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Most people are surprised to learn that, just as the surface of the Earth is not flat, the surface of the ocean is not flat, and that the surface of the sea changes at different rates around the globe. For instance, the absolute water level height is higher along the West Coast of the United States than the East Coast.
You may have heard the term “global sea level,” which refers to the average height of all of the Earth's ocean basins. "Global sea level rise" refers to the increase in the average global sea level trend.
"Local sea level" refers to the height of the water measured along the coast relative to a specific point on land. Tide stations measure local sea level. "Relative sea level trends" reflect changes in local sea level over time. This relative change is the one most critical for many coastal applications, including coastal mapping, marine boundary delineation, coastal zone management, coastal engineering, sustainable habitat restoration design, and the general public enjoying their favorite beach. I hope this clears up your ignorance.
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There is no need to trace or follow the money anywhere. If you read the productivity commission report 2017 it fully explains where that money was spent. It went on defence, foreign aid, roads, Medicare, health, education, welfare payments, child care payments, industry assistance, NDIS, in fact everything the government spends on you. All the productivity commission report did you take the entire federal budget from 2017 approximately $560 billion and proportionally divide it by the indigenous population (which I might add it mistakenly took to be only 500000 as opposed to the last census which was approximately 618000). The whole thing is a crock of shit and is being used by racists to trick people like you into thinking exactly what your comment said. And it worked you have been completely fooled. Read the productivity commission report yourself.
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This $33 billion figure that is routinely thrown around comes from a 2016 productivity commission report that was quoted by Warren Mundine in an interview a few tears ago. It has been throughly debunked. What the productivity commission did was on a proportional basis of all government spending to total indigenous population. It includes all federal monies spent on Defence, DFAT, Foreign aid, industry assistance and subsidies, public roads, public hospitals, public schools, universities, Medicare, NDIS, absolutely everything that the government also spends on you. It is literally an idiotic figure to use in an a discussion on the voice and constitutional recognition. What is your real motive for using a false and throughly debunked funding figure, because it is a lie. Why are you lieing?
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@klaasdykstra8127 Yours or my political opinion has nothing to do with energy production, and obliviously the production of anything be it a solar panel, a wind tower, a gas turbine, or a coal fired plant takes resources and adds a certain quantity of CO2 into the atmosphere and financial cost. You may or may not care about the levels of CO2 and the effect it is having on unnaturally warming the planet and in regard to energy production it is now almost irrelevant as renewable power production is already significantly cheaper than burning fossil fuels. Where I live it is a simple fact wind power is way cheaper than a coal power. Where I live you can't get anyone to invest in fossil fuel power, the free market has decided this, not governments. I understand this varies country to country and China and India still use vast amounts of coal even they are both investing heavily in renewables as they have proven to be cheaper. If all you are concerned with is cheap reliable power and care about nothing else then just step aside you have nothing to worry about. There is also depending on how it is done cheap safe SMR coming onto the market. The obsession with burning coal for electricity is just old thinking, and surely you understand it will run out eventually, turning to renewables now is just the commonsense thing to do both for cost and reliability. By the way your comment contained two fallacies an ad hominem and a strawman, by attacking me personally and suggesting we stop flying or eating meat which I did not even suggest, your entire argument is illogical.
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@anthonystenhouse9584 WTF have you even got the remotest of a clue.
Origin Energy, Eraring plant, reduced capacity
AGL, Bayswater plant, off-line due to maintenance
AGL, Loy Yang A plant, off-line due to technical issues
AGL, Liddell plant, one unit off-line due to unplanned maintenance
Callide Energy, Callide plant, off-line due to fire.
That is a total of approximately 9000 megawatts of coal powered electricity unavailable.
Are you being wilfully ignorant or deliberately obtuse
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Sea level is the base level for measuring elevation and depth on Earth.
Because the ocean is one continuous body of water, its surface tends to seek the same level throughout the world. However, winds, currents, river discharges, and variations in gravity and temperature prevent the sea surface from being truly level.
So the surface of the ocean can be used as a base for measuring elevations, the concept of "local mean sea level" has been developed. In the United States and its territories, local mean sea level is determined by taking hourly measurements of sea levels over a period of 19 years at various locations, and then averaging all of the measurements.
The 19-year period is called a Metonic cycle. It enables scientists to account for the long-term variations in the moon's orbit. It also averages out the effects of local weather and oceanographic conditions.
Sea level is measured in relation to the adjacent land. Just like the ocean, the elevation of land may rise and fall over time. For example, the tremendous weight of a glacier on land pushes the land down, closer to sea level. That same land bounces back (a process called postglacial rebound) if the ice retreats, or melts, and its weight is removed.
Local mean sea-level measurements are a combination of sea-level variations and movement of the land. Again I hope this helps as this is common public knowledge. If you wish, I could reference you thousands of published peer reviewed scientific papers that show this is an observable phenomenon. Or remain ignorant,your choice.
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@JOHNSMITH-if9jr See if you can read the following;
We hereby make protest'
On January 26 1938, while many Australians celebrated the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the landing of the First Fleet, a group of Aboriginal men and women gathered at Australia Hall in Sydney. They had come together to continue a struggle that had begun 150 years previously. They met to move the following resolution:
‘WE, representing THE ABORIGINES OF AUSTRALIA, assembled in conference at the Australian Hall, Sydney, on the 26th day of January, 1938, this being the 150th Anniversary of the Whiteman's seizure of our country, HEREBY MAKE PROTEST against the callous treatment of our people by the whitemen during the past 150 years, AND WE APPEAL to the Australian nation of today to make new laws for the education and care of Aborigines, we ask for a new policy which will raise our people TO FULL CITIZEN STATUS and EQUALITY WITHIN THE COMMUNITY.’
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@soberpickle8195 80% of the crystalline silicon, the electric junction box, glass, plastics, and as you already mentioned the aluminium. ECOACTIV, Canterbury, Victoria. Everything we construct requires resources, however I have read studies that show carbon emissions over the full term or life of the particular renewable are considerably less than fossil fuels, except for nuclear. Nuclear gets expensive due to its regulation costs. I understand your point about anything that consumes resources is not truely renewable, so when I refer to renewables I speak of Hydro, solar, wind, geo-thermal, not coal and gas. Yes at the moment fossil fuel is being used to construct renewable infrastructure but as more and more renewable energy production comes on line it will be renewable energy building renewable infrastructure so less and less carbon emissions. Waste batteries are definitely a problem, however there are companies in Australia that recycle them. I have read articles and studies that show although electric vehicles do cost more and produce more carbon at manufacture Over the term of its use electric work out cheaper and cleaner. You seem to be very doom and gloom, but the future is bright, thanks for your questions.
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@gooble69 There is no argument illegal border crossings are at 20 year highs, however US customs and border protection data has Trumps third year in office with significantly higher illegal entries than all of the Obama years. I certainly agree Trump signed a surrender document with the Taliban and handed Afghanistan back. Your comment about potential threats is subjective at best and lacks data, but Trump certainly didn't commit the US to any conflicts during his tenure. Your comment about the economy is demonstratively false. Obama's job growth and economic growth were both higher than Trumps as has been Bidens. I have no idea where you get your data, but mine comes from the US department of commerce and uses the same measurements for all three administrations. Again according to US unemployment rates where under Trump it was down to 3.5% in Dec 2019 under Biden it was 3.5% in Sep 2022. Unemployment was certainly at historically low levels under Trump, but Biden has matched those levels, again your claim is false. The US achieved energy independence during the Obama administration, and Trump certainly maintained it, but again your claim is false. Your claim of more freedom is entirely yours and is very subjective, and it is certainly a good thing for you, but many people didn't feel more freedom under Trump. Trump certainly legislated a large tax cut, but he also at the same time increased the national debt proportionally far more than Obama did or Biden has. Obama's tax cut was larger and more targeted at working families than Trumps tax cut which was aimed directly at the rich.
