Youtube comments of (@RedXlV).

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  163. ​ @unluckyirish2763  Warspite would've been one of the hardest to save, because at the time she was scrapped Britain's economy was a disaster. And she was seriously beat up, so who knows how expensive a restoration would've been. Vanguard was the best opportunity because she lasted the longest, into the period when Britain was once again a wealthy nation. Though the best chance of a British age of steel capital ship being saved would've been if everything had gone just right for Hood. The time of the battle is a little different so that Hood and Prince of Wales can link up with Norfolk and Suffolk, so the former can double-team Bismarck and the latter deal with Prinz Eugen. Hood doesn't blow up, and gets most of the credit in the press for sinking Bismarck. Or maybe it's just the same scenario as IRL but the luck is reversed and a shot from Hood at long range lands just right to plunge through Bismarck's deck and detonate the magazine (that being the only way a 15" shell could plausibly reach Bismarck's magazines). Her repair and refit gets finished in time for her rather than Duke of York to sink Scharnhorst in the Battle of the North Cape. She gets assigned as new flagship of the Pacific Fleet and does some shore bombardment, then leads the Royal Navy contingent into Tokyo Bay for the surrender. Now Hood is even more legendary than she was going into WW2 (sinking two much more modern battleships), and she and Vanguard make for a pretty good post-war squadron since they have the same main armament and similar speed. Meaning she might last to 1960 when Britain isn't desperately strapped for cash anymore. (With the KGVs being scrapped a little bit earlier than IRL.) At that point, maybe she'd have a chance of being preserved.
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  226. Regarding Tiger vs Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, the reason for Admiral Lütjens refusing to engage Convoy HX 106 because it was escorted by Ramilles wasn't that he doubted his ships' ability to take Ramilles. It was that he was under very strict orders from Hitler not to engage capital ships at all. The same would've applied to Tiger. Had Lütjens defied those orders and tried to fight Ramilles, even given the inferior guns on his ships I suspect that he would've won that engagement. He did after all outnumber Ramilles 2 to 1, and his ships were 11 knots faster and also better armored. Thus, I disagree with the assessment that Tiger would've had less utility than an R-class early in the war. Even if she had a very limited refit, her speed would've allowed her to be used in duties other than just convoy escort. And Revenge herself did little of any importance during WW2, so discarding her to keep Tiger (or keeping her as the training ship instead of Iron Duke) would've been no big loss. And in terms of the logistics of keeping the BL 13.5-inch Mk V gun in service for a single ship? That would be somewhat of an issue, but remember that those guns were still in use as land-based artillery in railway mounts as well. Three of them were brought to Dover as part of the battery of cross-channel guns. So it's not as if Britain discarded their stores of shells and charges for guns of that caliber. And if Tiger's refit came in the late 1930s, it's possible that she could've had her 13.5-inch guns replaced with the same BL 14-inch Mk VII used on King George V. IIRC, those guns were designed so that they could work with the turrets, cradles, and shell hoists of the 13.5-inch Mk V, because initially there was consideration of using Iron Duke's remaining turrets to test-fire the new gun design.
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  885. Regarding a triple turret version of the QEs? Your notion of a rebuild that removes the aft superfiring turret so that they can end up with useful speed in their 1930s refit has another implication going forward. You now have something a lot more interesting than the Courageous-class's twin turrets to put on HMS Vanguard. If we assume that as in reality, only Warspite, Valiant, and Queen Elizabeth went through full rebuilds since the outbreak of WW2 interrupted the schedule, that leaves three triple turrets to work with. Which means that Vanguard wouldn't need nearly so much redesign work relative to the Lion-class as she went through IRL, because she doesn't need to be lengthened to make room for a 4th turret. This would likely mean she would be given the same thickness of belt armor as the KGVs rather than having it thinned to 14 inches to make up for the longer hull. The simpler process of simply redesigning the Lions to use smaller turrets rather than having to accommodate an AB-XY layout also likely would've sped up the entire process, potentially allowing Vanguard to be laid down in 1940 instead of 1941. The question then is, would that result in Vanguard being completed before the war ended? At one point her construction was prioritized out of hopes that she could be completed in 1944 by diverting resources from other ships, but labor shortages made that impossible and she dropped back down the priority list. But even given said labor shortages, if her construction had begun a year sooner that might actually have been an achievable goal. Not that it really would've mattered much, since there weren't a lot of surface ships left to fight at that point.
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  1330. Monarch rather famously is historically implausible, because it retains the amidships catapult, yet has lattice masts that not even Vanguard stayed in active service long enough to receive. (Belfast received such masts in her 1956 refit, a year after Vanguard was placed into reserve.) There's also the fact that she's ostensibly Design 15C, but her hull is a direct copy-paste of King George V. The actual Design 15C had various differences in detail from the finalized Design 14P, rather than being the same ship except with 3x3 15-inch instead of 2x4 and 1x2 14-inch. Kii's configuration in World of Warships is straight-up nonsense. An IJN dreadnought serving through the 1930s and into WW2 without torpedo bulges being added? Absolutely never would've happened. It's also completely unbelievable that Japan would ever cut out a section of a battleship's hull to install a set of cruiser-style torpedo launchers. Every battleship they had placed torpedoes on previously had them removed during those same 1930s refits that the WoWS version of Kii inexplicably never went through. Everything above Kii's weather deck is fairly plausible if you accept the premise of the war lasting an extra couple of years (or perhaps the war starting a year or two later than in reality) and this particular ship surviving long enough to get 10cm Type 98s and reverse-engineered 40mm Bofors installed. This was one of the most disappointing "paper ships" in the game to me, because by comparison Amagi seems like a very authentic version of what the ship would've looked like had she been completed as a battlecruiser and served into WW2.
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  1551.  @crazydiamondrequiem4236  One of the designs considered for the KGV class was 15-inch guns in 3 triple mounts. 3 triples and 1 twin would've certainly been possible within Treaty weight limits. The reason for 14-inch guns was that Britain pushed very hard for making that the new caliber limit in the 2nd London Naval Treaty, and Parliament thus insisted on it even though the Admiralty preferred the 15-inch guns. The 14-inch limit was no longer applicable once Italy and Japan confirmed they weren't going to sign the new treaty (thus triggering the escalator clause), but Britain was unwilling to delay construction of the ships to increase their armament. It probably wouldn't have been hard to design a 15-inch triple turret that could use the same barbettes as the 14-inch quads, but getting a 15-inch twin to fit the barbette of a 14-inch twin would've been a lot more difficult. And reverting to the Admiralty's preferred 3x3 15-inch layout would've required completely redesigning the forward barbettes. As such, once the KGVs were already under construction, it really wasn't plausible to increase their armament. The delay would've simply been too long, and the Royal Navy needed modern battleships quickly in order to counter those of the other naval powers. As such, the only way a 15-inch KGV was likely to happen would be if the 2nd London Naval Treaty had used 15-inch rather than 14-inch as the new caliber limit from the start. (Which likely would've had the interesting effect of the US Navy designing a 15-inch gun for the North Carolina class. Since that's a caliber the US never used historically, it'd be interesting to see what the specs of such a gun would've been. Particularly the possibility of a super-heavy 15-inch shell.)
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  1663. For starters, I imagine the Renowns (laid down a month and a half after the Falklands) would've immediately had their construction delayed long enough to do away with the bizarre design decision of a 6" armor belt. At an absolute minimum, they'd revert to a 9" belt like the Lions and Tiger already used. ie what they historically were given in 1920s refits. Or possibly even the Design Y battlecruiser (the "Super Tiger", with 11" belt and 4x2 15" guns) would've been built instead. Possibly the funding that went to 2 Renowns and 3 Courageouses historically would've gone to 4 Super Tigers. Or just 4 up-armored Renowns. Aside from Indefatigable being in immediate need of replacement, there'd be a perception that her sister ships are inadequately armored, while Germany's own battlecruiser fleet would still need to be countered. Adding 4 instead of 2 15" armed battlecruisers would allow Australia and New Zealand can be sent to safer duties than directly confronting their German counterparts, while still directly upgrading the fleet's strength. Though of course Jutland would happen before any of the new ships would be complete, so this plan wouldn't have a chance to be put into practice. When it comes time for Jutland, the 2nd and 3rd Battlecruiser Squadrons would probably have been rearranged to account for Indefatigable's loss. Most likely it would be the now under-strength 3rd (consisting only of Australia and New Zealand) that gets detached to the Home Fleet, leaving the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron (the 3 Invincibles) at the tail of Beatty's battle line. No way to know whether the collision between Australia and New Zealand would still happen when they're up at Scapa Flow, but it's possible that New Zealand will be the only battlecruiser attached to the Grand Fleet at Jutland. This would actually be an upgrade to Beatty's force, though whether he'd gain any advantage out of this is questionable, since it's Beatty.
