Youtube comments of Britta Kriep (@brittakriep2938).

  1. I am not Britta herself, but her boyfriend. About 20 years ago, i bought a hat in a small and very oldfashioned shop, owned by an old lady, which looked much older, because of her oldfashioned dress and hairstyle. The lady told me about an incident with her blank pistol ( could be carried without licence up to 2008) , a policeofficer had asked her, why she correctly handled the pistol, and she told him , that she learned this in wwll german army. She showed me her lower leg, where she had a wound from a larger piece of shrappnel ( ?)/ Granatsplitter.
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  2. A small note from Germany: In time of Holy Roman Empire, Germany was split into more than 300 states. The smallest ones had often armies with lesser than 50 men. Military unuseable, only a police and ceremonial force. With exeption of this ,giant' armies, the noble or spiritual ruler had only the possibillity to mobilize the ,Landsturm', a levie of fightable, but badly trained or armed men. Those units, also called Landmiliz, Landfahnen ( rural areas) Stadtgarde,Stadtwache, Stadtmilitär, Bürgerwehr, Bürgergarde, Bürgermiliz, Bürgermilitär ( towns). Those town militias often, but not allways,had uniforms and slightly better training.
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  3. There was also a muslim SS Division ,Handschar' from bosnian muslims. SS Comander Heinrich Himmler noted: Islam is a religion, which creates brave warriors and has some similarities to National Socialism.
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  4. Some notes from Germany: For centuries you could write your family as you wanted. For example Meier, Maier, Mayer, Meyer. Mayr, Mair, Meyr, Meir, Majer. Also the same name could be different in another dialect, for example Schulz, Schultz, Schultze, Schulze, Schultes, Schultheiß. In second half of 19th century this ended, the people had to continue the version of name, used at the first day of new law, the reason, why in family names often the no more used ,th' still appears. To the name Hitler. There is another possibility. The german word for hut/ cabin is Hütte, and the ,ü' is in swabian/and bavarian dialect ( Up to mid 12th century Austria was part of Bavaria) mostly spoken ,i'. So a Hüttner/Hüttler , a poor man owning only a hut/cabin could have become in dialect a ,Hitler'. I am no scientist, so i can be wrong, but in german also the family names Hauser ( literally Houser) and Hofer (Farmowner) exist.
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  5. Twenty years ago, the museum may had a different name, today it is simply ,Waffenmuseum Oberndorf' in socalled Schwedenbau ( Swedish building). It shows weapons from Königliche Waffenmanufaktur, Mauser, H&K and Feinwerkbau and civilian products of Mauser company ( When i, Brittas boyfriend, was young, Mauser caliphers had been not uncommon). The entrance ticket allows you also to visit Heimatmuseum/ homeregion museum in the same building, there is a good collection of sword-, seaxblades and spearheads from graves of alemannic warriors.
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  6. I am german. Perhaps 15 years ago, i saw in german TV a documentation, for some research in wwll U- Boot context, a british scientist dived with a small civllian submarine in a british port, inside the submarine was the driver, the scientist and a former german U- Boot man. During the diving an order from the ,Hafenmeister' ( don' t know english word, perhaps Port Commander?) came, they should stop using the submarine in the port without allownes of , Hafenmeister'. The former german navy sailor said: Its the second time, that i am here in a submarine without allowness of british Hafenmeister.
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  7. A small note: What Ian showed, was a coat of arms, in german ,Wappen', a crest , in german ,Helmzier' is a kind of heraldic helmet decoration. This are two different things.
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  8.  @perrydb9299  : Don ' t forget military observers! When in 19th century a war happened , licenced officers from not involved countries travelled to theater of war to watch the military incidents. In US civil war the licenced ,Kriegsbeobachter' of Kingdom Württemberg, Ferdinand von Zeppelin saw balloons.....
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  9.  @k0mentator507  : In the war cime trials after wwll , both in European and Pacific theater, NO allied soldiers had been punished. Why the winners had not been punished for their crimes? DOUBLE STANDARTS.
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  10. As a german Facharbeiter(trained worker) i must speak about a small mistake, unclear description Ian has made. The word Meister can mean a ,Champion' or a very talented craftsman, artist etc.. But in this case a Meister means a ,master craftsman' , a title which goes back to middle ages. Formerly a boy who wants to become a craftsman started his training at an age of 14 (my father was some weeks younger than 14 when he started in 1952) as a , Lehrling (today Auszubildender), today with 17 or 18 (the school system changed), after a training time of usually 3 to 3,5 years you are in Industry a Facharbeiter, in old style (non industrial) craftmanship/ Handwerk you are a Geselle, also a title which goes back to middle age. When you worked some years as a Facharbeiter or Geselle you can do a difficult and expensive training and you have to produce a Meisterstück/ mastrepiece. When everything is well a Facharbeiter becomes an Industriemeister, a Geselle becomes a Handwerksmeister. Whats the difference? A Handwerksmeister can open his own Werkstatt/ shop(??), hire some Gesellen, train new Lehrlinge as it has been for centuries, while an Industriemeister is ,only' the leader of a team of workers or a production room etc. in an industral factory, whatever products the factory produces. A Waffenmeister doesn't work in a armsfactory, thats an an armorer who has to repair and inspect the arms of soldiers, policemen etc. or this word is very rare used for a Fechtmeister/ maitre d'armes.
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  11. Arround 1500, pope Julius ll went into Battle in full plate Armour, armed with a short mace as sidesrm and a twohanded mace as main weapon. No sword, because in bible is written: Those one, who draws a sword, will die from a sword.
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  12. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, ln my swabian homeregion in nearly every village , especially when the name ends with -ingen, graves of our allemanic ancestors have been found. Depending on warriors wealth, you can find blades of seaxes and spathas, axeheads, and speartips, lesser arrow tips. Helmets or armour are rather rare, but shield bosses very common. For the case, some readers of my comment want to visit Waffen( weapons)museum Oberndorf am Neckar ( Mauser, Heckler & Koch, Feinwerkbau, Königlich Württembergische Waffenfabrik), pllease visit also the Heimatmuseum (Homeregion museum). It is in the same building, you can visit both museums with the same ticket. In Heimatmuseum there are the allemannic weapons relicts, found next Oberndorf.
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  13. Since late medieval age/ Renaissance books/ Scripts/ treatisisices about defence against knife/ dagger defence, unarmed, with dagger or other weapons/ items exist. From all kind of people, fencing masters, martial artists, officers/ policemen and even german Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer, a superstar in his time. 500 years later, no solution for the problem exists, says all.
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  14. ​ @residentgeardo : Heckler & Koch is located in swabian town Oberndorf am Neckar. The members of swabian tribe are known for being , sparsam/ geizig ' ( don't know english word), which means, , we swabians like to not spending money. To stamp/ engrave only , Germany ' instead ,West Germany ' saves time and Money! :-)))
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  15.  @Kobe379  : Double Standards, yes, even you dont like this. One example: Russia was not punished for the Invasion of Poland in 1939 together with Germany, and also not for the attack on Finland , also known as Winter War. Or the american pilots which shot german civilians with their plane machine guns. Also german law was changed in late 60s: Formerly it was possible, that someone could not been punished, when the murder crime happened more than 30 years ago. For this reason, still a few concentration camp guards in their late 90s are waiting for their trial. And Erich Mielke, former leader of East german Stasi ( red painted Gestapo) came into prison not for his crimes done as Stasi leader , but for murdering two policemen BEFORE 1933. So are there any trials for allied warcrimes of wwll still now? Are the allied veterans, posing with their medals even today , really allways innocent angels?
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  16. For the case Ian is in the german state Baden- Württemberg, for example to visit Walther company or the Weapons Museum in Oberndorf am Neckar ( Mauser/ Heckler & Koch/ Feinwerkbau), he should travel to the small town Owen (3800 inhabiamts). It is realy a town ( Stadt), there are relicts of medieval fortifications. There are three destilleries which produces Whisky of barley and spelt ( Dinkel). In this town about fifteen other destilleries exist, producing traditional swabian fruit spirit/ Schnaps. Also in many other villages such small destilleries exist, but traditional Schnaps is no more drunken so much, so more and more stop to work, or try to produce Whisky or ,fine liquors' for modern taste.
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  17. In the german arms magazin ,Deutsches Waffenjournal' long ago, every year an ,April's fool' article appeared. One April you could read, that in the endtime of wwll the Wehrmacht tried to use the bulletshaped stonelike relicts of animals called ,Belemiten' ( don't know english name), died millions of years ago, as bullet substitute. This was of course April's fool fun, but perhaps 25 years ago i worked with my father on a field, when my father grabbed such a stonelke relict, which was much more symetrical than usual. It was a ball from a heavy machinegun, perhaps fired from a plane.
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  18. I am a man, only using my girlfriends account. I live in a village near Kirchheim unter Teck. The Hasenholz (harewood) is not large, it is between the villages Nabern and Jesingen, which are both town districts of Kirchheim unter Teck. Some year ago i saw this launching platforms, but as far as i know two of them are now destroyed for the reason of constructing a new railway line, if the third is still existing, i do not know. For british readers: at this place you can not oversee(?)- übersehen in german language, the mount Teck with the ruins of Teck castle. The grandmother of Elisabeth II was Mary von Teck.
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  19. The Schutzpolizei units had been called , Hundertschaften' ( singular Hundertschaft) . This term is still used today for Federal Police or Bereitschaftspolizei of the state.
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  20. Same in Germany. In TV shows not so much, but advertisements / PR (in german Werbung or Reklame) it is annoying, especially for clothes.
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  21.  @randomdude2026  : Read a history book what the French did in Germany between 1630 and 1813! Perhaps you then understand something.
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  22.  @randomdude2026  : As you surely recognized, i am german. I speak few french and for six times i visited France, without rifle and helmet. But it is simply annoing, always hearing that Germany invaded France three times. But , for example, i have never seen a French, english, german or US movie, which shows, what the French did. For not so well educated persons it seems , that the german hate against the French came , out of the nothing' as we germans say, but this is simply not true. When you are no german, you perhaps don' t understand it, how a german feels, when he sees, that nongerman nations allways cover their dirt, but point at my country.
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  23.  @Ukraineaissance2014  : French, Britisch,Italians, Russians, Belgians, Romanians, including their Colonia troops needed four years.
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  24.  @kodiakkeith  : I am german , and my father born 1938 often told me about the poor years after wwll. One day there was an explosion in the neighbors oven (Ofen) Someone had filled a piece of firewood with some blackpowder to spot the firewood thief.
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  25. Some time ago i watched an old german detecives/ crime movie from the early 60s. The movies story played in Great Brittain, and i was surprsed, when one of the actors spoke with a slight english accent. It was Christopher Lee, but i didn't recognize him at once.
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  26. Isn't ,Tercio' a battle formation? So Spanish Tercios would be a number of formations formed by spanish soldiers, which is in this context nonsens.
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  27. For many years you everywhere could read, the ancestors of white europeans had been black people from Africa. So If this is true , the white people who colonized Africa simply returned to their ancestors homeland.
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  28. Marschall was once ,marhalalasc'. In english mare is still used , and in german Mähre ( a bad / old horse).
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  29.  @markdavis7397  : Formerly, about 500 years ago , my german homeregion was Duchy Württemberg. The position of Herzoglicher Stallmeister ( Dukal Stablemaster) was hold not by a commoner but by a knight. Also this position was in those days seen important in military hirarchy. With ,stable of Duke' was meant ,All horses owned by the Duke', so in case of war a ,horse reserve'.
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  30. There was surely a market for such small guns, but of course they are underrated. Here in Germany, I am german, during Napoleonic Era open carry of weapons by civilians was forbidden, with exeption of hunting or targetshooers Events ( Schützenfeste). So saddle pistol and smallsword had been replaced by pocket pistols, small daggers, knuckle dusters, Things similar to sap or Blackjack and of course canes, often with hidden blades' or steel rods, even hidden shotgun Barrels. Also in other european or european influenced countries this was the Case, that especially fine townsmen or Gentlemen no longer wanted to be Seen armed when civilian dressed. And up to 1960s pocket pistols and revolvers in .22, .25 or.32 had been popular and Seen as usefull weapon. Here in Germany cheap boxlock muzzleloader derringers had been Sold into 1930s as wineyard pistols to scare annimals, and cheap single shot pistols in .22/ 6mm Flobert Had been sold as cheap target/plinking pistols Up to 1930s, and convered to blank pistols even in 1950s. And in some latin american countries, especially Brszil, small doublebartelled Garrucha pistols Had been produced Up to 1970. Strangely Ian has No Video about Garruchas.
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  31. A similar phenomeon exists also in Germany. There is a very small group of people , which are called , Jenische', they once also travelled like Gypsys ( once called Zigeuner in Germany, nowadays Sinti and Roma) around in horsepulled charts, why some people called this ,Jenische' also ,Karrenleute/ chart peoples'. This people once had been traders, pedlars, repaired things ( Kesselflicker), sharpened scissors ( knifes ...), appeared as travelling musicans or artists at fairs.... But ethnicly they had been german. Of course, because of their travelling lifestyle, even many owned a small house , to which they returned after every Journey, they often got problems, and large problems, especially from 1933 to 1945.
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  32. Also some german crossbows, match- , wheel- and flintlock stocks are very short and strangelooking. The reason was the same, the breastblades. Some more advanced japanese matchlock muskets ( with a Schnappschloß, don't know english word) had been in 1860s updated into Percussion muskets.
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  33. One mistake: Zeppelin was an officer of lancers, Ulanen. In germany lancers and the in Württemberg not existing hussars had been light cavallry. So in the war of 1870/71 Zeppelin became famous for a brave adventure during a reconnaisance ride. Today the descendants of Zeppelin call themself ,von Brandenstein(?) - Zeppelin'. As far as i know, there are two branches, one of them lives near the town of Ravensburg.
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  34. Alex de Moya : When after the two world wars justice would have used the same standarts both for german and allied soldiers, then a lot of allied solders would have been executed!!!!
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  35. I am german. A longer time ago, i knew a man with the name Hüttner, in my southern dialect this name is spoken Hittner. I can be wrong, but may be Hitler comes from Hütte ( hut/cabin), which is in southern dialects spoken Hitte/ Hittn.
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  36. Woher kam wohl Heinrich Himmler zu der Ansicht, der Islam Ähnlichkeiten habe Ähnlichkeiten zum Nationalsozialismus?
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  37. Charlie Chaplin?
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  38.  @adrienrassat1965  : I am german, and i haven' t heared such nonsens out of the mouth of a non- Nazi. I, and many other oft my countymen have dark hair, You perhaps don't know, that in southern and western part of Germany, the old romano/ germanic border fortification ,Limes' is partly still visible, there had been Roman provinces Germania inferior, Germania superior and Rhaetia? You don' t know, that in 30years war ( 1618- 1648) many italian and spanish mercennarries suported Catholic side. In late 17th century for religious reasons, many french people moved to protestantic countries ( England, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland). Also, all Europeans ( exept Finns, Estonians, Hungarians, Basques and Turks) are Indo- Europeans, so basicly white. And also the non indoeuropean nations ( with exeptions of the Turks, belonging to mongolian family of peoples), are also white. So, why should members of romanic nations ( in Europe!) be coloured people
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  39. You can still find gasmasks for industry etc. in Germany, looking similar to wwl ones.
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  40. I am german, and come from a region with many castle ruins, northern end of Swabian Alb plateau. Most castles had been very small, for being build by knights . There are few castles of compareable size. This had been castles of impotant high noblemen, transformed into fortresses after mid 15th century.
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  41. Also the german ,Kaiser' comes from Cäsar, at school we laughed, when a boy of my class said ,Käsar' instead of ,Zâsar' as the name Caesar is spoken in Germany.
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  42. I am german, in German TV there is since 1968 a Show called ,Xy ungelöst', where Police IS searching Missing persons, or tries to solve unsolved Dangerous cases of crime. Some cases are described with movies, some only with Photos or objects in Studio. Long ago a Case was , that a robber stole a parcel from a Woman, and Hurt a man watching the robbery by pistolshot. The wounded man was an elderly british Tourist, and Said to Police: Last Time i visited Germany was in 1945, IT IS Strange that i am allways wounded by Balls, when Being in Germany. Excuse my writing, there is a Computer Problem.
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  43. Not really true. Maschinenpistolen had been forbidden for Reichswehr, only allowed for Police. Schutzpolizei units ( baracked Police?) had only the allowness of five submachine guns per Hundertschaft ( Hundertschaft means about , hunderd men', a purely civilian word). May be other branches of german Police also had few submachineguns. Not only military weapons had been regulated in Versailles treaty, also weaponry of Police. This means, for policemen, not belonging to Schutzpolizei units, ( Ordnungspolizei and Kriminalpolizei/ detectives, only pistols in .32 Acp or even .25 Acp had been allowed, also police sabers had been regulated. With some troubles, german Gouvernement could get the allowness that uniformed policemen on foot could carry a long saber,If they had the allowness to carry a long saber in Imperial Army or Police. Also for pistol producers Versailles treaty caused, that they could only produce pistols with caliber smaller than 8mm ( about .32), and no Barrels longer than 102 mm/ 4". Producing pistols may be in .380 Acp was possible, but mostly only for foreign Market.
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  44. The ,heavy cavallry' was so called, because they used the tallest horses, the heaviest equipment, and , in later centuries, also the tallest horsemen. Light cavallry used smaller horses, lighter equipment, and in later centuries, average or smaller horsemen. When Dragoner ( dragoons?) had been only mounted infantry, they bot horses of lowest quality, no matter of small or tall.
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  45. Napoleon Blownapart : During the Hitler era, the ,academic fencing' of german and austrian students was not allowed, so in these days only swiss students fenced in this way. Even today some students do this, but it is no more popular. Outside of the german language countries few students do this in Belgium, Poland and the three baltic countries ( in german Estland, Lettland, Litauen) , when it is true, also some chilenian students. Today this scars are no more wanted and the students prefer modern medicine/ doctor's work. And: from mid 19th to mid 20th century those scars had been a sign of the german language academics, for noblemen this was not common ( for them only scars from battle counted). The 19th century was a time, when the power of the nobility slowly declined, but the importance of non nobles began to rise. Those important non nobles had been rich persons, officals of higher rank and academics. In those days ( and up to the 1950s) only few pupils?/Schüler had been at the Gymnasium, they , and the students at university had been seen as the next members of the ,Elite' of the german countries, and with their scars they proudly showed ,I am a part of the Elite'. Today the situation in Germany is different. Today the Gymnasium is the most popular type of school, there are today more pupils than in Realschule ( middle education) or Hauptschule ( ordinary education). I am a Facharbeiter/ german style trained worker with middle education. I was born in the 60s, and i am rather shocked, what kind of idiots today leave the german schools, even the Gymnasien.
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  46. Different joke in eastern Germany: East German leader Erich Honecker told the people: You must bring out much more from our factories! ( Ihr müsst viel mehr aus unseren Fabriken herausholen!)
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  47. In villages and small Towns there are only volunteer firefighters. In neighbouring 40000 inhabitants town, there is a Small Professional firefighters group for First fast Response, so the Professional group does First steps, until the volunteer Personal comes. In large Towns there are mostly Professional firefighters, but mostly in town districts, a Bit away from Main town, volunteer units still exist.
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  48. In a german arms magazine i read, that a kind of ,buckshot' cartridge was made for this purpose, but failed in practise.
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  49.  @the_unapologetic_patriot  : As a person with Asperger disorder i have a problem to recognize what is serious and what is fun.
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  50. Being german, Brittas boyfriend. Born in a semirural region in Germany ( between a large town and real country) in 1965, before 1990s you saw outside the Kreisstadt (district capital?) in villages or small towns nearly no black , asian or oriental persons. Only in next town a number of dark skinned persons from Ceylon/ Sri Lanka had been, as refugees from a civil war. With those Hindu people, was no troubles in last three/four decades.
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  51. I am german. Perhaps twenty kilometers away is mount Hohenstaufen with the ruins of the castle, which gave Hohenstaufen dynasty its name. Also beautifull landscape. Some years ago i met there two elderly gentlemen and talked with them about castle ruins and german medieval history. They said: Old movies contain mistakes, but in comparison to modern crap this are documentaries. Well said.
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  52. ​ @MW_Asura : Wilhelm ll, last german emperor wrote: I know, being drunken is a relict of our germannic heritage, but is this part of our germannic heritage a good thing?
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  53. I am german, and Brittas boyfriend. In early 1980s I had my germanstyle jobtraining / Lehre for working as metalworker ( Maschinenschlosser). In Berufsschule/ Job school we had mostly theoretical Education, but also some practical education ( most practical education was done in my company factory), which is typicsl german jobtraining. In those practical education in Job school also Sheet Metal Work, all kind of stamping, bending and today very rare work Styles Had been a toppic. This stamping process in many steps ( tiefziehen) IS nothing unusual, or typicsl german.. Also correct heat treatment / Glühen is important for good stamping quality, when this is done wrong, or forgotten, the steel becomes to hard and Cracks and holes are the result.
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  54.  Hitdolf Adler  : Mit ,studieren' meinen wir Deutschen ein Universitätsstudium, während ,lernen' jede Art des Erlernens meint. In diesem Fall meinte Herr Lee, daß er die deutsche Sprache erlernt hat, aber nicht an einer Universität.
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  55. Krälet : Translated in german language, this seems to be ,Kugelsprühpistole', this word is not common but , Kugelspritze' is an often used nickname for Maschinenpistole/ submachine gun.
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  56.  @dickdastardly4236  : In Germany there are still a few target shooters using traditional german ,Schützenrifle'. Largest german target shooters organisation still has regulation for this, but for decades no more rifles had been produced, also ammunition 8,15 x 42 is no more produced, handloading is necessary.
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  57. I am german, not long ago i saw in YouTube a realy statesman style speech of Rowan Atkinson (?), known as Mr. Bean about Freedom of Speech. Also Dieter Hallervorden, greatest living german comedian, nearly 90 years old and nearly retired, often is more correct than most politicians. It is a shame, when in our nations comedians are braver defenders of free speech than politicians.
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  58. This is a german movie with german actors. Why british? In 1906(?) this incident happened in reality . A fake captain commanded a group of real soldiers to the townhouse of Köpenick to steal documents and money.
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  59. Task & Purpose : I am german, in a lot of museums and castles/palaces i have seen medieval plate armour. I have an Asperger disease and do not understand, if you mean this serious or as a joke. Camouflage, in german ,Tarnfarbe' was nearly useless up to the invention of modern nitro gunpowder, because of the blackpowder smoke clouds. Of course german light infantry (Jäger) used green jackets in 18 century, they had been in those days really forest officals, in my state he color of forest officals/ Förster uniforms had been green up to a few years ago. Those medieval plate armors had been very expensive, only counts, dukes or kings could buy decorated full armor, ordinary knights or men at arms , or rich town citizens not so much. And after 1500 pompeous armors were not for battlefield, but to impress other people, like many rich people today use an expensive car. For the case you visit the ,Zwinger' building in Dresden there is a very pompeous german armor made for a swedish king, who had the idea to marry Elizabeth l of England and wanted to appear in London with this armor.
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  60. A ,Spanischer Reiter' is not a soldier, that is a small, moveable obstacle, to close a narrow road, a gap in light fortifications, they are made by a long pole with an X - shaped ,foot' at both ends. Along the long pole and between the two X there had been once small pointer poles attached, today barbed wire.
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  61. I don' t know if it is true, but i have read, that the word ,képi' comes from german language foreign legion soldiers, which had been happy about the quality of the new cap. Kappe ( in dialects Kapp or Käppie) is the german word for cap, but today Kappe is mostly replaced by Mütze.
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  62.  @WingedAsarath  : The Anglosaxons came from those regions of Germany, where today Niederdeutsch is still spoken. In early 90s i worked in a small company in Southwest Germany, i , Brittas boyfriend, am Swabian. One day a new coworker from Niederdeutsch region came, and , just for fun, he spoke in Niederdeutsch to an english coworker. I remember one sentence: Und dann bin ik fallen in de kold Water. A turkish worker, who had never heared Niederdeutsch, thought, this was english, what the new coworker said.
