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Expense/debt, division, over stretched services, crowding roads, schools, NHS etc, low wages, high house prices, competition, distrust, white flight, hate speech laws, their troubles, crime and loss of homeland to name but a few
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Yeah, no conflict here🤣
1. Early Conflicts (pre-13th century)
• Battle of Carham (1018) – Scots defeated the Northumbrians and secured control of Lothian.
• Battle of the Standard (1138) – English repelled a Scottish invasion during The Anarchy.
⸻
2. Wars of Scottish Independence
• First War of Scottish Independence (1296–1328)
• Key figures: William Wallace, Robert the Bruce
• Major battles: Stirling Bridge (1297), Falkirk (1298), Bannockburn (1314)
• Ended with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton (1328) recognizing Scottish independence.
• Second War of Scottish Independence (1332–1357)
• Initiated by the “Disinherited” and supported by England.
• Major battles: Halidon Hill (1333), Neville’s Cross (1346)
• Ended with the Treaty of Berwick (1357).
⸻
3. Anglo-Scottish Wars (14th–16th centuries)
These were a series of sporadic conflicts between England and Scotland.
• Battle of Otterburn (1388) – Scottish victory over the English.
• Battle of Homildon Hill (1402) – English victory.
• Battle of Verneuil (1424) – Scots fought alongside the French against the English in the Hundred Years’ War.
• Battle of Flodden (1513) – Decisive English victory; King James IV of Scotland killed.
• Battle of Solway Moss (1542) – English victory, King James V died shortly after.
⸻
4. The Rough Wooing (1543–1551)
• England’s attempt to force a marriage between Prince Edward and Mary, Queen of Scots.
• Major events: Burning of Edinburgh (1544), Battle of Pinkie Cleugh (1547 – English victory).
⸻
5. Border Reivers Period (late 13th–early 17th century)
• Not a formal war, but constant raiding and skirmishing along the Anglo-Scottish border.
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6. Union of the Crowns (1603)
• James VI of Scotland became James I of England. This ended formal warfare, though political tension continued.
⸻
7. Wars Involving Both Kingdoms (17th century)
• Bishops’ Wars (1639–1640) – Between Charles I and Scottish Covenanters.
• English Civil War (1642–1651) – Scotland was involved on both sides at different times.
• Battle of Dunbar (1650) and Battle of Worcester (1651) – Oliver Cromwell defeated Scottish forces.
⸻
8. Jacobite Risings (1689–1746)
• While not strictly England vs. Scotland, many Scots supported the Jacobite cause against the Hanoverian British government.
• Key battles: Killiecrankie (1689), Sheriffmuir (1715), and Culloden (1746).
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Have we forgotten about the ira already?😮
1. Norman Invasion of Ireland (1169–1171)
• 1169: Cambro-Normans under Strongbow (Richard de Clare) landed in Leinster.
• 1171: King Henry II of England arrived to assert authority.
• Led to centuries of Anglo-Norman (and later English) involvement in Ireland.
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2. Gaelic Resistance & Anglo-Irish Wars (13th–16th centuries)
• Battle of Callann (1261) – Gaelic Irish victory against the Normans.
• Many local conflicts as Irish chieftains resisted Anglo-Norman expansion.
• By the 1500s, only the Pale (area around Dublin) remained under direct English control.
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3. Tudor Conquest of Ireland (1534–1603)
• Kildare Rebellion (1534) – Led by “Silken Thomas,” suppressed by Henry VIII.
• Desmond Rebellions (1569–1573, 1579–1583) – Rebellions in Munster against English rule.
• Nine Years’ War (1594–1603)
• Led by Hugh O’Neill and Hugh Roe O’Donnell.
• Battle of the Yellow Ford (1598) – Major Irish victory.
• Battle of Kinsale (1601) – Decisive English victory with Spanish involvement.
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4. 17th Century Wars & Rebellions
• Irish Rebellion of 1641 – Catholic uprising; sparked:
• Confederate Wars (1641–1653) – Irish Catholics vs. English Parliamentarians.
• Cromwellian Conquest (1649–1653)
• Siege of Drogheda (1649) – Cromwellian massacre.
• Siege of Wexford (1649) – Another massacre.
• Williamite War in Ireland (1689–1691)
• Jacobites (Irish Catholics + French support) vs. Williamites (Protestant English/Dutch).
• Battle of the Boyne (1690) – William III defeated James II.
• Battle of Aughrim (1691) – Decisive Williamite victory.
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5. 18th–19th Century Rebellions
• United Irishmen Rebellion (1798)
• Inspired by the French Revolution.
• Battle of Vinegar Hill (1798) – British suppression.
• Robert Emmet’s Rebellion (1803) – Failed uprising in Dublin.
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6. Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)
• ira (Irish Republican Army) vs. British forces.
• Guerrilla warfare, ambushes, and reprisals.
• Kilmichael Ambush (1920), Bloody Sunday (1920).
• Ended with the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) and creation of the Irish Free State (26 counties).
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7. Irish Civil War (1922–1923)
• Not directly England vs. Ireland, but fought between pro- and anti-Treaty Irish forces.
• Anti-Treaty forces opposed partition and the British-imposed terms.
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8. The Troubles (1969–1998)
• Provisional ira vs. British Army, RUC, loyalist paramilitaries in Northern Ireland.
• Notable events:
• Battle of the Bogside (1969)
• Bloody Sunday (1972) – British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians.
• Bombings in Belfast, London, Birmingham, etc.
• Ended (largely) with the Good Friday Agreement (1998).
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