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  1726. You're probably right that the attack on Port Stanley was because Spee figured he was doomed and wanted to just get it over with. But beyond that, I suspect his thinking was that attacking right away would give him the best chance to inflict some damage before he's taken out. Without any ability to do maintenance and refuel, his ships' performance was only going to decline more over time even if he escaped detection. That said, I think once he made the decision to attack Port Stanley, he made two core mistakes. First was bringing the light cruisers with him instead of having them disperse and go commerce raiding or try to run the blockade back to Germany as their captains saw fit. They weren't going to make any difference one way or the other. If Sturdee hadn't arrived yet, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau alone could easily destroy the wireless station. And either way he'd be drawing all the attention onto himself and giving the smaller, faster cruisers time to get out of the area. Second was that he was insufficiently aggressive once he realized there were battlecruisers docked at Port Stanley. It took some time for Sturdee's ships to raise steam. With the battlecruisers' superior speed, this didn't give Spee enough of a head start to matter when trying to flee. It would however have given him time to press the attack while Invincible and Inflexible were still at anchor. Two of Sturdee's cruisers were already under steam as guardships, but Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were more powerful ships and could likely have forced their way to the harbor entrance. And that point, seeing as the entrance of Stanley Harbour is only about 900 feet wide, he could have maneuvered his cruisers so that they're blocking Invincible and Inflexible from leaving. Even after they sink his ships, the wrecks will still have them bottled up for probably several months. And at such close range he might even be able to inflict some real damage on the battlecruisers.
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  1909. This is a massively dishonest article and you damned well know it. Literally no one has suggested that Cruz could catch up with Trump. And the actual delegate gap between Clinton and Sanders is 216, not 194. Also you keep bringing up the superdelegates switching from Clinton to Obama in 2008, but the largest lead Clinton ever had in 2008 was 33 delegates. By this point in the 2008 primaries, Obama already had a lead over a hundred delegates. And Sanders does not in fact have any way of catching up. The reason his recent wins have been dismissed as not mattering is because they don't matter. You can't just pretend that all states are equally important. Your bullshit meme that media is saying the states Sanders has won don't count because they're "weird" is just something you pulled out of your ass. The reality is that those states are dismissed as irrelevant because they're small. No one cares who wins Idaho or Alaska or Hawaii because they barely have any delegates. And since there are no winner-take-all states in the Democratic primaries, Sanders would need over 56% all the remaining pledged delegates to catch up. That's a number that he'd be unlikely to reach even if he won every remaining state, which is something he won't do. Oh, and where the heck are you coming up with this "8 of the last 9 states" for Sanders? There have only been 8 states that voted over the last month, with Sanders winning 7 of them. And it can't be including states from before March 22, because that's when Clinton had a 6 state (or 7 if the non-state caucus in the Northern Marianas is counted) winning streak.
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  2291.  @ozone-xv7hk  If the shell that took out Hood had simply missed, or if the fuse had failed like the one that penetrated Prince of Wales below the waterline, there's a very good chance that they would've stopped Bismarck. The firepower being brought to bear by Hood and PoW wasn't that much less than what Rodney and King George V delivered three days later. Thanks to poor design decisions for the Nelson-class's guns, the 16-inch AP Mk IB shell didn't actually hit harder Hood's 15-inch AP Mk XIIIa. The 16-inch shell had a bursting charge of 23.2kg of TNT, while the 15-inch had 22kg of Shellite. In addition to this being a mere 1.2kg difference in explosive mass, Shellite is a slightly more powerful explosive than TNT. As such, the only advantages of the British 16-inch guns over the older 15-inch were flatter trajectory and better penetration. But at the range that Hood and Bismarck were fighting, that was pretty much a non-issue. The ships were less than 14km apart, and Hood's guns were entirely capable of penetrating Bismarck's 320mm belt at that range. The only significant different in firepower for Hood compared to Rodney was that Hood had 8 guns to Rodney's 9. There was certainly enough firepower on hand to cripple Bismarck. And there's no doubt that Lutjens would've tried to flee if the battle was going poorly for him. Hood and PoW being to his south, this would've mean turning around and trying to get back to Norway. Bismarck was faster than both Hood and PoW, so the big question would be whether the damage taken in the opening stages would slow her down enough to negate that advantage. Especially since Hood and PoW weren't going to come out unscathed either and might also be slowed by flooding. But turning north also would've left Bismarck heading in the direction of Norfolk and Suffolk, allowing the cruisers to get involved in the battle.
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  2344. Now if it was the Renown and Courageous classes that got cancelled while all 4 Admirals were built, that would indeed give 4 very large and powerful capital ships with tonnage well beyond the treaty limits to get grandfathered in. At the same time, the raw number of capital ships in British service would have to be less because the limit was a combined 525,000 tons for all British capital ships. Hood's full 42,670 ton standard displacement counted toward Britain's limit, and the same would be true of her 3 sister ships. Which probably would've been slightly heavier due to improvements made to their design before they were cancelled. While this would have some obvious disadvantages (fewer hulls to spread around, while the Empire hasn't gotten any smaller), it was really only in terms of cruisers that Britain was looking to build relatively smaller ships than other nations in order to achieve greater numbers. When it comes to sending capital ships around the Empire, 4 Admiral class would actually be ideal due to their greater speed allowing them to get across the empire in less time. However, one issue is that the British might not get the concession to build the Nelson class. That concession of being able to build 2 battleships during the "building holiday" was to compensate for Japan keeping Mutsu and the US keeping Colorado and West Virginia. The Royal Navy didn't have any of their own partially completed capital ships at the time that could similarly be allowed to finish, and also lacked any 16-inch gun vessels. But if they've got 4 43,000 ton behemoths with 15" guns instead of just 1 like in reality, I doubt Japan and America would be so willing to let the Royal Navy also build 2 new BBs while nobody else is allowed to. Another thing this scenario brings up is, what would be the impact on British aircraft carrier development? Furious in particular was fairly important to the Royal Navy's early development in that field. On the other hand, even with resources freed up by not building the Renowns I'm not sure if it would actually have been possible, given when construction on the class started, to have all 4 Admirals already complete by the time the treaty negotiations began. In which case a likely scenario is that in addition to Hood, only Rodney gets completed as a battlecruiser while Anson and Howe potentially get converted into aircraft carriers. In which case this is actually very beneficial to to Royal Navy aircraft carrier development, since they get their own counterpart to the American Lexington class. In reality the Royal Navy was unable to take advantage of the treaty provision that allowed conversion of incomplete capital ships into 33,000 ton carriers (the limit on carrier size otherwise being 27,000 tons) the way America and Japan did, because they lacked any suitable hulls under construction to convert (the G3 class had only been ordered, never laid down, and it might not have been possible to reduce such a large ship's displacement all the way down to 33,000 tons anyway). But if a pair of half-built Admiral class are sitting there on the slipways, that becomes an incredibly obvious choice.
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  2362.  @KestrelOwens  What came before pre-dreadnoughts were the ironclad battleships. Essentially, what defines a pre-dreadnought is that it's built and armored with steel, and has its main guns in modern-style turrets (meaning, a barbette with a armored casing on top) rather than the Coles and Erickson pattern turrets of the ironclad era turret ships. A dreadnought is simple enough: it dispenses with the large-caliber secondary guns of pre-dreadnoughts in favor of a uniform main battery. IIRC no dreadnoughts ever carried a secondary gun larger in caliber than 6 inches. They almost all had 12-inch main guns (with the exception of the initial German dreadnoughts, with 11-inch guns). There was also the transitional "semi-dreadnoughts", which used only big guns but not of uniform caliber (meaning there were no intermediate 6-inch, 8-inch etc guns in the secondary battery; they had 12-inch main guns and 10-inch or 9.2-inch secondaries). And this is where the super-dreadnoughts came in. Super-dreadnoughts are defined by their larger guns. The first of these, HMS Orion with 13.5-inch main guns entered service exactly 5 years and 1 month after HMS Dreadnought, and was 25% heavier and in terms of the weight of shells that could be fired in a broadside had double Dreadnought's firepower. This was considered almost as big a leap in battleship design as Dreadnought herself. And the size and firepower kept increasing from there, right up until the Washington Naval Treaty temporarily halted battleship construction.
