Youtube comments of Jovet (@jovetj).
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Dave Cooke - Anyone who actually studies and knows the history of the United States (e.g. The Declaration of Independence) and the miracle of its creation cannot, today, be a Liberal. A (true) Conservative knows this history and grasps how fragile and precious the principles our country was founded on, how rare and how much was sacrificed for them, and how we must all aspire to uphold those principles as we live our lives together. A Liberal thinks those principles are flawed and "unfair" and wants to change them. A Conservative sees people with choices favoring independence, self-responsibility, and personal growth which lead to success, happiness, and even wealth. A Liberal sees classes of people who are granted excuses for lack of success, happiness, and wealth not because of lack of dedication or personal responsibility, but because such things are "too hard" and "the system" is rigged against them ever achieving anything. Think on it.
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@SeekSomethingMore I can answer this question.
American politics (and, more generally, global politics) can be divided into two camps, called the Left and the Right.
Rightist polices include reasonable freedom, self-determination, self-governance, small government, free-market economics, few taxes, few laws, and an innately limited government. Conservatives and Libertarians fall on this side.
Leftist platitudes include big powerful government, nanny-state, "we know best" censorship, socialist/communist economics, taxes as high as are necessary, fascist ideology, and people's dependence upon government for their lives to function. Democrats fall on this side, and it has moved more and more Left during the past 50 years. 50 years ago, socialism and communism were widely recognized evils but today that has changed, due to lack of honest and respectable education.
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Article V
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
Amendment I (15 Dec 1791)
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
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I grew up near a relatively tame bridge over the Missouri river, but it was one of those narrow bridges with the see-thru deck that sounded terrible to drive on and was scary if you're afraid of heights. It left an impression to induce at least a little apprehension about all bridges. As I got older, that faded mostly away. The childhood bridge was replaced with a nice, wider concrete version. Years later I found myself driving over an earthen dam which happens to hold back the largest lake in the state. I was driving on the berm side, and there was about a foot off the cement at the edge of the roadway to a lackluster cable barrier, and a foot after that...nothing. Couldn't see the slop of the berm, couldn't really see anything, except the ground level far below. I was surprised when I more-or-less panicked. I could, maybe, manage 15 miles per hour (speed limit 60), but I did get across. I noted afterwards that, had I been going the other direction in the other lane, I probably would have been fine since the water surface was a lot closer to the roadway and the rip-rap looked good.
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@Ironbuket
In typical DC wiring, yes, Red is (+) and Black is (–). In most automobiles, the frame (or frame ground) is negative. There is no neutral, but there could be if you connected two batteries or cells in series and had a third connection between them (e.g. here the + and – are connected). Electrons are negatively charged, so they are drawn to the positive terminal. May be weird to think about at first, but it's accurate.
With AC, there is no polarity, so (+) and (–) doesn't apply. Thus, wiring colors are pretty arbitrary. In North America, any wire color that is not white, gray, green, or bare should be considered a Hot. And a "hot" conductor is one that is not grounded. If it's grounded, then it is conducting current in the circuit, but it also is at the same voltage potential as the Earth.
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A "Hot" or "live" wire is a conductor that isn't grounded. That can be earth ground, or frame/chassis ground. The term "hot" is not usually used with isolated DC circuits, although it can be. The majority of direct current (DC) systems people are familiar with are (–) ground, but (+)-ground systems exist, too. It doesn't really matter, as long as it's known and consistent within a system. Polarity matters in DC. Alternating current (AC) does not have static polarity, so the idea of (+) and (–) doesn't apply. Either a conductor is grounded, or it isn't. Remember that electricity only flows in a complete loop, called a circuit. If there is no complete loop, then electricity will not flow. DC always flows in a persistent direction, but AC changes back and forth (alternates polarity) and this happens throughout the entire circuit (not just the "hot wire").