I get my news from numerous sources left and right mainstream and social. I also research my data claims.
Your claims of Biden being measurably worse are just not supported by the Evidence. So as stated previously the data supports my assertions, Trump was a very average President who achieved little.
Trump V Biden? A sad choice, a elderly man clearly past his prime and the other an old man clearly deluded. It is such shame neither side won't put it a better candidate. Haley V Newsom sounds so much better. How good would 8 years of Nicky Haley as President be?
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@gooble69 I said not particularly successful and very average, I certainly agree Trump had some success and never denied this in any of my replies and I provided data to support this fact. I appreciate Trump had to deal with a pandemic, however you deny international influences to Biden. You can't have it both ways. Under Biden inflation is on a downward trend and Biden matched Trumps unemployment numbers. When Biden took office Trump had unemployment at 6.3%. It is a ridiculous argument to suggest Trumps employment numbers are better than Bidens whose Job creation numbers far exceed Trumps. But let's just factcheck Trumps numbers to Obamas numbers over their terms of office.
Jobs: Trump -2,876,000
Obama +11,572,000
unemployment:
Trump 6.3%
Obama 4.7%
S&P index:
Trump +67.8%
Obama +166%
Now I could go on and some of Trumps numbers are better than Obamas, but as clearly stated on numerous occasions when you look at the data there is nothing to suggest Trumps presidency was anything other than average, other than his record low unemployment rate which was already on a downward trend and which Biden has matched.
Yes I understand Trump made you feel good for whatever reasons, and you need to rationalise that feeling, but trying to do it with economic data of hard facts is not possible. Another thing Trump excelled at was the growth in his four years of renewable energy sources, the highest of any President, but coal mining jobs went backwards 8500, but then carbon emissions in the US fell 11.5% so theres swings and balances. US oil production increased under Trump but the trade deficit grew by 40.5% so again very average economic numbers.
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In 1770 Lieutenant James Cook claimed ownership of the east coast of Australia on behalf of Great Britain.
This claim was based on the concept of terra nullius, or land of nobody, whereby Britain assumed that Aboriginal people did not have any form of political organisation and therefore no leaders with the authority to sign treaties.
It meant in effect that, according to British law, Australia’s Indigenous population had no legitimate claim to the land on which they had lived for thousands of years.
In 1835 grazier and explorer John Batman used a treaty to buy land around Port Phillip Bay (present-day Melbourne) directly from its Aboriginal inhabitants.
However, Governor Bourke’s Proclamation of 10 October that year stated that people found dwelling on land without the authority of the government would be considered trespassers.
This proclamation quashed the treaty and codified the concept of terra nullius. Aboriginal people therefore could not sell land, nor could individuals acquire it, except directly through the Crown.
Four people standing in front of a statue of Lady Justice. - click to view larger image
From left: Dave Passi, Eddie Mabo, barrister Bryan Keon-Cohen and James Rice outside the Queensland Supreme Court, 1989
Challenging terra nullius
In May 1982 a group of Meriam from the Eastern Torres Strait including David Passi, Sam Passi, Celuia Mapo Salee and James Rice, led by Eddie Koiki Mabo, lodged a case with the High Court of Australia for legal ownership of the island.
Over a period of 10 years, 33 Meriam people, including the plaintiffs, generated 4,000 pages of transcripts of evidence.
The evidence presented included proof that the eight clans of Mer (Murray Island) have occupied clearly defined territories on the island for hundreds of years, and proved the continuity of custom on Mer.
The High Court resolved that the Supreme Court of Queensland should determine the parameters of the case.
While this decision was underway, the Queensland Parliament passed the Torres Strait Islands Coastal Islands Act 1985, which ‘extinguished without compensation’ any Torres Strait Islander claims to their traditional lands.
In February 1986, the Meriam challenged the legislation and in December 1988 the High Court ruled in the Mabo No. 1 case that the Act contravened the Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act 1975. This enabled the High Court to begin hearing Mabo No. 2, the Meriam’s land rights case.
On 3 June 1992, six of the seven judges agreed that the Meriam held traditional ownership of the lands of Mer. The decision led to the passing of the Native Title Act 1993, providing the framework for all Australian Indigenous people to make claims of native title.
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@PJRayment Well straight of the bat Peta Credlin has publicly admitted the Clean Energy bill was a emissions trading scheme that to his credit Abbott skilfully lied that it was a carbon tax, and people bought it.
2. Abbott claimed the Adani mine would create 10000 job when in fact by their own court testimony it is 1464.
3. When in opposition claimed the government debt to ratio at 12% was unacceptable then in government proceeded to increase it to 50%.
4. Lied about supporting the legal action against Pauline Hanson
5. Lied about meeting Cardinal Pell
6. Tax reform, Clean Energy bill, mining tax. Under Labor employment rose, inflation remained below that prior to the Clean energy act, and even below that of the previous Howard government and Abbott knew that. Just blatant lies.
6. Abbott claimed child immunisation rate fell under Labor. He Lied again.
7. A pre election commitment to no cuts for the ABC, a promise he immediately broke.
In one disastrous budget document new taxes were introduced, pension entitlements curbed, education funding slashed by $80 billion, and hospital funding trimmed. The Australian people en masse rejected his government in poll after poll, he never recovered.
Although a very effective opposition leader he and the PMO were a dysfunctional body that almost caused a one term government.
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@jeffappleton926 So yes I am aware of a very small yet vocal minority of indigenous leaders who are against a voice, and yet the vast majority of indigenous leaders are in favour. You are obviously ignorant of this fact so I will list them for you.
Marcia Langton, Megan Davis, Noel Pearson, Pat Turner, Pat Anderson, Ken Wyatt, Linda Burney, Marcus Stewart, Geraldine Atkinson, Pat Dodson, Dean Parkin, Thomas Mayor. And you have Jacinta Price and Lidia Thorpe. So my point about popularity is matched with legal and expert opinion that not only is it a good idea it is necessary. I ignored your strawman as I suggested or implied that a voice is infallible, that’s why the wording of the constitutional amendment maintains parliamentary supremacy. You are digging a deeper hole for yourself but please continue.
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@davegoldspink5354 You seem to be unable to understand plain speak. I didn't accuse you of deleting anything, all I said was I could not see your posts either in obviously the same way you don't seem to be able to see mine. So your fallacious strawman argument fails again. I have not deleted any of my comments. So once again aside from your continued childish rants and attempted personal slurs you have presented nothing again of any substance, just mindless opinion. The only state owned coal power is in Queensland and is still operating. No state government has closed a coal plant in recent years they are privately owned. The individual owner may have ceased operating them because they were to expensive to maintain. You are just factually wrong again. Exporting gas has been a massive financial gain for Australia in export dollars and infrastructure build creating thousands of jobs. Exporting gas has contributed to our increased wealth, you are factually wrong again. Mining revenues in Australia have tripled over the last ten years, you are factually wrong again. Agriculture exports were 15% of GDP last year and along with mining account for almost a 25% of our exports, you are factually wrong again. Over the last 50 years the percentage of our farming exports has dropped a little, but this is only because we are exporting more of other items like mining education, and health so on that point you are correct. Aside from the recession caused by covid the Australian economy has bounced back nicely as is currently 2.2% annually, you are factually wrong again. Recently we had a free and fair federal election and state elections without violence or fraud. Western democracy is safe and sound here in Australia. Thankfully, you are factually wrong again. Nice try but apart from your minor point on Agriculture where despite our exports massive growth as a proportion of exports total it has reduced a bit, there wasn't any other thing you got remotely correct. Have another go and do some research this time.