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  2380. If Wargaming still had any interest in low-tier ships, it'd be quite easy to add Desaix (of the Dupleix-class small armored cruisers, armed with 4x2 164.7mm guns ) at Tier 2 and Edgar Quinet at Tier 4. Since they have uniform main batteries and thus wouldn't need any special mechanics to be viable. Similarly, Scharnhorst '06 and Blücher strike me as workable Tier 4 and Tier 5 cruisers. Preferably as part of a tech tree "large cruiser" line for the German tech tree that would include Deutschland at Tier 6, D-class at Tier 7, the late 3-turret D-class (immediately before their full redesign into the Scharnhorst-class battleships) at Tier 8, and an O-class variant at Tier 9. At Tier 10, there's a fairly obscure paper ship called KW45 that would work. (The Russian-language version of Wargaming's wiki used to have a lot of pages hidden on it with all sorts of information about both real and paper ships. They were all deleted last year, presumably a result of WG cutting its ties with the Russian studio, but most of it's still archived: https://web.archive.org/web/20210714163133/https://wiki.wargaming.net/ru/Navy:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B_Kriegsmarinewerft_1939_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0 ) And honestly I think the British 9.2-inch gun is strong enough that ships like Georgios Averof and Minotaur '06 could work as Tier 5 cruisers even with only 4 guns, so long as the secondary batteries got gimmicked out with good range and accuracy and SAP shells. Or better yet if WG was willing to make the 190mm guns also player controlled, so you could just switch to the secondaries during the main gun reload. But that's more effort than they're likely to be willing to put forth for something that would only be applicable for low-tier ships.
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  2690. The caller is completley and utterly worng about everything, and so are you. There was no coup in 2014. Yanukovych was not "neutral", he was an autocrat who sought to become the Lukashenko of Ukraine and fully aligned himself with Russia in pursuit of that goal. Despite the fact that seeking EU membership was overwhelmingly popular in Ukraine and Yanukovych had made a campaign promise to seek EU intergation, he instead refused to sign the assoociation agreement and instead pivoted to Russia. The elected government of Ukraine never was overthrown. What actually happened was that Yanukovych was was impeached by the elected parliament. No "puppet leader" was ever installed. An acting president took office, as Ukraine's constitution requires, pending an election 3 months later in which a new president was elected. Russia doesn't get to have "red lines" in other countries. It's quite literally none of their business whether Ukraine joins NATO or not. And the "promise to Gorbachev" you refer to never existed. The notion that a promise was made not to accept Eastern European nations into NATO is a lie that Russia has been telling with increasing frequency for the last 20 years, but repetition of that lie doesn't transform it into truth. The only actual "existential threat to survival here" is that Russian aggression is an existential threat to Ukraine's survival. As for your disingenuous lament that "the West will use this to justify the existence of NATO in the first place"? Russia's aggression does prove that the continued existence of NATO is justified, and even necessary. Dissolving NATO when the Warsaw Pact dissolved would've been hopelessly naive. NATO is not like the Warsaw Pact. NATO is a willing alliance of democracies. The Warsaw Pact was an "alliance" imposed at gunpoint by a conqueror. And your phony analogy about a completely imaginary "Chinese NATO equivalent being placed in Mexico or Canada" is just nonsense. Nobody was putting missiles in Ukraine pointed at Russia. It's you who's not just wrong but arrogant about being wrong. Jeffrey Sachs is not a scholar of any kind. He's a tinfoil hat conspiracy theorist. And Mearsheimer's "analysis" is simply a declaration that might makes right, and thus Europe is supposed to bow down to Russia. Nobody "sabotaged the Istanbul talks", not Boris Johnson and not anyone else. The talks failed because the "peace deal" Putin offered to Ukraine was that Ukraine would have to agree to almost complete demilitarization, with an army of less than 100,000 and not be allowed to have any tanks or missiles. In other words, he was demanding that Ukraine must render itself completely defenseless in the fact of the next Russian invasion. Given that Russia had just invaded Ukraine three times in the previous eight years it was obvious that Ukraine would never agree to such a "deal". Declaring that it's impossible for Ukraine to defeat Russia is quite a lot like insisting that it was impossible for North Vietnam to defeat America. An invaded nation doesn't just roll over and die without a fight just because the invader is a larger nation. BTW, Donbas is not an ethnically Russian area. Ethnic Russians are just under 1/3 of the population in Donbas. And the claim that the people of Donbas wanted to join Russia is completely baseless. Nor were the people of Donbas being bombed by Ukraine. The Russian invaders in Donbas were being bombed by Ukraine. And a deal in which Ukraine agrees to "stay out of NATO", again, is a deal under which Russia gets to invade them again with complete impunity. Putin is an imperialist warmonger who's made it very clear that he does want to conquer Ukraine. He's given (completely unhinged) speeches in which he openly stated that he considers it an aberration for an independent Ukraine to exist outside of Russia. This isn't about "US benevolence", it's about Russian imperialism. If the US government's motivations for opposing Russian imperialism are not actually benevolent, frankly who cares. Actions matter more than intentions, and it's Russia that's making the imperialist actions here.
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  2723. Primarily, it was that the light AA consisted entirely of the 25mm Type 96. Which which was too heavy and not fast-firing enough to be a counterpart to guns like the 20mm Oerlikon or Flak 38. Not only was the cyclic rate of fire lower, the 15-round magazine (compared to 40 for the Flak 38 and 60 for the Oerlikon) was way too small and left it with an effective rate of fire similar to the 40mm Bofors (which had much better range and more explosive filler in the shells). While the Bofors used 4-round clips, the fact that loaders could constantly drop more clips in while the gun was firing made up for that. There was no mid-range AA weapon comparable to the 40mm Bofors, 2-pdr pom-pom, 37mm Breda, 37mm 70-K, etc. For larger AA guns, the 10cm/65 Type 98 (used on the Akizuki-class destroyers and the aircraft carriers Taiho and Shinano) was quite good. The 12.7cm/40 Type 89 on most battleships, carriers, and cruisers was pretty decent. Neither was a truly dual-purpose weapon; they were dedicated AA guns with limited utility against surface targets. And since destroyers (with the exception of the Akizukis) had surface combat as their primary role, most of them had the 12.7 cm/50 3rd Year Type, which had only nominal AA capability. Meaning that while American destroyers with their 5"/38 main guns and 40mm Bofors were legitimate AA escorts, the vast majority of Japanese destroyers could only protect the capital ships from air attack by offering an alternate target to soak up some of the bombs and torpedoes. And even the Akizukis (the only Japanese DDs with proper AA guns) were limited by having only timed fuses instead of a proximity fuse for their 10cm guns.
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  3462. ​ @monarch3335  Montana would have the clear advantage over Yamato, being being able to put out about 24 shells per minute while Yamato would fire 15 to 18. Yamato's 46cm shells would have more penetration (though at long range this difference would be relatively minor) and do significantly more damage with a penetrating hit (33.85kg bursting charge, compared 18.55kg for the American 16" shell), but by firing significantly more shells Montana would be more likely to score hits in the first place (and that's even before taking into account superior radar-directed fire control). Montana's also slightly faster, which helps to dictate when and where the battle happens. As for H-41, both Montana and Yamato would have a huge firepower advantage over that ship. 8x 42cm guns is no match for 12x 406mm or 9x 46cm. And in terms of protection, H-41 fares just as badly. Yamato has a 410mm belt and Montana has 409mm, while H-41 only has 300mm. The deck armor comparison is similarly lopsided. 50 to 80mm upper deck and 100 to 120mm main deck (with 120 to 150mm slopes forming a turtleback, but at long range that's actually a disadvantage since it gives a flatter surface for any plunging shells to hit) for H-41. 57mm weather deck, 179 to 187mm main deck, and 16 to 25mm lower deck for Montana. And a 200mm main deck plus 50 to 80mm lower deck for Yamato. The only recourse for H-41 against either Montana or Yamato would be to run away. And hope they don't score any hits that slow her down. Because she wouldn't be escaping very quickly; the finalized H-41 design was expected to have the exact same 28 knot top speed as Montana, which would be a mere 1 knot faster than Yamato. Meaning that there could be a long time during that escape when she's still within range of their guns. Yamato's 46cm guns had a max range of 42km and she's known to have scored a near miss (as in, near enough that the target was damaged by the underwater explosion) at 34.5km. Montana's 16"/50 guns would've had a max range of 38.7km, just like the Iowa-class. Montana's guns could piece H-41's belt from over 32km away, and Yamato could probabl do so from even further away (though I can't find penetration tables for her at ranges longer than 30km). And from that point all the way out to their max ranges, both could easily penetrate H-41's decks. I don't know how close H-41 would've needed to get to have a chance at penetrating Montana or Yamato's thicker belts, since the 42cm gun never actually existed. But H-39 (with the German 40.6cm gun, 12 barrels of which actually were built) would need to get inside of 25km to do so. Which is suicidal range to be fighting either ship at.
