Comments by "D W" (@DW-op7ly) on "Inside China Business"
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The Chinese already control the “majority” of the worlds largest shipping ports and dominate the production of shipping containers
It is you Americans and your support of Israel that seems to be the flashpoint and the ships the Houthis are targeting not the Chinese or Russians
Btw
What most people like you don’t get?
Is it is US multinationals making the lion share of those profits inflating the trade deficit between China to the USA
Where Chinese companies mostly trade with their Belt and Road country partners these days
These US multinationals are the ones sending you that junk
These US multinationals are still using the same highly polluting labour intensive factories formula.
As they were using more and more illegal labour in their Chinese factories, smuggled in from South East Asia.
Or more and more automation in their wholly owned factories in China these days
These are the same companies who got those trump Corporate tax cuts you for sure cheered about
Same companies based in China who derived 392 billion in sales of their goods and services into those Chinese domestic markets in 2018 when trump started his trade war
Same companies averaging 20% to 40% of their earnings from China whose high flying stocks are in your 401k/Pensions
Same companies who the American farmer and consumer were sacrificed. So the USA could try and get “more” or “better” access for the US multinationals, into those Chinese Domestic markets during the trade war
Same companies whose HQ is in a North American city you can easily go stand outside and protest at….
Why didn’t China pull the nuclear trade option and boot these US companies you might ask?
For one, it would crash the US Economy
And the Chinese don’t believe in a zero-sum game type of thinking
As I can show you during the trade war.
China didn’t pull out their big trade weapons, in fact they were lowering tariffs to most countries not raising them
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Trump’s ‘trade war’ with China won’t be so easy to win
Having learned these value chain lessons, Beijing has worked hard to bring more of the high-value-adding parts of value chains into China, and to build hi-tech industries in which it can establish a globally competitive position.
China has successfully done this in areas like high-speed trains (CRRC), digital telecoms networks (Huawei), drones (DJI) and hi-tech batteries (BYD).
Trump’s team is not wrong to be worried about China’s competitive emergence here, and to target these new-tech sectors in the latest trade war sortie.
But here’s the problem: China exports almost none of these new-tech products to the US, making US tariff threats meaningless. Rather, they go to developing economy markets – many embraced by the Belt and Road initiative – where China has succeeded in building a hi-tech, high-value brand reputation.
As Trump’s team will quickly learn, the challenge of finding China’s pain points is bigger than expected: for a decade China’s priority has been to base growth on the domestic consumer economy and reduce reliance on the low-value-adding export processing industries (many of which are US- or Hong Kong-owned and concentrated in the Pearl River Delta)
SCMP
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@andrewlim7751
China has an 820 billion dollar trade surplus with the world every year
Holding that much debt is the right amount The US FED crashed their credit markets selling about 600 to 700 billion in debt off its balance sheet over a 2 year period
Plus China has been doing this for over a decade we are just catching on right now
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China’s Gold Reserves Unveiled: Investigating Claims of Secret Hoarding and the Alleged Discrepancy
JANUARY 9, 2024
Based on these calculations, Frisby estimates that China has at around 33,000 tons of gold, with at least half being state-owned. That state-owned portion (16,500 tons) is double what the U.S. holds.
If China admits to the U.S., “We got twice as much gold as you,’ that’s tantamount to a declaration of war,” according to Frisby. The yuan would become more valuable, gold would become more valuable, and China would become the leader of both of these assets.
OxfordGoldGroup
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@dice138
US-China tech war: Beijing's secret chipmaking champions
How Washington's sanctions boosted China's semiconductor sector
MAY 5, 2021
Plan B
So far, Yangtze Memory, also known as YMTC, has remained under the radar of the U.S. government. But the company is taking no chances. With the guidance of Beijing, it has launched a massive review of its supply chain in an effort to find local suppliers -- or, at least, non-U.S. ones -- to replace the current dependence on American technology.
The collective effort has occupied over 800 people, full time, and including staff from its multiple local suppliers, for two years. And they have not finished yet.