Atoms cannot get a "surplus of protons." Atoms want to be neutral, which means a balance of protons (+) and electrons (—). Atoms can become unbalanced by temporarily losing or gaining electrons, and such atoms are called ions. Atoms can only gain protons by nuclear fusion, which is what happens in the core of the Sun, or nuclear decay. "Hot" or "live" conductors are special only because they are the parts of the circuit which are isolated from the grounded path. There is no voltage potential between the grounded conductor and the ground system itself because they're connected together. The "hot" or "live" is switched/fused because it's a lot easier to further isolate what is already isolated. Plus, it reduces further problems and dangers of accidentally interrupted neutrals. Not all AC circuits have a "neutral" as that really derives from the middle tap of a secondary winding on a transformer.
A power source works by inducing a voltage potential in a conductor through a complete circuit. On a battery, the positive terminal isn't more or less "active" than the negative terminal. The two terminals just have opposite roles. One is going to accept electrons, and the other is going to donate them. 9V or -9V is still 9 volts of potential, no matter how you measure it. No one terminal of a power source is "more important" than another, because there still has to be a loop.
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@kal9001
Yep. Much safer to have a carefully-controlled "hot" and assume everything else is the same potential (ground, or negative).
@Pqrst Zxerty
Most general DC power source wiring is red and black, so by that logic, the white wire should be black, too. But, remember, that (+) is only the red wire in (–) ground systems. In reality, the black wire represents (chassis) ground, and the red wire represents not-ground. So, in a (+)-ground system, the (+) would be the black wire. So, the video is more-correct on that point, even if it's just something most people are not used to. Excepting it's a white wire, not black. I think it would be less confusing if the (+) and red/black wires were employed as usual, and the current was still just shown to flow (–) to (+).
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@RsRj-qd2cg Impacting a vehicle will slow down a train some, but different trains take longer to stop than others. The main factors are the speed of the train and the weight of the train. Passenger trains, like this one, tend to be faster but lighter. Freight trains can be a mix of empty and loaded wagons, and are heavier. Most trains aim to go as fast as they can on their section of track because time is money.
There are several different types of brakes on a train. The main brakes are operated by air pressure from the lead locomotive(s). When the brake line is pressurized, the brakes turn off. The train driver (engineer) can adjust this pressure to engage the brakes as needed based on the terrain and conditions of the track. In an emergency, or if the brake line is severed (such as two train cars separating from each other because of a broken coupler or the like), the brake pressure drops to zero very quickly, and this causes all the brakes on all the wagons to engage as quickly as possible. This alone can cause the train to derail, because it's an uncontrolled braking sequence. While emergency brakes can be engaged at any moment, most train crews will not do so until collision is imminent because of the risk of a possible serious derailment.
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Static electricity doesn't work the same as the electricity we generate with batteries and power plants. It's still a "flow of electrons" but that's about all they have in common.
When you use a power source, you're setting up a prolonged voltage potential between the terminals on that power source. For example, a 12 volt battery will have a 12 volt difference between the + and – terminals. That difference is maintained as long as the chemicals in the battery can.
When you rub a balloon on your hair, you're not creating or using a prolonged power source. You're causing electrons to be casually shed from one object onto another. This happens because all objects are "solid" because electrons (like charges) repel each other. The rubbing increases the chance that this electron-electron interaction will cause some loosely-held electrons to be ejected into the other material. Atoms want to stay neutral, after all, so when those few electrons leave, the atoms left behind become slightly positive. A static electric discharge is simply the return of those extra electrons back to where they belong.
As air molecules move around, they rub together, and rub against the Earth, they transfer electrons just like your hair and the balloon do. Lighting is the static discharge between the charged air molecules and the Earth.
So, in way, you can think of static electricity as a "flow of electrons back to its source (source atoms)," but it's more of a quick neutralization...not the sustained flow we typically think of as electricity.
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The "hot" and "neutral" are not swapping places. Remember that a "hot" or "live" wire is a conductor that is not grounded. The neutral is not only the center-tap out of the transformer, but it also is grounded.
