Comments by "PAPAZA TAKLA ATTIRAN İMAM" (@papazataklaattiranimam) on "HistoryLegends"
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In short, it is hard to think of any other ethnolinguistic entity in history that conquered so vast a territory and founded so many empires and states, also contributing to world civilizations. The history of the Turkic peoples was an important factor in world history for more than a millennium until the emergence of Europe as the world's dominant power. What happened in the Turkic world often affected the history of China, Central Asia, the Middle East, South Asia, and Europe. One may also argue that world history began with the "Turko-Mongol" empire created by Chinggis Khan. In the contemporary world, Turkic-speaking nations form six states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkey/Türkiye) and several "autonomous" units in Russia (the republics of Chuvash, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Altai, Khakassia, Tuva, and Sakha) and China (the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). Turkic peoples also reside as minority groups in several other countries, including Mongolia and Iran, among others. It would therefore be difficult to acquire a comprehensive understanding of world history as well as our present world without studying the history of the Turkic peoples.
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Hellenic states of the Seleucids, Macedonia, Achaean League, Aetolian League, Kingdom of Pergamon, Ptolemaics etc. all got destroyed by Roman Empire which resulted as ending of Hellenistic era and post Roman Greece was basically a playground for Romans, Turks, Slavs, Albanians, Thracians, Illyrians, Armenians, Italians and Germanic peoples as we all know
Hellenic rule in Greece broadly ended with the Roman conquest of Greece resulting with a dominant Roman, Turkic, and Germanic rule whereas only 3 short lived Hellenic dynasties, Komnenids, Angelids and Laskarids, managed to rule Grece
Foreign rule in Greece;
Achaemenid dynasty (Iranic)
Nerva–Antonine dynasty (Italic)
Severan dynasty (Punic)
Gordian dynasty (Celtic)
Decian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valerian dynasty (Italic)
Caran dynasty (Illyrian)
Constaninian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valentinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Theodosian dynasty (Hispanian)
Leonid dynasty (Thracian)
Justinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Heraclian dynasty (Armenian)
Isaurian dynasty (Armenian)
Nikephorian dynasty (Arabic)
Dulo dynasty (Turkic)
Krum’s dynasty (Turkic)
Amorian dynasty (Jewish)
Macedonian dynasty (Armenian)
Phokas dynasty (Armenian)
Doukid dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Diogenes dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Principality of Arbanon (Albanian)
Principality of Valona (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of the Archipelago (Italian)
Kingdom of Cyprus (Germanic)
Kingdom of Thessalonica (Germanic)
Empire of Thessalonica (most likely Armenian)
Latin Empire (Germanic)
Asenid dynasty (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of Athens (French)
Duchy of Neopatras (Spanish)
Marquisate of Bodonitsa (Germanic)
Lordship of Argos and Nauplia (Germanic)
Lordship of Salona (Germanic)
Lordship of Chios (Italian)
Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (Germanic)
Principality of Achaea (French)
Palaiologos dynasty (most likely Italic)
Nemanjic dynasty (Slavic)
Despotate of Arta (Albanian)
Despotate of Ioannia (Albanian)
League of Lezhe (Albanian)
Vojivonic dynasty (Slavic)
Venetian dominions in Greece (Italian)
Principality of Lesbos (Italian)
Kingdom of Candia (Italian)
Kingdom of Ioanian Islands (Italian)
Kingdom of the Morea (Italian)
Triarchy of Negroponte (French)
Ottoman dynasty (Turkic)
Pashalik of Berat (Albanian)
Pashalik of Yanina (Albanian)
Pashalik of Scutari (Albanian)
Septinsular Republic (Italian)
House of Wittelsbach (Germanic)
United States of the Ionian Islands (Germanic)
Principality of Samos (Slavic)
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@Ghanfort
Ottoman legitimacy drew on Turco-Mongol and Islamic precedents. Fleischer sees the Ottoman Empire as a 'unique, if not aberrant, phe nomenon' in Islamic history due to its emphasis on natural justice and the central role of the Ottoman dynasty as rulers of a defined geographic sphere (Fleischer, 1986: 253). The sixteenth-century Ottoman theorists Ebu's-Su'ud and Mustafa Ali upheld broadly similar theses for the legiti macy of the Ottomans which included the manipulation of their lineage to indicate their descent from Oghuz, the eponym of the Ghuzz Turks, their inheritance of Muslim lands from the Seljuk Turks and their dedica tion to justice, understood as a religious, universal concept (Imber, 1997: 73-4; Fleischer, 1986: 282, 287-8). Although the Ottomans adopted a more obviously Islamic profile after their conquest of the Arab lands, including the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, in the early sixteenth century, a distinction remained between religion and the state/dynasty (din-ü-devlet) which was also apparent in the Ottomans' dual legal sys tem based on the Shari'a and 'state' kamun, despite the close partnership between the two.
