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@michaelquinn8618
When Can You Use Force in Pennsylvania?
Individuals in Pennsylvania have the right to use self-defense when they believe it is necessary to protect themselves against the use of unlawful force of another person. A person must also be in fear of bodily injury or death when using force as self-defense. When a situation justifies it, individuals can even use a weapon or even deadly force when they are trying to defend themselves. Pennsylvania follows a “stand your ground law,” which means you have no duty to try and escape or retreat before using force.
After defending yourself, it is important to work with a Pennsylvania criminal defense lawyer. The police will conduct a full investigation to determine what happened and if you were really defending yourself. If they find you were not, they may lay criminal charges and those charges are likely to be very serious. A criminal defense lawyer will give you the best chance of avoiding charges, and start building you a strong case, if necessary.
Exceptions to the Use of Force
Although Pennsylvania law does allow a person to use force against someone else when they believe they are in danger, there are some exceptions to the law. Under the statute, force cannot be used as a defense when a person first provoked someone into acting against them. As another exception, a person may hit someone else. The person who was hit may then use force to defend themselves, but the person who was hit cannot continue to use force and claim self-defense.
The statute also outlines other situations in which force cannot be used. These include when a person is:
Resisting arrest
Resisting arrest by the owner or occupier of a property that is defending their premises
Illegally entering another person’s property
If you do use force to defend yourself, you must prove that you acted legally so you can avoid criminal charges, or a conviction
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Pennsylvania now has laws in place that more closely reflect Florida’s “Stand Your Ground” law. Defendants in self defense cases no longer have the burden of proof on their shoulder’s, but rather the prosecution has to show that the defendant did not act in self defense. This grants further protection to individuals who are attacked and take potentially deadly measures against their assailants. This does not mean, however, that you can take deadly measure against just anyone who might assault you. The force you use has to be commensurate with the force you are threatened with. If someone attacks you with their fists for example, you are not permitted to counter with a deadly weapon, but you could counter with your fists. If someone were to attack you with a knife, deadly force could be acceptable. It’s all about reacting in a way in which a reasonable person should react. This could potentially lead to actions made on a mistaken belief. Suppose it’s dark out and somebody is coming at you with what you believe to be a knife in their hand and you fire upon them. You later find that they were throwing a punch with their cell phone in their hand. A cell phone is not commensurate with a gun, but in the moment, you believed your life was in peril. In cases such as this, a jury is called upon to put themselves in your shoes in the exact moment and discuss how a reasonable person would react. They are prohibited from using hindsight in the matter. Now surely this only applies if you’re not the instigator in an altercation, right? Not so! Let’s say you get in a heated discussion and in the moment you decide “Let’s throw down! Right here, right now!” and you’re unlucky enough that your counterpart wants to oblige. If you take measures to back out of the altercation at that point and show you don’t wish to fight, you are allowed to defend yourself afterward, similar to the original duty to retreat.
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@jakemillar649 On Sunday, 7 December 1941, the day of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the battleship was at Casco Bay, Maine, undergoing a rest and relaxation period following three months of watch duty at Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. After 10 days at Casco Bay, she returned to Argentia and remained there until late January 1942, when she got underway to escort a convoy to England. After delivering her charges, the battleship patrolled waters near Iceland until March when she returned home.[10] At various times in 1942, the secondary battery was reduced to six 5-inch guns and the light AA battery was increased, adding two extra 1.1-inch/75-caliber quad mounts (these would be replaced by 10 quad mount 40 mm (1.6 in) Bofors in June 1943) and adding fourteen 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannons (increased to 44 by 1944), the attack on Pearl Harbor having demonstrated the need for this.[22] For the next six months, she continued convoy-escort missions to various destinations. On one occasion, she escorted Guadalcanal-bound Marines as far as Panama; on another, the warship screened service troops to Freetown, Sierra Leone, on the west coast of Africa. More frequently, she made voyages to and from the United Kingdom escorting both cargo- and troop-carrying ships.[10]
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Pennsylvania now has laws in place that more closely reflect Florida’s “Stand Your Ground” law. Defendants in self defense cases no longer have the burden of proof on their shoulder’s, but rather the prosecution has to show that the defendant did not act in self defense. This grants further protection to individuals who are attacked and take potentially deadly measures against their assailants. This does not mean, however, that you can take deadly measure against just anyone who might assault you. The force you use has to be commensurate with the force you are threatened with. If someone attacks you with their fists for example, you are not permitted to counter with a deadly weapon, but you could counter with your fists. If someone were to attack you with a knife, deadly force could be acceptable. It’s all about reacting in a way in which a reasonable person should react. This could potentially lead to actions made on a mistaken belief. Suppose it’s dark out and somebody is coming at you with what you believe to be a knife in their hand and you fire upon them. You later find that they were throwing a punch with their cell phone in their hand. A cell phone is not commensurate with a gun, but in the moment, you believed your life was in peril. In cases such as this, a jury is called upon to put themselves in your shoes in the exact moment and discuss how a reasonable person would react. They are prohibited from using hindsight in the matter. Now surely this only applies if you’re not the instigator in an altercation, right? Not so! Let’s say you get in a heated discussion and in the moment you decide “Let’s throw down! Right here, right now!” and you’re unlucky enough that your counterpart wants to oblige. If you take measures to back out of the altercation at that point and show you don’t wish to fight, you are allowed to defend yourself afterward, similar to the original duty to retreat.
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@YorkieKDS The Royal Navy attributed the angled deck concept to Captain Dennis R. F. Campbell and Mr. Lewis Boddington of the Royal Aircraft Establishment. The test platform was HMS Triumph, with an angled outline painted on the ship’s axial deck in 1952. Pilots made touch-andgo passes at the imitation angle, aligned five and a half degrees to port. That same year the Americans duplicated the tests with a far larger ship, USS Midway (CV-41), with similar encouraging results.
The limited offset on existing flight decks cramped available space for other purposes—taxiing, parking, and servicing. Therefore, British and American engineers expanded the angle to eight degrees, thanks in part to the influence of Commander Eric Brown, the foremost RN test pilot during an exchange tour at Patuxent (“Pax”) River.
In early 1952, after experimenting with power-on and power-off approaches to a dummy deck, test pilots from Pax River adjourned to Midway and Wasp (CV-18), flying angled approaches in the Douglas F3D Skyknight, Grumman F9F Panther, and McDonnell F2H Banshee jets, plus a piston-driven AD Skyraider. The consensus favored a power-on approach to touchdown and the trap, so the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics approved a million-dollar conversion of USS Antietam (CV-36) with suitable modifications at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The portside aircraft elevator was fixed in the “up” position, and the vacant space aft received an extension tapering to the fantail. A landing area seventy-five feet wide was marked on the deck, canted eight degrees port, and six arresting wires were installed to match the angle. The conversion was completed in December 1952.
