Hearted Youtube comments on Forgotten Weapons (@ForgottenWeapons) channel.

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  11. The Graf Spee and her sister ships (none of them were identical: they were all different lengths) were designed for very long range, but only with diesel fuel not available in sufficient quantity in South America, whose trucks mostly ran on gasoline. Ordinary bunker oil was available everywhere, not least because the Royal Navy bought it. The solution was to provide a system to make bunker oil work in the Graf Spee's diesels (largely by steam-heating it, as was done to make waste fish and chip shop cooking oil work in diesel engines in the recent past.) This system being an afterthought, it was outside the strongly-protected parts of the ship. The Graf Spee was intended to be able to fight any British cruiser with impunity (it was the cruisers, not the battleships, which had the range and speed to catch her) and so armour was added to protect the fuel system from British 8" shells. However, German Naval intelligence took their understanding of the penetration of most standard British shells by what had happened to the ships that returned to Germany after the battle of Jutland in WW1. The Royal Navy, meanwhile, had concluded, also from the slightly disappointing outcome of the battle of Jutland, that their shells didn't penetrate as well as perhaps they might, and a project was put in hand to make better shells, especially for 8" and 15" guns, which continued in service between the wars and into WW2. This, coupled with the fact that the fuel system was what the Royal Navy was going to hit if someone aimed at the Graf Spee's director tower (the standard aiming point for British cruisers at the time) -and missed, resulted in Exeter's three hits on Graf Spee taking out the fuel system. The 6" guns on Ajax and Achilles (Leander class cruisers) weren't capable of doing this. But they were firing at twice the rate which German Naval Intelligence had told Captain Landsdorf of the Graf Spee to expect. So, they did "no critical damage" but even non-critical damage becomes a problem if there's enough of it and pretty well everything that could be hurt by a 6" shell, was hurt. This meant that even if the Graf Spee had been able to avoid further combat with the Royal Navy, she wouldn't have been able to make any friendly port with any fuel that was available in sufficient quantity to purchase in Uruguay or Argentina. Cunning schoolboy deception plots not-withstanding, HMS Cumberland really had arrived, and she had eight of the 8" guns which had done the problematic damage (Exeter was a lighter class and had only six main guns.) So, the ship really there and visible on the horizon was sufficient to further seriously damage Graf Spee and even if she got past Cumberland, she could only hope to make another neutral port further North, which would be in range of Royal Navy Battleships and Battlecruisers that could sink her with one salvo. The main reason why Graf Spee was patrolling where she was, was to stay out of the normal range of such heavy British units. Despite the damage done to Exeter, she was able to reach the Falklands for repairs. This is the other end of Argentina, one of the world's longest countries, and represents an awesome feat of seamanship for the crew of a heavily-damaged vessel using improvised steering gear.
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