Remember that a battery has a static polarity. (+) is always positive, and (–) is always negative. The only way to reverse a circuit is to take the battery out and hook it in backwards. But, that is basically what AC does, 50-60 times a second. At one moment of AC, the "hot" may be (+) and the neutral would be (–). A few milliseconds later, the "hot" would then become (–) and the neutral is (+). And a few milliseconds after that, they switch back. The switch back and forth is not instantaneous. If you graph it out, it is a beautiful sine wave.
It is not important to know what the polarity of the circuit is, because it doesn't matter—it's constantly changing. It is only important to know which conductors are grounded. And then, if more than one conductor is not grounded, which is which (e.g. multiple phases).
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In most residential situations, you are using non-metallic-sheathed "Romex" cable. You don't have a choice of wire colors. NM-2 cable is Black and White; NM-3 is Black, White, Red, BNM-4 is Black, White, Red, Blue (or Black, White w/black stripe, Red, White w/red stripe). You have to use the wire colors you have as efficiently (e.g. cheaply) as possible.
When the white wire is NOT acting as a neutral, it's supposed to have the black markings on it at each end. In that situation, it's another hot wire, not a neutral.
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@RRW359 Well, for one thing, it would be the government "restricting" the government... which is not what the Constitution does or intends at all. The idea this is a "First Amendment" issue is thus preposterous.
Second of all, all of our rights have reasonable limitations. You don't have unlimited free speech—you can't incite a riot, or yell FIRE and cause a panic, or libel or slander someone, or lie under oath, or lie to the police, etcetera.
Third, states are not entities in the same manner that people or corporations are.
Forth, the context in this video is pretty misconstrued. The "1100 page document" is actually the latest revision of the FHWA-created standards manual for all road signs, pavement markings, traffic signals, etcetera. Without this standards manual, STOP signs could look different in each state, Red might mean stop in one state but go in another, and road construction zones would probably be a chaotic lottery of survival. The actual pertinent section of this (legally binding) standards manual with regard to these signs is 10 pages long.
Fifth, since the creation of this standards manual in 1935, states have been pretty eager to follow it because traffic engineers (who also wrote the manual) know that most drivers are morons and need consistency and lots of hand-holding. Safer roads are better for everyone. But, of course, if that's not good enough for your state (looking at you, California), each state can craft its own version of the standards manual to follow as long as it's "substantially conformant" with the federal one. At the time I write this, 10 states have written their own standards manuals, and 22 have adopted the federal one with minor revisions via supplement.
Sixth, if you actually go and read the pertinent parts of the Manual (which anyone can download and read for himself), you'll learn that it largely mandates:
– text must be succinct and to the point, and abbreviations must be approved ones;
– sign message text must be of appropriate color and size;
– animation, flashing, or other transition effects are not allowed;
– such signs are intended to display immediately-pertinent control, guide, or warning information to motorists;
– no static text or manufacturer logos or names are allowed on the face of the sign;
– state agencies using these signs must have a developed policy on their use;
– special messages such as for AMBER alerts, civil defense, homeland security, emergency status may be displayed but must not supplant important traffic information;
– messages conveying product or services advertising, or (for example) reminders to renew your driver's license, get vaccinated, attend church, or water your plans are strictly forbidden;
– messages promoting safety campaigns are allowed as long as do not supplant important traffic information;
– all messages should be carefully worded to provide the clearest meaning to the most people; two phrases of up to three lines of text are maximum; abbreviations should be avoided where space allows full words.
Finally, this standards manual has historically represented concise and just rulemaking, probably some of the best and most effective by the federal government. You can thank a traffic engineer.
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AnantaSesaDas - This video is an adequate but very basic explanation about why three-phase power exists and how the phases work. Most homes and some businesses are only supplied with one phase. It doesn't matter which phase is used, but as Joe Meso points out, the power company will want to keep the loads on the phases as balanced as is practical.
