Comments by "MRA" (@yassassin6425) on "Was the moon landing faked - Mythbusters" video.

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  27. The main hazard of the Van Allen Belts (note the plural, since there are two, with a third that is transitory), was the charged particle radiation. I'll come to that. Firstly, heat and temperature are two different things. Heat is concerned with thermal energy, whereas temperature describes molecular kinetic energy. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy, whereas temperature is a property the object exhibits and describes the motion of molecules - hence some of the ions within the VABs have been recorded at very high temperatures. "Temperature" is hypothetical and meaningless in a vacuum due to the absence of matter. Heat and temperature are two different things. Since space is essentially a vacuum there are very few of these to be excited. So temperature is essentially a measurement of how excited molecules are. The higher the temperature, the more frenzied they become and the more they bounce off each other-and this interaction between particles is what creates heat. What particles are present are spaced far apart. This is why temperature doesn't exist in a vacuum. In the absence of an atmosphere there is no convection whilst conduction is limited. Therefore the main source of thermal energy transfer is radiative heating from the sun. This is why the LM/CM stack was placed in a slow 'rotisserie' roll during its journey to the moon to evenly dissipate that heat. The internal temperature of a spacecraft will eventually reach an equilibrium where heat generated inside + heat arriving from the sun = heat radiating away through the vacuum in the form of infrared light. This is controlled through active and passive methods of thermal management. The belts consist of diffuse toroidal volumes around the Earth's equator within which radiation levels are elevated by the planet's magnetic field trapping charged particles from the sun. The inner torus is populated by energetic protons which they passed through in mere minutes and against which the hull of the CM was an effective shield. The hull of an Apollo command module rated 7 to 8 g/cm2. The craft took an hour and a half to traverse the more extensive outer torus but this region has mainly low energy electrons and so was less of a concern to mission planners. Also the inclination of the trajectory being in the plane of the Moon's orbit avoided the strongest regions of the belts near the equator.
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