Preliminary testing by Patuxent River pilots included 272 day and twenty-one night touch-and-go landings, followed by seventy-eight day and five night landings in four types of jets and four prop types. The path was clear for a carrier air group to determine the feasibility for fleet aviators. Air Group Eight (“CAG-8”), recently formed at Norfolk, Virginia, under Commander Robert B. Wood with only a handful of experienced pilots, would determine how well “nugget” aviators could manage the angled deck with as little as fifty hours of jet time.
Antietam left for Cuban waters in mid-January 1953. There were some in-flight engagements with the hook snagging a wire before the plane’s wheels reached the deck, and one pilot sustained a back injury. But overall the least experienced pilots had little difficulty making repeated landings on the angled deck, and Wood’s confidence grew to the point that several pilots became night qualified with four traps each.
Based on the Cuban cruise, Antietam tweaked the angled deck. The cant was increased to ten and a half degrees, setting the norm for future generations of carriers.
https://www.historyonthenet.com/angled-deck-new-development-aircraft-carriers
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@stevevalley7835 Not possible, Happened......
TR’s hidden hand in Philippine history began when he was the assistant Navy secretary who lobbied, over and above the head of his superior, Navy Secretary John D. Long, to have George Dewey appointed commander of the Asiatic Squadron. Long, who took pride in not knowing anything about the Navy, was the opposite of his aggressive assistant secretary who authored “The Naval War of 1812” (published 1882).
Long did not believe in a war with Spain, but TR prepared for it, often issuing orders toward enhancing the capability of the Navy while Long was out of the office. Most famous was a coded telegram TR sent, without Long’s knowledge, instructing Dewey to engage the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. Remember, the first shot in the Spanish-American War did not occur anywhere near Washington or Madrid, but rang half a world away.
TR was vindicated after Dewey destroyed the antiquated Spanish fleet under Patricio Montojo, making the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the greatest US naval victory in history.
When news of the victory in Manila reached Washington, President William McKinley could not decide what to do with the Philippines, because he couldn’t even locate the country on a map! His hand was pushed, no doubt, when informed that British, French, German, and Japanese warships were also in Manila Bay to protect their nationals, and could take over if the United States and Spain withdrew.
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keith moore It’s a device called a “range clock,” and you will see it in pictures of battleships from World War I until about the beginning of World War II. Range clocks were invented by the Royal Navy (they called them “concentration dials”) during World War I to help squadrons of battleships aim at the same target. When the United States joined the war in 1917, the US Navy adopted the concept.
The standard practice of the battleship era was for the battleships to enter combat in a line-ahead formation. The lead ship would attempt to maneuver so that, ideally, the following ships could concentrate fire from their big guns on a specific enemy target or targets. By World War I, improvements in gun technology meant that big-gun battleships could fire at enemy ships at a distance of five miles or more. As the British Royal Navy focused on bottling up the German High Seas Fleet, the rainy, foggy weather of the North Sea, combined with copious smoke from the ships’ coal fired boilers and big guns, made it difficult to see enemy ships clearly at range.
In fact, it was fairly rare for all the ships in the line of battle to actually see the enemy at the same time, so large dials with black numbers resembling clock faces were installed on the front of the fore mast and on the rear of the main mast. Similar to a clock, there was a short hand and a long hand. Different numbering systems were used at various times, sometimes involving Roman numerals along with Arabic numerals, to indicate range in thousands and hundreds of yards. Once a ship found the range to the target, it would display the range on the dials, visible to the next ship in front and behind in the line of battle.
Hash marks, called bearing indicators, were painted on one turret fore and aft, indicating the angle of the turret and therefore the angle to target. With the range and bearing data from the ship in front or behind them, and proper adjustments made for the distance between the ships, gunnery officers on a battleship could target an enemy ship they could not see. They could then pass the information on to the next ship in line, allowing the entire battle line to concentrate fire on an unseen enemy.
Between the wars, improved radio communication made range clocks and bearing indicators obsolete.
https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2019/12/04/viva-hoover-exhibit-but-whats-that-thing-that-looks-like-a-clock/
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@cp1cupcake 1. Richard H. O'Kane.
Final Rank: Rear Admiral.
Born Dover, New Hampshire 2nd. of February 1911. Graduated US Naval Academy 1934. He served in the cruiser USS Chester, and the destroyer USS Pruitt, and then in 1938 trained as a Submariner. In 1942, Richard served in the submarine Wahoo as her executive Officer.
As a Lieutenant Commander, he was Captain of the submarine USS Tang, and made five patrols in her. They were all made from his base at Pearl Harbor.
Patrol 1. January 1944 for 44 days in the Marianas. Results, 5 ships sunk.
Patrol 2. March 1944 for 61 days to the Palau area, and it was totally uneventful but Tang did rescue 22 airmen and take them to Hawaii at the conclusion of the patrol
Patrol 3. June 1944 for 36 days to the East China Sea. Results, 10 ships sunk, his best patrol.
Patrol 4. August 1944 for 34 days, again to the East China Sea. Results, 2 ships sunk.
Patrol 5. September 1944 , his submarine lost to an accident off China on 24th./25th. of October 1944. One of his torpedoes came back on a circular course to sink his boat Tang. Richard O'Kane became a Prisoner of War of the Japanese until the war ended. Results, 7 ships sunk before losing his submarine.
Award of Medal of Honor.
On release from POW camp, was awarded the Medal of Honor.
The top US Submarine Captain of WW2.
Richard O'Kane was credited with sinking 31 ships to total 227,800 tons, the best result.
Janac results: O'Kane's credited wartime results were scaled down to: 24 ships sunk to total 93,824 tons.
He made Captain in July 1953, to retire as a Rear Admiral in July of 1957. Richard died on the 16th. of February 1994.
Dick O'Kane was honoured by naming DDG 77 USS O'Kane after him.
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@Mrstrangert392 Assigned to the secretive world of spies and saboteurs were 51 Marines who served with the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) to engage in behind-the-lines operations in North Africa and Europe from 1941 to 1945. These OSS Marines served with partisan and resistance groups in France, Germany, Yugoslavia, Italy, Austria, Albania, Greece, Morocco and Egypt; on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia; in Rumania; and in North and West Africa. Ten of these OSS Marines also served with forces in Ceylon, Burma, Malaya and China. Col Peter J. Ortiz was twice awarded the Navy Cross for heroism while serving with the French Resistance as a member of the OSS.
