Youtube comments of Let's Talk Religion (@LetsTalkReligion).

  1. 1800
  2. 1100
  3. 980
  4. 817
  5. 721
  6. 681
  7. 653
  8. 586
  9. 577
  10. 567
  11. 487
  12. 472
  13. 449
  14. 440
  15. 411
  16. 408
  17. 400
  18. 393
  19. 387
  20. 337
  21. 301
  22. 298
  23. 261
  24. 260
  25. 257
  26. 249
  27. 243
  28. 239
  29. 211
  30. 205
  31. 204
  32. 201
  33. 194
  34. 193
  35. 184
  36. 184
  37. 159
  38. 154
  39. 154
  40. 152
  41. 151
  42. 147
  43. 145
  44. 142
  45. 136
  46. 133
  47. 131
  48. 131
  49. 129
  50. 127
  51. 126
  52. 125
  53. 125
  54. 124
  55. 122
  56. 118
  57. 118
  58. 118
  59. 117
  60. 116
  61. 115
  62. 113
  63. 106
  64. 105
  65. 104
  66. 104
  67. 103
  68. 103
  69. 103
  70. 103
  71. 103
  72. 102
  73. 99
  74. 98
  75. 97
  76. 95
  77. 95
  78. 95
  79. 93
  80. 92
  81. 91
  82. 91
  83. 90
  84. 90
  85. 87
  86. 87
  87. 86
  88. 85
  89. 85
  90. 85
  91. 84
  92. 82
  93. 80
  94. 78
  95. 77
  96. 76
  97. 75
  98. 74
  99. 73
  100. 72
  101. 72
  102. 70
  103. 70
  104. 70
  105. 70
  106. 69
  107. 69
  108. 67
  109. 64
  110. 63
  111. 63
  112. 62
  113. 62
  114. 61
  115. 61
  116. 61
  117. 59
  118. 59
  119. 58
  120. 58
  121. 58
  122. 58
  123. 57
  124. 57
  125. 55
  126. 54
  127. 54
  128. 53
  129. 53
  130. 53
  131. 53
  132. 53
  133. 52
  134. 52
  135. 51
  136. 51
  137. 50
  138. 50
  139. 50
  140. 50
  141. 50
  142. 49
  143. 49
  144. 49
  145. 49
  146. 48
  147. 47
  148. 47
  149. 46
  150. 45
  151. 45
  152. 44
  153. 44
  154. 44
  155. 43
  156. 43
  157. 43
  158. 42
  159. 42
  160. 42
  161. 42
  162. 42
  163. 42
  164. 42
  165. 42
  166. 41
  167. 41
  168. 41
  169. 41
  170. 41
  171. 40
  172. 40
  173. 40
  174. 40
  175. 39
  176. 38
  177. 38
  178. 38
  179. 37
  180. 37
  181. 36
  182. 36
  183. 36
  184. 36
  185. 36
  186. 36
  187. 35
  188. 35
  189. 35
  190. 35
  191. 35
  192. 35
  193. 35
  194. 34
  195. 33
  196. 33
  197. 33
  198. 33
  199. 33
  200. 32
  201. 31
  202. 31
  203. 31
  204. 31
  205. 31
  206. 31
  207. 30
  208. 29
  209. 29
  210. 29
  211. 29
  212. 29
  213. 29
  214. 28
  215. 28
  216. 28
  217. 28
  218. 28
  219. 28
  220. 28
  221. 28
  222. 28
  223. 28
  224. 28
  225. 28
  226. 28
  227. 27
  228. 27
  229. 27
  230. 27
  231. 26
  232. 26
  233. 26
  234. 26
  235. 26
  236. 26
  237. 26
  238. 26
  239. 25
  240. 25
  241. 25
  242. 25
  243. 25
  244. 25
  245. 25
  246. 25
  247. 25
  248. 25
  249. 24
  250. 24
  251. 24
  252. 24
  253. 24
  254. 24
  255. 23
  256. 23
  257. 23
  258. 23
  259. 23
  260. 23
  261. 23
  262. 23
  263. 22
  264. 22
  265. 22
  266. 22
  267. 22
  268. 22
  269. 22
  270. 22
  271. 22
  272. 22
  273. 22
  274. 22
  275. 21
  276. 21
  277. 21
  278. 21
  279. 21
  280. 21
  281. 21
  282. 21
  283. 21
  284.  @muhammadbenjuraij7734  I generally don't read or reply to comments unless they are posted within the first 24 hours of a new video release. I also have a rule of never deleting comments as long as they aren't threatening or personal attacks. Youtube sometimes marks very long comments as spam, so if you have experienced your comments disappearing, that might be why. To reply to your comment, you are making a lot of assumptions about me based on a short video (or perhaps a few different ones?). One thing that would be beneficial for you is to distinguish between me talking about what others say vs. stating my personal opinions on matters. You also assume that I don't already know all the things and arguments you present. It would be very strange for me to not be aware of all of those aspects when I've studied Islamic history for the better part of a decade. The simple answer is that we are approaching things from different perspectives. You view this question from a confessional perspective, relying on traditional Islamic accounts and versions of events, often based on Hadith sources and other early Islamic literature. In the academic world, we have a different approach. The isnads of 'Ulum al-hadith is an impressive accomplishment that is seen as enough for the traditional accounts within the Islamic tradition, but as academics of the critical historical method, we use other methods and have other criteria for what is considered trustworthy or authentic enough to include. This sometimes results in different perspectives on certain historical events or developments. There isn't really anymore to say on this topic, especially not in a YouTube comment. We come from different approaches to the subject in question and as a result we have different perspectives on it. None of us are probably going to convince the other. Although I'm not sure we necessarily disagree on all that much. Thanks for the comment, although I prefer not to have debates in Youtube comment sections! I hope you have a nice day and I wish you and yours all the best. Regards, Filip
    21
  285. 21
  286. 21
  287. 21
  288. 21
  289. 21
  290. 21
  291. 21
  292. 20
  293. 20
  294. 20
  295. 20
  296. 20
  297. 20
  298. 20
  299. 20
  300. 20
  301. 20
  302. 19
  303. 19
  304. 19
  305. 19
  306. 19
  307. 19
  308. 19
  309. 19
  310. 19
  311. 19
  312. 19
  313. 19
  314. 19
  315. 19
  316. 18
  317. 18
  318. 18
  319. 18
  320. 18
  321. 18
  322. 18
  323. 18
  324. 18
  325. 18
  326. 18
  327. 18
  328. 18
  329. 18
  330. 18
  331. 18
  332. 18
  333. 18
  334. 18
  335. 18
  336. 18
  337. 18
  338. 18
  339. 17
  340. 17
  341. 17
  342. 17
  343. 17
  344. 17
  345. 17
  346. 17
  347. 17
  348. 17
  349. 17
  350. 17
  351. 17
  352. 17
  353. 17
  354. 16
  355. 16
  356. 16
  357. 16
  358. 16
  359. 16
  360. 16
  361. 16
  362. 16
  363. 16
  364. 16
  365. 16
  366. "@ Are you suggesting the musical system of the "Islamic world" came from Makka and Madina?" No. I'm claiming that there were musicians in Mecca and Medina. "@ I am surprised really by the orientalist. When they talk about the influence of other cultures on Islam, they say "so on". "Mesopotamia, Persia, and so on" or "music from Persia and other regions" I don't quite understand your point here? If you feel like I'm excluding Persia, Persia is the region I DON'T say "and so on.." about? What's the issue here? It's simply a linguistic way of not having to list every single detailed that impacted music culture, which would be impossible. "@ If pre-Islamic music were to be prohibited, then all the instruments, musical theory, and musical systems are to be prohibited. Thanks for confirming my position." The graph shows that pre-Islamic music was NOT prohibited, at least not always. In general, I find it strange that you feel like I didn't give credit to the Persian music tradition. Most of the people I talk about in the video has Persian origins. The Mawsili family were Persian, al-Farabi may have been Persian, Ibn Sina was Persian, al-Urmawi was Persian. If anything, I emphasize in the video how important the Persian music tradition was to the development of music in the Islamic world. However, I also make a point to talk about how that isn't the whole story. What you present is a very classic Persian-centric version of history. I'm not here to discredit the contributions of the Persians, quite the opposite. But you also claim certain things in your comment which is highly historically problematic and sometimes just wrong. You keep claiming that anything you deem positive (Golden Age, music, poetry, Sufism) is "not part of Islam", then you make assumptions about Quranic verses and Hadith without taking into account the historical realities and different interpretations