Secular attitudes derived from the Turco-Mongol heritage were also qualified by the tendency among Ottoman political theorists of dis cussing international relations using the medieval dar al-islam/dar al-harb formulation and its concomitant, jihad or ghaza. This reflected the ori gins of the Ottoman Empire as a Turkic warrior principality on the frontiers of Byzantium which led generations of Ottoman sultans to style themselves 'holy warriors' (ghazis) until the Empire's demise in the 1920s. Their conquest of the Balkans and Aegean peninsula was legitimised in terms of jihad against the infidel, and their conquest of Constantinople was celebrated as the culmination of the Islamic conquests which had begun in the seventh century. In much advice literature of the sev enteenth and eighteenth centuries, the need to continue the jihad and expand the Ottoman Muslim domain in order to restore the inner vital ity of the Empire is a recurrent trope alongside more practical suggestions for reform.
International Society and the Middle East: English School Theory at the Regional Level (Palgrave Studies in International Relations) 2009th Edition by B. Buzan (Editor), A. Gonzalez-Pelaez (Editor) p.55
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@simulify8726 The arrival of the Turks in the Muslim world pushed Muslim power further into India. Of particular note is Mahmud of Ghazni (r. 997-1030), a Turkic sultan who was the first to lead military expeditions deep into India. By establishing himself as the leader of an autonomous state based in Ghazni in the Afghan highlands, he was close enough to India to focus much of his attention on the subcontinent. His seventeen military campaigns into northern India served as the basis of his rule, bringing wealth and power to him and his empire. While his raids were no doubt detrimental to local power and rule in India, he also established major cultural centers and helped spread Persian culture throughout his reign. The legendary Persian poet Firdawsi, who perhaps did more to revive ancient Persian culture than any other person after the country's conversion to Islam, and al-Biruni, a scientist, historian, geologist and physicist, were both mainstays of Mahmud's court. Because of his status as a patron of the arts coupled with his ruthless raids into India, Mahmud of Ghazni's legacy in India today is colored by modern politics as much as anyone else.
Regardless of his legacy, Mahmud and the Ghaznavid Dynasty he founded laid the foundation for Muslim conquest in India. The succeeding dynasty, the Ghurids, also ruled out of Afghanistan, and managed to push their borders even further into India, capturing Delhi in 1192. The Ghurids relied on slave soldiers of Turkic origin who formed the core of their army, much like the contemporary Ayyubids further west in the Muslim world. Like their counterparts in Egypt, who established the Mamluk Sultanate, the slave soldiers in India eventually overthrew their masters and inaugurated their own dynasty: the Delhi Sultanate.