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  63. As a german non- gunowner, i think that other shooters on the range , seeing a rare/ unusual weapon, will look interessted and do some questions if there is a possibility.
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  64. Some sidenotes from West Germany. Uniformed german policemen had PPs sometimes up to 1982/ 83. From late 70s into 1990s civilian dressed police officers, especially female ones sometimes still had been armed with PPK in 7,65/ .32. The reason: Compact or subcompact 9mm Luger pistols had been non existing/ being rare, so in some kind of dress, or at summer, a PPK was easier to hide/ conceal. PPKs had then also in german Bundeswehr been used. By pilots, and soldiers in civilian dress ( Military Police, miltary intelligence, couriers and socalled Wallmeister, as far as i know). In 1950s/ 1960s female detectives, small number, but in contrast to 1920s to 1940s regular detectives, had been armed only with 6,35/.25 pistols, at very first sometimes only with 8mm blankpistols, firing teargas cartidges.
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  65. Try a german ,Janz' Revolver!
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  66. Not perhaps 40 km away from my homevillage is Lichtenstein castle, a fairy tale castle from 1840s. This often causes confusion with the small country Liechtenstein.
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  67. Mr. Felton, as a military historian, you should know, that ,Pickelhaube' ( pickaxe hood) was never an official term for this helmet. It was called simply ,Helm mit Spitze" ( helmet with point). It was used by line infantry and dragoons ( leather Version) and in metall version by cuirassiers ( Prussia/ Bavaria), saxon heavy cavallry and few prussian ,Palace' soldiers ( Leibgendarmen).
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  68. I am german and Brittas boyfriend. In early 90s, a large number of german descendant russians came to Germany, some with russian wifes or husbands. So a russian, married with a woman of german ancestry worked for some time in the same company. A coworker, growed up in communist East Germany, suspected , this man had a background of russian Security forces.
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  69. In France you can find one chamber revolvers in .22 lr, had been sold for law reason.
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  70. When you visit Waffenmuseum in Oberndorf am Neckar, you can also visit Heimatmuseum/ homeregion museum with the same ticket, it is in the same floor of the building. During wwl, Mauser factory was attacked by some airraids, so there was a small antiaircraft unit. One day they shot down two britisch pilots, in Heimatmuseum there is a photo taken at the pilots funeral, it shows the german priest and a number of german soldiers. So this rearline soldiers had still respect for an enemy, who died in action.
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  71. Some notes from Germany: Zeppelin is spoken Tseppelin, not Seppelin. The Freiherren ( Baron is wrong, Baronet would be better) von Zeppelin came from a village Zöpelin in nortwestern Germany. There are descendents of Ferdinand von Zeppelin, their name is today ,von Brandenstein/Zeppelin'. One of this family lives in a small palace next to the town Ravensburg. During a daytrip with a small historic society, i could visit his castle/palace. He showed us the few things of his famous ancestor , he owned. A Zeppelin company, selling construction maschines is also existing in Germany. In 1996 i visited next to Niederstetten (?) a castle /palace owned by a branch of Hohenlohe Dynasty to visit both the ,Hunting Museum' and the ,Albert Samt Museum' about the Zeppelin pilot. Unfotunately, this museum no more existed. Sidenote: The guide of the ,Hunting Museum' was 96 (!) years old. He died in 2007 with 107 years and was the last german wwl veteran.
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  72.  @adrienrassat1965  : Omelette is known in german as ,Rührei', so you are clearly german :-). But now fun aside. The inhabitants of Alsace are, like me as a Swabian, members of Alemanic tribe, those few people of Lorraine, who still speak german, speak frankish dialect like people from Saarland or Rheinland - Pfalz, the French have stolen this regions from Germany. Also the german name for France is Frankreich ( realm of the Franks), the descendants of those Franken, which don' t möge to France are still alive in Saarland, Rheinland- Pfalz, Hessen, northern parts of Bayern and Baden - Württemberg, parts of Nordrhein- Westfalen. And those Franken, which moved to current France in merowingian/ carolingian age became there only upperclass, like Normans in England after 1066. The ordinary people in csrolingian France had been latinized/ romaniced celtics, while the ordinary people in England after 1066 had been Anglosaxon. So, those people in France who are ethnic frenchmen, are also today mostly romanic persons, but some of them have also germanic ancestry. Same with Italiens ( few germanic influence by Franks, Langobards, Goths and later Germans/ Austrian) and Spainiards ( some few influence by Goths and Suevi). So the members of romanic nations have a part oft germanic ancestry, as we Germans ( in Germany) also have a romanic and slavic part of ancestry.
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  73.  @edgarburlyman738  : Even as a german, who speaks no italian, i know it means , Schwarze Berge/ black Mountains.
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  74. I am german, and live in a village in the former american occupation zone. The american troops confiscated all kinds of documents and archives, offical and non official . A lot of documents have been lost, so many non governement organisations, societies, clubs ( in german: Vereine/ Verbände) , for example the ,Club of rabbit breeders' etc. have a lack of documents before 1947.
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  75. The , Wehrmacht ' pattern Stahlhelm was as , Einsatzhelm schwer' also used by Bereitschaftspolizei ( Riot Police, Barracked Police??) units up to about 1990. I, german, born 1965 , didn' t knew this and was rather surprised, when i saw such helmets in TV at state funeral of bavarian Governor Franz Josef Strauß in 1986 or 1987.
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  76.  @skwalka6372  : In Francos Spain, surely not. But, those ,Democrats(?) of Spanish Civil War 1936 to 1939 , mostly communists and socialists, supported by Josef Stalins Russia ( a democratic country?) had not been the angels, as they are shown today.
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  77. I am german. The german police system is for centuries not the same all over the country, in former principalities and current states had been/are still differences. Only in Hitler era and former GDR everything was the same everywhere. The formerly monarchist states created in 19th century modern police forces, but the oldstyle ,medieval' policemen existed long into 20th century. Nightwatchmen existed even in the 1930s, town criers up to 1970s ( small rural villages) and up to 1980s you could find Feldschütze( field guards/ gardes champetres). Also up to 1980s you could find wineyard guards, armed with smoothbore muzzleloader pistols, but not as defence weapon, only to scare birds and other annimals.
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  78. Here in Germany it is rather easy. They have a ,von' in their name and are happy, when persons use their old titles when speaking with them.
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  79.  @geroldgrolms6292  : Einer meiner ehemaligen Arbeitskollegen, wie ich um 1970, aber in der früheren ,DDR' geboren, meinte, daß er sich seit der ,Wende' mit der Hitlerzeit stärker befasse. Er meinte, unter anderem, daß die ihm persönlich bekannte FDJ eine rot gestrichene HJ sei.
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  80.  @AndrewAMartin  : Excuse me, wrong button!. It is intressting, that Hafenmeister is simply Harbormaster. In contrast to german language, english language has two words for ,Hafen' - port and harbor, which i have forgotten. But attention! When you visit a town in my homeregion, where Swabian Dialect is spoken, don't be surprised when you read in a town ,Hafengasse', Hafenmarkt' etc. as street or placename. In swabian dialect, far away from the sea, a Hafen is a pot. So the Hafengasse has its name from the Hafner/pot makers who once worked here.
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  81. Everybody talks about cruel german soldiers killing heroic french freedom Fighters in war of 1870/71, wwl, wwll ,but nobody talks about french troops killing german freedom Fighters understand Andreas Hofer or Major von Schill in napoleonic era.
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  82.  @TheRedQueeenn  : A seax , in german Sax, is not a , Viking only' weapon, this was used in nearly every germanic region. In my homeregion lots of seaxes habe been found in graves of Alemannic warriors.
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  83. In one of the two german military history magazines i read, there also was noted, that older officers, who had been young officers at the start of the first world war, said, the german soldiers of 1914 had been better trained than the soldiers of 1939. So they critisised that, compared to 1914, the soldiers had more problems, what to do when unexpected things happened.
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  84.  @deranathonarkantos6712  : I am german, not french. According to german language weapons magazines up to 1982 you could in France licencefree buy single - shot pistols in .22 lr, with extra long Barrel. So a revolver with perhaps 12 " barrel and a one- chamber- cylinder was an allowed pistol to buy. Impractical and useless, but outside USA you have to be happy, when you can buy a pistol.
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  85. That's nothing. Knives are in use from stone age to now.
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  86.  @lafeeshmeister  : I am a man, only using my girlfriends account. I am 55 now, but for the reason of bad eyes, i had not to serve in the Bundeswehr as conscript, so i have no military training or expierience. But i think, i have the answer to your question, why about close quarter fights is more spoken and thougt about. Wien my father was young, he spoke with some veterans from trench warfare oft wwl. My father asked one time two of those men, which thing oft war was the most terrible for you? The answer of both men, was a thing, my father did not expect: The enemies assault! Most oft the wartime they could not see their enemies, but at an assault you see , like your ancestors centuries ago, an armed angry enemy with grimm face attacking you. And this thing, you don' t shot an unseen or faceless enemy in a distance, but an enemy next to you is the thing, why there are so much emotions about fights with knives or Pistole.
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  87. Have you ever seen german Schützen- or Hunting muzzleloaders with Harfenbügel/ harp style trigger guard?
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  88. A note from Germany : Pickelhaube was NOT the official name for this helmet, it was simply called ,Helm mit Spitze' ( helmet with point).
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  89. As a german person, no gun owner ( guess why), i am surprised about the fact of the ammunition shortage in USA. Is this a political thing? Because there are lots of ammunition companies outside USA , which would be happy to sell their products on US market.
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  90. Hat der Lehrer eingesackt.
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  91.  Ja volim Picke  : Niemand , der vernünftig ist, hat etwas gegen redliche Leute aus dem Ausland , die hier arbeiten. Was hingegen Leute verärgert, ist : A) Daß Leute, die hier noch nie etwas gearbeitet haben, hier fürs Nichtstun mehr Geld erhalten, als schlecht verdienende Einheimische. B) Daß, egal welchen Mist diese Flüchtlinge machen, nicht die Flüchtlinge ,erzogen' werden, sondern Deutschen , die sich beschweren, rechthaberisch übers Maul gefahren wird. C) Uns Deutschen wird immer vorgegaukelt, wie reich wir seien, und wir seien im besten Deutschland aller Zeiten. Die Leute sind nicht doof, sie wissen und bemerken, daß unser Land nicht erst seit gestern im Niedergang ist. Meiner Meinung nach , gibt es für einfache , kleine Leute wie mich, seit mindestens fünfzehn Jahren keine Verbesserungen mehr. Die Politik unserer Regierung hat dazu geführt, daß ein loyaler Untertan wie ich, sich nicht mehr an seine Lehenspflicht gebunden sieht, um es altertümlich auszudrücken. Ich bin schlicht enttäuscht und habe keine Lust mehr.
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  92.  @marcuskogler8808  : Ich, Brittas Freund, bin Arbeiter . Ich halte seit etwa zwanzig Jahren immer weniger von unseren Politikern. Und was die Migranten angeht, diejenigen, die eine bestimmte Religion so hochloben, sollen dorthin, wo ihre hochgelobte Religion, ihr Gott und sein Bodenpersonal für Wohlstand und Glückseligkeit sorgen, statt uns Einheimischen auf den Sack zu gehen.
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  93.  @The1Green4Man  : We current germans are descendants of some germannic tribes, yes. But: Germans of Brandenburg/Pommern and lost territories Schlesien and Preußen are slavic people, germanized between ca. 1050 and 1350. In those parts of Germany once being Roman Empire, there had been romaniced celtics mixed with socalled romans. During Thirty Years War austrian Habsburg got support of spanish Habsburg, in late 17th century french troops under king Louis XlV plundered and burnt down south Western Germany. So current germans are a Mix of germannic, romanic , slavic and a bit celtic blood. And: The dutch, english and scandinavian people are also germannics, but are they also German?
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  94. Wooden Club, invented in Stone age is still used by some Police forces.
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  95. The german V stamp means ,Vorrat' ( stored/ in stock). But a note to the french/ german war of 1870/1871. The ,prussian' army was in reality the ,North German Federation Army' together with the allied forces of Bayern, Württemberg and Baden.
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  96. I am Brittas boyfriend, being member of current Schwaben, prefering speaking my dialect over speaking Standard German. In case of of settlements many current towns or villages date back to Alemannic tribal age ( graveyards). A typical settlements name ends with -ingen. Somewhere i read, this - ingen and british -ingham have the same root.
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  97. I am german, Brittas boyfriend. The Postschutz ( postal protection) was intended to guard post buildings , post trains ( or single post wagons in an ordinary train) . Up to 1990s german post was a 100% gouvernement owned company, and not only letters and parcels had been post work, also telephone and postal bank had been formerly postal branches, also no more existing telegraph. So there had been a large number of buildings , vehicles, railway wagons, telephone and telegraph lines. And in wartime may be more things. Also up to 1990s german railway was mostly gouvernement owned , with a Bahnpolizei/ railway police. In wartime also the Bahnschutz existed, as a guard unit only ( but not well reputated). So sometimes the ,soldiers' defending german trains in wwll had been in reality members of railway police, railway protection and postal protection.
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  98. John Hancock : Please read my comment, then you know the reason for this scars, this has NOTHING to do with Hitler and his party!!
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  99.  @gambigambigambi  : In german we call us germans , die Deutschen', with the word Germanen we mean either our ancestors in tribal age ( in my case the tribe oft Alemannen) or all persons from german ( including austrian and german swiss), english, dutch, flemmish, afrikaans, danish , swedish, norwegian, icelandic or Färöer islands language/ nation. Many people confuse german and germanic!
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  100. Attention: Here in this context M16 helmet is clesrly noted. But when we Germans speak of a Stahlhelm, this means simply ,steel helmet', no matter from which country.
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  101. The persons speak german, with an accent used in Vienna. This way of speaking german is easy recognizeable. And the short man with grey suit and black hat, appearing at 2:00 minutes was Hans Moser, known for his fast and mumbling speaking.
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  102.  @danielnorman2725  : I am german, and i don't watch all kind of modern ,Mantel und Degen'/ swatchbuckler movies, they are simply not my taste. Because it is a german production, it is unwatchable for you? What do you think, who you are? Watch your american/ british Propaganda movies and you will be happy!
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  103. That actor was Gert Fröbe, who appeared as Goldfinger in a James Bond movie.
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  104.  @aryanscience  : Can be stolen by someone as Souvenir. Other context: In my german homeregion many civilian organisations , for example Sports Clubs, musicans Clubs, have a lack of documents before the war, because US occupation troops also confiscated the archives of nongouvernement/ private organisations.
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  105.  @herbderbler1585  : My comment was written more as a joke, than serious. I , german, simply wanted to make fun about the american ,oh our glorious Colt 1911 is in military use since 1911!'. A knife is both weapon and tool for thousnds of years. In very old ,warrior' times knives ( and daggers) had been important weapons also in battle. But with the rise of firearms, knives and daggers became a ,last backup' for soldiers, and when in early 18th century the daggerlike plugbayonnetts had been replaced by gripless spike bayonnets, daggers and weapon knives mostly disappeared in regular european troops. But in wwl , for trench warfare, knives appeared again as weapons. But , as a german arms magazine wrote, the trench knives have seen more saussage fat than human blood'. So most of the modern military field knives are dual purpose items, useable as a tool, but on rare incidents also as a weapon. But we should not forget, when used as a close quarters combat weapon , especially in a ,surprise attack', knives are very dangerous and often underrated!
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  106.  @adamcuneo7189  : Morality is allways a thing of the own, not a thing of the others, so only the others must be punished. My point was simply to tell why shotguns have still nowadays a very bad reputation as service weapons in Germany.
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  107. A note from Germany. Current german word for war is Krieg, but old word Streit has survived in some cases. Streitross/ warhorse ( you also see here old word Ross for Pferd, which is similar to horse), Streitwagen means war chariot (in swedish a stridsvagn is a tank). But i assume war can also be related to Wehr. Wehr can be a weapon ( dated), an armed force ( dated ) ot sich wehren , to defend yourself. Knowing this, Wehrmacht could be translated as , warmight '. English warden exists in german as Wächter, Wärter or Wart. I am german of swabian tribe ( south west Germany). In my local variant of swabian dialect, the words for stapeln ( to staple)/ Stapel ( staple) are beiga/ Beig. For all my life, i an 59 now, i could not explain this strange beiga/ Beig thing. Half a year i noticed scandinavian bygge means building, to build/ errect ( errichten). This scandinavian bygge explains Beig/ beiga in my homeregion.
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  108. Nick Eldridge : You are a nationalist idiot, without any historical knowledge. From 1700 - 1806 there was the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation. This was a country of more than 300 states ( Reichsstände) with a seat in the parlament ( Reichstag). This had been states of nobility lords, the emperor/ Kaiser ( the emperors could only use their own teritory, because in the ,emperorles time' 1254-1274 the crown land disapeared), the noble electors/ weltliche Kurfürsten ( Brandenburg, Pfalz, Bayern, Sachsen, Hannover, Böhmen), dukes/Herzöge, counts and princes Grafen/ Fürsten of different ranks, and lords/Herren. This had been spiritual lords, spiritual electors/geistliche Kurfürsten (the bishops of Mainz, Köln and Trier), princed Probsts/ Fürstpröbste, princed abbots/ Fürstäbte ( in some cases female abbots of female monastries) and the territorries of the catholic knights orders ( order of St. John/ Malteser, Johanniter, Order of St. Mary/ Teutonic Order, Deutschritterorden/ Deutschherren etc.). Then there had been the Imperial Towns / Reichsstädte, from large territories like Ulm or Münster over important towns like Hamburg or Frankfurt am Main, to ,Metropoles' like Zell am Harmersbach. Then there had been teritories with no seat in the parlament, mostly imperial knights/ Reichsritter, but also imperial villages/ Reichsdörfer and at least one territory which consisted of a single farm (!). From 1350- 1648 the Roman (german) emperor was weak, but after 1648 the emperor lost most of his power over the other territories. He could NOT declare war / Reichsexekution, this was a thing of parlament and happened rarely. The most important states had been the ,Austrian countries' of the emperor himself, the Elector of Brandenburg ( inside of HRE the king ,in' not ,of' Prussia was technicaly only Kurfürst von Brandenburg, because Prussia was never part of HRE), and the electors of Pfalz and Bavaria, after the 1770s the same person, and the electors of Hannover, who was after 1714 also King of Great Brittain. And the smaller states? Some of them for example Württemberg or Hessen-Darmstadt could field few regiments, but for example the Fürstprobst of Ellwangen had 36 soldiers on foot and 12 men on horse
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  109.  @Intelwinsbigly  : I am not Britta herself, i am her boyfriend, only using the same Computer ,Anschluß', don' t know the english word. I am 55 and basicly a conservative / rural factory worker, and a ,nostalgic' supporter of ,parlamentary monarchy' as it is in Great Brittain. For decades/Jahrzehnte i voted for CDU Party, so when Angela Merkel became leader of CDU party and first female chancellor in more than 1000 years of german history, i had no problem. But after a short time i was very dissappointed, she does no policy for the ,average german on the street'. I personnally am very angry about her.
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  110.  @makoffski5314  : Habe seit Jahrzehnten nichts von einer Vergewaltigung einer muslimischen Frau durch deutsche Männer gehört. Ich , Brittas Freund, kenne in meinem Umfeld aber zwei Frauen, die schon von ,Asylanten' belästigt wurden, eine Frau Ende 50 mit starker Gehbehinderung ( hat mir gesagt, daß sie zwar auch aufdringliche deutsche Männer kenne, aber selbst diese seien nicht so arg, wie die Asylbewerber) und ein Mädchen. Als dieses 14 war hatte sie mit ihrer Großmutter etwas in der Kreisstadt zu erledigen, die Zwei wurden unflätig beleidigt. Auch in der Tanzlokal-, Musiklokal- und Diskothekenszene habe ich von Bedienungen und weiblichen Gästen schon Beschwerden über das Benehmen muslimischer Männer gehört. Das sind berechtigte Beschwerden, aber kein Rassismus. Anstatt Rassismus zu rufen, sollten sich speziell die Muslime fragen, woran es liegt , daß sie bei vielen Einheimischen unbeliebt sind.
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  111. I am Brittas boyfriend and german. About 25 years i ago wanted to buy a rarely used thing, i found it in a very oldfashioned shop, owned by an old lady. She told me , that some years ago, she heared strange noises in the night and wanted to look, what is happening. So she took her semiautomatic blankgun and went ot of the house. Someone saw her with the blanks pistol and called the police. When the patrol arrived, the officers wanted to know, what happened and to see the pistol. The old lady told me, that before giving the pistol to the policemen, she repeated the slide. The officers had been surprised and asked: Mrs ..., why do you know this? She answered: I learned this at the end of wwll.
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  112. In Germany such weapons, called ,Drehling' appeared in 1510s/1520s.
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  113. Attention! Gewehr doesn' t mean rifle, this would be Büchse. Gewehr in civilian context is an umbrella word for all long guns , Flinte ( shotgun), Büchse ( rifle) , Büchsflinte, Bergstutzen, Drilling, Vierling (combination guns) and Wallbüchse ( wallguns) , Entenkanone (puntgun) and later Panzerbüchse ( antitankgun/ antimaterial rifle). In military context from early 19th century to early 20th century Gewehr was used for a fullsize battlerifle of lineinfantry ( and after 1870s also Jäger) in contrast to Karabiner of cavallry or artillry ( in Austria also Stutzen was sometimes used for shorter military rifles). And, in documents before 1800 Gewehr can also mean sometimes , weapon in general ', a bayonnet can be either Bajonett or Seitengewehr, only for example. Ge- means in german basicly a lot of. So Gesang- a lot of singing, or Geschrei- a lot of singing, and Wehr? Sich wehren/ to defend yourself, die Wehr is dated for weapon, mostly a bladed weapon , see Bauernwehr in HEMA circles. Formerly a pure Gewehr- or Waffenhändler was only a trader/dealer , no producer/maker. This term showed, that the business owner is no Büchsenmacher ( gunmaker/ gunsmith), Klingenschmied (bladesmith) or Schwertfeger ( sword finisher?).
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  114. Why?.Are antimaterial and antitank guns unknown to you? Nothing new under the sun.
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  115.  @melonetankberry5211 : Theoderich, Roderich, Dietrich, Dieter are german mens names, no more common among young men. Didi , Ditz, Diez or Tietz had been the shortened versions of daily life.
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  116. Es ist acht Uhr- it is eight watch.
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  117.  @elcondor7627  : Stahlhelm means only ,steelhelmet', we Germans ( Austrians and Swiss also) call EVERY military steelhelmet Stahlhelm.
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  118. Some of the men had been men , who are not , felddiensttauglich' ( field service able) but only ,garnisonsdiensttauglich'( garrison service able), but some of this not realy fieldable men had been trained and experienced men.
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  119. Bundeswehr postwar german armed forces Bundesheer postwar austrian forces. Formerly Armee ( word of french origin/ les armes- the weapons) and Heer ( word of germanic origin, in pre 1066 anglosaxon ,here') had often been used intechargeable, sometimes still now, but in german armed force Heer means groundforces which are called army in english language countries.
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  120.  @theophrastusbombastus8019  : Do you know , who , Paracelsus' was?
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  121. Old movies had been ,romantic'. But: Old movies had been produced before invention of political correctness and wokeness.
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  122. Vergessene Waffen! Sidenote Wappen means Coat of Arms.
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  123. In armouries there had been often a lot of outdated things. In case of emergency everyting was given especially to nearly untrained levie men. Also outdated pieces had been in use by poor warriors longer than expected. In the famous Swiss victories the Swiss captured lots of horsemans armour, and years later this was transformed into footmans armor.
