Comments by "H. de Jong" (@h.dejong2531) on "Big Think" channel.

  1. All of those videos are intelligent only in the sense that they are clever at misleading you. There is no actual evidence that shows Earth is anything other than an oblate sphere.
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  2. Proof that Earth is not flat is trivial to find. Every time the sun sets, it does something that would be impossible on a flat plane. Every time a ship goes over the horizon and disappears from the bottom up, it does something that would be impossible on a flat plane. Every time we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved, not flat. Every year, there's a sailing race around Antarctica. The distance they have to sail proves they are sailing around a continent on a sphere, not around an ice wall that's 80,000 km ling.
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  3.  @poppawolf8777  Every time we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved, not flat. This is the truth.
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  4. They aren't high priests of anything. They are science *communicators*, people who are good at explaining things in simple terms. Their sources are freely available to anyone.
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  5. That is incorrect. Every video where a flerf claims that zooming in can "bring a ship back into view", shows a ship that hasn't gone over the horizon yet. This is easy to see, because the horizon will be behind the ship. They do this by focusing on a small boat that is far enough away to be difficult to see in the zoomed-out view. This is the correct way to do the experiment: 1. follow a large container carrier. The larger the better. 2. Watch as it goes over the horizon. Notice how the lowest part of the ship is hidden first. 3. When the ship has fully disappeared, zoom in. Zoom in as much as you want. Bring a telescope. Nothing you do will bring the ship back into view.
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  6. The part of Calais that is visible from Dover is consistent with Earth being a sphere with a diameter of 12000 km. It is inconsistent with Earth being flat.
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  7. A water drop disagrees with you. A water balloon disagrees with you. The planet itself, and its curvature that we can both see and measure, disagrees with you.
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  8. Bill Nye may not have a doctorate, he has been practicing science for decades. That makes him a scientist.
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  9. Your Nikon can do no such thing. Every single video that claims to bring a boat back into view after it's gone over the horizon, actually shows a small boat in front of the horizon. Take your Nikon to the coast, watch a large ship (not a small boat) go over the horizon, wait until the hull is hidden from view but the superstructure remains visible. Then use your camera to zoom in. No amount of zooming in will bring the hull back into view. This will bring the hull back into view: move to a higher elevation.
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  10. Bill Nye called Apollo humanity's greatest achievement. He is the CEO of an organization that advocates for space exploration. In a Big Think Q&A, Bill Nye gave his opinion on why we cannot throw our trash into space. Flat-Earthers took Bill’s words out of context and used it to “disprove” space flight. “Why we don’t throw trash into space? Because it’s too expensive. Lifting a ton of material into space takes an extraordinary amount of rocket fuel. And, by the way, when people want to send this much plutonium-238 which is not even the weapon’s plutonium, a baseball size, a grapefruit size, people freak out because the rockets sometimes blow up.” “Now, one thing I really want your generation to embrace is that the Earth is a closed system. We cannot leave the Earth. There’s no place to go. There’s no place to throw your trash. And I wouldn’t be surprised if maybe not you but your kids develop ways to mine our landfills.” He's saying we can't remove our trash from Earth, he is not saying manned missions to the Moon or Mars are impossible.
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  11.  @FreddyKrueger-kc1sx  You can imagine all you want, but Earth is not such a plane. We can measure the surface directly and find that it is curved, not flat.
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  12.  @FreddyKrueger-kc1sx  All maps are projections of a spherical surface on a flat plane. This inevitably introduces distortions, what you are describing is those distortions. The Gleason map distorts distances: the distance from the pole to the equator is 37% too short, for instance. It distorts the angles between the longitude and latitude lines. Feet and inches do not change with distance. 1 foot in Australia is the same size as 1 ft in the UK.
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  13.  @FreddyKrueger-kc1sx  Youtube deletes comments with links, so any video link is not visible to us. Despite that, I can tell you that that video is lying. They are zooming in on a small boat that is in front of the horizon, not a ship that has gone over the horizon. A valid test would follow a large ship as it goes over the horizon. Wait until the hull of the ship is hidden but the superstructure remains visible, then zoom in. You will be unable to make the hull visible.
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  14.  @FreddyKrueger-kc1sx  Geometry 101: when you stand on a sphere, most of the surface of that sphere is not visible to you. Only a small circular area centered on you is visible to you, that area has a boundary we call the horizon.
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  15. Every time we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved, not flat. In 2500 years, nobody has presented any evidence that shows Earth is anything other than a spheroid.
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  16. Anyone can do simple experiments to verify the shape of our planet. Every time we do that, we find that Earth is a sphere.
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  17. 1. Satellites in polar orbits are common, and those can see Antarctica. They may not be in a high enough orbit to see the entire continent at once. 2. We have tons of photos of the far side of the Moon, starting with photos taken by Luna 3 in 1959. The Lunar Orbiter missions gave us a full map of the far side of the moon. 9 Apollo missions have orbited the moon, so those astronauts saw the far side. 3. Summer and winter are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis.
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  18. Anyone can determine what shape our planet is, with tools as simple as binoculars and a ruler. So nobody is in a position to lie: Earth's shape is not arcane knowledge in the hands of a select view, this knowledge is available to anyone.
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  19. With binoculars, the smallest detail you can see on the moon is about 25 km in diameter. The LM is 4 meters in diameter.
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  20. Yes, every flat-Earth claim has been debunked 2500 years ago.
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  21. Actual scientists have studied the optical properties of the human eye, and found nothing to support the flat-Earther claims. And we have several lines of evidence that demonstrate Earth is a sphere while ruling out any distortion introduced by the human eye. The simplest of these is a direct measurement of Earth's surface (geodetic survey).
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  22. All of the evidence shows that Earth is not flat. All of the evidence shows that gender is more complex than M/F.
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  23. That is incorrect. All bodies of water on Earth display convexity. From a cup of tea to the oceans. If the body of water is large enough, this is easily visible: watch a ship go over the horizon, and be gradually hidden from the bottom up. The obstacle that hides the ship is the curvature of the water.
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  24.  @Dmgolfer22  When a ship goes over the horizon, zooming in does not bring it back into view. Flerfs like to claim this, but when you look at those videos, you will see that the ship they zoom in on is always in front of the horizon. So: every single video that claims this, is trying to mislead you. There is only one method that will bring the ship back into view: go to a higher elevation. This demonstrates that the horizon is a physical obstacle, just like a hill can hide objects on its far side.
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  25.  @Dmgolfer22  The nature of water is to conform to the forces acting on it. One of those forces is gravity, which pulls all of the water on Earth into the same spherical shape as the planet itself. We can see this, even with the naked eye. We can measure this curvature.
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  26.  @Dmgolfer22  No, the horizon does not stay at eye level. That is another lie. At an altitude of 1 km, the horizon is already at 1º below eye level. Again, a simple measurement will confirm this.
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  27. What you're doing is not freeing people's minds. You are presenting a narrative and saying 'believe us, don't look at the evidence shat shows our claims are false'. Every time you watch a sunset, you are looking at something that is impossible on a flat Earth. Every time you measure Earth's surface, you will find that it is curved.
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  28. Every geodetic survey proves that Earth is round. Everyone can do a simple survey and confirm this. Millions of photos of Earth from space prove that Earth is round.
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  29.  @edellis2960  We take the rotating Earth seriously because we have a ton of evidence that proves Earth rotates. This includes experiments that are simple enough anyone can repeat them.
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  30.  @tecbreakthru  Bill Nye gave his opinion on why we cannot throw our trash into space. This is what he said: “Why we don’t throw trash into space? Because it’s too expensive. Lifting a ton of material into space takes an extraordinary amount of rocket fuel. And, by the way, when people want to send this much plutonium-238 which is not even the weapon’s plutonium, a baseball size, a grapefruit size, people freak out because the rockets sometimes blow up.” “Now, one thing I really want your generation to embrace is that the Earth is a closed system. We cannot leave the Earth. There’s no place to go. There’s no place to throw your trash. And I wouldn’t be surprised if maybe not you but your kids develop ways to mine our landfills.”  He's saying we can't remove our trash from Earth, he is not saying manned missions to the Moon or Mars are impossible. Nye is the CEO of the Planetary Society, an organization that advocates for spaceflight. He called the Apollo missions one of mankind's greatest accomplishments.
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  31. Using a telescope does not bring a ship that has gone over the horizon back into view. All it can do is show more details on the parts of the ship that were visible already. Every video that claims you can bring a ship that has gone over the horizon back into view is misleading you: they are actually zooming in on small boats that have not gone over the horizon yet.
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  32. We'e known Earth is a sphere for 2500 years. Any confirmation from NASA is just icing on the cake.
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  33. Nope. He is an engineer who has been practicing science and teaching science for decades.
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  34. Tyson: doctorate in astrophysics. Thaller: doctorate in astrophysics. Nye: has been practicing and teaching science for decades. That makes him a scientist, no doctorate needed.
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  35. The simple truth is that tiny errors in orbit calculations stack up which makes the simulation break down in the long term. That does not mean the solar system is not driven by gravity.
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  36.  @FreddyKrueger-kc1sx  Incorrect. Zooming in does not change what the sun looks like. In reality, the sun crosses the horizon, the only optical effect visible is that the sun gets squashed a bit. If the sun did not set, it would not get dark.
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  37.  @FreddyKrueger-kc1sx  Maps are not based on a Cartesian coordinate plane. We store the source data for maps as coordinates in a 3D space, not 2D.
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  38.  @FreddyKrueger-kc1sx  Maps are a projection of Earth's 3D surface onto a 2d piece of paper. This means all paper maps are inaccurate.
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  39. Wanna know the real shape of our planet? Measure it. Anyone can do a simple survey and find Earth's curvature. Earth has no corners.
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  40. No. 1. NASA is an acronym, not a word. 2. the Hebrew word 'nasa' means 'to lift up'. 3. the Hebrew word 'nasha' means 'to deceive'. The 'sh' is the Hebrew letter shin, which is not the same as the letter s used in nasa.
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  41. Modern photos (as taken by geostationary weather satellites like GOES and Himawari) have enough resolution that you can measure the difference between the polar and equatorial diameter (it's 30 km, in those photos that's about 30 pixels).
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  42. Earth is oblate by 0.3%. Your eye cannot distinguish between a perfect sphere and one that is oblate by 0.3%. You can measure those photos where Earth looks spherical, and find that yes, the equatorial diameter really is 0.3% larger than the polar diameter.
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  43. That is incorrect. There are a dozen lines of evidence that all prove Earth is not flat, but spherical. Behavior of the horizon and objects going over it. The changing elevation of stars depending on latitude. The shape of Earth's shadow. Geodetic surveys (ie direct measurement of Earth's surface). Photos from high altitude and from space. Observation of the planets. etc.
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  44. That is incorrect. There are a dozen different methods by which we have proven that Earth is not flat, but spherical. Starting with the measurement of Earth's curvature via geodetic surveys.
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  45. Then why do we find curvature every time we measure Earth's surface?
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  46. 8" per mile squared is an approximation that was used by surveyors. They deal with Earth's curvature every day: they measure the 3D position of a series of points on Earth's surface, and they have to separate Earth's curvature from the elevation of each point. Water is curved: every time a ship goes over the horizon, you see Earth's curvature hiding the ship. Salt flats are curved: we can measure this, there are places where you can see this (Bonneville salt flats, from the top of Wendover blvd, for instance). Salt flats, like everywhere else, have a horizon at 5 km. Anyone can see Earth's curvature: with the naked eye, it's visible from the cruising altitude of an airliner.
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  47.  @kpec3  The Google Earth app consists of satellite photos made in low orbit. These have to be tiled together on a spherical surface , otherwise they won't fit together. Google Earth represents reality.
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  48.  @kpec3  We have ten different ways to prove Earth is a spheroid, most of which are accessible to anyone. The truth is that Earth is a sphere. If Earth is a sphere, then spaceflight is real, which means these photos of Earth from space show reality.
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  49. Anyone can do simple experiments that prove Earth is a sphere, not a flat plane. Wake up!
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  50.  @James-zp5po  Those people I mentioned flew around the world over both poles. This is about 40,000 km. Every year, thousands of people visit the South Pole. Not just the continent of Antarctica, but the actual pole, where we have a research station. Anyone who lives south of the equator can confirm we have a south pole: when you make a timelapse of the stars at night, they seem to rotate around our pole. In the southern hemisphere, they do this in the opposite direction of what we see in the northern hemisphere. This is one of many natural phenomena that can only happen if Earth is a sphere.
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  51. Every time we measure Earth's surface, we find that it's curved, not flat. Have you ever seen a ship go over the horizon, and gradually disappear from view? That's impossible on a flat plane.
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  52.  @BoBwikCruz  All photos of Earth show this. As I said, the difference is only 0.3%, too small to distinguish with the naked eye.
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  53.  @FlattyMcTruth  All of the water on the surface of our planet is *curved*, not flat. You can see this with the naked eye: the horizon is the curvature of the water/land hiding the stuff behind it. We can also measure this curvature.
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  54. Nope, the human eye does not have a distance limit. It's easy to prove this too: watch a ship go over the horizon and disappear. Now move to a higher elevation: the ship will come back into view. The distance to the ship has not decreased, but the ship that was hidden by the horizon is now visible. Definitive proof that our horizon is not caused by a limit to the human eye. Instead, it is a physical obstacle: you are seeing Earth's curvature.
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  55. No, you can't. When a ship has gone over the horizon, no amount of zooming in will bring it back. Sailors used telescopes because when you're in the crow's nest (i.e. at the highest point of the ship), the horizon is farther away and the unaided eye has trouble seeing small objects at long distances.
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  56. The problem with ideas like "Earth is flat" is that it breeds an attitude of not trusting the government in other areas, and being unable or unwilling to distinguish between actual information and nonsense. This was demonstrated in the past few years by Covid, around which all sorts of claims as nonsensical as "Earth is flat" sprung up, and were gobbled up by people already conditioned by FE to gobble up nonsense.
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  57. Water is pulled into a sphere by gravity. Evidence that Earth is a sphere includes: - observation of the horizon - measurement of Earth's surface (geodetic surveys) - observation of how the elevation of the stars changes with latitude - observation of Earth's curvature from high altitude - observation of Earth's curvature from space. The ancient Greeks were able to work out that Earth is a sphere 2500 years ago. In all that time, nobody has presented a single shred of evidence that indicates otherwise.
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  58. and yet I can see satellites pass overhead, even with the naked eye. I can receive signals from satellites that are at an altitude of 36,000 km over the equator. Simple observations that prove you wrong.
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  59. Even if Aristarchus could only observe from Greece, that gave him access to 180º of Earth's rotation because a lunar eclipse can occur at any time during the night.
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  60. Tyson is correct. Earth is technically an oblate spheroid: its diameter along the equator is 30 km larger than its polar diameter. This is a difference of 0.3%. Too small to see with the naked eye, but it can be measured. In 1687, Newton (in his Principia book) proposed that if Earth rotates, this rotation will change its shape: it will not be a perfect sphere, but be slightly wider along the equator due to the centrifugal force produced by Earth's rotation. In 1735, the French decided to find out if this was true. They organized the French Geodesic Missions to the Equator and to Lapland. These measured sections of Earth's surface that were 1º of latitude and compared their length. The difference between the two measurements showed that Earth is oblate. These days, high-resolution photos of Earth from space confirm this in a way anyone can see.
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  61. Anyone can rig up a pendulum and watch it precess, which demonstrates that Earth rotates. The ancient Greeks were able to figure out that Earth is a sphere, just from naked-eye observations of the horizon, and of Earth's shadow during a lunar eclipse. By 250 BC, Eratosthenes was the first to measure Earth's diameter.
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  62. Pay attention: a telescope will not bring a ship that has gone over the horizon back into view. Flat-Earthers like to mislead you by filming a small boat that has not gone over the horizon yet, and zooming in on that.
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  63. if Earth is flat, why can I go out right now and see its curvature? Why can we sail around Antarctica in only 22,000 km, when flerf maps claim it would take more than 60,000 km? Why do ships going over the horizon disappear from the bottom up, instead of just getting smaller and smaller as they go farther away?
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  64. You can see Earth's curvature: watch a ship going over the horizon: it follows a path with a vertical curve. That's Earth's curvature. From high altitude, you can see the curvature directly. Our eyes cannot distinguish between Earth moving or the heavens above moving. Just like when you're sitting in a stationary train, and the train next to you starts to move - you can't tell which is moving. Simple experiments like Foucault's pendulum break this dilemma by demonstrating that Earth moves.