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Hellenic states of the Seleucids, Macedonia, Achaean League, Aetolian League, Kingdom of Pergamon, Ptolemaics etc. all got destroyed by Roman Empire which resulted as ending of Hellenistic era and post Roman Greece was basically a playground for Romans, Turks, Slavs, Albanians, Thracians, Illyrians, Armenians, Italians and Germanic peoples as we all know
Hellenic rule in Greece broadly ended with the Roman conquest of Greece resulting with a dominant Roman, Turkic, and Germanic rule whereas only 3 short lived Hellenic dynasties, Komnenids, Angelids and Laskarids, managed to rule Grece
Foreign rule in Greece;
Achaemenid dynasty (Iranic)
Nerva–Antonine dynasty (Italic)
Severan dynasty (Punic)
Gordian dynasty (Celtic)
Decian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valerian dynasty (Italic)
Caran dynasty (Illyrian)
Constaninian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valentinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Theodosian dynasty (Hispanian)
Leonid dynasty (Thracian)
Justinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Heraclian dynasty (Armenian)
Isaurian dynasty (Armenian)
Nikephorian dynasty (Arabic)
Dulo dynasty (Turkic)
Krum’s dynasty (Turkic)
Amorian dynasty (Jewish)
Macedonian dynasty (Armenian)
Phokas dynasty (Armenian)
Doukid dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Diogenes dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Principality of Arbanon (Albanian)
Principality of Valona (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of the Archipelago (Italian)
Kingdom of Cyprus (Germanic)
Kingdom of Thessalonica (Germanic)
Empire of Thessalonica (most likely Armenian)
Latin Empire (Germanic)
Asenid dynasty (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of Athens (French)
Duchy of Neopatras (Spanish)
Marquisate of Bodonitsa (Germanic)
Lordship of Argos and Nauplia (Germanic)
Lordship of Salona (Germanic)
Lordship of Chios (Italian)
Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (Germanic)
Principality of Achaea (French)
Palaiologos dynasty (most likely Italic)
Nemanjic dynasty (Slavic)
Despotate of Arta (Albanian)
Despotate of Ioannia (Albanian)
League of Lezhe (Albanian)
Vojivonic dynasty (Slavic)
Venetian dominions in Greece (Italian)
Principality of Lesbos (Italian)
Kingdom of Candia (Italian)
Kingdom of Ioanian Islands (Italian)
Kingdom of the Morea (Italian)
Triarchy of Negroponte (French)
Ottoman dynasty (Turkic)
Pashalik of Berat (Albanian)
Pashalik of Yanina (Albanian)
Pashalik of Scutari (Albanian)
Septinsular Republic (Italian)
House of Wittelsbach (Germanic)
United States of the Ionian Islands (Germanic)
Principality of Samos (Slavic)
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Hellenic states of the Seleucids, Macedonia, Achaean League, Aetolian League, Kingdom of Pergamon, Ptolemaics etc. all got destroyed by Roman Empire which resulted as ending of Hellenistic era and post Roman Greece was basically a playground for Romans, Turks, Slavs, Albanians, Thracians, Illyrians, Armenians, Italians and Germanic peoples as we all know
Hellenic rule in Greece broadly ended with the Roman conquest of Greece resulting with a dominant Roman, Turkic, and Germanic rule whereas only 3 short lived Hellenic dynasties, Komnenids, Angelids and Laskarids, managed to rule Grece
Foreign rule in Greece;
Achaemenid dynasty (Iranic)
Nerva–Antonine dynasty (Italic)
Severan dynasty (Punic)
Gordian dynasty (Celtic)
Decian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valerian dynasty (Italic)
Caran dynasty (Illyrian)
Constaninian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valentinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Theodosian dynasty (Hispanian)
Leonid dynasty (Thracian)
Justinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Heraclian dynasty (Armenian)
Isaurian dynasty (Armenian)
Nikephorian dynasty (Arabic)
Dulo dynasty (Turkic)
Krum’s dynasty (Turkic)
Amorian dynasty (Jewish)
Macedonian dynasty (Armenian)
Phokas dynasty (Armenian)