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  124. Why do you not write the fact, that between 1815 and long into 1980s, no shotguns had been used as service weapon. Only in 1830s/ 1840s few of southern german states bought a small number of percussion side by side shotguns. They had been sometimes handed to the up to 1890s/1900s only saberarmed policemen, mostly when fighting poachery, or escort a large number of prisoners to a prison. The 19th/20th century german/austrian counterpart to US Wild West literature had been novels, in which either a Forrest Service official ( Förster) or a lawfull licenced huntsman fights poachers , smugglers or other criminals in the Woods. The heroic characters are armed with rifles, while shotguns, when appearing, had been the weapons of the criminals. Perhaps you now understand, that german soldiers of wwl saw shotguns not as service weapons, but as weapons, used by criminals, so the shotgun armed US soldiers, other ones don' t used them, as criminals.
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  125. Langobarden is the german name.
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  126. Der erste April ist vorbei!
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  127. Or those ones of Mounted Mountain Navy? ( Old german Joke)
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  128. Switzerland had up to 1972 6500 dragons/ Dragoner, and german mountain troops still have a company of mules ( and some Haflinger horses).
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  129. The marriage outcry was only a loud ,show', to force the king to abdicate, his connections to Germany had been the real reason, why Edward had to abdicate.
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  130. I am Brittas boyfriend, of swabian tribe. Not far away from my village , perhaps 25/ 30 km away was former fortified border Limes between Imperium Romanum and Germania Magna, also border between provices Germania Superior and Rhaetia. In town Aalen , where in roman time a cavallry unit ,Ala' was , there is famous Römermuseum, in town Ellwangen there is a Museum about Alemannic tribe/ Alemannenmuseum. So you can do a daytrip with informing you about Romans and Alemannen.
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  131.  @losonsrenoster  : Wooden batons, invented in stone age, are still in use.
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  132. To jaif: My mistake! The territories of current Brandenburg, Pommern and former Schlesien/ Silesia had been inhabitatet by germannic tribes. As far as i know, the romans called baltic sea ,mare suevicum'. But the germannic tribes moved away, to south or west, and slavic tribes came . About year 1000, german noblemen, mostly Saxons ( in old, not modern sense) and Thuringians started to expand eastwards. Sometimes they conquered land, sometimes they betrayed the slavic people, sometimes the german noblemen married the daughters of slavic chiefs/ chieftains. Sometimes the german noblemen and their servants murdered lots of slavic people, but sometimes poor germans, following the noblemen, became the majority or mixed with slavic people. The slow germanisation ended about 1400, but in 14th century had been last slavic rebellions. In socalled , Spreewald ' ( Forrests of Spree River) there still live people, who speak slavic language mixed with german words, the , Sorben ' . They now have the right to keep their language and tradition, and in Spreewald signs are in sorbic and german. In Prussia situation was similar. When Order of St. Mary ( Teutonic Order) conquered Prussia, more and more germans settled there , and was also germanized, but was never part or HRE. Accidently, i thougt, the Prussians ( Pruzzen) had been slavic people. In baltic states up to 1860s german was official language. From time of merchants union ,Hanse' and the fact that german dominated ,Order of swordbrothers' ruled over baltic states, even belonging to Russia, upper class was mostly german. A relict of german upperclass in Lativia and Lithuania is, that german accademic fencing is practiced in Lativia and Lithuania, also some belgian and polish students do this.
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  133.  @chevalierdupapillon  : The ,halt' is also used in swabian dialect, i would translate: We have to accept, what happened.
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  134. To the armed forces of imperial Germany. The german army consisted of four armies : 1) The royal prussian army, including the troops of the greatdukes and dukes, also the soldiers of the principalities and free towns. The non prussian troops had the right to keep their regiment flags and regiment names. 2) The royal saxon army 3) The royal wurttembergian army. The saxon and wurttembergian armies could keep their regiment flags, their regiment names and their Generalstab/ general staff, but their general staffs had been allways under prussian command. 4) The royal bavarian army. They could keep their regiment flags, tegiment names and their general staff. The bavarian general staff was only in wartime under prussian command. Also the jackets of bavarian soldiers had been in , bavarian blue', the non bavarian soldiers had jackets in ,prussian blue'. The helmets had been the same in all german armies, but the coat of arms and cocardes had been different. Also the leatherhelmet with point was only used by line infantry and dragoons. Artillery gunners used a similar helmet with a ball to prevent accidents, and light infantry ,technical troops and parts of reserve units used the Tschako. Hussars had a cylindric hussars cap made of fur ( See Feldmarschall von Mackensen) and lancers/Ulanen used a small leather helmet with a tip down pyramide to remember the polish origin of the Ulanen ( The polish ceremonial guard still uses caps with square/ quadratisch top). Heavy cavallry and palace units used pointed helmets made oft steel vor copperbased metal.
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  135. The austrian born actors name ,Schwarzenegger' would be in current german , Schwarzacker'- Blackfield.
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  136. A few years ago in a german arms magazin there was an article about an Mauser M71 or M71/ 84 rifle. Usualy all rifles had been in 11,15 x 60 , only for Serbia in 11,15 x 62. Now a german antique arms dealer/ trader bought such a rifle for a normal price for the rifles condition. Some time later, when he had more time, he took a closer look and noticed , the dummy cartridge in 11, 15 mm did not fit. It was in 9,4 mm , after research in military prussian archive, he had the solution, about 200 or 300 rifles had been made in 9,4 mm for a test/ trial , after a german officer with lots of ,connections' had nerved the War Ministry.
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  137.  @flashman76  : The discredit of germans in USA started during the civil war of 1861 to 1865. Many german immigrants had been military trained in a small german state, and moved to USA for republican belief. But some unlucky events with mostly german regiments caused antigerman Propaganda. Also the german commander of an artillry regiment, which was seen as best artillry regiment, did not get the rank of general, while a total idiot ( Custer) became at least brevet general. For decades now, i no more watch US war movies ( and also war movies of other countries including my homecountry Germany, they are simply unwatchable).
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  138.  @Intelwinsbigly  : For us germans Imperial Germany was the most liberal time in weapons context.
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  139. ​ @kasetoast8354 : : Ich lebe seit meiner Geburt im gleichen Ort, die Nachbarstadt ist immer noch am gleichen Ort. Wenn man die Fußgängerzone der Nachbarstadt heute betritt, man hört immer weniger deutsch, vom einheimischen Dialekt ganz zu schweigen.
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  140. In the early part of the video the ,Arbeitsmaiden' ( working maids) of ,Reichsarbeitsdienst' are noted. My grandmother ( 1910- 1995) told me , that one of such ,Arbeitmaiden' had to help her father ( my greatgrandfather) , who was ,Farrenwärter' ( breeding bull warden) of the village. His work was ordinary farmers work, but for bulls owned by village. One day my grandmother, her father ( veteran of wwl) and the young ,Arbeitsmaid' worked on a meadow to make hay ( sidenote: german Heu and Stroh/ hay and straw/ are spoken in my dialect like a mix of english and german). Suddenly a plane came, the three hide in a group of bushes., and the plane threw two bombs. Nobody was hurt, but the Arbeitsmaid was so shocked, that she fell into the arms of my greatgrandfather and cried: Mr.... we will die! The US pilot didn' t want to kill civilians, what often happened, he threw the bombs before an emergency landing , because his plane had problems.
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  141.  @MrRedsjack  : I also think so. In 18th century there had been many fake pistols of gunsmith ,Legallas', in 19th century USA lots of percussion pistols Deringer, Derringer, Berringer etc.. In a german arms magazin a spanish copy of a US revolver was shown, with the stamped words: Smith & Wesson cartidges fit into the Escado revolver. How many spainiards of 1880 could read english? Also on many muzzleloaders made in northern africa , turkey or arabic countries have european letters totally senseless on lockplate, that the clients should think, it is an european made gun.
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  142. A longer time ago, i , german, saw a german TV documentation. There was shown, that customers (?)/ Kunden of those gunmakers/ gunsmiths ( in german Büchsenmacher) tested the weapons, for islamic law this ,customer test' seems to be an important thing.
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  143. I am german. The husband of my grandmothers sister was killed at Monte Casino, and my own grandfather died in August 1945, he became ill in russian POW camp. I, Brittas boyfriend am now with 57 older than my grandfather became.
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  144.  @Fucoc  : German word for a female horse is Stute, a male horse a Hengst. I know that in very old days Marha was a male horse, and Mähre a female horse. But being not interessted in horses, also when my ancestors did farming ( up to 2001), before buying first tractor they had no horse, only cows to pull wagon and plough, so i personally know Mähre ( Schindmähre) only as a word for bad quality/ old horse. Note: A Schinder was once a man, who had to take away dead annimals from settlements and towns.
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  145.  @Numbertwo22  : In the ,Schweizer Waffen Magazin' ( Swiss Arms Magazine) i read some years ago, that also in Switzerland such ,weapon pay back' had been. Some people came with rusty scyte blades.....
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  146. As far asi know, these revolvers came out of service in 1975, the last users had been some elderly army craftsmen, auxillary policemen and railway guards.
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  147. I am german, from a region full of ruins of Burgen castles. Most of them had been very small. Those inner central wall ( innere Ringmauer), and especially the outer walls ( Zwinger) , when existing (!) often have no towers. Often there is only main towe ( Bergfried) , and on castles on narrow hilltops or rocks, there was no tower, only a strong build massive house, because when being on a high position, you can see over surrounding territory, so a tower was not necessary ( as i noted, many castles had been small, sometimes very small), but build in rocky terrain, where you are surprised, that medieval persons build a castle there).
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  148. From the 1900- 2000 you could carry a gas pistiol in Germany without a licence, and you still can buy them. But current amunition ( 9 mm Pak and 9mm for Revolver ) contains not many tear gas.
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  149. To many idiots confuse german and germannic. Germans are germannic, but not all germannics are german.
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  150. The ,prussian' army? The army of the german states had been may be 65% prussian soldiers. You totally have forgotten the soldiers of Bayern, Sachsen, Württemberg, Baden, Hessen- Darmstadt, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Mecklenburg- Strelitz, Sachsen- Weimar- Eisenach, Anhalt, Braunschweig, Sachsen- Altenburg, Sachsen- Meiningen, Sachsen- Coburg- Gotha, Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg- Sondershausen, Waldeck- Pyrmont, Lippe- Detmold, Reuß- Greitz, Reuß- Schleitz, Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck.
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  151. I am german. After 30 Years War a german writer , Christoph von Grimmelshausen, who lived in those time wrote his in Germany wellknown book ,Simplicius Simplicissimus', which was a bestseller in late 17th century. I have read this book, which describes the life of a fictional man over the years of war. Rather intressing.
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  152. A number of years ago, in a german arms magazine i could read, that until the 1960s in some german inns there had been airguns on a mount (?)/ Stativ . In a corner there was a target with a hole, which was not much larger than the ball. It was difficult, to shoot a ball through the target hole, but after a sucessfull shot, you got a beer for free.
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  153. A note: German Forces in German East Africa before 1914 had been both Schutztruppe and Landespolizei ( Country Police). The Landespolizei was transformed into Schutztruppe units, when war started, and german settlers where mobilized as Reservists. So there had been at first 1100 to 1200 white german soldiers.
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  154. In Caesars days no Germans existed , only germannic tribes. Speaking of germans before 10th century is nonsens. Greetings from Germany!
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  155. German forces allways had a Lack weapons. So especially auxillary / Police/ guard units got captured , elderly or coverted weapons . In German language, i am german, we have the word ,verschlimmbessern', it means an attempt to make a Thing better, but in reality the Thing becomes worser, so Not all German conversions had been good. So i think, interessting easy to produce weapons had been carefully watched by companies/ Shops ( Werkstätten) not so expierienced in weapon production.
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  156.  @piano8446  : Von den Wählern der Parteien : Die Linke, Grüne, FDP, SPD, CDU/ CSU ist dies so gewollt. Welche Parteien sind es denn, die mutwillig solche Leute herbeilocken?
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  157. You can still get the , Deutsches Sportabzeichen ' in current Germany, it looks still similar. There is still a golden, silver and bronce Version. You can get this badge at every age, but of course, in young age the conditions are much harder than for elderly persons.
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  158. Und man könnte ja auch mal die Stöcke und Krücken untersuchen. Schließlich gibt es Exemplare mit eingebauten Flinten, Büchsenläufen, Schwert-, Degen- , Dolch - und Messerklingen, Stahlruten, Stahlstäben, Drahtseilen, Metallgliederketten...
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  159. Years ago in a german newspaper readers could write funny events of their lives. One reader told , that when the first ,chinese' restaurants had been seen in Germany, he visited one with his girlfriend. The girlfriend painted some chinese letters/ signs on a paper, and at home she painted, much larger, this letters on a T-shirt. When the couple visited the chinese restaurant the next time, the owner and waiters smiled/ laughed. The chinese letters at the the breast part oft the T-shirt said: Fresh and tasty.
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  160. comsubpac : A german artist, who was in fear of the SA, went to a communist group. A short time later he said: The communists are also Nazis, only painted red.
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  161. ​ @MarkFeltonProductions : The German beer bottles of wwll had a socalled Bügelverschluss made of wire with an added moveable porcelain piece. No bottleopener was necessary. From early 1970s to early 1990s this beerbottle Type nearly dissappeared, but it reappeared. So a german beerbottle with Kronenkorken from wwll is assumingly a fake. Greetings from Germany!
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  162.  @mikepette4422  Also german cavallry did lot of Tests, at the end in wwl german horsemen carried their carbine at the sling on Back.
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  163. A) First antitank weapon was german Tankgewehr of wwl B) Panzerschreck warhead was constructed as improvement of unsuccessfull rocket launcher Puppchen. C) First AA rocket manpad was unsuccessfull german Fliegerfaust of wwll.
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  164. In Oberndorf am Neckar, where Mauser factory formerly was, is still the Schwedenbau/ swedish building. It was build for producing the first swedish Mauser rifles. Today there are two museums ( firearms museum and homeregion museum) and a number of semiofficial indtitutions.
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  165.  @kameronjones7139  : I am no gunowner. But i, Brittas boyfriend, am on the side of serious target shooters, hinters or weapon collectors ( firearms or edged weapons). I don't like violence, for its so bad results ( dead, cripled or mental hurt persons) . But not the existence oft weapons is the reason for violence. In three months we have national elections in my home country Germany. An election victory of the leftwing , Green Party' ( Die Grünen) is rather possible!!!!!!!!! They want to forbid to own , deadly shooting arms'. In german language , Schußwaffen' are not only firearms ( Feuerwaffen) but also bows, crossbows, strong airguns and slingshots. So it seems that in close future the greatest peoples disarming since 1525 ( beating down the great farmers revolt) is coming in my country. I think, i must not tell an US citizen, what it means, when ,democratic (?)' party wants to forbid modern weapons! ( In Wilhelm II era, we germans had the most liberal weapons laws of our history.)
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  166. Being german, of swabian tribe, ( Julius Caesar called my tribe Suevi) i don' t care about political correctnes. I know history of my tribe for the last 2000 years.
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  167.  @ThorusCrusius  : I am german and can speak some French. When i was for the first time in Alsace, which was once a part of Germany, i saw a young man selling hot saussages. I ordered a saussage in French language, and the man asked in german: You also want mustard? He clearly noticed, that i am german.
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  168.  @ThePreparedNorseman  : Olympic pentathlon is assumingly ,Moderner Fünfkampf' in german. For political correctnes reason, and for whiny left wingers, firearms are replaced with ,laser guns' , why not with laser pointers? Cross country riding was replaced with ,Springreiten' ( don' t know english word), and olympic fencing is a total nonsens, if someone hits the opponent a 1/ 100 second earlier, he is the winner, but in reality there would be two dead fencers.In reality not the first thrust stops the attack of an enemy, good parrying protects life.
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  169. German has also four grammar cases, therefore the old german joke: Der Werwolf, den Wenwolf, dem Wemwolf, des Wesswolfes.
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  170.  @boghag  : Old german joke: Name five days of a week, which don' t contain an ,a'! Solution: Vorgestern ( beforeyesterday), gestern ( Yesterday), heute ( today), morgen ( tomorrow), übermorgen ( overtomorrow).
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  171. I am german, and Brittas boyfriend, i only use her Computer. May be 15 to 20 years ago, i visited a public health bath ( Thermalbad) next to my homevillage. In those days not common, i heared an old couple speaking in english about the ruins of a fortress , you can see there. As history intessted person, i told the couple, what i know about the fortress. This had been US tourists . The man told me, that his father a short time before or after wwl emigrated to USA from my homeregion, i know the village. He could speak only few words of german language, because it was unwanted when he was a child. But in correct swabian dialect he spoke the word ,Backhäusle'/ little baking house, because his father often told him about this, slowly coming out of use, public baking houses, and he was happy, that now as an old man, he could see this.
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  172.  @ericoberlies7537  : I am german, and rather astonished too, that the grave still exists. My comment was intended, that i see in general a difference between stealing a sword from a grave, whoever is burried, and taking weapons from dead or captured enemies. For example, somewhere in southern Italy is the grave of German Emperor Friedrich ll, died 1250. The grave contains still his sword , broken in two pieces. But you can' t steal his sword, over 770 years after his last war, and say, its a wartrophy. Only this is my Point.
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  173. I am german and Brittas boyfriend. As a german from the south i am not a total fan of Prussia and Wilhelm ll of Prussia, but from my swabian village i can see under best weather conditions Mount Hohenzollern, where the namegiving Castle of Hohenzollern dynasty is. I , a conservative/ nostalgic Person am a bit angry/ upset (?) when someone thinks, an object, owned by last german emperor has a ,dark aura'.
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  174. A note from Germany. In monarchies it is often seen as a special honour to serve next to monarch. Also the importance of rearline troops for modern war is often not noted by many people.
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  175. Most common cartridge in current Germany is blank cartridge 9mm Pak.
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  176. German person here: A few years ago German Railways ( formerly German Federal Railways) had a PR campaign, showing large pictures of railways users- only nongerman persons.
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  177. When you visit ,Waffenmuseum'/ weapons museum in Oberndorf am Neckar, you can see also civilian products of Mauser company, from interwar periode to may be 1970s. Cars, Bureau machines and measurement equipment.
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  178. In a book about east african warrior nations i read, east african muslim slave traders had been so rich, that they could hire mercenaries from Yemen.
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  179. An eurpean gunsmith build a big game repeating double barrel rifle not long ago.
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  180.  @adrienrassat1965  : Today in modern Europe the people are rather mixed. If you see an european person, you can only say, this could be a person from southern, northern, eastern or balkan part, not really more. I, Brittas boyfriend, don' t look like ,typical german' , there had been persons, which thought , i am French or from Georgien ( in caucasus mountains). We Europeans should be careful, that the age of wars between our nations has no ,Comeback'. To the many non european persons nowadays in Europe, i don' t know, if its good or not for the spirit of european life and culture, we can' t look to the future.
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  181.  Kay Theo  : Ich bin nicht Britta, sondern ihr Freund. Mir haben die von Herrn Knoop gemachten Dokumentationen auch nicht gefallen. Über die inhaltliche Richtigkeit kann ich mangels Geschichtsstudiums ( habe Realschule und Lehre) nichts sagen. Was mich persönlich gestört hat, war der arg politisch/korrekte Unterton seiner Filme, denn ich bin noch aufgewachsen, bzw. zur Schule gegangen, kurz bevor dies Mode wurde.
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  182.  @funkyfudge11  : Now i understand, what you mean. In my german Homeregion sometimes the small town Owen causes confusion to strangers, because it is written Owen, but spoken Auen. We Germans usualy speak a word as we write it.
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  183. Former german soldiers had nearly no possibility to wear their medals, because there was ( and still is) no veteran culture in Germany. The outcry of leftwingers would have been heared in USA.
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  184. Watch the ,Forgotten Weaopns' ( ?) video, in which a replic of german wwl Grabenpanzer/ trench armour is tested.
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  185.  @SpaceTravel1776  : I am german, and Brittas boyfriend. I also notice, that allied warcrimes are rather rare a topic of videos or movies, i am not a nationalist, but not to note this crimes is not so honourable. Also: Have you ever seen a french movie, showing, what french troops did n 17th century Germany? I not.
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  186.  Ja volim Picke  : Zuerst sollen mal die Leute etwas erhalten, die auch etwas geleistet haben. Ich, Brittas Freund, bin Arbeiter und habe keine Lust, für Leute, die hier noch nie einen Finger krumm gemacht haben, etwas zu bezahlen. Wo gibt es denn so etwas wie bei uns?
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  187. schrodingers cat : Imperial (Reichs) Security (Sicherheits) Main/Head (Haupt) Office (Amt).
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  188. The Black Baron : Warum müssen die Telefone gemästet werden?
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  189.  @ericoberlies7537  : The sword was stolen out of a grave decades after war, so looting. It was not taken from a killed or captured soldier, or from a kind of weapons chamber.
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  190. Demonstrieren ja, aber keine Sachbeschädigung oder Bedrohung von Personen. Hat mir schon Ende der 70er nicht gefallen.
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  191. For Propaganda and to interest teenage boys for pilot job, glider sport was supported with lot of money. Next to Teck castle on Swabian Alb mountains a glider hall, a starting ramp and a glider lift (!) which could lift a glider over 70m was build, you still can see relicts.
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  192. In Germany up to late 1990s socalled , Zimmerstutzen ' ( chamber rifles), mostly in 4mm Rimfire, had been produced for indoor target shooting. In pre wwl Germany and interwar era, those rifles had been popular, but now they are rather rather rare used.
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  193. In Germany we have a traffic sign especially for chinese people. You can read: Um lei tung.
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  194. In 1920s in USA rather short shotguns only with pistol hrip had some popularity, like Ithaca Auto & Buglar. Also in 1916/ 1922 Ireland some remaining Lancaster two/ four barrel pistols in .450 had been reused with .410 shotcartridges to fight ambushes when driving a car.
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  195. In german der Schild is the shield, but das Schild is a sign.
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  196. Ian clearly said, the magazine and bipod are missing.
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  197. In time of german monarchy , Hessen- Darmstadt was a Großherzogtum/ great duchy. When in 1918 geman monarchy ended, the abdicated monarchs used the lower titles, their ancestors used in HRE time. This is the reason for Landgraf in Hessen or Markgraf ( Marquis) in Baden, in use by current heads of dynasty.
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  198. ​ @JETWTF : After british Parlament Wars/ german Thirty Years War helmet use ended rather quick. With exeption of may be heavy cavallry and some mostly leather ones.
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  199. In firearms museum in Oberndorf am Neckar, you can see Mauser products: Two different cars, bureau machines, measurement equipment - and firearms.
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  200. Also in früheren Zeiten haben Könige etc. tatsächlich ihre Heere oft selbst in den Kampf geführt.
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  201.  @Saber23  : When you are so educated, why has 60miliion Italy the same number of Nobel prizes than complete muslim world? When you are so intelligent, how was Europe able to be military advanced to conquer world? Japan was selfisolated for over 200 years. They after isolation noticed, we are in danger of being invaded, we need modernisation. And after 22 years japanese industry started producing modern rifles. Muslim world was never isolated, but why no creation in modern science and technic? Look into mirror. There are allways two sides.
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  202.  @funkyfudge11  : Also in german language the town names Posen and Warschau sound different, so the reason for Mr. Mc Collums error is unclear. Thats all.
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  203. I am german, and Brittas boyfriend. Two weeks ago i watched Kenneth Brannagh's , Murder on the Nile' in a german cinema ( of course dubbed in german). After knowing the story and movies with Peter Ustinov and David Suchet, you can think what i thought about new movie: Pure political correctnes and unbelieveable nonsens, for example in 1930s muslim Egypt half of Nile steamer crew young women in short pants ( trousers?).
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  204. There is ,or was up to some years ago, a miniature revolver and a singleshot pistol for pinfire blanks in 2 mm. I think brand was ,Berloque'.
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  205. Rommel is in swabian region a not uncommon Name, for years i danced in , Tanzcafe Rommel' ( about: Rommels Dancing Hall).
