Comments by "PAPAZA TAKLA ATTIRAN İMAM" (@papazataklaattiranimam) on "Omar of the Orient"
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In short, it is hard to think of any other ethnolinguistic entity in history that conquered so vast a territory and founded so many empires and states, also contributing to world civilizations. The history of the Turkic peoples was an important factor in world history for more than a millennium until the emergence of Europe as the world's dominant power. What happened in the Turkic world often affected the history of China, Central Asia, the Middle East, South Asia, and Europe. One may also argue that world history began with the "Turko-Mongol" empire created by Chinggis Khan. In the contemporary world, Turkic-speaking nations form six states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkey/Türkiye) and several "autonomous" units in Russia (the republics of Chuvash, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Altai, Khakassia, Tuva, and Sakha) and China (the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). Turkic peoples also reside as minority groups in several other countries, including Mongolia and Iran, among others. It would therefore be difficult to acquire a comprehensive understanding of world history as well as our present world without studying the history of the Turkic peoples.
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In short, it is hard to think of any other ethnolinguistic entity in history that conquered so vast a territory and founded so many empires and states, also contributing to world civilizations. The history of the Turkic peoples was an important factor in world history for more than a millennium until the emergence of Europe as the world's dominant power. What happened in the Turkic world often affected the history of China, Central Asia, the Middle East, South Asia, and Europe. One may also argue that world history began with the "Turko-Mongol" empire created by Chinggis Khan. In the contemporary world, Turkic-speaking nations form six states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkey/Türkiye) and several "autonomous" units in Russia (the republics of Chuvash, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Altai, Khakassia, Tuva, and Sakha) and China (the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). Turkic peoples also reside as minority groups in several other countries, including Mongolia and Iran, among others. It would therefore be difficult to acquire a comprehensive understanding of world history as well as our present world without studying the history of the Turkic peoples.
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When Temüjin was a boy, the center of the steppe world was the Orkhon Valley, the old imperial site of the Türks. The valley was dominated by the Kereit. To the west, on the upper Irtysh River, lay Naiman territory. The Kereit and Naiman, not the Mongols, were masters of the steppeThe Kereit and Naiman elites spoke Turkic and had partially converted to Christianity under the influence of the Nestorian Church. In an effort to outdo each other, To'oril of the Kereit and Tayang Qan of the Naiman accumulated men, weapons, alliances, and prestige. Yesügei Ba'atur sided with the Kereit. Later Chinggis Khan would subdue the Kereit and the Naiman in the course of a protracted effort to defeat all challengers among the steppe peoples.
The Horde How the Mongols Changed the World
Marie Favereau, p.32-33
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In short, it is hard to think of any other ethnolinguistic entity in history that conquered so vast a territory and founded so many empires and states, also contributing to world civilizations. The history of the Turkic peoples was an important factor in world history for more than a millennium until the emergence of Europe as the world's dominant power. What happened in the Turkic world often affected the history of China, Central Asia, the Middle East, South Asia, and Europe. One may also argue that world history began with the "Turko-Mongol" empire created by Chinggis Khan. In the contemporary world, Turkic-speaking nations form six states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkey/Türkiye) and several "autonomous" units in Russia (the republics of Chuvash, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Altai, Khakassia, Tuva, and Sakha) and China (the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). Turkic peoples also reside as minority groups in several other countries, including Mongolia and Iran, among others. It would therefore be difficult to acquire a comprehensive understanding of world history as well as our present world without studying the history of the Turkic peoples.
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The noblest of these nations that were not interested in science are the Chinese and the Turks. The Chinese are the largest of the peoples by number, the most imposing by kingdom, and the most considerable by territory. The domains they occupy are in the eastern parts of the inhabited world, between the equinoctial line to the extreme of the seven climates to the north. His share in knowledge (ma'rifa) is to surpass all nations in mastery of handicrafts and perfection of graphic arts. They are the most suffered of men in the prolonged effort, which the improvement of the works [supposes], as well as in enduring the harshness of the penalties in the perfection of the arts (sana'i").