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@dontbeasheeple5883 Thankyou. Somebody finally took the bait. Mind you the figures quoted by the others don't match with the productivity commission report but I'll let that stupidity ride.
The 2017 productivity commission report has been fully debunked. The $33.4 billion figure includes all federal, state, and local government money proportionally spent on indigenous people as a percentage of the population. So every cent spent on roads, maintenance of council toilets, garbage removal, in fact everything the local council spends on services. Next, at state level your 33.4 billion figure includes all public money spent on public schools hospitals, police, railways, roads. At a federal level it includes money spent on Defence, industry assistance, DFAT, Medicare, NDIS. Your 33.4 billion number is a meaningless figure. You should have actually read the report like I did not just quote the figure off a media report you dimwit. I apologise I threw you a googly knowing full well you would think it was a leggie. You swung and missed and now you have been bowled out.
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the Constitution as finally adopted contained a clear power for the Commonwealth Parliament to legislate in a manner that discriminated on the basis of race, both as to immigrants coming into Australia, as well as to people (whether British subjects or otherwise) of a particular race already in Australia. There was an expectation that the new Commonwealth would use these wide powers to implement the ‘White Australia’ policy, which it proceeded to do. That Constitution contained, and still contains, a direct constitutional requirement to discriminate on the basis of race in certain voting matters. There was no contrary constitutional limitation in the nature of an equal protection clause or a non-discrimination clause on the basis of race or the like, either at the Commonwealth or the State level. And the Constitution left Aboriginal people entirely under the control of the States and their Parliaments, with freedom to enact State laws that discriminated against them or otherwise. A number of discriminatory laws on the basis of Aboriginal race were thereafter enacted by the States, followed later, when the Northern Territory became a territory of the Commonwealth in 1911, by similar Territory laws. Such a summary must, it is submitted, lead to the conclusion that the Constitution was designed to promote a race-based legal and social system in Australia.
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@dpitt1516 Hilarious, both the Arafura and F35 procurements were decisions by Liberal governments and you comically attempt to blame Labor, where do you do stand up, because you are genuinely funny. The current government has already sounded the US out about possibly procuring the B21 Raider bomber so that criticism is just unfounded. The E7A of which we have 6 has proven such a good platform that yes other countries are requesting we assist them and that provides vital operational experience to the crews, again that criticism is completely unfounded. The Taipan was another LNP government decision and while a good platform was not useful for SF, but again you can’t blame Labor. New aircraft as you rightly point out to replace out ARH and MRH capabilities are coming, can we have more, of course, but again these were ordered by a LNP government, blame Dutton.
While I’ll agree with you that we can always want more, there has been no degradation of our MBT or Artillery weapons systems in the last two years. As per the SDR a recommendation was made to reduce the amount of IFVs to be procured and while I disagree with this decision myself I understand it as resources needed to be allocated to strengthening the Navy.
The Hawkei is an excellent platform and to blame the Labor government for a manufacturing fault that has now been remedied under warranty is again just idiotic. While Labor can take some blame for the slow replacement of the Collins class the LNP bears significant responsibility for the chaos it has become. If you had any understanding of SSN construction in the west suggesting Labor could fix it in 2 years is again comedy gold.
I’m not sure what yelling achieves but a more coherent argument from yourself might help. Try using some facts.
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The solicitor-general is Australia’s second highest-ranking law officer, after the attorney-general. However, while the attorney-general is a political position filled by a member of parliament, the solicitor-general is independent. Their job is to provide independent legal advice to the government and represent the Commonwealth in legal proceedings.
The solicitor-general was asked to advise the government on two questions.
whether the proposed amendment is compatible with Australia’s system of government
and whether the proposed amendment gives parliament the power to decide the legal effect of any representation, or whether parliament and the executive are required to consider or follow those representations.
What does the advice say?
Question 1
The solicitor-general was very clear. The Voice “would not pose any threat” to our system of government. In fact, it would “enhance” our system.
Donaghue reached this conclusion for two reasons. First, the Voice does not alter the powers of parliament or government in any way. Section 129(2) makes clear the Voice has no veto. Section 129(2) also does not impose any obligation on parliament or the executive to consult with the Voice or follow its advice.
Second, more fundamentally, the Voice would remedy a “distortion” in our system of government. The solicitor-general explained that the Voice would help overcome “barriers that have historically impeded effective participation by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in political discussions and decisions that affect them”. In short, it would improve our democracy by ensuring Indigenous people can have their voices heard.
Question 2
The second question was directed at the scope of the Voice’s power. It asked whether the parliament or executive would be required to consider or follow representations made by the Voice.
Once again, the solicitor-general was very clear: the answer is no. Donaghue explained that although it would “plainly be desirable for the Executive Government to consider any representations that the Voice makes to it”, parliament has the ultimate say.
This means parliament could enact a law to require ministers or public servants take the advice of the Voice into account when making decisions. However, parliament could always amend or remove such a requirement. The Voice is subject to parliament
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@LieborSucksArse Pauline Hansen, Concetta Fierravanti-Wells, Julia Banks, Julie Bishop, Jaqui Lambie, Brittany Higgins, Linda Reynolds, Lucy Gichuhi, all have spoken about bullying behaviour by the PM, Liberal party politicians, and the party generally in the last few years. Where was your outrage then?
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@Ashergbonl There is evidence for complex social behaviours much earlier, however, including cremation before 40,000 years ago, personal ornamentation (shell beads) by 30,000 years ago, and long-distance trade in objects before 10,000 years ago. It has not yet been ascertained whether there were single or multiple waves of migration into Australia, although recent genetic evidence indicates multiple donor groups, whether from a single heterogeneous migration or multiple waves. While there is no doubt that only anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) have ever occupied Australia, skulls found in the southeast suggest to some the existence of two distinct physical types. However, most now accept that there was a wide range of variation in pre-European populations. It has also been argued that one group on the Murray River practiced a form of cosmetic cranial deformation that led to their different appearance. Some have posited that Aboriginal cultures have one of the longest deep-time chronologies of any groups on Earth
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@jokerman0000 That would make a little bit of sense if Vance wasn't Trump current running mate, but yes, you are correct again, Pence, McMaster, Kelly, Bolton, Esper, Barr, Mattis, Milley, Tillerson, Haley, Christie, Bossert, do you wish me to continue? Scaramucci described him as the domestic terrorist of the 21st century. I'll have cheese on that nothing burger.
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Republicans who have called Trump a threat to democracy or worse.
Pence, Barr, Mattis, Esper, Milley, Tillerson, Haley, Christie, McMaster, Bolton, Kelly, Mulvaney, Grisham, DeVos, Chao, Spencer, Bossert, Cobb, Griffin, Newman, Matthews and Hutchinson who called Trump a grave threat to democracy.
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Pence, Barr, Mattis, Esper, Milley, Tillerson, Haley, Christie, McMaster, Bolton, Kelly, Mulvaney, Grisham, DeVos, Chao, Spencer, Bossert, Cobb, Griffin, Newman, Matthews, Hutchison, are all Republicans who have criticised Trump.
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Dapper Canuck You seem to lack an understanding of how Australian defence policy works. Governments initiate and present white papers and the Minister then enacts this policy. From this policy procurement decisions are made that effect the defence of this country years into the future. This is a nuanced and complicated process, one I hope the new minister is up for I just have some doubts. The current Liberal government starting corporatising defence 25 years ago, so that wasn't my call. Secondly the decision to commit troops to a war is one for the Parliament ie the people of Australia. Current practice however has these decisions being made by the National Security committee, oh wait does that include the Minister for Foreign affairs, the treasurer, and a few others, none of them are diplomats by trade and I didn't suggest that, but you got your rant off, even if there was not an iota of fact in it, but I'm sure you feel better for it. Lastly a godless bigot, what does your god have anything to do with defence policy? Is he/she writing policy?