YMTC is seeking to learn as much as it can about the origin of everything that goes into its products, from production equipment and chemicals to the tiny lenses, screws, nuts and bearings in chipmaking machinery and production lines, multiple sources familiar with the matter said. The audit extends not only to YMTC's own production lines, but also to suppliers, suppliers' suppliers, and so on.
"The review is as meticulous as knowing where the screws and nuts are coming from, the lead time, and if those parts have alternatives," one person familiar with the matter told Nikkei Asia.
NikkeiAsia
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@arenzricodexd4409
And this is China we are talking about
there is now 27 books out there on what China invented that says. We copied from them
These days China leads the “world” in 37 of 44 critical technologies of the future
Yet we narrowly focus on the technologies that they are behind
thinking they won’t be able to catch up
In those fields
Or will just give up
Thinking for even a second they think like us over there, is a big mistake
If they thought like us? in zero sum-game theory like us westerners
They would have crashed our economies by now…where yes both sides get hurt but we get hurt more
To think the way you think
Dunning-Kruger thinking
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What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
When we don't know enough to know what we don't know.
* So goes the reasoning behind the Dunning-Kruger effect, the inclination of unskilled or unknowledgeable people to overestimate their own competence.
LiveScience
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Why we overestimate our competence
Social psychologists are examining people's pattern of overlooking their own weaknesses.
Cross-cultural comparisons
Regardless of how pervasive the phenomenon is, it is clear from Dunning's and others' work that many Americans, at least sometimes and under some conditions, have a tendency to inflate their worth. It is interesting, therefore, to see the phenomenon's mirror opposite in another culture. In research comparing North American and East Asian self-assessments, Heine of the University of British Columbia finds that East Asians tend to underestimate their abilities, with an aim toward improving the self and getting along with others.
These differences are highlighted in a meta-analysis Heine is now completing of 70 studies that examine the degree of self-enhancement or self-criticism in China, Japan and Korea versus the United States and Canada. Sixty-nine of the 70 studies reveal significant differences between the two cultures in the degree to which individuals hold these tendencies, he finds.
In another article in the October 2001 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 81, No. 4), Heine's team looks more closely at how this occurs. First, Japanese and American participants performed a task at which they either succeeded or failed. Then they were timed as they worked on another version of the task. "The results made a symmetrical X," says Heine: Americans worked longer if they succeeded at the first task, while Japanese worked longer if they failed.
There are cultural, social and individual motives behind these tendencies, Heine and colleagues observe in a paper in the October 1999 Psychological Review (Vol. 106, No. 4). "As Western society becomes more individualistic, a successful life has come to be equated with having high self-esteem," Heine says. "Inflating one's sense of self creates positive emotions and feelings of self-efficacy, but the downside is that people don't really like self-enhancers very much."
Conversely,
East Asians' self-improving or self-critical stance helps them maintain their "face," or reputation, and as a result, their interpersonal network.
But the cost is they don't feel as good about themselves, he says. Because people in these cultures have different motivations, they make very different choices, Heine adds.
If Americans perceive they're not doing well at something, they'll look for something else to do instead. "If you're bad at volleyball, well fine, you won't play volleyball," as Heine puts it.
East Asians, though, view a poor performance as an invitation to try harder.
Interestingly, children in many cultures tend to overrate their abilities, perhaps because they lack objective feedback about their performance. For example, until about third grade, German youngsters generally overrate their academic achievement and class standing. This tendency declines as feedback in the form of letter grades begins. But researchers also have shown significant cross-cultural differences in youngsters' performance estimates--American children, it appears, are particularly prone to overestimate their competence.
APA
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@kenlee1416
Difference a lot of that US Treasury debt that is being printed up is being put on the US FED Balance Sheet
in Q3 of 2019
The US FED was bailing out those TOOBIGTOFAIL banks in their repo markets once again… less their credit markets seize up once again
A few things we learned since the 2008 subprime crisis
Buying for US debt is not unlimited.