of those scriptures. Instead, you base it on your own interpretation of those texts and make generalizing claims as a result. The musical system was developed by the individuals that I talk about in the video for the most part. Many of them were Persian, others were Arab. The system doesn't belong to Persians exclusively nor does it belong to Arabs or Turks. It is the result of a joint effort in a multicultural environment. I think it is a huge mistake to anachronistically divide things into "Persian music" and "Arab music" in the way that you do, especially when talking about this period in history. Certainly there were regional differences, but this was very much seen as one civilization.The Oud originates in Persia as the Barbat but continued to change under influence of other cultures. Many of the scales have Persian names, as you mention, but other Maqams have Arabic names. The Persians had a much more developed music culture than the Arabs did by the time of the Arab conquests. So naturally Persian influence is monumental, but to say things like "Arab music was just a small part of Persian music" is incredibly biased and presents a problematic view of history. Also I talk about the Maqam system as Arabic in the video because Persians have their own system called Dastgah, which is very similar but still has differences and I didn't want to simply equate the two. Thanks for complementing my English :)
    16
  367. 16
  368. 16
  369. 16
  370. 16
  371. 16
  372. 16
  373. 16
  374. 16
  375. 16
  376. 16
  377. 16
  378. 15
  379. 15
  380. 15
  381. 15
  382. 15
  383. 15
  384. 15
  385. 15
  386. 15
  387. 15
  388. 15
  389. 15
  390. 15
  391. 15
  392. 15
  393. 15
  394. 15
  395. 15
  396. 15
  397. 15
  398. My goodness, this has to be the best Youtube comment I've ever seen. I appreciate the kind words at the end, and I am not offended in any way. Quite the contrary actually, part of the reason why I make these videos is to open up discussions. You make some excellent points and I think we are in agreement for the most part; the point I was trying to make in the video was precisely your point that "no living scholar can rightly represent the ideology except as a flavor, or interpretation of the originator" and that this includes those scholars that represent what we would understand as "orthodoxy". My personal starting point is that religions are ultimately social constructs (without necessarily negating the validity of their teachings) and that, as you pointed out, in the case of Islam only Muhammad can truly know what he himself actually meant and any later attempts to understand what "Islam" is comes down to the interpretations of human beings. The Isma'ilis felt like a good example (plus, I really wanted to make a video about them in any case) to show that an extreme minority group with wildly different opinions on some points are still based on (at least some) of the same sources, in this case the Qu'ran and the Prophet Muhammad, and to make the point that none of the different interpretations of those sources can claim with certainty to represent the original intent. That isn't to say that some interpretations may not be more closely aligned to this original intent, but there is no way of knowing for sure and therefore extreme generalizations should always be avoided. It is not a total critique of describing a religion by a certain set of beliefs or practices, indeed very few (if any) Muslims would disagree with the shahada for example, but I was trying to open up for a bit more nuanced and open discussion regarding representation and state my opinion that it is dangerous to make generalizations that don't keep this in mind. I hope I didn't misunderstand your points, feel free to correct me if so :)
    15
  399. 15
  400. 14
  401. 14
  402. 14
  403. 14
  404. 14
  405. 14
  406. 14
  407. 14
  408. 14
  409. 14
  410. 14
  411. 14
  412. 14
  413. 14
  414. 14
  415. 14
  416. 14
  417. 14
  418. 14
  419. 14
  420. 14
  421. 14
  422. 14
  423. 13
  424. 13
  425. 13
  426. 13
  427. 13
  428. 13
  429. 13
  430. 13
  431. 13
  432. 13
  433. 13
  434. 13
  435. 13
  436. 13
  437. 13
  438. 13
  439. 13
  440. 13
  441. 13
  442. 13
  443. 13
  444. 13
  445. 13
  446. 13
  447. 13
  448. 13
  449. 13
  450. 13
  451. 13
  452. 13
  453. 13
  454. 13
  455. 13
  456. 13
  457. 13
  458. 12
  459. 12
  460. 12
  461. 12
  462. 12
  463. 12
  464. 12
  465. 12
  466. 12
  467. 12
  468. 12
  469. 12
  470. 12
  471. 12
  472. 12
  473. 12
  474. 12
  475. 12
  476. 12
  477. 12
  478. 12
  479. 12
  480. 12
  481. 12
  482. 12
  483. 12
  484. 12
  485. 12
  486. 12
  487. 12
  488. 12
  489. 12
  490. 12
  491. 12
  492. 12
  493. 12
  494. 12
  495. 12
  496. 12
  497. 12
  498. 12
  499. 12
  500. 11
  501. 11
  502. 11
  503. 11
  504. 11
  505. 11
  506. 11
  507. 11
  508. 11
  509. 11
  510. 11
  511. 11
  512. 11
  513. 11
  514. 11
  515. 11
  516. 11
  517. 11
  518. 11
  519. 11
  520. 11
  521. 11
  522. 11
  523. 11
  524. 11
  525. 11
  526. 11
  527. 11
  528. 11
  529. 11
  530. 11
  531. 11
  532. 11
  533. 11
  534. 11
  535. 11
  536. 11
  537. 11
  538. 11
  539. 11
  540. 11
  541. 11
  542. 11
  543. 11
  544. 11
  545. 11
  546. 10
  547. 10
  548. 10
  549. 10
  550. 10
  551. 10
  552. 10
  553. 10
  554. 10
  555. 10
  556. 10
  557. 10
  558. 10
  559. 10
  560. 10
  561. 10
  562. 10
  563. 10
  564. 10
  565. 10
  566. 10
  567. 10
  568. 10
  569. 10
  570. 10
  571. 10
  572. 10
  573. 10
  574. 10
  575. 10
  576. 10
  577. 10
  578. 10
  579. 10
  580. 10
  581. 10
  582. 10
  583. 10
  584. 10
  585. 10
  586. 10
  587. 9
  588. 9
  589. 9
  590. 9
  591. All of these concerns are already covered by the argument. 1. You already assume what we are looking for has to be a "supernatural Being", whatever that means. But Ibn Sina doesn't assume that, he is only interested in the reality of a Necessary Existence. If the universe itself was necessary, or a fundamental aspect of the universe is necessary, then congratulations, you have found the Necessary Existence. But if you watch the video again, he already argues for why the universe (as the full set of congingents) can't be necessary in itself. If you wanted to argue that the "fundamental aspect of the universe" is Being or Existence itself, then Ibn Sina seems to lean in that direction, and later Islamic philosophers and mystics would directly identify the Necessary Being with Being/Existence as such. 2. You assume that contingency here only means temporal contingency and causation, which it doens't. And he covers his argument for why infinite regress is unlikely. 3. It interacts with the world through being its originating and sustaining source. As for the second question, he again very clearly argues for why it must be one. If necessity itself is the only feature, then they would be identical, hence one and the same. 4. Again, you assume a specific steretypical theology about what "God" is supposed to mean and forcibly project it onto Ibn Sina's argument, when he wasn't really interested in that (at least for this part of the argument). His view of God is decidedly "impersonal", and he defines God precicely as that Being which is Necessary, however that Necessary Being turns out to be. He also just happens to argue that its features align with the basics of Islamic theology, that it is One, Transcendent & beyond any similarity to anything in the created world. If you want to understand Ibn Sina's philosophy and theology better, I recomend watching my full video on him (of which this video is just a part).