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  3803. Germany wasn't subject to the Washington and London Naval Treaties. Those treaties applied only to the British Empire, United States, Japan, France, and Italy. And anybody who was having their ships built by one of those five; one of the stipulations was that ships built for export were still subject to the limits. So the only rule Germany was actually breaking was lying about the tonnage and claiming they met the 10,000 ton Versailles limit. It was only in 1935 with the Anglo-German Naval Agreement that Germany was subjected to the London limits (and proceeded to still cheat). In theory, any other nation was still allowed to build cruisers bigger than 10,000 tons, and to use guns of any caliber they felt like on them. In practice, very few other nations had the shipbuilding capacity to make their own warships at all, let alone super-heavy cruisers. As far as I'm aware, the only other nations that built cruisers at all in their own shipyards were the USSR, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden. Sweden never built any warships larger than around 7,500 tons, but the Netherlands and Spain both each built a pair of10,000 cruisers. In their cases it wasn't a question of whether they could build a super-heavy cruiser, but whether they could afford it. In the Dutch case, they opted to put their money instead into full-on battlecruisers (Design 1047, which would've been essentially a lighter and faster Scharnhorst with thinner armor), but a German invasion rudely interrupted those plans. Some of earlier concepts considered during the design process had been for 16,000 ton super-heavy cruisers with either 3x2 or 3x3 240mm guns. Spain designed a 19,000 ton cruiser in 1939 that would've been armed with 3x2 305mm guns (using the coastal battery guns previously salvaged from the battleships España and Jaime I) or 2x3 283mm (of the same type as Scharnhorst, which would've been imported from Germany), but nothing came of it. Likewise with the 17,500 version of the design that was simply a big heavy cruiser with 4x3 203mm. Probably because Spain in the aftermath of the civil war didn't have the money. Franco had big naval ambitions, up to and including buying Littorio-class battleships from Italy (and I vaguely recall that he offered to buy Gneisenau from Germany when Hitler had given up on his surface fleet), but not enough money to actually do it.
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  3845. And with regards to SMS Blücher, her size wouldn't have been an issue in the Treaty era had she survive the war. Existing ships that exceeded size limits were grandfathered in. For example, the US Navy was able to keep the Tennessee-class armored cruisers, which were 1000 tons lighter than Blücher but still almost 50% above the Treaty limit. And they also had 10" guns, far larger than new cruisers were allowed to have. For precisely those reasons, the US Navy gave serious consideration in the mid-1920s to modernizing the three surviving ships of the class, though they decided against it on the basis of cost, difficullty improving on their slow speed, and the fact that modernizing them would give Congress an excuse to stop authorizing new cruisers. Likewise, France and Italy kept a few of their larger armored cruisers around in the Treaty era. All of this presumes an alternate history where Germany is a signatory of the Washington Naval Treaty, of course. I'm not sure whether Germany would've been allowed to keep her under the Treaty of Versailles. Blücher was after all bigger than the Braunschweig- and Deutschland-class pre-dreadnoughts that Germany was allowed to keep. On the other hand she had smaller guns and thinner armor and she was thoroughly obsolete by that point, so it's possible this would've been allowed in exchange for postwar Germany only getting 4-5 pre-dreadnoughts instead of 6. If that were the case, Versailles certainly would've placed a limit on how soon she could be replaced by a new-construction ship, which could've given Germany an impetus for a significant rebuild. Depending on when such a rebuild happened, they'd have to worry about whether the Inter-Allied Commission would approve the plans. Naturally Germany could (and almost certainly would) make efforts to cheat their way around Versailles restrictions, but having to make sure it wasn't obvious would mean they probably couldn't go to the extent of rearranging the turrets to a more efficient superfiring layout. The post-refit Blücher would need to look like she'd had only minor changes made. The other potential scenario for a Treaty-era refitted Blücher would be if she was handed over to France or Italy as war reparations. Neither nation had that many cruisers operational at the end of WW1, both kept some of their armored cruisers in service for quite some time (Italy even still had San Giorgio in active service in WW2) and Blücher was a superior design to those cruisers. As such she might've been seen as more worthwhile to rebuild to modern standards than the likes of San Giorgio or Waldeck-Rousseau.
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  4125.  @robertjenkins6132  Increasing the size of the House is also something that absolutely needs to be done, though. If you compare it to the other democracies in the world, our legislature is shockingly small relative to our population. The House has been at 435 seats since 1913, when the US population was 97 million. The population as of last year was 327 million. That leaves us with one Representative per 752,000 people. To bring the ratio of House seats to population back to the level that it was in 1913, we'd need nearly 1,500 Representatives. And that would still be a very small size relative to the total US population. By comparison, for example, Germany has 709 members of its Bundestag to represent a total population of 83 million. And the UK's House of Commons has 650 members to represent 66 million people. For the House of Representatives to have a similar ratio would require around 3,000 seats. While the electoral college is still an idiotic system, an enlarged House would largely nullify the biggest problem with it, the fact that somebody can easily lose the popular vote but still win the election. Those extra two electoral votes per state for the Senate seats would no longer skew things so much in favor of the small states, if even tiny Wyoming and Vermont would each get 5 House seats. Currently Wyoming has 3 electoral votes, or one per 192,500 people. With a 3,000 seat House, they'd have 7, or one per 82,500 people. Currently California has 55 electoral votes, or one per 719,200 people. With a 3,000 seat House, they'd have 365 electoral votes, or one per 108,400 people. That's still not actual "one person, one vote" for for a presidential election, but it's a hell of a lot closer than what we have now.
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  4231. Yeah, there were at least four tiny changes that each could've resulted in the bomb plot's success in killing Hitler. 1. Stauffenberg doesn't get interrupted by a guard while arming the second charge of the bomb. 2. Stauffenberg puts the second charge into his briefcase without arming it (testing has shown the blast of the first charge would've ignited the second). 3. Colonel Brandt doesn't move the briefcase after Stauffenberg leaves the room. 4. Stauffenberg goes back to the room after the blast to verify Hitler's death, then shoots him when he finds that Hitler is stunned but still alive. Of course, the big question is what happens next. The Valkyrie plotters were gambling that with Hitler eliminated and the Nazis removed from power, the US and UK would be willing to accept a negotiated peace. But Stalin wouldn't accept anything other than total German surrender, and by July1944 the Germans weren't in any position to stop the Soviet advance even if they could withdraw every last man and tank from the Western Front to fight in the East. Nor is it likely that Germany would've been able to convince the Western Allies to actually switch sides and join them in fighting the Soviets at that point. So Germany's best-case scenario would be to simply surrender in 1944 and end up in the same situation as they did in the actual timeline (divided into zones of occupation and then split into West and East Germany for decades), but with several million fewer deaths because the final year of the war gets skipped. Also with fewer war crimes trials, since Stauffenberg and company would've already killed a bunch of the top war criminals. (Though some of the plotters were themselves guilty of war crimes, and it's unlikely the Allies would've let them off the hook simply because they killed Hitler.)
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  4302.  @gaeron1305  I figure that because I can do basic math. No candidate can get a majority of the popular vote by only paying attention to 10-15 states. While it's true that the 10 largest state contain a majority of the US population, electoral college apologists (deliberately) ignore the fact that no candidate is ever going to get all of the votes in those states. Even in deep-blue California and New York, about 40% of the vote went to Trump (the most hated candidate by Democrats ever). Despite him losing that state in a landslide, California still had more Trump voters than any other state. 6 million Californians voted for him, compared to 5.9 million Texans. And again, that's just about the worst outcome a Republican can get in California. Even if you assume that in a nationwide popular vote election, the Democrat would pay a lot more attention to California and thus pick up more votes there...your argument ignores the fact that the highest-population states are very different from each other. There's not going to be a candidate who can pull of landslide, super-majority wins in California and also have great appeal in Texas and Florida. If you look at the top 10-15 states that you think would be all anybody pays attention to in a popular vote election, you'll see that some of them are deep blue states, some are deep red states, and some are purple states. While the top 15 states are nearly 2/3 of the US population, it's not possible for any candidate to have broad enough appeal to get a majority of the vote out of just those states. The reality is that if the presidential election were decided by popular vote, candidates would spreading their attention to every state, because they'd need to rack up as many votes as possible. Every vote would be equally valuable, whereas under the electoral college most votes can be taken for granted because we already know which way most states will vote. We have 24 states that always vote Republican and 17+DC that always vote Democratic. So the remaining 9 states are the only ones candidates have to pay attention to. The only reason for them to visit any of the other states are to raise money.