Shipboard detachments of Marines served throughout the landings in North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Normandy invasion as gun crews aboard battleships and cruisers. A 200-man detachment was normally carried aboard a battleship and 80 Marines served aboard cruisers to man the secondary batteries of 5-inch guns providing fire for the landing forces.
During the 6 June 1944 Normandy invasion, Marines, renowned as expert riflemen, played a vital role reminiscent of the days of the sailing Navy when sharpshooters were sent to the “fighting tops.” Stationed high in the superstructures of the invasion fleet, Marine riflemen exploded floating mines in the path of the ships moving across the English Channel to the beaches of Normandy.
On 29 August 1944, during the invasion of southern France, Marines from the battleship USS Augusta and the cruiser USS Philadelphia went ashore in Marseilles harbor to accept the surrender of more than 700 Germans who had fortified island garrisons.
Although few, these proud Marines played a vital role in the Atlantic, African and European campaigns of World War II.
https://www.usmcu.edu/Research/Marine-Corps-History-Division/Brief-Histories/Marines-in-World-War-II/Marines-in-the-Atlantic-Europe-and-Africa/
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@scottfree6479 It's the same faulty thinking when the Democrats passed a "Luxury Tax" back in the 1991.
In November 1991, The United States Congress enacted a luxury tax and was signed by President George H.W. Bush. The goal of the tax was to generate additional revenues to reduce the federal budget deficit. This tax was levied on material goods such as watches, expensive furs, boats, yachts, private jet planes, jewelry and expensive cars. Congress enacted a 10 percent luxury surcharge tax on boats over $100,000, cars over $30,000, aircraft over $250,000, and furs and jewelry over $10,000. The federal government estimated that it would raise $9 billion in excess revenues over the following five-year period. However, only two years after its imposition, in August 1993, at the behest of the luxury yacht industry, President Bill Clinton and Congress eliminated the “luxury tax” citing a loss in jobs.The luxury automobile tax remained in effect until 2002. A luxury tax still applies in some states for products deemed unnecessary or nonessential, a category in which non-luxury products often fall into.
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@eiwtsexiang that's a ton of questions.....🤔 But, let's shag the flyballs...
1. No artillery shells are not glowing as they fly through the air. However, you might be thinking of smaller so-called Tracer rounds? Tracer rounds are shells or bullets with a small pyrotechnic charge at their base. When fired, a chemical component is ignited and makes them visible to the naked eye.
2. Japanese shells? They just look like regular shells, with the paint dye inside.
3. Yes, the Japanese did have anti-aircraft weapons. The whole thing about using beehive shells is a rarely used thing. Trying to use your main guns like it's a shotgun is not very productive.
4. Due to curvature of the Earth, the distance you can see will change depending on height of the Observer. This is why ships have Fire Control located in high masts and towers. The effects of weather also play a role. In general, the human eye can see about 3 MI or 4.828 km.
5.? 🤷🏽♂️
6. Japan had radar. But their Electronics knowledge and Industry was in its infancy. They were late to develop it. And to adapt tactics to use it... by the same token, So were the Americans...
7. That kind of precision? Not particularly practical.
8. Again, that kind of precision is not really practical. Trying to take out antennas and masts is hard.
9. Guns and ships very. But yes, all almost have local control whether the gun mount is open or enclosed.
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@mostevil1082 The old way: USN carrier pilots were generally pretty skilled at navigation. One took into account the mission parameters - - - go so far at such and so speed and on such and so bearing, do whatever you supposed to do, then go back on this or that bearing to find the ship. Each pilot had a plotting board for keeping track of where he was based on the mission parameters. Before taking off, with some notable historical exceptions, he would be given the location of "Point Option" - the location of where the ship expected to be at the end of the time allotted for the mission. So starting from a known point, time, bearing, and distance navigation to another point, do your business, and time, bearing, and distance to a pre-plotted point.
The new way, as DA noted, was utilization of the YE-ZB homing system, developed by Frank Akers, which all USN carriers had at the start of the war. Without going into the boring details, this system used a morse code transmission of a particular letter for a particular bearing, a different letter for each 15 degree sector. This was a UHF line-of-sight system, so the higher you were the better. If the letter you were receiving changed, then you knew you were moving tangentially to the transmission point. You simply found the strongest signal and followed it back to the ship. In the early days of the war it was a fairly new system and some pilots were more proficient with it than others and those less proficient tended to be less believing. For example on the 4 May 42 Yorktown strike on Tulagi, there were 4 F4Fs very hurriedly sent off to deal with some F1Ms that were bothering the SBD and TBD strike planes. After performing their mission, shooting down 3 of the F1Ms, and shooting up a destroyer they happened upon, they started to head back to the ship. The division leader signaled for an increase in altitude to pick up the YE-ZB signal, but his section leader did not see the signal (although the section leader's wingman did). So the division leader and his wingman pulled up through the cloud layer, picked up the signal, and, after milling about a bit waiting for the other two, proceeded back to the ship. The section leader left behind had a problem, his radio did not work. His wingman's did. Eventually they came up through the clouds and the wingman picked up the YE-ZB signal. He also made radio contact with the ship and started flying a box pattern so the ship could get a good radio fix so to tell him which letter he should be listening for. Well, as far as the section leader was concerned, his wingman was flying in all sorts of odd directions for no apparent reason and finally signaled him to knock it off and then led the way back to Guadalcanal where they bellied in on Cape Henslow - - - with the wingman keeping a running commentary with the ship the whole time. Result was two of the ship's 18 F4Fs were lost for no apparent reason. The two pilots were rescued the next day through some extraordinary efforts by the crew of USS Hammann. Apropos of nothing else, I have the original flight instructions for this mission carried by the division leader. It clearly indicates the ship's location relative to Tulagi and the Point Option for the return. The division leader was clear in his recounting that the instructions would have gotten him back to the ship, but the YE-ZB was easier.