    9
  592. 9
  593. 9
  594. 9
  595. 9
  596. 9
  597. 9
  598. 9
  599. 9
  600. 9
  601. 9
  602. 9
  603. 9
  604. 9
  605. 9
  606. 9
  607. 9
  608. 9
  609. 9
  610. 9
  611. 9
  612. 9
  613. 9
  614. 9
  615. 9
  616. 9
  617. 9
  618. 9
  619. 9
  620. 9
  621. 9
  622. 9
  623. 9
  624. 9
  625. 9
  626. 9
  627. 9
  628. 9
  629. 9
  630. 9
  631. 9
  632. 9
  633. 9
  634. 9
  635. 9
  636. 9
  637. 9
  638. 9
  639. 9
  640. 9
  641. 9
  642. 9
  643. 9
  644. 9
  645. 9
  646. 9
  647. 9
  648. 9
  649. 9
  650. 9
  651. 8
  652. 8
  653. 8
  654. 8
  655. 8
  656. 8
  657. 8
  658. 8
  659. 8
  660. 8
  661. 8
  662. 8
  663. 8
  664. 8
  665. 8
  666. 8
  667. 8
  668. 8
  669. 8
  670. 8
  671. 8
  672. 8
  673. 8
  674. 8
  675. 8
  676. 8
  677. 8
  678. 8
  679. 8
  680. 8
  681. 8
  682. 8
  683. 8
  684. 8
  685. 8
  686. 8
  687. 8
  688. 8
  689. 8
  690. 8
  691. 8
  692. 8
  693. 8
  694. 8
  695. 8
  696. 8
  697. 8
  698. 8
  699. 8
  700. 8
  701. 8
  702. 8
  703. 8
  704. 8
  705. 8
  706. 8
  707. 8
  708. 8
  709. 8
  710. 8
  711. 8
  712. 8
  713. 8
  714. 8
  715. 8
  716. 8
  717. 8
  718. 8
  719. 8
  720. 8
  721. 8
  722. 8
  723. 8
  724. 8
  725. 8
  726. 8
  727. 8
  728. 8
  729. 8
  730. 8
  731. 8
  732. 8
  733. 8
  734. 8
  735. 7
  736. 7
  737. 7
  738. 7
  739. 7
  740. 7
  741. 7
  742. 7
  743. 7
  744. 7
  745. 7
  746. 7
  747. 7
  748. 7
  749. 7
  750. 7
  751. 7
  752. 7
  753. 7
  754. 7
  755. 7
  756. 7
  757. 7
  758. 7
  759. 7
  760. 7
  761. 7
  762. 7
  763. 7
  764. 7
  765. 7
  766. 7
  767. 7
  768. 7
  769. 7
  770. 7
  771. 7
  772. 7
  773. 7
  774. 7
  775. 7
  776. 7
  777. 7
  778. 7
  779. 7
  780. 7
  781. 7
  782. 7
  783. 7
  784. 7
  785. 7
  786. 7
  787. 7
  788. 7
  789. 7
  790. 7
  791. 7
  792. 7
  793. 7
  794. 7
  795. 7
  796. 7
  797. 7
  798. 7
  799. 7
  800. 7
  801. 7
  802. 7
  803. 7
  804. 7
  805. 7
  806. 7
  807. 7
  808. 7
  809. 7
  810. 7
  811. 7
  812. 7
  813. 7
  814. 7
  815. 7
  816. 7
  817. 7
  818. 7
  819. 7
  820. 7
  821. 7
  822. 7
  823. 7
  824. 7
  825. 7
  826. 7
  827. 7
  828. 7
  829. 6
  830. 6
  831. 6
  832. 6
  833. 6
  834. 6
  835. 6
  836. 6
  837. 6
  838. 6
  839. 6
  840. 6
  841. 6
  842. 6
  843. 6
  844. 6
  845. 6
  846. 6
  847. 6
  848. 6
  849. 6
  850. 6
  851. 6
  852. 6
  853. 6
  854. 6
  855. 6
  856. 6
  857. 6
  858. 6
  859. 6
  860. 6
  861. 6
  862. 6
  863. 6
  864. 6
  865. 6
  866. 6
  867. 6
  868. 6
  869. 6
  870. 6
  871. 6
  872. 6
  873. 6
  874. 6
  875. 6
  876. 6
  877. 6
  878. 6
  879. 6
  880. 6
  881. 6
  882. 6
  883. 6
  884. 6
  885. 6
  886. 6
  887. 6
  888. 6
  889. 6
  890. 6
  891. 6
  892. 6
  893. 6
  894. 6
  895. 6
  896. 6
  897. 6
  898. 6
  899. 6
  900. 6
  901. 6
  902. 6
  903. 6
  904. 6
  905. 6
  906. 6
  907. 6
  908. 6
  909. 6
  910. 6
  911. 6
  912. 6
  913. 6
  914. 6
  915. 6
  916. 6
  917. 6
  918. 6
  919. 6
  920. 6
  921. 6
  922. 6
  923. 6
  924. 6
  925. 6
  926. 6
  927. 6
  928. 6
  929. 6
  930. 6
  931. 6
  932. 6
  933. 6
  934. 6
  935. 6
  936. 6
  937. 6
  938. 6
  939. 6
  940. 6
  941. 6
  942. 6
  943. 6
  944. 6
  945. 6
  946. 6
  947. 6
  948. 6
  949. 6
  950. 6
  951. 6
  952. 6
  953. 6
  954. 6
  955. 6
  956. 6
  957. 6
  958. 6
  959. 6
  960. 6
  961. 6
  962. 6
  963. 6
  964. 6
  965. 6
  966. 6
  967. 6
  968. 6
  969. 5
  970. 5
  971. 5
  972. 5
  973. 5
  974. 5
  975. 5
  976. 5
  977. 5
  978. 5
  979. 5
  980. 5
  981. 5
  982. 5
  983. 5
  984. 5
  985. 5
  986. 5
  987. 5
  988. 5
  989. 5
  990. 5
  991. 5
  992. 5
  993. 5
  994. 5
  995. 5
  996. 5
  997. 5
  998. 5
  999. 5
  1000. 5
  1001. 5
  1002. 5
  1003. 5
  1004. 5
  1005. 5
  1006. 5
  1007. 5
  1008. 5
  1009. 5
  1010. 5
  1011. 5
  1012. 5
  1013. 5
  1014. 5
  1015. 5
  1016. 5
  1017. 5
  1018. 5
  1019. 5
  1020. 5
  1021. 5
  1022. 5
  1023. 5
  1024. 5
  1025. 5
  1026. 5
  1027. 5
  1028. 5
  1029. 5
  1030. 5
  1031. 5
  1032. 5
  1033. 5
  1034. 5
  1035. 5
  1036. 5
  1037. 5
  1038. 5
  1039. 5
  1040. 5
  1041. 5
  1042. 5
  1043. 5
  1044. 5
  1045. 5
  1046. 5
  1047. 5
  1048. 5
  1049. 5
  1050. 5
  1051. 5
  1052. 5
  1053. 5
  1054. 5
  1055. 5
  1056. 5
  1057. 5
  1058. 5
  1059. 5
  1060. 5
  1061. 5
  1062. 5
  1063. 5
  1064. 5
  1065. 5
  1066. 5
  1067. 5
  1068. 5
  1069. 5
  1070. 5
  1071. 5
  1072. 5
  1073. 5
  1074. 5
  1075. 5
  1076. 5
  1077. 5
  1078. 5
  1079. 5
  1080. 5
  1081. 5
  1082. 5
  1083. 5
  1084. 5
  1085. 5
  1086. 5
  1087. 5
  1088. 5
  1089. 5
  1090. 5
  1091. 5
  1092. 5
  1093. 5
  1094. 5
  1095.  @sheesmustafa9522  Well there are always going to to be questions, despite the words of a "main preacher" or central text. For example, the question immediately appears that "How do we know Muhammad said that?", is it in a Hadith? Well some Muslims may not accept the validity of that specific Hadith based on chain of transmitters (we see this in Sunni/shia Hadith differences for example). So for those who don't accept it, the words are not binding. But even for those who accept it there always appear other differences. What did he mean by "killing a person"? Does that include in a war? In self-defense? Maybe he is talking about a specific context? Then it might be okay to kill a person if the action is justified, and who makes the decision when that action would be justified? Is he talking about all people or only other Muslims? And all these questions will be answered differently by different people. Everyone will think that they are following the "pure" teachings, but in conceiving of this "pure" version that are themselves deciding what that "pure" version is. So even when we have a preserved text, like the Qu'ran for example, the words never really speak for themselves. When we read any text, the reading him/herself is always participating in the text, projecting his/her own self onto it and creating their own understandings based on that. So there is really no escaping this problem. Subjectivity will always be the filter through which we perceive the world. The question then becomes, how do we deal with that? And how do we talk about/understand religion with all of this in mind?