Doukid dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Diogenes dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Principality of Arbanon (Albanian)
Principality of Valona (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of the Archipelago (Italian)
Kingdom of Cyprus (Germanic)
Kingdom of Thessalonica (Germanic)
Empire of Thessalonica (most likely Armenian)
Latin Empire (Germanic)
Asenid dynasty (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of Athens (French)
Duchy of Neopatras (Spanish)
Marquisate of Bodonitsa (Germanic)
Lordship of Argos and Nauplia (Germanic)
Lordship of Salona (Germanic)
Lordship of Chios (Italian)
Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (Germanic)
Principality of Achaea (French)
Palaiologos dynasty (most likely Italic)
Nemanjic dynasty (Slavic)
Despotate of Arta (Albanian)
Despotate of Ioannia (Albanian)
League of Lezhe (Albanian)
Vojivonic dynasty (Slavic)
Venetian dominions in Greece (Italian)
Principality of Lesbos (Italian)
Kingdom of Candia (Italian)
Kingdom of Ioanian Islands (Italian)
Kingdom of the Morea (Italian)
Triarchy of Negroponte (French)
Ottoman dynasty (Turkic)
Pashalik of Berat (Albanian)
Pashalik of Yanina (Albanian)
Pashalik of Scutari (Albanian)
Septinsular Republic (Italian)
House of Wittelsbach (Germanic)
United States of the Ionian Islands (Germanic)
Principality of Samos (Slavic)
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@Ghanfort
Hellenic states of the Seleucids, Macedonia, Achaean League, Aetolian League, Kingdom of Pergamon, Ptolemaics etc. all got destroyed by Roman Empire which resulted as ending of Hellenistic era and post Roman Greece was basically a playground for Romans, Turks, Slavs, Albanians, Thracians, Illyrians, Armenians, Italians and Germanic peoples as we all know
Hellenic rule in Greece broadly ended with the Roman conquest of Greece resulting with a dominant Roman, Turkic, and Germanic rule whereas only 3 short lived Hellenic dynasties, Komnenids, Angelids and Laskarids, managed to rule Grece
Foreign rule in Greece;
Achaemenid dynasty (Iranic)
Nerva–Antonine dynasty (Italic)
Severan dynasty (Punic)
Gordian dynasty (Celtic)
Decian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valerian dynasty (Italic)
Caran dynasty (Illyrian)
Constaninian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valentinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Theodosian dynasty (Hispanian)
Leonid dynasty (Thracian)
Justinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Heraclian dynasty (Armenian)
Isaurian dynasty (Armenian)
Nikephorian dynasty (Arabic)
Dulo dynasty (Turkic)
Krum’s dynasty (Turkic)
Amorian dynasty (Jewish)
Macedonian dynasty (Armenian)
Phokas dynasty (Armenian)
Doukid dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Diogenes dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Principality of Arbanon (Albanian)
Principality of Valona (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of the Archipelago (Italian)
Kingdom of Cyprus (Germanic)
Kingdom of Thessalonica (Germanic)
Empire of Thessalonica (most likely Armenian)
Latin Empire (Germanic)
Asenid dynasty (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of Athens (French)
Duchy of Neopatras (Spanish)
Marquisate of Bodonitsa (Germanic)
Lordship of Argos and Nauplia (Germanic)
Lordship of Salona (Germanic)
Lordship of Chios (Italian)
Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (Germanic)
Principality of Achaea (French)
Palaiologos dynasty (most likely Italic)
Nemanjic dynasty (Slavic)
Despotate of Arta (Albanian)
Despotate of Ioannia (Albanian)
League of Lezhe (Albanian)
Vojivonic dynasty (Slavic)
Venetian dominions in Greece (Italian)
Principality of Lesbos (Italian)
Kingdom of Candia (Italian)
Kingdom of Ioanian Islands (Italian)
Kingdom of the Morea (Italian)
Triarchy of Negroponte (French)
Ottoman dynasty (Turkic)
Pashalik of Berat (Albanian)
Pashalik of Yanina (Albanian)
Pashalik of Scutari (Albanian)
Septinsular Republic (Italian)
House of Wittelsbach (Germanic)
United States of the Ionian Islands (Germanic)