Even worse happened at Midway when the VF-8 strike escort improperly used their YE-ZB and all 10 of them ended up ditched at various locations. Fortunately for some of them some rather diligent PBY crews managed to find and rescue 8 as I recall. This was a combination screw up in that the flight was not given a Point Option and their own unfamiliarity with the YE-ZB system sealed their fate. They actually saw the smoke of the US task group off to their north as they headed off into the expanse of the Pacific, but were so screwed up in their navigation that the leader presumed he was looking at the Japanese.
http://ww2f.com/threads/carrier-aircraft-navigation-how-did-they-do-it.21172/
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@UCBYTIrfE3Jp7QTThjph6R0g Minesweeper, Torpedo boats, gunboats, corvettes, sub chasers, air sea rescue, tugs, LcI, LST. Tenders, etc., Etc.
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Ah, breaker one-nine, this here's the Rubber Duck
You gotta copy on me, Pig Pen, c'mon?
Ah, yeah, 10-4, Pig Pen, fer shure, fer shure
By golly, it's clean clear to Flag Town, c'mon
Yeah, that's a big 10-4 there, Pig Pen
Yeah, we definitely got the front door, good buddy
Mercy sakes alive, looks like we got us a convoy
Was the dark of the moon on the sixth of June
In a Kenworth pullin' logs
Cab-over Pete with a reefer on
And a Jimmy haulin' hogs
We is headin' for bear on I-one-oh
'Bout a mile outta Shaky Town
I says, "Pig Pen, this here's the Rubber Duck
"And I'm about to put the hammer down"
'Cause we got a little ol' convoy
Rockin' through the night
Yeah, we got a little ol' convoy
Ain't she a beautiful sight?
Come on and join our convoy
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PA LAW ON SELF DEFENSE.
§ 505. Use of force in self-protection.
(a) Use of force justifiable for protection of the person.--The use of force upon or toward another person is justifiable when the actor believes that such force is immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself against the use of unlawful force by such other person on the present occasion.
(b) Limitations on justifying necessity for use of force.--
(1) The use of force is not justifiable under this section:
(i) to resist an arrest which the actor knows is being made by a peace officer, although the arrest is unlawful; or
(ii) to resist force used by the occupier or possessor of property or by another person on his behalf, where the actor knows that the person using the force is doing so under a claim of right to protect the property, except that this limitation shall not apply if:
(A) the actor is a public officer acting in the performance of his duties or a person lawfully assisting him therein or a person making or assisting in a lawful arrest;
(B) the actor has been unlawfully dispossessed of the property and is making a reentry or recaption justified by section 507 of this title (relating to use of force for the protection of property); or
(C) the actor believes that such force is necessary to protect himself against death or serious bodily injury.
(2) The use of deadly force is not justifiable under this section unless the actor believes that such force is necessary to protect himself against death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping or sexual intercourse compelled by force or threat; nor is it justifiable if:
(i) the actor, with the intent of causing death or serious bodily injury, provoked the use of force against himself in the same encounter; or
(ii) the actor knows that he can avoid the necessity of using such force with complete safety by retreating, except the actor is not obliged to retreat from his dwelling or place of work, unless he was the initial aggressor or is assailed in his place of work by another person whose place of work the actor knows it to be.
(2.1) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (2.2), an actor is presumed to have a reasonable belief that deadly force is immediately necessary to protect himself against death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping or sexual intercourse compelled by force or threat if both of the following conditions exist:
(i) The person against whom the force is used is in the process of unlawfully and forcefully entering, or has unlawfully and forcefully entered and is present within, a dwelling, residence or occupied vehicle; or the person against whom the force is used is or is attempting to unlawfully and forcefully remove another against that other's will from the dwelling, residence or occupied vehicle.
(ii) The actor knows or has reason to believe that the unlawful and forceful entry or act is occurring or has occurred.
(2.2) The presumption set forth in paragraph (2.1) does not apply if:
(i) the person against whom the force is used has the right to be in or is a lawful resident of the dwelling, residence or vehicle, such as an owner or lessee;
(ii) the person sought to be removed is a child or grandchild or is otherwise in the lawful custody or under the lawful guardianship of the person against whom the protective force is used;
(iii) the actor is engaged in a criminal activity or is using the dwelling, residence or occupied vehicle to further a criminal activity; or
(iv) the person against whom the force is used is a peace officer acting in the performance of his official duties and the actor using force knew or reasonably should have known that the person was a peace officer.
(2.3) An actor who is not engaged in a criminal activity, who is not in illegal possession of a firearm and who is attacked in any place where the actor would have a duty to retreat under paragraph (2)(ii) has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his ground and use force, including deadly force, if:
(i) the actor has a right to be in the place where he was attacked;
(ii) the actor believes it is immediately necessary to do so to protect himself against death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping or sexual intercourse by force or threat; and
(iii) the person against whom the force is used displays or otherwise uses:
(A) a firearm or replica of a firearm as defined in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9712 (relating to sentences for offenses committed with firearms); or
(B) any other weapon readily or apparently capable of lethal use.
(2.4) The exception to the duty to retreat set forth under paragraph (2.3) does not apply if the person against whom the force is used is a peace officer acting in the performance of his official duties and the actor using force knew or reasonably should have known that the person was a peace officer.
(2.5) Unless one of the exceptions under paragraph (2.2) applies, a person who unlawfully and by force enters or attempts to enter an actor's dwelling, residence or occupied vehicle or removes or attempts to remove another against that other's will from the actor's dwelling, residence or occupied vehicle is presumed to be doing so with the intent to commit:
(i) an act resulting in death or serious bodily injury; or
(ii) kidnapping or sexual intercourse by force or threat.
(2.6) A public officer justified in using force in the performance of his duties or a person justified in using force in his assistance or a person justified in using force in making an arrest or preventing an escape is not obliged to desist from efforts to perform such duty, effect such arrest or prevent such escape because of resistance or threatened resistance by or on behalf of the person against whom such action is directed.
(3) Except as otherwise required by this subsection, a person employing protective force may estimate the necessity thereof under the circumstances as he believes them to be when the force is used, without retreating, surrendering possession, doing any other act which he has no legal duty to do or abstaining from any lawful action.
(c) Use of confinement as protective force.--The justification afforded by this section extends to the use of confinement as protective force only if the actor takes all reasonable measures to terminate the confinement as soon as he knows that he safely can, unless the person confined has been arrested on a charge of crime.
(d) Definition.--As used in this section, the term "criminal activity" means conduct which is a misdemeanor or felony, is not justifiable under this chapter and is related to the confrontation between an actor and the person against whom force is used.
