of upset that I was in cajamarca and didnt go to chachapoyo because I didnt really know about the "people of the clouds" yet and was out of time. Like I said a series on Peru by you would be fantastic. Im a big native american fan. Went to Chaco canyon new mexico and masa verde Colorado. Then chitzen itza in Mexico. Tikal in Guatemala. Manchu picchu in Peru. Thats how into it I am.
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In the thumbnail, I thought there was some apparition faced ghost...looking like the singer from the metal band, Ghost, standing in the middle, up front and centre, of those two doctors in their masks.
It took me the longest time to see that there's noone there at all, and what I thought were his black eye sockets, are just the back brim of the doctors' hat - and, of course, it's symmetrical because the doctor has an inverted mirror duplicate.
Do you see what I mean...?
Imagine, his face is shaped like a Ned Kelly mask (no jawline, all fat neck)..and his shoulders are super broad, being actually the shoulder of each doctor, and his arms theirs as well.
Tell me you see it!
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@FlashPointHx I've been to Napa, in fact reminds a lot Portugal. Especially after that attempt (I don't that if it is going on for a long time or recent) of growing olive trees in the region. You would feel home here my friend, at least in terms of landscape and climate, also you would feel home because European Portuguese is very easy to learn for English speakers. Napa is more like our southern region (Alentejo) and the north of San Francisco is more like our own Center and North.
As remarked before, Vinho Verde, actually is a good and fantastic option instead of Rose wines, it is a high quality summer wine. If you wan't to taste it, go for a higher priced bottle especially the ones from that sub-region where they make Alvarinho green wine. Brands like "Palacio da Brejoeira", "Quinta da Pedra", "Quinta de Soalheiro" or "Anselmo Mendes wines" are something that really worth its price (15-30€/bottle), especially after left 10 minutes in the frappe ice bucked before tasting.
Check this page of Green Wine specifically for the US: http://winesofvinhoverde.com/
Cheers mate, keep up with the awesome work, you should be given a gold medal by Youtube or any History Guild.
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Interesting video for sure. However, not a single word about the Jews and how they were involved in all this. Specially the black Jews. Shepardic Jews from the Iberian peninsula, Portugal and Spain, were involved in all this one way or the other,. Even if they never had the true power, Crypto Jews were able to affect the nobility of Europe in different ways pretending to be pseudo Christians. This story can not be tell without including them into the narrative, it was not just Muslims and Christians. Jews and Muslims were both persecuted in those times, eventually many fled to France, Netherlands, England Ireland and later after Columbus, a Portuguese jew not an Italian, to the new world.
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Just a quick tidbit, it’s a bit exaggerated in many sources how much smaller people were back then. Around 0-200 BC, Europeans and Mediterranean people were hardly any smaller than they are today. When comparing the romans back then to Americans, Germans, French or Dutch (people who in recent centuries have becomes some of the tallest) you will find a big height difference, but when comparing romans to modern day Italians and Greeks, on average they are about an inch shorter, but in certain regions they were actually taller in ancient times. Now of course you mentioned weight, not height, and there is no doubt there are more fat people today than there were then, but height differences are not as big as many people think. Middle Roman era was actually one of the taller periods in European human history, the tallest being the Middle Ages and the present (very close in average height, again not using Americans in the calculus)
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@FlashPointHx Well, I am glad we can agree on somethings! But, I again have to disagree even on this middle ground. I mean there really is scant evidence for this in the end. Here, I'll quote Joseph O'Callaghan:
During the century and half following the death of Alfonso XI in 1350 truces between Castile and Granada facilitated many peaceful years marked by interchange of goods and ideas, and to some extent, a willingness to co-exist. However, religious differences remained as an almost insuperable barrier. Consequently, hostilities erupted from time to time until Fernando and Isabel resolved to put an end to the emirate of Granada. In order to do so, resources in men, arms, armor, artillery, supplies, animals, carts and ships had to be acquired and organized into an effective military machine at an _enormous expense_. Aside from ordinary revenues, the crown needed extraordinary grants by the Cortes and the Hermandad, the tercias and decima, the donations of the faithful, and extensive borrowing. Also essential was a firm determination to wage war without letup until the reconquest was finished - (p. 225 from The Last Crusade in the West)
Was this "enormous expense" of resources and "firm determination to wage war without letup" done in order to facilitate a culture of "convivencia" between Catholics and Muslims (and Jews)? Clearly, it was not. I think people have this idea that simply because there might of been lulls in hostilities and periods of relative peace, where an exchange of ideas may have been productive, that that somehow equates to creating a culture of conviencia. I mean, war was endemic to Spain because of Islam and this centuries long battle was a war of religions. It seems abundantly clear to me that scholars who promote convivencia just want to project their current political fantasies on to a fictional Andalusian past.
All the best and look forward to your next video!
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@FlashPointHx Thank you very much for your videos on Portuguese History. It is still, unfortunately, a very unknown History in the world, which is highly unfair to Portugal, as Portugal was the main explorer at that time. The Spanish might have been the main explorers of America, but the Portuguese were the main explorers of the World at that time; West Africa, Southern Atlantic, East Africa, Indian Ocean, SE Asia, Japan, etc. And the maps of the time clearly prove that.
In 1415, date which kickstarted the Portuguese expansion, the most up to date map of the world done in Europe was the Italian de Virga world map, which looked something like this:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Virga_world_map#/media/File:DeVirgaDetail.jpg
As you can see, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, India and the Indian Ocean, as well as Asia, are practically unrecognizable. Despite Marco Polo's voyages to the far East, it was still a rather unknown continent. Africa was believed to end in Western Sahara, and they still believed that the garden of Eden was somewhere hidden in it, and Asia was believed to be a continent with a completely different shape and size. As for the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, they were both considered to be unsalaible from one another, since Europeans believed that the lands below the Equator were too hot because of the sun.