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  65.  @James-zp5po  We can see satellites in the night sky, even with the naked eye. We can measure their speed and altitude. When we do that, we find a speed that is impossible to maintain in our atmosphere (the satellite would glow brightly and leave a trail like a meteor due to atmospheric friction), so we can see they are not in our atmosphere, which proves that rockets do work in a vacuum.
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  66.  @James-zp5po  The only possible explanation for our observations is an actual space station in actual space. Every day, millions of people receive radio signals from satellites in space. Every day, your weather forecast is made possible by data from satellites. Every day, billions of people use GPS, a satellite system, to navigate. This stands true and is solid: space is real, and we have launched more than 10,000 satellites into space.
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  67.  @James-zp5po  In reality, they are stars. We can measure their distances, and find they are all at different distances, instead of being light projected on a dome. We can use spectroscopy to find they are of different sizes and different compositions. We can detect planets orbiting those stars.
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  68. ​ @VigilantX-TikTok  Perspective is real: when I stand on a set of railroad tracks they seem to get closer together in the distance. This is perspective: when an object is farther away, it appears smaller. But the sun does not do that: when it's at zenith, it is the same size as when it's just above the horizon. If Dubay were right, the sun would get smaller as it got closer to the horizon. In all of history, nobody has recorded the sun getting smaller and smaller as it nears sunset.
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  69.  @daussamp8054  That is a baseless claim. We have millions of actual photos of Earth from space.  - every astronaut brings a camera to space, mostly normal consumer cameras. Photos taken by astronauts from the ISS clearly show Earth's curvature. - the Apollo missions carried consumer cameras to the moon, and made hundreds of analog photos of Earth from the moon. - Geostationary weather satellites carry cameras that take photos of the whole hemisphere every 10 minutes. We also have tons of photos made from high altitude, which again show Earth's curvature. Anyone can take a photo of the horizon, downscale its horizontal axis and demonstrate that the horizon is curved.
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  70. The ISS orbits Earth once every 90 minutes, not 90 seconds. Earth rotates with a surface speed of 1000 mph at the equator. We know this because we have measured it, using several different methods. This rotation causes an upward acceleration (centrifugal force) of 0.03 m/s2 at the equator. Gravity produces a downward force of 9.81 m/s2 at the equator so the sum of the two is 9.78 m/s2, downward. At the equator, you are 0.3% lighter than near Earth's poles. We can measure this difference. So, the facts, our observations and measurements justify saying this.
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  71.  @edellis2960  Our senses cannot feel speed at all. Our inner ear can only detect acceleration, not speed. The only way we experience speed is by seeing objects move past us. In an airplane, the sensation of speed is huge when you're on the runway or at very low altitude and nearby stuff is whizzing by. Once you are at high altitude and there are no clouds, you can't tell if you're moving or not. If you're in a stopped train, next to another train and one of the two starts moving, you can't tell which one is moving.
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  72.  @edellis2960  Pay attention: our senses can only detect acceleration, not speed. The examples I provided confirm that. Lots of experimentation has proven this beyond doubt. The centrifugal force, even on the equator where it is highest, is only 1/300 of gravity. This is far too little to cause an upset stomach. That happens when the centrifugal force is as large as gravity, or larger. This is science. Claiming that Earth is flat is pseudoscience.
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  73.  @ben-yi3nh  No, it's pretty easy to prove that Earth is spherical. A geodetic survey is definitive proof that Earth's surface is curved. And we've done thousands of these all over the world, so we know the surface is curved everywhere. Photos from space are definitive proof that Earth is a sphere. We can circumnavigate the world both along the equator and via the poles, which again proves that Earth is a sphere.
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  74. Two of them hold doctorates, so they are scientists by profession. The third has been teaching the scientific method for decades, which makes him a scientist.
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  75.  @robertpetch5182  one of the definitions for 'scientist': "A person versed in or devoted to science". Note the lack of requiring a doctorate.
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  76. for the ancient Egyptians, the star Thuban was the North Star. Back then, it was closer to Earth's axis of rotation than Polaris. In a few thousand years, we need another North Star again. The fastest-moving star we can see has moved 1º since it was discovered 100 years ago.
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  77. Earth's shape is easily verifiable for anyone. Simple experiments and observations demonstrate that Earth is a sphere.
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  78. Every day, geostationary weather satellites like GOES and Himawari take dozens such photos. NOAA publishes all of them. And they have enough resolution that you can actually measure Earth's oblateness from them.
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  79. For the eclipse: you are probably referring to a selenelion: for a luner eclipse, there is a narrow band on Earth's terminator where you can see the sun and the moon and the same time. This again confirms that Earth is a sphere.
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  80. Yes, flat Earth is a textbook example of bad science. Scratch that: flat Earth is not science at all, it's pseudoscience. People make arguments that sound scientific, but don't follow the scientific method, are not repeatable, or are just plain lies.
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  81. we've known for 2500 years that it isn't. We continue to prove it every day.
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  82. We have millions of actual photos of Earth from space, and from high altitude. "that guy that creates the images" did not say there are no photos. He was talking about ONE specific image: Blue Marble 2002, which was created by tiling thousands of satellite photos together. This was done to get a high-resolution image of the entire planet. Photos from 10 km altitude show Earth's curvature. This is reachable for amateurs, using either balloons (see MAGE II) or rockets (e.g. Kip Daugirdas). Observations from the ISS show Earth's curvature. The ISS is too low to see the entire planet, but it is high enough to see the curvature. Astronauts on the ISS have taken millions of photos, all freely available. A few more sources of photos of Earth from space: - Geostationary weather satellites (GOES, Meteosat, Himawari) take images of the entire hemisphere. - DSCOVR is at a distance of 1.5 million km and takes photos of Earth and the Moon. - Low-orbit satellites take photos of smaller areas in high resolution.
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  83.  @marxman00  Those NASA photos (and JAXA, and NOAA, and Meteosat, etc.) show that Earth is oblate: you can measure the equatorial and polar diameters in those photos and find that they differ by 0.3%.
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  84. He didn't mention that because it's not true. Flat Earthers like to lie about that, and the 'evidence' they present consists of videos that zoom in on small boats that have *not yet gone over the horizon*. Try zooming in on a large ship. Or on the sun, after sunset. No amount of zooming in will bring it back into view.
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  85. Basic observations that show we live on a sphere. 1. the existence of a horizon. 2. when we measure the surface (geodetic survey) we always find that it is curved, not flat. 3. Earth's shadow is a circle, this is visible during lunar eclipses. 4. the way the elevation of the stars changes with latitude.
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  86. Here's some proof: 1. we can measure the 3D position of points on Earth's surface (geodetic survey). When we do that, we always find those points are on a spherical surface, not a flat surface. 2. we can take a photo of the horizon, and downscale it on the horizontal axis. This shows that the horizon is not a straight line but a curve. 3. From high altitude, this curvature becomes visible to the naked eye. 4. We can fly around the world in any direction, including over the poles, and end up where we started. This is only possible on a sphere.
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  87. the human eye cannot see Earth's curvature directly when standing at sea level: you don't see any curve in the horizon, because the horizon curves by a smaller amount than you ca ndetect. That doesn't mean there is no curvature.
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  88.  @elvispresley5921  There are no flat spots on Earth, and neither are there concave spots. Earth is convex everywhere, and has the same radius of curvature everywhere.
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  89. So instead of following the evidence, you decided that your feelings about one person are more important?
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  90.  @KaitlynAmick  A difference of only 0.3% is NOT VISIBLE to the naked eye. You can, however, verify that the difference is there by measuring the photo.
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  91.  @VigilantX-TikTok  No, NASA has created a few images (e.g. Blue Marble 2004), which are thousands of satellite photos pieced together. This does not make them CGI images, any more than a panorama you shoot with your phone is CGI. In addition to Blue Marble, we have literally millions of single-frame photos of Earth, starting with the photos made by the Apollo crews. Since then, every manned mission has carried cameras to orbit. Weather satellites take photos of the whole hemisphere every 10 minutes. Low-altitude satellites like Landsat, SPOT and Maxar take photos of the whole surface every few weeks.
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  92.  @VigilantX-TikTok  We know satellites are not carried by balloons, they are in space. We know this because we can measure the speed and altitude of a satellite from the ground, and we find values that are completely impossible to achieve for a balloon: 8 km/s and more than 400 km, all the way up to 36,000 km for geostationary satellites.
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  93. Every time we measure the surface of our planet, we find that it is curved, not flat. The first to realize Earth is a sphere were the ancient Greeks, who predate NASA by 2500 years. The evidence is inescapable: Earth is a sphere. That means the texts in the Bible that seem to say Earth is flat cannot be taken literally, but must be poetry.
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  94.  @rphb5870  Proofs that Earth rotates: 1. Foucault's pendulum. The pendulum precesses, due to Earth's rotation. 2. The weight of an object changes with latitude: it weighs less on the equator than at higher latitudes. 3. Observation of Earth from a fixed reference point (the L1 Lagrange point) confirms that Earth rotates.
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  95.  @rphb5870  Proof that Earth orbits the Sun: 1. The nearby stars seem to move relative to the background stars, and this movement repeats in sync with our year. This indicates that Earth moves around the Sun. 2. Venus has a full set of phases, which indicates it orbits the Sun instead of orbiting us. 3. Doppler shift in the light of nearby stars also changes in sync with our year.
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  96. Speech is free, but spreading nonsense has a cost to society. Luckily, because speech is free, we can counter that nonsense.
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  97. On a 5 mile long suspension bridge, the tops of the towers are farther apart than the bottom. Lakes have a horizon at 5 km, just like the ocean, showing that lakes, like oceans, are curved.
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  98.  @NinjaGaiden-z7t  The only "evidence" is misleading flat-Earther videos zooming in on a boat in front of the horizon. In reality, on a flat Earth there would not be a horizon at all. Simple experiments anyone can do confirm Earth is not flat, but curved.
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  99. Once you're conned into the false idea that Earth is flat, the concept of the globe becomes so absurd that you'll chuckle at the thought of ever having believed in it. This despite all of the evidence that proves Earth is a sphere.
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  100. Nope, contrails are curved, just like the surface.
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  101. Anyone can measure Earth's surface. You will find that it is curved, not flat. Anyone can see satellites in the sky, and measure their speed and altitude. You will see that they are in space, not in our atmosphere. This proves space is real.
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  102. Much better evidence than is given in this video is easily available. People who think Earth is flat don't look at any evidence.
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  103.  @kpec3  'Earth is a spheroid' firmly remains a fact. We have proven the shape of Earth again and again. The evidence is incontrovertible. This evidence is accessible to anyone: simple experiments prove that Earth is a spheroid. Every bit of "evidence" presented by flat-Earthers turns out to be misleading. Videos that claim you can bring a ship that's gone over the horizon back into view, for instance: every single video that claims this, does not bring a ship that's gone over the horizon back into view, it zooms in on small boats that are (clearly visible in the video) in front of the horizon.
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  104. When that ship actually goes over the horizon, it is gradually hidden from the bottom up. Binoculars or a telescope fail to bring the hidden part back into view. What flat-Earthers like to do is look at a small boat that has not gone over the horizon yet, but is small enough not to be easily visible to the naked eye or the zoomed-out camera view. Then they zoom in "bringing it back into view".
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  105. We know Earth is not flat. A flat plane does not have a horizon.
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  106. Go to a sea shore, and watch a large ship move away from you. Watch as it goes over the horizon, and is progressively hidden from the bottom up. The obstacle that's getting in between you and the ship is Earth's curvature.
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  107. anyone can use simple experiments to find Earth's shape. All those have the same result: Earth is spherical, not flat. Nobody is in a position to gatekeep this.
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  108. Every time we measure the surface of our planet, the result is that it is curved, not flat.
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  109. ​ @Digdeepstill  Simple measurements show Earth's surface is curved. Everything else follows from that data.
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  110. Neil was right: Earth is pear-shaped. But his choice of words is poor: Earth does not look like a pear. Earth is a sphere that has been slightly squashed: the diameter at the equator is 0.3% larger than the diameter over the poles. And below the equator, there's a slightly larger bulge than above it.  This is visible in high-resolution photos. Satellites like GOES and Himawari take photos with enough resolution that you can measure this difference. 0.3% is too small a difference to see with the naked eye.
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  111.  @BoBwikCruz  it won't make a difference whether you look at a high-res photo or at the original: the human eye and brain are not good enough at measuring distances to see Earth's deviation from being spherical. Jupiter is 20 times as oblate as Earth, and this is on the lower edge of what we can see with naked eye.
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  112. The ancient Greeks proved that Earth is a sphere, 2500 years ago. Observation of a ship going over the horizon proves that Earth's surface is curved. The shadow of Earth (as seen during a lunar eclipse) is a circle, which is only possible if Earth is a sphere. The change in the zenith angle of the sun between places at different latitudes allows you to calculate Earth's diameter.
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  113. Retarded is believing Earth is flat when all of the evidence says it isn't.
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  114. Anyone can do a geodetic survey and prove that Earth's surface is curved, not flat. Collectively, we've done enough surveys to know that the curvature is the same everywhere, and the only shape that has the same curvature everywhere is a sphere. NASA's photos of Earth from space confirm what we've known for 2500 years.
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  115. Anyone can do simple experiments to find the shape of our planet. All those experiments have the same result: Earth's surface is curved, not flat.
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  116. Anyone can do a simple geodetic survey and see Earth's curvature for themselves. all of the evidence shows that Earth is a sphere.
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  117. Every flat Earth argument can and has been debunked. There is no actual science that leads to the conclusion that Earth is flat.
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  118. Anyone can measure a section of Earth's surface, and find that it is not flat, but curved. "Perspective, Density, Flight paths and simple Mathematics" - every flat-Earth claim that uses these terms is committing pseudoscience. They use scientific-sounding words in an effort to fool you into thinking the speaker is smart and knows what he's talking about, but the claims they make never hold up. Density, for instance, does not do anything on its own. Only when you place objects of different density in a gravitational field does that difference in density produce a force. Flerfs claim that 'density' can replace gravity as the explanation for why objects have weight, but in reality it can't.
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  119. Number of lies NASA has told us since its inception: 0.
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  120. 10,000 successful satellite launches prove you wrong.
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  121. Anyone can do simple experiments that demonstrate that Earth is a rotating sphere.
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  122. God created the Earth to work in accordance with physical laws we can discern. He did not make a magical realm that lies to us at every turn. When we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved, not flat. We can measure Earth's rotation as well. This is not some vague assumption, this is hard data anyone can gather.
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  123. No, there is no evidence that shows Earth is flat. All of the data shows Earth is a sphere. A ship going over the horizon follows a curved path. From an airliner you can see the curvature with the naked eye.
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  124. No, that's not what happens. Watch a large ship move away from you, and you will see that at a distance of 5 km the lower part of its hull starts to be hidden by the water. As it moves away, more of the ship gets hidden by the water. Switching to binoculars or a telescope will not bring the hidden part of the ship back into view. Every video that claims you can bring boats back into view using binoculars tricks you by looking at a small boat in front of the horizon. What can bring the ship back into view is moving to a higher elevation. This does not reduce your distance to the ship, proving that the ship going out of view is not due to any "limited resolution" of the human eye.
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  125.  @James-zp5po  Using a telescope does not bring a ship that has gone over the horizon back into view. All it can do is show more details on the parts of the ship that were visible already. Every video that claims you can bring a ship that has gone over the horizon back into view is misinformation: they are actually zooming in on small boats that have not gone over the horizon yet.
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  126.  @James-zp5po  No, the stars do not stay in the same place. For the ancient Egyptians, the star Thuban was the North Star. Back then, it was closer to Earth's axis of rotation than Polaris. In 2 thousand years, we will use Errai as the North Star. The fastest-moving star we can see has moved 1º since it was discovered 100 years ago.
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  127. We have a dozen different methods for determining what shape our planet is. This includes direct measurement of the shape of Earth's surface (geodetic surveying), simple observations (if Earth were flat, the horizon would not look like it does on our planet), photos from high altitude (taking care to use a lens that does not distort the image), photos from space, spaceflight itself, etc. All of these tell us the same thing: Earth is a sphere with a diameter of about 12700 km. There is no evidence that Earth is any other shape. Anyone who claims Earth is any other shape does this based on either bad data (flawed experiments like your claims that a P900 will allow you to view objects beyond the horizon) or based on no data at all.
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  128. No. One side produces actual arguments supported by evidence, that can be verified by simple experiments. The other side produces arguments that are based on them hoping you won't notice the holes in those arguments, i.e. disinformation. These arguments are not supported by evidence. Every time we test these claims, the test shows the claim is false.
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  129. I can see the moon, at 380,000 km. I can see Saturn, at more than a billion km. As long as the object you're looking at it large enough, there is no distance limit to your vision. Mountains are big enough to be visible at more than 56 miles.