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@grannyannie6744 You have thrown a lot out there. So, firstly your personal details are of no interest to me and irrelevant in a discussion about religious freedom, which I maintain you have, as you have yet to provide any evidence of the contrary. The one incident you described I proved false. You are free to worship whoever you want in any manner, within the bounds of the secular law of the state, ie no stoning to death of children for being disobedient. Unbelievably you defended slavery, with all manner of apologist excuses for bible believing Christians. It was not Christians who ended slavery in the US it was a civil war that ended it, however the racism continued. Childcare has nothing to do with religious freedom and I have no idea why it was raised, but on a side note as you have, psychologists speak positively of the socialisation children gain in learning to interact with other children, it isn’t the hellhole picture you painted, but I am willing to agree some childcare centres may be performing below community expectations. Women have exactly the same rights as men no less no more. To suggest otherwise flys in the face of all logic. You are even exercising those rights now in this discussion, a right your Christian religion denied women for 2000 years, and in some areas still does.
Since the enlightenment and the flourishing of science, our life expectancy has increased, we are healthier, literacy has increased, in almost every measure our standard of living has improved, we discuss on platforms that 50 years ago could not have been imagined. I understand you don’t think they are improvements but the vast majority of people on the planet do. Lastly what questions have I not answered? You still haven’t shown me any lack of religious freedom on your part, other than it’s illegal to own a slave any longer. What is an argument bigot?
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@grannyannie2948 G'day, just a couple of points from your last reply, yes I understand exactly how complex the global economy is as this was what I was explaining to you.
Yes we were exporting pig iron to Japan prior to WWII and the US was supplying Japan with almost all its oil, it was when the US cut off its oil that forced Japan to act. Thus providing evidence Australia can't just shut itself off and expect no consequences.
Next point, Australian clothing manufacturing did not go overseas because of cheap labour it went overseas because Australian businesses decided it was cheaper than investing in automation. Germany is a classic example of a people that decided to maintain high paying jobs in manufacturing. Don't blame low paying wages in Asia for our own greed. We could have keep manufacturing in Australia if we had chosen to.
Next. While I'll grant you unemployment was low during the sixties, unemployment has been much higher in other periods ( before WWII and in the 50s and 70s) than it is currently is. This was due to world economic factors and the reason things were so good economically in the 60s was our exports took off, something you wish to stop.
Next, we are all immigrants and nobody would have a house if it wasn't for them. Nobody wants to be working class, people aspire to be better off and thier children to be educated, nobody wants for thier kids to stuck in the SPC plant canning fruit.
Next as soon as women became educated and science gave them the ability to control their own bodies your idea of family went out the window. Women have in the vast vast majority expressly shown exactly the opposite of what you think, and if a women wants that they can find a well payed husband.
Next the best welfare is a advanced well functioning Western economy like we have. Advanced economies move into exporting health and education and automation, computing technology and design, this is where well paying jobs are, not in manufacturing.
Next nobody in this country was forced to take a vaccine. Perfectly legal health orders and mandates for particular industries were implemented. These orders were tested in the courts and proved beyond a shadow of doubt to be fair and in line with our constitution. You are simply mistaken on this. Religious freedom is granted in our constitution, that doesn't mean you have the right to be a bigot and discriminate against others as Christians currently do. Fortunately we are a secular state and because of compassionate anti discrimination laws we prevent religous fundamentalists from picking on minorities.
Next conscription has a varied history in this country it has been considered moral and immoral as circumstances have changed, many in the community are now in favour of it as the threat from China grows.
Next. Yes we do like global things and is evidenced by our enthusiastic behaviour in being an active member in the UN.
Finally demographics are constantly changing they don't need a WEF conspiracy theory to help it along.
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@PJRayment This is all I can find on Indigenous culture in the national curriculum.
“Humanities and Social Sciences is the primary learning area in which students explore and deepen their knowledge of Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islander Peoples as the world’s oldest continuous living cultures and First Nations Peoples of Australia.
This learning area provides students with the opportunity to understand the histories of Australian First Nations Peoples, which involve occupation of the Australian continent for more than 60,000 years. Students understand the enduring impacts of colonisation on Australian First Nations Peoples’ cultures and impact of the doctrine of terra nullius on ownership of and access to Country/Place. Importantly, this learning area includes the significant contributions of Australian First Nations Peoples’ histories and cultures on a local, national, regional and global scale.
Students appreciate and celebrate the diversity of Australian First Nations Peoples’ cultures. They understand how these cultures are based on special connections to Country/Place, and have unique belief systems and ways of being, knowing, thinking and doing linked to these physical and spiritual interconnections. The development of these understandings includes exploring contemporary issues that demonstrate the dynamic nature of Australian First Nations Peoples’ cultures.
This learning area develops students’ knowledge of citizenship that positions First Nations Australians as the Traditional Owners of Country/Place and highlights how native title law recognises Australian First Nations Peoples’ rights and interests. Students examine the sophisticated social organisation systems, protocols, kinship structures, economies and enterprises of First Nations Australians.
To study this learning area, students use primary and secondary sources, including oral histories and traditional, culturally appropriate sources to see events through multiple perspectives. This allows them to empathise and ethically consider the investigation, preservation and conservation of sites of significance to First Nations Australians.”
This is not CRT this is just learning about indigenous culture.
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The $33.4 billion number is completely false and has been throughly debunked, it is a racist lie. The annual indigenous budget is $4.2 billion and is in the federal budget papers, publicly available for all to read. This false $33.4 billion number is total federal budget money spent on roads and federal infrastructure, defence, foreign aid, industry subsidies, health, education, Medicare, NDIS, welfare, in fact everything the federal government spends on all Australians. It is a false number being used by racists to sow confusion and misinformation. ch33psk8 is a paid up member of the KKK.
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@calvinroyals6463 No I'm not missing your point. Your point has nothing to do with the science of climate change. I do not care or am interested in what Obama or Gore say or do, they are not climate scientists. As I said, point to an actual climate scientist and their personal behaviour and I might listen. My personal experience is where I live the sea and land temperature has increased, the storms are more frequent and weather events more severe and i have data to show this. So my personal experience discounts your personal experience. Economists are certainly divided on the financial consequences, but there are many who say to not act we will have far more severe issues. I know exactly how the 97% figure came about which is accurate. Seven surveys were done as research. Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, Stuart Carton, and John Cook. The all had very similar results Oreskes survey for instance found 100% agreement. Verheggen was the lowest at 91%. Averaged they work out at 97%. These are all published peer reviewed scientific papers.
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@pwillis1589. Well someone has to exhibit some expertise cause I ain't getting any from your side. On a serious note however, to summarise you introduced the term "mean girls" into a discussion about defence spending, a phrase you had heard or read in the media. You used it to deliberately obfuscate the discussion. I dismissed it as irrelevant and mocked you for doing so, hence my reference to the movie that the term obviously originated from. You have since become obsessed by it and continuely try to personalise the discussion. Then you introduced another concept again without an understanding of what you were saying. At one point in discussing Dunning-Kruger you even assumed I had researched the topic which if was true is exactly what someone would not do if they thought they were an expert. They would only research if they thought they didn't know what it was. So you actually unknowingly complimented me. Trying to keep you on subject is like herding cats.
P Willis AASM ASM OSM NEM DLSM ADM UNTAET Labor Stooge, dreg of society, part of the cabal, atheist, soy latte drinker, pea in a pod with Penny, self-righteous, condescending, and cantankerous.