Fast forward to 1502, and the world now looked like this:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantino_planisphere#/media/File:Cantino_planisphere_(1502).jpg
This is called the Cantino map, which is the name of the Italian spy who stole the official map from Lisbon. This is considered to be the first precursor map of the modern world, done by the Portuguese explorations and navigations. Almost everything to the east of the Tordesillas line was cartographed by the Portuguese, which for the first time in human history started to show Africa, Asia, the Atlantic and Indian Ocean closer to the size and shape that we now know of them today, except for eastern Asia which the Portuguese would arrive in 1509. This is yet another important piece of information that is widely unknown in the world.
Up until that point, it was believed that inter-oceanic travel was virtually impossible. When Vasco da Gama arrived at the Indian Ocean, the Arabs, who had been sailing in that Ocean for hundreds of years before the Portuguese arrived there, were surprised to see them entering from the Atlantic. This massive feat of navigation changed the view of the world, and it proved that oceans could be sailed from one another. This allowed the Portuguese to be the first people to establish global maritime trade routes. By 1514, the Portuguese had managed to establish sea routes between Europe, West Africa,, Brazil, East Africa, around to the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, China and SE Asia, whilst the Spanish and Italian navigators for instance, only knew how to navigate between Europe and America.
It was thanks to this voyage that other future European voyages were made possible; for instance, the Spanish were only able to sail to Asia thanks to Magellan, who showed them how to do inter-oceanic travel via the Pacific. Without the expertise of a Portuguese navigator (who were the only ones qualified for inter-oceanic travel), they would have never participated in the first circumnavigation of the world, and the same goes for the Dutch and English, who were only able to sail to Asia 100 years later thanks to maps they got from the Portuguese.
It’s a shame that the Portuguese contribution to the exploration of the world is widely unknown or ignored today. The Portuguese accomplished roughly 50 major voyages of maritime exploration (when the Spanish did around 10), and established the vast majority of the oceanic trade routes, maps and brought the most knowledge of the outside world not just into Europe, but to many other regions as well. You sir, are doing a little bit of justice to that with this amazing series. Thank you.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maritime_explorers
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We seek only our own lands which you conquered from us in times past at the beginning of your history. Now you have dwelled in them for the time allotted to you and we have become victorious over you as a result of your wickedness. So go to your own side of the Strait [of Gibraltar] and leave our lands to us, for no good will come to you from dwelling here with us after today. For we shall not hold back from you until God decides between us.
- Fernando I in reply to a deputation from Islamic Toledo seeking his aid (chronicled by Ibn idhhari al-Bayan al-Mugrib)
By proclaiming oneself a Christian, Muslim or a Jew, one espoused not only specific religious doctrines such as the Christian dogma of the Trinity, or the absolute monotheism of the Muslims and Jews, but one also accepted an entire system of cultural values affecting one’s daily life, habits, traditions, laws, and even language. Thus Christian and Muslim societies were mutually exclusive, by reason not only of social and legal differences but above all because of religion which suffused every facet of life. Daily interaction between Christians and Muslims did contribute to a degree of acculturation, especially in matters of language and social usage, but there was no real possibility of full integration of Christians into Muslim society or Muslims into Christian society. In each instance Christians and Muslims could only be protected minorities with limited political and legal rights - Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain by Joseph F. O’Callahan
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At the end of the video you asked three questions, I'll address the second, ‘was Manteuffel correct in bypassing Bastogne or should he have stopped and reduced Bastogne’?
Manteuffel was correct in bypassing Bastogne. Notwithstanding German experience in WW1 with Heutier tactics (bypassing strongpoints and leaving them for units to ‘mop up’), and blitzkrieg doctrine, any delay in the German advance would have been disastrous for the German strategic plan. The Germans had two interdependent logistical disadvantages, time and fuel. Delays would burn more fuel and risk stalling the entire offensive for lack of fuel, costing them time. The more time the Germans took to achieve their objectives, would give the Allies more time to respond. Additionally, the cloud cover, which protected the Germans from Allied air attacks, would not last forever. Given enough TIME, the cloud cover would clear. German planning depended heavily on the tactical use of cloud cover to protect them from allied air attacks. Indeed, the tactical use of cloud cover took on strategic importance. Protection from allied air superiority, ‘leveled the playing field’ for the Germans. (It is important to note that at this stage of the war, from the standpoint of grand strategy, the Germans did not have superiority in men, material, supply, or weapons. However, in the Ardennes sector of the Western Front, the Germans had created local superiority in everything except air power.)
However, an offensive in winter with its long nights and short days, would ordinarily work more to the defenders’ advantage than the attackers’. Furthermore, bad weather also would work more for the defender than the attacker. So why did the Germans deliberately choose bad weather AND a winter offensive? The Germans knew that they had no chance to succeed in the face of Allied air power, so they welcomed the bad weather. Allied airpower would cost the Germans the two things they couldn’t afford: Time & Fuel.
Finally, the short days of winter were mitigated somewhat by a tactic the Germans had used in North Africa: shine aircraft searchlights on the bottom of clouds, and the entire area for miles can be light enough to read newspapers.
In summary, the Germans needed the cloud cover for a lot of reasons. They only had limited time and fuel to take advantage of it. Bypassing Bastogne was precisely the right thing to do.