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  130. Every time a ship goes over the horizon, you are witnessing Earth's curvature.
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  131. We have been proving Earth is a sphere for 2500 years. In all that time, not a single piece of evidence has been found that shows Earth is any shape other than an oblate sphere. Every day we measure Earth's surface using geodetic survey. Every survey we've ever done shows that Earth's surface is curved.
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  132. Look at a ship going over the horizon. It follows a curved path: that's Earth's curvature.
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  133. No, objects disappearing behind the horizon has nothing to do with perspective. Perspective (or rather, the resolution limit of the human eye) causes objects to disappear from view when their angular size becomes too small for the eye to resolve. For small objects, this is much closer than the horizon. A mouse is invisible at 100 meters. A large ship remains easily visible at 5 km (the distance to the horizon). Even with the naked eye we can see that when such a ship goes over the horizon, it gets progressively hidden from the bottom up. The fact that the top of the ship remains visible proves that the ship is not disappearing due to a lack of resolution of the eye. We can aim a telescope at the ship, and see that the lower part of the ship remains hidden. We can reveal the lower part by moving to a higher elevation, again proving that that part was not hidden due to any limitation of our eyesight, but it was hidden behind a physical obstacle: a 'hill' of water between us and the ship. That hill is Earth's curvature.
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  134.  @VigilantX-TikTok  We know what's beneath the surface because we invented a method for learning about the ground below us that does not require digging: it's called seismology.
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  135.  @hannesswart4827  Flat-Earthers like to make misleading videos where they zoom in on a small boat that is in front of the horizon. This is easy to see in those videos: you can see water behind the boat. This is what a real test of the horizon looks like: 1. follow a large ship. The bigger, the better. 2. once it starts going over the horizon, you will see that it gets hidden from the bottom up. 3. When the ship is at the point where the hull is hidden, but the superstructure remains visible, zoom in. You will not be able to make the hull visible, no matter how much you zoom in. This demonstrates that the horizon is a real, physical obstacle in front of the ship.
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  136.  @hannesswart4827  That is incorrect. Many videos are available that show what I described. The one video that shows a ship 'floating' demonstrates a mirage.
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  137. It's no kind of wifi. It's a custom-built system that uses huge antennas to receive those very weak signals.
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  138. Water does curve. we can measure this by doing a geodetic survey along the bank of e.g. a canal. The canal curves, just like the ground next to it. Once a ship has gone over the horizon, no amount of zooming in will bring it back into view. Every video that claims to show this, actually zooms in on small boats in front of the horizon, i.e. those videos deliberately mislead you.
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  139. Their statements can be verified through simple experiments. We've known Earth was a sphere for milennia before the Freemason organization was founded.
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  140. Neil deGrasse Tyson has a doctorate in astrophysics. Nye has a bachelor's degree and has practiced and taught science for decades. That makes them scientists.
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  141. Actual scientists. Tyson and Thaller have doctorates, Nye is an engineer who has been a practicioner of science for decades. And attacking their credentials isn't going to help: their claims can be, and have been, verified by thousands through the ages. Anyone can use simple experiments to find out Earth's shape.
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  142. Anyone who looks at the moon through a telescope will conclude it's a sphere. Craters in the center are round, craters near the limb are distorted in a way that suggests we're looking at them side-on, which means they are on a spherical surface.
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  143. We have ten different ways to prove Earth is a sphere, and none of them require a fisheye lens. We can measure Earth's surface directly, and we always find that it is curved.
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  144.  @dandobrowolski5818  A scientist doesn't have to break new ground or make any discoveries. All that matters is that you follow the scientific method. Even if that's in the form of repeating old, well-known experiments for a TV show.
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  145.  @dandobrowolski5818  The Science Council defines a scientist as “someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, to make hypotheses and test them, to gain and share understanding and knowledge.” Note the word 'share'. Sharing knowledge is part of being a scientist. Nye didn't just read a script others wrote. He was involved in designing the experiments he showed on TV.
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  146. Look up tonight: you'll see satellites pass overhead. With simple tools, you can measure their altitude and speed. This confirms that they are in space and in orbit, proving that space is real.
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  147. Every year, thousands of people visit the South Pole.
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  148. Take a look at the moon, through a telescope. In the middle, the craters are all round. Near the edges, they appear distorted because we are looking at them from the side. This demonstrates that the Moon is a sphere. A little farther away, look at Jupiter. It's large enough that you can see stripes along its surface. Its big red spot is also visible through a decent telescope. Observe Jupiter for a few hours, and you can see it rotate. Observe it for a few days, and you can see the same features rotate past every 16 hours, demonstrating that it is a sphere. Look at Saturn. Its rings are a circle around the planet.
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  149.  @kid8605  Water around the South Pole isn't upside down. Up and down are directions set by gravity: Down is always towards the center of the planet. Every time you look at a ship going over the horizon, you are witnessing Earth's curvature. Anyone can measure Earth's curvature. Anyone can measure Earth's rotation using e.g. a Foucault pendulum.
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  150. Every time you let go of an object, it drops to the ground. This is a demonstration of gravity in action.
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  151. We can easily confirm satellites are real: you can see them in the night sky, even with the naked eye. We can triangulate their altitude, and fin they're at 400 km and higher. We can measure their speed, we find they're at 8 km/s which means they are in orbit. We can confirm the same satellites stay in space for decades, which means they do not need engines to stay there. We can also easily confirm Earth is not a plane. Wherever we go, the horizon is at the same distance, which proves the surface is curved at a constant radius. A geodetic survey allows us to measure this radius, and we always find the same values: 6370 km.
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  152. Everybody for the last 2500 years has known the shape of the Earth.
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  153.  @timg6176  There is nothing to hide. Actual Hebrew dictionaries, and sources like Strong's concordance, agree with what I wrote before.
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  154. Let's look at one of those manuals you claim state the Earth is flat. "In this summary, we want to describe the flight dynamics with equations. This is, however, very difficult. To simplify it a bit, we have to make some simplifying assumptions. We assume that . . . • There is a flat Earth. (The Earth’s curvature is zero.) • There is a non-rotating Earth. (No Coriolis accelerations and such are present.) • The aircraft has constant mass. • The aircraft is a rigid body. • The aircraft is symmetric. • There are no rotating masses, like turbines. (Gyroscopic effects can be ignored.) • There is constant wind. (So we ignore turbulence and gusts.)" The document tells you why this assumption is made: to simplify the math involved. This introduces inaccuracies, and the text describes some of them. For the purposes of this document, it's close enough to be usable. For other purposes, ignoring these inaccuracies will cause you to crash. Let's look at some of those inaccuracies in more detail: There is a flat Earth. - this allows you to model a flight path as a straight line, instead of a curved path. It removes variables from the math. The aircraft has constant mass. - again, simplifying the math by removing a variable. This is unrealistic, because every aircraft with an engine has a mass that changes during the flight as fuel is used up. The aircraft is a rigid body. - again, simplifying the math by removing variables. Real aircraft aren't rigid. The control surfaces move, and the entire wing flexes in flight. There's a whole category of accidents that happen due to unwanted movement of the wing ('flutter' - rapid oscillations of part of the wing that can cause parts of the wing to break off). There are no rotating masses: again, this implies that the aircraft has no engines. This approach is common in physics. A realistic model is very complicated, and that complication can get in the way of teaching how things work. So we model one variable at a time. In high-school physics, for instance, we study how objects move by ignoring variables like wind resistance and friction. We model collisions as "perfectly elastic" or "perfectly inelastic" when all real-world collisions are in between those two extremes.
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  155. What the astronauts see when they look out the window is easy to find. NASA has a Flickr channel with hundreds of thousands of photos taken by astronauts.
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  156. Among those single-frame photos, the latest GOES and Himawari images show the whole hemisphere with a resolution of 12000x12000 pixels, more than enough to measure Earth's oblateness. You can do a visual comparison too: Take a GOES image. Duplicate it. Cut one image along the equator and one along the line from pole to pole. Fit the two half-images together, and you'll see that the equator is longer than the pole-to-pole line.
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  157. Seemingly-flat land actually follows Earth's curvature. Those flat areas still have a horizon (which is caused by Earth's curvature). 'Flat' in this context means that the elevation (i.e. the height above the geoid) does not change.
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  158. Anyone can do simple experiments that show Earth's surface is curved, not flat. It's pretty sad that you fell so hard for a con that you're now clinging to it for dear life.
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  159. We can prove Earth is not flat, but spherical. We can prove it moves around the sun. We can prove there is no dome anywhere.
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  160.  @rphb5870  Proofs the Earth is not flat, but curved: 1. We can measure the surface directly using a geodetic survey. Every survey we've ever done (and we do thousands every year, all over the world) shows that Earth's surface is curve. Anyone can do this using simple tools. 2. Observation of a ship going over the horizon proves that Earth cannot be flat. As a ship goes over the horizon, it is progressively hidden from the bottom up. This cannot happen on a flat Earth, but can happen if the surface is curved. There's more where that came from, but these are easy to understand, and can be verified by anyone.
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  161.  @rphb5870  Unfortunately, there are people who seriously think Earth is flat. Your joke is indistinguishable from their belief.
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  162. Dubay is incapable of obliterating anything. His arguments are not based on solid reasoning or observable evidence. He remains incapable of producing one single piece of evidence that shows Earth is flat. That's because no such evidence exists: every time we examine the shape of our planet, we find that it is curved, not flat.
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  163. The laws of physics include GRAVITY, which causes water to curve along with everything else. Water is never flat, it's always curved.
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  164. 1. No, the human eye is not limited in scope. When we observe the horizon, it is easy to prove that the horizon is not caused by any 'limit in scope' of the human eye. Follow a large ship as it approaches the horizon. The larger the better. When it goes over the horizon, the ship starts to disappear from the bottom up. There will be a point at which the hull is hidden, but the superstructure remains visible. This observation proves that the hull is not hidden by a 'limit to our vision', but by a physical obstacle in between you and the ship. You can bring the hull back into view by going to a higher elevation, again confirming that the hull was hidden by a physical obstacle. What you cannot do, is bring the hull back into view by zooming in. Flerf videos that claim to do this always cheat by looking at a small boat that has not gone over the horizon yet.
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  165. . Countless people have photographed Earth's curvature using lenses that do not have barrel distortion
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  166.  @BlueDragonAkira  There is one person who claims the technology was destroyed. He is _wrong_. Tons of design data remains available in public archives.
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  167.  @BlueDragonAkira  I have looked through the lens of a telescope and found that it did not make the part of the ship that is hidden by the horizon visible, as I've already explained to you. Every single flat-Earth video that claims to do this is lying to you.
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  168. Every single one of those "proofs" have been debunked. Earth remains a sphere. The simplest proof of Earth's shape is just measuring how the elevation of a flat piece of land changes: every time we do this (using a geodetic survey) we find that the land is curved, not flat.
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  169. There is no limit to how far we can see. The only limit is angular resolution: the smallest angle between two objects at which we can still see them as two objects. Anything closer together than that angle appears to us as a single object. So the larger an object is, the farther away it can be and still be visible.
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  170. Everything goes over a curve. When a ship is at a distance of 5 km, it starts to be hidden from view, from the bottom up. There is a point at which the hull is completely hidden, but the superstructure remains visible. This demonstrates that there is a physical obstacle between the observer and the ship, and that obstacle is Earth's curvature. If you went outside and looked at the horizon, you'd know this.
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  171.  @NinjaGaiden-z7t  I'm telling the truth, plain and simple. I did the experiment myself, and I've examined videos that claim they can zoom in on a ship beyond the horizon. Every single video that claims this, shows a small boat that clearly has not gone over the horizon yet. i.e. it makes a false claim. This is the correct way to do the experiment: 1. Choose a large ship as your target. The bigger, the better. 2. Follow it as it goes over the horizon. The ship will be progressively hidden, from the bottom up. 3. When the hull is hidden, but the superstructure is visible, zoom in as much as you want. See if the hull comes back into view. Alternatively, you can try watching a sunset, and then try to zoom in on the sun after it has set. See if you can bring it back into view. Use a solar filter so you won't damage your camera.
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  172.  @carlbarnard1671  That is incorrect. All true tests show curvature. Geodetic surveys measure Earth's curvature directly. Ships go over the horizon and are progressively hidden, which would be impossible on a flat plane. Dubay and his fellow flerfs give you dishonest "tests" that ignore things like atmospheric refraction, which causes light to bend along Earth's surface.
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  173.  @jamaldeep13  Your "the two guys above me" comment was probably meant for two comments that have now disappeared, and Mark's first comment in the thread is now the comment above yours.
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  174. We have not one or two, but more than ten independent lines of evidence that all lead to the same conclusion: Earth is a sphere. This is science: we have observed Earth is a sphere. We have done experiments that demonstrate Earth is a sphere. Claims that Earth is any other shape are never backed up with evidence, just bad arguments, THAT is pseudoscience.
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  175.  @kpec3  No, they are not. I've examined all of the flat Earth claims, and none of them turn out to be valid.
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  176.  @kpec3  And you're wrong again. Lasers, like all light, are subject to atmospheric refraction. It's not difficult to prove this either.
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  177.  @kpec3  I know laser light is curved, because we have done extensive experiments that prove it does curve, just like all light.
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  178. Earth is a sphere, just like all the other planets.
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  179. Things changing due to new evidence is a prime example of science behaving as it should. When we had found only 9 planets, it made sense to classify Pluto as a planet. Now that we have found thousands of objects in Pluto's region, we decided to improve classification of solar system objects again
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  180. Incorrect. Farther is the correct word to use when talking about distances.
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  181. He may not have a doctorate, but he has been practicing and teaching science for decades.
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  182.  @thatsnice99  An engineer who practices science.
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  183.  @brettdalling5702  I've seen Earth's curvature. I've measured its diameter.
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  184.  @brettdalling5702  The horizon is at 5 km. That's the distance at which ships start being hidden from the bottom up. I regularly take a ferry across the English Channel, and it's really cool to see ships and e.g. the cliffs of Dover disappear this way. But we can also see Earth's curvature more directly than that. Straight roads over salt flats, and dikes across lakes are noticeably curved. Check out "Causeway Ijsselmeer The Netherlands - Earth's Curvature".
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  185. Dozens of people have flown aircraft over the South Pole, crossing the entire continent of Antarctica. None found any ice wall. All were able to land at their destination, after they planned their flight using the globe model. If Earth were not a sphere, they'd have run out of fuel and crashed.
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  186.  @James-zp5po  That's the nice thing about science: it's all verifiable. Simple experiments anyone can do prove that Earth is a sphere with a diameter of 12700 km. Simple experiments prove that Earth rotates. Proving that the stars move takes a telescope, a camera and some patience.
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  187. Eric Dubay has no actual evidence. All he has is fraudulent claims that are easily debunked. People have done this, e.g. for every single one of his "200 proofs that Earth is flat".
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  188. The first people who concluded Earth is a sphere are the ancient Greeks. They figured this out in 500 BC, using nothing more than observations you can do with the naked eye. In 250 BC, they did an experiment that allowed them to figure out how large Earth is, and came within 10% of the correct value. Since then, we have proven Earth is a sphere thousands of time, with simple measurements made here on Earth. NASA giving us a view of Earth from space is just icing on the cake, confirming what we've known for 2500 years.
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  189. No, it won't. Once a ship has gone over the horizon, no amount of zooming in will bring it back into view. Flerfs like to lie about this by making videos that zoom in on small boats that have not gone over the horizon yet.
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  190.  @ItzzNoobmaster  No, in the 5th century BC, scientists in ancient Greece realized that Earth cannot be flat: the behavior of the horizon shows that Earth's surface had to be curved, and the shape of Earth's shadow (as seen during a lunar eclipse) shows that Earth has to be a sphere. By 250 BC, Eratosthenes had found a way to measure Earth's diameter, and he got a value that's within 10% of the currently known value. Since then, we found a dozen different methods to check their work. And we get the same result every time: Earth is an oblate spheroid. Anyone who claims Earth is flat is doing so despite having no evidence that shows Earth is flat.
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  191.  @ItzzNoobmaster  Earth is an oblate spheroid. All of the evidence shows this. Between the 5th century BC and about 1700 AD, we thought Earth was a sphere. Newton was the first to hypothesize that Earth should be an oblate spheroid: its rotation creates a centrifugal force that makes the equatorial diameter larger than its polar diameter. For centuries, we've been able to measure Earth's curvature directly using a geodetic survey. By the 1800s, those measurements were accurate enough to measure not just Earth's diameter, but also its oblateness (i.e. the difference between Earth's equatorial diameter and its polar diameter, which is about 30 km), confirming Newton's hypothesis.