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  4656.  @jai_is_bnuuying  I was more comparing Bristol to her immediate predecessors, the Type 42 destroyers. While they have a significantly smaller Sea Dart magazine, otherwise they're 3/5 Bristol's displacement but almost match her armament (especially once Ikara got retired, since it was replaced by nothing instead of installing any new weapons in that now-empty forward deck space) while also having a hangar for the helicopter. And the Type 42 Batch 3 (enlarged to 2/3 Bristol's displacement) even included room to expand the Sea Dart magazine to almost as large as Bristol's, though for whatever reason (presumably the Royal Navy's eternal budget shortfalls) this option was never utilized. I feel like Bristol would've been an exceptional ship for her era if all that empty deck space aft had been utilized for a hangar (given her greater beam than the Type 42s possibly even hangars for 2 Lynxes) while raising the Sea Dart launcher so that it fires over the top of the hangar. Then replacing the Ikara launcher with a second Sea Dart launcher forward. Also, given that Sea Dart and ASROC are very similar in both length and diameter, it seems as if it wouldn't have been that difficult to modify the Sea Dart launcher to be compatible with both missiles (like what the US Navy later did with Standard MR and ASROC with the Mark 26 launcher). And instead of installing new steam turbines after they were destroyed in that original fire, just replace them with another pair of Olympus gas turbines.
    2
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  4695.  @nathanbrown8680  Goeben is also the most historically significant ship that most people have never heard of. WW1 would've probably been much shorter had she not managed to reach an Ottoman port (since while an alliance already existed on paper between the Ottoman and German empires, the Ottoman government was pretty much split down the middle on whether to actually join the way). Without Ottoman forces freeing up more German troops for the Western Front, Germany's defeat would likely have been rather more decisive, perhaps forestalling the "stab in the back" mythology that helped the Nazis come to power. Staying out of WW1 also would've extended the life of the Ottoman Empire, and whenever the inevitable collapse came it wouldn't have left the Ottoman territories under British and French occupation. Meaning that the disastrously drawn borders that gave us the modern Middle East wouldn't have happened. The war also would've ended before the US would've entered, and before the Russian Revolution would've happened. Thus, the US would've had less influence on the world stage going into the 20s, and it's possible that Communism never would have become a major factor in the world. (There's a strong possibility that the February Revolution would still happen, but without the Provisional Government having a war to pledge they'd keep fighting and without Germany sending Lenin back to Russia to cause trouble, the October Revolution becomes unlikely.) In short, if Goeben had been sunk in 1914, the world today would be almost unrecognizable.
    2
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  7195.  @toddwebb7521  Britain got to hold onto both Tiger and all of the Iron Dukes during the Washington Naval Treaty era. It was under the London Naval Treaty that all 5 of those ships had to be disposed of. Had they sacrificed Hood in order to get a 3rd Nelson, it's possible that Britain would've chosen to keep Tiger and instead scrap HMS Revenge in 1931, since with the big scare over the Deustchland-class cruisers it probably would've been seen as necessary to have 1 battlecruiser for each of Germany's panzerschiff. Though this would produce the logistical issue of keeping the 13.5-inch gun in service for only a single ship, so who knows. Another possibility is that if Britain agreed to dispose of Hood in order to get 3 new post-Treaty ships instead of 2, they might have opted to build at least 1 of the F3 battlecruiser (35k tons, 3x3 15-inch/50 guns in a similar layout to the O3 design that would become Nelson, 12 to 13 inches of belt armor and 3.5 to 7 inches of deck armor, top speed of 29 knots), since that would result in a design with capability similar or better than Hood on a smaller hull. IMO their best choice would actually be to build 3 of the F3 battlecruisers. They'd be an overall much more useful design than the Nelsons because of their speed, and the firepower would be nearly equivalent given that it would use the same shells as the existing 15-inch/42 guns on the Queen Elizabeth, Revenge, and Renown classes (also thus simplifying logistics) and not the flawed design of the BL 16-inch Mk I which had shells too light to take proper advantage of the larger caliber.
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  7556.  @liladoodle  If Langley had never existed, most likely Lexington would have been CV-1. The reason USS Washington was cancelled was the Washington Naval Treaty, which allowed for only two capital ships per navy to be converted into 33,000 ton aircraft carriers. Any further conversions would have to comply with the normal 27,000 ton tonnage limit as purpose-built CVs. That substantially greater size allowance was what make Lexington and Saratoga worthwhile, despite the technical challenges involved in the conversion. Not only would Washington not get that advantage, out of all the US capital ships that were cancelled to comply with the treaty, she was by a wide margin the least suitable for conversion. Look at Japan's experience with Kaga, which proved to be a significantly worse carrier than Akagi due to her shorter hull resulting in both a shorter flight deck and a lower top speed. Kaga was only chosen for conversion by necessity, after Amagi's keel was broken on the slipway by the Great Kanto Earthquake. Now consider that Kaga's hull before the conversion was already 144 feet longer than Washington's. They best you'd be able to get out of a conversion of Washington would be something similar to HMS Eagle. Frankly, even a bad carrier like USS Ranger is better than that, because at least Ranger was decently fast and 145 feet longer than a Colorado-class hull. The other thing to remember about the treaty limits is that they didn't just limit the individual tonnage of warships, but also the collective tonnage of the entire fleet. The US Navy was allowed a total of 135,000 tons of aircraft carriers. Which means you really want to avoid inefficient designs that waste tonnage if you can help it. And thanks converting Washington into a 27,000 ton carrier would result in a far less efficient than any conceivable purpose-built carrier of the same tonnage.
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  7936.  @chuckm1961  The original Zionists were completely upfront about the fact that they were colonizers. And why wouldn't they be? It wasn't until the 1950s that anybody in Europe thought of colonialism as a bad thing. In the 19th and early 20th century, colonialism was openly celebrated as being the height of civilization. Theodor Herzl, founder of Zionism and revered in Israel as "the spiritual father of the Jewish State", openly and proudly declared in the 19th century that Jews would colonize Palestine, and that they would do so directly following the British Empire's model of colonizing the Americas and Africa. To support this endeavor, the Zionist movement would establish such companies as the "Jewish Colonisation Association" (1891), "Jewish Colonial Trust" (1899), and "Palestine Jewish Colonization Association" (1924). Herzl and his World Zionist Organization insisted on using the colonial model because if European Jews asked for permission to immigrate to Palestine, the existing population could say no. By colonizing Palestine, they would take away the existing population's ability to reject their takeover of the land. This was not a secret, it was their openly-declared intention. It's only now in the 21st century, when the vast majority of the world considers "colonialism" a dirty word, that supporters of Israel started denying that their country was founded by colonization. Israel isn't unique in that regard. Many nations were founded by colonization. Every single nation in the Americas originated out of colonialism, for example. The difference, of course, is that Israeli colonialism is still ongoing.
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  7950. A refit replacing the 6" twin turrets with 5.25" dual-purpose mounts (or 4.5" BD as on Queen Elizabeth, Valiant, and Renown for that matter) would've been fairly unlikely, just like how it was for the real-life Nelsons. Because as the newest capital ships, they'd be near the back of the line for getting a major refit. That said, even with fairly minimum refits pre-WW2, the F3s would've been extremely useful ships, on account of being easily fast enough to keep pace with the KGVs. Plus, it would've been a great help to logistics, since the 15"/50 would've used the same shells as the existing 15"/42. And given the highly questionable lightweight shells that were chosen for the IRL Nelsons' 16"/45, the reduction in firepower by using the 15"/50 instead is isn't nearly as bad as you'd expect from an inch smaller caliber. The British 16" shell is only 110 lb heavier with 2.7 lb larger bursting charge compared to the new 15" shell that the Royal Navy adopted in the interwar period. The other potential impact of the Nelsons being built to the F3 design is that with another pair of impressively well-armed fast capital ships to send around the world, Hood's workload should probably have been reduced during the interwar period. Meaning she both would've have gotten as worn down and would've probably gotten an additional refit at some point pre-WW2. Oh, and also the potential impact on the King George V class. If 15" was already the only caliber used by the Royal Navy's capital ships, I wonder if there would've been significantly harder push to adopt one of the designs with 15" rather than 14" guns. If that did end up happening, that removes the considerable teething problems that the KGVs' quad turrets had. Which might have led to much better performance by Prince of Wales at Denmark Strait, since the new 15" guns and triple turrets would simply need to be refinements of the by then well-proven weapons of the F3s. And if Hood were also replaced in that battle by an F3, with its superior firepower and protection? Bismarck would've probably fared very poorly, having no viable option other than using her 2 knot speed advantage over PoW in an attempt to flee.
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  8586. Eisah Vakohler In reality, it's Trump (not the Democrats) who always accuses others of what he is personally guilty of. The memo does not show that the warrant was obtained with lies. The dossier was not a lie, and contrary to Nunes's false claims in the memo was not the main source for getting an entirely legal warrant to get a wiretap on Carter Page, who was already known by the FBI and CIA as early as 2013 to have been recruited as an agent by Russian intelligence And you mention Watergate? It took over 2 years of investigation to get to the bottom of Nixon's involvement in it. So whining about how Trump has been investigated for "over a year without even accusing him of a crime" is just pathetic on your part. As is acting as if the investigation is for "no reason", despite mountains of evidence of Russian interference in the election and ties with Trump and his top campaign staff. You do realize that there have already been indictments out of this investigation, right? And that some of those indicted have confessed and plead guilty? And you do realize that this investigation wasn't launched to "get Trump", but to find any crimes that might have been committed by Americans in connection with the Russian meddling. The simple fact is that investigations follow the evidence, all of the evidence has pointed to the Trump campaign. No amount of your screeching about "massive documented corruption in the FBI" (that you oddly fail to actually document) and straw man nonsense about the ways the media is supposedly picking on poor Trump will change any of this.