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''Lure them away!'' - ??! Вы что, Ганнибала дурачком считаете? Приём ложного отступления - один из сложных приёмов конного боя, требующий, помимо отличной тактической подготовки, ещё и наличия скрытого резерва для неожиданного удара во фланг или тыл увлёкшегося погоней противника. Откуда бы взял Ганнибал столь хорошо подготовленную конницу, при том, что её в 1,5 раза меньше, чем у Сципиона? Дело в том, что ни конница, ни элефантерия Ганнибала не выполнили свою задачу - им не удалось сковать боем и, в идеале - рассеять конницу противника, после чего превосходство в численности пехоты давало Ганнибалу хорошие шансы на победу - слонов обезвредила лёгкая пехота римлян, а пунийская конница, по-видимому, не ожидала атаки и сразу, отпраздновав труса, пустилась наутёк, обнажив фланги и тыл карфагенян. И главный виновник всего этого - сам Ганнибал, пославший слонов в атаку на стойкую и обученную пехоту, а не на конницу. Сципион же, похоже, сам сразу не поверил такой удаче, но быстро сориентировался и постарался втянуть всю карфагенскую пехоту во фронтальное сражение, не позволявшее противнику прикрыться частью сил с тыла и, тем самым, сделав того уязвимым для удара конницы. Добившись своей цели, Сципион просто ждал подхода Лелия с тяжёлой конницей и, когда тот вернулся, битва фактически закончилась, началось избиение карфагенян. Всё, как видим, очень просто и нет нужды в театральной драматизации: один ошибся, другие струсили, а "старая гвардия" легла на месте, не принеся большой пользы.
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An interesting incident took place after the battle as described by Shelby Foote's "The Civil War."
"As Beauregard's forces fell back to Corinth, Sherman followed with a brigade to make a show of pursuit, or at any rate to see that the Confederates did not linger. A show was all it was, however, for when he reached a point on the Corinth road, four miles beyond his camps, he was given a lesson hunters sometimes learned from closing in too quickly on a wounded animal.
"The place was called the Fallen Timbers, a half-mile-wide boggy swale where a prewar logging project had been abandoned. The road dipped down, then crested a ridge on the far side, where he could see enemy horsemen grouped in silhouette against the sky. Not knowing their strength or what might lie beyond the ridge, he shook out a regiment of skirmishers, posted cavalry to back them up and guard their flanks, then sent them forward, following with the rest of the brigade in attack formation at an interval of about two hundred yards. The thing was done in strict professional style, according to the book But the man he was advancing against had never read the book, though he was presently to rewrite it by improvising tactics that would conform to his own notion of what war was all about. "War means fighting," he said. "And fighting means killing." It was [Nathan Bedford] Forrest. Breckinridge had assigned him a scratch collection of about 350 Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Texas cavalrymen, turning over to him the task of protecting the rear of the retreating column.
"As he prepared to defend the ridge, outnumbered five-to-one by the advancing blue brigade, he saw something that caused him to change his mind and his tactics. For a the skirmishers entered the vine-tangled hollow, picking their way around felled trees and stumbling through the brambles, they lost their neat alignment. In fact, they could hardly have been more disorganized if artillery had opened on them there in the swale. Forrest saw his chance. "Charge!" he shouted, and led his horsemen pounding down the slope. Most of the skirmishers had begun to run before he struck them, but those who stood were knocked sprawling by a blast from shotguns and revolvers. Beyond them, the Federal cavalry had panicked, firing their carbines wildly in the air. When they broke too, Forrest kept on after them, still brandishing his saber and crying, "Charge! Charge!" as he plowed into the solid ranks of the brigade drawn up beyond. The trouble was, he was charging by himself; the others, seeing the steady brigade front, had turned back and were already busy gathering up their 43 prisoners. Forrest was one gray uniform, high above a sea of blue. "Kill him! Kill the goddam rebel! Knock him off his horse!" It was no easy thing to do; the horse was kicking and plunging and Forrest was hacking and slashing; but one of the soldiers did his best. Reaching far out, he shoved the muzzle of his rifle into the colonel's side and pulled the trigger. The force of the explosion lifted Forrest clear of the saddle, but he regained his seat and sawed the horse around. As he came out of the mass of dark blue uniforms and furious white faces, clearing a path with his saber, he reached down and grabbed one of the soldiers by the collar, swung him onto the crupper of the horse, and galloped back to safety, using the Federal as a shield against the bullets fired after him. Once he was out of range, he flung the hapless fellow off and rode on up the ridge where his men were waiting in open-mouthed amazement.
"The ball now lodged alongside Forrest's spine as he followed the column grinding its way toward Corinth."
I recall that Forrest finally had the ball removed about two weeks later. Apparently, one tough SOB. It's a pity that the Ft. Pillow surrender and his involvement in the genesis of the KKK besmirched his image for us in the modern era. But I supposed he was a man of his times. As my Georgia father would say, "He was an unreconstructed Southern."
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I believe that the spread and lethality of Yersinia pestis has decreased due to multiple factors, not just human genetic resistance. Bacteria and viruses also change genetically, resulting in species that spread more effectively and overcome host defenses. Mostly it is due to improved sanitation, improved quarantine measures, the predominance of the brown rat species over black rats, improved food production (nutrition), general knowledge of microbial pathogens, vaccines, and antibiotics. Interestingly, cat species are very susceptible to death from plague as well, but some rodent species, including marmots in the US, can carry the bacteria and not develop significant disease. However, cats, hawks, owls, dogs, ferrets, and other animals that eat rodents certainly helped.
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@FlashPointHx Thank you.
If you are not learning Arabic, in general it's sufficient to pronounce the names as they are written in English, pronouncing all letters as they sound in their original form. For example "s" in Islam is "s" not "z", "h" in "Ahmad" is "h" like "house", not "aaaamad". "A" as first letter is like "apple", otherwise its "A" like in "can". If its double "aa", mostly its one like in "apple" and one like in "can", to tell which is which you will have to listen to the word in original form.
Also there is no "special way" to pronounce letters. Letters in arabic are pronounced exactly like their english counterparts. I see people sometimes say letters like A,L,M in a weird heavy way. The only "L" that's pronounced heavily in Arabic that comes to mind are those in "Allah". And there is no heavy "m" or "a" whatsoever. There are regular and heavy versions of "S", "T", and "D" but for all intents pronouncing these letters always regularly is sufficient. Straight forward.
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Thank you! I have been waiting for this video since you announced it, and especially since that teaser of the aircraft dipping below the flight deck! This video exceeded my hopes and expectations. For your first naval video, it was a homerun. I really enjoyed the new format with Craig. Truth be told, I thought was going to be Craig Symonds lol.