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  192. Male and female are more complicated than you think. Earth's shape is not: simple observations and experiments allow anyone to find out what the shape of our planet is.
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  193. Gatekeeping the shape of our planet is impossible. Anyone can do simple experiments that show what shape our planet is. Every time we do this, we get the same result: Earth is a sphere.
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  194. Our eyes can't measure distances. However, we can use visual cues to determine the shape of an object. Take the moon for instance: the craters in the middle are circles, but the ones near the edge are distorted in a way that indicates we're looking at them side-on. So we can see that the moon is a sphere. Venus doesn't offer enough visual cues to do this. Jupiter does, if we use a decent telescope: we can see it rotate, we can see cloud bands. So does Saturn (its rings).
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  195.  @matthewbarker4109  Are you going to address what I told you, or are you going to ignore that information and continue to claim we have to "trust the government"?
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  196. The Bible speaks of the "four corners of the Earth". Does that mean Earth is a rectangle? No. It means that that phrase is a metaphor. Simple experiments anyone can do show that Earth is not flat, and not stationary. God gave us the intelligence to examine our world and learn how it works.
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  197.  @jameseves9209  Just from what you're telling me, I can see you are using an incorrect method for calculating how far below Earth's curvature those people should be. Standing on the shore, only 4 ft is hidden. When your head is 15 ft above the waterline, those swimmers are visible in average atmospheric conditions.
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  198.  @jameseves9209  I live near a place that has a long- straight dike crossing large lake. When I stand next to that dike, I can see it has a vertical curve. If Earth were flat, that dike would be flat too. For centuries, sailors navigated by measuring the elevation angle of the stars, This only works on a spherical Earth. When a ship goes over the horizon, it is progressively hidden from the bottom up. When that happens, I can bring the ship back into view by moving to a higher elevation. I cannot bring it back into view by zooming in. This proves that the horizon is a physical obstacle between the observer and the ship. Photos from high altitude show Earth's curvature. Photos from space show that Earth is a sphere. We can circumnavigate the globe along the equator and over the poles, proving again that Earth is a sphere. So we have many different methods to determine Earth's shape, and they all tell us the same: Earth is a sphere.
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  199. Tyson and Thaller have doctorates (not honorary) in astrophysics. Nye has been practicing and teaching science and the scientific method for decades. That's what makes him a scientist.
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  200. Experiments that support Earth's curvature and rotation: 1. The ancient Greeks were able to work out that Earth cannot be flat, by observing the horizon. Ships moving away disappear over the horizon and are progressively hidden from the bottom up. When you look at the same ship from two places, one at sea level, the other on top of a tower or cliff, the person at sea level will see the ship disappear first. This can only happen if there is a physical obstacle between the observer and the ship. The only explanation that works is that Earth is a sphere. 2. They observed the shape of Earth's shadow during an eclipse: it's a circle segment. This happens for all lunar eclipses, no matter which part of Earth is in daylight. The only shape that produces a circular shadow in any orientation is a sphere. 3. In 250 BC, Eratosthenes calculated the diameter of Earth, by measuring the elevation of the sun at noon in two cities a known distance apart. His value is within 2% of the currently known value. 4. When more accurate instruments became available for measuring elevation angles, we started using them for navigation, We found that those elevation angles accurately predicted where on Earth you are (latitude). This only works on a sphere. 5. Photos from high altitude show Earth's curvature. 6. Our weight varies with latitude, which indicates our planet rotates.  7. A pendulum precesses, which again indicates our planet rotates. 8. Anyone can verify that the horizon is curved. 9. We can measure the curvature directly using a geodetic survey. 10. Spherical excess: when we measure a triangle on Earth's surface, the sum of the angles is greater than 180º, which shows the triangle is not on a flat plane but on a spherical surface.
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  201. Four elephants standing on the back of a giant turtle.
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  202. When a ship goes over the horizon and I can't see any more, I can go to the top of a nearby tower and bring the ship back into view. The distance to the ship has gotten larger, and yet I am able to see it. This experiment proves that the horizon is not a limit to our vision, but a physical obstacle between us and the ship.
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  203.  @James-zp5po  People have been flying around the world for decades. The first to do a flight around the world via both poles was the Rockwell Polar Flight in the 1960s. They found no ice wall. Every year, thousands of people visit the actual South Pole. None ever find an ice wall. Every year, there's a sailing race around Antarctica. They have to do a full lap around the continent, and none of them ever have to sail for 60 thousand miles.
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  204.  @James-zp5po  Go to the nearest large body of water and watch ships go over the horizon. This only happens on a sphere. Find a nearby surveyor and ask him to show you how he does a geodetic survey. He'll show you how to measure the curvature of Earth's surface. These are experiments anyone can do.
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  205.  @James-zp5po  So it's not just the shape of our planet you deny, you deny all sorts of reality. I have given you experiments that anyone can do that prove Earth is a sphere. No trip to the South Pole necessary.
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  206.  @James-zp5po  Einstein "proved" no such thing. Einstein, like all scientists since Foucault, accepted the evidence that proves Earth rotates and orbits the Sun.
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  207.  @James-zp5po  In 1851, Foucault's pendulum was the first to demonstrate that Earth rotates. A gyroscope shows this as well: Both stay in the same invariant plane while Earth rotates underneath them. You can weigh an object at different latitudes: the weight will be different, because the centrifugal force due to Earth's rotation pulls the object away from Earth, this centrifugal force changes with latitude. You are lying about Einstein: at no point did Einstein claim Earth is motionless. Simple measurements prove that the Sun is at 150 million km, the Moon at 380,000 km, not 3000 miles. Again, we have several different methods to prove this beyond any doubt.
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  208.  @James-zp5po  The centrifugal acceleration due to Earth's rotation is 0.03 m/s2, compared to the 9.81 m/s2 downward acceleration of gravity. I'e' the centrifugal force is 1/300 the gravitational force.
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  209.  @James-zp5po  Everything I've said can be confirmed by simple experiments. And has been confirmed over and over again by people doing those experiments and many others. We have a dozen different ways to determine Earth's shape, for instance.
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  210. People are kept uneducated so they'll believe Earth is flat? Who would benefit from that?
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  211. Anyone who practices science is a scientist. Nye has been practicing science for decades.
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  212. It's pretty easy to confirm Earth is exactly the size we are told. We can fly around the world over the equator and get back where we started after 40,000 km. Measuring the change in elevation of the stars with latitude gives us the same result: Earth's circumference is 40,000 km. We know Antarctica is not larger than we are told: there's an annual sailing race around Antarctica, and those ships travel the distance that is predicted by a 40,000 km sphere.
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  213. When you look at the planets, you can see they are spheres. No water anywhere in sight. Look at Jupiter: you can see its cloud bands. Look at it for a few hours, and you can see it rotate. Look at Saturn: its rings are clearly circles around the planet. There is no firmament anywhere above us: anyone can measure the distance to the moon, the sun and the nearby planets, and find they are all at different distances, which means they are not projected on any sphere, but real objects in real space.
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  214.  @VigilantX-TikTok  Go to the Planetary Data System, and look at the millions of images made by spacecraft at every planet. Go find amateur astronomers who have photographed every planet in the solar system. There is no water anywhere above us other than the clouds in the sky.
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  215.  @VigilantX-TikTok  Dubay claims a sunset is caused by "perspective" as the sun moves farther away. It's easy to see that this claim is false. If the Sun were moving away from us until we could not see it any more, it would get smaller as it got closer to the horizon. In the real world, the sun stays the same size. "perspective" also cannot explain why the sun crosses the horizon. If the sun were moving away from us until we could not see it any more, we'd be able to bring it back into view by observing it with a telescope after sunset. In reality, we can zoom all we want, but the sun does not come back into view.
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  216.  @GigaBit-i2j  Humankind is perfectly capable of working on more than one issue at a time. Biology and psychology are independent enough of physics and astrophysics that we can proceed with one without having all the answers in the other area.
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  217.  @GigaBit-i2j  That answer does not fit in a YT comment. As I said, it's more complicated than you think. - can give birth? There are infertile women, so that criteria is not usable. - XX chromosome? there are women who have XY. Can't use that either. - external appearance? Many variations exist. and that's just the biology. Add psychology (gender dysphoria, etc.) and it gets more complex still.
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  218.  @GigaBit-i2j  I know several women who don't menstruate. Does that make them not-women? You're just demonstrating my point.
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  219. We have a dozen different ways to establish Earth's sphere, most of which do not rely on how far we can see. The simplest method is a geodetic survey, which measures Earth's surface directly.
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  220. 12 people have walked on the moon.
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  221. Everything they said is easily verifiable truth.
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  222.  @MythsandReality4  how can Earth be flat when every measurement and observation we do says it isn't?
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  223. 2001's special effects are laughably bad. He was unable to recreate the 1/6 g gravity of the moon, just like every filmmaker even today. The Apollo videos show perfect 1/6 g gravity, along with other indications that prove those videos were made on the moon, not on Earth.
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  224. He was referring to the fact that we're not able to create a self-sufficient colony on another planet yet. He did not say it's impossible for a spacecraft to leave Earth: hundreds have done that.
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  225.  @lakebreeze9016  We have independent confirmation that spacecraft have left Earth. Amateur astronomers were able to follow the Apollo spacecraft on their way to the moon. Radio amateurs could receive Apollo transmissions, confirming that those transmissions came from the Moon. Recently, radio amateurs have done the same with transmissions from spacecraft orbiting Mars. With a laser and a telescope, I can ping the laser reflectors left on the Moon. Every day, meteoroids from space enter Earth's atmosphere. Most burn up in the atmosphere, some make it to the ground. This proves that stuff comes in, as well.
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  226. Look at the moon. The craters in the middle are all circular. The ones near the edge are ovals, which indicates we're not looking at those at the same angle: we're looking at them side-on. Look at the terminator (the day/night line on the moon) and how it changes with the moon's phase: it matches the terminator on a sphere, and not the terminator on a flat plane. In al the years since NASA's inception, nobody has presented actual evidence that NASA has lied about anything. Sure, flerfs claim that NASA lies, but none of their arguments hold up to examination. We can measure the surface of our planet, and every time we do that, we find that it is curved, not flat.
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  227. You have been lied to. A telescope will not bring a ship that has gone over the horizon back into view. Flat-Earthers like to mislead you by filming a small boat that has not gone over the horizon yet, and zooming in on that.
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  228. That is incorrect. Your P900 does not allow you to see things that are hidden by curvature. Aim your camera at a large ship going over the horizon, and watch the ship gradually disappear from the bottom up. You can zoom in all you want, but you will not bring the hidden part of the ship back into view, which indicates that the ship is hidden by a physical obstacle: Earth's curvature. Your overlords like to lie to you by making videos where they take their P900 and zoom in on a small boat in front of the horizon.
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  229. She's talking about the actual ISS you can see in the sky. There is no ISS footage that has bubbles. Flerfs like to claim this, but all they present is video that NASA says is recorded at the underwater training facility, which flerfs then claim "NASA says this video was recorded at the ISS"..
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  230.  @VigilantX-TikTok  We can't resolve the ISS with the naked eye, but we can see it because it reflects a lot of sunlight. Similarly, I can see the light from a lighthouse at distances where the lighthouse itself is not visible.
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  231.  @VigilantX-TikTok  With a telescope, we can see the ISS in enough detail to see that there is no balloon attached to it.
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  232.  @VigilantX-TikTok  Dave McKeegan has done a video where he photographs the ISS through a telescope. There are hours of ISS construction video right here on YT, from every Shuttle mission that carried parts for the ISS. These are not hard to find.
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  233.  @VigilantX-TikTok  In reality, the ISS is in space, not attached to a balloon. Go look up the many videos made by people who have photographed the ISS.
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  234. There is no "info" coming out about flat Earth. There's just disinformation and nonsense. Earth remains a sphere.
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  235. The Moon orbits Earth. For half of every orbit, the Moon and Sun are on the same side of Earth. The Moon's phases are not caused by Earth. The moon is a sphere, so the half of that sphere that faces the sun is lit, while the other half is in the shadow created by the moon itself.
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  236.  @nocturnallust4145  The world's greatest achievement was not "destroyed". The Apollo missions remain real. All of the data they produced are still available. When Apollo 11 achieved the goal of the program (beat the Soviets in the space race), the US reduced NASA funding by 90%, making lunar missions after Apollo 17 impossible. That stayed the case until 2010, when the Space Shuttle program ended and the funding that freed up became available for a new lunar program. At the end of Apollo, the contractors "destroyed" (dismantled and reused) the production facilities for the Saturn V and Apollo spacecraft. That was the moment we could no longer easily get to the moon: we'd ahve to restart Saturn V production or design a new rocket. These are both hugely expensive projects.
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  237. And yet every time we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved, not flat.
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  238. Navigation is very different on a sphere than on a flat plane. Look up Great Circles: the shortest route between two points on a sphere.
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  239. Bill Nye is a science teacher: the taught the scientific method. That he did it in the form of a TV show is irrelevant. Anyone who uses the scientific method, or who teaches the scientific method, is a scientist: someone who practices science.
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  240.  @hannesswart4827  This is geometry: during a lunar eclipse, you have 3 spheres sitting on one line. The sphere in the middle (Earth) has one narrow band where you can see both the Sun and Moon. You can try this yourself with a lamp and two balls.
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  241. Anyone can do simple experiments that show Earth's surface is curved, not flat. God created a world that works on physics we can detect, examine and learn about.
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  242. Private individuals can fly over the South Pole, and confirm there are no ice walls. 10,000 satellites in orbit prove there is no firmament. Simple experiments anyone can de prove that Earth is a rotating sphere.
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  243. Anyone can do simple experiments that prove Earth is not flat. So we can easily verify that they are speaking the truth.
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  244. Polar circumnavigation on the surface was first done by Ranulph Fiennes in 1980. The first aircraft to fly around the world via both poles was the Rockwell Polar Flight in 1965, using a Boeing 707. In recent years it's been done in small single- and twin-engined aircraft, business jets etc.
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  245.  @ajmittendorf  You should look up the meaning of the word 'scientist'. Anyone who practices science is a scientist. Teaching and demonstrating the scientific method is part of that. History is littered with examples of people who had no university degree, but practiced science and made scientific breakthroughs. Everything Nye says can be verified. That's the nice thing about science: it's open to anyone and verifiable. "I don't like what he says" does not mean he is a fraud or a charlatan.
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  246.  @marxman00  You can measure the difference between Earth's polar and equatorial diameters in those photos.
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  247.  @marxman00  you are probably referring to Earthrise. That photo was taken from lunar orbit, not from the surface.
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  248.  @marxman00  That is incorrect. Robert Simmon was talking about one specific image: Blue Marble 2002. This was created by tiling thousands of LEO satellite images together, to get an image of the whole world (not just one hemisphere, as a single frame would limit you to) in far higher resolution than is possible with a camera in geostationary orbit. We have weather satellites in geostationary orbit continuously taking photos of Earth. These are single-frame photos. We've been doing that for decades, and those photos are freely available via NOAA and others.
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  249. The truth is that Earth's surface is curved, not flat.
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  250. He may not have a doctorate (other than the honor degrees), but he has been practicing science for decades. That is the main requirement for a scientist, the degree is just one of several ways to pay for people to practice science.
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  251. Nothing you describe indicates the moon is anything other than a ball of rock orbiting Earth.
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  252.  @WolfeTone17-98  No, the moon is not transparent. This is obvious when you watch a solar eclipse. So what you saw were clouds in front of the moon.
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  253.  @WolfeTone17-98  What you saw was an optical illusion, nothing more. Your observation does not trump the entire history of science.
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  254.  @WolfeTone17-98  Again, any solar eclipse proves that the moon is not transparent. So what you saw cannot possibly have been behind the moon, it was in front of it. You cling to the impossible, stubbornly ignoring all of the evidence we have that proves you wrong.
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  255.  @GINMOONLIGHT  Yes. Watch the video.
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  256.  @luckylarrysinsurancepolicy3310  A sextant doesn't need a base *line*, it needs one point on the horizon.
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  257.  @kid8605  The vaccines ARE safe and effective, as demonstrated by the health of vaccinated people vs the unvaccinated. Scientists don't make empty claims. They make claims based on information. In this case, 20 years of testing mRNA vaccines followed by their use in an actual pandemic. We don't claim Earth is a sphere based on nothing, we base this on observations and measurements that have been checked and verified over and over again. Better yet: several of the methods used to find Earth's shape are available to anyone and require either no tools at all, or stuff most of us already have available. So, what you're doing is not smart. Looking in the opposite direction just based on 'I don't like what they are telling me' instead of looking at the data is, frankly, dumb.