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  206.  @AlexN2022  : In ,edged weapons' channels like Scholagladiatora of Matt Easton, who has a reputation similar to Ian, often the question apperars, is ,Hema' ( Historical European Martial Arts) still useable today. The answer is about: Basic training unarmed, knife/ dagger, or stick of different length is to some degree still useable, better than nothing. I think someone who knows older technics ( Fairbairn- Sykes or Defendu ) is in daily western europe not defenceless.
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  207.  @Wakey585  : With airguns, this existed also in Germany.
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  208. Correct . Mohammed Amir al Hosseini was highest field imam of muslim SS Division Handschar.
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  209. Attention! In southern Italy the Normans had also a conquered an own Kingdom. And kingdom of Naples was from about 1200 to 1268 ruled by swabian Hohenstaufen dynasty. This is may be the reason swabian people ( i am swabian) ate some food similar to italian food, when italian food was unknown in Germany. Examples: Nudeln/ Pasta, Spätzle/ Spazzulla, Maultaschen/ Ravioli, Tortellini, Dätscher, Deie, Dinnet/ Pizza.
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  210. There are lots of countries, including my homecountry Germany, where getting a ccw licence is very difficult to nearly impossible. So a pistol for competition is perhaps better for earning money outside of USA.
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  211.  @rogainegaming6924  : The boy read on the shop sign: Shop owner Mr. Maier, vorm. Mr. Müller. The boy thought ,vorm.' ( formerly) means ,vormittags' ( before 12 o' clock) . So he thought, before 12 o' clock Mr. Müller is in the shop, and after 12 o' clock ( ,nachmittags') Mr. Maier is in the shop. Vormittags- before 12 o' clock, Nachmittags- after 12 o' clock.
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  212. I am german. Metric system was in Germany introduced in 1870s, but my parents, 83/79 years old, in case of weight still use Pfund( pound / 500g), Zentner ( hundredweight/ 100 Pfund/ 50kg) and Doppelzentner ( Doublehundredweight/ 200 Pfund/ 100 kg). Of course also Halbpfund or Viertelpfund( Vierling) for halfpound (250g ) or quarterpound (125 g).
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  213.  @glaswegianresistance  Before 1806, the end of HRE, this was the socalled Hauskrone/ Housecrown.
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  214. In case of edged weapons, watch ,scholagladiatora' channel of Matt Easton, the ,Ian' of edged weapons.
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  215. In the 20s, when german cinema had its highest artistic level, he worked for some time in Germany.
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  216.  @generalripper7528  : Not totaly true. In 18th century germany consisted of over 300 states. Some larger states formed in wartime ,Jäger' units from professional hunters and forrest officials ( Förster). At first they appeared with their private rifles ( no muskets) and civilian ,Hirschfänger' long hunting knifes. A bit later, up to percussion age, the rifles of Jäger units had been state bought, but still had some civilian features. In Seven Years War the civilian Hirschfänger had been replaced with longerbaded military Hirschfänger.
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  217. You surely mean the Dirlewanger unit, which startet as a company and ended as a brigade (or division? ). This soldiers had been mostly criminals, and so they acted very cruel. They where mostly used against ,Partisans' and failed against regular troops. The Dirlewanger unit belonged to the SS. Some Sears ago i read at a german military history magazine, that even some SS leaders (!) said, Dirlewanger and bis men are too cruel! When this is true, then this says all!
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  218. In HRE after Karl V, King of Rome was title of HRE / Habsburg crown prince.
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  219. The mitrailleuses are often noted, but the two batteries of bavarian ,Feldl Kartätschütze' are nearly never noted.
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  220.  @ms.blackcat  : I, Brittas boyfriend am also no Accademic, but it happeded sometimes that guides of museums or historical tours ( done by a small german historical society) told me, that for a trained worker my historical knowledge is rather good. At one historical tour to town Wertheim the guide was a princess of Löwenstein - Wertheim -... When we visited the ruins of medieval Wertheim Castle, where her ancestors once lived, she spoke only about histotry and artistical aspects of Castle architecture, but no word of intressting military aspects of castle architecture. For known reasons, military toppics are in Germany no more in favour. So i asked the princess if is allowed, to speak some words about rare to see Details of fortifications. She allowed this, and afterwards other members of tour said, it is rare, to hear someone who has knowledge about fortifications ( and tells this in slowly dying out local dialect).
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  221. Untrue Lie : In Germany the russian emperors are written ,Zar' , the Z is spoken TS. A ,C' is sometimes spoken K, sometimes Z in german language. So the name Caesar can be in Germany Käsar or Zäsar. In Germany we speak Zäsar but Käsar/Kaiser, so the K could be true.
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  222. In Interwar Germany 9 mm Parabellum was only allowed for the Schutzpolizei units. They had been organized in ,Hundertschaften' ( similar to companies) . They had been barracked . This units , similar to current ,Bereitschaftspolizei' had the task of riot police, crushing down uprisings of communists or nationalists, and support ordinary Ordnungspolizei or Kriminalpolizei ( Detectives) if a large number of policemen was necessary. The other handguns had been K98, Mp 18 ( 1 of 20 men) and few handgrenades, also few machineguns for use in armored ,Polizeisonderwagen'.
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  223. One Inch is in Germany mostly called , englisches Zoll' or only ,Zoll'. We once had ,Zoll' also. ( One ,prussian Zoll' was 26,2 mm). The ,english Zoll'/ inch is 25,4 mm, so 1 cm/ 10 mm is in decimal writing about 0,4 ( .4 ) inch. This Inch system is in our country unusual, with exeption of pipes. For most pipe diameters EN and ANSI is the same, but for example ,2,5 " is in ANSI 73 mm and in EN 76 mm. , which sometimes caused problems, when i , Brittas boyfriend, worked in a small pipeline company.
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  224.  @thif4722  : This had been civilian production, the armies of the four german kingdoms gave contracts to different arms companies, because the Revolver was not developed by a commercial company. But also other companies ,german and belgian , produced versions of this revolver. This versions had been often different to standardized military version. There had been versions with ejector, double action, trigger guard finger hook, different handles. In those days officers had to buy saber and revolver from their own money, so revolvers in 10,6 mm Deutsche Ordonnanz had been allowed for german officers, also if they had not been the standard model. So some officers had more modern revolvers. Same with their sabers/epees, the IOD 89. Rich officers, of high rank, nobility or factory owners background bought sabers with decorated blades and handles.
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  225. Same in Germany. In 1970s, even 1980s in rural Germany nonwhite people had been rather rare.
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  226.  @TiberentenTV  : Achtung! In manchen Dialekten ist eine ,Schnalle' eine, auch sexuell, leichtlebige Frau.
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  227. I knew that Wallensteins real name was Waldstein , which means ,forrest rock', assumingly the name of first castle of his family. In Germany the names of many castles or noblemen end with -stein.
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  228.  @Puffball-ll1ly  : In my swabian homeregion in nearly every village graves of allemanic persons from 3th to 6th/ 7th century had been found, those grave items tradition of non christian reason ended in 7th century, noblemen practiced this after adoption of christianity some time longer than commoners. Those graves, sometimes large graveyards, are mostly found , when there are large constitution works, for example a new complex of houses, a new rsliway line or similar things. In many cases the use of old pagan graveyards ended, when churches had been build, and christian graveyards are , or had been until few decades ago, arround church. So with christianity the nonchrisrian gravesites had been forgotten, and are found now by coincience. Sometimes it also happens, that when old churches are enlarged, modernized or renovated, a grave with items is found. Assumingly the grave of a nobleman, who switched to christianity, ordered to build First church, but was burried in germannic tradition.
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  229. ​ @unicornpower8975 : Hm, Linke und Kirchen sind gegen rechts, aber den Islam unterstützen beide. Logik dahinter?
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  230. I come from this part of Württemberg, which is called Alt (Old) Württemberg. In the Altwürttemberg part, protestantism was so hard, that Württemberg was called ,Protestantic Spain'.
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  231.  @neutronalchemist3241  But only on good roads, or on flat terrain. The bicycles of those days are not the ones of today!
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  232. Forgotten: The grenade launcher lookalike item of blankpistol could be a fireworks launcher, which is common on blankpistols for german market. In Germany, don' t know situation outside, you have ordinary blanks, CS, OC / Pepper ( by law only to scare dangerous annimals), rarer extraloud blanks or ones with a very large bright flash of lightning.
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  233. DRGM means Deutsches Reichsgebrauchsmuster.. Is a socalled ,small patent', which protected an item only for few ( five?) years.
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  234.  @brandongardner9829  : Winners of wwll did never bad things, don' t you know this?
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  235. A small sidenote: The th in Walther company name is not spoken the english way, but the german way, so only t. The th in german names is a relict from the time before 1873, when in german language every t was written as th.
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  236.  @ConradAinger  : The english, dutch/ flemish, friesians, danish, swedish, norwegians, icelanders and faroese people are also germannics. But they are no germans. This is my point. In german language we call ourselves deutsch, when we speak of germanisch, we either mean all noted germannics ( including us germans), or our tribal ancesters up to 9th century. Before 843 ( Treaty of Verdun) it is totally impossible to speak of a german nation. As far as i know, it was in 10th century, when Regnum Teutonicum was in latin documents first used for Reich der Deutschen. The word theodisc - language of the people ( in contrast to latin of clergy , science or diplomacy) became over centuries first teutsch, then deutsch.
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  237. Please, don' t confuse german and germannic. We germans call us deutsch, when we use germanisch, then we mean all people, speaking a related language ( english, dutch/ flemish, swedish, danish, norwegian, friesian, icelandic , faroese and of course german).
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  238.  @389383  : In 1948/49 a new constitution was established. So death penalty and working camps dissappeared in Western Germany. In late 60s also ,Zuchthaus', a harder version of prison dissappeared. So current Germany is a paradise for violent criminals.
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  239. I want to know, why the correct fact, that from 1806- 1813 all german states with the exeption of Austria and Prussia had been french puppet states was cut away.
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  240. Old german joke : How to speak ,Wie bitte'?- Hä?
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  241. Some muskets with more modern matchlock type ( in german Luntenschnappschloß) had been converted to percussion.
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  242.  @thomasbecker9676  : Your name sounds german, so i perhaps ,take owls to Athens'. Also in Germany wild boar/Wildschweine are a problem. Here some hunters and butchers sell traditional german saussage/ Wurst, but made with wild boar meat. I like this.
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  243. Nearly every weapon works by harming a person. This less lethal weapons can kill persons, but the inventor tried that this happens not allways.
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  244. Some notes: For centuries the papal states had been the borderline between Southern Italy/ Kingdom of Naples, and ( Up to about 1520) HRE influenced Northern Italy. Some to some extent strange facts about 1870: Not only german forces had a german Commander, also papal forces, a german with the name Kanzler, who was after ,fight' knighted by Pope. The Commander of italian forces was a man named Cardona, father of Luigi Cardona, Commander of italian forces in wwl. From 1928 ( when Mussolini established current Vatican City) to 1968 Vatican Forces consisted of Swiss Guard, Noblemen Guard, Papal Gendarmerie and Palatin Guard ( a milita).
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  245.  @Parasmunt  : What? Germanic ( anglosaxon) part of english language doesn' t come from northern Germany? Travel to this region, where Low German/ Niederdeutsch is spoken, still sounds a bit english. About thirty years ago a coworker of Low German region just for fun spoke in bis dialect to an english coworker. I remember the sentence: Und dann bin ik fallen in de kold Water. Both the englshman and i ( from swabian tribe) looked astonished, but we could understand. But a turkish man, who had never heared Low German , asked: Why do you speak english.
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  246. Kappe is the old german word for cap, but today most germans use the word Mütze. I don't know if it is true, but i have read , that foreign legion soldiers from german language countries had been very happy about the quality of the new cap ( in german dialects Kappe, Kapp, Käppie) , so that also french officers and soldiers called the new cap ,képi'.
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  247. Great Wolf : This is a german word, i know this, because i am german. In english language it is a Lehnwort/ loanword. Many languages, including german, use loanwords to describe things, formerly not known in their language and have no own word for this thing.
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  248.  @RaderizDorret  : Some restrictions had been results of Versailles treaty. For example, it was no more allowed for german arms companies to produce pistols with barrels longer than 100 mm ( 4") and a caliber larger than 8 mm. Also some versions of target rifles in 8,15x 42 had been no more allowed. Some restrictions ( Feuerwaffengesetz of 1928) had no allied reason. In imperial germany, officers had to buy their sword and pistol with own money, this was no more allowed, Tiere had been right and leftwing ( i don' t like both) uprisings and much crime. ( My grandmother 1910 to 1995 told me , that she in first years of Hitler era thought, Hitler was good, because crime declined). But what happens currently in Germany frightens me , it is the greatest peoples disarming wave since the crushed farmers rebellion of 1525.
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  249.  @Serjo777  : I, Brittas boyfriend, have not watched the noted Video. Two notes. At first, to every historical topic, there are mostly two or more oppinions, you should know all, then you come next to historical truth. Second: When you read comments of any kind of Videos about minorities, you more and more find voices, which say, i once supported minorities, but now i no more support them. Their behavior is the thing i no more like . For the reason, that my knowledge of english language is limited, when comes to things, which exist only in brain ( you can' t grab), it is to difficult, to explain this understandable. I try it. In Germany there are many choirs (?)/ Chöre in german. Most are mixed, some consist only of men, fewer only of women. Many of this choirs have been fouded in mid / late 19th century. Today, most of this , Gesangvereine ' have changed to a modern style of singing, the traditional ones slowly die. This choirs are organized in regional organisations, which are organized in a national Organisation. May be ten years ago a choir of homosexual men went to court, the Swabian Singers Federation is discriminating us, they don' t let us join their organisation. I No more remember, how this court trial (?)/ Prozess ended, but i remember the words of speaker of Swabian Singers Federation: The Swabian Singers Federation is an old Organisation for people, who like to sing in a choir, it is not an Organisation, which has anything to do with sexual things. We would have no problem with this choir of homosexual men, if they would use a traditional name, for example Männerchor Heilbronn 1998 ( Heilbronn Mens Choir 1998), but why do they use a name, which notes their homosexuality? That is a private thing, which has nothing to do with singing in a choir. So it is often the behavior of minorities, allways claiming, to be the victim, which annoys more persons, than you may think. I don' t know the Situation in your country, but in Germany the modernlings think, they have eaten wisedom with a spoon and know everything, and because they are the flagbearers of tolerance, they want to ban every other oppinion than their own. I don' t think, the legendary men of great era of german science and education would like them.
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  250.  @spirz4557  : I am german, but the word Furher i don' t know, you mean Führer?
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  251. Black soldiers of african colonies Schutztruppe, and Kaiserliche Landespolizei used M71s in colony Deutsch Ostafrika ( current Tansania) as long as they had ammunition. As longer as wwl lasted , german troops under Lettow- Vorbeck had to use captured british/ belgian/ portugiese weaponry. Schutztruppe of Deutsch Ostafrika surrendered three weeks after German Army in Europe. Firearms of Südsee Polizeibataillon ( only armed german forces in german south sea territories outside Samoas Fita Fita unit) i don' t know, but google their impressive uniforms:-))) Chinesische Polizeikompagnie in Tsingtao was only armed with cavallry swords, when mounted, and baton, when on foot. In Europe In wwl M71 or M71 / 84 was used by elderly reservists ( Landsturm) , Naval Personal and Police, only rearline. Very last existing rifles and cartidges had been given to Volkssturm ( as far as i know).
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  252.  @okey289  : This started wwl, but was not the reason.
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  253.  @wintonhudelson2252  : Some germans from Württemberg went arround 1820 also to Russia , because there was in this years a food/ hunger Problem, and württembergian king Wilhelm l was married with a russian princess. I was rather surprised, that one of this Russia Germans still spoke with clearly hearable swabian dialect, i am swabian too.
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  254. Ursula - from latin Ursus ( Bear) , in Switzerland, where Ursula Andreas comes from, Urs is in german part a common mens name.
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  255.  @thorstenthiel760  : Ich kenne weder ihr Alter, noch weis ich, ob sie städtisch oder ländlich aufgewachsen sind. Es waren vor einigen Jahrzehnten tatsächlich andere Zeiten, ich kann mich noch bis etwa 1970 zurückerinnern. Von meinen Eltern , um 1940 geboren, und meiner Großmutter , 1910 bis 1995, habe ich in Gesprächen immer wieder erfahren, daß der Alltag, die gesellschaftlichen Normen etc. früher ganz anders gewesen sind. Das war teilweise schlicht Unwissenheit, aber auch, was ich an meinen Eltern noch immer bemerke, eine Nachwirkung des Württemberg Jahrhunderte prägenden Pietismus. Bei meiner Großmutter muß man bedenken, sie ist noch im Kaisereich auf dem Land geboren, es herrschte als noch Gedankengut des 19.Jahrhunderts! Neue Ideen und Gedanken gibt es von Zeit zu Zeit, aber es dauert im Allgemeinen Jahrzehnte, bis es sich in Stadt und Land bei alt und jung durchsetzt, man wird im Allgemeinen vom Gedankengut seiner Zeit geprägt und kann oft nicht über seinen Schatten springen. Man sollte vorsichtig sein, die Menschen vergangener Epochen für ihre Fehler zu belächeln oder beschimpfen, denn man kann nicht sagen, wie man sich verhalten hätte, hätte man selbst in jener Epoche gelebt, das kann man nicht mit Sicherheit sagen. Mir sind Leute suspekt, die etwa sagen: Ja hätte ich in der USA um 1850 gelebt, hätte ich den Indianern geholfen. Woher kann man das wissen, wenn man damals nicht gelebt hat? Richtig ist allerdings Folgendes: Früher haben sich die Menschen aus unserer Sicht oft falsch, zumindest aber unverständlich verhalten und zu wenig unternommen, wenn sich jemand auch nach den Maßstäben ihrer Zeit grenzwertig oder gar übertrieben bösartig verhalten hatte. Hier muß man froh sein, daß sich die Zeiten und Ansichten geändert haben.
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  256. Bismarck was attacked with a cheap pinfire pepperbox in 5mm pinfire, from the five bullets two failed and the other three caused not much damage, the wounds had not been dangerous. In one book i read, that Bismarck had a kind of armoured vest, but i don't believe this. There had been two other asassination attempts. In one case a man in a crowd noticed the asassin and could grab the hand with the gun, in the second case not Bismarck was in the Gouvernement coach, but a large puppet with a similar hat and coat!
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  257. You have forgotten the bavarian Werder Rifle from 1869, it fired 11,5mm metal cartridges. But in the war of 1870/71 only few battalions of light infantry had been equipped with this weapon.
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  258. I am german. Years ago i did a hiking tour arround small town Sachsenheim. Relicts of a small Machinegun Bunker of 1920s/ 1930s Neckar - Enz line, a medieval Castle ruin, an outpost of the Castle, later used as a Kind of small Police Station, a wineyard Guards hut, a fieldguards Hut ( perhaps 50cm thick concrete Walls and roof- Military building of Neckar - Enz line. In my Homeregion you can find fortifications from Bronce age to wwll.
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  259.  @neildiamondo6445  : Current heir of Stuart dynasty would be Herzog Franz von Bayern. Also a german! Greetings from Germany.
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  260. In Germany a rifle with this look is called ,Stutzen'.
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  261. According to an article in Schweizer Waffenmagazin of 1980s, there had been mostly french made overlong flintlock muskets , mostly similar to 16 gauge of modern shotguns. This rather long guns had been simply made and mostly used either as ship equipment gun or as trade gun for african trade. In the noted article was written, that there had been in addition to the usually 1,7 /1,8 m long versions also such ones, which had been 2/2,5 m long. This extra long versions had been sold to chiefs or kings, as a symbol for their Power.
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  262.  @ericschultz5839  : I am german, born 1965, in the 70s/80s you learned about the Hitler era. But starting in the 90s you hear only Hitler, Hitler,Hitler. A german comedian made the following joke: German schools, television and politicans speak so much about Hitlers crimes, that every german knows , how to do the next time.
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  263. When you reach the gates of Wallhall , it surely helps, when you ars propper dressed and armed ;-)!
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  264. As a german, but non gunowner, i don' t know that Pistolen mit Anschlagschaft are common among german target shooters. But there is not only DSB ( Deutscher Schützenbund since 1861), there is also DSU ( Deutsche Schießsport Union), BDS ( Bund deutscher Schützen) and BDMP ( Bund deutscher Militär - und Polizeischützen, today also civilian members). So it is possible, that the smaller target shooters societies really sometimes shoot with stocked pistols.
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  265. In 1866 there was the battle of Lissa in the Mediteranian. The Austrian fleet with mostly wooden ships won against the larger Italian fleet , which had a number oft modern armored ships.
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  266. According to a german arms magazine, a large number of remaining S&W revolvers had been converted to flareguns for reason of the breakdown mechanism. Is this true?
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  267.  @lahire4943  : My mistake, didn ' t read carefull enough.
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  268. Attention! Der Schütze/ the shooter, but , der ...schütz' is in swabian region a guard ( from beschützen/ to protect). So a Feldschütz is not a ,field shooter' but a , field protector ( Garde champetre in french) .
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  269. Up to 1790s ( 1792?) current Belgium was under the name , Austrian Netherlands' a regular part of HRE.
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  270. ​ @Darth-Nihilus1 : No! In civilian context Gewehr is umbrella term for long guns ( Shotguns, rifles, combination guns, lighter punt guns, wall guns, anti material guns, anti tank guns). In Military context a Gewehr was a full sized battle rifle, in contrast to shorter Karabiner ( or Stutzen in Austria). But attention! In older documents Gewehr also could be a bladed weapon , for example a Seitengewehr IS a bayonnet, or a Kurzgewehr was a kind of polearm, which was used by lowrank officers or sergeants long into 18th century. Why? Ge- means ,a lot of' ( Gesang- a lot of singing, Geschrei- a lot of shouting) and Wehr can be either weapon in general or a long knife ( see Bauernwehr). Sich wehren - to defend yourself. So Gewehr means ,a lot of defence ' and can be ( in older time) both a firearm or an edged weapon.
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  271. Sehr zweifelhaft, ich, Brittas Freund, habe bei der Suche nach einer Freundin Anfang der 90er Jahre kurz nacheinander zwei junge Frauen kennengelernt, die beide eine Vergewaltigung erlebt hatten. Eine hatte einen Selbstmordversuch hinter sich, die Andere war lange in einer Anstalt. Letztere habe ich ohne Absicht erschreckt. Sie hat plötzlich die Hände vors Gesicht gehalten, sich weggedreht und am ganzen Leib gezittert. Ich war sehr erschrocken, wusste zunächst gar nicht, was los war. Seither weis ich, was ein solches Verbrechen anrichtet.
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  272. With the exeption of small bodyguard squads the ,fighters' had not been uniformed. Perhaps they had the same simple sign painted or sewed(?) on their jacket. When in late 17th century uniforms became common, there had been up to the end of colourfull uniforms arround 1910 in every army allways some troops, which had uniforms in other colours than usual. When now troops of the same army had different uniforms, it became a problem, when allied troops fought together, who is enemy and who an ally? For this reason, armbinds or sashes had been used, or simpler, the soldiers fixed, for example a little branch or a handfull straw as sign at their hats. I don' t know, if it is true, for a special ceremony the royal danish guard still apeares with some straw at their hats.
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  273.  @s.w.4409  : For the case, you visit Germany, in the town Bad Mergentheim , in state Baden- Württemberg there is the museum of the ,Deutscher Orden', because this territory was the largest one, they had after the loss of Prussia. When i was there in 2019, i remember that they had a kind of uniform in Renaissance Time, depending on the rank ( for example Komtur), but in medieval time i don't remember, if they realy had a uniform in modern sense, or only of similar style and colour. Also in the same region is a museum of the Johanniter or Maltese Order, i think in the rather small town of Kirchberg an der Jagst (?) .