The distribution of three phase power is more complicated than shown in the video. Usually, the phases are interconnected in some way, creating what's called a "delta" or a "wye" circuit. "Delta" circuits require four wires, and are the most common power line configuration you'll see that are not transmission lines. In these circuits, the voltage potential across the three phases and to the fourth neutral wire is usually not equal. 240/208/240 volt three-phase service is common. Higher voltages are also around, but note that one of the voltages is not the same. Here it matters knowing which phase has a different voltage, so "random" won't work.
In the U.S., the wires coming into your home are not phases like this. Instead, one high voltage phase is fed into a transformer which steps down the voltage to 240 volts. But the transformer's output has what's called a "center tap" which means a third wire is connected to the middle of the output winding of the transformer. This means that the original, full winding of the transformer is still 240 volts, but the voltage across the middle wire to either of the other two is 120 volts. This requires three wires into your home. Your grandpa's house does not have 240 volt service at all.
In a building with three phase service like described above, there may be secondary transformers in the building to convert the three-phase power to regular 240/120 volt service for lights and regular electrical equipment.
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Your first paragraph is correct. The neutral essentially does double-duty. Because the voltage and polarity are constantly changing in alternating current, AC current is not as much of a demand on a conductor as DC is. The shared neutral can do double duty because both of the two hot wires are out of phase with each other.
Neutral versus ground is not too complicated. The first thing to remember is a circuit does NOT need a ground to work. All circuits are a complete loop, or path from the source, through the loop, and back to the source. AC or DC, makes no difference. All a complete loop. More complex circuits will have many branches and diversions, but it's still a bit loop. No complete loop, no current flows anywhere. You can think of it like the blood vessels in your body. They are just a big, complex loop. The major vessels carry a lot of blood, but they branch into smaller and smaller ones, only to come back together into larger ones and go back to your heart—the power source.
This means every basic circuit needs only two wires. One going from the source, and one going back to it. Usually the two wires are kept relatively close to one another, for safety and convenience, but they don't HAVE to be. A while back it was realized that it was safer if one of those wires is connected to the Earth. This eliminates the voltage potential between it and the ground, so it can't shock you. It still carries the same current as part of the circuit, however. But no matter what voltage it's at at that moment, the voltage difference is always the same as the ground, since it's connected to it. That means one of the wires is grounded (or earthed), and the other is ungrounded.
It was then realized that metal chassis and other equipment parts could become the same voltage difference as that other ungrounded conductor when they're not supposed to. If that happens, a person could touch those parts and form a new circuit path through his body and back to the ground or grounded conductor. So, it was decided to connect all those metal parts to each other and the Earth too. That way, if any of those parts got energized, the power would be easily taken down to the earth, back through the ground connection to the grounded conductor, and then back to the source. This would likely cause a short circuit (complete path with little resistance), resulting in a rapid overcurrent and a fuse or circuit breaker blowing. The wire that connects all the metal parts that should never carry current together is called the grounding conductor, or ground. The grounding conductor should never carry current except when something is wrong... and then, ideally, only for a brief period.
The neutral is the common conductor in your first paragraph, which is also grounded. The wire actually connecting it to the ground is the ground wire. The neutral is a required part of the circuit because it normally carries current. The ground carries current only when something is wrong, as a safety feature. Additionally, that neutral is only grounded at one spot: the main disconnect after the transformer. This prevents bad current interplay between the neutral and grounding, system which can happen otherwise.
Polarized plugs do not provide a ground connection. Since they have only two prongs, there is no ground prong. Remember, I said above that a ground wire is not required... only the two circuit wires are needed. What polarized plugs do do is make some electrical equipment safer, when it's important that the grounded conductor (the neutral) be connected in certain ways. A lamp is a good example. The screw base of a light bulb socket should always be the grounded neutral, never the "hot" wire. Polarized plugs ensure that's the case.