The Doolittle Raid was a truly significant event in the Pacific War, primarily from a psychological standpoint. One could argue that no event was as impactful from tactical standpoint as Yamamoto’s argument – about the importance of the American carriers – was fortified, leading to a strategic and tactical paradigm shift. I agree with Craig in that it was a primary impetus that enabled Midway. Speaking of Midway, you could do a video on that (hint ). Though I disagree (respectfully) with him on the importance of Midway: to me, Midway was the pivotal turning point of the naval war – and perhaps the overall Pacific war. While Nimitz was vehemently opposed to using his precious remaining carriers on a PR mission, it certainly was essential for raising morale at home, especially in raising money to sustain the war effort. Once again, you educated me on some interesting facts, such as the fact that the drowned pilots were recovered and taken to SF, and the silver goblets and associated annual cognac tradition. This was truly a gem my friend!
PS: thank you for mentioning the U-731 atrocities; it is (sadly) overlooked by many documentarians, content creators, and historians.
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There was a crucial factor as to why the Crusades were launched, that is often not mentioned.
As most people know, Jerusalem is the holiest city for Christians. It is where Jesus lived and died, where the first Christians met, and the apostles left to spread the faith. Within Jerusalem, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is built over the two holiest sites in Christianity: Christ's crucifixion and tomb. Constantine, the first Christian emperor, built the church in 326 AD and it was consecrated in 335.
Three centuries later in 637 Jerusalem was conquered by Caliph Omar (stepfather to the Prophet Mohammed) and came under Islamic rule. He was tolerant of the Christians and Jews in the city. He famously refused to pray near the Holy Sepulchre out of fear that future generations would misinterpret his gesture, taking it as a pretext to turn the church into a mosque. Christians, both local inhabitants and travelling pilgrims, continued to live and worship as before (for the most part.)
At some point this changed, perhaps after the Umayyads were replaced by the Abbasid Caliphate. Tolerance for Christians and their religious practice declined. Local residents and visiting pilgrims were attacked. In 966 during an anti Christian riot, the Holy Sepulchre was set on fire and the Patriarch was murdered; the church was rebuilt.
In 1009, Caliph Al-Hakim had the Holy Sepulchre destroyed down to the bedrock, going so far as to burn the tomb of Christ. This was part of a campaign against Christians and churches throughout Palestine and Egypt. When news of this reached Europe there was shock and horror. Pope Sergius IV sent a circular letter to all churches calling for holy war to avenge what had happened and to establish Christian access to Jerusalem. This was the first call for Crusade although it didn't happen until 1095 under Urban II, 86 years later.
Imagine if the cities of Mecca and Medina had been under Christian control; if Muslim inhabitants and pilgrims there were being oppressed; if a Pope had destroyed the mosques of those cities, and burned the tomb of Mohammed; how do you think the Islamic world would have responded?
When considering the cause of the Crusades, this is a question that must be asked. These events caused grief and outrage to the Christian world and had a significant impact on the minds of Christians in the years leading up to the Crusades.
The Holy Sepulchre had been destroyed even earlier in 614 by the Sassanid Persians, who also captured the True Cross, the most sacred Christian relic. They had been involved in a long war with the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine emperor Heraclius defeated them, returning the cross to Jerusalem in an event that is celebrated by both Catholic and Orthodox Churches today. He rebuilt the Holy Sepulchre in 630, just 7 years prior to the Islamic conquest of Jerusalem.
This event is not directly related to the point I am making, because the Persians at this time practiced the Zoroastrian faith, and their empire was soon defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate. It does give context as to the mindset of the Christian world at the time, due to the repeated desecration and violence being inflicted on the holiest places and relics of their faith.
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Thanks a lot for your work and effort, for your thorough research and creativity. This provides a very useful oversight for anyone not so familiar with that part of history, such as myself. Only knew a few sketchy details before.
One thing you mention here and there that I'd like to elaborate upon nevertheless, a supplement if you will: The Reconquista wasn't a reconquest at all, at least not one from the Arabs. The conquerors were completely newly formed and defined ethnicities, rising from the mixture of Iberian tribes and the Roman Empire with the remnants of the Visigoths, and they form completely new political entities with new political systems -and set out to conquer a territory that had never been theirs in a literal sense. Spain and Portugal had been under foreign rule for more than a millenium by then - first the Carthaginians that controlled a large part of the peninsula, then the Romans who would eventually rule all of it, and then the Visigoths and finally the Arabs. For the first time in history, an independent and possibly even united Spain becomes a vision.
Now, of course, it wouldn't be wrong to see this as the native now Spanish (as opposed to formerly Iberian) population trying to control their land for the first time in more than a thousand years. But this wouldn't solely be directed against the Arabs as the term Reconquista is.
As much as this wasn't a Reconquista in an ethnic sense, it also wasn't a Reconquista in a religious sense. The Visigoths had conquered Spain in 418. At this time, Christianity had been to official religion of the Roman Empire for merely 38 years. Most likely, the majority of inhabitants of the peninsula was still pagean. (Just a hundred years before, perhaps ten per cent of the population of the Western half of the Empire had been Christian, mainly concentrated in urban areas.) The new overlords were Arian Christians, not Catholics, and at times oppressed the previously official church, that was only later to become the Catholic Church. Plus add a fairly large Jewish population. The Arab conquest was the first glimpse of religious toleration in the region since the Roman Empire had declared Christianity the offical religion. At any rate, any Catholic religious claims on Spain in Medieval times were just ludicrous. They are the same as some Salafi fanatics demanding the Muslim reconquest of Spain because it had once been Muslim. Muslim ruled Spain is about as long ago as Niceean, i.e. later Catholic, ruled Spain had been at the beginning of the so called Reconquista.
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Thanks for this video/podcast! I love history and this was a feast.