In 2013 the US FED had to buy 71% of the newly issued external Sovereign debt by the US Treasury
That Quantitative Easing (QE)debt that was soaped up/printing of money, that debt does not disappear
Since we know from Q3 of 2017 to Q3 of 2019 the FEDs bright idea was to allow 50 to 60 billion of the Agency Debt and US Treasury Debt it soaped up during QE to slowly mature each month, off the FEDs balance sheet. Quantitative Tightening (QT)
Where the US Treasury would issue new corresponding debt for the public to buy. Where with this QT selling they managed to dump about 600 to 700 billion in debt on the American people… as the American people are the biggest buyers of US Sovereign Debt
That QT selling ended during Q3 of 2019 Because that selling of debt ended up freezing up the repo market
Just like when it happened in 2008/2009 during the subprime crisis
Thus the FED balance sheet went from 4.5 trillion to about 3.8 trillion.with that selling from 2017 to 2019
But then the FED had to come back in QE 2.0 and buy that Treasury debt again, all that they dumped and more
Last I checked they ran that FED balance sheeet back up to over 8 trillion. Now it’s back to around 7.8 trillion
Wait you might ask Agency debt is internal debt not supposed to be backed by the US Government
Well the USA has had no issue with taking private internal debt and turning it into External Sovereign Debt backed by the US Government and the American people
Something the Chinese might have been tempted to do with the Junk Bonds issued by those Chinese Property Developers
That were a hot commodity the last few years, sought after by sophisticated foreign investors
In short the Chinese purposely deflated their real estate markets. Cut off money to its Property Developers. And didnt bailout foreign investors who took a risk buying those junk bonds
While the USA left their real estate market to implode. Kept the money flowing to the companies and bailed out foreign investors who invested in private internal debt
Yet we are complaining who is capitalist/communist
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As politicians call for taxpayer bailouts and a government takeover of troubled mortgage lenders Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae,
FreedomWorks would like to point out that a bailout is a transfer of possibly hundreds of billions of U.S. tax dollars to sophisticated investors and governments overseas.
The top five foreign holders of Freddie and Fannie long-term debt are China, Japan, the Cayman Islands, Luxembourg, and Belgium. In total foreign investors hold over $1.3 trillion in these agency bonds, according to the U.S. Treasury’s most recent “Report on Foreign Portfolio Holdings of U.S. Securities.”
FreedomWorks President Matt Kibbe commented, “The prospectus for every GSE bond clearly states that it is not backed by the United States government. That’s why investors holding agency bonds already receive a significant risk premium over Treasuries.”
“A bailout at this stage would be the worst possible outcome for American taxpayers and mortgage holders, who have been paying a risk premium to these foreign investors.”
“It would change the rules of the game retroactively and would directly subsidize the risks taken by sophisticated foreign investors.”
“A bailout of GSE bondholders would be perhaps the greatest taxpayer rip-off in American history. It is bad economics and you can be sure it is terrible politics.”
FreedomWorks
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Most people believed this about 20 years ago when the Chinese were seen as copycats
But then they don’t even know their own history
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A nation of outlaws
A century ago, that wasn't China -- it was us
One hundred and fifty years ago, even America's closest trade partners were despairing about our cheating ways. Charles Dickens, who visited in 1842, was, like many Britons, stunned by the economic ambition of our nation's inhabitants, and appalled by what they would do for the sake of profit. When he first stepped off the boat in Boston, he found the city's bookstores rife with pirated copies of his novels, along with those of his countrymen. Dickens would later deliver
lectures decrying the practice, and wrote home in outrage: "my blood so boiled as I thought of the monstrous injustice." In theUnited States of the early 19th century, capitalism as we know it today was still very much in its infancy. Most people still lived on small farms, and despite the persistent myth that America was the land of laissez-faire, there were plenty of laws on the books aimed at keeping tight reins on the market economy. But as commerce became more complex, and stretched over greater distances, this patchwork system of local and state-level regulations was gradually overwhelmed by a new generation of wheeler-dealer entrepreneurs.
