Comments by "Sebastian Nolte" (@sebastiannolte1201) on "Feli from Germany"
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By the party. They made lists (which are public of course) and then the seats are staffed from the top to the list down to the bottom. So the higher somebody is on the list, the more likely he is to go into the Bundestag.
But actually that is only half the truth, it is more complex. So the founders of our system thought that it still makes sense to vote for a certain candidate that represents your area (like it is in may other countries). So you actually you have two votes: the first one for a candidate and the second one for a party. The candidate in the first vote can also be independent and doesn't have to be member of a party, and he gets the seat in any case, if he gets the most votes in his area (like in many other countries)
But:
a) There are only half as much voting areas (and so only direct candidates) than seats in the Bundestag
b) at the end still the percentage that the party gets in the second vote counts
So that means, that the candidate of the first vote definitly gets a seat in the Bundestag, but it doesn't influence the distribution of the party. So let's say that a party gets 100 seats according to the second vote, and in 70 voting areas the direct candidate of this party also wins the first vote. Then the first 70 of the 100 seats are staffed with the direct candidates, and the rest 30 seats are filled according to the lists that I mentioned at the beginning.
But that leads to a problem that becomes bigger since the more parties come into the parliament. In the past most people either voted for SPD or CDU/CSU (so the big "left" and the big "right" party), and some for the FDP. For the first vote usually only the big parties have a chance to win. Meanwhile the "big parties" are not that big anymore and there are several parties in the parliament. But for the first vote the direct candiate with the most votes gets the seat, no matter if he wins with 70 % of the votes or with 30% of the votes. That means that the The big parties still get all the direct seats, although they don't get so many seats according to the second vote. So let's say form my former example a party still wins 70 direct candidates from the first vote, but only 60 seats according to the distribution based on the second vote. The solution: We increas the parliament... So all 70 direct candidates get their seat, but the other parties get more seats, so that at the end the distribution of the seats again fits to the second vote. To stop the increase of the Bundestag decided for a reform, so that not all direct candidate has the guarantee to get into the parliament, but only when they go enough seats according to the second vote. That is very controversial among some parties who see that as unfair, I am not sure if it wll stay that way.
Seems complicated? Yes. And I am sure that also many of my German fellas don't understand it. And don't exactly know what the first and the second vote mean. Most people just vote for the party anyway, with both votes. And actually if the direct candidate in your area is quite famous in the party, then he is also usually on the top of the list, so he doesn't need the direct vote to get into the Bundestag. And I also always wonder where is even the point in the first vote. We don't have this strong connection to "our candidate", so that represents my area. Most don't even know their name, they don't really care. I sometimes think you can make a split like: "I vote for the SPD and don't like the CDU, so the second vote goes to the SPD. But the CDU candidate in my area is a nice and humble guy, so I vote for him, because then at least I can influence that the seats of the CDU are staffed with good CDU-guys".
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