Comments by "WALTERBROADDUS" (@WALTERBROADDUS) on "Drachinifel" channel.

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  1513.  @YorkieKDS  The Royal Navy attributed the angled deck concept to Captain Dennis R. F. Campbell and Mr. Lewis Boddington of the Royal Aircraft Establishment. The test platform was HMS Triumph, with an angled outline painted on the ship’s axial deck in 1952. Pilots made touch-andgo passes at the imitation angle, aligned five and a half degrees to port. That same year the Americans duplicated the tests with a far larger ship, USS Midway (CV-41), with similar encouraging results. The limited offset on existing flight decks cramped available space for other purposes—taxiing, parking, and servicing. Therefore, British and American engineers expanded the angle to eight degrees, thanks in part to the influence of Commander Eric Brown, the foremost RN test pilot during an exchange tour at Patuxent (“Pax”) River. In early 1952, after experimenting with power-on and power-off approaches to a dummy deck, test pilots from Pax River adjourned to Midway and Wasp (CV-18), flying angled approaches in the Douglas F3D Skyknight, Grumman F9F Panther, and McDonnell F2H Banshee jets, plus a piston-driven AD Skyraider. The consensus favored a power-on approach to touchdown and the trap, so the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics approved a million-dollar conversion of USS Antietam (CV-36) with suitable modifications at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The portside aircraft elevator was fixed in the “up” position, and the vacant space aft received an extension tapering to the fantail. A landing area seventy-five feet wide was marked on the deck, canted eight degrees port, and six arresting wires were installed to match the angle. The conversion was completed in December 1952. Preliminary testing by Patuxent River pilots included 272 day and twenty-one night touch-and-go landings, followed by seventy-eight day and five night landings in four types of jets and four prop types. The path was clear for a carrier air group to determine the feasibility for fleet aviators. Air Group Eight (“CAG-8”), recently formed at Norfolk, Virginia, under Commander Robert B. Wood with only a handful of experienced pilots, would determine how well “nugget” aviators could manage the angled deck with as little as fifty hours of jet time. Antietam left for Cuban waters in mid-January 1953. There were some in-flight engagements with the hook snagging a wire before the plane’s wheels reached the deck, and one pilot sustained a back injury. But overall the least experienced pilots had little difficulty making repeated landings on the angled deck, and Wood’s confidence grew to the point that several pilots became night qualified with four traps each. Based on the Cuban cruise, Antietam tweaked the angled deck. The cant was increased to ten and a half degrees, setting the norm for future generations of carriers. https://www.historyonthenet.com/angled-deck-new-development-aircraft-carriers
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  1531.  keith moore  It’s a device called a “range clock,” and you will see it in pictures of battleships from World War I until about the beginning of World War II.  Range clocks were invented by the Royal Navy (they called them “concentration dials”) during World War I to help squadrons of battleships aim at the same target.  When the United States joined the war in 1917, the US Navy adopted the concept. The standard practice of the battleship era was for the battleships to enter combat in a line-ahead formation.  The lead ship would attempt to maneuver so that, ideally, the following ships could concentrate fire from their big guns on a specific enemy target or targets.  By World War I, improvements in gun technology meant that big-gun battleships could fire at enemy ships at a distance of five miles or more.  As the British Royal Navy focused on bottling up the German High Seas Fleet, the rainy, foggy weather of the North Sea, combined with copious smoke from the ships’ coal fired boilers and big guns, made it difficult to see enemy ships clearly at range. In fact, it was fairly rare for all the ships in the line of battle to actually see the enemy at the same time, so large dials with black numbers resembling clock faces were installed on the front of the fore mast and on the rear of the main mast.  Similar to a clock, there was a short hand and a long hand.  