Taking a page from the British, who had pioneered many ingenious methods of adulteration a generation or two earlier, American manufacturers, distributors, and vendors of food began tampering with their products en masse -- bulking out supplies with cheap filler, using dangerous additives to mask spoilage or to give foodstuffs a more appealing color.
Boston Globe
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US-China tech war: Beijing's secret chipmaking champions
How Washington's sanctions boosted China's semiconductor sector
MAY 5, 2021
Plan B
So far, Yangtze Memory, also known as YMTC, has remained under the radar of the U.S. government. But the company is taking no chances. With the guidance of Beijing, it has launched a massive review of its supply chain in an effort to find local suppliers -- or, at least, non-U.S. ones -- to replace the current dependence on American technology.
The collective effort has occupied over 800 people, full time, and including staff from its multiple local suppliers, for two years. And they have not finished yet.
YMTC is seeking to learn as much as it can about the origin of everything that goes into its products, from production equipment and chemicals to the tiny lenses, screws, nuts and bearings in chipmaking machinery and production lines, multiple sources familiar with the matter said. The audit extends not only to YMTC's own production lines, but also to suppliers, suppliers' suppliers, and so on.
"The review is as meticulous as knowing where the screws and nuts are coming from, the lead time, and if those parts have alternatives," one person familiar with the matter told Nikkei Asia.
The purge of YMTC's supply chain has been handled with the spirit of a national emergency. Based in the city of Wuhan, the effort did not pause even when the virus epicenter was ravaged by COVID-19 last spring.
While the rest of the city endured a brutal quarantine, high-speed trains remained in service to ferry YMTC employees to its $24 billion 3D NAND flash memory plant that began producing chips in 2019. All the while, delivery trucks for critical chipmaking materials drove to and from the production campus.
Nikkei Asia
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@senti2175
US-China tech war: Beijing's secret chipmaking champions
How Washington's sanctions boosted China's semiconductor sector
MAY 5, 2021
Plan B
So far, Yangtze Memory, also known as YMTC, has remained under the radar of the U.S. government. But the company is taking no chances. With the guidance of Beijing, it has launched a massive review of its supply chain in an effort to find local suppliers -- or, at least, non-U.S. ones -- to replace the current dependence on American technology.
The collective effort has occupied over 800 people, full time, and including staff from its multiple local suppliers, for two years. And they have not finished yet.
YMTC is seeking to learn as much as it can about the origin of everything that goes into its products, from production equipment and chemicals to the tiny lenses, screws, nuts and bearings in chipmaking machinery and production lines, multiple sources familiar with the matter said. The audit extends not only to YMTC's own production lines, but also to suppliers, suppliers' suppliers, and so on.
"The review is as meticulous as knowing where the screws and nuts are coming from, the lead time, and if those parts have alternatives," one person familiar with the matter told Nikkei Asia.
The purge of YMTC's supply chain has been handled with the spirit of a national emergency. Based in the city of Wuhan, the effort did not pause even when the virus epicenter was ravaged by COVID-19 last spring.
While the rest of the city endured a brutal quarantine, high-speed trains remained in service to ferry YMTC employees to its $24 billion 3D NAND flash memory plant that began producing chips in 2019. All the while, delivery trucks for critical chipmaking materials drove to and from the production campus.
Nikkei Asia
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@OTROHIJO
US-China tech war: Beijing's secret chipmaking champions
How Washington's sanctions boosted China's semiconductor sector
MAY 5, 2021
Plan B
So far, Yangtze Memory, also known as YMTC, has remained under the radar of the U.S. government. But the company is taking no chances. With the guidance of Beijing, it has launched a massive review of its supply chain in an effort to find local suppliers -- or, at least, non-U.S. ones -- to replace the current dependence on American technology.
The collective effort has occupied over 800 people, full time, and including staff from its multiple local suppliers, for two years. And they have not finished yet.
YMTC is seeking to learn as much as it can about the origin of everything that goes into its products, from production equipment and chemicals to the tiny lenses, screws, nuts and bearings in chipmaking machinery and production lines, multiple sources familiar with the matter said. The audit extends not only to YMTC's own production lines, but also to suppliers, suppliers' suppliers, and so on.