(June 28, 2011, P.L.48, No.10, eff. 60 days)
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Japanese Aces: Unlike their western bretheren, Japanese aviators did not leave much of a paper trail regarding their aerial combat claims. Most western nations had set up some form of "official" recognition, whether it be as part of the record keeping for the unit, or with an official bureau to register claims. In the China and Nomonhan Wars, and the early part of World War Two, various units did record individual claims, but this was largely discontinued in the later years of World War Two, usually with official directives prohibiting the practice of recognizing individual claims. But, like fighter pilots elsewhere, many pilots did keep personal scores in such things like diaries and logs. Thus, when it comes to creating a list of Japanese aces, information regarding victories is incomplete, and in many cases speculative and based on personal versus official records. Many scholars have recognized the problem with trying to validate claims, and many have compensated by adjusting total claims to lower values by using a percentage, which is often very arbitrary, and sometimes can be as much as 50 percent. Therefore the following list must be taken for what it represents, a set of claims that contain a combination of pseudo-official and personal claims, often representing a mixture of confirmed, unconfirmed, probables and damaged claims.
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@DrivermanO 🙋🏽♂️👫👬👭🎙🎶🎶🎶
So long, farewell
Auf Wiederseh'n, goodnight
[MARTA]👱♀️🎙
I hate to go
And miss this pretty sight
[REMAINING CHILDREN]👭👬👫
So long, farewell
Auf Wiederseh'n, adieu
[FRIEDRICH]👨🎙
Adieu, adieu
To yieu and yieu and yieu
[REMAINING CHILDREN]👫👬👭
So long, farewell
Au revoir, auf Wiederseh'n
[LIESL]👩🎙🙋🏽♂️
I'd like to stay
And taste my first champagne
[REMAINING CHILDREN]👭👬👫🎙
So long, farewell
Auf Wiederseh'n, goodbye
[KURT]🧒🎙
I leave, and heave
A sigh and say goodbye
Goodbye
[BRIGITTA]👩🌾🎙
I'm glad to go
I cannot tell a lie
[LOUISA]🧕🏻🎙
I flit, I float
I fleetly flee, I fly
[GRETL]🤷♀️🎙
The sun has gone
To bed and so must I
[ALL CHILDREN]👭👬👫🎙
So long, farewell
Auf Wiederseh'n, goodbye
Goodbye
Goodbye
Goodbye🙋🏽♂️🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶
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@_BlueMoon The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the District of Columbia National Guard. Command is exercised through the secretary of defense and the commanding general, Joint Force Headquarters (JFHQ), District of Columbia National Guard. In 1949, President Truman issued Executive Order No. 10030, of January 26, 1949, providing authority for the Secretary of Defense to delegate his command authority over the D.C. National Guard to: the secretary of the Army for the D.C. Army National Guard, and the secretary of the Air Force for the D.C. Air National Guard.[2] However, in 1969, President Nixon issued Executive Order 11485, revoking the previous authorities of EO 10030.[3] The Secretary of Defense then delegated command authority to the Secretary of the Army, operating through the singular Commanding General of the D.C. National Guard. In 2021, the Secretary of Defense amended the previous delegation of authority to the Secretary of the Army, to explicitly specify a single point of contact, the DoD Executive Secretary, for all requests from or for assistance by the D.C. National Guard. Further, the Secretary of Defense retained sole authority over such requests when actions within 48 hours are required, or if the anticipated request will include support of civilian law enforcement, such as “crowd control, traffic control, search, seizure, arrest, or temporary detention.”[4]
The D.C. National Guard is commanded by a major general with a brigadier general as his or her adjutant general. The mayor of the District of Columbia, the United States Marshal for the District of Columbia, or the National Capital Service director may request the commander-in-chief to aid them in suppressing insurrection and enforcement of the law; however, there is no chain of authority from the Mayor of the District of Columbia (or any other executive or legislative body organic to the District of Columbia) to the D.C. National Guard.[5]
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@robertjohnson-mt8pz The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the District of Columbia National Guard. Command is exercised through the secretary of defense and the commanding general, Joint Force Headquarters (JFHQ), District of Columbia National Guard. In 1949, President Truman issued Executive Order No. 10030, of January 26, 1949, providing authority for the Secretary of Defense to delegate his command authority over the D.C. National Guard to: the secretary of the Army for the D.C. Army National Guard, and the secretary of the Air Force for the D.C. Air National Guard.[2] However, in 1969, President Nixon issued Executive Order 11485, revoking the previous authorities of EO 10030.[3] The Secretary of Defense then delegated command authority to the Secretary of the Army, operating through the singular Commanding General of the D.C. National Guard. In 2021, the Secretary of Defense amended the previous delegation of authority to the Secretary of the Army, to explicitly specify a single point of contact, the DoD Executive Secretary, for all requests from or for assistance by the D.C. National Guard. Further, the Secretary of Defense retained sole authority over such requests when actions within 48 hours are required, or if the anticipated request will include support of civilian law enforcement, such as “crowd control, traffic control, search, seizure, arrest, or temporary detention.”[4]
The D.C. National Guard is commanded by a major general with a brigadier general as his or her adjutant general. The mayor of the District of Columbia, the United States Marshal for the District of Columbia, or the National Capital Service director may request the commander-in-chief to aid them in suppressing insurrection and enforcement of the law; however, there is no chain of authority from the Mayor of the District of Columbia (or any other executive or legislative body organic to the District of Columbia) to the D.C. National Guard.[5]
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@feelingold2995 The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the District of Columbia National Guard. Command is exercised through the secretary of defense and the commanding general, Joint Force Headquarters (JFHQ), District of Columbia National Guard. In 1949, President Truman issued Executive Order No. 10030, of January 26, 1949, providing authority for the Secretary of Defense to delegate his command authority over the D.C. National Guard to: the secretary of the Army for the D.C. Army National Guard, and the secretary of the Air Force for the D.C. Air National Guard.[2] However, in 1969, President Nixon issued Executive Order 11485, revoking the previous authorities of EO 10030.[3] The Secretary of Defense then delegated command authority to the Secretary of the Army, operating through the singular Commanding General of the D.C. National Guard. In 2021, the Secretary of Defense amended the previous delegation of authority to the Secretary of the Army, to explicitly specify a single point of contact, the DoD Executive Secretary, for all requests from or for assistance by the D.C. National Guard. Further, the Secretary of Defense retained sole authority over such requests when actions within 48 hours are required, or if the anticipated request will include support of civilian law enforcement, such as “crowd control, traffic control, search, seizure, arrest, or temporary detention.”[4]
The D.C. National Guard is commanded by a major general with a brigadier general as his or her adjutant general. The mayor of the District of Columbia, the United States Marshal for the District of Columbia, or the National Capital Service director may request the commander-in-chief to aid them in suppressing insurrection and enforcement of the law; however, there is no chain of authority from the Mayor of the District of Columbia (or any other executive or legislative body organic to the District of Columbia) to the D.C. National Guard.[5]