    5
  1096. 5
  1097. 5
  1098. 5
  1099. 5
  1100. 5
  1101. 5
  1102. 5
  1103. 5
  1104. 5
  1105. 5
  1106. 5
  1107. 5
  1108. 5
  1109. 5
  1110. 5
  1111. 5
  1112. 5
  1113. 5
  1114. 5
  1115. 5
  1116. 5
  1117. 5
  1118. 5
  1119. 5
  1120. 5
  1121. 5
  1122. 5
  1123. 5
  1124. 5
  1125. 5
  1126. 5
  1127. 5
  1128.  @AliImran-nr8mc  Well, while the Quran was primarily oral, manuscripts are still significant as the written texts were based on memorized recitals. In other words, if there are differences between early manuscripts, this means there were differences in how it was remembered and recited. And thousands of Muslims have memorized and recite it today, but this obviously wasn't the case at the time of the prophet. At that time there were far less people who had memorized the verses, and in my opinion most likely no one had memorized the "entire" Qu'ran, as I don't believe it was originally meant as a determined volume. I am of the opinion that then we read the Qu'ran we are more or less hearing the words that came out of Muhammad's mouth in an impressively unaltered way, but that the idea of the Qu'ran as a fixed volume (as a "book") comes about in the generations after his death. There is fascinating new research being done thet suggest that the Qu'ran sees itself not as a "book" in the traditional sense, but piecemeal recitations intimately connected to the Prophet himself and the context of the recital. Thus, compiling the Qur'an into a book (again, I don't mean putting it onto a page but the process of viewing it as having a beginning and end, certain chapters or that it is "complete") would from this perspective defeat the purpose in a way. Don't know if any of this is necessarily true, but we are still discovering new things about the Quran, much of which confirms the traditional Muslim viewpoint. But also certain things can could possibly challenge it (albeit in small ways). I don't have any of the answers, but we shouldn't see it as a closed debate.
    5
  1129. 5
  1130. 4
  1131. 4
  1132. 4
  1133. 4
  1134. 4
  1135. 4
  1136. 4
  1137. 4
  1138. 4
  1139. 4
  1140. 4
  1141. 4
  1142. 4
  1143. 4
  1144. 4
  1145. 4
  1146. 4
  1147. 4
  1148. 4
  1149. 4
  1150. 4
  1151. 4
  1152. 4
  1153. 4
  1154. 4
  1155. 4
  1156. 4
  1157. 4
  1158. 4
  1159. 4
  1160. 4
  1161. 4
  1162. 4
  1163. 4
  1164. 4
  1165. 4
  1166. 4
  1167. 4
  1168. 4
  1169. 4
  1170. 4
  1171. 4
  1172. 4
  1173. 4
  1174. 4
  1175. 4
  1176. 4
  1177. 4
  1178. 4
  1179. 4
  1180. 4
  1181. 4
  1182. 4
  1183. 4
  1184. 4
  1185. 4
  1186. 4
  1187. 4
  1188. 4
  1189. 4
  1190. 4
  1191. 4
  1192. 4
  1193. 4
  1194. 4
  1195. 4
  1196. 4
  1197. 4
  1198. 4
  1199. 4
  1200. 4
  1201. 4
  1202. 4
  1203. 4
  1204. 4
  1205. 4
  1206. 4
  1207. 4
  1208. 4
  1209. 4
  1210. 4
  1211. 4
  1212. 4
  1213. 4
  1214. 4
  1215. 4
  1216. 4
  1217. 4
  1218. 4
  1219. 4
  1220. 4
  1221. 4
  1222. 4
  1223. 4
  1224. 4
  1225. 4
  1226. 4
  1227. 4
  1228. 4
  1229. 4
  1230. 4
  1231. 4
  1232. 4
  1233. 4
  1234. 4
  1235. 4
  1236. 4
  1237. 4
  1238. 4
  1239. 4
  1240. 4
  1241. 4
  1242. 4
  1243. 4
  1244. 4
  1245. 4
  1246. 4
  1247. 4
  1248. 4
  1249. 4
  1250. 4
  1251. 4
  1252. 4
  1253. 4
  1254. 4
  1255. 4
  1256. 4
  1257. 4
  1258. 4
  1259. 4
  1260. 4
  1261. 4
  1262. 4
  1263. 4
  1264. 4
  1265. 4
  1266. 4
  1267. 4
  1268. 4
  1269. 4
  1270. 4
  1271. 4
  1272. 4
  1273. 4
  1274. 4
  1275. 4
  1276. 4
  1277. 4
  1278. 4
  1279. 4
  1280. 4
  1281. 4
  1282. 4
  1283. 4
  1284. 4
  1285. 4
  1286. 4
  1287. 4
  1288. 4
  1289. 4
  1290. 4
  1291. 4
  1292. 4
  1293. 4
  1294. 4
  1295. 4
  1296. 4
  1297. 4
  1298. 4
  1299. 4
  1300. 4
  1301. 4
  1302. 4
  1303. 4
  1304. 4
  1305. 4
  1306. 4
  1307. 4
  1308. 4
  1309. 4
  1310. 4
  1311. 4
  1312. 4
  1313. 4
  1314. 4
  1315. 4
  1316. 4
  1317. 4
  1318. 4
  1319. 4
  1320. 4
  1321. 4
  1322. 4
  1323. 4
  1324. 4
  1325. I am not one to hide the fact that I don't have access to any of the Bab's own writings. As you probably know, there is only one translated volume ("Selections from the writings of The Bab") which I believe was published by Baha'is anyway? I am pretty open about the fact that most of my sources are from Baha'is themselves, as most books/studies on the religion are by Baha'is.This is in fact a problem when it comes to studying the subject, and something I do bring up in Part 2 which comes out next week. So I am only going by the sources I have and thus the information is open for discussion. Naturally my narrative of the story will have a slight Baha'i leaning with the above facts in mind, and I try my best to avoid this as much as possible. I don't think a public debate is appropriate for this, as I do not consider myself an expert or scholar on the Baha'i faith in particular. Neither am I a Baha'i myself. For this reason, I have no wish to defend a faith I don't subscribe to, nor do I have the sufficient knowledge to do so. However, if you want to make a podcast or otherwise that presents arguments against what I describe here, I would highly encourage that. I think having a civil discussion on the matter is important, and if what you claim is true, that would be a significant and valuable point in this whole debate. I am open to all criticism. Just know that I am not personally invested in the question. I have no horse in this race, so to speak. I just try to convey information through videos in as good a way as possible.