"The review is as meticulous as knowing where the screws and nuts are coming from, the lead time, and if those parts have alternatives," one person familiar with the matter told Nikkei Asia.
The purge of YMTC's supply chain has been handled with the spirit of a national emergency. Based in the city of Wuhan, the effort did not pause even when the virus epicenter was ravaged by COVID-19 last spring.
While the rest of the city endured a brutal quarantine, high-speed trains remained in service to ferry YMTC employees to its $24 billion 3D NAND flash memory plant that began producing chips in 2019. All the while, delivery trucks for critical chipmaking materials drove to and from the production campus.
Nikkei Asia
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China has a homegrown 28nm
lithography machines The will get there in the meantime they can go after the legacy chip markets
The Chinese had “virtually” no chip making ability/foundries 6 years ago
thanks to the USA who did the job for the Chinese people and Government
China is now expected to take over those legacy chip markets
If the USA was smarter
instead of cutting off China from semiconductor chips and equipment for manufacturing
They should have lowered prices even more, and dump even more chips on China
Instead their idea was to force the hand of Chinese at the time content with cheap imported chips. Hope they could not innovate
When China leads the world in 37 of the 44 critical technologies of the future 🙄
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How Close Is China to World Dominance in Legacy Semiconductors? 27-02-2024 | By Paul Whytock
* Bread and Butter Technology
Obviously, China would like to be a major player when it comes to high-end sophisticated semiconductor devices, but that doesn’t mean they are not interested in the bread-and-butter end of the market, particularly when it comes to legacy products.
In fact, they are very interested in the legacy market, and there are some very good reasons why.
Legacy devices make up a huge amount of global chip sales. Most chips manufactured today are not advanced chips but legacy chips, and around 71% of devices
* China's Aggressive Expansion in the Semiconductor Industry
In September 2023, Reuters reported that China was set to launch a new state-backed fund aimed at raising about €43bn to support its chip industry, and according to research analysts, the Rhodium Group, in less than ten years, China is expected to domestically add nearly as much 50–180nm wafer manufacturing capacity as the rest of the World.
The views of industry analysts and observers vary, but generally speaking, it’s thought that 22 wafer fabs are being built in the country, and there is an overall plan to create a total of 30 new wafer fabrication plants.
Many of these will concentrate on the production of legacy devices.
As for market share, industry intelligence gatherers
Trendforce believe China’s legacy chip manufacturing base could provide as much as 30% of the global demand for older devices.
ElectroPages
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@lesact no you are not understanding correctly
Take for example that 2016 ICJ case the Philippines brought up between themselves and China over their land and water dispute
The Philippines under UNCLOS had every right to request a tribunal as a resolution
But
China under UNCLOS had every right not to accept the tribunal as a resolution
No one other than Taiwan accepts that 9 dash line claim. Which the tribunal did rule against
The tribunal did not rule on ownership of the disputed islands or waters
But what the tribunal did state was ... No one exhibited continuous control over the islands, reefs, water in dispute
That means all the other countries who also have their land and water disputes including China and the Philippines
Have dug into the land and water they control. And are basically saying talk to us in few hundred years
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Article 287
Choice of procedure
1. When signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention or at any time thereafter, a State shall be free to choose, by means of a written declaration, one or more of the following means for the settlement of disputes concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention:
(a) the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea established in accordance with Annex VI;
(b) the International Court of Justice;
(c) an arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VII;
(d) a special arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VIII for one or more of the categories of disputes specified therein.
2. A declaration made under paragraph 1 shall not affect or be affected by the obligation of a State Party to accept the jurisdiction of the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to the extent and in the manner provided for in Part XI, section 5.
3. A State Party, which is a party to a dispute not covered by a declaration in force, shall be deemed to have accepted arbitration in accordance with Annex VII.
4. If the parties to a dispute have accepted the same procedure for the settlement of the dispute, it may be submitted only to that procedure, unless the parties otherwise agree.