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@DavidTMSN The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the District of Columbia National Guard. Command is exercised through the secretary of defense and the commanding general, Joint Force Headquarters (JFHQ), District of Columbia National Guard. In 1949, President Truman issued Executive Order No. 10030, of January 26, 1949, providing authority for the Secretary of Defense to delegate his command authority over the D.C. National Guard to: the secretary of the Army for the D.C. Army National Guard, and the secretary of the Air Force for the D.C. Air National Guard.[2] However, in 1969, President Nixon issued Executive Order 11485, revoking the previous authorities of EO 10030.[3] The Secretary of Defense then delegated command authority to the Secretary of the Army, operating through the singular Commanding General of the D.C. National Guard. In 2021, the Secretary of Defense amended the previous delegation of authority to the Secretary of the Army, to explicitly specify a single point of contact, the DoD Executive Secretary, for all requests from or for assistance by the D.C. National Guard. Further, the Secretary of Defense retained sole authority over such requests when actions within 48 hours are required, or if the anticipated request will include support of civilian law enforcement, such as “crowd control, traffic control, search, seizure, arrest, or temporary detention.”[4]
The D.C. National Guard is commanded by a major general with a brigadier general as his or her adjutant general. The mayor of the District of Columbia, the United States Marshal for the District of Columbia, or the National Capital Service director may request the commander-in-chief to aid them in suppressing insurrection and enforcement of the law; however, there is no chain of authority from the Mayor of the District of Columbia (or any other executive or legislative body organic to the District of Columbia) to the D.C. National Guard.[5]
1
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@libhunter9379 The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the District of Columbia National Guard. Command is exercised through the secretary of defense and the commanding general, Joint Force Headquarters (JFHQ), District of Columbia National Guard. In 1949, President Truman issued Executive Order No. 10030, of January 26, 1949, providing authority for the Secretary of Defense to delegate his command authority over the D.C. National Guard to: the secretary of the Army for the D.C. Army National Guard, and the secretary of the Air Force for the D.C. Air National Guard.[2] However, in 1969, President Nixon issued Executive Order 11485, revoking the previous authorities of EO 10030.[3] The Secretary of Defense then delegated command authority to the Secretary of the Army, operating through the singular Commanding General of the D.C. National Guard. In 2021, the Secretary of Defense amended the previous delegation of authority to the Secretary of the Army, to explicitly specify a single point of contact, the DoD Executive Secretary, for all requests from or for assistance by the D.C. National Guard. Further, the Secretary of Defense retained sole authority over such requests when actions within 48 hours are required, or if the anticipated request will include support of civilian law enforcement, such as “crowd control, traffic control, search, seizure, arrest, or temporary detention.”[4]
The D.C. National Guard is commanded by a major general with a brigadier general as his or her adjutant general. The mayor of the District of Columbia, the United States Marshal for the District of Columbia, or the National Capital Service director may request the commander-in-chief to aid them in suppressing insurrection and enforcement of the law; however, there is no chain of authority from the Mayor of the District of Columbia (or any other executive or legislative body organic to the District of Columbia) to the D.C. National Guard.[5]
1
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The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the District of Columbia National Guard. Command is exercised through the secretary of defense and the commanding general, Joint Force Headquarters (JFHQ), District of Columbia National Guard. In 1949, President Truman issued Executive Order No. 10030, of January 26, 1949, providing authority for the Secretary of Defense to delegate his command authority over the D.C. National Guard to: the secretary of the Army for the D.C. Army National Guard, and the secretary of the Air Force for the D.C. Air National Guard.[2] However, in 1969, President Nixon issued Executive Order 11485, revoking the previous authorities of EO 10030.[3] The Secretary of Defense then delegated command authority to the Secretary of the Army, operating through the singular Commanding General of the D.C. National Guard. In 2021, the Secretary of Defense amended the previous delegation of authority to the Secretary of the Army, to explicitly specify a single point of contact, the DoD Executive Secretary, for all requests from or for assistance by the D.C. National Guard. Further, the Secretary of Defense retained sole authority over such requests when actions within 48 hours are required, or if the anticipated request will include support of civilian law enforcement, such as “crowd control, traffic control, search, seizure, arrest, or temporary detention.”[4]
The D.C. National Guard is commanded by a major general with a brigadier general as his or her adjutant general. The mayor of the District of Columbia, the United States Marshal for the District of Columbia, or the National Capital Service director may request the commander-in-chief to aid them in suppressing insurrection and enforcement of the law; however, there is no chain of authority from the Mayor of the District of Columbia (or any other executive or legislative body organic to the District of Columbia) to the D.C. National Guard.[5]
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Pennsylvania now has laws in place that more closely reflect Florida’s “Stand Your Ground” law. Defendants in self defense cases no longer have the burden of proof on their shoulder’s, but rather the prosecution has to show that the defendant did not act in self defense. This grants further protection to individuals who are attacked and take potentially deadly measures against their assailants. This does not mean, however, that you can take deadly measure against just anyone who might assault you. The force you use has to be commensurate with the force you are threatened with. If someone attacks you with their fists for example, you are not permitted to counter with a deadly weapon, but you could counter with your fists. If someone were to attack you with a knife, deadly force could be acceptable. It’s all about reacting in a way in which a reasonable person should react. This could potentially lead to actions made on a mistaken belief. Suppose it’s dark out and somebody is coming at you with what you believe to be a knife in their hand and you fire upon them. You later find that they were throwing a punch with their cell phone in their hand. A cell phone is not commensurate with a gun, but in the moment, you believed your life was in peril. In cases such as this, a jury is called upon to put themselves in your shoes in the exact moment and discuss how a reasonable person would react. They are prohibited from using hindsight in the matter. Now surely this only applies if you’re not the instigator in an altercation, right? Not so! Let’s say you get in a heated discussion and in the moment you decide “Let’s throw down! Right here, right now!” and you’re unlucky enough that your counterpart wants to oblige. If you take measures to back out of the altercation at that point and show you don’t wish to fight, you are allowed to defend yourself afterward, similar to the original duty to retreat.