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OMG. So many clueless, insane, or evil cammers in this one. I almost can't take it!
1:20 #4 Watching a guy pee is kinda... weird... but stopping to pee on the freeway itself is weird. Not only is it inappropriate, but it's surely illegal.
1:45 #5 You are a jacksass!! And a menace. Surrender your license and never drive again.
3:15 #9 Yeah, it IS your fault, cammer. Your lane ENDS, which means you merge or yield to the lane that does not end.
3:40 #11 That's not how roundabouts work. You were in the wrong lane, idiot.
5:22 #16.1 And you didn't slow down why? You let him hit you!!
6:18 #17 I could see those cars running the light, why couldn't you? You should have known what was going to happen seconds before it did, and you would have had plenty of time to slow down safely. And you're not sitting at another red light.
6:23 Odd US-style Keep Right sign in NB, Canada.
6:56 #19 Defensive driving means expecting this type of thing to happen. React before the fact!!
7:22 #20 This is why you don't follow too close. Two seconds is considered a good rule. You were following less than one second behind the car in front of you.
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The term ground-fault does have a technical meaning, not quite explained in the video. As electricity must always flow in a loop that we call a circuit, a ground fault is when circuit current leaks onto or passes through the grounding system.
The grounding system represents the electrical potential of the Earth itself, and everything not insulated from it. If you're standing on the ground, especially if you're not wearing rubber shoes, then you're the same electrical potential as the Earth. The third prong—the round one you see on these receptacles—is the ground prong, or earth prong. That ground connection allows other things to be connected to the same electrical potential as the Earth. Take the metal shell of a toaster, for instance. If that shell is insulated from the Earth potential, then should an energized wire in the toaster touch the shell, the shell will be come fully energized. Should you happen to touch that energized shell, then ZAP! But, if the metal shell is connected to the Earth's potential, then a ground fault will occur. That ground fault will cause the circuit breaker to sense an overload or a GFCI/RCD to trip, and that will happen before you even have the chance to touch it.
This all happens because one of the wires in a utility power circuit is almost always connected to the Earth, too. In the US and Canada, the neutral wire is connected to the Earth, so they share the same voltage potential. When a ground fault occurs, a secondary circuit is completed through the grounding system, which is what causes the circuit breaker overload or GFCI/RCD to trip.
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@andreasbayer In the United States, dark traffic signals that are NOT covered will always mean STOP, the same as a STOP sign. When covered, it indicates they are not in use and can be ignored. Of course, it's very difficult to tell if they're covered versus dark at a distance, and if it's nighttime it's impossible to tell.
Regular traffic signals in the US should never be completely dark. There are only two exceptions to this. When regular traffic signals need to go out of use, they switch to a flashing state. Flashing amber means proceed with caution, and Flashing Red means STOP like a STOP sign.
The two exceptions for signals being dark are 1) new pedestrian crosswalk signals called Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons or High-Intensity Activated crossWalK (HAWK) signals, which are normally-dark, and ramp meter signals, which may be dark when not in use. But neither of these are regular traffic signals, either.
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There's a bit of a nomenclature problem in this video. The electrical circuits surely did have circuit breakers [MCBs] installed. Basic circuit breakers are not lifesaving devices, but protect from short-circuit, overload, and possible subsequent fires. The device pictured in the video which could have averted the water-related tragic incident, is a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) [or RCD]. The item pictured is not a circuit breaker, but GFCI protection is available incorporated into circuit breakers as well.
Electrical circuits must be circular. No power can flow unless a complete circuit exists from the power source (like a pump) back and around to itself. Electrical sockets typically have 2 or 3 pins, and 2 of those pins are the two sides of that circuit loop. If a third pin is present, it's an earthing or grounding pin. A GFCI works by monitoring the power going through the two sides of the circuit loop. The amount of electricity going out through one side of the loop should always be the same as what's coming back. If there is a discrepancy, then there's a "leak" somewhere, and the device immediately turns off the power. American GFCIs can do this in an extremely quick manner with very little leakage, and can literally save your life if the "leak" is going through you.