Different numbering systems were used at various times, sometimes involving Roman numerals along with Arabic numerals, to indicate range in thousands and hundreds of yards.  Once a ship found the range to the target, it would display the range on the dials, visible to the next ship in front and behind in the line of battle. Hash marks, called bearing indicators, were painted on one turret fore and aft, indicating the angle of the turret and therefore the angle to target. With the range and bearing data from the ship in front or behind them, and proper adjustments made for the distance between the ships, gunnery officers on a battleship could target an enemy ship they could not see.  They could then pass the information on to the next ship in line, allowing the entire battle line to concentrate fire on an unseen enemy. Between the wars, improved radio communication made range clocks and bearing indicators obsolete.  https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2019/12/04/viva-hoover-exhibit-but-whats-that-thing-that-looks-like-a-clock/
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  2016.  @cp1cupcake  1. Richard H. O'Kane. Final Rank: Rear Admiral. Born Dover, New Hampshire 2nd. of February 1911. Graduated US Naval Academy 1934. He served in the cruiser USS Chester, and the destroyer USS Pruitt, and then in 1938 trained as a Submariner. In 1942, Richard served in the submarine Wahoo as her executive Officer. As a Lieutenant Commander, he was Captain of the submarine USS Tang, and made five patrols in her. They were all made from his base at Pearl Harbor. Patrol 1. January 1944 for 44 days in the Marianas. Results, 5 ships sunk. Patrol 2. March 1944 for 61 days to the Palau area, and it was totally uneventful but Tang did rescue 22 airmen and take them to Hawaii at the conclusion of the patrol Patrol 3. June 1944 for 36 days to the East China Sea. Results, 10 ships sunk, his best patrol. Patrol 4. August 1944 for 34 days, again to the East China Sea. Results, 2 ships sunk. Patrol 5. September 1944 , his submarine lost to an accident off China on 24th./25th. of October 1944. One of his torpedoes came back on a circular course to sink his boat Tang. Richard O'Kane became a Prisoner of War of the Japanese until the war ended. Results, 7 ships sunk before losing his submarine. Award of Medal of Honor. On release from POW camp, was awarded the Medal of Honor. The top US Submarine Captain of WW2. Richard O'Kane was credited with sinking 31 ships to total 227,800 tons, the best result. Janac results: O'Kane's credited wartime results were scaled down to: 24 ships sunk to total 93,824 tons. He made Captain in July 1953, to retire as a Rear Admiral in July of 1957. Richard died on the 16th. of February 1994. Dick O'Kane was honoured by naming DDG 77 USS O'Kane after him.
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  2970.  @mostevil1082  The old way: USN carrier pilots were generally pretty skilled at navigation. One took into account the mission parameters - - - go so far at such and so speed and on such and so bearing, do whatever you supposed to do, then go back on this or that bearing to find the ship. Each pilot had a plotting board for keeping track of where he was based on the mission parameters. Before taking off, with some notable historical exceptions, he would be given the location of "Point Option" - the location of where the ship expected to be at the end of the time allotted for the mission. So starting from a known point, time, bearing, and distance navigation to another point, do your business, and time, bearing, and distance to a pre-plotted point. The new way, as DA noted, was utilization of the YE-ZB homing system, developed by Frank Akers, which all USN carriers had at the start of the war. Without going into the boring details, this system used a morse code transmission of a particular letter for a particular bearing, a different letter for each 15 degree sector. This was a UHF line-of-sight system, so the higher you were the better. If the letter you were receiving changed, then you knew you were moving tangentially to the transmission point. You simply found the strongest signal and followed it back to the ship. In the early days of the war it was a fairly new system and some pilots were more proficient with it than others and those less proficient tended to be less believing. For example on the 4 May 42 Yorktown strike on Tulagi, there were 4 F4Fs very hurriedly sent off to deal with some F1Ms that were bothering the SBD and TBD strike planes. After