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@alexlightining The Navy had no further use for U-505 after the war. Experts had thoroughly examined her in Bermuda, and she was moored derelict at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, so the Navy decided to use her as a target for gunnery and torpedo practice until she sank.[22] In 1946, Rear Admiral Gallery, who opposed the Navy's plans for U-505, told his brother Father John Gallery about this plan, and Father John contacted President Lenox Lohr of Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) to see if they would be interested in it. The museum already planned to display a submarine, and the acquisition of U-505 seemed ideal.[22] The US government donated the submarine to the museum in September 1954, and Chicago residents raised $250,000 for transporting and installing the boat. Coast Guard tugs and cutters towed the boat through the Great Lakes, making a stop in Detroit, Michigan in July 1954.[33] The museum dedicated it on 25 September 1954 as a permanent exhibit and a war memorial to all the sailors who lost their lives in the first and second Battle of the Atlantic.-Wikipedia
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@3DPDK 14 USC 522: Law enforcementText contains those laws in effect on April 14, 2024
From Title 14-COAST GUARDSUBTITLE I-ESTABLISHMENT, POWERS, DUTIES, AND ADMINISTRATIONCHAPTER 5-FUNCTIONS AND POWERSSUBCHAPTER II-LIFE SAVING AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
Current 2018 Ed. and Supplement IV (1/5/2023) 2018 Ed. and Supplement III (1/3/2022) 2018 Ed. and Supplement II (1/13/2021) 2018 Ed. and Supplement I (1/24/2020) 2018 Main Ed. (1/14/2019) 2012 Ed. and Supplement V (1/12/2018) 2012 Ed. and Supplement IV (1/6/2017) 2012 Ed. and Supplement III (1/3/2016) 2012 Ed. and Supplement II (1/5/2015) 2012 Ed. and Supplement I (1/16/2014) 2012 Main Ed. (1/15/2013) 2006 Ed. and Supplement V (1/3/2012) 2006 Ed. and Supplement IV (1/7/2011) 2006 Ed. and Supplement III (2/1/2010) 2006 Ed. and Supplement II (1/5/2009) 2006 Ed. and Supplement I (1/8/2008) 2006 Main Ed. (1/3/2007) 2000 Ed. and Supplement V (1/2/2006) 2000 Ed. and Supplement IV (1/3/2005) 2000 Ed. and Supplement III (1/19/2004) 2000 Ed. and Supplement II (1/6/2003) 2000 Ed. and Supplement I (1/22/2002) 2000 Main Ed. (1/2/2001) 1994 Ed. and Supplement V (1/23/2000) 1994 Ed. and Supplement IV (1/5/1999) 1994 Ed. and Supplement III (1/26/1998) 1994 Ed. and Supplement II (1/6/1997) 1994 Ed. and Supplement I (1/16/1996) 1994 Main Ed. (1/4/1995)
<< Previous TITLE 14 / SUBTITLE I / CHAPTER 5 / SUBCHAPTER II / § 522 Next >>
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14 USC 522: Law enforcementText contains those laws in effect on April 14, 2024
From Title 14-COAST GUARDSUBTITLE I-ESTABLISHMENT, POWERS, DUTIES, AND ADMINISTRATIONCHAPTER 5-FUNCTIONS AND POWERSSUBCHAPTER II-LIFE SAVING AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
Jump To:Source CreditMiscellaneousAmendments
§522. Law enforcement
(a) The Coast Guard may make inquiries, examinations, inspections, searches, seizures, and arrests upon the high seas and waters over which the United States has jurisdiction, for the prevention, detection, and suppression of violations of laws of the United States. For such purposes, commissioned, warrant, and petty officers may at any time go on board of any vessel subject to the jurisdiction, or to the operation of any law, of the United States, address inquiries to those on board, examine the ship's documents and papers, and examine, inspect, and search the vessel and use all necessary force to compel compliance. When from such inquiries, examination, inspection, or search it appears that a breach of the laws of the United States rendering an individual liable to arrest is being, or has been committed, by any individual, such individual shall be arrested or, if escaping to shore, shall be immediately pursued and arrested on shore, or other lawful and appropriate action shall be taken; or, if it shall appear that a breach of the laws of the United States has been committed so as to render such vessel, or the merchandise, or any part thereof, on board of, or brought into the United States by, such vessel, liable to forfeiture, or so as to render such vessel liable to a fine or penalty and if necessary to secure such fine or penalty, such vessel or such merchandise, or both, shall be seized.
(b) The officers of the Coast Guard insofar as they are engaged, pursuant to the authority contained in this section, in enforcing any law of the United States shall:
(1) be deemed to be acting as agents of the particular executive department or independent establishment charged with the administration of the particular law; and
(2) be subject to all the rules and regulations promulgated by such department or independent establishment with respect to the enforcement of that law.
(c) The provisions of this section are in addition to any powers conferred by law upon such officers, and not in limitation of any powers conferred by law upon such officers, or any other officers of the United States.
(Aug. 4, 1949, ch. 393, 63 Stat. 502 , §89; Aug. 3, 1950, ch. 536, §1, 64 Stat. 406 ; renumbered §522, Pub. L. 115–282, title I, §105(b), Dec. 4, 2018, 132 Stat. 4200 ; Pub. L. 116–283, div. G, title LVXXXV [LXXXV], §8505(a)(5), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4748 .)
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@Historybuffwelder Vessels of the Asiatic Fleet and the 16th Naval District: 8 December 1941Edit
The Asiatic Fleet and the 16th Naval District possessed:
1 heavy cruiser
Houston
1 light cruiser
Marblehead
13 Clemson-class destroyers:
Paul Jones
John D. Edwards
Alden
Whipple
Edsall
Stewart
Barker
Parrott
Bulmer
John D. Ford
Pope
Peary
Pillsbury
1 destroyer tender
Black Hawk
5 gunboats:
Asheville
Tulsa
Oahu
Luzon
Mindanao
1 yacht
Isabel
29 submarines:
Porpoise
Pike
Shark
Tarpon
Perch
Pickerel
Permit
Salmon
Seal
Skipjack
Sargo
Saury
Spearfish
Snapper
Stingray
Sturgeon
Sculpin
Sailfish
Swordfish
S-36
S-37
S-38
S-39
S-40
S-41
Seadragon
Sealion
Searaven
Seawolf[19]
6 minesweepers:
Finch
Bittern
Tanager
Quail
Lark
Whippoorwill
2 tankers:
Pecos
Trinity
1 ocean-going tugboat
Napa
4 seaplane tenders:
Langley
Childs
William B. Preston
Heron in support of Patrol Wing 10 (VP 101 and VP 102) with 28 Consolidated PBY-4 flying boats
1 submarine rescue vessel
Pigeon
3 submarine tenders:
Holland
Canopus
Otus
various other ships, including 6 motor torpedo boatsthat formed Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three
1 two-masted schooner
Lanikai
Also stationed at Cavite Naval Base was the Offshore Patrol.