As for the Turks, [they] also form a great nation with numerous troops and an imposing kingdom. The domains they inhabit are found between the eastern regions of Juräsän, [on the side] of the Islamic empire, the western regions of China, northern India, and the extreme north of the inhabited world. Their virtue is that they stand out and achieve supremacy in doing war, as well as in the elaboration of weapons; for they are the most skilful of men in horsemanship and [warfare] tactics, and the keenest of eyes for spearing, striking with the sword, and shooting arrows.
Ahmad, A.S. ibn and Salgado, M.F. (1999) Libro de las categorías de las naciones: Vislumbres desde el islam clásico sobre la filosofía y la ciencia. Tres cantos: Akal., p.43
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The noblest of these nations that were not interested in science are the Chinese and the Turks. The Chinese are the largest of the peoples by number, the most imposing by kingdom, and the most considerable by territory. The domains they occupy are in the eastern parts of the inhabited world, between the equinoctial line to the extreme of the seven climates to the north. His share in knowledge (ma'rifa) is to surpass all nations in mastery of handicrafts and perfection of graphic arts. They are the most suffered of men in the prolonged effort, which the improvement of the works [supposes], as well as in enduring the harshness of the penalties in the perfection of the arts (sana'i").
As for the Turks, [they] also form a great nation with numerous troops and an imposing kingdom. The domains they inhabit are found between the eastern regions of Juräsän, [on the side] of the Islamic empire, the western regions of China, northern India, and the extreme north of the inhabited world. Their virtue is that they stand out and achieve supremacy in doing war, as well as in the elaboration of weapons; for they are the most skilful of men in horsemanship and [warfare] tactics, and the keenest of eyes for spearing, striking with the sword, and shooting arrows.
Ahmad, A.S. ibn and Salgado, M.F. (1999) Libro de las categorías de las naciones: Vislumbres desde el islam clásico sobre la filosofía y la ciencia. Tres cantos: Akal., p.43
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[They] gave the ruler of China the name "King of Humans," because the people of China are the most obedient of [all] peoples to royal power and the most subject to government. They gave the King of India the name "King of Wisdom" because of his great interest in the sciences (ulum) and his preference for the whole body of knowledge (ma'arif). They gave the King of the Turks the name " King of the Lions', for the courage of the Turks and the vigor of their bravery. They called the king of the Persians the name "King of kings," because of the magnitude of his power and his glory, the excellence of his rank, and the importance of his state; for he subdued the kings of the center of the inhabited world and encompassed, to the exclusion of other kingdoms, the most fertile of climatic regions (aqālīm). They gave the king of the Byzantines the name "King of men", because the Byzantines (rūm) are the people with the most beautiful faces, the best proportioned bodies and the most robust constitution.
Ahmad, A.S. ibn and Salgado, M.F. (1999) Libro de las categorías de las naciones: Vislumbres desde el islam clásico sobre la filosofía y la ciencia. Tres cantos: Akal., p.45
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Writing in the ninth century, the Arab historian al-Jahiz captured the awe with which outsiders viewed these fighters:
If a thousand of their [Turks’] horse join battle and let off a single shower of arrows, they can mow down a thousand [Arabs’] horse. No army can withstand this kind of assault. The Kharajites and the Bedouin have no skill worth mentioning in shooting from horseback, but the Turk can shoot at beasts, birds, hoops, men, sitting quarry, dummies and birds on the wing, and do so at full gallop to fore or to rear, to left or to right, upwards or downwards, loosing ten arrows before the Kharajite can nock one ... and if they do turn their back,they are to be feared as much as deadly poison and sudden death; for their arrows hit the mark as much when they are retreating as when they are advancing.18
RICHARD M. EATON. India in the Persianate Age, 1000–1765 by Richard Eaton .