History wasn't truly just waiting for a Caesar to arrive. I would offer that, before Caesar's rise, the die had been cast by others, such as Sulla and Marius and, even in Caesar's time, by Pompey, who maintained his own army (in Spain) and had great Senatorial support. Indeed, Crassus had simply bought a personal army to fight Spartacus.
Romans were not averse to strong men but the Senate had learned that they were, in fact, just a straw in the wind when the Sullans and Marians forced them to choose a side. In the end, the Triumvirate forced the Senate to the make the same choice and, that time, the Marians (i.e. Caesar) won. When they killed Caesar for it, then the Republic was truly lost. Caesar had feared to be proclaimed as King. His nephew, not so much.
Lastly, what ruined the armies was that the Senate failed to adjure them to the Republic by paying their wage directly. Had it been forbidden for Generals to personally reward their soldiers, the soldiers would not have been so easily swayed to stray from loyalty to Rome. Again, thanks for another great video!
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@FlashPointHx Regarding the first question you presented, I absolutely believe that one groups advantage comes at another one's expense as you said. A good leader is that one which does whats best for the people he or she leads, never putting himself or herself first, whether or not the people being led may agree, in my opinion.
Being a good leader also requires certain characteristics, such as wisdom, intelligence, charisma, etc. Listening to the people is critical though, to grasp what does a leader needs to work on. I think that's a fair concept of what being a good leader should be. Should we really factor in legacy though? I think legacy will speak for itself so long as the previous conditions were met, such as it happened with the rule of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Maybe though, the legacy should be measured by the ripples it left in history instead of the state of the society left behind?
But then we look at other leaders such as Cao Cao, and then I think the discussion gets really complicated...
Abd al Rahman III seemed like a really pragmatic leader, but was this because Spain was more tolerable in general towards other religions? Perhaps because of this he grew up to be pragmatic and not pay much attention to pagan religions. In fact I think most conflicts weren't really led by war? It was pretty much a cycle of revenge, or lust for conquest or greed.
In any case though, this is really interesting. My grandfather and me by extension share Arabic features. We're both from Barcelona, his family and my grandmother's family is also from Barcelona, my father's family is from Spain too. I guess that's why I have some of these features even though I have nothing to do with anything Arabic, not even culture. Many of these folks may very well have been my ancestors, that's crazy.
Thank you so much for putting in so much effort into these videos!
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@FlashPointHx You should definitely do that, with your knowledge/work you put in of the history of the region, it would be awesome for you. Going through cities like Seville you can imagine your graphics with the crows flying over and battle/seige formations amassing. I am going to Cadiz, Sevilla, and Tarifa in the next few weekls. FYI The tickets to Granada palace complex and Cordoba Mosque were a little pricey, but nothing crazy. The Granada Palace is a complex ticket situation where you have to arrive at a certain time for your visit. Something to research ahead of time and it's really really crowded there. Buses between the cities are reasonable but the train is really expensive. ALSA bus company is good and convenient. The dramatic landscapes you pass through are amazing too. And pretty cool when you recognize something on the road, like the Vega River, I immediately thought of the Vega fiasco annihilation of those Castillian Regents armies you explained.
I'd highly recommend Malaga too add to your list, just the view of the sea alone is magnificent, since those other cities you have planned are landlocked. Plus the history there, a nice Roman Theater and Arabic fortress on the hill, and an old Moorish ship yard thats been turned into a huge local food market...some good sites and stories for sure. Antequera was also another sneaky good one. The castle where the 1410 conquest is still there perched on the hill and there are some UNESCO world heritage prehistoric megaliths there from around 6,000 years ago. Put it on the bucket list for sure. Andalucia is much different than Madrid.
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Thanks a lot for the video. Hope you are enjoying your vacation.
Sorry for posting this so late.
I read about Alphonso X as well as Sancho iV on wikipedia. And, it doesn't mention anything about Sancho's illness at the time. It says that Alphonso was forced to accept Sancho as successor, over his grandson(s).
Now, I have heard many say that Wiki isn't 100% accurate. But, after watching your video, I do feel like it seems unlikely that Alphonso would have forgiven his son and asked for...uh...his 'absolution' (I think that was the word used here.)
It probably makes more sense to me that Alphonso X still refused to forgive Sancho for what he did, and wanted his grandson to be the next king (with somebody as regent ofc), but was forced to accept Sancho as the next king.
However, the point you mentioned about Father-Son relationship is a very good one, and should be considered as a possibility too. After all, he wasn't Alphonso the Wise for no reason.
I don't know which viewpoint to believe. It is quite unfortunate though. Ferdinand de la Cerda's unexpected death, to me, is really sad. Probably, on par with the death of Edward the Black Prince. Just imagine, years of bloodshed could have been averted, had Edward not succumbed to disease.
I do not know a lot about history. So, I don't think I can understand what was the mentality and beliefs of people in those times. But, thanks a lot, man, for introducing me to Alphonso the Wise, his father Ferdinand, the 3 famous Abd-al-Rahmans, and last, but not least, Berenguela. I got interested in history only a few years ago, and channels like yours are greatly to thank.
So, thank you very much.
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@FlashPointHx I'm sorry. I type a lot. xD
Will have to split my answer into 2-3 comments. Forgive me for boring you out with my incredibly long answers :P
Thank you very much for calling my comment 'awesome'. Much appreciated. :)
Your content does help. A lot. To me at least. I really like your perspective on historical events. The Punic Wars was one piece of amazing work.