performing their mission, shooting down 3 of the F1Ms, and shooting up a destroyer they happened upon, they started to head back to the ship. The division leader signaled for an increase in altitude to pick up the YE-ZB signal, but his section leader did not see the signal (although the section leader's wingman did). So the division leader and his wingman pulled up through the cloud layer, picked up the signal, and, after milling about a bit waiting for the other two, proceeded back to the ship. The section leader left behind had a problem, his radio did not work. His wingman's did. Eventually they came up through the clouds and the wingman picked up the YE-ZB signal. He also made radio contact with the ship and started flying a box pattern so the ship could get a good radio fix so to tell him which letter he should be listening for. Well, as far as the section leader was concerned, his wingman was flying in all sorts of odd directions for no apparent reason and finally signaled him to knock it off and then led the way back to Guadalcanal where they bellied in on Cape Henslow - - - with the wingman keeping a running commentary with the ship the whole time. Result was two of the ship's 18 F4Fs were lost for no apparent reason. The two pilots were rescued the next day through some extraordinary efforts by the crew of USS Hammann. Apropos of nothing else, I have the original flight instructions for this mission carried by the division leader. It clearly indicates the ship's location relative to Tulagi and the Point Option for the return. The division leader was clear in his recounting that the instructions would have gotten him back to the ship, but the YE-ZB was easier. Even worse happened at Midway when the VF-8 strike escort improperly used their YE-ZB and all 10 of them ended up ditched at various locations. Fortunately for some of them some rather diligent PBY crews managed to find and rescue 8 as I recall. This was a combination screw up in that the flight was not given a Point Option and their own unfamiliarity with the YE-ZB system sealed their fate. They actually saw the smoke of the US task group off to their north as they headed off into the expanse of the Pacific, but were so screwed up in their navigation that the leader presumed he was looking at the Japanese. http://ww2f.com/threads/carrier-aircraft-navigation-how-did-they-do-it.21172/
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  4418.  @Historybuffwelder  Vessels of the Asiatic Fleet and the 16th Naval District: 8 December 1941Edit The Asiatic Fleet and the 16th Naval District possessed: 1 heavy cruiser Houston 1 light cruiser Marblehead 13 Clemson-class destroyers: Paul Jones John D. Edwards Alden Whipple Edsall Stewart Barker Parrott Bulmer John D. Ford Pope Peary Pillsbury 1 destroyer tender Black Hawk 5 gunboats: Asheville Tulsa Oahu Luzon Mindanao 1 yacht Isabel 29 submarines: Porpoise Pike Shark Tarpon Perch Pickerel Permit Salmon Seal Skipjack Sargo Saury Spearfish Snapper Stingray Sturgeon Sculpin Sailfish Swordfish S-36 S-37 S-38 S-39 S-40 S-41 Seadragon Sealion Searaven Seawolf[19] 6 minesweepers: Finch Bittern Tanager Quail Lark Whippoorwill 2 tankers: Pecos Trinity 1 ocean-going tugboat Napa 4 seaplane tenders: Langley Childs William B. Preston Heron in support of Patrol Wing 10 (VP 101 and VP 102) with 28 Consolidated PBY-4 flying boats 1 submarine rescue vessel Pigeon 3 submarine tenders: Holland Canopus Otus various other ships, including 6 motor torpedo boatsthat formed Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three 1 two-masted schooner Lanikai Also stationed at Cavite Naval Base was the Offshore Patrol. Aircraft of the Asiatic Fleet: 8 December 1941Edit The aviation elements of the Asiatic Fleet comprised Patrol Wing 10,[20] with two patrol squadrons (VPs or PatRons), a utility unit, and the aviation units aboard the Fleet's two cruisers and the large seaplane tender Langley. Patrol Wing 10 had been commissioned in December 1940, and included Patrol Squadrons 101 (VP 101) and 102 (VP 102), each equipped with fourteen Consolidated PBY-4 Catalina flying boats. By Mid-1941, these 28 PBYs were numbered 1 through 14 for VP 101, 16 through 29 for VP 102. The Utility Unit included Grumman J2F Duckamphibians (1 J2F-2 and 4 J2F-4s), as well as five new Vought OS2U-2 Kingfisher floatplanes, delivered in the late summer. Also, a number of Curtiss SOC Seagullfloatplanes were present. Houston carried four, Marblehead two, and Langley two or three, and two more