    4
  1326. 4
  1327. 4
  1328. 4
  1329. 4
  1330. 4
  1331. 4
  1332. 4
  1333. 4
  1334. 4
  1335. 4
  1336. 4
  1337. 4
  1338. 4
  1339. 4
  1340. 4
  1341. 4
  1342. 4
  1343. 4
  1344. 4
  1345. 1. While any statement such as this will be generalizing, there were certainly 'traditionalists' who upheld a deterministic position. This was a very common position to hold in the early muslim community, in fact. It seems that you are projecting later understandings and systematizations onto an earlier period, where one often want to justify various positions as "really saying the same thing", when in reality there is a huge diversity of opinions on things, even between people like Malik Ibn Anas and Shaf'i or Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. 2. There are always nuances to these questions, but by most measures the traditionalists would indeed count as literalists. Not always in the sense of denying any presence of allegory in the Qu'ran, but in the general attitude that human reason should never be employed to understand scripture. And this is certainly the position that the traditionalists took, they argued that the word of the Qu'ran should be accepted without questioning what it means through reason, and this definitely counts as a form of literalism... 3&4. ...which is also why Ahmad Ibn Hanbal and the traditionalist movement was considered "extreme". He argued that there was no place for human reasoning in understanding theology, he rejected Kalam and speculative theology altogether, and this position was untenable for most people, which is why the Ash'ari compromise became a lot more successful. In this "literalism" or rejection of reason (which spans both theology and fiqh) he does indeed differ from some of his predecessors, especially imam Malik. To say that they hold the same opinions on some of these matters is simply naive and a projection of later syncretism onto a much more varied early period of development. As for anthropomorphism, that is a similar debate to the one about 'literalism'. While even the traditionalists wouldn't perhaps hold that God was like a creature, they definitely supported anthropomorphic descriptions about God. When reading the Qu'ran, they 'accepted what scripture said without asking why', which is not the same as affirming that God has a physical face or hand of course, but according to many people (their critics especially) that still counts as anthropomorphism, or at least a cop-out excuse hiding an anthropomorphism. Some of the traditionalists compiled collections of very anthropomorphic Hadith to stand in contrast to the Mu'tazilah. Even Ahmad Ibn Hanbal himself described God as having a "form" (although I've lost track of the source for this so I'll reserve this point as possibly mistaken). Some of this comes down to semantics and how we define our terms, but according to many definitions, the traditionalists could definitely be considered both literalist and somewhat anthropomorphist. But at the same time, there is of course room for a lot of nuance and debate regarding this.
    4
  1346. 4
  1347. 4
  1348. 4
  1349. 4
  1350. 4
  1351. 4
  1352. 4
  1353. 4
  1354. 4
  1355. 4
  1356. 4
  1357. 4
  1358. 4
  1359. 4
  1360. 4
  1361. 4
  1362. 4
  1363. 4
  1364. 4
  1365. 4
  1366. 4
  1367. 4
  1368. 4
  1369. Well, it must be kept in mind that when those words are used, it is always meant as a metaphor. Wordly love between human beings is not the same as divine love (other than, at best, being a "taste" of it). It's also important to keep in mind that I am generalizing a bit when I talk about those words and how they are used. Words can have many meanings and it all depends on how they are used and in what context. By these Sufis, worldly love is only a mirroring of divind love, and the erotic imagery is only used symbolically, much like when Sufi poets talk about wine and intoxication. Ibn 'Arabi, in the Fusus al-Hikam, talks about how the most pure way of experincing God is through a woman, because the longing and union of two lovers on earth can elevate the soul as a mirroring of a "similar" experiental relationship with God. This would be seen by some, as you said, as blasphemous but it was also accepted by others. There was actually a debate about the use of the word "ishq" to describe the relationship with God, and many scholars saw it as inappropriate as it has erotic connatations. So it has definitely been a controversial topic I also agree that mant translations are questionable. In particular translations of Rumi. Therefore I am also very careful about which translators I trust and use in my research. In this video I talk primarily about poems and writings in Arabic, which I can read and understand to a certain degree, so I sometimes also cross-check the original to see if I fins the translation problematic. I don't speak persian, so when it comes to Persian poetry that's more difficult for me. Of course, I like to have a dialogue with you here. Since you come from a Sufi family your opinion and points are very valuable as they come from within the tradition I talk about and thus it has to be taken into account. After all, I'm only a scholar, and rely on information by others like everyone else. It would be foolish of me to think I have all the answers or that I definitely have the right interpretation. But I hope I've managed to explain a bit more what I mean in the video and why there may be misunderstandings :)