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@daniellebcooper7160 So as planned by the IPA opponents of the voice now have their star "Jacinta Price" who is cited universally as a source of indigenous opinion not just by you but by literally every opponent of the voice. So in response to that, Birney, Dodson, Pearson, Grant, O'Donoghue, Turner, Yunupingu, Goodes, Davis, Anderson, Davis, are all indigenous are all leaders in thier community and all disagree with Prices opinion on the Voice.
Constitutional recognition will provide equality and process by which indigenous peoples can take ownership of their situation and remedy what needs to be done to reduce gaps in education, housing, employment, and health. This is what the overwhelming majority of indigenous leaders say they require.
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@PJRayment WTF Phil, read the room. "Sure, now try to remove that right by force".
You didn't seem to understand the US constitution can by amended and I was emphasising it can. If you are aware, all well and good.
Yes alcohol is a tricky subject, it has been around throughout human history. fwe have been brewing for 10000 years according to the archaeological evidence, and probably a lot longer than that. I have a rich history of alcoholism running right through my family so no need to tell me about the damage it can cause, but as I see it, it is an individuals choice, and prohibition in the US was an abject failure, despite its good intentions.
What you and I think is tyrannical just maybe not be what the majority think, just saying.
Technically speaking the right to bear arms could well include military weapon systems and nuclear weapons.
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@robharris6874 Here is further information on how science can determine temperature and climate from the past.
Carbon dioxide levels have risen since the end of the Ice Age, first to a natural level of about 280 p.p.m. just before the start of the Industrial Era, and then to 400 p.p.m. as people burned coal and petroleum in large quantities. Carbon dioxide is currently increasing at a rate of about 2.6 p.p.m. per year.
A critical question is the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide 35 million years ago, when glaciers began to form in Antarctica, for it serves as a rough estimate of the concentration needed to melt present-day Antarctica. It’s a rough estimate only, for geological conditions were not exactly the same now and then. In particular, strong ocean currents that today keep warmer waters away from Antarctica were not present 35 million years ago, owing to the somewhat different configuration of tectonic plates. Unfortunately, the best currently-available estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide during this critical time period have large uncertainties. Carbon dioxide decreased from 600-1400 p.p.m. at the start of the glaciations to 400-700 p.p.m. several million years later. These measurements are consistent with modeling results, which give a threshold of about 780 p.p.m. for the formation of a continental-scale ice cap on Antarctica. This value will be reached by the year 2150 at the present growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide – or sooner if emission rates continue to soar – suggesting that Antarctica will be at risk of melting at that time.
Antarctic ice will not melt overnight even should the threshold be reached. The deglaciation at the end of the Ice Age provides a useful example. The rate of sea level rise was initially low, just one-tenth of an inch per year. It then gradually increased, peaking at about 3 inches per year about 14,000 years ago, which was about 5,000 years after the start of the deglaciation. This rate persisted for 1,600 years, during which time sea level rose a total of 60 feet. The average rate of sea level rise was slower, about a half-inch per year.
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@AximandTheCursed Perfectly happy to deal with reality. Topshop an English based clothing retailer went belly up in Australia because in the words of its own management “it’s business model was broken”. It manufactured its goods in Asia then shipped them via the UK and then went bust because it couldn’t compete on price. It had absolutely zero, zilch, nothing to do with the local tax rates. What’s more you can still buy their crap online. I mean really they admitted when they closed up their stores they were just unable to compete in the market. Your example is fallacious. On a GDP per capita basis we are still in the top 25 economies in the world and well ahead of Canada, France, UK, Japan, Italy, Sth Korea, Russia, China, and Brazil. Some of these countries with significantly larger populations. The Australian economy continues to grow and with just a minor hiccup from the pandemic has been since 1993, in the current year over 4%. It is you I’m afraid that is not up on the facts.
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@GarretKrampe Here’s your answer. With 2 minutes of research.
In April, the Australian government issued a record $13 billion in new bonds on a single day. Reportedly, more than two-thirds of the interest in the government bond deal came from domestic banks. Prime Minister Scott Morrison said it reflected confidence the Australian economy could pay off its debt.
According to reports, offshore buyers took home the rest, with Asia (excluding Japan) buying the second-biggest portion of government bonds (at 17.6 per cent), followed by the UK (7.2 per cent), North America (5.1 per cent), Europe (1.9 per cent) and Japan (0.2 per cent).
The four largest investor groups were: banks (50 per cent); asset managers (25 per cent) including super funds and sovereign wealth funds; hedge funds (17 per cent); and central banks (5 per cent). Central bank buyers comprised the Bank of Japan, European Central Bank, Federal Reserve and the RBA.
But precise details around the asset managers and hedge funds which buy Australian government bonds are often not forthcoming, says A/Prof. Humphery-Jenner. According to financial data from Factset, the top three most significant bond funds are from JPMorgan, T Rowe Price and Vanguard. For some fund families, such as JPMorgan, they have multiple different funds with treasury ownership.
But concerning precise holders of government debt, there is little information on specific ownership and precise lenders, reiterates A/Prof. Humphery-Jenner.
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@nigelbiddell7939 Multiple studies conducted proved beyond a shadow of a doubt Invermectin was useless as an anti viral drug to treat Covid. It is used to treat parasites in people and animals. There are numerous approved anti-viral drugs for Covid19 ie Remdesivir, Paxlovid, Lagevrio, casirivimab, and imdevimab are all examples. Blood clots were a known risk with the AZ vaccine and although devastating are extremely rare. I took the AZ vaccine after weighing up the risks, my free choice. No conspiracy.
If you are suggesting the finest immunologists, medical professionals, and doctors have all conspired to give false information to governments all around the world then that is the definition of conspiracy theory nutter. The Federal and state governments worked as best they could to reduce the effects of a devastating virus. Did they do it perfectly, no, mistakes were made, go figure. Covid19 has killed over 6.6 million people worldwide and continues to. It has contributed to the average life span in the US going backwards for the first time since WWII. Over 13 billion vaccine doses have been given out and nobody is denying there are side effects.
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The solicitor-general is Australia’s second highest-ranking law officer, after the attorney-general. However, while the attorney-general is a political position filled by a member of parliament, the solicitor-general is independent. Their job is to provide independent legal advice to the government and represent the Commonwealth in legal proceedings.
The solicitor-general was asked to advise the government on two questions.
whether the proposed amendment is compatible with Australia’s system of government
and whether the proposed amendment gives parliament the power to decide the legal effect of any representation, or whether parliament and the executive are required to consider or follow those representations.
What does the advice say?
Question 1
The solicitor-general was very clear. The Voice “would not pose any threat” to our system of government. In fact, it would “enhance” our system.
Donaghue reached this conclusion for two reasons. First, the Voice does not alter the powers of parliament or government in any way. Section 129(2) makes clear the Voice has no veto. Section 129(2) also does not impose any obligation on parliament or the executive to consult with the Voice or follow its advice.
Second, more fundamentally, the Voice would remedy a “distortion” in our system of government. The solicitor-general explained that the Voice would help overcome “barriers that have historically impeded effective participation by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in political discussions and decisions that affect them”. In short, it would improve our democracy by ensuring Indigenous people can have their voices heard.
Question 2
The second question was directed at the scope of the Voice’s power. It asked whether the parliament or executive would be required to consider or follow representations made by the Voice.
Once again, the solicitor-general was very clear: the answer is no. Donaghue explained that although it would “plainly be desirable for the Executive Government to consider any representations that the Voice makes to it”, parliament has the ultimate say.
This means parliament could enact a law to require ministers or public servants take the advice of the Voice into account when making decisions. However, parliament could always amend or remove such a requirement. The Voice is subject to parliament
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@brianterence3211 Of the $33 billion only approx $4.2 billion is spent directly on Indigenous programs and this is what is in the budget papers and allocated to the NIAA. The rest is the proportioned by the total indigenous population and the total budget of $550 billion, and includes proportionately federal spending on DFAT, industry assistance, defence, roads, rail, and infrastructure, Medicare, health, education, welfare, NDIS, sport, national parks. It is a meaningless number as the government spends this money on you as well.