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@cw4091 There are several things we can try. Voting does not quell tyranny, so elections—as already shown to be rigged and illegal—are hopeless at this point.
Step 1: Article V Convention of States. We The People are supposed to be the term limits and the controls on our government, but we're not. Career politicianism is toxic and immoral.
Step 2: Convene an Extraconstitutional Convention of Governmental Recourse. This would work probably similarly to a Convention of States, but with the goal to decide whether the federal government should be outright dissolved as provided for in the Declaration of Independence. This committee should outline the tyranny and abuses suffered by the states just as the Declaration did. It must prove prudence. Our right to alter or abolish our own government cannot be infringed. The Declaration is not a legal document, per se, but we would not have a country without it, and it clearly reinforces this right that even eclipses the Constitution. The tricky part of this is establishing a new government with the same level of wisdom our founding fathers had.
Step 3: Red Day. A revolution or coup. This would be extremely disappointing, tricky, and messy. But, ideally, the same goal as Step #2.
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Quote Section 1B.01:
The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD) is incorporated by reference in 23 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 655, Subpart F and shall be recognized as the national standard for all traffic control devices installed on any street, highway, bikeway, or site roadway open to public travel (see definition in Section 1C.02) in accordance with 23 U.S.C. 109(d) and 402(a).
In accordance with 23 CFR 655.603(a), the MUTCD shall apply to all of the following types of facilities:
A. Any street, roadway, or bikeway open to public travel, either publicly or privately owned;
B. Streets and roadways on sites that are off the public right-of-way that are open to public travel without full-time access restrictions. Examples include roadways within shopping centers, office parks, airports, sports arenas, other similar business and/or recreation facilities, governmental office complexes, schools, universities, recreational parks, and other similar publicly-owned complexes and/or recreation facilities. The above-described examples of streets and roadways are referred to in this Manual as site roadways open to public travel;
C. Publicly-owned toll roads, including those under the jurisdiction of a public agency, public authority, or public-private partnership;
D. Privately-owned toll roads where the public is allowed to travel without access restriction. This includes gated toll roads or roadways where the general public is able to pay to access the facility; and
E. Grade crossings of publicly-owned roadways with railroads or light rail transit.
The MUTCD shall not apply to the following types of facilities:
A. Roadways within private gated properties where access to the general public is restricted at all times;
B. Grade crossings of privately-owned roadways with railroads; and
C. Parking areas, including the driving aisles within those parking areas, that are either publicly or privately owned.
(end quote)
The short answer is: Money. No compliance, no federal improvement project money.
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I think you don't grasp the costs of things, especially when government and "safety" are involved. The "Big Green Signs" over the interstate that tell you how many miles away your exit is, or which lane to be in for a particular exit, those alone are tens of thousands of dollars (depending on how many signs/panels each one actually needs and whether they're free standing or attached to another structure such as a bridge). The fancy, permanent, variable message signs are going to probably start at 50K and could easily be over three times that.
As newer ones are LED-based, they don't take that much power to operate. Whether they need to operate continuously or only when critically needed is a separate argument that can be had. But there is also an ongoing cost for maintenance, testing, and then the people that actually configure and operate them.
But, waste of money? Every situation is different. I remember as a child in the early 80s there were smaller versions of these around, and they all disappeared by the mid 90s. Nowadays, bigger fancier versions are all over roads (literally) everywhere. They can provide critical timely information for drivers, such as suggesting to exit because there's a huge accident ahead, or that the road is closed, or something else unexpected and unanticipated awaits. I imagine some of these installations are more-useful for this purpose than others. The ones not as usual would be a waste of money.
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@John McDonnell
To expand on Steven's answer a bit...