    4
  1370. 4
  1371. 4
  1372. 4
  1373. 4
  1374. 4
  1375. 4
  1376. 4
  1377. 4
  1378. 4
  1379. 4
  1380. 4
  1381. 4
  1382. 4
  1383. 4
  1384. 4
  1385. 4
  1386. 4
  1387. 4
  1388. 4
  1389. 4
  1390. 4
  1391. 4
  1392. 3
  1393. 3
  1394. 3
  1395. 3
  1396. 3
  1397. 3
  1398. 3
  1399. 3
  1400. 3
  1401. 3
  1402. 3
  1403. 3
  1404. 3
  1405. 3
  1406. 3
  1407. 3
  1408. 3
  1409. 3
  1410. 3
  1411. 3
  1412. 3
  1413. 3
  1414. 3
  1415. 3
  1416. 3
  1417. 3
  1418. 3
  1419. 3
  1420. 3
  1421. 3
  1422. 3
  1423. 3
  1424. 3
  1425. 3
  1426. 3
  1427. 3
  1428. 3
  1429. 3
  1430. 3
  1431. 3
  1432. 3
  1433. 3
  1434. 3
  1435. 3
  1436. 3
  1437. 3
  1438. 3
  1439. 3
  1440. 3
  1441. 3
  1442. 3
  1443. 3
  1444. 3
  1445. 3
  1446. 3
  1447. 3
  1448. 3
  1449. 3
  1450. 3
  1451. 3
  1452. 3
  1453. 3
  1454. 3
  1455. 3
  1456. 3
  1457. 3
  1458. 3
  1459. 3
  1460. 3
  1461. 3
  1462. 3
  1463. 3
  1464. 3
  1465. 3
  1466. 3
  1467. 3
  1468. 3
  1469. 3
  1470. 3
  1471. 3
  1472. 3
  1473. 3
  1474. 3
  1475. 3
  1476. 3
  1477. 3
  1478. 3
  1479. 3
  1480. 3
  1481. 3
  1482. 3
  1483. 3
  1484. 3
  1485. 3
  1486. 3
  1487. 3
  1488. 3
  1489. 3
  1490. 3
  1491. 3
  1492. 3
  1493. 3
  1494. 3
  1495. 3
  1496. 3
  1497. 3
  1498. 3
  1499. 3
  1500. 3
  1501. 3
  1502. 3
  1503. 3
  1504. 3
  1505. 3
  1506. 3
  1507. 3
  1508. 3
  1509. 3
  1510. 3
  1511. 3
  1512. 3
  1513. 3
  1514. 3
  1515. 3
  1516. 3
  1517. 3
  1518. 3
  1519. 3
  1520. 3
  1521. 3
  1522. 3
  1523. 3
  1524. 3
  1525. 3
  1526. 3
  1527. 3
  1528. 3
  1529. 3
  1530. 3
  1531. 3
  1532. 3
  1533. 3
  1534. 3
  1535. 3
  1536. 3
  1537. 3
  1538. 3
  1539. 3
  1540. 3
  1541. 3
  1542. 3
  1543. 3
  1544. 3
  1545. 3
  1546. 3
  1547. 3
  1548. 3
  1549. 3
  1550. 3
  1551. 3
  1552. 3
  1553. 3
  1554. 3
  1555. 3
  1556. 3
  1557. 3
  1558. 3
  1559. 3
  1560. 3
  1561. 3
  1562. 3
  1563. 3
  1564. 3
  1565. 3
  1566. 3
  1567. 3
  1568. 3
  1569. 3
  1570. 3
  1571. 3
  1572. 3
  1573. 3
  1574. 3
  1575. 3
  1576. 3
  1577. 3
  1578. 3
  1579. 3
  1580. 3
  1581. 3
  1582. 3
  1583. 3
  1584. 3
  1585. 3
  1586. 3
  1587. 3
  1588. 3
  1589. 3
  1590. 3
  1591. 3
  1592. 3
  1593. 3
  1594. 3
  1595. 3
  1596. 3
  1597. 3
  1598. 3
  1599. 3
  1600. 3
  1601. 3
  1602. 3
  1603. 3
  1604. 3
  1605. 3
  1606. 3
  1607. 3
  1608. 3
  1609. 3
  1610. 3
  1611. 3
  1612. 3
  1613. 3
  1614. 3
  1615. 3
  1616. 3
  1617. 3
  1618. 3
  1619. 3
  1620. 3
  1621. 3
  1622. 3
  1623. 3
  1624. 3
  1625. 3
  1626. 3
  1627. 3
  1628. 3
  1629. 3
  1630. 3
  1631. 3
  1632. 3
  1633. 3
  1634. 3
  1635. 3
  1636. 3
  1637. 3
  1638. 3
  1639. 3
  1640. 3
  1641. 3
  1642. 3
  1643. 3
  1644. 3
  1645. 3
  1646. 3
  1647. 3
  1648. 3
  1649. 3
  1650. 3
  1651. 3
  1652. 3
  1653. 3
  1654. 3
  1655. 3
  1656. 3
  1657. 3
  1658. 3
  1659. 3
  1660. 3
  1661. 3
  1662. 3
  1663. 3
  1664. 3
  1665. 3
  1666. 3
  1667. 3
  1668. 3
  1669. 3
  1670. 3
  1671. 3
  1672. 3
  1673. 3
  1674. 3
  1675. 3
  1676. 3
  1677. 3
  1678. 3
  1679. 3
  1680. 3
  1681. 3
  1682. 3
  1683. 3
  1684. 3
  1685. 3
  1686. 3
  1687. 3
  1688. 3
  1689. 3
  1690. 3
  1691. 3
  1692. 3
  1693. 3
  1694. 3
  1695. 3
  1696. 3
  1697. 3
  1698. 3
  1699. 3
  1700. 3
  1701. 3
  1702. 3
  1703. 3
  1704. 3
  1705. 3
  1706. 3
  1707. 3
  1708. 3
  1709. 3
  1710. 3
  1711. 3
  1712. 3
  1713. 3
  1714. 3
  1715. 3
  1716. 3
  1717. 3
  1718. 3
  1719. 3
  1720. 3
  1721. 3
  1722. 3
  1723. 3
  1724. 3
  1725. 3
  1726. 2
  1727. 2
  1728. 2
  1729. 2
  1730. 2
  1731. 2
  1732. 2
  1733. 2
  1734. 2
  1735. 2
  1736. 2
  1737. 2
  1738. 2
  1739. 2
  1740. 2
  1741. 2
  1742. 2
  1743. 2
  1744. 2
  1745. 2
  1746. 2
  1747. 2
  1748. 2
  1749. 2
  1750. 2
  1751. 2
  1752. 2
  1753. 2
  1754. 2
  1755. 2
  1756. 2
  1757. 2
  1758. 2
  1759. 2
  1760. 2
  1761. 2
  1762. 2
  1763. 2
  1764. 2
  1765. 2
  1766. 2
  1767. 2
  1768. 2
  1769. 2
  1770. 2
  1771. 2
  1772. 2
  1773. 2
  1774. 2
  1775. 2
  1776. 2
  1777. 2
  1778. 2
  1779. 2
  1780. 2
  1781. 2
  1782. 2
  1783. 2
  1784. 2
  1785. 2
  1786. 2
  1787. 2
  1788. 2
  1789. 2
  1790. 2
  1791. 2
  1792. 2
  1793. 2
  1794. 2
  1795. 2
  1796. 2
  1797. 2
  1798. 2
  1799. 2
  1800. 2
  1801. 2
  1802. 2
  1803. 2
  1804. 2
  1805. 2
  1806. 2
  1807. 2
  1808. 2
  1809. 2
  1810. 2
  1811. 2
  1812. 2
  1813. 2
  1814. 2
  1815. 2
  1816. 2
  1817. 2
  1818. 2
  1819. 2
  1820. 2
  1821. 2
  1822. 2
  1823. 2
  1824. 2
  1825. 2
  1826. 2
  1827. 2
  1828. 2
  1829. 2
  1830. 2
  1831. 2
  1832. 2
  1833. 2
  1834. 2
  1835. 2
  1836. 2
  1837. 2
  1838. 2
  1839. 2
  1840. 2
  1841. 2
  1842. 2
  1843. 2
  1844. 2
  1845. 2
  1846. 2
  1847. 2
  1848. 2
  1849. 2
  1850. 2
  1851. 2
  1852. 2
  1853. 2
  1854. 2
  1855. 2
  1856. 2
  1857. 2
  1858. 2
  1859. 2
  1860. 2
  1861. 2
  1862. 2
  1863. 2
  1864. 2
  1865. 2
  1866. 2
  1867. 2
  1868. 2
  1869. 2
  1870. 2
  1871. 2
  1872. 2
  1873. 2
  1874. 2
  1875. 2
  1876. 2
  1877. 2
  1878. 2
  1879. 2
  1880. 2
  1881. 2
  1882. 2
  1883. 2
  1884. 2
  1885. 2
  1886. 2
  1887. 2
  1888. 2