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  258. which part of the video are you referring to?
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  259.  @KaitlynAmick  That "we can't see curvature from 125 kft" video is misleading. They have distorted the image to make the horizon look like a straight line. Others have done the experiment correctly, making sure not to introduce distortion (and proving it by aiming the lens at actually-straight lines). They have demonstrated that Earth's curvature is visible from 10 km altitude.
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  260.  @KaitlynAmick  Every geodetic survey in history has found that Earth's surface is curved, not flat.
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  261. I can look up at the sky and see satellites, proving that space is real.
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  262. No, moonlight is not cooler than shade. You can repeat that measurement on a moonless night, and get the same result. What that experiment actually shows is that objects that are shaded (by obstacles in front of them) cannot radiate heat away as efficiently as unshaded objects.
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  263. Yes, flat-Earthers are liars. All of the evidence shows that Earth is a sphere.
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  264.  @Forbidden33  If you build bridges, you should be familiar with geodetic surveys. Every geodetic survey in history finds that Earth's surface is curved, not flat.
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  265. We have millions of photos of Earth from space. Ever since the first Gemini mission, astronauts have been taking photo cameras to space. Apollo 8 was the first to take photos where the whole Earth is in view. Since then, hundreds of Earth observation satellites have been launched. These days, geostationary weather satellites take photos of the entire hemisphere every 10 minutes. And these are available in public archives. This is better than taking photos form the moon: geostationary orbit is closer, so you see more detail.
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  266. We have known Earth is a sphere for 2500 years. 2250 years ago, Eratosthenes figured out how to measure Earth's diameter. A ship going over the horizon demonstrates that Earth is curved. We can measure this curvature directly with a geodetic survey. From 10 km altitude, you can see Earth's curvature with the naked eye. From the ISS, it's even more obvious. From 36,000 km (where we have many geostationary satellites) you can see the entire planet. Evidence tells us Earth is a sphere. "Earth is flat" is the lie.
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  267. There are a dozen different ways to prove Earth is a sphere. Many of these methods can be used by anyone. Several don't require any tools, just naked-eye observations. People who think Earth is flat don't do this because of a lack of evidence that Earth is not flat.
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  268. Simple experiments anyone can do prove that Earth is a rotating sphere. When you take a cup of water and hold it upside down, the water falls DOWN, because water is subject to gravity. The gravitational force is about 300 times larger than the outward force due to Earth's spin.
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  269.  @NinjaGaiden-z7t  That is incorrect, again. When a ship goes over the horizon and disappears, I can make it visible again by moving to a higher elevation. This proves that perspective is not a factor in the disappearance of the ship, there is a physical obstacle that can be cleared by moving up.
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  270.  @NinjaGaiden-z7t  There are no photos of 'buildings that should not be seeing'. Videos that claim this, invariably turn out to use incorrect calculations for how much should be hidden or visible. Again, it is the flat-Earthers that have been caught lying, not the scientists.
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  271.  @NinjaGaiden-z7t  The oceans are curved, just like Earth's landmasses.
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  272. There are many ways to demonstrate Earth is a sphere. Here are a few methods anyone can use. 1. Look at Earth's shadow during a lunar eclipse. This is always a circle, no matter which part of Earth is facing the moon. The only shape that always casts a circular shadow in any orientation, is a sphere. 2. Watch a ship going over the horizon: it gradually disappears from the bottom up. If you go to a higher elevation, the ship comes back into view, demonstrating that the ship does not disappear because it's too far for us to see it, it disappears because there's a physical obstacle (a hill of water) between you and the ship. We can do this observation anywhere on Earth, and the point at which a ship starts to disappear is always at the same distance. This demonstrates that Earth's has the same curvature everywhere, which only happens on a sphere. 3. The Greek obelisk shadow (Eratosthenes' measurement of earth's diameter) is another experiment you can repeat. 4. We can measure Earth's curvature directly, by measuring the 3D position of a series of points on Earth's surface. This is done with a geodetic survey. Professionals use a theodolite for this work, but it's possible to do a simple survey with binoculars or a camera with zoom lens, and a measuring stick.
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  273. We have absolute proof that there is no edge. It is literally impossible for an edge to exist.
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  274. We can see stars at a distance of 1000 lightyears. The only limit to our eyesight is resolution: the farther away something is, the larger it has to be to be visible. It's easy to prove that the horizon is not caused by any limitation of our eyes: Watch a large ship go over the horizon. There's a point where the hull is hidden, but the superstructure remains visible, proving that we can see that far, and proving that the hull is not hidden by any limitation to our eyesight.
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  275. Nope. Water finds level (i.e. the surface of a sphere) when it comes to rest in an environment that has gravity: gravity pulls each water molecule towards the center of the planet.
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  276. Simple experiments anyone can do reveal Earth shape. And every time we do those experiments, we find that Earth is spherical. The ancient Greeks were the first to figure this out, 2500 years ago.
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  277.  @James-zp5po  So I debunk one of your claim, and instead of acknowledging that you are wrong, you just move right along to the next claim that can similarly be debunked by opening an astronomy book. No, the stars do not stay in the same place. 2500 years ago, the ancient Egyptians used Thuban as their North Star, because back then, it was closer to the celestial pole than Polaris. Now, Polaris is closer. In 2000 years, another star will be closer. Barnard's star has moved 1º since we discovered it 100 years ago.
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  278.  @James-zp5po  Yep, that's all there is to it. No flat Earth claim is worth the paper it's written on. They have been proven incorrect for centuries.
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  279. Are you going to claim that you can bring a ship that has gone over the horizon back into view by zooming in? You actually can't. Every video that claims to do this is lying to you by zooming in on a small boat in front of the horizon.
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  280.  @BoBwikCruz  Earth is not a perfect sphere. 1. it rotates. This creates a centrifugal force, which makes Earth a bit larger around the equator. 2. the thickness of the crust varies, and this results in that bulge not being symmetrical: it's a bit larger in the Southern hemisphere. We can measure all of this: by 1840, geodetic surveys were done to measure Earth's oblateness. These days, satellite measurements supplement survey information.
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  281.  @BoBwikCruz  NOAA publishes photos made by the GOES and Himawari satellites. Scott Manley has done a video where he explains how to use these to see Earth's oblateness.
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  282.  @FlattyMcTruth  With binoculars and a ruler, you can measure a section of Earth's surface. You will find that it is curved. With the naked eye, I can see satellites overhead. I can measure their speed and position, and I find values that show they are in space, not in our atmosphere. Level is a spherical surface where every point is at the same distance to the center of the planet.
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  283.  @FlattyMcTruth  From Michigan, you can see the tops of the skyscrapers, not the shoreline. If Earth were flat, you'd be able to see the shoreline. 2200 ft indicates you are using a curvature calculator that is incorrect: it does not account for observer height and/or atmospheric refraction.
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  284. If you were on a flight near enough Antarctica to see it, you'll have noticed that that flight was far shorter than any flerf map claims it must be. That flight proved we live on a sphere, not a flat plane.
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  285. Anyone can do simple experiments to find out Earth's shape for himself. No government needed. You will find that Earth's surface is curved, not flat. So nobody is in a position to "hide the truth". Flat Earth is a grift to fleece the gullible, nothing more.
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  286. Anyone can go out and measure Earth's surface. We always find curvature when we do that. Anyone can go out and see satellites in the night sky, which proves that space is real. God created a universe that works according to laws of physics, not a pancake under a dome.
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  287. Despite the inaccurate terminology, it's obvious that the video talks about the latter, not the former.
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  288. The flat Earth hoax was a hundred years old by the time NASA was founded.
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  289. Most satellites are in orbit move much faster than Earth rotates, so images from those satellites mainly show the movement of the satellite itself. You need a satellite that is very far away if you want to capture Earth's rotation. We have one satellite in the right position: DSCOVR sits at the L1 Lagrange point, about a million km from Earth, on the line from the Earth to the Sun. Timelapse videos made from DSCOVR photos show Earth's rotation. Experiments we can do here on Earth also show Earth's rotation: Foucault's pendulum, for instance. A long pendulum swings in a fixed plane, while Earth rotates underneath it.
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  290.  @matthewbarker4109  How would anyone "manipulate and fake" our view of the Moon?
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  291. Anyone can do simple observations and experiments to find out what the shape of our planet is. So nobody is in a position to lie about Earth's shape, and what we've been told is easily verifiable as true.
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  292. No, NASA does not claim that 'all NASA photos are fake and CGI'. We know that's not true. NASA has taken millions of actual photos, not CGI, of Earth. And NASA is not the only supplier of photos of Earth. Other space agencies take photos too. Amateurs have built balloons and rockets that have gone high enough (all you need is an altitude of 10 km) to show Earth's curvature. And we have many methods to find Earths' shape that do not rely on photos. 1. watch a ship go over the horizon. It will be hidden progressively from the bottom up. This is only possible on a curved surface. 2. Watch a lunar eclipse. Earth's shadow on the moon is a circle. This is only possible if Earth is a sphere. 3. We can measure the 3D position of points on Earth's surface. When we do that, we find that they are on a spherical surface. Every day, we do thousands of geodetic surveys that confirm this. 4. We can see how the elevation position of the sun and the stars changes with latitude. This is only possible on a curved surface. 5. We can sail and fly around the world in a straight line and get back to our starting point, both along the equator and over the poles. This is only possible on a sphere. So that's 4 methods anyone can use, and a fifth that requires a bit more investment, that all demonstrate we live on a sphere.
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  293.  @spoileralertrecap  The details we can see on the surface of the sun, using a telescope on Earth, are hundreds of km across. The details we can see on the surface of the moon using a telescope on Earth are hundreds of meters across.
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  294.  @spoileralertrecap  We aren't looking for water by resolving a single drop, obviously. We are detecting entire lakes using the spectroscopic signature of that lake.
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  295.  @spoileralertrecap  Chandrayaan-3 is more than a thousand km from the nearest Apollo landing site. The Vikram rover has a range of 100 meters. They cannot "explore the terrain around the flag".
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  296.  @Unsalted667  Not my opinion, this is common usage of the word. Anyone who practices science is a scientist. Doesn't matter if you have a degree, or if you get paid to do it or not.
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  297.  @VigilantX-TikTok  Fireworks and smoke demonstrate that the atmosphere moves with the surface, plus or minus a small factor we call 'wind'. If the atmosphere did not rotate with the surface, Earth would be uninhabitable: you'd have a 1500 km/h wind at the equator. There is enough friction between the atmosphere and the surface to make sure the atmosphere moves with the surface. The friction is low enough that local factors (sunlight heating the air) can create wind.
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  298.  @astraldragon5702  Laser-guided weapons have a range that is limited by the horizon. On a flat Earth, the horizon does not exist, so the fact that we have a horizon means Earth cannot be flat.
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  299. If the boat were 'too far', you'd be able to bring it back into view using binoculars or a telescope. In reality, when you use a telescope, the part of the ship that is hidden by the horizon does not come back into view. You just get a better view of the part of the ship that is still above the horizon.
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  300. The moon turns red during an eclipse because light that goes through Earth's atmosphere is refracted and ends up on the moon. A selenelion is visible in a narrow strip of land on our spherical Earth: a strip that sees the Sun on one horizon, and the moon on the opposite horizon. This is only possible on a spherical Earth.
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  301.  @JFK-ir7yz  No, zooming in does not bring objects that have gone over the horizon back into view. All it can do is enlarge objects that are still in front of the horizon. The flerf videos that claim to do this, all show the same: they are zooming in on small boats in front of the horizon. This is the correct way to do the experiment: 1. go to a sea port, and watch a large ship as it moves away from you. The larger, the better. 2. Wait until the hull of the ship is hidden behind the horizon, while the superstructure remains visible. 3. Zoom in. You will notice that the hull does not come back into view. Alternatively: watch a sunset. Once the sun has set completely, zoom in. You will not be able to bring the sun back into view.
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  302.  @JFK-ir7yz  No, you have not. All you can do is magnify your view of the part of the ship that remains visible. But the part that is hidden below the horizon, remains hidden. Take this video for instance: Nikon P1000 Max Zoom Test: 4 to 6 Mile Horizon Boat Test. At 1:10, he's zooming on on a group of 7 boats. 6 of them are fully visible, ie they are in front of the horizon. Of the seventh boat, only the mast is visible. Zooming in does not reveal the hull of this boat: only the mast remains visible.
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  303. ​ @luigicirelli2583  Fresh water basins are too small to have significant tides. In the Great Lakes, the level changes by 5 cm between ebb and flood. There are two reasons for this: 1. the size of those lakes compared to the size of the moon. The moon is 3000 km across, so its gravity affects a large area. The change in gravity is only small from one end of the Great Lakes to the other. 2. the amount of water that can be moved around. In the open ocean, water can freely move around. In the Great Lakes, the flow is restricted: the lakes are connected by narrow rivers and canals.
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  304.  @luigicirelli2583  No, the Dead Sea does not have tides.
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  305. When a ship is 20 miles away, only the top of its masts will be visible over the horizon. The ship has to be a lot closer than that for the periscope to be of any real use. At 20 miles, you're more likely to use the sub's ECM to detect the ship's radar, or use the sub's sonar to detect the ship's noise.
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  306. Every time we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved, not flat.
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  307. Earth IS pear-shaped. It deviates from a perfect sphere by 0.3%: because Earth rotates, you get a centrifugal force that pushes the equator outwards a bit. This is measurable: two centuries ago the French Geodetic Missions to the Equator and to Lapland measured the difference in Earth's curvature between those two places. This is also visible in high-resolution photos of Earth from space. every time we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved. Anyone can do such a measurement with simple tools.
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  308.  @James-zp5po  These experiments are simple enough that anyone can repeat them. I have done several myself, and unsurprisingly, the results I get are the same as "they" get. That means "they" are telling the truth: Earth is a rotating sphere. As I said, I can calculate the centrifugal force created by Earth's rotation, and it's 300 times smaller than the gravitational force pulling us down. I can do simple measurements that confirm this calculation.  That means, your claim of "nothing would stay on the earth" is not based on you doing the math, it's based on you making a blind assumption.
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  309.  @IanGammer-vj9cb  Water staying in place on a spinning sphere is not magic, it's gravity. It's pretty crazy to claim an "ice wall" holds the water in place, when there is no evidence that there is an ice wall, and tons of evidence that Antarctica is just a continent on a sphere.
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  310. No, that's not a fact. Simple experiments anyone can do prove Earth is a rotating sphere. 1. Anyone can measure the 3D positions of a series of points on a seemingly-flat piece of land. You will find that those positions are on a spherical surface. 2. A simple pendulum will precess as it swings, this is caused by Earth's rotation.
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  311.  @marleonetti7  There is no indication NASA lied about going to the moon. We have a ton of evidence that shows the Apollo landings are real, and no evidence, none at all, that they were faked. Similarly, there is no evidence that Earth is flat. Just bad arguments made by charlatans hoping to manipulate you. Simple experiments anyone can do show that Earth is not flat.
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  312.  @Phoenix80675  In Genesis 1, it says that birds fly in the firmament. That means that word refers to our atmosphere, and not to a solid structure.
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  313. Simple experiments anyone can do demonstrates that Earth is a rotating sphere. The Bible refers to pillars of the Earth. In all of the digging we've done, we found no pillars, only molten rock. The Bible says Earth has corners. Yet no flat-Earth model has corners. We've sailed and flown around the world in all directions and never hit a corner. The Bible often uses poetry and metaphor to describe the planet. It is not a science textbook.
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  314. We have satellites orbiting Earth in all directions. Most Earth observation satellites are in polar orbits, because those allow you to photograph the entire surface of the planet.
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  315. we've launched more than 10,000 satellites to altitudes higher than where the firmament is claimed to be. This conclusively proves that there is no solid object anywhere above us. God created a universe, not a snowglobe.
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  316. The effect of gravity on light is so small that we can just about measure the effect of the Sun on the light of a star that's visible near the limb of the sun. Earth's mass is not large enough to bend light by a noticeable amount.
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  317.  @NPC420x  Light does bend due to atmospheric refraction. When the sun sets, the position we see is inaccurate: in fact the sun is already below the horizon, but refraction causes the sun to appear higher in the sky than it really is. The moon appearing larger when it's near the horizon is a separate effect: the size of the moon does not change, but when it's near the horizon, the size reference provided by the objects on the horizon means our brain interprets the moon's size differently than when the moon is high in the sky and no size reference is available. We can check this by comparing two photos taken with the same lens and settings of the moon high in the sky and near the horizon: they show that the moon's size remains the same.
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  318.  @NPC420x  In the Astrochamp experiment, the laser light is bent by changes in the refractive index of the sugar water. This is the same principle as atmospheric refraction. Both have nothing to do with gravity.