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So LCOE studies by the IEA, the US Energy Agency, the CSIRO, the World Nuclear association, LAZARDs, and IRENA all concluded wind Hydro, and solar are significantly cheaper than nuclear. The World nuclear association argues that capacity is more important than cost, and this is a legitimate argument. IRENA argues the capacity issue with renewables can be meet by a range of measures, which is also a legitimate argument. What is not a legitimate argument and is quite juvenile is unsubstantiated claims of nuclear being cheap. Not a single piece of evidence has been presented to show this to be the case. Just childish slurs of "troll" because you don't like the evidence presented to you.
In the US, France, and Sth Korea the nuclear power plants are all heavily subsidised with government money to make the electricity affordable. In France the nuclear industry is in hock to the tune of 40 billion Euros and in Korea the state owned nuclear power plants regularly run at a financial loss.
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@Ruby-ss6mu The latest study, published in the journal BMJ Global Health by researchers in the US and China, is based on analysis of 34 studies from countries where same-sex relationships are legal, including the US, UK and parts of Europe. These studies compared the development of children raised by heterosexual parents with those brought up by lesbian and gay parents – and some studies also included the families of bisexual, queer or transgender parents.
The team analysed data from 16 of the studies and found that sexual minority parents reported significantly fewer psychological problems among preschool-age children than heterosexual parents, although no difference was found among older, school-age children.
While family functioning, couple relationship satisfaction, parental mental health and parenting stress showed no differences based on parents’ sexual orientation, in some areas sexual minority families appear to fare better.
“Sexual minority parent groups showed higher levels of parent-child relationship quality, such as higher levels of warmth, greater amounts of interaction and more supportive behaviour, when compared with the heterosexual parent groups,” the researchers wrote.
Dr Rachel Farr, an expert in LGBTQ+ parent families at the University of Kentucky, who was not involved with the work, raised concerns that the study took into account controversial or even discredited research – including a study that suggested having same-sex parents increases the likelihood of negative social, emotional and relational outcomes.
Deni Mazrekaj, an assistant professor of sociology at Utrecht University, also raised concerns, noting that some research included in the study had been misinterpreted as suggesting children from same-sex families had poorer academic performance, while other pertinent research had not been included.
However, Farr said the review’s conclusions reflected the findings of a large body of research. “The general message is the same,” she said. “The sexual orientation and gender identity of parents are far less important to children’s outcomes and development as compared to what happens within families, such as the quality of parenting and family relationships
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@fitlegend9733 I read and source my information from a wide range of sources, stating my only source is CNN is a ad hominem fallacy and renders your point nonsensical.
Your next paragraph merely repeated what I stated and hence you agreed with me. Where are NATO troops located in Serbia, Afghanistan, and Libya now? Answer nowhere all troops withdrew once stability was restored and sovereignty handed over your comparison to Russia and Ukraine is absurd. Russia intends to stay. You then go on to just reiterate that yes Russia has legitimate concerns which I already agreed to. You need to read my replies more carefully. Yes you are correct I was mistaken about the UN vote they voted condemning the invasion not sanctions, but an abstainion is not a no, a no is a no. Your point does not stand 191 countries condemned the invasion and it is ridiculous bordering on the deranged to suggest they did so under duress from the US, you provide no evidence of this.
Currently over 30 countries have imposed sanctions on Russia again provide evidence they did this under duress from the US? Yes India and Turkey have abstained and that's because they are both purchasing S400 AA missile systems from Russia, no explanation required. Your statement about trust for NATO defys the observable proof, NATO just had a hugely successful meeting in Ramstein and left with a consensus about the war in Ukraine. India is currently in a direct border conflict with China, hence it is already on our side and has in the last six months joined us in significant military and economic and trade alliances. The West still maintains its political economic and military superiority, but yes things change not necessarily for the better, good luck dealing with China.
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The productivity commission did in investigation. This is where the $33 billion number comes from. In its report it accounted for every cent spent. Defence, health, education, roads, Medicare, NDIS, foreign aid, welfare payments, child care assistance, in fact everything was accounted for. Read the report yourself. There was zero evidence of theft or corruption, again read the report yourself.
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@cletusjnrthethird No it has been completely debunked. in September, the Australian Bureau of Statistics published provisional mortality data for the year to June 2022.
It includes death counts which the ABS has compared to four-year historical averages (2017-19 and 2021) to provide an "initial indication" of whether deaths are tracking higher than expected.
The results show that there were roughly 17 per cent (13,526) more deaths than the baseline average in the first six months of 2022.
But on the question of whether that says anything about vaccine safety, the Australian Actuaries Institute's Karen Cutter told CheckMate: "The simple answer is no."
She explained that the provisional data only provides counts for a handful of major causes of death, and "does not show anything at all that attributes death to vaccines or not".
Tim Adair, a principal research fellow with Melbourne University's School of Population and Global Health, similarly said the numbers "don't shed any light" on vaccine-related deaths.
And in a statement to CheckMate, the Therapeutic Goods Administration, which regulates vaccines in Australia, warned that despite a rise in deaths this year, it was "false and unscientific to automatically conclude that vaccines caused these deaths".
"There is no credible evidence to suggest that COVID-19 vaccines have contributed to excess deaths in Australia or overseas."
According to the TGA's October 6 weekly vaccine safety report, only 14 deaths have been directly linked to COVID-19 vaccines in Australia, of which 13 occurred after one dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca).
As for the increase, the ABS makes clear that its provisional data "does not provide official estimates of excess mortality".
Partly that's because it "does not take into account changes in population size and age-structures of that population, as well as expected improvements in mortality rates over time".
Adjusting for this, the Actuaries Institute estimates that excess mortality in the first half of 2022 was closer to 13 per cent (11,200).
Roughly half (5,620) of those deaths were "from" COVID-19, it found, meaning non-COVID excess deaths stood at roughly 6.5 per cent.
Major contributors to the rise were dementia, cancer, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases.
(There were also more deaths from other "unspecified diseases", though the institute notes that "this is a large 'catch-all' category" from which it is difficult to draw conclusions.)
But the data does not point to vaccines as a culprit.
As Ms Cutter noted, "the vast majority of the excess deaths were in people aged over 75, but we have a huge population over the age of 16 that has been vaccinated".
"So, the age statistics would indicate that it's not vaccine-related, otherwise we'd be seeing a lot more excess deaths in younger people."
More likely, she said, was that people were suffering strokes, heart attacks or other fatal conditions several months after recovering from COVID-19 — which was consistent with "multiple studies showing that COVID increases" such risks.
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@petergouvignon8048 Yes you are correct and I in no way dispute the influence Christianity has had on western civilisation. That was not my point. However the values/ethics of a secular modern liberal social democratic society no longer reflects the slavery, death penalty, child and women subjugation, theocratic, anti free speech values of the bible and Christianity. The enlightenment and its secular science has put paid for the needless faith in a god. Just compare secular societies to religious societies on crime rates, murder rates, life expectancy, GENI index, GDP, health, birth rates, and secular societies win out every time. There is absolutely no advantage in religious belief in reality.
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What is the source of your $33 billion claim? If it is the 2017 productivity commission report that divided the entire federal budget of $550 odd billion proportionally by the estimated Indigenous population as per the previous census (approx 550000) then it has been fully debunked. This is because it includes all federal monies spent on roads, infrastructure, defence, education, health, Medicare, NDIS, industry assistance, child care, in fact everything the federal government spends on you and every other Australian. In fact, direct funding to indigenous people is only $4.2 billion to the NIAA. This is easily fact checked by reading the last federal budget papers. 4.2 billion out of 600 billion federal budget, do the math. If you are going to use data then at least have the common sense to get your facts right.