Yes, DC circuits usually have Black as negative (assuming that's the chassis or ground), and the other color (usually Red) as positive. The battery circuits in this video are not designed to be illustrative of DC circuit practices, but merely to compare the straightforwardness of a simple DC circuit to how simple a home AC circuit is. DC circuits do not typically have a "neutral" and it's just best to not take that section of the video too literally.
AC wiring in homes and businesses generally has different conductors (wires) with three different roles:
— grounded conductors
— grounding conductors
— hot (or live) conductors.
Electricity must flow in a closed loop called a circuit. One wire goes from the power source to the lamp, and the other wire goes from the lamp back to the power source. Both conductors carry the current. If you also connect one of those conductors to the Earth, then you erase any voltage difference between that conductor and the Earth. This is called grounding the conductor, and that conductor becomes a groundED conductor. The wire connecting that conductor to the Earth is called the groundING conductor. In fact, any other parts such as a chassis or whatnot can also be connected to the Earth through a grounding conductor. This just leaves the "hot" conductors, which really is just any conductor that is not grounded.
In the United States, you can generally assume:
— grounded conductors (White or Light Gray)
— grounding conductors (bare, or Green, or Green/yellow)
— hot (or live) conductors (Any other color).
In the United States, Black is usually used as the primary "hot" line, Red as the secondary, and Blue as the tertiary. When three voltage phases are involved (meaning the alternating polarity changes at different times) there can be alternate color schemes in place.
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@MrThelittleguy903 That isn't how the legal system works. The legal system may have failed here (multiple times), but every person innocent-until-proven-guilty of a crime deserves legal defense. The whole point of our legal system is to act as a tug of war under the assumption that the truth will be revealed and a righteous outcome will happen the majority of the time. It isn't perfect, but it's a far better system than one where the prosecution or defense automatically fail because of wilful incompetence. In short: do not blame good attorneys for doing their best as required by moral and legal obligation.
I believe in rule of law, despite how pathetic, ineffectual, and overpowered our systems sometimes are. I do not support capital punishment, because our justice system is too flawed for an outcome too permanent, as well as I don't believe killing is one thing our governments should be doing while telling us not to do. I also do not support mob rule, and I detest groupthink and herd mentality.
But I also support righteousness and justice, and what this town did for its greater good seems righteous in my eyes. If you commit a crime, you are taking your own life into your hands. This is one reason the Second Amendment is so important. The right to defend one's self against grievous harm or worse is paramount to a free society, because not everyone in society is of sound mind and good intentions. I hope all gun owners hope to never need to use their weapons to defend themselves all the while being prepared to do so if called to.
Mr. McElroy seems to have been a terrible person, with no redeeming qualities, and I suspect most people know of at least one such person. "The town bully" is an apt title, and it's no wonder the hopeful and patient people of Skidmore could only take so much.
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Electricity always flows in a closed loop called a circuit. The lower resistance there is to that flow, the more current flows. At 8:14, he shows current flowing in the circuit, but there isn't any current flowing through the outlet because nothing is plugged into it. The potential is there (120 volts) but no current flows because there's no complete loop there.
The person then touches the "hot" terminal of the outlet. This can create a complete circuit from the hot wire, through the person, to the ground system, and back to the source. The amount of current that flows depends on all of the resistance offered throughout that circuit, including the resistance of other loads on the circuit (other outlets with things plugged in, lights, etc.), the resistance of the person's body, the ground or other surfaces he's touching, etc. It's mentioned that the person is barefoot and that the ground he's standing on is wet. Pure (distilled) water does not conduct electricity, but water is also really good at dissolving minerals and metals that will allow it to conduct electricity. Only as much current will flow as the worst conducting piece of the circuit will allow.
Electrocution is death by electric shock. In order for a shock to be fatal, it has to disrupt your heart's ability or desire to beat. That really depends on the voltage (how easy it is for the electric current to overcome the body's inherent resistance; dry skin, for example, conducts poorly) and where through the body the current travels.
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