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  274. Alexander Seesink : Deutsches Reichsgebrauchsmuster, you are right. But as far as i know, this is a ,kleines Patent'/ small patent . This means, a usual patent protects a new product for 20(?) years, but a Gebrauchsmuster is protected only for five years. A protected trademark would be a Schutzmarke or a ,eingetragenes Warenzeichen'.
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  275. ​ @AGS363 : If Shaddiversity would do videos about Maori or South sea islanders i would trust him more. For a german person like me, who lives in an are full of medieval castle ruins ( some converted into Rennaissnce fortresses) , relicts of medieval/ Renaissance town fortifications, even Celtic and roman fortifications, the fortified border between Imperium Romanum and Germania Magna was about thirty kilometers away, i personaly don' t like Shaddiversity.
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  276. The M79 is rather large, but the M83 is smaller.
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  277. In wwl there had been PR in german newspapes from ,Oropax' ( Ohr is german for ear) company, showing Heavy Artillry gun crews.
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  278. People interested in edged weapons should watch the chanel , scholagladiatora' by Matt Easton. This man has a reputation in edged weapons as Ian in firearms.
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  279. There is an old joke in Germany. A a boy enters a shop and says : Good morning Herr (Mr.) Müller! The shop owner says: My name is Maier, why do you say Mr . Müller? The boy answers : On your shop sign i read , vormittags Mr. Müller'
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  280. It is a man , dressed in 1500 to 1550s german style ,Schlitzmode', before in 1560s spanish cloth style became fashion. Must not be a Landsknecht mercenary.
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  281. Schießen ( shooting) and scheißen ( shitting) - something flies away.!
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  282. Jed-Henry Witkowski : Which language is ,American'? Do you mean the languages of native americans from allover the continent?
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  283. M71 rifles for 11,15 x 60 black powder cartidges.
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  284. But composer Richard Wagner wrote decades before plane invention the opera ,The flying Dutchman'.
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  285. Steel 7, 85 g per cubic cm. Trained metal worker/ Facharbeiter.
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  286. When in 1871 Second German Empire was founded, standard pistol was prussian M50 muzzleloader smoothbore percussion pistol, 15 mm caliber. In those german states, being in 1866 enemies of prussia ( Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg, Baden and Hessen - Darmstadt) surely also rifled percussion pistols in austrian 13,9 mm existed. But only Bavaria had in 1869 decided, to buy centerfire 11,5 mm Werder rifles, carbines and pistols , all singleshot. When in 1870 war broke out neutral Belgium stopped trading firearms to Bavaria, only few bavarian soldiers had Werder weapons. After war, Mauser M71 became first german sevice rifle. Transforming Werder guns for 11mm Mauser was not good, so Bavaria canceled buying belgian weapons. A large number of carbines had been transformed into pistols, the rifles ( as noted only a part of ordered rifles came to Bavaria) was given to forrestry, prison, customs personal. In Saxony in 1872 or 1874 a strange Revolver in 10,4 mm was introduced, an enlarged S&W Nr. 1 or 2! Caused troubles with German Gouvernement, in Bavaria not , for reason of a bavarian privilege. But when Mauser offered a Revolver , german army decided, to create an own Revolver, the M79 was the result, the M83 the improvement. For test reason, a few Colt SAAs in 10,6 Deutsche Ordonnanz had been bought. The testing soldiers and officers said: A good Revolver! But for reason of either money or national pride, the german Army invention was bought. In german navy the Reichsrevolver replaced Colt Navy and british Adams Percussion revolvers in .36. Was in Prussia called.35, because english inch ( Zoll) is 25,4 mm, while prussian Zoll ( inch) was 26,2 mm. Handle of Reichsrevolver M79 had similar size and shape as M50 pistol.
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  287. Some notes: Not long ago, there was a Junkers company producing components for heating and hotwater equipment of houses. There is still a Zeppelin company selling / lending machines and equipment for road construction. The company, which produced the wooden Natter rocket planes still existed at least ten to twenty years ago as producer of camping vans/trsilers, using the Natter plane as Logo. And in wwll gerrman airforce used also gliders. Especially for paratroopers or invading forces in early stages, later the transport glider Me 323 (?) Gigant , from which also a motorised variant existed. I live next to german town Kirchheim unter Teck. This town and tegion has a long history of glider sport, and german glider pioneer Eolf Hirth lived here. There is still a glider company Schempp- Hirth existing. When you enter town district Nabern from west, you can still see a building from former Wolf Hirth company, producing components of wwll military gliders. Oh, noted MBB company had also buildings there, which are now used by different small companies, which are not involved in aircraft/ military production.
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  288. Ted Archer : One of my former coworkers came from eastern germany, and he told me, when he had more information about the years 1933-1945, he noticed, how similar some communist things he knew personaly, had been to things of the Nazi -time.
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  289. My father, born 1938, german, told me that at end of war, he often heard allied planes flying to Stuttgart. But one day he heard something, he had never heared before, he thinks, it must have been a kind of jet.
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  290. In Europe you can find houses , build in middleage.
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  291. Sofus : I live in the german Landkreis Esslingen, Esslingen was a Reichsstadt. The capital of Landkreis Reutlingen, Reutlingen was a Reichsstadt. The capital of Landkreis Aalen , Aalen was a Reichstadt etc., etc.. Some of the former Reichsstädte are still important cities, Frankfurt, Nürnberg, Augsburg, but most of them are nowadays no more very important, only capitals of a Landkreis, which would be a county in USA, and some, for example Zell am Harmersbach are today rather small towns.
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  292. I, Brittas boyfriend, am Swabian and was rather surprised, when i was mistaken for a Swiss in Vienna.
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  293. Pre wwl infantry rifles with long bayonnet was last descrndant of Landsknechts pike.
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  294.  styletube  : Ich, Brittas Freund, bin 56 und habe so etwas noch NIE gehört. Was ich aber schon oft , mit eigenen Ohren, gehört habe sind Beschwerden von Frauen jeden Alters über das Benehmen muslimischer Männer, insbesondere der Jüngeren. Dies ist, auch wenn es ihnen nicht gefällt, die Wahrheit.
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  295. Das hat Erdogan ja offen gesagt.
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  296.  @thetruetri5106  : Was a terrorist group, and not really large.
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  297. Exact.
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  298. Continental European policemen in those days had mostly a saber. Truncheons had been mostly a thing of nightwatchmen, field guards, town criers , prison wardens or postmen, at least in Germany. If there was a riot, or other need for a large police levy, german police called the army . But when the army suppoted police, the police officers could give orders to army officers. This means, for example, a police captain could give orders to an army captain.
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  299. In the Clan levies of Culloden 1746 there had been also boys, old men , madmen and unfit men.
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  300. My father, born 1938, asked as young man veterans from wwl what they feared most. They told him, assaults had been fearfull, you see Like in long gone days an angry enemy charging you. But pike didn' t dissapear in early 18th century. In case of pure pallace units , pikes existed in french royal guards until 1789. In case of lowtrained and bad equipped militias / Landsturm of many small HRE states, pikes and matchlock muskets had been used long into 18th century. During , Freedom wars' many prussian Landwehr units had few muskets, so many soldiers started the war with pikes or axes , until they could capture french muskets or got ones from Russia or Brittain. Also in 1813 württembergian King created four Landregimenter/ rural regiments, only half of usual size and only armed with halfpikes. A Police and guardforce only. During US civil war, thousands of pikes had been produced in Confederate states, there are interessting Videos, but the purpose is not exactly known. And during 19th century europe, many Rebel forces or semiofficical citizens units had been armed with warscytes.
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  301. I am swabian, the name Vollmer is a common name in swabian region. It is spoken Follmer, not Wollmer.
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  302. Have also Asperger. Don't like this woman.
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  303.  @billpetersen298  I am german. My parents , born 1938/ 1942 still use Pfund ( 500g), Halbpfund ( half pound 250g) , Zentner ( 100 Pfund/ 50kg) and Doppelzentner ( double Zentner/ 100kg).
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  304.  @billd66  : kriminell means , being a criminal', the word you mean is ,Krimialmodell' ( Kriminalpolizei means ,Detectives Service'')
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  305.  @theophrastusbombastus8019  : So i think, you know, why i asked this unusual question :-)
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  306.  @Willy_Tepes  : As far as i know, the Schußwaffengesetz from 1928 was no ban of private firearms, but a restriction. In Imperial Germany, basicly every well reputsted person could buy a gun, rifles and shotguns easier than pistols. For carrieing a pistol for selfdefence a Waffenschein ( ccw licence?) was necessary since 1890s. As far as i know, in 1928 the ,Bedürfnis ' ( necessarity?) for owning a firearm was added to law.
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  307. Not much..From 1921 to 1933 ordinary Sturmmann had NO weapon, perhaps hidden a private one like Schlagring ( knuckles) or Totschläger ( related to sap and blackjack). Socalled officers, ordinary men of a bit higher rank or bravery the SA dagger in style of Schweizerdolch ( literally swiss dagger, but as far as i know, in english known as Holbein dagger). Then Germany had good knife industry, quality was surely good, but was intended more as dress weapon, than fight weapon, so don' t know, if every owner had a handle, realy fitting in his hand. Officers, and relative few men, for example SA Police ( counterpart of Military Police) different pistols , mostly 7,65 Browning/ .32 Acp, lesser 6,35 Browning/ .25 Acp or 9mm Luger. Rifles had been rare. When in 1934 the faked Röhmputsch ( Coup d'etat) was over, SA was reduced from four to one milion men, SA got other tasks. Real military rifles had been rare, but there had been also .22 lr training rifles in larger number. And before 1933, especially in early years, weaponry was everything but standardized. For reason, that before 1933 SA ( and SS)men got mostly no ccw licence, even guarding an important member, also obscure weapons like Nilpferdpeitschen ( hippopotamus hide whips/ Sjamboks) had been used. I read magazines about military, weapons and history in general for decades, all kind of violent ideologists i don' t want.
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  308.  @jrooney58  : I am german, and i have never done such deep research, But for about fourty years i read german language arms magazines Deutsches Waffenjournal, Schweizer Waffen Magazin and Visier, also for about fifteen years two german magazines of military history. In those magazines a number of times was noted, that only police was allowed to have a number of submachineguns. I don' t think, the magazines wrote this for no reason ( or in other words as a lie). Yes there had been only one company allowed to produce rifles for the Army and one company to produce Luger pistol for Army, if a replacement was necessary. According to german arms magazines, there was also a restriction for pistol producers that only barrels shorter than 4"/102 mm and max. caliber of 8 mm ( a tiny bit larger than .32, i am not familiar to for me unlogicsl US measurement system) was allowed, so that pistol producers could only produce pocket pistols, mostly.22, .25, .32. In late 20s some few .380 ACP seem to have appeared. But i am no expert and can be wrong, i have not eaten wisedom with a spoon.
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  309.  @bertrecht913  : Don' t forget the celtic, slavic, romanic, baltic and greek persons, also the nonindoeuropean Basques and the related Finns, Estonian and Hungarians are also white.
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  310.  @GF-yh9tb : Before the Romans conquered current Spain and Portugal, there had been people of celtic and iberian ancestry, and of course the basques. In the battle of Cannae mercenaries of those people had been the center of Hannibals battle order, his cartagians had their Position at the flanks. With the Romans ,roman' people and the Latin language came. But this ,Romans' could have been from all parts of Roman empire. For a short time also germanics, Western Goths and Suevi ( latin name of my tribe, i belong to the Swabians/ Schwaben in german). The germanic influence was short and not strong, but: Rodrigo for example is german Roderich, Hernan can be Hermann, Carlos is Karl, so some names have germanic roots. But what is with arabian influence, word relicts?
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  311. As a german i of course never met King Charles lll, only a close relative, Fürst von Hohenlohe - Langenburg.
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  312. Attention! Volksturm would mean , Tower of the people'. It is Volkssturm , the second ,s' is necessary for german grammar reasons.
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  313.  @PaulVerhoeven2  : I am german. In the 80s one of my coworkers made holidays in France, where in ww1 the trenches had been. In the earth he found a number of 8mm Lebel cartridges. The full copper bullets could be easy taken out , and the powder charge came out. He took his cigarette, put it Into the powder and a fire flash appeared. The cartridges had been in the ground for more than 60 years. I was rather surprised, when i saw this.
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  314.  @HalfEye79  : In weapon based english language YouTube channel , the word Volkssturmgewehr appeared. Hm, was this weapon the Sturmgewehr ( assault rifle) intended for german people or the rifle intended for Volkssturm (militia)? This problem is, what you mean, the sense of meaning can change.
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  315. In mid 90s i was in Alsace, where some people still speak german. I saw a young man selling hot saussages. I ordered such a saussage in french language, and the young frenchman asked in german, if i also want mustard. My french is much worser than english, but the most important thing is, that other people understand , what i want to tell. When someone speaks or writes german wrong, als long as i can understand it , a mistake is no problem.
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  316. Je suis allemande. Dans notre langue , Kappe est le mot pour bonnet (en anglais ,cap'). Quelquefois je rit, des soldats allemands du Legion Etrangeres aime le nouvaux bonnet militaire et parlait beaucoup de la nouvelle ,Käppie'. Des hommes français en armee ecoutait ca et aussi dit ,képi' pour le bonnet nouvaux. Excuesez mon française mauvaise.
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  317.  @Blake-Urizen  : In German politics of 1950s to 80s the politican Herbert Wehner often called other politicans from other parties Sie Knabe', when he was angry.
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  318.  @someguy999  : I am german. The village i live , was not attacked by planes in wwll. But my father , born 1938 , told me, when Allied Bomber planes in large numbers went to 30 km away city Stuttgart , this was a rather terrifying sound. He also told me, next to the end of war he heared an to him unknown noise, but could not see the plane, he thinks, it was a jet.
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  319. ​ @alexandruraresdatcu : Umarex produces socalled Freizeit airguns, which means, not intended for target/ competition shooters. Umarex was founded to sell things, licencefree in Germany.
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  320. Most germans speak ,Zäsar/ Cäsar' , but ,Kaiser' is true. In history lesson another pupil said ,Käsar', most pupils laughed, but the teacher said Kaiser comes from Caesar, so this Käsar is not wrong. Attention: A Käser is a cheesemaker
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  321. As a german citizen i think, Homer is wrong. For decades, most of my life, i hear , every major war was started by a german, so it is Impossible , that Paris caused the war. So it must be Hagen von Tronje of Nibelungen tale, because german name for Troy is Troja.
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  322.  @ulfhedtyrsson  : Please inform yourself, about shotgun Tradition in Germany. The First shotguns as service weapons for Police and Military had been introduced no longer than fourty years in Germany, causing loud leftwing outcry, even the guns are only intended for destroying Doors. And: Shotguns as weapons have not only no tradition as service weapons in Germany, they have from 19th century to now a very Bad Reputation as criminals weapons. This psychological fact is allways either not noted, marginalized or used for making fun. The britisch troops in wwl also had sawbackblades in some Units ( according to Matt Easton from , scholagladiatora' channel, british troops invented ,Dum Dum' bullets by clipping the Tip away, and according to a german armsmagazine years ago, in early stages of war some british soldiers used , Manstopper' bullets, some similarity to hollowpoint.
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  323. German here. Due to high losses of equipment at Dünkirchen, there had been only enough weapons in Stock (?)/ storage to equip regular troops. This, and the fact that for reason of british gunlaw of 1923 only few citizens owned firearms, at first most companies of newcreated Homeguard had only the few private firearms of members, often only shotguns, muzzleloaders or .22lr rifles. This pikes ( Not spears!) had been an emergency weapon ( Notbehelf).
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  324.  @MistedMind  : Ich bin nicht Britta, sondern ihr Freund. Im täglichen Leben spreche ich meinen schwäbischen Dialekt. Wenn im Fernsehen mal Schwäbisch auftaucht, hört sich dies fast immer unnatürlich an.
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  325. In 100 before Christ no germans existed, only germannic tribes.
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  326. In 1923 Inflation was so high in Germany, that we had 1 Milliarde ( for english speakers 1 billion) Mark paper money/ bills(?).
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  327.  @josega6338  : In case of absolute losses, wwll seems to be the war, which caused most losses and destruction in my homeland Germany. But you have forgotten the ,Thirty Years War' from 1618 to 1648. At end of the war a third of german population was dead, in some regions 90%! It needed many decades that the population had its old size, a lot of people came from overpopulated Switzerland and Alsace ( both german speaking) , also a large number of protestant frenchmen fleed to Germany.
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  328. From old Mauser buildings in Oberndorf only socalled Schwedenbau / swedish building ( build for production of swedish rifles) is still existing.
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  329. @Christopher Williams : In interwar periode in Switzerland in a handgrenade factory there was an explosion, and lots of grenades flew into a lake, a few years ago, authorities searched the lake to find all grenades. But i don't know, if there was really still a danger.
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  330. Following german hunting laws, i am no huntsman/Jäger, a cartidge, or better caliber, which has an energy of more than 1000 Joule at a distance of 100 Meter is allowed to hunt seals and , Reh'. I am not sure if ,Reh' is in english language deer or roe.
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  331.  @alexandermikolas8343  : A german woman said to a TV-host: I and my husband we use everything together, in our bathroom we have two towels marked with A for Antlitz and G for Gesäß. Her husband looked shocked: Antlitz and Gesäß? I thought A and G means Gesicht and Arsch! You perhaps don' t understand the joke. Antlitz and Gesicht mean face and Arsch and Gesäß mean arse. But Antlitz and Gesäß are nearly not used by ordinary people, only by rather oldfashioned ,educated' persons. Same with Kopf and Haupt. Haupt you hear rarely today, perhaps when the wind blows away the hat of a king or president.
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  332.  @floo1465  : It is just fun. Ian speaks the word ,Auto' in a way, that it sounds similar to german name Otto. But when you know the context, it is nearly impossible, to confuse Auto ( german pronouncion) and Otto. But when someone speaks unclear or with a german dialect , you are not familiar with, funny things can happen.
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  333.  @Chrisrpg1980  : When in Nuremberg court trials also Allied war crimes would have been a topic, you would be not so loudmouthy . Forget your arrogance and compare the number of US civilians killed by regular foreign soldiers on US soil to the number of non US civilians killed by regular US spldiers on non US soil. Do you notice something?
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  334.  @LaurentMayor  : Also in related Swabian dialect!
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  335.  Noel Normandin  : In wwl the USA claimed to be neutral, but in reallity they supported the british. So be quiet and compare the number of american civilians killed on US territorry by non US troops to the number oft nonamerican civilians killed by US troops on non US territory. Do you notice something ???
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  336. In India a newcreated Webley company , claiming using leftover Webley machines , poduces tip down revolvers again. Also an indian state owned company produces a Webley style Revolver.. But for reason of indian gunlaw, only in .32 S&W long. I am german, and according to a german arms magazine, german forces of wwll used captured british revolvers ( Dünkirchen and Northern Africa) with 9mm Parabellum/ Luger as emergency weapon. The revolvers had .38 S&W./.38/200, and 9mm Parabellum/ Luger IS rimless. So some german soldiers used a Tool called Zange ( don't know english word) and transformed bottom of 9mm cartidge that IT don' t fall through chambers of cylinder. The writer of article assumed, that smaller Diameter of 9mm bullet caused a reduction of pressure. But, Germany was never a revolver nation, so i think , only few german soldiers used a captured british revolver.
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  337. Pickle/ Gurke in german. Pickaxe, Pick/ Pickel, Spitzhacke in german.
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  338.  @skodovkar  : In 1919 there had been in Tschechoslowakei the same number of Germans and Slovacs. But in early years both czechs and Slovacs had treatened the German and other minorities (mostly Hungarians) in a Bad way. so Leader of Germans in Czechosovacia, Heinlein tried to get help from Hitler. This is not told by you. But i can not be Sure, if a better Policy of Czechosovac Gouvernement against minorities would have prevented both 1938 and especially between 1939 and 1945.
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  339. Space Catboy : Good that i found another comment of you to answer. I could not find your full answer to my comment. What i wanted to tell is the fact, that if the Nuremberg court trials (Prozesse), my english is not so good, about war crimes would have been fair and corect, also the warcrimes of the allied soldiers and resistance/ partisans would have been punished, but this did not happen. Still now there are some few court trial in Germany against concentration camp guards in their mid/ late 90s, but i have never heard, that former allied soldiers had problems for doing warcrimes after WWll. To the SS: there had been correct military actions where the SS units fought with great bravery , but heavy losses because their staff had not the quality of the Wehrmacht. But there had also been very terrible things, done by men like Dirlewanger. But i must say, that also the resistance/ partisan movements did crimes , and so we come to the question of hen and egg, to use a german saying. ( What was first, the hen or the egg?) . In 1813, when the ,Great Army' of Napoleon had to leave Russia, there was the question in germany, shall the german civilians attack the backfloading relicts of the french army like the spanish ,guerilla'? The prussian king was shocked about this plans and forbid such actions. Also in this time the german ,education spirit' nearly reached its peak, an many artists, scientists and intellectuals said: No! Don't do this, we Germans are no unhonourus criminals! So the gerrman view of ,franctireurs' in the 1870/71 was : this are criminals! And this tradition still worked in WWll that armed people being no soldiers have been seen simply as criminals. Last point. In the 90s i was for a day trip in Alsace, where many people still speak german. I wanted to buy a hot saussage in french language, and the man answered in german : You want some mustard? So i don't think you really can fool someone with speaking a foreign language.
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  340. The italian troops had been commanded by a General Cardona, the father of italian Main commander from wwl. Vatican troops had been commanded by a german man ,von Kanzler '.
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  341.  @AntonyReyn  : Somewhere i read , that in current english Nottingham would mean Nott's Farm. In my swabian homeregion there is a villlage Notzingen, according to an accademic person , who told me, this - ingen ending means: settlement of ....'s men/followers, and ... is a no more known name of a local leader. So the family/ clan leader , who founded Notzingen could have Had also the name Nott or Notz. A in my Homeregion often told story, that a man from Baltmannsweiler founded Baltimore is of course a joke,
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  342. Karlovace brewerie in same town?
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  343.  @rorymkirk  : Standard German was introduced in 1873. Using our dialects ( in hard decline, but still existing) we germanspeaking people could not understand each other.
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  344. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, conservativbe/ rural backgound, germanstyle trained worker (Facharbeiter) , socalled middle education (Mittlere Reife). But this Mittlere Reife I got by leaving Gymnasium after 10th Grade. Perhaps you don' t know what Gymnasium is in Germany. It is the Type of high school which prepares for university. In my Gymnasium days, most teachers Had been what I call centrist ( moderate left, moderate conservative) , few really conservative/ left and one leftwing Idiot. This was a few years, before the leftwing teachers fully won, so I got , perhaps one of the last classes, a serious science based education. But, when watching current students and younger politicians being Accademic, especially left ones, i sometimes have doubts about their knowledge. Absolutely only Ideology but nothing usefull, they often assumingly don' t know that you can spend a coin only, when you have earned one.
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  345. Der Werwolf, den Wenwolf, dem Wemwolf, des Weswolfes.
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  346. Chris A: He was interviewed after a leg amputation, so surely not in best health condition. And he spoke in ,Standard German' and in a Propaganda way. In those days Standard German was in daily life not as common as today. The ordinary man on the street spoke his local dialect, Standard German appeared in cinema and radio, and was mostly spoken by upperclass people, educated people/ academics or persons of high rank. There are Videos in you tube, in which you can hear german officers / generals speaking, in Standard German, but as a german it is not to difficult, to hear, who is for example , from the south. So Mr. Rudel may spoke a bit unusual, because he needed some time, to switch in his brain from dialect to Standard German, a problem i also have, i am one of declining number of dialect speakers.
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  347. Mr. Hitler was vegetarian.
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  348. I am german, Brittas boyfriend. The fact that former finnish guns are stamped ,SA' is confusing for german people, so in 1980s rather often in geman arms magazines was noted, this means something like Suomen Armeen (?), because finnish name of country is Suomi. And Imperial Germany had four armies: A) The prussian army, including the troops of greatduchies, duchies, principalities , hanseatic towns and Alsace- Lorraine. B) Bavarian army. C) Saxon army. D) Württembergian army. The troops of the armies B to D had a number of special rights ( Reservatrechte).