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  319.  @NPC420x  As I already mentioned before, we can take photos of the moon just above the horizon and high in the sky, and measure the actual size of the moon in those photos. When we do this, we find that both images are the same size, which proves that the apparent difference is caused by our brain, not the actual size of the image. This is well-supported by research.
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  320.  @NPC420x  We don't have to guess what happens in that tank, we know because we spent the time figuring it out. The liquid in the tank is not uniform: at the bottom, the sugar content is higher than at the top. This causes the light to refract downwards. The denser the medium, the slower the light goes, which ends up bending the light downwards. In our atmosphere, changes in temperature and humidity causes the same effect: light bends downwards.
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  321.  @NPC420x  Science progresses because we don't accept holes. Science progresses because we spend the time figuring out why things happen.
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  322.  @NPC420x  Youtube doesn't like links in comments: it automatically deletes such links. The 2013 book The Moon Illusion documents the fact that the illusion exists. And as I said, anyone can take two photos of the moon and compare the sizes in those photos to confirm that it is an illusion.
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  323.  @NPC420x  On the contrary. It is well proven that the actual size of the moon stays the same. Anyone can do this by taking two photos of the moon as I told you.
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  324.  @NPC420x  At no point did I claim that the atmosphere is uniform, quite the contrary.
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  325. Imagine that: biology is more complex than you think.
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  326. We don't think we're moving through space, we know because we can measure it. Anyone can set up a pendulum and watch it precess, demonstrating Earth's rotation. If you have a telescope, photos of the nearby stars taken 6 months apart show that Earth orbits the Sun.
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  327.  @Rpm68  The nearby stars move fast enough that their positions no longer match those in the first accurate star maps made by Tycho Brahe in the 1600s. The North Star does move, in a few thousand years Polaris will no longer be the closest star to our celestial pole.
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  328.  @Rpm68  Anyone can set up a Foucault pendulum and find out for himself if Earth spins on its axis. Every time we do, we get the same result: Earth rotates. Clueless is ignoring the evidence and claiming Earth is stationary when all of the evidence says it moves.
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  329.  @Djru4real  For 50 years, every single claim of 'they lied' has turned out to be nothing more than hot air. Nobody has ever presented any evidence for those claims.
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  330. About the 'camera on the ship in the ocean' example. There are people who claim you can bring a ship back into view after it's gone over the horizon. But every video that claims to show this, actually shows a small boat in front of the horizon. i.e. they did the experiment incorrectly. The correct way to do the experiment is to pick a ship large enough to be easily visible at 5 km distance. Wait until its hull is hidden by the horizon but the superstructure is still visible, and THEN zoom in. When you do that, you'll notice that no, the hull will not come back into view. And this goes for every "flat Earth" experiment. They do the experiment incorrectly (either by accident, because they weren't thinking it through, or deliberately, to lie to their followers). Claims of "we can see farther than Earth's curvature predicts" invariably mean they use an incorrect method to calculate curvature. etc.
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  331. ​ @MythsandReality4  I've observed the change in elevation angle of the stars as I move to a different latitude. I live near a place where I can see Earth's curvature with the naked eye (the Afsluitdijk). I have friends who live in the Southern hemisphere and who have confirmed that the stars rotate in the opposite direction from what I see. I've built a Foucault pendulum and have seen it precess. In other words, I was able to confirm everything I've been told about Earth and our solar system.
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  332. Nobody is in a position to lie about the shape of our planet. Anyone can do simple experiments that confirm Earth is a sphere. So, they're telling the truth. The only agenda here is the people claiming that Earth is flat.
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  333. They do curve, at a rate of 8 cm per km. That is tiny, and much smaller than the fluctuations in altitude you get from turbulence etc. If you bring a gyroscope on a long flight, you can see the change in angle quite easily.
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  334.  @russellyork5853  Incorrect. We have proven over and over again that Earth is a sphere. Every geodetic survey in history (and we do thousands of those all over the world every day) shows that Earth's surface has a curvature consistent with a diameter of 12700 km. About 200 years ago, geodetic survey equipment got accurate enough that we could measure Earth's oblateness (ie the difference between equatorial and polar diameters). 2250 years ago, Eratosthenes measured Earth's diameter for the first time, coming within 10% of the currently-known value. Many other lines of evidence lead to the same conclusion. Photos of Earth from space merely confirm what we've known for 2500 years.
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  335.  @russellyork5853  I've seen those claims of 600 mile observations. They have already been debunked: that 600 mile observation showed moving clouds, when the clown making the video claims he was looking at Cyprus.
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  336.  @russellyork5853  Laser tests fail to take into account that light, including laser light, is refracted by our atmosphere. Again, bad experiments leading to invalid conclusions.
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  337. Earth has an average equatorial diameter of 12,756 km and a polar diameter of 12713.6 km. We know it with enough accuracy that you have to specify which points you're measuring. If you dig towards the center you will find yourself immersed in lava. Where you end up depends on where you start and whether you can accurately navigate.
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  338. Simple experiments anyone can do prove that Earth is a rotating sphere. Millions of people are wrong, like lemmings running off a cliff.
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  339.  @VigilantX-TikTok  No, you have not zoomed past the horizon. You have deluded yourself by zooming in on objects in front of the horizon. Every YT video that claims to zoom past the horizon does this. It's easy to see this: they zoom in on an object that has water behind it. When a boat reaches the horizon, there's only air behind it, and no amount of zooming in will change that. I challenge you to go to a sea port, and follow the largest container ship you can find until it goes over the horizon and the hull of the ship is hidden. Zoom in all you want, you will not be able to bring the hull back into view.
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  340.  @VigilantX-TikTok  Yes, you have seen the skyline: the part of Chicago that is visible above the horizon. You have not seen the shoreline: that remains hidden from your point of view. Hidden below the horizon, despite your zooming in.
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  341.  @VigilantX-TikTok  Yes, we're reading from the same script. It's called physics: a set of rules that describe how our world works. These rules were established by lots of experimentation and observation, and checked again and again. This is how we know how the horizon works, and why we can say with complete certainty which of your observations are valid and which are false claims.
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  342.  @nocturnallust4145  Anyone can use simple tools to measure Earth's shape.  That means it is impossible for any organization to "keep the truth from us". Every time we measure Earth's shape, we find that Earth is a sphere. The ancient Greeks were able to figure this out in 500 BC.
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  343. and yet thousands of people visit the South Pole every year.
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  344. If Earth is flat, they why does every geodetic survey we do show that Earth's surface is curved?
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  345. Nye has been teaching the scientific method for decades, which makes him a scientist.
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  346.  @dopefresh8848  A glass of water has curvature. Earth's curvature is about 8 cm per km, so in a glass of water 5 cm in diameter, the middle of the water is 0.0004 cm higher than the edges. Too small to notice, difficult to measure at this scale (also because surface tension creates a bigger difference between the middle and the edges), but no less real. Water is subject to gravity, just like all matter. And gravity pulls the water into a sphere centered on Earth's center of gravity.
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  347.  @hannesswart4827  The moon goes around the Earth because gravity keeps it in orbit. The Earth-Moon system orbits the Sun again due to gravity.
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  348.  @hannesswart4827  Earth is not flat. Every time we measure the surface (geodetic survey), we find that it is curved.
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  349.  @hannesswart4827  A ball's shadow is bigger than the ball itself only if the light source is smaller than the ball. The sun is much larger than Earth, so Earth's shadow is slightly smaller than Earth itself.
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  350.  @hannesswart4827  All of our flat maps are inaccurate. That's because they are projections of a spherical surface onto a flat surface, and there is no way to do that without introducing distortions. We have many different projections, that all distort in different ways. We choose a projection to minimize the distortion for the application we are going to use the map for. Our most accurate maps exist only in the computer, where we can store a 3-dimensional surface accurately.
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  351.  @davidstanley6243  No, there are no videos that show the sun changes size. There are videos that claim it does, but they use an incorrect method to measure the size: without using a filter, you are unable to find the actual size of the sun.
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  352. Pilots trim their aircraft to stay at a constant altitude. The line of constant altitude is a circle around the Earth, so by setting your altitude to a constant value you are following that circle. You are "diving" by 8 cm per km, a tiny value compared to the changes in altitude due to local variations in wind, your fuel usage etc.
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  353.  @wesfolsom  The system used to communicate with the Apollo mission cost $300 million in today's money, mostly to build the huge antennas. This system would be useless for Wifi or cell phone service.  1. Those huge antennas have to be pointed precisely in the direction of the target. Wifi and phone base stations have to deal with moving targets all around them. 2. Huge antennas help a bit, but don't solve the main problem of wifi and cell phones: radio signals don't travel well through solid walls. All of the buildings between you and the cell tower are obstacles that degrade the signal. In practice, we have done the opposite of the Apollo comms system: instead of using one huge antenna and a powerful transmitter, we put tiny transmitters in every room (for Wifi). Similarly the phone network is placing more and more base stations so each station only has to cover a small area with less obstacles between you and the base station.
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  354.  @wesfolsom  You can see satellites with the naked eye. Just look up at night.
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  355.  @MikeRey785  There is no 'darkness between the Sun and Earth'. Any object you put there will be brightly lit by the sun. Venus: brightly lit by the sun. The Moon: brightly lit by the sun. Earth: brightly lit by the sun. Light has no effect on empty space, so we don't easily see the light traveling from the Sun to Earth. But that doesn't mean there's no light there.
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  356. Every time the sun sets, it does something that's impossible on a flat plane. We have known, not just guessed or suspected, known with absolute certainty that Earth is a sphere for 2500 years.
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  357. We know Earth is not flat. We know it cannot possibly be flat, because every time we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved, not flat.
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  358. Anyone can do simple experiments to determine the shape of our planet. We can measure the surface, and find that it is curved, not flat. Anyone can look up at the sky and see satellites pass overhead. We can measure their speed and altitude, and confirm they are in space. We can measure the distance to the moon and sun, and find they are at very different distances. These observations combined tell us there is no solid structure anywhere above us. Anyone can measure Earth's rotation.
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  359. The 'Earth is a closed system' quote was about colonizing other planets. We are currently not able to terraform Mars so we can make a colony there selfsustaining, that's what he was referring to. Nye is CEO of the Planetary Society, an organization dedicated to promoting spaceflight. He does not claim humans cannot leave Earth.
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  360. Photos of Earth actually show that it is oblate: its equatorial diameter is 0.3% larger than its polar diameter. Scott Manley made a video that demonstrates this. All you need is a high-res photo of Earth (easy to find, the NOAA publishes new ones every 10 minutes).
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  361. Nye has been teaching the scientific method for decades. That makes him a scientist.
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  362.  @marxman00  I don't need one to put a ruler across a photo and measure the two major dimensions of the object in the photo. I can also duplicate the photo, and slice one in half across the equator and the other one across both poles. Then line up the equator with the pole-to-pole line and see they're not the same length.
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  363.  @marxman00  They don't need to be. On a photo of Earth, I can measure the distance between the top and bottom of the planet, and between the left and right side of the planet. If those distances are not the same, Earth is oblate.
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  364.  @marxman00  We have photos that show the entire planet going back to 1968, when the Apollo 8 mission took a ton of photos of Earth from lunar orbit. These days, geostationary weather satellites operated by NOAA, Meteosat and the Japanese weather agency give us whole-hemisphere photos every 10 minutes. These photos, made by the GOES, Himawari and Meteosat satellites, have enough resolution for the measurement I described above. Then we have DSCOVR, which is farther away and can photograph Earth and the Moon in one shot.
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  365.  @marxman00 The photos made by GOES and Himawari are oriented conventionally: the North Pole is at the top. So the edges of the photo are all the reference you need. Find the largest diameter in the vertical and in the horizontal direction, and you're done.
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  366.  @marxman00  I said Blue Marble 2002 used photos made by low-orbit satellites. I also gave you sources for single-frame photos of the whole hemisphere: geostationary weather satellites operated by NOAA, Meteosat and the Japanese weather agency give us whole-hemisphere photos every 10 minutes.
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  367.  @ZartanXL  Earth itself IS the real-time working model. Building a scaled-down model would require capabilities we don't have: you have to travel to a location far enough away form the Sun so your scaled-down Sun will be the biggest source of gravity in the model. This requires traveling more than one light-year. Alternatively, the model would have to be larger than the solar system itself. That's not feasible either. We don't need such a scale model to know that our model is accurate. Every part of the model has been tested using experiments and observations. The model makes predictions of future behavior that turn out to be correct.
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  368.  @ZartanXL  anyone can use simple methods to determine Earth's shape. You will find that it is a sphere. Anyone with a telescope can measure the distances to the nearby planets, and find that they all orbit the Sun. Our model of the solar system is not "without evidence" it is built on a ton of evidence that anyone can verify. Your BS meter is broken.
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  369. Once a ship has gone over the horizon, no amount of zooming in will bring it back into view. Every video that claims to show this, actually zooms in on small boats in front of the horizon. This is the right way to do the experiment: Watch a large ship (the larger the better) go over the horizon. When its hull is completely hidden from view but the superstructure remains visible, zoom in as much as you like. You will find that the hull does not come back into view. An alternative experiment: Watch a sunset. Once the sun has gone below the horizon, zoom in as much as you like. You will find that the sun does not come back into view. We can also prove that the horizon is not a "limit to how far we can see". I can bring a ship back into view by moving to a higher elevation. The distance stays the same, but the ship becomes visible.
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  370. Airplane contrails are curved by 8 cm per km, and you are looking at them from below. A curvature that small is not visible to the naked eye.
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  371. We have millions of single-frame photos of Earth.  Every manned mission since Gemini has taken cameras into space. The Apollo missions took photos of the whole planet from lunar orbit, including the famous Earthrise picture taken by Apollo 8 We have geostationary weather satellites (GOES, Meteosat, Himawari) that take photos of the entire hemisphere every 10 minutes. At the L1 point, we have DSCOVR, which is far enough away that it shows Earth's rotation. For more detailed images, we have over a hundred lower-altitude satellites like Landsat, SPOT, the Maxar constellation etc. which take photos of Earth continuously. We can tile these together to get a photo of the entire planet in high resolution.
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  372. If the sun were close to us, its size would change between midday and sunset. In reality, the sun stays the same size, and that is only possible if it is very far away. There are several methods for measuring the distance to the sun that anyone can use, and they always have the same result: we find a distance of 93 million miles.
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  373. Anyone can do simple experiments that confirm what these 3 people have said. We've known Earth is a sphere for 2500 years.
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  374.  @WolfeTone17-98  What you saw was an optical illusion, nothing more.
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  375.  @WolfeTone17-98  I said, a solar eclipse demonstrates that the moon is not transparent, which means that you did not see something behind the moon, it must have been in front of it. This is not a "narrative", this is plain, simple logic that follows from observations millions of people have made during solar eclipses.
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  376.  @WolfeTone17-98  Again, you did not understand what I wrote. I did NOT say you saw a solar eclipse! I said that we know the moon is not transparent, because if it were transparent, the moon would not block the sun's light during a solar eclipse.
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  377.  @WolfeTone17-98  It is obvious that the moon is what we have been told. You were misled by an optical illusion, nothing more. The moon is not transparent. If it were transparent, a solar eclipse would not block the sunlight. If the moon were transparent, we'd be able to see stars behind the moon. In reality, we cannot see stars through the moon.
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  378.  @WolfeTone17-98  We know the moon goes in front of the sun and not behind it, because we can measure the distances to the moon and sun. Anyone can do this, and see that the Sun is 400 times farther away than the moon.
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  379.  @WolfeTone17-98  No, this is what anyone can observe.
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  380.  @WolfeTone17-98  Look it up. Hundreds of years ago, people found ways to measure the distances to the moon and the sun just by making careful observations.
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  381.  @GINMOONLIGHT  Yes, we can measure the speed and altitude of satellites. Scott Manley did a video that shows how (Using Cameras To Measure The Real Altitude Of The Space Station). Basically you take two photos of the satellite at the same time, from different positions on the ground. Place the photos over each other. The stars are in the same position, but the apparent position of the satellite is different relative to that background: this is called parallax. That parallax can be used to calculate the altitude. Speed can then be calculated by taking two photos a known time apart.
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  382.  @GINMOONLIGHT  Not "paperwork", observations and math. This is the foundation of all science.
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  383.  @GINMOONLIGHT  Anyone who thinks space is fake, is not smart. Anyone who is presented with evidence that space is real (evidence that you can verify yourself, no less), and still thinks space is fake, is even dumber. Every day, you profit from data and services provided by satellites. Accurate navigation thanks to GPS satellites. Accurate weather forecasts thanks to weather satellites. Hundreds of channels of TV thanks to satellites. Internet and phone calls in regions not serviced by landlines or cell towers, thanks to satellites.