I remember you telling in one video that 'Charles Martel was great...blah blah... but, in my opinion, he is slightly overrated.' That could have made some people attack you in the comment section. Yet, you were so bold to say it. Really admire that in you, man. I hope you continue doing this: giving your perspectives without being affected by what people might think. Because, to someoone, like me, who did not like history at one point of time, these perspectives are necessary. They are unique, and make me think about history from a different, amazing angle. Really, Thank you so much for this. :D
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@FlashPointHx But, please do not mind it, I have one suggestion, real friendly one. You spent lot of time explaining Muslim culture, how it evolved, deep dive there, and Mongolic ones, Khazars, Avars, Bulgars, Pechenegs, who not, then got onto Latins and Germans. I can't help but notice you could have made one really GREAT video, but from time to time got lost in, as thousands of videos here did, wars, sieges and that kind of stuff. I expected much more elaboration on throne wars, politics culture inside the East Roman Empire, I don't think you even mentioned Councils of Nicaea, very few facts on everyday life, very scarce information on great cities of Antioch, Nicaea, Edessa, Trebizond, Tripoli and much others. You started very well, but later got lost in popular themes, wars ETC. ERE wasn't only about wars, people lived, thrived at times, at times them did not. You spent almost an hour explaining Arabs and Muslims and their schism and far less said about Christian issues other than when that anti-Pope's bishop, it even wasn't clear whose one bishop it was, excommunicated eastern church by dusting off his pants and that quotation... It might just be me, but these are all things almost everyone knows. You had great foundation, more than few great comments and focuses on really important issues, but then again got lost into wars, battles, number of siege weapons and similar very doubtful data. At moments your video seemed truly great and interesting, at others dull and mundane because of stories every other video talks about. I would like to see someone take interest into everyday life there, commerce, politics, religion, local issues, more than battle stories which at the end always are victor's versions. Please, don't get me wrong, I see you are smart dude, interested in history, but I'd like to see you make video on this theme in much more zoomed in view than this one came to be at the end. But, it could be only me, again...
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I wish ti start by saying I thought this was a wonderful video, and I enjoyed listening very much...but...I felt REALLY dumb, by the end of it. My brain frazzled some dates, but with such a long video, I assumed "the fall of Constantinople" was going to mean when it fell to Sultan Mehmed II, so when it ended with alternate Christians doing it, I 3as very much surprised. Of course, dates are rhe thing, and with my fall being in 1453 AD, and this one being in 1204 AD, I guess there's just 200+ more years that could allow things to deteriorate.😊
I very much enjoyed the nice introductions to each of the main characters. Overall, quite a fine video!
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Poitier was a turning point, highly impactful and, hard to over blow. The morale of those who had fought and won carried over. Certainly that knowledge that they fought and beat an hitherto victorious heavy cavalry had to play major role in Charles's victories. Armies that believe they can win and have competent commanders, usually win. G-d is not always on the side of the bigger battalions. Napoleon said the moral is to the physical as three to one. Of course he probably said it in French.
That the Arabs, much like the Mongols, had reached their logistical end is hard to dispute. In addition, for the Moors, climate would be an issue. Dry climate to damp. climate plays hell on un-.waxed bow strings.
. My very recent MA in World History (I'm 77) had me reading one academic after another, each having a historical axe to grind. a theory on how or why. Historians in research university have to publish; then they are interested in how many citations they get in other academic papers. History is full of theories, none of them explain everything and most all have many ideas that are well worth integrating into our thoughts. That said, it is a way of thinking that narrows the mind: it is not always, in fact it is rarely, Either/Or; mostly it is Both/And.
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And to think that the plague is still a possible source of a pandemic, I don’t know about Covid19 as we know where it originated but not if it will mutate again and become more virulent again, not sure if modern medicine can deal with the plague but whether it can or cannot the current pandemic has shown that nations health services can easily overwhelmed, despite that I wouldn’t have liked to live during the plague outbreaks, or the era’s at all, if it wasn’t war it was vicious and brutal tyrant rulers, or revolution or the plague, life expectancy of not a lot.
This opinion might get some backlash but DILLIGAF, I don’t think comparing the arrival of the Black Death in England 🏴 to the Second World War speech of Sir Winston Churchill was appropriate, at the very least it is plagiarism, if the narration had acknowledged or credited the words to Sir Winston Churchill it would not have been so bad, but ya didn’t so my ire is justified.
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Here is Landeg White's translation, which was published by Oxford University Press in 2001:
"Mombasa, too, furnished with such
Palaces and sumptuous houses,
Will be laid waste with iron and fire
In payment for its former treachery.
Along the Indian coast, swarming
With enemy ships plotting Portugal's
Downfall, Lourenço with sail and with oar
Will give his uttermost, and then give more.
Though the powerful Samorin's giant ships
Choke the entire sea, his cannon-shot
Thundering from hot brass
Will pulverize rudder, mast, and sail;
Then, daring to grapple the enemy
Flagship, watch him leap
On deck, armed only with lance and sword,
To drive four hundred Muslims overboard.
But God's inscrutable wisdom (He knows
Best what is best for his servants)
Will place him where neither strength nor wisdom
Can avail in preserving his life.
In Chaul, the very seas will churn
With blood, fire, and iron resistance,
As the combined fleets of Egypt and Cambay
Confront him with his destiny that day.
The united power of many enemies
(Might was defeated only by might),
Faltering winds and a swelling sea
Will all be ranged against him.
Here, let ancient heroes rise
To learn from this scion of courage
This second Scaeva who, however maimed,
Knows no surrender and will not be tamed.
With one thighbone completely shattered
By a wayward cannon-ball, still
He battles on with his forearms alone
And a heart not to be daunted,
Until another ball snaps the ties
Binding flesh and spirit together:
The leaping soul slips its body's prison
To claim the greater prize of the arisen.
Go in peace, O soul! After war's
Turbulence, you have earned supreme peace!
As for that scattered, broken body,
He who fathered it plans vengeance.
Already, I hear their hot perdition
Looming in a thunderous barrage
On Mameluke and cruel Cambayan
From catapult, from ordnance and cannon.
Here comes the father, magnified
By his anger and grief, his heart
On fire, his eyes swimming, his soul
Transfixed by paternal love.
He has taken an oath his noble rage
Will make blood run knee-high
In the enemy ships; the Nile will mourn,
The Indus witness, the Ganges be forlorn."