  1889. 2
  1890. 2
  1891. 2
  1892. 2
  1893. 2
  1894. 2
  1895. 2
  1896. 2
  1897. 2
  1898. 2
  1899. 2
  1900. 2
  1901. 2
  1902. 2
  1903. 2
  1904. 2
  1905. 2
  1906. 2
  1907. 2
  1908. 2
  1909. 2
  1910. 2
  1911. 2
  1912. 2
  1913. 2
  1914. 2
  1915. 2
  1916. 2
  1917. 2
  1918. 2
  1919. 2
  1920. 2
  1921. 2
  1922. 2
  1923. 2
  1924. 2
  1925. 2
  1926. 2
  1927. 2
  1928. 2
  1929. 2
  1930. 2
  1931. 2
  1932. 2
  1933. 2
  1934. 2
  1935. 2
  1936. 2
  1937. 2
  1938. 2
  1939. 2
  1940. 2
  1941. 2
  1942. 2
  1943. 2
  1944. 2
  1945. 2
  1946. 2
  1947. 2
  1948. 2
  1949. 2
  1950. 2
  1951. 2
  1952. 2
  1953. 2
  1954. 2
  1955. 2
  1956. 2
  1957. 2
  1958. 2
  1959. 2
  1960. 2
  1961. 2
  1962. 2
  1963. 2
  1964. 2
  1965. 2
  1966. 2
  1967. 2
  1968. 2
  1969. 2
  1970. 2
  1971. 2
  1972. 2
  1973. 2
  1974. 2
  1975. 2
  1976. 2
  1977. 2
  1978. 2
  1979. 2
  1980. 2
  1981. 2
  1982. 2
  1983. 2
  1984. 2
  1985. 2
  1986. 2
  1987. 2
  1988. 2
  1989. 2
  1990. 2
  1991. 2
  1992. 2
  1993. 2
  1994. 2
  1995. 2
  1996. 2
  1997. 2
  1998. 2
  1999. 2
  2000. 2
  2001. 2
  2002. 2
  2003. 2
  2004. 2
  2005. 2
  2006. 2
  2007. 2
  2008. 2
  2009. 2
  2010. 2
  2011. 2
  2012. 2
  2013. 2
  2014. 2
  2015. 2
  2016. 2
  2017. 2
  2018. 2
  2019. 2
  2020. 2
  2021. 2
  2022. 2
  2023. 2
  2024. 2
  2025. 2
  2026. 2
  2027. 2
  2028. 2
  2029. 2
  2030. 2
  2031. 2
  2032. 2
  2033. 2
  2034. 2
  2035. 2
  2036. 2
  2037. 2
  2038. 2
  2039. 2
  2040. 2
  2041. 2
  2042. 2
  2043. 2
  2044. 2
  2045. 2
  2046. 2
  2047. 2
  2048. 2
  2049. 2
  2050. 2
  2051. 2
  2052. 2
  2053. 2
  2054. 2
  2055. 2
  2056. 2
  2057. 2
  2058. 2
  2059. 2
  2060. 2
  2061. 2
  2062. 2
  2063. 2
  2064. 2
  2065. 2
  2066. 2
  2067. 2
  2068. 2
  2069. 2
  2070. 2
  2071. 2
  2072. 2
  2073. 2
  2074. 2
  2075. 2
  2076. 2
  2077. 2
  2078. 2
  2079. 2
  2080. 2
  2081. 2
  2082. 2
  2083. 2
  2084. 2
  2085. 2
  2086. 2
  2087. 2
  2088. 2
  2089. 2
  2090. 2
  2091. 2
  2092. 2
  2093. 2
  2094. 2
  2095. 2
  2096. 2
  2097. 2
  2098. 2
  2099. 2
  2100. 2
  2101. 2
  2102. 2
  2103. 2
  2104. 2
  2105. 2
  2106. 2
  2107. 2
  2108. 2
  2109. 2
  2110. 2
  2111. 2
  2112. 2
  2113. 2
  2114. 2
  2115. 2
  2116. 2
  2117. 2
  2118. 2
  2119. 2
  2120. 2
  2121. 2
  2122. 2
  2123. 2
  2124. 2
  2125. 2
  2126. 2
  2127. 2
  2128. 2
  2129. 2
  2130. 2
  2131. 2
  2132. 2
  2133. 2
  2134. 2
  2135. 2
  2136. 2
  2137. 2
  2138. 2
  2139. 2
  2140. 2
  2141. 2
  2142. 2
  2143. 2
  2144. 2
  2145. 2
  2146. 2
  2147. 2
  2148. 2
  2149. 2
  2150. 2
  2151. 2
  2152. 2
  2153. 2
  2154. 2
  2155. 2
  2156. 2
  2157. 2
  2158. 2
  2159. 2
  2160. 2
  2161. 2
  2162. 2
  2163. 2
  2164. 2
  2165. 2
  2166. 2
  2167. 2
  2168. 2
  2169. 2
  2170. 2
  2171. 2
  2172. 2
  2173. 2
  2174. 2
  2175. 2
  2176. 1
  2177. 1
  2178. 1
  2179. 1
  2180. 1
  2181. 1
  2182. 1
  2183. 1
  2184. 1
  2185. 1
  2186. 1
  2187. 1
  2188. 1
  2189. 1
  2190. 1
  2191. 1
  2192. 1
  2193. 1
  2194. 1
  2195. 1
  2196. 1
  2197. 1
  2198. 1
  2199. 1
  2200. 1
  2201. 1
  2202. 1
  2203. 1
  2204. 1
  2205. 1
  2206. 1
  2207. 1
  2208. 1
  2209. 1
  2210. 1
  2211. 1
  2212. 1
  2213. 1
  2214. 1
  2215. 1
  2216. 1
  2217. 1
  2218. 1
  2219. 1
  2220. 1
  2221. 1
  2222. 1
  2223. 1
  2224. 1
  2225. 1
  2226. 1
  2227. 1
  2228. 1
  2229. 1
  2230.  @alij9167  Wasit was literally founded as a colony for Arabic migrants in the early Islamic period. It was entirely Arabic in language (and culture). This is widely attested and accepted. As a single example, here is a section from Massignon's book: "This was the case of Wasit, an Arab colony on Aramaen land, founded in 85/704 by the Umayyad governor Hajjaj: located "midway" (whence its name) a parasang to the west of Dayr Hizqal (convent of the "resurrection" of Ezekial), equidistant (= forty parasangs) from Mada'in, Kufa, Basra, and Suq al-Ahwaz; on the right bank of the Tigris, opposite ancient Kashkar, chief town of an extremely fertile flooded district, Shadhsabur (divided into four fiscal tussuj: Kashkar, Zandaward, Badhbun, Jawazir): comprising, in the north toward Baghdad, the small market towns of Fam al-Silh, Nahr Sabus, and Madharaya; in the east toward Ahwaz, al-Tib and Qurqub; in the west, toward Kufa (via Junbula-Tallfakhkhar), Nahraban (= Najraniya, colony of Harithi Christians, successors of the Hamra Daylam Iranians); in the south, toward Basra, Faruth. In the countryside, alongside the Aramaean peasantry, there were some Arab tribes, of Bakr (B. Dhuhl-b-Shayban) and of Qays ('Abs, B. Rifa'a), stirred up in the period by some Shi'ite revolutionary movements (es- pecially in Junbula). In the town itself, the Arab majority (with some clients of the Azd tribe and some Turks brought from Bukhara) was violently Sunnite, pro-Umayyad, and Hanbalite; and its Jamie mosque was the center of a qurra' school ( = reciters of the Qur' an) and of a hadith school." "We should keep in mind that it is in Wasit, in a purely Arabic milieu, that Hallaj received his first religious formation, a strictly Sunnite formation, among Hanbalite traditionists. It is Wasit that explains Hallaj's curious lack of familiarity with discussion in a Persian dialect, as is evident later from an incident in Isfahan."