were under repair or in storage at the Aircraft Overhaul Shop (Shop X 34) at Cavite Navy Yard. As of 8 December, PBYs of Patrol Wing 10 patrolled the northwest and northeast of Luzon daily. These flights were based at either NAS Sangley Point, the Navy's auxiliary seaplane station at Olongapo on Subic Bay, or seaplane tender Childs in Manila Bay. Trios of PBYs rotated down to the southern islands to base on William B. Preston at Malalag Bay on Davao Gulf, Mindanao. These patrols over the Philippine Sea to the east bordered with similar patrols flown by Royal Netherlands Naval Air Service flying boats based in the Netherlands East Indies. Seaplane tender Heron, with a detachment of four OS2U-2s from the Utility Unit, ran morning and evening patrols from Port Ciego, Balabac Island, over the strategically important Balabac Straits from 4–13 December. Early in the morning of 8 December, Preston dispatched one aircraft on patrol and a short time later was attacked by aircraft from the small Japanese carrier Ryūjō, and her other two PBYs were sunk on the water. Patrol Wing 10 was ordered south into the Netherlands East Indies on 12 December, when the collapsing defenses of the islands made further operations untenable. Within the first 90 days of the war, Patrol Wing 10 had fallen back to Perth, Western Australia, being reinforced by VP 22 from Hawaii but losing 43 of 45 PBYs—all but four lost to enemy action—together with Langley. PBY-4 (28. Added: 12 PBY-5s from VP 22 and 5 ex-Dutch Catalinas in January) J2F-2 or -4 (4) OS2U-2 (5) SOC-1 or -2 / SON (10-12) Asiatic Fleet components: 8 December 1941Edit Asiatic Fleet Headquarters, ashore from mid-1941 at the Marsman Building on the Manila waterfront. The Fleet flagship, Houston, was assigned to lead Task Force 5 (TF 5). TF 4, Asiatic Fleet: Patrol Wing 10, seaplane tenders, and aviation resources. TF 5, Asiatic Fleet: surface strike forces, including cruisers and Destroyer Squadron 29 (DesRon 29). TF 6, Asiatic Fleet: submarines force, including all submarines, tenders and rescue ships. TF 7, Asiatic Fleet: patrol force, including gunboats Tulsaand Asheville. 4th Marine Regiment Commandant 16th Naval District (COM16): The Cavite Navy Yard and all the shore establishment on Luzon, including the radio station, ammunition depot, hospital, Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron THREE, naval air station, mine depot, and similar facilities on Corregidor,at Mariveles, Bataan, and Olongpago, on Subic Bay. The historic Yangtze Patrol was concluded in early December 1941. Of the five remaining gunboats, Tutuilaremained at Chungking, Wake was in reduced commission at Shanghai as a radio station for the U.S. State Department, and ComYangPat sailed in Luzon with Oahu for Manila, joined by Mindanao.
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  4767.  @thegreyghost5846 " In almost all respects the 1939 design of the Mark 8 Mod 0 was very similar to the Mark 5 except for length. However, around the end of 1944 the improved Mark 8 Mod 6 version came out with significantly better hardening techniques which gave a noticeable improvement in penetration at impact angles of 35 degrees or so against thick face-hardened armor. This performance was so much better that BuOrd put out a memo stating that battleships were to return all previous Mods of this projectile as quickly as the Mod 6 became available for loading aboard ship. The Mod 6 had an even blunter, rounded AP body nose (with no point) to further enhance penetration against deck armor at high obliquity. The Mod 8 had a heavier cap, blunter nose and harder body from improved heat treating techniques. The AP Mark 8 has a radius of ogive of 144 inches (366 cm) or 9crh and leaves the barrel rotating at about 4,000 RPM. This round creates overpressures exceeding 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm2) close to the muzzle and 7 psi (0.5 kg/cm2) at a distance of 50 feet (15 m) from the muzzle. The Mark 21 Base Detonating Fuze (BDF) had a delay of 0.033 seconds. Fuze activation required a resistance equal to 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) of armor at 0 degrees obliquity or 0.375 inches (1 cm) at 65 degrees obliquity. AP projectile bodies are painted black. The nose color indicates burster type, with yellow denoting Explosive D. A narrow colored band below the nose indicates the splash color." http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_16-50_mk7.php
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