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@gregmatthies8128 A fair bit to unpack there. First the issue with defence contractors, it was successive Liberal/National party governments over many years that completely trashed the expertise in the defence public service, through long periods of job freezes that means now defence has to rely on contractors, if the new minister addresses this problem great, but he won't, because it would be admitting his government mucked it up in the first place, and trust me the Minister is not going to announce an increase in the defence public service. Secondly if by populist thinking you mean treating all soldiers, sailors, and airmen fairly, well I thought that was just being Australian. Thirdly the Bereton report, I agree it could of been handled much better but it was a pimple that needed squeezing, it is all alleged, but if true is not how Australians should behave.
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@rosshitchen-ij6en Here is a list of the various absolute methods use to date objects
Radiocarbon Dating: One of the most widely known radiometric dating techniques, radiocarbon dating measures the decay of the radioactive isotope Carbon-14 (C-14) in any organic material found in archaeological deposits, such as wood, plants, textiles, and human or animal remains to determine its age.
Dendrochronology: Since most trees produce a ring of new wood annually, archaeologists use the variations in cross-sections of wood to produce timelines.
Thermoluminescence: Useful for determining the age of pottery or ceramics, it can be used to date materials containing crystalline minerals to a specific heating event in the past (such as when the item was made).
Fission-track dating: A technique that determines age of various minerals and glasses based on the trails of damage done by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238, the most abundant isotope of uranium.
Potassium-argon (K-Ar) and Argon-argon (Ar-Ar): measure the ratio of argon gas in igneous volcanic rock to estimate how much time has elapsed since the rock cooled and solidified.
Archaeomagnetic dating: Magnetic particles in most materials of geological origin, such as rocks and clay, are analyzed to track shifts in the earth’s magnetic fields over time
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Absolute Dating Methods
Radiocarbon Dating: One of the most widely known radiometric dating techniques, radiocarbon dating measures the decay of the radioactive isotope Carbon-14 (C-14) in any organic material found in archaeological deposits, such as wood, plants, textiles, and human or animal remains to determine its age.
Dendrochronology: Since most trees produce a ring of new wood annually, archaeologists use the variations in cross-sections of wood to produce timelines.
Thermoluminescence: Useful for determining the age of pottery or ceramics, it can be used to date materials containing crystalline minerals to a specific heating event in the past (such as when the item was made).
Fission-track dating: A technique that determines age of various minerals and glasses based on the trails of damage done by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238, the most abundant isotope of uranium.
Potassium-argon (K-Ar) and Argon-argon (Ar-Ar): measure the ratio of argon gas in igneous volcanic rock to estimate how much time has elapsed since the rock cooled and solidified.
Archaeomagnetic dating: Magnetic particles in most materials of geological origin, such as rocks and clay, are analyzed to track shifts in the earth’s magnetic fields over time
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@rosshitchen-ij6en Absolute Dating Methods
Radiocarbon Dating: One of the most widely known radiometric dating techniques, radiocarbon dating measures the decay of the radioactive isotope Carbon-14 (C-14) in any organic material found in archaeological deposits, such as wood, plants, textiles, and human or animal remains to determine its age.
Dendrochronology: Since most trees produce a ring of new wood annually, archaeologists use the variations in cross-sections of wood to produce timelines.
Thermoluminescence: Useful for determining the age of pottery or ceramics, it can be used to date materials containing crystalline minerals to a specific heating event in the past (such as when the item was made).
Fission-track dating: A technique that determines age of various minerals and glasses based on the trails of damage done by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238, the most abundant isotope of uranium.
Potassium-argon (K-Ar) and Argon-argon (Ar-Ar): measure the ratio of argon gas in igneous volcanic rock to estimate how much time has elapsed since the rock cooled and solidified.
Archaeomagnetic dating: Magnetic particles in most materials of geological origin, such as rocks and clay, are analyzed to track shifts in the earth’s magnetic fields over time
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@useruseruseruseruser790
Absolute Dating Methods
Radiocarbon Dating: One of the most widely known radiometric dating techniques, radiocarbon dating measures the decay of the radioactive isotope Carbon-14 (C-14) in any organic material found in archaeological deposits, such as wood, plants, textiles, and human or animal remains to determine its age.
Dendrochronology: Since most trees produce a ring of new wood annually, archaeologists use the variations in cross-sections of wood to produce timelines.
Thermoluminescence: Useful for determining the age of pottery or ceramics, it can be used to date materials containing crystalline minerals to a specific heating event in the past (such as when the item was made).
Fission-track dating: A technique that determines age of various minerals and glasses based on the trails of damage done by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238, the most abundant isotope of uranium.
Potassium-argon (K-Ar) and Argon-argon (Ar-Ar): measure the ratio of argon gas in igneous volcanic rock to estimate how much time has elapsed since the rock cooled and solidified.
Archaeomagnetic dating: Magnetic particles in most materials of geological origin, such as rocks and clay, are analyzed to track shifts in the earth’s magnetic fields over time
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Absolute Dating Methods
Radiocarbon Dating: One of the most widely known radiometric dating techniques, radiocarbon dating measures the decay of the radioactive isotope Carbon-14 (C-14) in any organic material found in archaeological deposits, such as wood, plants, textiles, and human or animal remains to determine its age.
Dendrochronology: Since most trees produce a ring of new wood annually, archaeologists use the variations in cross-sections of wood to produce timelines.
Thermoluminescence: Useful for determining the age of pottery or ceramics, it can be used to date materials containing crystalline minerals to a specific heating event in the past (such as when the item was made).
Fission-track dating: A technique that determines age of various minerals and glasses based on the trails of damage done by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238, the most abundant isotope of uranium.
Potassium-argon (K-Ar) and Argon-argon (Ar-Ar): measure the ratio of argon gas in igneous volcanic rock to estimate how much time has elapsed since the rock cooled and solidified.
Archaeomagnetic dating: Magnetic particles in most materials of geological origin, such as rocks and clay, are analyzed to track shifts in the earth’s magnetic fields over time
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I can easily discredit it. Read the report yourself. I have. It clearly shows that Credlin is lieing or just as worse she doesn’t understand it’s finding which clearly shows it isn’t direct funding to Indigenous at all but all federal monies spent divided proportionally with the indigenous population (which it under estimated). So it’s not 40 billion it’s 32.5 billion and it includes defence spending, foreign aid, industry assistance, roads and infrastructure, Medicare, health, education, welfare, NDIS, law and order, High court funding, in fact everything the federal government spends on all of us. Credlin must be being deliberately deceitful as she could not be this stupid.
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Many Aboriginal people who worked for white people did not receive their wages directly. Their bosses only gave them 'pocket money' while from 1897 to the late 1970s their wages were 'administered' for them by government or police authorities [4]. In Western Australia wages were under "total government control" until 1968 [5].
The contribution Aboriginal people made to Australia's economy with their largely unfairly paid or unpaid work is a history seldom told.
"Aboriginal people are often denigrated as being a drain on the nation's economy, but if you look at the facts it's actually the other way around, with Aboriginal labour being used to build the economy without due payment or even recognition," says Dennis Eggington, Chief Executive of the Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia [5]. "It's a terrible injustice that has been perpetrated over many decades, with the truth hidden from the official version of Australian history."
There is no doubt in my mind that this country's strong economy was born on the backs of Aboriginal labour.
— Rachael Sievert, WA Green Senator [6]
When I was in school, I was told that Australia developed on the sheep's back. I now know that it developed on the backs of thousands of Aboriginal men, women and children.