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  349. Had been also in 1970s Germany. But i didn' t liked them, this system was not relyable (those paper tapes).
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  350.  @georget8008  The commander of British Airforce, Bomber Harris , killed 400000 to 500000 civilians of my german nation. Because being British, this war criminal was never punishef, like all Allied war criminals.
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  351. Jonas Menz : Millions of people died with the hammer and sickle symbol, but it is not fobidden. Note: Hitler wrote ,Mein Kampf', Karl Marx, also a german, wrote ,Das Kapital' which had a large influence for the communism. Also Martin Luther, also a german, caused a church split with 400 years of absolutely unnecessary violence. I do not like all kind of political and religious extremists.
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  352. A not important sidenote : A few years ago in my german homeregion the construction of a new railway line started. Before the construction workers started their work, the ,Kampfmittelräumdienst'/ military explosives removal service insppected the planned railway line terrain. What they found in my region had been only two seax blades.
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  353. This was a ,first blood' rules duel!
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  354. 스테파니 Stephanie 조셉 : Wie bitte?. This is what you say, when you do not understand someone and speak Standard German with courtesy. But when you speak dialect there is not so much unnecessary courtesy, it is more direct and sounds unfine, even whem the dialect speaker doesn't want to be unfine or without courtesy. To compare it with London: A gentleman with bowler hat and umbrella speaks in best oxford english to a worker, and the worket answers in socalled cockney slang, which is also true english, but no oxford english, and a german dialect speaker who says Ha instead of Wie bitte uses true german, but no Standard German.
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  355.  @michaelbell3952  : Das Wehr means a kind of Damm at a river. Die Wehr means the weapon. The verb ,sich wehren' means to defend yourself. So Feuerwehr means firedefence and Bundeswehr means Federal defence.
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  356.  @richern2717  : Karl!
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  357. I am a german industrial worker and we call an inch ,Englisches Zoll', because it is the english variation of the former measurement unit ,Zoll'. And i doubt that on a german pistol of this tme had stamped english words, so the stamps surely meant something different than six grains.
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  358. The german town, well known for firearms production, is ,Suhl'.
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  359.  @JamieW-o7b  : l am not Britta herself, but her boyfriend, only using her Computer too. Middle Education, german style trained worker, 59 Years, autistic problem. The answer to this question IS very difficult, and i can be wrong. The decline of Europe started , unwanted and unnoticed , before wwl, when Europe and european culture was on its peak. Nationalism, chauvinism, militarism, also colonialism had reached a until then unknown level, which poisoned the Interactions of nation, and gave first crack to european , culture nation'. The unneccessary wwl caused a Split in Europe. Russia got some territorial losses, and communism destroyed parts of russian tradition and culture. The Main loosers , Germany, Austria and Hungary ( mostly Germany) got political and economic crises, which caused the rise of circles, who obeyed only parts of german culture. But also the winners of wwl had not been realy lucky. On paper they had been strong , rich with greatest Empires, but in reallity the european ones had been outpowered because of wwl too, and became more and more problems, to Control and administrate their colonies. The real Power of european countries declined, while Power and influence of USA and USSR rised more and more. But even in Power decline, the cultures of european nations had been strong and proud. But then came wwll . As a german, i am of course not proud about this, the generation of my grandparents and greatgrandparents was fooled and betrayed by terrible criminals. That IS the tragedy: The man, who promised the german nation , to make german nation and culture great again, started to destroy german and aryan ( european) culture. After wwll most european nations thaugt : Such Things shall never happen, and tried to end nationalism. Even with losses, cultures of european nations had been still intact. But now in western Europe a series of terrible mistakes started. The former colonial powers slowly lost their colonies, and noncolonial countries, for example Sweden , Germany or Switzerland got wealth and needed more workers. The mistake: Instead of inventing automatisation, the westeuropean countries industry called for cheap workers from other countries. So former colonial powers let milions of former colonial people in their countries, other countries other people ( in Germany the Gastarbeiter/ guest workers Had at first been mostly from southern europe, Yugoslavia or Turkey).The mistake was , calling to much persons and to few Care for this persons ( in Germany the factories and politicians thougt, after some years earning money the workers return back). Now the second mistake : Starting in 1960s european universities a leftist movement appeared, becomming over the Years to much importance and influence. This leftist movement claims , european culture is Bad, the current europeans are guilty for centuries of slavery, the europeans should be ashamed about their cultures and History.... This movement successfull destroyed pride of white people of their own culture, they , leftist movement has created more and more ideas to destroy european tradition and culture. Also the churches ( at least in Germany) are now a part of this leftist Network of Universitys, Political Parties, NGOs etc.. They want to flood Europe with foreigners, they help them in everything and successfully scare and frighten , with violence or Moral, all persons , conservative minded. But i think, i tell. you nothing new. The enemies of european culture are in my oppinion: The mostly unbrave nonleft political parties and politicians/ The leftist Network ( including church in my country)/Islamic radivals.
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  360. Wehr- Feuerwehr, Bürgerwehr : A unit fighting against a danger ( fire/ enemies). Landwehr can be a light fortifications line.
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  361. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, and german style trained metal worker ( Facharbeiter). When watching historic mechanical items, firearms, watches, measure Instruments etc., i am always astonihed, what the craftsmen of old days could do, for a modern metal worker unbelieveable.
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  362. I would not eat ancient greek food, it is over 2000 years old.
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  363. In german: Mühlhausen ( Mühle- mill).
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  364.  @superturkeylegs  In Naziera , Westgermany, and since 1990 whole Germany, yes.. But in 1920s not. The Schutzpolizei was basicly this , what in Westgermany and now is called Bereitschaftspolizei. The Bereitschaftspolizei is called, when there are Riots, to seach for missing persons, to search an area next to a crime scene for Investigation ( things the criminal lost etc.) or otherways a large number of policemen is necessary. In Imperial Age such Units didn' t exist. The in Hundertschaften ( equivalent to military companies) organized Schutzpolizei men had a 9mm Luger pistol ( ordinary uniformed street cop a .32 ACP pistol, detectives sometimes only .25 ACP) and a short saber as everyday weaponry, in case of need also 8x57 Gewehr 98, submachineguns, and even handgrenades and a total of 150 Polizeisonderwagen ( armoured cars) with two machine guns. I am german and read this years ago in an article in Deutsches Waffenjournal, a german arms magazine.
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  365. Der Islam hat das Jahr 622 als Jahr 0 seiner Zeitrechnung, ist also noch im Mittelalter.
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  366. M3chUpN8y : I am german, what i know about him is that he was to some degree a showman and loudmouth, a good self propagandist. He knew his job, but was not as good as many persons think.
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  367.  @bertrecht913  : And many Germans have slavic roots, especially in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg and the Germans ,who had to flee from Silesia and Eastern Prussia.
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  368. In days of singleshot muzzleloaders age, such a bayonnet is understandable.
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  369. Private , bzw. kommunale Sicherheitsleute dürfen unter gewissen Umständen auch Feuerwaffen mitführen. Es ist zwar nicht weitverbreitet, kann aber vorkommen. Und : Weshalb braucht man überhaupt Sicherheitsleute? Richtig, da Friedlichkeit und einhalten von Regeln zunehmend als etwas angesehen wird, was nur für Andere gilt. Hier sehe ich die Fehlentwicklung.
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  370. There was also a not well-known Neckar-Enz- Linie. In the 20s a french attack north of Schwarzwald/ Black Forrest was feared. As secret as possible a not very strong chain of few small fortifications or prepared places had been build. When you hike near Sachsenheim, you can see the remains of a rather small bunker. And, on the same side of the Enz river as the noted bunker, you can see the ,Feldschützenhütte' ( Feldschütz means field guard/ garde champetre). This ,Hut' has concrete roof and walls perhaps 40cm thick and surely protects the field guard against snow and rain;-)
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  371.  @tanjab.6800  : Was soll denn dieser Unfug? Wenn ein Land, das mit militärischen Angriffen rechnen muß, und das war in den 20er Jahren nicht aus der Luft gegriffen, aber keine vollständig ausgestattete Armee besitzen darf, alle möglichen Tricks anwendet, so ist das nichts ungewöhnliches , sondern etwas Normales, das die anderen Länder genauso gemacht hätten. Ob Reichswehrführung und Regierung zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik Kriegsabsichten hatten, weis ich nicht, glaube ich aber nicht.
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  372. Perhaps elderly traditional people would respect a king, but younger people, who don' t know old time, but only 42 years of war and islamic radicalisation? I don't think so.
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  373. Good , that your name is not ,van Daalen'.
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  374.  @letitiajeavons6333  : Branntwein is the german word.
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  375.  @TonySlug : No, it was a West german production, it was the first appereance of the actor Fritz Wepper, who later acted as ,Harry Klein', the assistant of ,Derrick'.
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  376. German name is Posen.
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  377. In german Korps is spoken Korps. Answers only in 100% correct high german.
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  378.  @ST-zm3lm  : In flintlock era, muskets had been fullsize battle rifle, and carbines had been weapons of cavallry, artillry and transport units. But some units got slightly shortened muskets: Dragoons ( Dragoner, i am german), and Sea Soldiers/ Marines.
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  379. Years ago in a german Arms Magazine i read an article about such a Villar Perosi copy. The author claimed , that he knew a very old Veteran of wwl, who seved in a Kaiserjäger unit. This Veteran told, that he in wwl had such a weapon, mounted at a kind of backpacklike device to carry it, the device could be used as ,lafette'. A second man had to carry a lot of magazins. May be this man was one of the testing soldiers.
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  380. Some years ago , Kampfmittelbeseitigung of Baden- Württemberg checked the track, where a new railway line was planned , some Kilometer away from my village. They found two seaxblades.
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  381. I am german, and Brittas boyfriend. I have no problem with nudity, pure nudity is no crime.l have no problems with gay or lesbian persons, this is no crime. And i am a conservative man. But this modern nonsens i don't like. Many gay and lesbian people also don't want this nonsens, that is what i heared.
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  382. Bei vergessenen Waffen is in some context correct. In this context: ....bei , Vergessene Waffen'. would be also correct , because ,.....' is refering to the channels name Forgotten Weapons', while vergessenen Waffen refers to some somehow lost weapons.
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  383. This pistols had been also noted by german weapons magazine Deutsches Waffenjournal or Visier. May be you can get information from those german magazines. In the article was noted , that this pistols had been often given to high officers of russian forces as official present/ gift.
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  384. Fancy hats? I am german ( Brittas boyfriend). In german, a hat is a Hut. Which Cavallry units carried a hat/ Hut in 1914? US cavallry, in european standards dragoons / Dragoner, british Dominion troops (Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada - including Royal Mounted Police, by european standards a kind of Gendarmerie) and perhaps semiregular latin american Cavallry, see revolutionary Mexico. Then there had been caps, in german Mütze ( or dated Kappe). This headgear was common among british , russian, eastern european,french, austrian and italian light cavallry, Hussars and Cossaks. Third headgear in 1914 was the helmet / Helm in german. Sometimes made of leather, reinforced with brass, sometimes made of steel, brass, or Tombak ( don't know english name of this copperbased alloy). Those helmets had been used mostly by heavy, semiheavy or Guard Cavallry of european and latin american countries. Sometimes hats or caps had some reinforcement with cardboard or metal wires ( in german Drähte), but all cavallry headgear of 1914 only gave some protecion against swords or dated pistols/ revolvers with lead only bullets, but not against modern jacketed rifle bullets, similar to last cuirasses.
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  385.  @dannythomson5239  : When this happenes in old movies before 1970, i have no problems, i understand why . But in more modern productions? I don' t like this.
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  386.  @nedludd7622  : I have nothing against current french people. What i mean, is not Thirty Years War. It was the 1680/ 1690s. In this time french troops burned and robbed lots,oft towns and villages in Palatinate and along Rhine. This, and also napoleonic era is not often shown in movies, so for not so informed persons it seems, german anger came out of nothing. A coworker of my father was as member of , Legion Etrangere/ Foreign Legion' soldier in french Indochina war of 1950s. This man told my father not so honourable incidents, and after his Legion time, this man had seen enough, he didn' t want to also go to Algeria, he leaved Legion. I have read, that a native french soldier, being in Algeria wrote, we didn' t liked german SS, but now it seems, some of us do step in this direction. I am not wellinformed about french after wwll behaviour, but this is not what i mean. I only meant german/ french problems. As i noted, i have no problems with current french people, and the few trips to France i could do without helmet and rifle.
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  387. In Europe, pistols in .25 Acp/ 6,35 Browning, had been seen up to 1960s as useable selfdefence pistols.
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  388. Why is the wooden club not noted? It is in use for close quarters combat since stone age.
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  389. ​ @James_3000 : In german language a ,Mähre' is an old or otherwise bad horse.
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  390. Soap Maker : Königreich- kingdom. Kaiserreich- empire. In case of kingdom: Royal ( in german: königlich, königliiche, königliches, königlicher). In case of empire: Imperal ( in german: kaiserlich,kaiserliche, kaiserliches, kaiserlicher). But after the revolution of 9./10. November 1918 the emperor, the kings, greatdukes,dukes and princes( Fürsten) had to leave their thrones, Germany became a republic, but keeped the name , Deutsches Reich'. When in 1938 Austria was annexed, Hitler changed ( for historic reasons of the 1840s) the name into , Großdeutsches Reich' (1840s: Kleindeutschland , Small Germany, Germany without Austria/ Großdeutschland, Great Germany, Germany with Austria). So when after the last monarch, who was an emperor, the german republic keept the term Reich, Reichs.... must be translated with Imperial, Royal would be totaly wrong, because Germany before 1918 was no kingdom and Hitler no king or , Reichsverweser' like hungarian Admiral Hothy. In german Reich means either kingdom or empire, another translation is not possible.
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  391.  @muninrob  : Here in Germany you need a licence for muzzleloaders, which are able to fire more than one shot.
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  392. Communism is also not realy dead in Western countries, this ideas still remain in leftwing circles too.
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  393.  @jodofe4879  : Up to about 1500 swabian, allemanic ( and Swiss german) was the same. Medieval duchy Swabia included all swabian/ allemanic territories with the exeption of Alsace. Greetings from Swabian ( Altwürttemberg).
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  394. Gov't Issue : Do the native americans, inuits, hawaians and aleutan people also think so?
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  395. I am german. My father, born 1938, told me, that when he started work in 1952 one of the coworkes told him stories of his warheroism. It needed some time until my father recognized, that the man told nonsens. Same thing in every country.
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  396. @everdinestenger1548  : In roman periode of Julius Caesar ( and by him himself) a tribe called Suevi was noted. If this realy had been ancestors of current Swabians/. Alemannics is unsure. For reason of fortified roman Border a number of small tribes united to larger tribes. Now , the Suevi and smaller tribes Semnoni , ... and single clans/ families became the Alemannen. If Alemanen realy means Alle Mannen ( dated for Alle Männer/ all men) is unsure. Descendants of Alemannen are: Swiss Germans, Alsatians, inhabitants of Liechtenstein and austrian state Vorarlberg, inhabitants of bavarian district Swabia, and inhabitants of southern and middle part of state Baden- Württemberg.
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  397. Under the name ,Drehling' such weapons appeared in Germany around 1520.
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  398.  @ExRhodesian  : I am Brittas boyfriend, conservative/rural in my late 50s. When i was at school, from 1972 to 1982, Most of teachers had been either centric- conservative, or centric left. Very few of those nowadays typical leftwing teachers. History education started , i was after elementary school for six years at Gymnasium ( but was not sucessfull, to finish), at 7th grade. The first two years we had a strange old teachers for History up to 30years war, the next two years a midaged teacher for History starting with absolutism. But this one talked so much about every toppic, that there was at the end to few time for the worldwars. In Jobschool, i am Metall worker, there was talked more about dangers of Fascism than of Communists, and arround 1990 those Nazi Hysteria we have now , started to the unbeliebable hight of today. My oppinnion: What happened between 1933 and 1945 was a terrible, i don't think that there is a serious German, who is proud about this time. But: Being sad about an era of German History , and don't wanting a Comeback is correct reaction. But: I, born 1965, was not allive before 1945, and my parents born 1938/1942 had been small children. So, being not ivolved into the crimes, because age, means not guilty. This means for me,i have allways to fight a Comeback of Mr. Hitlers ideas. but I don't have to do a bow, when foreigners, minorities etc. start whining. To much of try, to grab Money and privileges, because wwll happened. Such people, and the circles which Support such people and their behaviour, i don't like. And i don't t Like our current politicans: They travel to foreign countries, and want to teach them about morale! They ( the foreign countries) don't t need ,Besserwisserei' of German politicans.
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  399.  @mathy4605  : I am german, and i have never spoken a ,ch' as ,x'. This sound exists in two variations ( for example in ,ich'-i or ,Dach'-roof). It is about the Boise an angry cat with laid down EADS makes, but slower and softer.
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  400.  @theimmortal4718  : I think, this thing is not a selfdefence weapon, to slow to use it, when you are attacked. In Victorian age/ fin de siecle Europe, the mens acessoir cane would be better.
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  401.  @dwarow2508  : I have to addmit(?)/ muß zugeben, that when i wrote the comment, i was angry, and anger is not a good adviser. But i think you can understand it. You are surely, like the majority of persons all over the world ( including me), a person ,who likes his country. I like my country, Germany, but i am no nationalist, i speak some english and few french. For reasons, i can not explain in few words, i was not so often outside of Germany than many other germans. But i was for short trips in Italy, France, Belgium, Netherlands, England and Hungary. This was intresting and i have no hate against other nations. There is only one thing, i don' t like. There are still lots of movies made , which show us germans as bad people, but movies, in which non german nations show bad things of their history are much rarer, either they are rarely made to hide bad things, or this movies are not shown in Germany. One example: Some time ago, i noticed in Internet a short clip of danish movie/TV series about the german- danish war of 1864. You can find lots of movies with a story plaiing in US civil war 1861-1865, but few about 19th century european wars, so i watched this clip, to see, if the movie is good. After a short time i stopped watching the clip. Why? A small danish patrol on foot was captured by a larger german patrol on horse. For no reason the leader of the german patol, a big , fat , baldheaded man with a partly burned face full of scars, wanted to execute the danish soldiers. I became rather angry, that such an anti- german Propaganda was produced few years ago! Now perhaps you understand my too angry comment, you rightly critisized.
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  402. A bit out of context. Still modern days german , Lederhosen ' ( leather trousers of traditional South German/ Austrian national costume) have at right leg a small pocket for carrieing a ,Nicker' knife. This fixed blades are mostly 9 to 12 cm long.
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  403.  @teyrncousland  : In HRE the Emperor was elected, but only by nobility and bishops. After the 1340s only seven Kurfürsten / electors could elect the Emperor, after the 1650/1660s nine Kurfürsten. From late 15th century to 1792 the Emperor was allways a member of Habsburg familiy. Today we habe no Mord Kurfürsten, but we have the Bundesversammlung, 1200 persons, mostly members of federal or state parlaments and some celebreties( artists/ sport stars/ scientists) invented by political parities (!) to elect the Head of State/ Bundespräsident. And about two vor three weeks before the Election you know, who becomes the next Bundespräsident. Both HRE emperors elections and Bundespräsident elections are simply unnecessary show events, the german citizens have no influence, who is Head of State. So i , as a nostalgic person, would have no problems with an new emperor, if he is elected by the citizens and only parlametaric system.
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  404.  @kovalsky7620  : It happens sometimes in firearms construction, that Something seems new, but then IT IS noticed, that decades ago, an unknown inventer used this , but produced only a handfull prototypes. Years ago i read in a german language weapons Magazine, that workers in a Swiss weapons factory had to remove old stuff from a rarely used room. They found a strange looking pistol, which was the toppic of the article. When in late 1890s Swiss Army tested the available selfloading pistols. an unknown inventer Claus Clausius send a Selfmade pistol to the Test, but was not sucessfull, and the noted workers found his may be only produced pistol. Nerely nothing is known about Mr. Clausius, but His pistol of late 1890s had a Detail, which became important for pistols in 1930s.
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  405. But Vauban had sappers/ miners, an engineer corps, and siege artillry. The scotsmen didn' t had this, they had basicly only tribal levies.
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  406.  @ConradAinger  : I assumed this for reason of your name. The problem is , that we germans properly different between deutsch and germanisch, while in english it is easy to confuse the two words.
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  407.  @taliawtf6944  : To glara i4s. The hate against French started, when Louis XlV plundered and burned down south Western Germany. To clarify: France had largest and strongest european Army and a centraliced Gouvernement, while the regions , the french destroyed, had been microstates/ perhaps few third class states in federal style. No movies about this terible behaviour of french troops in Germany! Allways the french are the poor victims ?
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  408.  @yuiopoli9601  : A relative of Adolf Hitler became an US citizen, and served in US navy, as a a socalled ,Seabee'. About ten years ago, sons of this man had been allive under a changed name. All of them had not been married.
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  409. Policemen in Continental Europe in late 19th century usually had a saber, being basicly soldiers doing police work. Gendarmes - Men at arms! In Germany for most policemen the saber was only weapon in 1880s. On british islands, may be also Iceland, main policeweapon was truncheon, being descendant of towncriers ( Büttel/ Amtsdiener in german). So the armament with a Revolver for every policeman was something new. So i think, with this revolverbayonnet the policemen had a ,modern' weapon, the revolver, the bayonnet as substitute for old weapon, the saber and a second hand for holding a lantern or reading the passport of a stranger.
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  410. So Nottingham means, the settlement, where the men of (S)Nott live. In my german homeregion a village Notzingen exists. Meaning? Settlement where the men of Notz live. English -ingham seems to be counterpart to german -ingen, or swiss german - ikon. But that the english name of german village Baltmannsweiler is Baltimore is only an old joke.
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  411. With the exeption of independance war,1812 and the corean war, the US only fought against weaker enemies, so it is easy to win.
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  412.  @garypulliam3740  : After 1934 the number of about 4 million SA men, from which not all had full uniform, declined in few years to about 1 million remaining. The remaining SA had become trainers/ officers for Hitlerjugend ( for the boyscout part as you noted) and perhaps some organisations, who did covered military/ war preparing too. There had been car-, boat- or gliderbased ,sport' organiations who did first steps in technical troops, Airforce and Navy training. As you correct said, they collected money for social things. At at civilian or political events they appeared to give a pompeous or spectecular propaganda show, with marching units, bands, flags etc.. And when necessary, they arrested or frightened those people, which not liked Hitlers ideas. When war broke out, the fightable men had to serve in Wehrmacht etc.. The older, or otherwise not so fightable men, remained in doing the same things as in peace time, but collecting money for example changed in collecting other things, for example collecting hair from ,Angora' rabbits for pilots winter dress. Also the remaining SA men had to support police, firebrigades and Luftschutz ( air raid protection service ?). When the Volkssturm was formed, the relicts of SA men and equipment was integrated. The only organisation which was founded in the thirties, and after some changes, still exists is the ,Technische Nothilfe' , which is today the ,Technisches Hilfswerk' / technical aid service. This organisation consists mosty of blue uniformed volunteers. Usually in peacetime firebrigades and ,Red Cross' help, when there is an accident etc., but in dangerous catastrophies, for example an earthquake or a strong flood firebrigades and ambulance system is too weak. The Technisches Hilfswerk, has trucks, bulldozers, all kind of maschines, tools and equipment to help in such situations, they can repair bridges, electric energy lines, pipelines for water etc., without the nonsense of the Hitler era, this organisation is one of the few good ideas of this time.
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  413.  @franksteffen3173  : Auch ich bin misstrauisch, wenn Leute mit ,neuem Gedankengut' eine tolle Zukunft versprechen. Siehe französische und russische Revolution, siehe dem Sieg Chromwells in England, etc. etc.. Solche Leute sind mindestens Spassbremsen, oft aber intolerante, gefährliche Radikale.