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  384.  @GINMOONLIGHT  Earth's atmosphere demonstrates gas pressure without a container. As you go to higher altitudes, the air pressure drops, and it keeps dropping all the way to indistinguishable from zero at 400 km altitude.  At the ceiling of my living room, the pressure is measurably lower than at the floor of the same room. The pressure does not equalize, despite there being no barrier between the floor and ceiling. This demonstrates that gases cannot flow freely: they are constrained by gravity. As I've already told you, we can prove this by observing satellites. And if you want a small-scale demonstration, you can put dry ice in a vacuum chamber. Scott Gauer did a video where he demonstrates this (Dry Ice Vacuum Chamber (Homemade Comet)).
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  385.  @GINMOONLIGHT  And another dumb non-argument from you. Observations are not "read a book", they are "look at an object", in this case a satellite. They are visible to the naked eye. A photo records the position of the satellite relative to the background stars. The math we use to determine the satellite's speed and altitude, is used daily by millions of people in all kinds of professions. It has been proven to be correct over and over and over again.
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  386.  @GINMOONLIGHT  No, I have not made any assumptions. I have given you a process that will prove from first principles that satellites are real. And that's not the only way to prove this either, just like we have a dozen different ways to prove that Earth is not flat, but spherical, and dozens of ways to prove there is no dome above us, just an atmosphere that very gradually reduces to zero pressure.
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  387.  @GINMOONLIGHT  I can and I have: I've already given you methods YOU can use to prove the reality of spaceflight. You are ignoring those because actually doing that experiment would destroy your worldview.
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  388.  @GINMOONLIGHT  You should watch the video I indicated. And as I've already told you several times, Earth's atmosphere is verifiable proof of gas pressure without a container. This is not hard to grasp: gases have weight. We can prove this by placing an empty gas cylinder on a weighing scale and filling it. The fact that gases have weight means they are subject to gravity: a force is pulling those gas molecules down. On the scale of our planet, the entire atmosphere is pulled down to Earth, preventing most of it from escaping.
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  389.  @GINMOONLIGHT  The result of gravity is a force, no matter what the mechanism is that causes this force. Einstein's general relativity, provided a better explanation for what causes gravity. It does not make gravity any less real.
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  390.  @GINMOONLIGHT  I've already explained this to you, and you're coming back with exactly the same false claim? Stop wasting everybody's time.
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  391.  @jonathannagela2130  "The government" is not in position to lie about this. anyone can do simple experiments that prove Earth is a rotating sphere.
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  392.  @jonathannagela2130  You imagine that if Earth rotates, the atmosphere would somehow not rotate with it. That is physically impossible. In reality, the atmosphere rotates with the surface.
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  393.  @jonathannagela2130  We can fly around the world in a straight line, and land in the same place we departed from, because Earth is a sphere.
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  394.  @kid8605  Nope. We know the Sun is at a distance of 150 million km, because we can measure this. On that distance, a difference of 6000 km is insignificant and not enough to explain the difference between day and night. We know the Earth rotates, because we can measure this. Earth's rotation has been extensively proven to be the cause of the difference between day and night.
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  395. Nye has been practicing and teaching science for decades. That makes him a scientist.
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  396.  @nissan_z_nismojdm  NASA's budget is used to run actual missions, not fake ones.
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  397.  @nissan_z_nismojdm  I can see the ISS from the ground. I can receive radio signals from many NASA missions. People with better equipment were able to receive signals from the Apollo missions at the moon, and can receive signals from Mars missions now. Improvement in ground telescopes has ended up confirming tons of observations done by NASA space telescopes.
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  398. At the altitude of an airliner, curvature is visible, in principle. But you need a few variables to be in your favor. 1. Weather. Clouds and haze can obscure the horizon. 2. Field of view. 10 km altitude is at the lower edge of where curvature is visible, You need a wide field of view to see it. Small airliner windows often don't give a wide field of view.
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  399.  @BlueDragonAkira  Anyone can do simple measurements that demonstrate Earth is not flat, but curved. Anyone can do a simple experiment that shows Earth rotates. These are things we figured out centuries before NASA was created.
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  400.  @BlueDragonAkira  No, Earth is not stationary. We know Earth moves because we can measure its movement. We know planets don't orbit because of "magnetic energy". If they did, anything made of iron would be impossible to lift.
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  401. Flat-Eathers like to claim you can bring a boat back by zooming in. But every video where they demonstrate this turns out to be misleading: they use a small boat in front of the horizon, small enough to not be visible in the zoomed-out view. An honest demonstration would be to zoom in on a huge container ship, or on the Sun after sunset. But those videos don't exist. That means the horizon is a real obstacle: a hill of water between you and the disappearing ship. When you trace the path of the ship as it goes over the horizon, you will see a vertical curve show up: this is Earth's curvature.
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  402.  @tylerd7330  I've done the experiment and was unable to zoom in on a large ship once it had gone over the horizon, so I don't believe you.
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  403.  @tylerd7330  Water is subject to gravity, like everything else. So water on the surface of our spherical Earth will have a spherical surface. This is evident when we look at the horizon. This has been measured countless times. And it's visible directly from high altitude.
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  404.  @tylerd7330  As I said before, every single "bring back a boat by zooming in" zooms in on a boat in front of the horizon, not one that has gone over the horizon.
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  405.  @Vaportrail56  Anyone can do simple experiments that demonstrate Earth is a sphere. That means we can verify what any authority tells us.
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  406. ​ @DT2PZ0  It's not a silly statement, it's a true statement. We don't need photos to prove Earth is a sphere. A few examples: 1. The ancient Greeks were able to work out that Earth cannot be flat, just from naked-eye observations. They did this by observing the horizon. Ships moving away disappear over the horizon. When you look at the same ship from two places, one at sea level, the other on top of a tower or cliff, the person at sea level will see the ship disappear first. This can only happen if there is a physical obstacle between the observer and the ship. The only explanation that works is that Earth is a sphere. 2. They observed the shape of Earth's shadow during an eclipse: it's a circle segment. This happens for all lunar eclipses, no matter which part of Earth is in daylight. The only shape that produces a circular shadow in any orientation is a sphere. 3. In 250 BC, Eratosthenes calculated the diameter of Earth, by measuring the elevation of the sun at noon in two cities a known distance apart. His value is within 2% of the currently known value. 4. When more accurate instruments became available for measuring elevation angles, we started using them for navigation, We found that those elevation angles accurately predicted where on Earth you are (latitude). This only works on a sphere. 5. For the past 400 years, we have been able to measure the curvature directly using a geodetic survey. 6. We can circumnavigate the planet in any direction: we can fly in a straight line and end up where we started. This is only possible on a sphere. 7. We can look at the planets, e.g. Jupiter: with a decent telescope you can see that they are rotating spheres. 8. Spherical excess: when we measure a triangle on Earth's surface, the sum of the angles is greater than 180º, which shows the triangle is not on a flat plane.
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  407. That is correct for British English only.
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  408. Geodetic surveys (i.e. measurement of Earth's surface, and how points on the surface relate to each other) show that no part of the known Earth is flat.
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  409. I have seen the arc. N 53°01'14.44 E 5°12'2891, looking along the Afsluitdijk. Video: Causeway Ijsselmeer The Netherlands - Earth's Curvature
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  410.  @NinjaGaiden-z7t  No, that is not perspective. Perspective is that faraway objects seem to get smaller in every dimension at the same time. The experiment I described above demonstrates that perspective is not a factor in the way a ship disappears as it goes over the horizon: if that was caused by perspective, the whole ship would disappear at once. what we see in reality is that the ship gets hidden from the bottom up. When the superstructure is visible but the hull below it is not, that proves that perspective is not causing the ship to disappear.
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  411.  @jonathannagela2130 Contrails are curved. This is not very visible from the ground, but that doesn't mean the curvature is not there.
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  412.  @jonathannagela2130  "idiot" is a good word for someone whose goal in life is to waste people's time.
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  413.  @timg6176  Simple experiments anyone can do show that Earth's surface is curved, not flat. Anyone who claims Earth is flat, is living a lie.
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  414.  @timg6176  We have evidence that anyone can verify. You have nothing.
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  415.  @timg6176  People who claim Earth is flat, demonstrate that they have no critical thinking skills.
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  416.  @timg6176  This is your post, to John, who started the thread by claiming Earth is flat: "Do NOT try to convince normies of anything. They NEED the lie.". You are agreeing with John, who claims Earth is flat.
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  417. We've had definitive proof that Earth is a sphere for 2500 years. Every "long distance photo" turns out to be possible on our spherical Earth: every flerf that claims it isn't possible to take photos at those distances makes basic errors in math, does not account for essential factors etc. Then there are the liars, who take photos of some clouds and then claim they're looking at an island 800 km away.
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  418.  @kpec3  Atmospheric refraction explains why the laser IS visible.
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  419.  @kpec3  And as I said before, we have proven that laser light is subject to atmospheric refraction over those distances. In fact, laser light is subject to exactly as much atmospheric refraction as all other light. Laser light is not magic.
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  420.  @Legendary-Duke  Every day, thousands of geodetic surveys measure Earth's curvature. Every day, photos of Earth from space show it's a spinning sphere. Intellectual depravity is ignoring all of the evidence we've gathered over 2500 years and clinging to the unsupported notion that Earth is flat and stationary.
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  421. The problem with flat Earth "models" is that 1. there's more than one, and they contradict each other. 2. there has to be more than one, because none of those models explain all of our observations. A model that explains observation A will fail at explaining observation B. 3. None of these models have been shown to be accurate. This is how we test models: you use the model to make predictions, and then you see if those predictions come true. I can use the globe model and our model of the solar system to predict when the next solar and lunar eclipses will be. No flat-Earth model can do this. In fact, our observations show that Earth cannot possibly be flat.
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  422. The 1969 moon landing was not faked, and nor were the 5 more landings that followed. There is a mountain of evidence that shows the Apollo landings were real. There is no evidence that shows they were faked. All you have is bad arguments made by conmen. I've looked into those arguments, and I was able to disprove all of them.
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  423.  @collinweeks6322  We can repeat Eratosthenes' experiment and get the same result. He came within 5% of the actual value of Earth's diameter. No, zooming in does not bring a ship that has gone over the horizon back into view. Every video that claims to show this, is lying to you: they zoom in on small boats that have not gone over the horizon yet. When you follow a large ship as it goes over the horizon, it is clearly visible that the ship gets progressively hidden from the bottom up. Wait until the hull is hidden but the superstructure remains visible. Then zoom in as much as you like: you will be unable to bring the hull back into view.
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  424.  @alphabetsoup488  If you fill a pool with water, the water will follow Earth's curvature regardless of what the bottom of the pool looks like. On a 50 m long pool, this curvature is 4 mm, which is hard to measure unless you have an indoor pool that's absolutely still, but the curvature is there.
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  425.  @FlattyMcTruth  0. Find a piece of land that is level. 1. place binoculars on a tripod. Having a graduated sight is even better. 2. ask a buddy to walk 100 meters from the tripod and place the ruler vertically on the ground. 3. use the binoculars to read the elevation from the ruler 4. repeat step 2 and 3 at 100-meter intervals 9 times. You now have 9 elevation measurements that show a curve. This is Earth's curvature.
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  426.  @FlattyMcTruth  Satellites are not suspended from balloons. We can measure their speed and altitude from the ground, and find that satellites are at altitudes 10 times higher than any balloon has ever reached, and speeds 100 times higher than any balloon has ever reached. We can observe satellites through a telescope and find that no balloon is attached to them.
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  427.  @FlattyMcTruth  NASA launches a small number of large balloons to do atmospheric research. In addition, they launch much larger numbers of actual satellites. So do dozens of commercial entities all over the world.
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  428.  @FlattyMcTruth  Reality is that Earth is a sphere. I can go out right now and prove this. Similarly, I can go out tonight and prove that satellites are real. Why would I "accept" anything not based on evidence?
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  429.  @FlattyMcTruth  Evidence that Earth is a sphere: 1. the existence of the horizon. On a flat plane, objects would not be gradually hidden from the bottom up as they go farther away. 2. Earth's shadow (as visible during a lunar eclipse) is a circle. The only object that makes circular shadows no matter which part of it is sunlit, is a sphere. 3. the variation of sun elevation with latitude. These three were enough for the ancient Greeks to not only conclude Earth must be a sphere, but calculate its diameter in 250 BC. 4. Geodetic surveys (i.e. measuring positions on Earth's surface in 3 dimensions) always show Earth's surface is curved. 5. Photos from high altitude and from space show Earth's curvature. 6. Earth's curvature is visible to the naked eye from altitudes of 10 km and up. 7. In places with the right features on the surface, you can see Earth's curvature while standing on the ground. Places that have a long straight dam going into a body of water, for instance. Or roads on salt lakes.
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  430.  @FlattyMcTruth  Proof that Earth rotates is provided by Foucault's pendulum, by gyroscopes, and by the fact that the weight of an object changes based on its latitude. Proof that space is a vacuum is provided by the 10,000 satellites we are operating in that vacuum. It's also provided by the fact that planets and moons are in stable orbits, instead of being slowed down by drag.
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  431.  @FlattyMcTruth  The proofs I listed are solid. In 2500 years, nobody has been able to disprove them.
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  432.  @FlattyMcTruth  A hot air balloon hovers because the atmosphere rotates with the planet. You are imagining a fairy tale world where the planet rotates but the atmosphere somehow stays stationary.
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  433.  @FlattyMcTruth  Using vision alone, we cannot distinguish between Earth rotating and the sky rotating above us. Just like when you're sitting in a stationary train and the train next to you starts moving: for a moment you are confused which one is moving until other clues are added that can tell you which train is moving. So, a timelapse of the sky tells us nothing. We need other instruments. As I said, those instruments definitively prove that Earth rotates.
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  434.  @FlattyMcTruth  'luminaries' is nonsense. We know the universe is far more complex than that. We can see differences between the stars: they are at different distances, different sizes and different parts of their life cycle. We can see that they are much farther away than the planets, so they are not projections on a dome.
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  435.  @FlattyMcTruth  There are no satellites floating on balloons. We can measure the speed and altitude of satellites from the ground, and find values that are impossible to achieve for balloons.
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  436.  @FlattyMcTruth  You have not presented a single shred of evidence in this thread.
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  437.  @FlattyMcTruth  When a gas flows over a solid object, it experiences friction. When you stick your hand out of a moving car, you feel this: a force pushes your hand backwards. This friction causes the speed of the atmosphere to equalize with the speed of the surface. Local heating/cooling causes local differences between the speed of the atmosphere and the surface, this is what we call wind. A simple demonstration: fill a bucket with water. Then spin the bucket on its vertical axis. The water will start spinning with the bucket, with a small delay because the friction force is not large enough to overcome the inertia of the water immediately.
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  438.  @FlattyMcTruth  Any posts that contain links are automatically deleted by YT. So that post is not visible to me.
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  439. At first glance, Earth seems flat. But as soon as we start measuring, we find that its surface is curved. It turns out, our eyes can't distinguish between a flat plane, and a surface that is curved by 8 cm over a length of 1 km (i.e. a deviation from straight of about 0.008%). With a visual aid, it's pretty easy to see this curvature though. - a ship going over the horizon is such a visual aid. Notice how the ship disappears from view from the bottom up. You're looking at Earth's curvature between you and the ship. - a long, straight road over a flat piece of land, or a long, straight dike through a body of water is another visual aid. Stand next to the road, look along it and you'll be able to see its curvature.
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  440.  @GaryBlogg  Every single one of Dubay's "proofs" has been debunked. I'll give you an example. Proof #2: “The horizon always rises to the eye level of the observer as altitude is gained, so you never have to look down to see it.” That is incorrect. At an altitude of 1 km, the horizon is already at 1º below eye level. This is easily measurable.
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  441. Thaller and Tyson have doctorates, Nye has been practicing and teaching science and the scientific method for decades. All 3 are scientists.
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  442.  @spoileralertrecap  What video are you referring to?
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  443.  @spoileralertrecap  The moon rotates, with the same speed as it orbits us: one revolution in 28 days, one orbit in 28 days. That's how we always see the same side of the moon. And no, the continents don't match up with the contours of the lava plains on the moon. The moon looks nothing like Earth.
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  444.  @spoileralertrecap  The distance between the Earth and the Moon slowly increases, at a few cm per year. Its position is not fixed, it changes.
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  445.  @spoileralertrecap  Anyone can set up a simple experiment that shows Earth's rotation: a Foucault pendulum.