— Gary Highland, National Director, Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation (ANTaR) [7]
Between 1916 and 1960 money of Aboriginal workers from Victoria was withheld as punishment, with wages and contracts being controlled by the Aboriginal Protection Board [8]. Not every worker was affected though.
Today we talk about 'stolen wages' because in many cases Aboriginal people did not receive parts or all of these wages. Historians estimate that the state of Queensland alone owes around $500 million to Aboriginal people [4]. Some individuals are owed close to half a million dollars in today's terms [9].
According to the dictionary, if someone "works under duress and without payment" they are considered slaves. The stolen wages are always about the slavery Australia denies until today.
Documents exist showing that governments knew exactly what they were doing, and that they were breaking the law[6][7]. Investigations reveal that Aboriginal wages were misappropriated by governments to cover their own liabilities, including the cost of removing Aboriginal children. This means Aboriginal people were unwittingly paying for the removal of their own children. [10]
Lawyers know that stolen wages claimants' demands rest on legal right and not on the uncertain and contestable ground of moral right [9], however governments show excellence in delaying and rejecting claims. Time works against Aboriginal people as they grow older and die without receiving compensation.
Source: Stolen Wages - Creative Spirits, retrieved from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/economy/stolen-wages/stolen-wages#
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@buildmotosykletist1987 The increase in wind power capacity and the operational start of the Olkiluoto 3 nuclear power plant have played a pivotal role in making Finland self-sufficient in electricity since spring. Despite this stabilization, short-term price fluctuations have been greater than before, primarily due to the growing share of wind power in the energy mix.
Interestingly, 2023 saw a record number of hours with negative electricity prices, totaling 467 hours. The most expensive day for electricity was November 21, with an average daily price nearing €300 per megawatt-hour. Conversely, due to incorrect data provided by a Norwegian company, prices dropped significantly three days later, reaching more than €200 below zero. Monthly price variations throughout the year indicate a transition from the crisis to a more stable market. For instance, in March, the cost per megawatt-hour was €74, while pre-crisis prices typically ranged from just over €20 to under €50. By May, the average price had dropped below €30. July and September also saw lower prices, with December being the most expensive month, averaging around €76 per megawatt-hour.
Pekka Salomaa, Director of Energy Markets at Energiateollisuus ry, highlights the significant changes in the Finnish electricity system. "The growth in wind power has been the most critical factor influencing these price variations," Salomaa explains.
Alongside these fluctuations, a survey conducted by Taloustutkimus indicates a substantial increase in the number of market-linked electricity contracts, which are estimated to have doubled to about 30% of all agreements. Official figures from the Energy Authority are expected next summer.
Salomaa notes that the evolving electricity market rewards vigilant consumers. "Flexible market electricity customers benefit from these fluctuations by monitoring hourly prices and timing their consumption accordingly. This not only benefits them but also helps stabilize the market by smoothing out the highest and lowest prices," he adds.
This shift towards a more dynamic and responsive electricity market in Finland is seen as a positive step towards a more sustainable and economically viable energy future.
So it’s just not as simple as you made out.
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@dfor50 Why should my taxes be going for 30 mobile , 4 chair dialysis units.
Why the hell are my tax dollars being spent on a$1.9 million dialysis treatment bus for the Wilcannia, White cliffs, and Menindee regions.
And why the hell do indigenous people need $22.5 million to build a birthing unit in Nowra, can't they just use the bushes out in the backyard.
Well it's because every single piece of data proves beyond all reasonable doubt that indigenous people suffer discrimination and lower levels of health, education, life expectancy, birth rates, unemployment, home ownership, than the rest of us. The only thing they leed on is how many of them we gaol. At $4.2billion that is just 0.6% of the total federal budget, that is a tiny amount of money to attempt to redress the disadvantage indigenous people face. So once again what is your real reason for wanting to keep indigenous people at a disadvantage?
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@chrismo2922 Average global sea levels have been rising since 1880 (the earliest available robust estimates), largely in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the consequent changes in the global climate.
Global average sea levels have risen by around 25 cm since the late 19th century. Half of this rise has occurred since 1970.
There are two main processes behind long-term sea-level rises that are a direct result of a warming climate.
Firstly, as the ocean has warmed, the total volume of the ocean has increased through the thermal expansion of water. Thermal expansion has contributed about one third of the sea-level rise observed globally.
Secondly, water has been added to the oceans as a result of melting land-based ice. Ice loss from glaciers and polar ice sheets, together with changes in the amount of water stored on the land, contribute two thirds of global sea-level rise.
The rate of sea-level rise since the mid-19th century has been larger than the average rate during the previous 2,000 years.
Global-average sea levels are currently (from 1993 to 2019) rising at around 3.5 mm per year, faster than the 1.5 mm per year during the 20th century.
Rates of sea-level rise are not uniform around the globe and vary from year to year.
Since 1993, the rates of sea-level rise to the north and southeast of Australia have been significantly higher the global average, and rates of sea-level rise on other coasts of the continent have been closer to the global average.
Melting ice from Greenland, Antarctica and glaciers due to anthropogenic climate change has been the main cause of global sea-level rise since the early 1990s.
Natural variability of the climate system also contributes to variations in sea level. For example, global sea level fell during the intense La Niña event of 2010–2011, partly due to the exceptionally high rainfall over land that resulted in floods in Australia, northern South America, and Southeast Asia.
This was compounded by the long-term storage of water across inland Australia. However, recent observations show that sea levels have rebounded in line with the long-term trend in rising sea levels.
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@judithjames4522 Sea level is the base level for measuring elevation and depth on Earth.
Because the ocean is one continuous body of water, its surface tends to seek the same level throughout the world. However, winds, currents, river discharges, and variations in gravity and temperature prevent the sea surface from being truly level.
So the surface of the ocean can be used as a base for measuring elevations, the concept of "local mean sea level" has been developed. In the United States and its territories, local mean sea level is determined by taking hourly measurements of sea levels over a period of 19 years at various locations, and then averaging all of the measurements.
The 19-year period is called a Metonic cycle. It enables scientists to account for the long-term variations in the moon's orbit. It also averages out the effects of local weather and oceanographic conditions.
Sea level is measured in relation to the adjacent land. Just like the ocean, the elevation of land may rise and fall over time. For example, the tremendous weight of a glacier on land pushes the land down, closer to sea level. That same land bounces back (a process called postglacial rebound) if the ice retreats, or melts, and its weight is removed.
Local mean sea-level measurements are a combination of sea-level variations and movement of the land.
Changes in Sea Level. Again I hope this decreases your ignorance of sea levels.
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Dot painting is one of the most recognized forms of Aboriginal art. People think it is just simple dots, animals, and fine lines but it is much more than that. Aboriginal artists use symbols, images, and meticulous rules to create dot paintings that tell stories. If a story has historical or sacred information, an artist needs permission before they can paint it. Dot paintings are the visual stories of the Aboriginal people.
Historically, Aboriginal people of central and western Australia created “paintings” on the sand using rocks, flowers, sticks, seeds, and feathers. These paintings were full of sacred symbols, images, and meaning. As elders created the sand paintings, they sang songs and told stories about Aboriginal history, religion, traditions, and beliefs. Sand paintings were temporary, but eventually they became modern day dot paintings.
A more permanent form of sand painting was creating the work on tree bark. Painting on bark was first done on shelters, but in the 1920s Aboriginal artists were encouraged to recreate the paintings from shelters on small pieces of tree bark that could be sold to tourists and collectors. Click here to see Aboriginal artist Banduk Marika talk about her bark painting.
In the 1970s, European artists helped Aboriginal artists turn the sacred symbols and images from sand paintings into dots which could be painted on canvas, canvas board or sheeting. After that, works could be sold and shipped all over the world. Today, dot paintings appear on Aboriginal instruments, everyday objects, buildings, vehicles, and all types of tourist objects.
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