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  414. Norwegians, Swedish, Danish, Icelanders, Faroese- Northern Germanics. Germans( Austrians, Swiss), Dutch, Flemmish, English- Western Germanics. Vandals, Gotha, Burgundians, Langobards- Eastern Germanics ( extinct).
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  415.  @AndrewAMartin  : Sometimes you notice words, that are not the same, but in context. For example lake is in german ,der See', the sea is ,die See'. And the today rare used ,Lache' is a puddle. ( Lache is today only used in standard german for a puddle of blood after accidents or crimes, in my dialect for all puddles). So both a lake and a Lache ( in my dialect) contain water, only the size is different. Or cave is in german ,Höhle', because the rock is hollow/hohl.
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  416. You have forgotten, that the British troops had been professional soldiers for years in constant training, while the German troops had been conscript/ reserve soldiers, where the last longer training was perhaps some years ago. The british system was only possible, because Great Brittain is an island country. If Brittain would be a continental country, where an enemy, perhaps with allies, could invade with full speed and from many directions, the situation would have been different, because in such a case, a huge number of quickly mobilizeable soldiers is necessary, to train all in a high standard , would habe been impossible.
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  417.  @undertakernumberone1  : I know, in metric the numbers 10/100/1000 are used to get another unit , for example 10 mm are 1 cm and 100 cm are 1m. But inch to foot to yard to mile? This has for me no logic.
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  418. Christian Gerefalk : As a german i would translate ,kulsprutepistol' as ,Kugelsprühpistole'.
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  419. When middle age slowly changed to Renaissance, some armour with a ,Roman' or ,Greek' look was made.
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  420.  @xxvvkx9312  : Otto Skorzeny was Austrian. In 1918/19 Austrian Gouvernement tried to become again a part of Germany ( after the incidents of 1866), but this was not allowed by Allies, so the ,Anschluß' of 1938 happened. ( In my eyes a great mistake, a peacefull reunition of Germany and Austrian would have been a great ceremony which would have ,sweetened' the defeat for Germans and Austrians) . Skorzeny was not the ,Secret Missions Expert' , but an expert of his own PR. Also german academic fencers of today say, the scars in his face show, that he was a bad fencer ( they say, when properly trained, injuries/ scars are rare). Also in german military history magazines ( i am german), Skorzeny is seen as a ,Showman'. After wwll he mostly lived in Francos fascist spain, but astonishingly he did a mission for israely Mossad (!!!!). Perhaps ,schlechtes Gewissen' ( don' t know english word)?
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  421. ​ @redwaldcuthberting7195 : Standard German: Gabel/Low German: Forke/ english: fork. Standard German: klein/ Low German: lütt/ english: little. Standard German: Seil/ Low German: Reep/english: rope. Low German ( Lowland German) is spoken there , where some Anglosaxons once moved away. For people of southern Germany, I am Swabian, still an english sound. Thirty years ago, I , Brittas boyfriend, Had both an english and a lowgerman coworker ( who usually spoke Standard German). One day the lowgerman coworker spoke in Low German to the englishman. Both He and I Had been surprised, but WE could understand. One sentence I remember was: Und dann bin ik fallen in de kold Water! ( Und dann bin ich ins kalte Wasser gefallen/ And then I was fallen into the cold water). A nongerman coworker, who never Had heared Low German asked: Why do You speak english with Robert, he speaks german well? So this nongerman worker thougt, Low German is english.
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  422. ​ @mrgreensuit7379 : The mix of words of french and Low(land) German origin often caused an unnecessary double vocabulary, for example both drink and beverage, in german simply Getränk, and in french ,as far as i know, boisson.
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  423. Some notes from Germany. I am Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer, only during hiking tours in Swabian Alb i use a 120 to 130 cm wooden staff. The paths sometimes cross clifflike ground, so a staff is helpfull. Hikers rarely meet criminals, so the staff is only intended to scare dogs away. In 1970s some men in their late 40s or older , still carried a cane when hiking or walking ( doing a Spaziergang), especially when accompanied by their dog. Those men carried their cane not as walking aid, but traditional mens item, when necessary as weapon. An old man told me some years ago, that when his father , a farmer, was young, the cattle market in town of Schorndorf was an important event for local farmers. In those days few persons Had a car, so they walked to Schorndorf, crossing a large Forrest, the Schurwald. A long walk through a lonesome Forrest , with money to buy a cow, goat etc. was risky, so the Farmers walked only in groups of three or more men, everyone with a cane.
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  424. Ich bin Brittas Freund, nutze nur ihren Anschluss mit. Ich bin jetzt 56 Jahre alt und bin der Meinung, seit meiner Kindheit/ Jugend hat sich einiges geändert. Während früher Gewalt aus Weltanschauunngsgründen, kriminellen oder asozial/nichtigen Gründen als schlecht und böse galt, und man wenig Verständnis oder Mitleid mit Verbrechern hatte, ist es heute, nach meiner persönlichen Meinung so, daß man generell für unberechtigte Gewalt zu viel Verständnis hat und es bei der Härte des Vorgehens/ Bestrafung des Täters darauf ankommt , zu welchem Milieu er zählt. Dies halte ich nicht für richtig. denn meiner Meinung nach sind die Opfer eines Verbrechens diejenigen, die oft ein Leben lang leiden, während bei gewalttätigen Personen oft ,polizeibekannt' etc. zu lesen ist.
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  425.  @conveyor2  : He confused Liechtenstein with Luxemburg!
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  426.  @MissMarasita  : No Barbaren is of greek origin! You confused Romans and Greeks.
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  427. According to German weapons magazines, the recoil of .455 Webley was to strong for many soldiers, the .38- 200 cartridge, basicly a .38 S&W was introduced, and british authorities claimed, there was not so much difference in stopping efficience.
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  428. In second half of 17th two more Kurfürsten/ electors had been added: Hannover and Bavaria.
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  429.  @NapalmStrike802  : French advantages: Size of Navy, infantry armament, better armament and training of cavallry. German advantages: Better armament of artlillry, better training and orgaisation of infantry, better organisation of mobilisation and preparing for war.
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  430. Regis : In the 19th century after the napoleonic era, more and more german people, especially educated ones, wanted that the small german states unite. But there had been two positions. One wing meant, Austria should also be in the new Germany because the german language is spoken, this wing was called ,die Großdeutschen' ( the Great germans). The other wing thougt, Austria should not be a part of the new Germany, because there had been lots of non germans in Austria. This wing was called ,die Kleindeutschen' ( the Small germans). So i think, when in 1938 Austria became a part of Germany again, Hitler simply used a 19th century word.
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  431.  @Bannermann  : Yes , in Ellwangen there is the Alemannenmuseum, i visited some years ago. Seems , a second visit is necessary. From Ellwangen Aalen with its famous museum about the Romans , Limesmuseum, is not far away. The fact , that in Roman days in Aalen a cavallry unit called Ala had been stationed, can ' t be a coincidence ?
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  432.  @tanne8436  : Die Leute, die wie ich, Brittas Freund, Arbeiter oder Handwerker sind, sind nach Feierabend müde, und wollen ihren Feierabend, bzw. Freizeit. Auch muß man nach Feierabend noch Einkäufe oder Termine erledigen. Da kann ich irgendwelche , Diplomsozialimwarmenzimmersesselfurzmaulaufreislinkesprücheklopfundausderstaatskasseleb' Typen, die mir meine Freizeit stehlen, schlicht nicht brauchen. Die genannten Gestalten haben doch keine Ahnung mehr , woher das Steuergeld kommt, wer es erarbeitet ( sie selbst meist nicht). Auch bin ich auf dem Land aufgewachsen, mein Vater hat bis 2001 noch eine kleine Nebenerwerbslandwirtschaft betrieben. Ich habe noch den allerletzten Rest der alten, vorindustriellen Landwirtschaft miterlebt, da gab es keine Romantik a la Landlust, und aus den Erzählungen von Eltern und Großeltern habe ich noch eine Ahnung, wie es früher war, daher habe ich gewisse Zweifel, ob es gelingt, Deutschland, das schon in der Kaiserzeit Lebensmittel importieren musste, heute bei deutlich kleinerer Ackerlandfläche biologisch/ ökologisch zu versorgen ( und nach Möglichkeit ohne klimaschädliche Traktoren und Zugtiere).
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  433. I am german. Today i prefer traditional Dancing Halls without a bouncer or Folk Dance events. Btw., in popular german bouncers are often still called , Rausschmeißer' ( Outthrower).
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  434. Darauf warte ich seit Ende der 70er Jahre vergeblich.
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  435. If german, english, dutch, flemmish, frisian, faroean, danish, norwegian, swedish and icelandic would have no similarities, they would not been seen as a language family.
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  436. Swiss cavallry existed until 1972. The horse was at this days only for transport.
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  437. There are two of them in the Oberndorfer Waffenmuseum in a former building of the Mauser company. There are also weapons from Mauser, Feinwerkbau, Heckler und Koch, and Königliche Waffenfabrik Oberndorf ( Royal Arms Factory Oberndorf). There are also other civilian Mauser products, measure control devices or bureau machines. When you are there, visit als the Heimatmuseum ( home region museum), next door, there are some allemannic grave finds (spearheads, seaxes, spathas, shieldbosses). And when you are in this region, the famous arms collection of Sigmaringen castle is not too far.
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  438.  @OhavYisrail  : Attention! The name is nowadays, after 1919 Habsburg - Lothringen. Why you write Hapsburg? From mid 18th century to 1919 it was von Habsburg, and before only von Habsburg. To be correct, it must be von Habichtsburg, because the namegiving castle Habichtsburg in Aargau canton of Switzerland. All written with a ,b'.
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  439. For this reason, in 1930s Germany the experimental cartridge 9x 18 , called 9mm Ultra was developed, but not used. After wwll West German Police forces had been equiped mostly with pistols in 7,65 Browning/.32 Acp. But in late 1960s crime rose/ raised and also communist terrorists appeared. A stronger cartridge was necessary, but especially the more left politicians didn't want , military ' 9mm Parabellum, so for a short time this 9mm Ultra appeared as 9mm Police again in Germany, but not all policemen had been equiped with PP- Super pistol, pistols in 9mm Parabellum replaced 7,65 Browning pistols. Few SIG pistols had been produced in 9mm Police for Swiss police. Also Austrian police, and perhaps also Dutch police tested weapons in this cartridge.
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  440. Em Jay : But in this case, the non german nations in the EU would have a financial problem today.
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  441.  @malcolmanon4762 : In the time of Julius Caesar there was a germanic tribe called ,Suevi' , Caesar noted them in his script , The gallic wars'. Some time later the romans build their border fortifications ,Limes', which was an obstacle for the germanic tribes. For this reason, the Suevi', Semnonen and small tribes and clans united to a new tribe called Alemannen, it is unclear if this really means ,alle Mannen' ( oldfashioned for ,all men'), but Allemagne, Alemania etc. still means Germany in french and spanish language. They settled between Vosges Mountains in Alsace to Lech river in today Bavaria , and from Heilbronn Region to St. Gotthard pass in Switzerland. In 496 they lost the battle of Zülpich and became a part of the frankish empire. When in 911 Germany became Germany, the alemanic tribe became Herzogtum Schwaben/ duchy swabia. From 1150-1250 the Dukes of Swabia , the Hohenstaufen dynasty , also had been emperors oft the Holy Roman Empire. After this family died out, the duchy broke into more than 100 pieces and ended. ( Also the Habsburg dynasty and the Hohenzollern dynasty had their roots in swabia) . In the 16- 18 th century there was a Reichskreis/ military district swabia, but without the german parts of Switzerland and Alsace. Today the Swiss germans speak Swissgerman ( the older dialect version), the people between Black Forrest , Lech river, Heilbronn Region and Danube river speak swabian dialect ( the younger dialect version) , and the people of Alsace, Black Forrest, alomg the lake of Konstanz, Allgäu and Vorarlberg in Austra speak a ,between' version of dialect. Because Swiss german and swabian dialect is different to standard german and other german dialects, people with ungentlemanly behaviour make a lot of fun of Swabian or Swiss people.
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  442. English mouser- german Mauser. In the swabian region, where the Mauser company was founded by the Mauser brothers, up to the first years after WWll there was in many swabian villages a Mauser. The man, who did NOT a full time job, had to hunt a special type of mice (Wühlmäuse) and to advice the people how to do so.
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  443. Unfälle aus Unkenntnis oder Leichtsinn hat es immer gegeben, solange ich zurückdenken kann. Was es aber früher kaum gegeben hat, ist daß Raketen oder sonstige Feuerwerkskörper absichtlich mit Totschlags - oder Zerstörungsabsicht in großer Menge auf Menschen, Fahrzeuge oder Gebäude gerichtet wurden.
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  444. They are still one of the tribes of Germany and alive.
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  445.  @lukasauer312  : So Holy Roman Empire ( 842/911/ 919 to 1806) and German Federation ( 1815 to 1866) never existed? Up to 1648 also Netherlands and Switzerland had been part of Holy Roman Empire, and ,austrian Netherlands' ( current Belgium) up to 1790s.
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  446. Ysengrinable : Bock beer has its name from the town of Einbeck, where it was invented. But before the invention of Standard German in 1873, the language was unregulated and so the german people ,wrote like heared' also the dialects had been more different than now. Arround 1800 for example the famous writer Goethe wrote : Ich habe gutes Einpöcker Bier getrunken./ I have drunken good Einpöck beer. By the time the name became Bock, because many people did not know, that Eibeck is a town, they misinterpretet it as ,ein Bock'.
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  447. Karl-Konrad Klotzkopf : In southern germany people say, you CAN drink Beck's, but it is produced to wash your feet.
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  448.  styletube  : Haben sie schon einmal etwas gehört, daß eine muslimische Frau von mehreren deutschen Männern vergewaltigt wurde? Ich , Brittas Freund, bin bin
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  449. AJ 1978 : Did you write Koch or Korth pistol? I first read Koch, which means cook in german language. Load this pistol with a german 9mm PAK pepper cartridge, shoot into the pot and the food is spiced! ;-) !
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  450. Pänzer?
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  451. Oh medieval movies, over 500 years old, must have good quality, when you still can watch them !
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  452. True.
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  453.  @Sapoman2211  : Especially when nongermans write, the second ,s' is often forgotten, you are not the only person , making this mistake. Volksturm would be ,Tower of the people' , which makes no sense. Usually Volkssturm is translated as ,Peoples Storm' or ,Peoples Assault' and seems to be a pure Propaganda term. But i would translate Volkssturm as ,Peoples Levie", because in 17/18th century Germany ( HRE) Landsturm was used to describe not the professional standing armies of the mostly small german states, but the levie of fightable, but poorly equipped and trained men, only mobilized in emergency. (And in absolutistic age the german princes did not want well armed and trained men , because this men could do a Revolution.)
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  454. In German South West Africa there had been NO black soldiers in german service!!
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  455.  @amandaburnham8626  : In contrast to french, english was for me , Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too, not so difficult, because ,everydax words' are similar, also english words for things, existing / invented before 1066. Years ago in local TV in german language an Interview with a then wellknown painter from Alsace was shown. As a man from Alsace he fluently spoke german and french. He told, that in early 1960s, when ,Swinging London ' was wellknown, went to London for artists inspiration, without speaking english. The man said: What is english? A Mix of 1500 Years old german, and 1000 Years old french. So he learned english rather fast, because of his knowledge of german and french.
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  456.  @eternaloptimist2840  : So Hamburg, Regensburg, Augsburg, Würzburg, Aschaffenburg, Offenburg are not in Germany? Burg means ( fortified) Castle . First building of Hamburg was Hammaburg , and the Würzburg, which gave Würzburg its name is now called Marienburg. Berg means mountain.
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  457.  @dolsopolar  : Matchlock ( Luntenschloß) is umbrella term, as you correctly described, there are Luntenschnappschloß and Serpentinenschloß, which was usually used. In german collections you sometimes see percussion rifles, with noted oldfashioned stock, and a cook, which turns/beats in , wrong ' direction, this are converted wheellock rifles. And sorry for my writing error. Breastplates, not breastblades. In my german dialect, t k and p are spoken as d g and b.
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  458. Belgium and Great Brittain: Sachsen- Coburg - Gotha , so basicly german, even when Charles would use the name Oldenburg-.... from danish ancestors as noted . Netherlands: Nassau- Oranien, basicly german, Nassau was up to 1866 one of the smaller german states. Liechtenstein: Liechtenstein basicly german, was up to 1866 a part of ,German Federation'.
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  459. I am german. My father told me, that some decades ago, in an inn in my village there was a trouble between a Mr. Graf ( count) and a Mr. König ( king). A man, Mr . Kaiser ( emperor) went to them and said: Be quiet! There is someone higher than you!
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  460. Not really the same! A mercenary fights for Money ( and often looting), a Warrior fights for honour ( and often looting), a soldier Fights for honour ( and Money). Those ,Paramiltary' groups can be armed personal of civilian Administration with Combatant Status, semiofficial armed oranisations, fighting in war with Combatant Status, but also dubious levies with No real official Combatant Status.
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  461. ​ @stephenandersen4625 : Has USA ever fought an enemy of same weight class? With exeption of Independace War only weaker opponents. In case of Germany you allways appeared, when Germany was made weak by other countries.
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  462.  @Stillga  : Force would be Kraft ( in scientic sense) or Macht ( might) , an old word , sometimes meaning ,an army' or ,armed forces' , depending on context is Streitmacht/ warmight . Streit is in current german a quarrel, but in old days Streit meant war. A mace is in german a Streitkolben, a warhammer a Streithammer, a war charriot is a Streitwagen ( swedish stridsvagn is a tank). A surprise, was also for me , when i translated Streitmacht into warmight - the unexpected similarity to Wehrmacht. Remember, our languageges are related. Old english Here is german Heer, either army , or , after 1800, ground forces.
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  463.  @ChauncyFatsack  : King is a word of gemanic origin ( König, Kong, Kunning etc. ), latin word for king is ,Rex' ( Re, Roy etc.).
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  464.  @spyczech  : The first eurpeans, reaching Japan had been the Portugiese, the Dutch came later. In the 200 years of japanese isolation, only few dutch traders lived on a small island in an japanese Harbor. I know, that the Portugiese sold firearms to Japan, but the Dutch? I don' t know.
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  465. In the first year of my german-style Maschinenschlosser training, chisels were used to work with steel. This was in 1982, up to now i never needed this working technique in practice.
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  466.  @WALTERBROADDUS  : I am german, the word kurtz doesn't exist, you mean ,kurz' ( short).
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  467.  @MichalKolac  : I am german, of course i don' t like, what happened then, but it happened. There are good books of serious historians about SA, but rarely something about the weaponry, because in simple words: When SA was important, it was officialy unarmed, so no official service weaponry, being basicly a Schlägerbande ( rowdies/ bullies gang).
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  468. Pickelhaube ( literally pickaxehood) was a popular nickname . Official name was simply Helm mit Spitze/ helmet with point. To prevent accidents, gunners had a ball.
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  469. Keep in mind, when in the Nuremberg trials also allied persons would have been taken to court with the same Standards, not so few Allied persons would also have been executed.
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  470.  @antoine728  : Gestern ging ich in die Bücherei. Daß er gestern ein Auto kaufte? Tres facile si vous etes allemand :-)
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  471.  @crackula7958 : The European people are, witn exeption of Finns, Estonians, Basques , Hungarians, members of indoeurupean family of peoples. This means, parts of indian, afghan, persian and irakian persons also belong to ,white' population. What you describe for your person, has this reason.
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  472.  @mikelastname1220  : Dont forget a) When first romans reached Scotland, an educated roman wrote: Some people there look, like they have african ancesrty. And there was a migration between Ireland and Scotland. b) In 1588(?) after the defest of Spanish Armada, many spanish ships tried to escape and return to Spain by sailing around Scotland and Ireland. Many ships wrecked, and the surviving spanish sailors had been Catholic like majotity of Irish and many Scotts. c) in 1790s there was an antienglish revolt in Ireland, half- heartly supported by France. As far as i know, a very small detachement of french soldiers reached Ireland. So , an actor with irish ancestry must not look like typical irisch.
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  473. Sidenote out of context: In german language BH means Büstenhalter - bra.
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  474.  @pirig-gal  ln Germany we have Pils ( Lager), Pilsener, Export ( Spezial), Hell, Dunkel, Märzen, Kölsch, Alt, Schwarzbier, Bock, Doppelbock, Weizen, Weizenbock, Weizendoppelbock, Gose. In bright, dark, filtrated and unfiltrated. :-)
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  475.  @pirig-gal  : In Germany a supermarket company ,Mix' sells food of eastern Europe, including beer. So i know polish Warka and a polish beer with a Buffalo printed on the paper.
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  476. As far as i know, in one of the german Schlager songs of the 20s ,Puppchen' not ,Püppchen' appeared.
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  477. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, no Accademic, only an ordinary trained factory worker. In my homeregion, there are dozens over dozens of Castle ruins from standing stonewalls to barely visible ditches. So i am interessted in castles for about fifty years now. I have seen lots of ruins and read(en?) lots of books. Most books tell nearly the same, but sometimes there is a different Idea or theory . In such cases it is good, to know all theories and using the brain to think, what is possible, what is not. Then you can come next (!) to real truth.
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  478. He attacked many countries, he brutally fought freedom fighters , mostly in Spain, but in case of Andreas Hofer also in german region, he forced the conquered countries to pay much money for his army, he forced the conquered countries to send thousands of men for his russia campaign. My german federation state Baden- Württemberg consisted of Greatduchy Baden and Kingdom Württemberg. This countries had to send 22000 men. 700 came back, More than 21000 of my tribesmen died for the worldruler dream of Napoleon. He killed millions for his dream of power and french dominance, he was NO good man.
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  479. Leonberg is a german town about 40/ 50 kilometers away from my village. The coat of arms annimal of this town is a lion. In german a lion is Löwe, but in ,poets german' lion/ Löwe is Leu or Leo. So decades ago , a breeder wanted to breed a dog, looking like a lion.
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  480. I saw it in reallity. Was impressive!
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  481. According to german weapons magazines ( Waffenzeitschriften) the sheet metal ( Blech) was realy to protect the stock from the shoenails of the mountain boots . In contrast to boots of ordinary soldiers ( known as Knobelbecher/ dice cup), the mountain boots had not only shoenails on underside of sole ( german: Sohle!), but also one row of nails on the sides, so the sheet metal protects the stock, for example in formal drill. Btw., german names of Brno and Bratislava are Brünn and Pressburg.
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  482. Also mules and Haflinger horses are used by Gebirgsjäger.
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  483. ​ @Squeaky_Ben : Im schwäbischen Dialekt meint ,dauber Spitz' keinen schwerhörigen Hund....
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  484. But current head of Habsburg dynasty also has both claims to be roman emperor , emperor of HRE and heir of Karl der Große, so emperors of three empires.
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  485. Ein Zitat von Napoléon Bonaparte: Wenn man hundert niederkartätscht, rennen tausend davon. ( Kartätschen: Zur Abwehr von massierten Sturmangriffen wurden die damals glattläufigen Vorderladerkanonen statt mit gußeisernen massiven Vollkugeln mit einer gewichtsmäßig gleichen Ladung Gewehrkugeln in riesige Schrotflinten verwandelt)
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  486.  @flyingtube9985  : J' etait quatres fois dans votre pais, sans fusil! Les temps de guerre sont finit, er c' est un chose bon.
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  487. Mr. Mc Collum: The 7,65 mm Parabellum is not a necked down 9mm Parabellum, it was the other way.