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  8962. Did Britain actually have enough large slipways available (ie not already building something else) to build the 3 Canadian QEs at the same time as the 5 historical QEs? It seems as if to get them laid down as soon as possible, we'd see HMCS Acadia, Quebec, and Ontario occupying the slipways that were historically used for the first 3 Revenges. Meaning that they get delayed in their laying down until some time in 1915. With such a delay I wonder whether those 3 ships would be built at all. By the time slipways would be available again, Jackie Fisher is back in place as First Sea Lord. Isn't it fairly likely that he would've decided that since haven't actually been laid down yet, they should be reordered as battlecruisers in the same way that the final pair of Rs were? In which case the only R-class battleships will be Royal Sovereign and Royal Oak, and there'd be as many as 5 15" armed battlecruisers (Revenge, Ramillies, Resolution, Renown, and Repulse). Though possibly only 4 such battlecruisers would be built. After all, HMS Resistance was simply cancelled rather than being reordered as a battlecruiser like Renown and Repulse. A battlecruiser is after all generally more expensive than a battleship. So 3 fewer Revenges leading to 2 more Renowns seems somewhat plausible. If that's how it turns out, the Treaty impacts are fairly obvious. When the London Naval Treaty comes around, Britain (plus Canada) has 1 fewer capital ship than they did historically but overall better ones. The ships disposed of would obviously be Tiger as the only 13.5" ship left in the fleet, and Royal Sovereign and Royal Oak as the least useful of the remaining battleships. On the other hand if all 3 of the delayed Rs get reordered as battlecruisers (meaning 5 Revenge-class battlecruisers), the same number of ships need to be disposed of for London as were done historically. Leaving Britain with a hard choice. The final ship disposed of would have to be either an R-class battlecruiser or one of the QEs. All of these are very useful ships, so it'd very tough to choose which one has to go. Back to the Canadian QEs, another interesting prospect with them is that since they would've presumably been homeported in Canada, it's possible one or more of them sailed to New York to be refitted by an American shipyard (either before the war, or during it in the same way that Richelieu was after defecting to the Free French). Imagine a QE getting the sort of refit that Nevada, California, Tennessee, and West Virginia did, with a South Dakota style superstructure and 8 twin 5"/38s for the new secondary armament.
    1
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  9116. The biggest reason we don't have battleships anymore is that they're so manpower-intensive. One Iowa-class battleship required about 1800 men to operate. That's equivalent to the crew of six Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. Each of those destroyers packs 96 missiles in their VLS tubes, compared to 32 Tomahawks that an Iowa could carry after their refit. And given modern radar, aircraft, and missiles, it's not likely that warships will come within gun range of each other. Granted, that's with the WW2-built battleships. There's only so far you can go in refitting an old ship, . A new-built battleship could be much more automated. But the thing is, a 50,000 ton battleship is going to have a much higher per-unit cost than a 10,000 ton destroyer. And those destroyers already cost around $2 billion apiece. Even if the total amount spent would be the same (due to cancelling a few DDGs to built the BBs), that kind of per-unit cost is probably going to be rejected by Congress. And there's also the factor of a larger ship being a bigger target and being harder to replace if it's sunk. If a Burke-class DDG gets sunk, that's a significant amount of firepower that's lost, but it's only one of 68 ships of the class so far, with more being built every year. If battleships were built, there'd be only a handful of them and any that gets lost would take many years to build a replacement for. Granted, a battleship would be individually harder to sink than a destroyer, but there's no such thing as an unsinkable ship.
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  10259. The ships would've been divvied up among the allies as part of the war reparations, just like what was done with the ships that either were prevented from scuttling (like SMS Baden) or simply weren't among the ships interned at Scapa Flow. Britain wanted the entire High Seas Fleet scrapped. They had no interest in incorporating ships with non-standard equipment and insufficient range for Pacific operations into their fleet, and they weren't keen on the diluting their naval dominance in Europe by letting France and Italy instantly add a bunch of modern battleships into their fleets. But that's exactly what France and Italy were keen on doing. As such, it's unlikely that Britain would've been able to secure an agreement from the rest of the Allies that the ships should be scrapped, and there would've been quite a lot of squabbling over who gets what ships. In particular, everybody would want to get the two Bayern-class battleships, since those are the most modern and powerful ships in the German fleet. In all respects except speed, they were at least as good as the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships, and they were plainly superior to the Revenge-class. With ships like HMS Hood, the Colorado-class, and the Nagato-class not yet in service, they could be argued to be the most powerful ships in the world in 1918. In reality, only Baden survived, and the UK claimed her, using her as a gunnery test target after studying her systems. Beyond that the only surviving German capital ships were the Nassau-class and Helgoland-class battleships, all obsolete first-generation dreadnoughts whose only value was as scrap metal. But if the whole German fleet was available to be distributed, there'd be a lot more difficulty in reaching agreement on what constitutes a "fair" distribution of the ships. It seems like there's a good chance that France would be able to get one of the Bayern-class. They'd be able to make some very strong arguments that the should get priority ahead of the US. France had been in the war from the very start and suffered the most casualties of all the western Allies, and three of their own battleships had been sunk by the Imperial German Navy (albeit those were pre-dreadnoughts). As such, France could say it's only fair that they get their losses replaced by German ships. France receiving SMS Bayern would heavily tilt the balance of power in the Mediterranean, and as such Italy would desperately want to receive either SMS Baden. But Britain would obviously have first dibs, so Italy might instead of tried to get their about 3/4 complete sister ship SMS Sachsen. In reality, all of the incomplete capital ships in German shipyards were scrapped after WW1. But if "equal" distribution of the ships to the Allies had become a more pressing concern, that might not have been the case. And Saschen was probably far enough along that she could've been sailed to Italy and completed there. And then the same arguments would've happened regarding the two surviving Derfflinger-class battlecruisers, the next strongest of the completed German warships. Again, France and Italy would be the main ones competing for the ships. The UK, US, and Japan probably wouldn't care all that much about which particular ships they get, because they'd just be turning around and selling them for scrap or sinking them as targets. Though another interesting factor is that there'd be enough battleships (19 of them, 20 if Sachsen is counted) being passed around that Serbia might be able to claim one of the older Kaiser-class.
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  10640.  @lukedogwalker  Had Bismarck been captured intact enough to be practical to repair and put back into service, a battleship with completely non-standard equipment would be a bit difficult to bring into operational service. Just the ammunition supply would be a problem, unless the guns and shell hoists turned out to be easily adapted to British ammo of the same caliber. And it would take some time to familiarize a crew with the German machinery. Odds are, the Royal Navy wouldn't consider it worthwhile to bring such a non-standard ship into service and instead she'd be given to one of the other Allies. But as hilarious as giving Bismarck to Poland would've been, the over 2,000 officers and men needed to crew the ship would constitute about 2/3 of the entire Polish Navy in exile. The only nation likely to have both the interest and the manpower to operate her would be the Soviets. Given that prior to Barbarossa they bought an incomplete heavy cruiser from Germany and were attempting to buy 38cm SK C/34 guns and turrets, it's likely the USSR already had the specifications on hand for the ammunition and would've been able to manufacture it. (Though based on their test-firing of a 406mm B-37 gun intended for the Sovetsky Soyuz-class battleships, the quality of large-caliber shells the Soviets could make at the time wasn't very high.) I shudder to think what condition Bismarck would've ended up in after a few years in Soviet hands, given that Royal Sovereign was returned to Britain with her turrets rusted in place.