Principality of Samos (Slavic)
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Hellenic states of the Seleucids, Macedonia, Achaean League, Aetolian League, Kingdom of Pergamon, Ptolemaics etc. all got destroyed by Roman Empire which resulted as ending of Hellenistic era and post Roman Greece was basically a playground for Romans, Turks, Slavs, Albanians, Thracians, Illyrians, Armenians, Italians and Germanic peoples as we all know
Hellenic rule in Greece broadly ended with the Roman conquest of Greece resulting with a dominant Roman, Turkic, and Germanic rule whereas only 3 short lived Hellenic dynasties, Komnenids, Angelids and Laskarids, managed to rule Grece
Foreign rule in Greece;
Achaemenid dynasty (Iranic)
Nerva–Antonine dynasty (Italic)
Severan dynasty (Punic)
Gordian dynasty (Celtic)
Decian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valerian dynasty (Italic)
Caran dynasty (Illyrian)
Constaninian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valentinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Theodosian dynasty (Hispanian)
Leonid dynasty (Thracian)
Justinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Heraclian dynasty (Armenian)
Isaurian dynasty (Armenian)
Nikephorian dynasty (Arabic)
Dulo dynasty (Turkic)
Krum’s dynasty (Turkic)
Amorian dynasty (Jewish)
Macedonian dynasty (Armenian)
Phokas dynasty (Armenian)
Doukid dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Diogenes dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Principality of Arbanon (Albanian)
Principality of Valona (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of the Archipelago (Italian)
Kingdom of Cyprus (Germanic)
Kingdom of Thessalonica (Germanic)
Empire of Thessalonica (most likely Armenian)
Latin Empire (Germanic)
Asenid dynasty (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of Athens (French)
Duchy of Neopatras (Spanish)
Marquisate of Bodonitsa (Germanic)
Lordship of Argos and Nauplia (Germanic)
Lordship of Salona (Germanic)
Lordship of Chios (Italian)
Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (Germanic)
Principality of Achaea (French)
Palaiologos dynasty (most likely Italic)
Nemanjic dynasty (Slavic)
Despotate of Arta (Albanian)
Despotate of Ioannia (Albanian)
League of Lezhe (Albanian)
Vojivonic dynasty (Slavic)
Venetian dominions in Greece (Italian)
Principality of Lesbos (Italian)
Kingdom of Candia (Italian)
Kingdom of Ioanian Islands (Italian)
Kingdom of the Morea (Italian)
Triarchy of Negroponte (French)
Ottoman dynasty (Turkic)
Pashalik of Berat (Albanian)
Pashalik of Yanina (Albanian)
Pashalik of Scutari (Albanian)
Septinsular Republic (Italian)
House of Wittelsbach (Germanic)
United States of the Ionian Islands (Germanic)
Principality of Samos (Slavic)
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@Randomguy.01
Hellenic states of the Seleucids, Macedonia, Achaean League, Aetolian League, Kingdom of Pergamon, Ptolemaics etc. all got destroyed by Roman Empire which resulted as ending of Hellenistic era and post Roman Greece was basically a playground for Romans, Turks, Slavs, Albanians, Thracians, Illyrians, Armenians, Italians and Germanic peoples as we all know
Hellenic rule in Greece broadly ended with the Roman conquest of Greece resulting with a dominant Roman, Turkic, and Germanic rule whereas only 3 short lived Hellenic dynasties, Komnenids, Angelids and Laskarids, managed to rule Grece
Foreign rule in Greece;
Achaemenid dynasty (Iranic)
Nerva–Antonine dynasty (Italic)
Severan dynasty (Punic)
Gordian dynasty (Celtic)
Decian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valerian dynasty (Italic)
Caran dynasty (Illyrian)
Constaninian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valentinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Theodosian dynasty (Hispanian)
Leonid dynasty (Thracian)
Justinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Heraclian dynasty (Armenian)
Isaurian dynasty (Armenian)
Nikephorian dynasty (Arabic)
Dulo dynasty (Turkic)
Krum’s dynasty (Turkic)
Amorian dynasty (Jewish)
Macedonian dynasty (Armenian)