Aircraft of the Asiatic Fleet: 8 December 1941Edit
The aviation elements of the Asiatic Fleet comprised Patrol Wing 10,[20] with two patrol squadrons (VPs or PatRons), a utility unit, and the aviation units aboard the Fleet's two cruisers and the large seaplane tender Langley.
Patrol Wing 10 had been commissioned in December 1940, and included Patrol Squadrons 101 (VP 101) and 102 (VP 102), each equipped with fourteen Consolidated PBY-4 Catalina flying boats. By Mid-1941, these 28 PBYs were numbered 1 through 14 for VP 101, 16 through 29 for VP 102. The Utility Unit included Grumman J2F Duckamphibians (1 J2F-2 and 4 J2F-4s), as well as five new Vought OS2U-2 Kingfisher floatplanes, delivered in the late summer. Also, a number of Curtiss SOC Seagullfloatplanes were present. Houston carried four, Marblehead two, and Langley two or three, and two more were under repair or in storage at the Aircraft Overhaul Shop (Shop X 34) at Cavite Navy Yard.
As of 8 December, PBYs of Patrol Wing 10 patrolled the northwest and northeast of Luzon daily. These flights were based at either NAS Sangley Point, the Navy's auxiliary seaplane station at Olongapo on Subic Bay, or seaplane tender Childs in Manila Bay. Trios of PBYs rotated down to the southern islands to base on William B. Preston at Malalag Bay on Davao Gulf, Mindanao. These patrols over the Philippine Sea to the east bordered with similar patrols flown by Royal Netherlands Naval Air Service flying boats based in the Netherlands East Indies. Seaplane tender Heron, with a detachment of four OS2U-2s from the Utility Unit, ran morning and evening patrols from Port Ciego, Balabac Island, over the strategically important Balabac Straits from 4–13 December.
Early in the morning of 8 December, Preston dispatched one aircraft on patrol and a short time later was attacked by aircraft from the small Japanese carrier Ryūjō, and her other two PBYs were sunk on the water.
Patrol Wing 10 was ordered south into the Netherlands East Indies on 12 December, when the collapsing defenses of the islands made further operations untenable. Within the first 90 days of the war, Patrol Wing 10 had fallen back to Perth, Western Australia, being reinforced by VP 22 from Hawaii but losing 43 of 45 PBYs—all but four lost to enemy action—together with Langley.
PBY-4 (28. Added: 12 PBY-5s from VP 22 and 5 ex-Dutch Catalinas in January)
J2F-2 or -4 (4)
OS2U-2 (5)
SOC-1 or -2 / SON (10-12)
Asiatic Fleet components: 8 December 1941Edit
Asiatic Fleet Headquarters, ashore from mid-1941 at the Marsman Building on the Manila waterfront. The Fleet flagship, Houston, was assigned to lead Task Force 5 (TF 5).
TF 4, Asiatic Fleet: Patrol Wing 10, seaplane tenders, and aviation resources.
TF 5, Asiatic Fleet: surface strike forces, including cruisers and Destroyer Squadron 29 (DesRon 29).
TF 6, Asiatic Fleet: submarines force, including all submarines, tenders and rescue ships.
TF 7, Asiatic Fleet: patrol force, including gunboats Tulsaand Asheville.
4th Marine Regiment
Commandant 16th Naval District (COM16): The Cavite Navy Yard and all the shore establishment on Luzon, including the radio station, ammunition depot, hospital, Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron THREE, naval air station, mine depot, and similar facilities on Corregidor,at Mariveles, Bataan, and Olongpago, on Subic Bay.
The historic Yangtze Patrol was concluded in early December 1941. Of the five remaining gunboats, Tutuilaremained at Chungking, Wake was in reduced commission at Shanghai as a radio station for the U.S. State Department, and ComYangPat sailed in Luzon with Oahu for Manila, joined by Mindanao.
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What About Buses?
Buses and coaches (which are basically long-distance buses) may be excluded from statute 40-6-52, but that doesn’t mean they can use whatever lanes they like. Instead, they’re subject to statute 40-6-53.
§40-6-53. Buses or motorcoaches to operate in specified lanes
(a) On roads, streets, or highways with three or more lanes allowing for movement in the same direction, it shall be unlawful for any bus or motorcoach to operate in any lanes other than the two most right-hand lanes, except when the bus or motorcoach is preparing for a left turn, is moving to or from an HOV lane, or as otherwise provided by subsection (c) of this Code section.
(b) On roads, streets, or highways with two lanes allowing for movement in the same direction, it shall be unlawful for any bus or motorcoach to operate in the left-hand lane, except when the bus or motorcoach is actually overtaking and passing another vehicle, preparing for a left turn, or as otherwise provided by subsection (c) of this Code section.
(c) On interstate highways with four or more lanes allowing for movement in the same direction, the Department of Transportation may designate specific lanes that either prohibit or allow buses or motorcoaches. Where such usage has been so designated and indicated by signs erected by the Department of Transportation, it shall be unlawful for any bus or motorcoach to operate in any lanes other than those designated for its use except when moving to or from an HOV lane.
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@steveblake8601 What About Buses?
Buses and coaches (which are basically long-distance buses) may be excluded from statute 40-6-52, but that doesn’t mean they can use whatever lanes they like. Instead, they’re subject to statute 40-6-53.
§40-6-53. Buses or motorcoaches to operate in specified lanes
(a) On roads, streets, or highways with three or more lanes allowing for movement in the same direction, it shall be unlawful for any bus or motorcoach to operate in any lanes other than the two most right-hand lanes, except when the bus or motorcoach is preparing for a left turn, is moving to or from an HOV lane, or as otherwise provided by subsection (c) of this Code section.
(b) On roads, streets, or highways with two lanes allowing for movement in the same direction, it shall be unlawful for any bus or motorcoach to operate in the left-hand lane, except when the bus or motorcoach is actually overtaking and passing another vehicle, preparing for a left turn, or as otherwise provided by subsection (c) of this Code section.
(c) On interstate highways with four or more lanes allowing for movement in the same direction, the Department of Transportation may designate specific lanes that either prohibit or allow buses or motorcoaches. Where such usage has been so designated and indicated by signs erected by the Department of Transportation, it shall be unlawful for any bus or motorcoach to operate in any lanes other than those designated for its use except when moving to or from an HOV lane.
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