5. If the parties to a dispute have not accepted the same procedure for the settlement of the dispute, it may be submitted only to arbitration in accordance with Annex VII, unless the parties otherwise agree.
6. A declaration made under paragraph 1 shall remain in force until three months after notice of revocation has been deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
7. A new declaration, a notice of revocation or the expiry of a declaration does not in any way affect proceedings pending before a court or tribunal having jurisdiction under this article, unless the parties otherwise agree.
8. Declarations and notices referred to in this article shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the States Parties.
UNORG
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Article 287, paragraph 1, provides that States and entities, when signing, ratifying or acceding to the Convention, or at any time thereafter, may make declarations specifying the forums for the settlement of disputes which they accept. Article 287, paragraph 1, reads: "Article 287
UNORG
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Article 298
Optional exceptions to applicability of section 2
1. When signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention or at any time thereafter, a State may, without prejudice to the obligations arising under section 1, declare in writing that it does not accept any one or more of the procedures provided for in section 2 with respect to one or more of the following categories of disputes:
(a) (i) disputes concerning the interpretation or application of articles 15, 74 and 83 relating to sea boundary delimitations, or those involving historic bays or titles, provided that a State having made such a declaration shall, when such a dispute arises subsequent to the entry into force of this Convention and where no agreement within a reasonable period of time is reached in negotiations between the parties, at the request of any party to the dispute, accept submission of the matter to conciliation under Annex V, section 2; and provided further that any dispute that necessarily involves the concurrent consideration of any unsettled dispute concerning sovereignty or other rights over continental or insular land territory shall be excluded from such submission;
(ii) after the conciliation commission has presented its report, which shall state the reasons on which it is based, the parties shall negotiate an agreement on the basis of that report; if these negotiations do not result in an agreement, the parties shall, by mutual consent, submit the question to one of the procedures provided for in section 2, unless the parties otherwise agree;
(iii) this subparagraph does not apply to any sea boundary dispute finally settled by an arrangement between the parties, or to any such dispute which is to be settled in accordance with a bilateral or multilateral agreement binding upon those parties;
(b) disputes concerning military activities, including military activities by government vessels and aircraft engaged in non-commercial service, and disputes concerning law enforcement activities in regard to the exercise of sovereign rights or jurisdiction excluded from the jurisdiction of a court or tribunal under article 297, paragraph 2 or 3;
(c) disputes in respect of which the Security Council of the United Nations is exercising the functions assigned to it by the Charter of the United Nations, unless the Security Council decides to remove the matter from its agenda or calls upon the parties to settle it by the means provided for in this Convention.
2. A State Party which has made a declaration under paragraph 1 may at any time withdraw it, or agree to submit a dispute excluded by such declaration to any procedure specified in this Convention.
3. A State Party which has made a declaration under paragraph 1 shall not be entitled to submit any dispute falling within the excepted category of disputes to any procedure in this Convention as against another State Party, without the consent of that party.
4. If one of the States Parties has made a declaration under paragraph 1(a), any other State Party may submit any dispute falling within an excepted category against the declarant party to the procedure specified in such declaration.
5. A new declaration, or the withdrawal of a declaration, does not in any way affect proceedings pending before a court or tribunal in accordance with this article, unless the parties otherwise agree.
6. Declarations and notices of withdrawal of declarations under this article shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the States Parties.
UNORG
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The Government of the People’s Republic of China does not accept any of the procedures provided for in Section 2 of Part XV of the Convention with respect to all the categories of disputes referred to in paragraph 1 (a) (b) and (c) of Article 298 of the Convention.
UNORG
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In addition, article 298, paragraph 1, allows States and entities to declare that they exclude the application of the compulsory binding procedures for the settlement of disputes under the Convention in respect of certain specified categories kinds of disputes. Article 298, paragraph 1, reads:
UNORG
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Article 299 Right of the parties to agree upon a procedure
1. A dispute excluded under article 297 or excepted by a declaration made under article 298 from the dispute settlement procedures provided for in section 2 may be submitted to such procedures only by agreement of the parties to the dispute.