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The noblest of these nations that were not interested in science are the Chinese and the Turks. The Chinese are the largest of the peoples by number, the most imposing by kingdom, and the most considerable by territory. The domains they occupy are in the eastern parts of the inhabited world, between the equinoctial line to the extreme of the seven climates to the north. His share in knowledge (ma'rifa) is to surpass all nations in mastery of handicrafts and perfection of graphic arts. They are the most suffered of men in the prolonged effort, which the improvement of the works [supposes], as well as in enduring the harshness of the penalties in the perfection of the arts (sana'i").
As for the Turks, [they] also form a great nation with numerous troops and an imposing kingdom. The domains they inhabit are found between the eastern regions of Juräsän, [on the side] of the Islamic empire, the western regions of China, northern India, and the extreme north of the inhabited world. Their virtue is that they stand out and achieve supremacy in doing war, as well as in the elaboration of weapons; for they are the most skilful of men in horsemanship and [warfare] tactics, and the keenest of eyes for spearing, striking with the sword, and shooting arrows.
Ahmad, A.S. ibn and Salgado, M.F. (1999) Libro de las categorías de las naciones: Vislumbres desde el islam clásico sobre la filosofía y la ciencia. Tres cantos: Akal., p.43
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Bosworth, C. E. (2019). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8. (...) Najm al-Din Ayyüb and Asad al-Din Shirküh b. Shadhi, the progenitors of the dynasty, were from the Hadhbani tribe of Kurds, although the family seems to have become considerably Turkicised from their service at the side of Turkish soldiers. The Turkish commander of Mosul and Aleppo, Zangi b. Aq Sonqur (see below, no. 93, 1) recruited large numbers of bellicose Kurds into his follow ing, including in 532/1138 Ayyüb, and soon afterwards his brother Shirküh en tered the service of Zangi's famous son Nür al-Din. In 564/1169, Shirküh gained control of Egypt on the demise of the last Fatimid caliph al-'Adid (see above, no. 27) but died almost immediately, and his nephew Salah al-Din b. Najm al-Din Ayyüb (Saladin) was recognised by his troops as Shirküh's successor. The celebrated foe of the Frankish Crusaders, Saladin, was accordingly the real founder of the dynasty. He extinguished the last vestiges of Fatimid rule in Egypt and replaced the Isma'tli Shi'ism which had prevailed there for two centuries by a strongly orthodox Sunni religious and educational policy; the great wave of Ayyübid mosque- and madrasa-building in Egypt and Syria was one aspect of this. The Ayyubids were in this way continuing the policy of the Zangids in Syria and were acting in a parallel manner to the Great Saljuqs before them, who had inaugurated a Sunni reaction in the Iraqi and Persian lands taken over from the Shi'i Bayids (see below, no. 75). Although the Ayyübids were in fact less enthusiastic pursuers of jihad than the Zangids had been, Saladin is associated in Western scholarship with his successes in Palestine, for his enthusiasm enabled him to weld together armies of Kurds, Turks and Arabs in a common cause. (...)
Humphreys, R. S. "AYYUBIDS", Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III, Fasc. 2, pp. 164–167, "In the light of the above outline, is it proper to think of the Ayyubid confederation as a specifically “Kurdish” state? On the level of political structure, the governing attitudes of the Ayyubid confederation can certainly be related to the political institutions of their original homeland. On the other hand, these institutions do not differ significantly from the underlying structures of contemporary Turkish states (...)"
Saladin was worthy of particular praise as an exceptional figure who had ‘cleansed the holy places of infidelity, who fought the Franks and abolished the trinity of God’. The sultan was described as being of the Turkish dynasty , although his name was given as ‘Salah al-Din al-Kurdi’.
“The View from the East: From the Medieval Age to the Late Nineteenth Century.” The Life and Legend of the Sultan Saladin, by JONATHAN PHILLIPS, Yale University Press, NEW HAVEN; LONDON, 2019, pp. 329–344.
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