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  10799. If we didn't have such a weak, cowardly Attorney General, a bunch of the Republican members of Congress would be indicted for their roles in January 6. Granted, their deep-red gerrymandered districts would be able to elect some other right-wingers to fill the seats as soon as special elections could be held. But only if the insurrectionists are willing to actually vacate their seats by resigning. Being arrested does not, after all, automatically result in being kicked out of Congress. Most likely many of them would refuse to resign. Meaning that it would be up to the House to expel them, and who knows if they'd have the votes to do that. In which case the seats would still be held, but since the insurrectionists would be in jail awaiting trial and proxy voting has been abolished, they'd be unable to participate in Congress. Which would mean Democrats would have a majority of the members actually present on the House floor. Hakeem Jeffries could become Speaker, and Democrats could start passing stuff to actually benefit the American people. And since there would be some Senators also getting arrested for their roles in January 6, Democrats would at least temporarily be able to get stuff done without needing the approval of Manchin or Sinema. If they had the balls, they could quickly hold votes to abolish the filibuster and then reinstate the Voting Rights Act, grant statehood to Puerto Rico and DC, ban gerrymandering, add seats to the Supreme Court, etc. (Also, there's the reform that nobody seems to talk about but which would do a lot to make our government more democratic: significantly expand the size of the House. It's been locked at 435 members for over a century, during which time the US population has more than tripled. If the House had grown in size in proportion to that increased population, it would make gerrymandering far more difficult since there'd be physically less room for each district. And even more importantly, it would make it nearly impossible for anybody to win the electoral college while losing the popular vote, because the disproportionate power that tiny rural states have in the electoral college would be diluted.) Unfortunately, this is all a fantasy because Merrick Garland demonstrably does not have the balls to actually do his job and prosecute the insurrection caucus. If he did, all of this could've happened 1-2 years ago, and without the ability to gerrymander (plus DC getting a House seat and PR getting 4), it's unlikely that Republicans would've been able to gain a House majority in the midterms at all.
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  12083.  @cristinabutasimon9159  No, I did not "forget" any of that. It's simply not true. There were not 14,000 Russians killed in Donbas. That was the total death toll on both sides of the conflict from 2014-2022. You're literally counting the Ukrainian soldiers who died fighting Russian invaders as "Russians killed by Ukraine". Along with claiming that everyone killed in Donbas were Russians, even though only 1/3 of the population there is ethnically Russian. What you described as a "constant advance eastward" was a matter of nations that had previously been enslaved by Russia begging for membership in NATO, so that they would be protected against future Russian aggression. And contrary to Putin's frequent claims, NATO had never in any way promised not to admit new members from Eastern Europe. NATO "invited Ukraine" in the sense that all European nations are invited to apply for membership in NATO. Once such an application is made, a new member can only join by unanimous consent of the current members. It turns out that Ukraine's government in 2008 was foolish to not submit an application, because if Ukraine had already been a NATO member, it would've been impossible for Russia to invade them in 2014. Nobody was ever even contemplating putting missiles in Ukraine to aim at Russia. The Cuban Missile Crisis comparisons are completely nonsensical. Also, you might have forgotten this, but the US didn't invade Cuba in the Cuban Missile Crisis, and Cuba remained a Soviet ally afterward. And Cuba's Cienfuegos naval base even continued to host nuclear-armed Soviet Navy warships afterward.
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  12479.  @aheroictaxidriver3180  The problem with that idea is that the Constitution absolutely forbids having a different number of Senators per state. That's the one type of amendment that's absolutely forbidden. If we were to have the Senate be population-based, we'd have to scrap the entire Constitution in favor of a new one. And as polarized as America is today, that's impossible. There would be no way to create a new Constitution that would be widely accepted. If you wanted to make the electoral college be entirely population-based, you'd have to pass an amendment so that states only get one electoral vote per House member and not any for their Senators. That would mean that Wyoming would have 1 electoral vote and California would get 52, compared to their current 3 and 54. And the total electoral votes would be 436 instead of 538. The problem with that would be that you'd have a hard time convincing all of the smaller states to accept such a reduction in their electoral power, and you need the approval of 38 states for a constitutional amendment to pass. Another fix would be to get Congress to repeal the Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 and significantly increase the size of the House of Representatives. It's been 435 seats 1913, and over that time, the US population has more than tripled. If instead of 435 House seats we had 1,305 of them, that would greatly diminish the electoral advantage given to the smallest states. It would have the added advantage of making gerrymandering much more difficult. Since House districts are required to have contiguous borders and to be of approximately equal population, the more House districts a state has, the harder gerrymandering becomes. (As an aside, if all 12 of the proposed Bill of Rights amendments had been ratified by the states instead of just 10 of them, the House would have around 6,000 seats now. 1st US Congress had wanted to set it so that each House district would contain about 50,000 people. The average as of the 2020 Census is 761,179 people per district.)
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  12882. Have you ever done a video of "what the Ottoman Empire remained neutral?" It might seem a bit mundane, but it opens up all sorts of questions. How much longer could the empire have survived if not for defeat in WW1? Probably not that much longer, but it still would've probably meant the Arabs rather than the British and French would be the ones redrawing the borders in Arabia. How much sooner would the Central Powers have been defeated without that extra Ottoman manpower and the corresponding British and French manpower tied down fighting them? Would the war have ended quickly enough for the Russian Revolution to never happen? Would the United States become even more isolationist (due to not giving Europe a reason to recognize us the emerging great power), or actually less so (due to a shorter, less catastrophic war meaning it's not such an obvious example for the isolationists to point to of "we should stay out of Europe's follies")? Would the peace imposed on Germany have been harsher (due to no involvement by Wilson to water things down) or less so (due to Britain and France winning quickly with much fewer losses)? Would Germany remain a monarchy? How would warfare itself change going forward if the war ended before the tank had an opportunity to prove itself? There's even an incredibly easy and plausible point of divergence to make this timeline happen: Admiral Milne makes some better decisions and manages to catch and sink Admiral Souchon's ships before they can reach Constantinople and tip the balance in Enver Pasha's favor. Souchon's lookouts could actually see Milne's battlecruisers coming over the horizon when he crossed into the Dardanelles, so this came very close to happening in reality.
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  12925. With regard to your Greek cruiser idea, there's a clause of the Washington Naval Treaty you're overlooking: "No vessel of war constructed within the jurisdiction of any of the Contracting Powers for a non-Contracting Power shall exceed the limitations as to displacement and armament prescribed by the present Treaty for vessels of a similar type which may be constructed by or for any of the Contracting Powers". So British shipyards would not be allowed to build a cruiser hull that exceeds the Treaty limits, not even for export purposes. There are two possible ways I can see to get around this. The first would be (since Greece certainly had no shipyards capable of building the hull themselves) to contract the hull out to a non-Treaty nation. The only other options I can think of that were physically capable of building a cruiser hull would be Spain, the Netherlands, and the Soviet Union. And Germany, but I don't think Versailles would allow it and you have good reason for not wanting a Germany in a position to screw up your design. The other option would be to stick with having the hull built in Britain (you obviously want that high-quality British armor), but make the ship technically a small Treaty-compliant battlecruiser. France had a 1926 study that contemplated using their allocated capital ship tonnage in this manner, known as the "Navire de Ligne de 17500-tonnes", which would've had a top speed of 35 knots and been armed with 2x4 305mm/55 guns. This design evolved in to the significantly larger (but still small by Treaty standards) Dunkerque-class. So change your cruiser's armament from 4x3 8-inch to 4x2 12-inch (already a caliber in Greek service, on the fairly useless pre-dreadnoughts Kilkis and Lemnos; perhaps even those ships' turrets could be scavenged to arm the new ship, and scrapping them would free up some money), and increase its displacement a bit. It's well over 10,000 tons and carries 12-inch guns, so it's obviously a capital ship and not a cruiser. Thus Britain isn't violating the treaties by building the hull.
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  12940.  @kbanghart  But for some people, it's pretty easy to tell that they're lying. And that's the case with Tulsi Gabbard. She went from being the "Democrat" who went on Fox to complain that Obama was "soft on terrorism" (because he "wouldn't say 'radical Islamic terrorism'"), demanding more drone strikes, praising Russia for leveling whole cities in Syria in the name of fighting ISIS, calling for a Muslim ban even before Donald Trump did, and introducing a bill in Congress for the specific personal benefit of Republican medagdonor Sheldon Adelson, to reinventing herself as an anti-war "true progressive". She was an obvious phony, but lots of people didn't want to see it. Tulsi realized that her conservatism was increasingly out of step with her Oahu district and at the time was looking to continue her career in Congress. And she opportunistically latched onto progressive frustration in the 2016 primary by "resigning in protest" from the DNC and endorsing Bernie Sanders. She figured that most voters in her district wouldn't be politically engaged enough to see past her endorsement of Bernie (particularly since so many of Bernie's supporters had never paid attention to politics before 2016 and wouldn't be familiar with her actual record), and that this would inoculate her against the (truthful) accusations that she was a Republican in Democrat's clothing. This worked temporarily, but people started to notice that Tulsi's actual voting record still didn't match up with her newly-progressive rhetoric. Especially since she never stopped shilling for right-wing dictators around the world. By 2020, it was clear that the jig was up, which is why she didn't bother running for reelection, and instead ran an blatantly grift-y vanity presidential campaign. This was really a not very thinly-veiled audition to Fox; a lot of us were predicting at the time that she was positioning herself to be a "former Democrat" Fox contributor. Since then, she's taken the mask all the way off, fully supporting every insane MAGA-cult conspiracy theory.