2. Nothing in this section impairs the right of the parties to the dispute to agree to some other procedure for the settlement of such dispute or to reach an amicable settlement.
Introduction:
Article 310 of the Convention allows States and entities to make declarations or statements regarding its application at the time of signing, ratifying or acceding to the Convention, which do not purport to exclude or modify the legal effect of the provisions of the Convention.
Article 310 reads:
"Article 310. Declarations and statements "Article 309 does not preclude a State, when signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention, from making declarations or statements, however phrased or named, with a view, inter alia, to the harmonization of its laws and regulations with the provisions of this Convention, provided that such declarations or statements do not purport to exclude or to modify the legal effect of the provisions of this Convention in their application to that State."
UNORG
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@lesact
Timeline of the South China Sea dispute
* It has been claimed by the People's Republic of China on the argument that since 200 BCE Chinese fishermen have used the Spratly islands
* Naval forces of the Liu Song dynasty (420–479 CE) patrolled the Paracel and Spratly islands.[5] In the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), the islands were placed under the administration and authority of the Qiongzhou Prefecture (now Hainan Province).[5] The Chinese administration of the South China Sea continued into the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE).[5]
* Archaeologists have found Chinese made potteries porcelains and other historical relics from the Southern dynasties (420–589 CE), the Sui dynasty (581–619 CE), the Tang dynasty, the Song dynasty, the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 CE), the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 CE) and later eras up to modern times on the South China Sea islands.[5]
1876 – China makes its earliest documented claim to the Paracel Islands[citation needed]
1883 – When the Spratlys and Paracels were surveyed by Germany in 1883, China issued protests.
1887 – In the 19th century, Europeans found that Chinese fishermen from Hainan annually visited the Spratly islands for part of the year, while in 1877 it was the British who launched the first modern legal claims to the Spratlys
1902 – China sends naval forces on inspection tours of the Paracel Islands to preempt French claims.[28] Scholar François-Xavier Bonnet argued that per Chinese records, these expeditions never occurred and were backdated during the 1970s.[29][30]
1907 – China sends another naval force, this time to plan for resource exploitation.[28]
1911 – The newly formed Republic of China, successor state to the Qing dynasty, moves administration of the Paracel Islands to Hainan,[28] which would not become a separate Chinese province until 1988.
1946 – The R.O.C. established garrisons on both Woody (now Yongxing / 永兴) Island in the Paracels and Taiping Island in the Spratlys. France protested.
The French tried but failed to dislodge Chinese nationalist troops from Yongxing Island/Woody Island (the only habitable island in the Paracels), but were able to establish a small camp on Pattle (now Shanhu / 珊瑚) Island in the southwestern part of the archipelago.[37][38][39] The Republic of China drew up The Southern China Sea Islands Location Map, marking the national boundaries in the sea with 11 lines, two of which were later removed, showing the U-shaped claim on the entire South China Sea, and showing the Spratly and Paracels in Chinese territory, in 1947.[28]
The Americans reminded the Philippines at its independence in 1946 that the Spratlys was not Philippine territory, both to not anger Chiang Kai-shek in China and because the Spratlys were not part of the Philippines per the 1898 treaty Spain signed with America.[38]
1950 – After the Chinese nationalists were driven from Hainan by the People's Liberation Army (PLA), they withdrew their garrisons in both the Paracels and Spratlys to Taiwan.
1969 – A UN sponsored research team discovers oil under the sea floor of the island group.
1970 – China occupies Amphitrite Group of the Paracel Islands
* In 1596, the Spanish Colonial Government declared that each island in the Kalayaan Islands, now known as the Spratly Islands, had Barangay or Barrio status.
1971 – Philippines announces claim to islands adjacent to its territory in the Spratlys, which they named Kalayaan, which was formally incorporated into Palawan Province in 1972. The Philippines President Marcos announced the claims after Taiwanese troops attacked and shot at a Philippine fishing boat on Itu Aba.[
Wikipedia
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