    1
  2231. 1
  2232. 1
  2233. 1
  2234. 1
  2235. 1
  2236. 1
  2237. 1
  2238. 1
  2239. 1
  2240. 1
  2241. 1
  2242. 1
  2243. 1
  2244. 1
  2245. 1
  2246. 1
  2247. 1
  2248. 1
  2249. 1
  2250. 1
  2251. 1
  2252. 1
  2253. 1
  2254. 1
  2255. 1
  2256. 1
  2257. 1
  2258. 1
  2259. 1
  2260. 1
  2261. 1
  2262. 1
  2263. 1
  2264. 1
  2265. 1
  2266. 1
  2267. 1
  2268. 1
  2269. 1
  2270. 1
  2271. 1
  2272. 1
  2273. 1
  2274. 1
  2275. 1
  2276. 1
  2277. 1
  2278. 1
  2279. 1
  2280. 1
  2281. 1
  2282. 1
  2283. 1
  2284. 1
  2285. 1
  2286. 1
  2287. 1
  2288. 1
  2289. 1
  2290. 1
  2291. 1
  2292. 1
  2293. 1
  2294. 1
  2295. 1
  2296. 1
  2297. 1
  2298. 1
  2299. 1
  2300. 1
  2301. 1
  2302. 1
  2303. 1
  2304. 1
  2305. 1
  2306. 1
  2307. 1
  2308. 1
  2309. 1
  2310. 1
  2311. 1
  2312. 1
  2313. 1
  2314. 1
  2315. 1
  2316. 1
  2317. 1
  2318. 1
  2319. 1
  2320. 1
  2321. 1
  2322. 1
  2323. 1
  2324. 1
  2325. 1
  2326. 1
  2327. 1
  2328. 1
  2329. 1
  2330. 1
  2331. 1
  2332. 1
  2333. 1
  2334. 1
  2335. 1
  2336. 1
  2337. 1
  2338. 1
  2339. 1
  2340. 1
  2341. 1
  2342. 1
  2343. 1
  2344. 1
  2345. 1
  2346. 1
  2347. 1
  2348. 1
  2349. 1
  2350. 1
  2351. 1
  2352. 1
  2353. 1
  2354. 1
  2355. 1
  2356. 1
  2357. 1
  2358. 1
  2359. 1
  2360. 1
  2361. 1
  2362. 1
  2363. 1
  2364. 1
  2365. 1
  2366. 1
  2367. 1
  2368. 1
  2369. 1
  2370. 1
  2371. 1
  2372. 1
  2373. 1
  2374. 1
  2375. 1
  2376. 1
  2377. 1
  2378. 1
  2379. 1
  2380. 1
  2381. 1
  2382. 1
  2383. 1
  2384. 1
  2385. 1
  2386. 1
  2387. 1
  2388. 1
  2389. 1
  2390. 1
  2391. 1
  2392. 1
  2393. 1
  2394. 1
  2395. 1
  2396. 1
  2397. 1
  2398. 1
  2399. 1
  2400. 1
  2401. 1
  2402. 1
  2403. 1
  2404. 1
  2405. 1
  2406. 1
  2407. 1
  2408. 1
  2409. 1
  2410. 1
  2411. 1
  2412. 1
  2413. 1
  2414. 1
  2415. 1
  2416. 1
  2417. 1
  2418. 1
  2419. 1
  2420. 1
  2421. 1
  2422. 1
  2423. 1
  2424. 1
  2425. 1
  2426. 1
  2427. 1
  2428. 1
  2429. 1
  2430. 1
  2431. 1
  2432. 1
  2433. 1
  2434. 1
  2435. 1
  2436. 1
  2437. 1
  2438. 1
  2439. 1
  2440. 1
  2441. 1
  2442. 1
  2443. 1
  2444. 1
  2445. 1
  2446. 1
  2447. 1
  2448. 1
  2449. 1
  2450. 1
  2451. 1
  2452. 1
  2453. 1
  2454. 1
  2455. 1
  2456. 1
  2457. 1
  2458. 1
  2459. 1
  2460. 1
  2461. 1
  2462. 1
  2463. 1
  2464. 1
  2465. 1
  2466. 1
  2467. 1
  2468. 1
  2469. 1
  2470. 1
  2471. 1
  2472. 1
  2473. 1
  2474. 1
  2475. 1
  2476. 1
  2477. 1
  2478. 1
  2479. 1
  2480. 1
  2481. 1
  2482. 1
  2483. 1
  2484. 1
  2485. 1
  2486. 1
  2487. 1
  2488. 1
  2489. 1
  2490. 1
  2491. 1
  2492. 1
  2493. 1
  2494. 1
  2495. 1
  2496. 1
  2497. 1
  2498. 1
  2499. 1
  2500. 1
  2501. 1
  2502. 1
  2503. 1
  2504. 1
  2505. 1
  2506. 1
  2507. 1
  2508. 1
  2509. 1
  2510. 1
  2511. 1
  2512. 1
  2513. 1
  2514. 1
  2515. 1
  2516. 1
  2517. 1
  2518. 1
  2519. 1
  2520. 1
  2521. 1
  2522. 1
  2523. 1
  2524. 1
  2525. 1
  2526. 1
  2527. 1
  2528. 1
  2529. 1
  2530. 1
  2531. 1
  2532. 1
  2533. 1
  2534. 1
  2535. 1
  2536. 1
  2537. 1
  2538. 1
  2539. 1
  2540. 1
  2541. 1
  2542. 1
  2543. 1
  2544. 1
  2545. 1
  2546. 1
  2547. 1
  2548. 1
  2549. 1
  2550. 1
  2551. 1
  2552. 1
  2553. 1
  2554. 1
  2555. 1
  2556. 1
  2557. 1
  2558. 1
  2559. 1
  2560. 1
  2561. 1
  2562. 1
  2563. 1
  2564. 1
  2565. 1
  2566. 1
  2567. 1
  2568. 1
  2569. 1
  2570. 1
  2571. 1
  2572. 1
  2573. 1
  2574. 1
  2575. 1
  2576. 1
  2577. 1
  2578. 1
  2579. 1
  2580. 1
  2581. 1
  2582. 1
  2583. 1
  2584. 1
  2585. 1
  2586. 1
  2587. 1
  2588. 1
  2589. 1
  2590. 1
  2591. 1
  2592. 1
  2593. 1
  2594. 1
  2595. 1
  2596. 1
  2597. 1
  2598. 1
  2599. 1
  2600. 1
  2601. 1
  2602. 1
  2603. 1
  2604. 1
  2605. 1
  2606. 1
  2607. 1
  2608. 1
  2609. 1
  2610. 1
  2611. 1
  2612. 1
  2613. 1
  2614. 1
  2615. 1
  2616. 1
  2617. 1
  2618. 1
  2619. 1
  2620. 1
  2621. 1
  2622. 1
  2623. 1
  2624. 1
  2625. 1
  2626. 1
  2627. 1
  2628. 1
  2629. 1
  2630. 1
  2631. 1
  2632. 1
  2633. 1
  2634. 1
  2635. 1
  2636. 1
  2637. 1
  2638. 1
  2639. 1
  2640. 1
  2641. 1
  2642. 1
  2643. 1
  2644. 1
  2645. 1
  2646. 1
  2647. 1
  2648. 1
  2649. 1