— Luís de Camões [Os Lusíadas, Canto X, translated by Landeg White]
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I've been enjoying the series greatly so far, but wanted to pass on the creators an inconsistency from this episode. Bermudo III, the last Asturian king of León was killed in the Battle of Tamarón, a territorial conflict with his brother-in-law, the Count of Castile, Fernando. Fernando was backed and reinforced for this battle by the forces of his brother, García Sánchez, the king of Pamplona. When the opposing sides met, the Leonese king, Bermudo, rushed ahead of his own knights into the Castilian lines, searching for his adversary Fernando. According to contemporary sources, he was set upon by seven Castilian knights and killed. A modern autopsy found that Bermudo received 16 lance-inflicted wounds, almost all of them deemed mortal, before he was recovered and carried away by Leonese forces. There are medieval claims that he was pierced by some 40 stabs wounds...but, in the pursuit of historical accuracy, these are now considered to be exaggerated, hyperbolic claims. Here is the source regarding the death wounds of Bermudo III:
https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/10/09/actualidad/1539086668_335320.html
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I don't really agree or like how the last part of the video portray Isabella or her religiousnes, specially regarding to America. While all the other Empires that set foot there (and we could include the US) willingly anhilated the population, the Spanish empire mixed with the natives and a big, big part of the deaths were caused by unfortunate diseases brought by the Spaniards to this new lands without antibodies to defend against them, not by sword.
It should also be noted that Isabella, even to her final moments tried very fiercly to protect the new natives, give them Spanish citizienship, teach them Spanish without making them renounce to their original language (albeit it is true that some religious fanatism ended in the destroying of A LOT of native texts, a very shameful stain in Spanish history) and made the "Leyes de Burgos" to try to guarantee indigenous rights and freedom as well as to prohibit the enslavement of those people that were now citiziens of the growing Spanish empire as well (there are numerous cases of this laws not being respected, but still).
Also it should be noted that the Jews were not expelled because of religiousnes alone, but because they were found guilty of ploting and murdering important members of the catholic faith that were growing suspicious of them. Colón (Columbus) was a Jew, and it took numerious negotiations and 2 years of preparation for his travel to set sail. When he retourned from what will be known as "La Española" ("La Hispaniola") the Queen was horrified of the sight of natives in shackles and with time (after Columbus second travel to America) he was striped of a lot of wealth and titles due to the atrocities he performed on the natives he found, and the "Haciendas" he made were dismantled.
Lastly the Spanish Empire will build roads, schools, universities, hospitals and burocratic buildings all along "the Americas" (and the first expedition of "global Vaccination" was also launched by the Spanish Government, much time later on). The cities on the American continent in general didn't had stone walls because they didn't need them, the natives were instrumental on the flourishment of the hispano-american culture and society and they were allowed in schools, universities and hospitals. The huge number of languages spoken were outshadowed by Spanish, the common language and also used for burocracy but the decline and extintion of those languages came by most part after the independence wars lead by Bolívar (who ironically offered the idiot King at the time, Ferdinand the VII for "the Americas" to remain Spanish with some concesion, and that moron of a King declined.
Same king who would delegate everything into a traitor that allowed Napoleon to easily set foot in Spain).
I loved this series so far but I always see in any English speaking channel talking about the topic the common rule of demonizing, diminishing and vilifying the Spanish episode of "the Americas" when in reality it was the first, coming from a LONG struggle marked by religion and even then was the only Empire to set foot there that created instead of destroying (albeit some did indeed Destroy, Nino Bezerra or Pizarro are good examples of that). The period where Spain ruled over "the Americas" is commonly known as "Pax Hispana" and ironically while it was very much true and agression almost every time came from outside (mainly England, France and later Holland) the European part of the Spanish Empire spent all those almost 300 years of "Pax Hispana" engoulfed in consant fighting against (but not only) other European powers, mainly the English (many times not directly, since many times England suported enemies of Spain), the Otomas were a big problem as well for a long time.
I don't think there is any ill bias (I hope at least), specially by this channel. But the sources used are sometimes lacking to some extent and in other times straight up trying to portray a very nasty image and uphold people from the 16 century to 19,20 and 21th centuries standards.
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(Wikipedia):
From the middle of the 2nd Century, the Yueban – an offshoot of the Xiongnu and therefore possibly connected to the Huns – established a state in far eastern Kazakhstan after being defeated by the Xianbei.
During Xiongnu empire, their territory included Mongolia, East Kazakhstan, East Kyrgyzstan, South Siberia, and parts of northern China including Western Manchuria, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Gansu. The Xiongnu centered in present day Mongolia.
So if The Huns and Xiongnu are the same people, then they came from these areas.
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@FlashPointHx They were Turkic
Although in the past the Huns are thought to have been Mongolian emigrants, it is far more likely that they were of Turkic origin. This point has been repeated by thousands of historians, sinologists, turcologists, altaistics, and other researchers. Let me try to state how this idea began with Sinology researchers.[1]
*Maenchen-Helfen (1973), 386-9, also thinks that these names are the Germanic or Germanicized names of Turkic Huns.[2]
*The language of the Huns has always been classified in the Turkic linguistic family.[3]
*In the 5th century A . D . the Danube Slavs had lived in symbiosis with the Turkic Huns[4]
*One of the first and most ferocious of such Asiatic (Turkic) peoples were the Huns.[5]
*A large number of many different Turkic tribes were called Huns.[6]
*It is conceivable that the Huns (Ephthalites), who irrupted into Central Asia in the early fifth century, were Turkic.[7]
*Probably a substantial group of Hunnish peoples spoke some form of Turkic, a subfamily of the Altaic languages.[8]
*Danube used by a large number of Turkic peoples - including Huns, Avars,Bulgars,Cumans.[9]
* Among them, the Vandals were East Germanic, the Suevi or 'Swabians' were Central Germanic, the Huns were Turkic, and the Alans were Iranic (like the modern Ossetians).[10]
*Also, with the various Turkic tribes on the west; especially with the Huns.[11]
*Historic Turkic kingdoms (the earliest being the Great Hun Empire from 200 B.C., which stretched from Siberia to Tibet,and the last being the Ottoman Empire founded in A.D. 1299),hinting at a racial side to Turkish identity.[12]
*By the fifth century, the last of the Tocharians was driven from the region by nomadic Huns, possibly the earliest of many subsequent waves of Tur- kic invaders in Central Asia.[13]
*Who are the Turkic Peoples?