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  446.  @Unsalted667  He taught science, by doing it.
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  447.  @Unsalted667  We have Nye on video doing scientific experiments and explaining the scientific method. THAT qualifies him as a scientist.
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  448.  @Unsalted667  You don't need credentials to be a scientist. All you have to do is practice science.
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  449.  @Unsalted667  Incorrect yet again. As I said, we have tons of TV programs where Nye does scientific experiments. Tyson and Thaller have each published countless scientific papers, i.e. reports of their scientific research.
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  450.  @astraldragon5702  If you used your critical thinking skills, you'd notice that every flerf claim turns out to be built on quicksand. Every flerf argument can be debunked by applying actual science.
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  451.  @astraldragon5702  As a pilot, you should be ashamed to have fallen for the nonsensical claims that Earth is flat. Every time we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved, not flat.
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  452.  @astraldragon5702  Explain this first. When we measure Earth's surface, we find that it is curved, not flat. Everything else is secondary to that.
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  453.  @1969nitsuga  Despite the flaws in his measurement, Eratosthenes got within 5% of the real value of Earth's diameter. The distance to the horizon (5 km) is exactly what is expected for a sphere with a diameter of 12700 km; a flat plane does not have a horizon at all. Any picture of "supposed to be hidden" objects ignores observer height, atmospheric refraction and its variation, or both. When I make three right turns of 60º each, I've made a triangle. With a theodolite, I can establish that the angles of a triangle on Earth's surface add up to slightly more than 180º (spherical excess). Nav charts are all projections of spherical data on a flat piece of paper.
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  454.  @JFK-ir7yz  You are confusing two issues, two reasons for a ship to disappear from view. reason 1. the ship is too small to be visible to the naked eye. At a distance of 5 km (the distance to the horizon at sea level), a small boat is just a smudge. In ideal conditions, the human eye can resolve details as small as 1.5 meters at that distance, but conditions looking over the sea are not idea. You have a moving target, and the atmosphere just above the water is seldom clear. Zooming in will improve the image by increasing the resolution. Videos that claim to zoom in and reveal a ship, are looking at small boats that have not gone over the horizon yet. In the zoomed-in view, this is easy to identify: you can see water behind the ship. 2. the ship is hidden by the horizon. Once a ship has gone over the horizon, it is progressively hidden from the bottom up by the horizon. In effect, there is a hill of water between you and the ship. Zooming in does not remove this hill, it just makes the part of the ship that is still above the horizon easier to see. This is a good test: watch a large ship go over the horizon. The larger, the better. And you need a ship with a large superstructure: not a tanker, but a ferry or a container ship. Wait until it goes over the horizon, wait until the hull has completely disappeared , but the superstructure remains visible. Then zoom in as much as you like. You will notice that your view of the superstructure improves, but the hull does not come back into view.
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  455.  @randyschissler5791  Your post with the link has disappeared.
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  456.  @JFK-ir7yz  There's a video "Nikon P1000 Max Zoom Test: 4 to 6 Mile Horizon Boat Test". Look it up. At 1:10, the video zooms in on 7 boats. 6 of them are in front of the horizon and completely visible. Number 7 is behind the horizon, and only the mast is visible. Notice that while zooming in, the hull of number 7 never comes into view: at any zoom level, we only see the top section of the mast.
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  457.  @JFK-ir7yz  At first glance, when you look around you, Earth seems flat. But is it really? When we measure a section of Earth's surface, we always find that it is curved, not flat. Over a distance of one kilometer, the surface deviates from a straight line by 8 cm. That is too small to see with the naked eye, but it's pretty easy to measure. Geodetic surveys measure this every day. This curvature becomes visible when we look at the horizon: when a ship goes over the horizon, it is gradually hidden from view from the bottom up. Zooming in will not bring the obscured part of the ship back into view, despite your claims. It just makes the part that is not hidden yet, more visible. What will bring the obscured part of the ship back into view is moving to a higher elevation. The distance to the ship has not changed, which proves that the ship is not being obscured by any optical effect, is is being obscured by a physical obstacle: a hill of water between you and the ship.
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  458.  @luigicirelli2583  Simple experiments anyone can do, prove that Earth is spherical, not flat. This is the truth: Earth is a sphere.
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  459.  @Snuggles_the_Unholy  Yep.
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  460. Anyone can use simple tools to verify Earth's shape. When you do that, you'll see that Earth really is a sphere.
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  461. We've had definitive proof that Earth is a sphere for 2500 years. Every day, we confirm this by measuring Earth's curvature in geodetic surveys.
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  462.  @Phoenix80675  if 'contained in' was meant, you'd use 'under' , not 'in'.
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  463.  @Phoenix80675  We have abundant evidence that there's no solid structure anywhere above us. That's why that word cannot mean 'firmament'.
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  464.  @Phoenix80675  Perhaps you should reread all my posts in this thread.
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  465. When you look at a small boat, it eventually gets too small for the naked eye to see. The boat is still in front of the horizon at that point. Then you can use binoculars to see it again. When you observe a large ship, you can follow it to the horizon with your naked eye. When it goes over the horizon, the ship will be progressively hidden from the bottom up. When you use binoculars or a telescope, you will not be able to see the hidden part of the hull.
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  466.  @Bnslamb  You may want to review what I wrote.
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  467.  @Rpm68  Anyone actually thinking for themselves would use my comments, look up the experiments I briefly described, and do those experiments. You, on the other hand, keep clinging to a position no supported by evidence.
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  468. Earth is not stationary. Simple experiments anyone can do show that Earth moves. Earth is not flat. Simple experiments anyone can do show that Earth's surface is curved. The Southern hemisphere has 24 major time zones, just like the Northern one.
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  469.  @MythsandReality4  There is no dome. 10,000 satellites have been successfully launched to altitudes way above where the dome is claimed to be. The whole "dome" bit is the result of the incorrect translation of one word in the Bible. In reality, the Bible speaks about the sky, not about any dome.
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  470. Every video that claims to do this, shows a small boat that has not gone over the horizon yet. This is obvious when you watch the video: water behind the boat is visible. When a boat reaches the horizon, no water is visible behind the boat. Once a ship goes over the horizon, no amount of zooming in will bring the hidden parts of the ship back into view.
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  471.  @ben-yi3nh  There are no holes in the spherical Earth model. The only people who claim there are holes are flat-Earthers, and the claims they make never hold up to scrutiny.
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  472.  @ben-yi3nh  A geodetic survey can be used in two ways: 1. to measure Earth's curvature. 2. to measure the elevation of objects relative to Earth's curvature. To do this, you have to take Earth's curvature into account. This is the most common form of geodetic survey, as used in preparation for construction, for determining land borders etc. Before you can do a survey of the second type, a survey of the first type has to be done to determine Earth's curvature. Examples of this type of survey are the French Geodesic Mission to Lapland of 1736 and the French Geodesic Mission to the Equator of 1735. They measured not only Earth's diameter, but also its oblateness (the difference between the equatorial and polar diameters).
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  473.  @ben-yi3nh  Every single claim of "we can see farther than the curvature predicts" turns out to be false. There are 3 common types of error: 1. they use a curvature calculation that ignores observer height, target height, or both 2. they use a curvature calculation that ignores atmospheric refraction and its variability 3. the observation itself is a lie. There's a recent one where someone claims to see an island from a distance of 600 miles. When you watch the video, it's easy to see he's looking at clouds, not an island: the clouds move and deform during the video. Another common one is to make a video of a mirage and claim it's a direct observation.
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  474.  @ben-yi3nh  Earth's shape is an objective fact. The evidence is overwhelming, and it is entirely one-sided. ALL of the evidence shows that Earth is a sphere. - Geodetic surveys allow us to measure Earth's curvature, and its diameter. - observation of a ship going over the horizon shows that Earth's surface is curved. - observation of the range of a radio transmitter shows that Earth's surface is curved. - observation of the elevation angle of the sun and the stars, and how this changes with latitude, shows that Earth's surface is curved. - we can fly around the planet both via the equator and via the poles, demonstrating that Earth does not have edges. - Photos from high altitude and from space show Earth's curvature directly. We have millions such photos from lots of different, independent sources. Even amateurs have been able to make photos from an altitude of 30 km, clearly showing Earth's curvature.
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  475.  @ben-yi3nh  You'll notice I did not say the French measurement is the only one. The first measurement of Earth's curvature was done by Eratosthenes in 250 BC. We've done many since then. I'm not going to explain geodetic surveying to you in a comment, that's what Wikipedia is for.
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  476.  @ben-yi3nh  Davidmescher is correct. When you do Eratosthenes' experiment (vertical shadow at location A, measure the length of a shadow at B) and assume Earth is flat, you get a distance between point A and the Sun. When you move the stick from point B and measure the shadow a few hundred km to the North of point B, you get a different distance between point A and the Sun. So you have two measurements that conflict with each other, which means the measurement contains a flawed assumption. That flaw is the assumption that Earth is flat.
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  477.  @ben-yi3nh  By 250 BC they'd already realized that the Sun is neither small nor close to Earth. You can do this by comparing the size of the sun at noon and near sundown: if the size of the sun changes, you know the sun is nearby. Observations show that the size of the sun does not change, which means it's far away, which in turn means it has to be large, in order to be seen as a disk. Shadows show that the light of the sun is parallel.
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  478. ​ @ben-yi3nh  Example: Let's place point A at the equator, and B at 10ºN latitude. That's a distance of 1111 km. At point B I measure an angle of 80º, then the altitude is 6301 km. Then place point A at the equator, and B at 20ºN latitude. That's a distance of 2222 km. At point B I measure an angle of 70º, then the altitude is 6105 km. Oops, two different altitudes for the same sun. If Earth were flat, these two measurements would give the same result.
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  479. GOES, Himawari, Meteosat. Satellites in geostationary orbit that take photos of the whole hemisphere every 10 minutes. Zoom in, and you can see cities and mountains both above and below the equator. images easily found at NOAA.
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  480. Every time we measure the surface of our planet, we find that it is not flat, but curved. We can separate that into local terrain (hills, mountains) and a long-range component that is always the same: a sphere with a radius of 6700 km. When we look at the horizon, we see that objects that go over the horizon disappear from the bottom up, indicating that when the distance gets long enough, a physical obstacle appears between us and the object. This always happens at the same distance. That distance is again consistent with a sphere with a radius of 6700 km. all of the evidence, from these measurements to direct observation of Earth from high altitude, tells us that Earth is not flat, but spherical. Now, do you find it logical that God would create a world that is one shape, but appears to be something else? A world that lies to us whenever we look at it? I don't find that logical. That means Earth really is a sphere.
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  481.  @nocturnallust4145  The truth is that Earth is a sphere. As I said before, anyone can do simple observations that confirm this. The ancient Greeks figured this out 2500 years ago, and ever since, nobody has presented evidence that Earth is any other shape. Every "flat Earth" argument is based on false claims.
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  482.  @nocturnallust4145  With a camera or telescope with crosshairs, and a ruler I can measure a section of its surface and see the curvature. With a stick of known length and a ruler I can repeat Eratosthenes' experiment and measure the elevation of the sun and how it changes with latitude, which gives me the diameter of Earth.
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  483. Bill Nye has been practicing science and teaching science for decades. That makes him a scientist.
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  484.  @Mark-Stone  "Man/woman is complicated" is an objective scientific fact. Chromosomes: in addition to XX and XY there's a whole range of combinations that occur in nature. Some women have cells with XY and other cells with XX. Genitalia: all kinds of in-between shapes are possible. Then there's the mental issues (gender dysphoria). Reducing all this to a social issue is a reductio ad absurdum.
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  485. It's pretty easy to measure the 3D position of a series of points on Earth's surface. Surveyors do this every day. And when we do this, we always find the surface is curved, not flat. Water is curved too. Look at a ship going over the horizon: when it reaches a distance of 5 km, it starts to be hidden from the bottom up. This is caused by the curvature of the water. Water curves on any scale. The force that causes this to happen is gravity. That means: on Earth's it's difficult to show this on a small scale, because the gravitational field of the planet is much stronger than the field of any small object. We can do the experiment in orbit, and we find that water sticks to even small objects.
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  486.  @gstynchula  You have been misled. Once a ship has gone over the horizon, no amount of zooming in will bring it back into view. Every video that claims to show this, actually zooms in on small boats in front of the horizon. Perspective does not make things disappear from the bottom up. It only makes faraway objects look smaller, it does not change which parts of the object are visible.
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  487.  @hannesswart4827  No, for surface targets the range is around 30 miles, depending on how tall the two ships are. To get a range of 100 miles, you need an airborne radar.
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  488.  @hannesswart4827  Moon light isn't 'cold'. Videos that claim to show that, actually show something else. At night, the ground, and objects on the ground, cool down. Objects in shadow cool down slower than object that not in shadow: unshaded objects can radiate more heat away. That is the temperature difference you measure. This can be easily proven: the same difference between shaded and unshaded objects happens when the moon is below the horizon.
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  489.  @hannesswart4827  That is what I said.
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  490.  @hannesswart4827  'it can't happen" is a result of you not understanding the physics involved. Those speeds are meaningless; the only important factor in the orbits of the moon and Earth are the forces involved: the gravitational forces between the bodies. Those are balanced with the orbital speed of each body, leading to stable orbits.
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  491.  @hannesswart4827  The basketball's shadow is smaller than the ball itself.
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  492.  @davidstanley6243  Simple observations anyone can do prove that Earth is a spinning globe. We can measure the surface directly, and find that it is curved, not flat. A Foucault pendulum proves that Earth rotates. Simple observations anyone can do prove that the sun is not local. Observe the sun at zenith and near sundown. Measure the apparent size: you will find that they are the same. If the sun were small and local, the 10,000 km it moves between zenith and sundown would make it appear smaller at sundown.
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  493.  @davidstanley6243  When you stand on a set of railroad tracks, it appears as if they get closer together in the distance. THAT is perspective: faraway objects appear smaller. The sun does not do this: the apparent size of the sun does not change between zenith and sunset, which means the distance to the sun is much greater than the change in distance between zenith and sunset (which is about 10,000 km). When the sun sets, it again does not get smaller and smaller. The bottom of the sun gets blocked from your view by the horizon. If the sunset were due to perspective, we'd be able to watch the sun set, then after sunset, aim a telescope at the place where the sun set and bring the sun back into view. In reality, we can't do that, proving that sunsets are not due to perspective.
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  494. We know it's not flat, because it's pretty easy to measure Earth's surface. And every time we do that, we find curvature.
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  495.  @Factchekka  Yes, in those conditions you'd get a sunset. You'd still be able to differentiate between that and a sunset on a spherical world: on a spherical world, you can climb to high altitude and get a later sunset, on a flat world that wouldn't work nearly so well.
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  496.  @ranger9706  If you and I are talking about the color of the sky, and you can look up to verify what I've said, there's no point in me trying to tell you that the sky is green: you can see for yourself if I'm telling the truth.  Earth's shape is the same: all I need to check what people are saying about the shape of the world is a camera on a tripod, and a measuring stick. Nobody is in a position to lie about the shape of the world, because as I said, anyone can check for themselves.
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  497.  @EIWPmedia  We believe that because we have evidence that proves this is true. We have a scientific model that explains how this works. Ww have no evidence that Earth's shape is anything other than a spheroid.
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  498.  @EIWPmedia  Up and down are determined by gravity: Down is always towards the center of the planet, up is in the opposite direction. So for someone on Antarctica, Down is the direction towards their feet, just as for someone standing at the North Pole, Down is the direction towards their feet.
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  499.  @danielwendel9214  I looked for a list of polar circumnavigations.
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  500.  @EIWPmedia  Globe proof source: all of our observations, all of our measurements of Earth's surface.
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  501.  @erikknight5664  There is no firmament. We can see satellites in the night sky, even with the naked eye. We can measure their speed and altitude, and find that they are far higher than where the firmament is claimed to be. Several lunar missions left laser reflectors on the moon, and anyone with a powerful laser can prove those reflectors are there - and in the process measure the distance to the moon. All you have is reality denial.
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  502.  @erikknight5664  Wow, you're off your rocker.
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  503.  @dandobrowolski5818  Again, you are wrong. Bill Nye's show was all about sharing understanding and knowledge. He taught people the scientific method by example, the underpinning of all science. He shared knowledge. It doesn't matter that those experiments have been done before: he exposed people new to science to these experiments.
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  504. Charlatans have published videos where they claim you can bring ships that have gone over the horizon back into view. But every single one of those videos turns out to be fake: they are zooming in on small boats that have not gone over the horizon yet. The real test would be to follow a large ship, wait until its hull is hidden by the horizon but the superstructure is still visible, and then zoom in and try to make the superstructure visible again.
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