Phokas dynasty (Armenian)
Doukid dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Diogenes dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Principality of Arbanon (Albanian)
Principality of Valona (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of the Archipelago (Italian)
Kingdom of Cyprus (Germanic)
Kingdom of Thessalonica (Germanic)
Empire of Thessalonica (most likely Armenian)
Latin Empire (Germanic)
Asenid dynasty (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of Athens (French)
Duchy of Neopatras (Spanish)
Marquisate of Bodonitsa (Germanic)
Lordship of Argos and Nauplia (Germanic)
Lordship of Salona (Germanic)
Lordship of Chios (Italian)
Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (Germanic)
Principality of Achaea (French)
Palaiologos dynasty (most likely Italic)
Nemanjic dynasty (Slavic)
Despotate of Arta (Albanian)
Despotate of Ioannia (Albanian)
League of Lezhe (Albanian)
Vojivonic dynasty (Slavic)
Venetian dominions in Greece (Italian)
Principality of Lesbos (Italian)
Kingdom of Candia (Italian)
Kingdom of Ioanian Islands (Italian)
Kingdom of the Morea (Italian)
Triarchy of Negroponte (French)
Ottoman dynasty (Turkic)
Pashalik of Berat (Albanian)
Pashalik of Yanina (Albanian)
Pashalik of Scutari (Albanian)
Septinsular Republic (Italian)
House of Wittelsbach (Germanic)
United States of the Ionian Islands (Germanic)
Principality of Samos (Slavic)
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Hellenic states of the Seleucids, Macedonia, Achaean League, Aetolian League, Kingdom of Pergamon, Ptolemaics etc. all got destroyed by Roman Empire which resulted as ending of Hellenistic era and post Roman Greece was basically a playground for Romans, Turks, Slavs, Albanians, Thracians, Illyrians, Armenians, Italians and Germanic peoples as we all know
Hellenic rule in Greece broadly ended with the Roman conquest of Greece resulting with a dominant Roman, Turkic, and Germanic rule whereas only 3 short lived Hellenic dynasties, Komnenids, Angelids and Laskarids, managed to rule Grece
Foreign rule in Greece;
Achaemenid dynasty (Iranic)
Nerva–Antonine dynasty (Italic)
Severan dynasty (Punic)
Gordian dynasty (Celtic)
Decian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valerian dynasty (Italic)
Caran dynasty (Illyrian)
Constaninian dynasty (Illyrian)
Valentinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Theodosian dynasty (Hispanian)
Leonid dynasty (Thracian)
Justinian dynasty (Illyrian)
Heraclian dynasty (Armenian)
Isaurian dynasty (Armenian)
Nikephorian dynasty (Arabic)
Dulo dynasty (Turkic)
Krum’s dynasty (Turkic)
Amorian dynasty (Jewish)
Macedonian dynasty (Armenian)
Phokas dynasty (Armenian)
Doukid dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Diogenes dynasty (most likely Armenian)
Principality of Arbanon (Albanian)
Principality of Valona (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of the Archipelago (Italian)
Kingdom of Cyprus (Germanic)
Kingdom of Thessalonica (Germanic)
Empire of Thessalonica (most likely Armenian)
Latin Empire (Germanic)
Asenid dynasty (Slavized Turkic)
Duchy of Athens (French)
Duchy of Neopatras (Spanish)
Marquisate of Bodonitsa (Germanic)
Lordship of Argos and Nauplia (Germanic)
Lordship of Salona (Germanic)
Lordship of Chios (Italian)
Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (Germanic)
Principality of Achaea (French)
Palaiologos dynasty (most likely Italic)
Nemanjic dynasty (Slavic)
Despotate of Arta (Albanian)
Despotate of Ioannia (Albanian)
League of Lezhe (Albanian)
Vojivonic dynasty (Slavic)
Venetian dominions in Greece (Italian)
Principality of Lesbos (Italian)
Kingdom of Candia (Italian)
Kingdom of Ioanian Islands (Italian)
Kingdom of the Morea (Italian)
Triarchy of Negroponte (French)
Ottoman dynasty (Turkic)
Pashalik of Berat (Albanian)
Pashalik of Yanina (Albanian)
Pashalik of Scutari (Albanian)
Septinsular Republic (Italian)
House of Wittelsbach (Germanic)
United States of the Ionian Islands (Germanic)
Principality of Samos (Slavic)
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