This great family of peoples includes the Huns,Khazars,Avars and Bulgar-Turks of former times.[14]
*The principal invaders in the north were no longer the Turkic Xiongnu[15]
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Excellent. Can you please do an episode on the most important and, to me, the most interesting part of Roman history -- 600 BC to the Punic Wars.
That was the time that Roman civilization was formed.
1. How did Rome evolve from being ruled by Etruscan Kings to having a Republic run by a Senate?
2. Why did they send a delegation to talk to Solon in Greece to get the laws and constitution of their Republic?
3. How and why did the Romans have the balls to leave Rome, and let the Senate rule an empty city, until they established the office of the Tribune of the Plebs, who had the power of VETO over the Senate. I mean, what kind of people have such courage??
4. How did the Romans use Campus Mars? It was a field in the city of Rome, where Romans assembled and trained for combat, war, and command. I believe they trained ALL THE F**KING TIME.
5. According to Livy, Rome was at war every year from 500 to 200, with only a handful of years of peace. WHY???
What drove Romans to be at war ALL THE TIME? Did their economy demand it? Were they driven by the desire to get slaves?? Was it plunder?? Was it pride?
6. Was their any people as warlike and martial as the Romans?? Mongols, maybe?
For me, that is the most interesting time. I think the peak of its power as a people was the Punic Wars.
After that, it started going downhill. The Civil Wars that started with Marius, and didn't end until Augustus became the first emperor was the time when its doom was sealed.
For after Augustus, Rome started assassinating its possible leaders, like Germanicus, and started having mad rulers, like Caligula.
It took 4.5 centuries for it to finally collapse. Isn't that a testament to the strength and will of the Roman people who constructed Rome in the 5th and 6th Centuries BC??
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Now, don't get me wrong, because this was pretty entertaining and well narrated and animated. I just do not understand, for the life of me, how you know this much stuff about ancient history, yet have somehow mispronounced almost every Latin word or name you have spoken here. Also, you seem surprised Pyrrhus was a military genius, he has long been considered far more than just the pyrrhic victory guy. Lol.
I mean some of this is really great stuff, but some of it is like, wait wut?
And for the love of God, here is how to say his name... https://www.google.com/search?client=opera-gx&q=how+to+say+Pyrrhus&sourceid=opera&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
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Though I haven't read the texts of the roman historians we rely upon, I remember from listening to another podcast that they have a hard time justifying the Third Punic War. As you yourself point out they are clearly biased, they were romans after all, but I seem to remember that even they didn't completely like how this war went down. Especially, or perhaps mostly, in how it started. The Romans where very particular about their wars being justified before the gods, usually by being defensive. "Rome conquered an empire in it's own self defense," is a saying I've heard. Today we might smell some bullshit in that, but in the case of the things that where done at the start of the 3rd Punic War even the Roman historians couldn't hide the smell. How can a war be seen as honorable when your opponent accedes to all but your most ludicrous demands, and when one of those left Carthage close to defenseless before you declare war, which was clearly the intent from the start?
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Love this! In Portugal a lot of us are Mouros, as in Moors, as in Morenos, as in Mauri, as in Mauro specially in the South. Were not different from Berbers a.k.a. Amazyh. Almoravids, Almohads, Ummayad Caliphate (Muslim Moors). But you're right we live in Europe therefore are Europeans and Moroccans and Algerians live in Africa and therefore are Africans. None of both represent a single ethnicity, culture or religion. But both us as Moroccans and Algerians share not only berber blood as Phoenician blood (Levante - Lebanon) as Arabic blood (Ummayad Caliphate conquered everything from 1AD to 15th Century. From Mesopotamia (Persian Golf) to Egypt to Mahgreb to Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista weren't battles between different ethnicities but religions. Both Portuguese Kingdom and Spanish Kingdom incorporated millions of Moors that converted from Islam to Christianity.
Search one of our first navigators João Vaz Corte-Real and the Corte-Real Family. Well that's a Portuguese Moor. Persian/Arabic looking AF. You can see it Cristiano Ronaldo, Cancelo, Daniela Melchior, Daniela Ruah, Sara Sampaio, Nelly Furtado and so on so on. Zidane could be Portuguese. We got a lot of Zidanes, Benzemas and Salahs too.
Best Regards from Portugal ❤🇲🇿🇦🇴🇬🇼🇨🇻🇸🇹🇧🇷🇵🇹
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Hurray Flash Point History! I must confess that I am falling in love with your channel, especially after having watched Part-1 of your magnificent RECONQUISTA video. Similar to your "Black Death" video, which I watched a few hours ago (thanks for your reply, by the way), my knowledge of Medieval History has been enriched. This is significant for me for three good reasons: 1. I am a life long lover of History of the Western Civilization, with emphasis on Europe, USA, and Brazil. 2. While I have always been proud of my knowlege of European history, I have always concentrated on the period between 1500 and 1914. Then I acquired a strong passion for antiquity, particularly Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, the Hitite Empire, Mitanna, Egypt, Mycenae (as well as the later classical Grece) and the Roman Empire. As such, only recently I decided to dwell upon the missing 1000 years of the brutal, yet valliant Middle Ages (which render videos like yours and a couple of others so important to me).
3. Finally, the Iberian peninsula is personally important to me because I was born in Brazil, and decend from Portuguese aristocracy (albeit bastardised), that is, from the Vicounts and Counts of Mesquitela. Apologies for the long comment, and once again, thank you so much for this upload. I can hardly wait to watch parts 2 and 3. Cheers!
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