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  13085.  @CaptRR  With regard to veto power in the UN Security Council, the solution to Russia's veto is to simply hold that Russia is not actually a UN member state at all. That their claim to be the successor state of the Soviet Union was fraudulent, and that the Soviet Union's permanent seat on the UN Security Council was permanently vacated when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. There would be ample precedent for such a ruling, in the form of Yugoslavia and Serbia. Serbia tried to claim they were the successor state of Yugoslavia. And really, they had a much stronger case for that status than Russia does for being the successor state of the Soviet Union. For one thing, Russia formally seceded from the USSR, while Serbia never seceded from Yugoslavia. How can Russia be the successor state of a nation they seceded from? In Serbia's case, the entire UN, including Russia, rejected their claim to be the successor of Yugoslavia. (Russia is, after all, nothing if not hypocritical.) Thus, from 1992 until 2000, Serbia was a non-member of the United Nations. It was only after they officially renounced their claim to be the successor state of Yugoslavia and submitted a membership application that they were admitted into the UN. While this was a matter of simple membership in the UN rather than a permanent seat on the Security Council, that doesn't really matter since quite obviously a non-member state cannot be on the Security Council. If Russia's membership in the UN is ruled to be fraudulent, that means they were never actually a Security Council member at all and their veto power never actually existed. And as for whether Russia could simply veto this and keep their fraudulent Security Council seat? No. We have another clear precedent in UN history for that, in the case of China and Taiwan. The Republic of China in 1945 was one of the founding members of the UN and one of the original 5 permanent members of the Security Council. After they lost the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Chiang Kai-shek's government in Taiwan continued to hold their UN Security Council seat despite only controlling Taiwan and a few other small islands. The People's Republic of China claimed to be the successor state of the Republic of China, while Taiwan insisted that the Republic of China still existed even if what they considered "rebels" were in control of the majority of its territory. In 1971, a majority vote of the UN General Assembly held that the Republic of China had ceased to exist in 1949 and the People's Republic of China was its legitimate successor state. Thus, the ROC was stripped of its Security Council seat and veto power, and there was nothing they could do about it. There is no veto in the General Assembly, only in the Security Council. And UN membership decisions are made by the General Assembly, not the Security Council.
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  13220.  @calebhorn9671  Had that lucky hit not occurred, Bismarck and Prinz Eugen would've been at a distinct disadvantage. The firepower advantage of Hood and PoW combined would simply be too much. It wouldn't be quite as bad as King George V and Rodney vs Bismarck, but it'd be close. The difference in penetration and bursting charge between Rodney's 16-inch guns and Hood's 15-inch is surprising small, due to the poorly designed lightweight (relative to caliber) shells of the Nelson-class. While it wouldn't have been as one-sided, since Bismarck was capable of maneuvering and Prince of Wales wasn't fully fitted out yet like King George V, two capital ships are still better than one. And Prinz Eugen wasn't going to do more than cause damage to non-vital areas. It's likely that Lütjens would've tried to flee at the first opportunity rather than engaging in a prolonged slugging match with a superior force. Depending on which direction he turned, this might've given Norfolk and Suffolk time to get involved in the battle. And the speed difference between Bismarck and Prince of Wales (the slowest ship present at the battle) wasn't enough to make escape very likely. Hood and Prince of Wales be able to get off quite a few salvos and the odds would be good of them damaging Bismarck enough to slow her down. Much like what would later happen when Duke of York fought Scharnhorst. Afterward, since Hood would need repairs, that time out of service would likely be used to finally give her that much-needed refit.
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  13301.  @jiayangshao4736  You're completely deranged if you think there's any scenario where 100 million or 120 million people would've voted for Trump. Trump was already unpopular long before COVID-19 existed. Your claim that without COVID we would've had 3 to 4% GDP growth in 2020 is just silly. Trump had promised that level of growth as a candidate, but he never achieved it because his economic policies were in fact terrible. The low unemployment was simply the economy continuing to coast along on the already incredibly low unemployment that Obama had produced. We were already on pace for another recession even before the pandemic hit. 12 years between recessions is an exceptionally long gap, it's something that almost never happens. Which just illustrates how robust the Obama economic recovery was. The claim that Trump made huge gains among black voters and that Hispanics and Asians turned away from the Democratic Party is also a lie. The reality is that while Trump had an increase in the raw number of black people voting for him compared to George W. Bush, that's simply because 2020 had the highest voter turnout of any election in over a century. Biden and the Democrats made even bigger gains, hence Biden winning. Oh, and minor point, but Trump got 74 million votes. Even among those of you Republicans who are willing to admit that he lost, you try to make it seem closer than it really was by claiming the election was 80 million to 75 million instead of the reality of 81 million to 74 million. Shaving 2 million votes off of Trump's margin of defeat.
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  13608.  @iancarr8682  They were not. The original KGV designs had either 3x4 14" or 3x3 15" guns. The former layout was adopted for largely political reasons. Parliament pushed hard for it because of the 2nd London Naval Treaty, and revising the caliber upward after the escalator clause kicked in would've resulted in delaying the ships' construction (as happened with the US North Carolina class, which were also originally to have 3x4 14"). The argument was also made that 3x4 14" provides a heavier broadside than 3x3 15", regardless of whether the individual shells are less powerful. The reason for the final revision from 3x4 to 2x4 + 1x2 14" was that KGV was estimated to be IIRC over a thousand tons above the 35,000 ton limit. The Royal Navy was by far the most scrupulous in obeying treaty limits, so they had to drop some weight. Either by reducing the armor or reducing the armament. Since KGV would have the smallest guns of any modern BB regardless, it was considered essential that the armor not be sacrificed. The armor would be needed to allow safely pushing in to closer range where the reduced penetration of the main guns would become irrelevant. And since weight savings was the entire point of replacing one of the quad turrets with a twin, reducing the diameter of the barbette had to happen. That provides a significant weight reduction, probably more reduction than removing two of the barrels did. Thus, reverting to 3x4 14" was not a plausible option after the ships were built, even with the expiration of the treaties meaning that weight limits no longer applied.
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  14174. Rand Kocher It's not "companies" that I have a problem with, it's plutocrats. And these claims of "over-regulation" are nonsense. Meanwhile, Trump is giving us under-regulation. The unemployment numbers were not somehow worse than reported under Obama. (I suppose you think that the same unemployment numbers are magically accurate now under Trump, right?) And the idea that the unemployment rate has any connection to eligibility for unemployment insurance is a persistent but completely baseless myth. What determines whether you're counted as "unemployed" when you don't have a job is whether you're actively seeking a job. If you are, you count toward the unemployment rate, regardless of whether you qualify for unemployment payments. When Obama took office, the national debt was over $11 trillion, and hit $12 trillion by the time he first had a budget sent to him by Congress. When he left office it was $19 trillion, passing $20 trillion late last year. So you're exaggerating by upward of $2 trillion in order to create your "doubling" narrative. I suppose going from 12 to 20 trillion is close to doubling, but since none of the national debt figures have been adjusted for inflation, it's also not that meaningful. The idea that the economy was "revving up red hot because of Reaganomics" is comical nonsense, because Reaganomics was a complete disaster. The effects of Reaganomics are a big part of how Clinton got elected in the first place: the recession of 1991-92 and its jobless recovery were the fruits of Reaganomics.
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  14494. The most plausible scenario for the entire French fleet going to Britain would be if Churchill and Reynaud's Franco-British Union proposal had actually happened. (Which would only have been possible if Petain and other pro-armistice politicians in France had been disposed of. Either by arresting them for treason (which in retrospect they were actually guilty of) or just assassinating them.) Regarding the question on Nelson and Myoko turrets, if the third rather than second turret is superfiring then at long range that actually would allow for all three turrets to fire forward. Since the second turret's guns would be elevated to fire over the roof of the first turret. This actually was the layout used on the Mogami-class cruisers, and later on the Juneau- and Worcester-class CLAAs. And at least two British battlecruiser concepts (F2 and F3, a pair of Treaty battlecruiser designs that were among the Nelson-class proposals before the O3 battleship design was chosen) also used that layout. Personally, even aside from turret layout, I think the Royal Navy would've gotten more utility out of the Nelsons had they been built to the F3 design. The armor would've been weaker, but still rather good (12-13" belt instead of 13-14", basically the same deck armor). The armament would've in theory been weaker, but given that the Nelsons' 16"/45 guns proved to be a bit of a disappointment, 3x3 15"/50 guns firing the same shells as the 15"/42 would've actually been an improvement. And a ~29 knot top speed would've allowed them to keep pace with aircraft carriers rather than being limited to operating with slower fleets or as convoy escort.
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