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  488.  Big Wheel  : Sie Volltrottel! At first planes are brain- and soulless machines, so they can not have a political belief. Second, in 1936, fascist Italy, not Germany attacked Ethiopia/Abesynia. In 1936 there had been the ethiopian imperial guard, which was seen as being the best africana led troops, the imperial main army (mahel Safari) and the levies of the princes (Ras) and their vassals. The princes had been vassals of the emperor, the noblemen had been vassals oft the princes, and the ordinary warrior was a vassal of a nobleman. So the ethiopian army had been basicly a medieval feudal army with all the problems, for example loyality, medieval armies had. But third, this doesn't mean, that the ordinary warriors (not the imperial soldiers) had been armed only with spear, leather shield and ,shotel' sword! Even in 1896, when ethiopian troops won the battle of Adowa against (royal) italian troops, only 20% of their troops had no firearms! 20% had muzzleloaders ( mostly flint- and matchlocks) , but 60% had breechloaders of different models. Mostly singleshot, fewer in number repeating rifles, also hunting rifles and shotguns. So in 1936 there had been some poor warriors with spears and muzzleloadets, but the large majority was armed with all Kind of breechloaders. Some of the leviemen had their own weapons in 1936, some got their rifle from their feudal lord, because the emperor, and with bis allowness also the Ras, imported rifles for their vassals. Where i know this from? From two books of the Osprey Military Brooks company.
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  489.  Big Wheel : After your last comment, i looked into german and english language Wikipedia. Like the book of the Osprey company, both german and english Wikipedia say, that no german troops had been involved into the second italo- abessinian war. So you are telling lies, it is impossible that Nazi pilots have killed people in ethiopia. Either you are a stupid fool, or you are confused and mean the spanish civil war, there german and italian troops suppoted Franco.
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  490. Some noblemen have weapons from late middle age in good condition.
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  491. British Double Standard!
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  492. Hema is simply an umbrella term! In old days some of the masters of european martial arts wrote treatisites. Sometimes only about one special weapon, in which they had skill and knowledge, sometimes about a number of weapons, common for the time. This means: In late 15th/ early 16th century a man, who had the money to hire a fencing teacher, should know longsword, dagger and polearms ( long staffs had been training substitute for polearms AND civilian defence). In late 16th century, the dagger lost its importantce and the longsword was replaced by rapier, and polearms, with exeption of pikes also lost importance, so a wealtier man had no more the necessary to train very often with polearms. In late 17 th century the rapier was replaced by smallsword and some wealty men never served as officers., so the fencing trainer had not the neccesarity to train his client with polearms. Those wealtier men, who still served as officers on foot still dif some polearm training, but their spontoons, halberds, partisans etc. had been shorter and weaker than formerly , still useable as weapon, but more a sign oft rank. After napoleonic era, the cane ( and Terzerol/ derringer), perhaps swordcane, replaced the smallsword. So in 19th century most traditional european martial arts dissapeared or became competition sports. Now Hema is a recreation based on old treatisises and relicts of surviving local styles. Because in many european martial arts the tradition line is broken, an interpretation of old texts is necessary, for example because language changed. So, if , for example, the firearms use would not have raised in Europe, we still would have the old martial arts in use, and the same styles myths than in Asien martial arts.
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  493.  @faketheo3432  : But there had also been colonies of Karthago ( modern Tunisia) on european soil.
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  494. According to a german weapons magazine years ago, Mr. Flemming was a man of gentry, but lowest possible rank. He was at q wellknown school or even university, but had no realy göod degree. He had officers training, but after becomming Lieutenant, he ended his service a few months later. He did before 1939 some trips to Germany, Switzerland and perhaps other Continental european countries. According to the magazine , Mr. Flemming was part of british Military Intelligence Service, but more as a Staff member, whos job it was, to visit the conferences, where British Armed Forces, Intelligence Services, Police and for example, British Railway or Postal Service... coordinated their actions. So Mr. Flemming was involved in MI , and knew, how Commandos, Spies , Intelligence/ Secret operations worked/ had been done, but more as a Staff/administration memnber.
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  495. Formerly, between 1870 and may be 1920 some pistol shooters shot for target with angled arm, some with straight arm. So then grips/ handles came in two Styles.
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  496.  @91Redmist  : Hawaii/ Pearl Harbour is still ,Kingdom of Hawaii'?
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  497.  @91Redmist  : When Pearl Harbour was attaked , Hawaii was not a State, yes, but it was basicly US soil, or more exact, for the japanese troops it was seen AS USA.
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  498. ​ @Bigger_SUVs_to_increase_Swaag : Es gibt eine hierzulande weniger bekannten italienische Nudelart ,Spezulla' , in Schwaben als Spätzle bekannt. In Italien gibt es Ravioli, als Schwabe sind dies kleine Maultaschen. Pizza kannte ich lange nicht, als ich die erste Pizza aß, stellte ich fest, das ist ein italienischer Dätscher. Als Schwabe, der den Hohenstaufen von seinem Heimatort aus sehen kann, weiß ich, daß die Staufer für etwa sechzig Jahre Könige von Neapel waren. Also.....
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  499.  @alexandradeuen1610  : Nur gut, daß Stasi, NKWD, Rote Garden, Christliche Hexenjäger / Hetzer und die Religion des Friedens nie etwas getan haben. Jetzt bin ich, Brittas Freund beruhigt, und kann friedlich schlafen!
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  500. In Germany ,Mett' ( see english word meat) exists. This is raw minced pork, spiced with Salt and Pepper. A half bread roll is covered ith Mett, and some raw onion pieces added.
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  501. In Germany/Austria a large knife of this size would be called ,Hirschfänger', a hunting knife for , final stab' of wounded game.
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  502. A small note from a german native : German ch sound is not spoken k! It spoken similar to the noise of an angry cat, but slower and softer. Then Natter is the name of one of the three snakes existing in Germany, the other ones are Kreuzotter and Blindschleiche. One of the three concrete ramps between Jesingen, Nabern and Holzmaden, i once have seen all three, seems still existing, the others have been destroyed during construction of a new railway track. What you may not knew, the region arround Kirchheim unter Teck was and still is a centre of glider Sport. Next to Teck Castle, at Teck Mountain, there are relicts of a glider hall and a glider lift, which could lift a glider for 70 Meter! Build in 1930s to train glider pilots, which was a preparation for building the Luftwaffe. And in Kirchheim unter Teck, the glider company Schempp- Hirth still exists, while from Wolf Hirth company only buildings remain.
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  503. ​ @adenkyramud5005 : I am german. As far as i know, after assassination of president Lincoln bodyguards for president had become necessary ( real Guard unit was before seen as monarchist and Not necessary in a republik). So the only existing armed federal officials , who could do this, Had been this financial officials
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  504. Luke Rickert : On a german , Zeichnung' the tolerances are usualy noted. In this time this must have been DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm) System. Basicly they are still in use, because a lot of EN ( Euronorm) and even ISO Norm are based on old german DIN. What has changed are some symbols, for example for the surface quality ( formerly up to four triangles). When there is no tolerance at a measurement of a drilling hole etc. then we have a system of , Allgemeintoleranzen' / general tolerances to simplify the drawing. In the 80s , during my Maschinenschlosser training the , Fachzeichnen' with paper and pencil was a nightmare to me !
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  505.  @jeremypintsize7606  : Those part of frankish tribe, which moved to current France gave France its german name Frankreich, and my, Brittas boyfriends, tribe the Alemannen gave Germany the french name Allemagne.
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  506.  @keithkarbel2000  : Could have been Bereitschaftspolizei, but officially german weapons had not been allowed for civilian armed personal of State Westberlin.
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  507. Years ago there was in a german arms magazine an article about a british side by side rifle for .455 Webley cartidges.
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  508. Some months ago a german military history magazine wrote about this topic. It was written two things: At first that german troops misinterpreted well hidden French or belgian regular soldiers for partisans, that especially at night accidently german soldiers fired at each others, and german soldiers had not been trasined in anti- partisan warfare , so they feared them ( partisan warfare is NO german tradition). Second: Belgian authorities often gave order to unregular partisan warfare, there had not enough belgian uniforms for all belgian volunteers, and there had not enough military weapons to equip all belgian volunteers, so that many of them used shotguns, shotguns had been seen as criminals weapons in Germany, even today only few shotguns are used by german army and police, it is not allowed to shoot at persons, only to destroy things. So, it would have been necessary to also show view of wwl germans about unregular troops.
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  509.  @alexzero3736  : Wrong written, it is Schlieffen.
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  510.    : I am german , my information about the two wars between Italy and Ethiopia ( Abbesynia) is not too detailed. I only read the two thin books of the Osprey Military Books company in London. The ethiopian forces did a good job in both wars, if you are ethiopian you can be proud about your ancestors. But as a german, i have to speak about the performance of the Italians. The italians , also the spaniards , are brave and dangerous enemies, when they really want to fight and have a good leader. But in many wars the Italiens had a lack of good officers and the soldiers thaught, this war is not neccesary.
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  511. There was a small Danube River flottila.
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  512. Sind seit Jahrtausenden als gelegentlich tödlich bekannt, daher nicht unwahrscheinlich.
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  513. There is a german TV documentation, but have forgotten the name. When i remember correct, it was made by german TV station ZDF. Perhaps the TV Station can help you. ZDF means Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen.
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  514.  @SamI-bv9kd  : Better armed than kenyan security guards, which had only batons or ,Rungu' clubs.
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  515.  @heybabycometobutthead  : What amuses me? Kenian private security guards had in those days no allowness to be armed with firearms, as far as i know. So this men , only armed with batons or native clubs could do nothing against terrorists with modern firearms. This was a sad, not funny event.
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  516.  @mathy4605  : You are right, so i was rather astonished. As far as i know a scottish Loch is a lake, a german Loch is an english hole :-)
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  517.  @dwarow2508  : During wwll many crimes happened, which is true. So i have no problem, when german soldiers are shown as bad in context of wwll, especially in movies made a short time after this war. But also german soldiers of wwl are mostly shown bad, for example in ,African Queen', the fictional story plays in Eastern Africa. The wwl had other reasons than wwll (in 19th century in nearly every country a wave of nationalim, chauvinism, militarism and colonalism started, and everyone wanted to be the best). There ars movies of non german countries, which show german soldiers even of 19th century in wwll style. You know the movie Waterloo from 1970? The fact that perhaps 70% of british troops had been belgian, dutch and german soldiers is not so loud told. And without the appearing prussian troops, Wellington could have lose the battle. How are the prussian troops shown? A caricature face shouting: No prisoners and for some seconds you see complete black(!) uniformed soldiers. Such things are not ok. The same with the noted clip of danish 1864 movie. After seing this clip, showing german soldiers as criminals, i doubt that the movie shows the reason for this war, in 1840s royal danish Parlament made a law, to annex the duchy Schleswig, which was like duchy Holstein governed by danish king, but no part of Denmark. Why do the danish make no movie, how the mighty danish kings conquered farmers republic Dithmarschen? Or why are there few to no french movies about the destruction of german border regions during the reign of Louis XIV? For people without historical education it seems, that out of the blue Germany attacked France for no reason. And this behavior is the thing , i don' t like. In other words, i think the non german nations are pointing with the finger to us, and try to hide their own not so good parts of history, they mostly show only the shining side oft their history and this is Propaganda.
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  518. The Anglosaxons never existed! And why is german state Niedersachsen at the beaches of North Sea called so? Or why is the german region south of danish/ german border called Angeln?
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  519. You have forgotten the halberds of papal Swiss Guard.
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  520.  @antischwurbler3810  : Welche politische Richtung ist denn seit Jahrzehnten auf der Seite der armen Verbrecher und gegen Recht und Ordnung? Ich, Brittas Freund habe aus diesem Grund seit den linken Krawallen um 1980 ein großes Misstrauen speziell gegen ,die Grünen'.
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  521. Filipe Amaral : ln internet i watch also jmantime, military history visualized (not visualized), metatron, scholagladiatora, skallagrim, shadiversity. I read three german military history magazines and two german arms magazines. I have vistited a lot of castles( palaces) and museums with arms collections. And on my holliday trips and hikingtours i visit the relicts of all kind of fortifications, in my home region there sre a lot of medival castle ruins and town walls, some Renaissance fortress ruins, some fortified graveyards, some celtic oppidi ( Heidengraben, Heuneburg and the Ipf) and a few kilometers away are the relicts ot the roman border fortification ,Limes'. So in the last four decades i have got a lot of military history knowledge. I personally prefer the military history before 1900. When you do so in Germany, you have rather few problems, but when you are interessted in military history of the second world war, you are soon in trouble, when you are not very carefull!
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  522. Frank van Dorp (vom Dorf?): ln german we make a propper difference between Deutschen and Germanen. Deutsche are only we germans, with Germanen we mean all members of all germannic nations , which currently live ( us germans included) OR the ancesters of all current germannics in the time, before current nations existed, but only tribes. In german language a confusion between deutsch and germanisch is simply IMPOSSIBLE! But in this context , english language is incorrect/ inexact , this causes confusion. So : In Caesars time there lived in german terminology Germanen . Some of this Germanen are in fact forefathers of us current Deutschen/ Germans, but you can' t call the Germanen of Caesars time Deutsche. What is so difficult to understand?
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  523.  @reliantncc1864  : After french defeat in 1870/71 German - French war, german military advisers came to Japan.
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  524.  @WhiteCheddar.  : I am german, from the southwest. In HRE era, my homeregion was the most divided region of Germany. In great age of Hohenstaufen dynasty 1150 to 1250, german Knights culture had its highest point. My homeregion is fillled with hundreds of castle ruins. But few had been large castles of Imperial Crownland (Up to 1253) or mighty families of high Nobility. Most had been small, and very small castles of Knights and socalled Noble Free ( Edelfreie) families. Most had been stone made, but some had been still wood/ earth buildings, or just lightly fortified manour Houses. Those ones, between Neckar River and northern end of Swabian Alb Plateau used small hills and the ditches of very small rivers ( Bäche) as natural fortifications, but at the clifflike northern end of Swabian Alb Plateau many, mostly small ruins are at places on rocks or ,Cliff corners', where an assault was nearly Impossible.
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  525.  @CandidZulu  : I, german, no gunowner, simply wanted to note that swiss target shooting tradition has more military tradition than in other countries.
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  526. No. In my german homeregion such castles are nearly not existing, even the region is full of castle remains. The castles between Neckar river and Swabian Alb plateau have some elements of moat and baily castles, there are no man made moats. The region is full of mostly soft hills large Bäche ( Brooks?), ground Level/ height diffences, some of thause Bäche/ brooks are little ,glenns', so many points with light natural fortifications. The clifflike northern end of Swabian Alb plateau ( Albtrauf) and the valleys ( Täler, see dales) have stone ground, so building a moat and baily castle is difficult, and often not necessary, because Rocks, corners at ,cliffline' exist, where you can reach the Castle only from one or two narrow points.
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  527. As a german, i don' t agree.
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  528. Haribo Goldbär- eat it!
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  529.  @chevalierdupapillon  : Oh i, Brittas boyfriend am Swabian ( south german) , and Vienna was for centuries more important for southern germans than Berlin. I personaly have no reason to make fun about Austrians or my tribal brothers, the Swiss Germans.
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  530. In late war , also Germany made an expensive historical Propaganda movie: Kohlberg, about a prussian fortress in 1806. Total wrong Propaganda.
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  531.  @bubbasbigblast8563  : In early 30 years war there had been the last ,Lanzierer', but heavy cavallry was mostly ,Kürisser' or , Reiter', but at the end oft this war, the arm and leg pieces had often dissappeared, and the Visorhelmet was mostly replaced by the open Zischägge, looking similar to helmets of eastern europe/ muslim world or India.
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  532.  @DOMINIK99013  : I think, the ammunition was only captured ammunition from US forces. Before 1914 , when german weapon laws had been rather liberal, AS far as i know, there was in Gerrmany not realy a market for pistols in such large calibers. And after wwl german pistol companies could, for Treaty of Versailles reason, only produce pistols with max. 100 mm ( 4") barrel and cartridges smaller than 8mm. May be an ammunition company in german occupied countries could somehow produce such cartridges, but i don' t know.
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  533. ​ @chrissmalley83 : For a short time, in Bavaria and lesser Baden - Württemberg and Rheinland - Pfalz some policemen had been armed with ,PP Super' in 9mm Police/ Ultra , similar power than 9mm Makarov. For a long time the officers of german state polices had mostly.32 Acp, female detectives sometimes only .25 Acp. Military 9mm Parabellum/ Luger was unwanted, so as compromise 9mm Police was introduced, but before all policemen in noted states got the PP Super, 9mm Luger was introduced, but for decades with FMJ bullets (!).
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  534. After the 30Years war , the german writer Grimmelshausen wrote a novel , Simplicius Simplicissimus'.
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  535. Sauberkeit der Arbeit!
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  536. German forces: .25Acp, .32 Acp, 9mm Psrabellum / Luger, 30. Mauser. But also .380 Acp, 9mm Steyr, 9mm Largo/ Bergmann - Bayard. Not to mention captured pistols and antques for Volkssturm, for example 10,6 mm German Ordonance.
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  537. DebatingWombat: Among the calibers/ cartidges i noted for wwll, i made a difference between cartridges which had been common, and such ones, being lesser common. As you clearly recognized, for the lesser common cartridges, ammo supply was more difficult, so this weapons had not been usefull for frontline troops, but for rearline or auxillary troops acceptable. In case of wwl Austria - Hungary you only have forgotten the 11, 5 mm black powder cartridges for M70 and M74 revolvers. In general the older revolvers of black powder era had been in wwl still common for rearline/ police forces. But in case of Switzerland the cartidge 7,5mm Swiss Ordonnance was until 1970s produced with black powder, and in service from 1882 to 1975. Last service Users in 1975 had been elderly Military craftsmen, elderly auxillary policemen and elderly railway guards. Another revolver of those era was in service until 2013, russian railway and postal guards used still Nagant revolvers.
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  538. Every alloy containing copper becomes, like also usual copper, green, when not regularly polished and oiled. This rust counterpart(?) is in german called ,Grünspan'. My grandmother told me , that even in her childhood it happened sometimes, that when food was to long in Brass pots, the food became poisonous by this Grünspan.
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  539.  @meeeka  : Another comment writer told me the same, but also thanks!
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  540. What happened after M71 introduction? Bavaria had Gendarmerie, Border Guards ( Customs Service), Prison Guards and Forresty officials for the rifles. Before 1879 ( introduction of M79 Revolver), there had been in service of german armies ( Yes, armies: First Army- Royal prussian army,incuding troops of grandduchies, duchies, principalities and free cities, second army- royal bavarian army, three corps, third army : royal saxon army, two corps, fourth army: royal Württembergian army , one corps) as Pistols: Bavaria noted Werder pistol, Kingdom Saxony: A Revolver in 10,4 mm looking like an oversized Smith & Wesson Nr 1, navy : Colt and british percussion revolvers, other troops : Smoothbore prussian M52 percussion pistol. So Bavaria had before M79 revolver noticed, we nned more pistols, so some Werder carbines had been converted to pistols. When after wwl Bavaria became a Republik, some of Werder pistols had been still used by bavarian rural policemen. ( Perhaps more modern pistols had been given to army, also in other states some modern police pistols had been given to army, which gave dated M79 and M83 revolvers to police.)
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  541. Damned Button! Reenactors from times before firearms have it easier, so you can sometimes see them in medieval, Roman or Celtic sites and speak with them. In contrast to USA i have the possibility to watch in a circle of twenty Miles arroud my village a Celtic Oppidum, a Roman fort, relicts of Roman border fortification ,Limes', relicts of medieval castles and town fortifications, relicts of two Renaissance Fortresses, a starting Plattform for Natter rocket planes from wwll. So: My knowledge of a specific time or weapon is not very deep.
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  542.  @andrewshaw1571  : You have forgotten prussian breech loader field cannons! Also Austria , since 1867 Austria - Hungary had a problem, Prussia had not. Austrian soldiers spoke german, hungarian, czech, slowakian, slovenian, croatian, polish, romanian, bosnian, ruthenian or italian in 1866! In Vienna i, german , and Brittas boyfriend, have visited Military Museum in former Arsenal, there i have seen a book for German officers in Austrian Army. At first the military call was written in german. Then the same call was written in hungarian, czech etc. language. Behind the call, written in a nongerman language, it was written, how a german language officer of austrian army has to speak it. To explain it: If english speaking soldiers would have served in Austrian ( or Austro- Hungarian Army) behind the call : Draw your saber! There would have been written: Droh jor Seiber! And our languges are both germanic laguages, so the problem was not easy. Also in 1866 Prussia did the ( River) Main campaign against prussian allies Bavaria (30000 men) , Württemberg ( 13600 men) , Baden ( 10000 men) and Hessen- Darmstadt ( 6400 men). On paper a force of 60000 men in two of German Confededation Army Corps ( Nr. 7 and Nr.8). But instead of uniting, every southern army tried to defend its country alone. So it was for prussian Mainriver Army rather easy to defeat every southern army in a small fight, we Germans call Gefecht ( not Schlacht/ Battle), but much larger than a skirmish/ Geplänkel. Only much larger Bavarian Army did more than one Gefecht, and outdated Fortess Marienburg ( in Würzburg) was Shot with cannons. And the southern armies , both soldiers and officers, had not the Training quality of prussian troops. For example in Württemberg, where i come from ( nowadays state Baden-Württemberg), there was a serving duty/ Wehrpflicht but similar to Switzerland it was only a rather short Training. And in 1866 the troops of duchies, principalities and free Towns, from 55 men ( Liechtenstein) up to may be 300 men had been only usefull as guards, escorts or Fortress personel. But in 1866 Austria fought also against prussian Ally Italy, here the Austrians won, most famous Battle of Custozza and ( naval!) Battle of Lissa.
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  543.  @Pilotmario  : As far as i know, in 1868 it was decided, that an explosive ball must contain a minimum explosive of either 400 or 500 Gramm.In 1860s, there had been used some musket long balls with small explosive . The explosive balls, fired with prussian needlefire wallguns against armed french boats on Seine river 1870/ 71 had been not realy allowed because of small bullet weght.
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  544. The german name Uli is a short of Ullrich , which is a short of Huldrich or Huldreich, in Switzerland it is written Ueli.
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  545.  @historyandhorseplaying7374  : No, Hitler is a south german ( swabian/ bavarian) version of Hüttner or Hüttler, which means ,A poor man who owns only a hut' ( Hütte means in english hut or cabin). In Germamy/ Austria name Hauser / houser- houseowner, Hofer/ farm owner ( Hof- in this context farm), Huber / bavarian- austrian : Owner of a small farm. I hope, this helps. Greetings from Germany
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  546.  @riccardodececco4404  : The system of Reichskreise and Reichsarmee was created by emperor Maximilian l, as far as i know in 1496. Every Reichsstand/ territory with a sest in Reichstag/ parlament ( imperial diet?) had in case of war to sent a contingent of men , the number of foot- and horsemen was regulated. Artillry was owned by Reichskreis , in reality mostly loaned(?)/ gemieted from largest Reichskreis member. The contingent size varied largely. In Reichskreis Schwaben/ Swabia, to which my homeregion belonged, there had been 100(!) small states: About 20- 30 spiritual lords ( princed bishops, princed abbots, one Fürstpropst) , about 30- 40 imperial towns ( from large ones like Ulm and Augsburg to Bopfingen or Zell am Harmersbach) and 40- 50 noble lords ( one Duke, one marquis, some princes and counts of different rank), largest contingent was Württemberg, about 1000 men, smallest ones imperial towns Buchau and Buchhorn ( today Friedrichshafen) with four (!) men each. This hodgepodge was a problem, companies had to be formed from five or six contingents, they rarely trained together on company/ battailon / regiment level, and after reformation half of regiments had been Catholic, other half Lutheran. Swabian Reichskreis allways mobilized correctly , last time in 1790s. But in other Reichskreise, at the end only dominsting member mobilized, the in this case much smaller members paid money to the largest member as support ( Subsidien). This was the case in Bavarian Reichskreis, where only Bavaria and on smaller level Archbishop of Salzburg realy had troops at the later time, or in Electoral Rhinish Reichskreis only Elector of Palatine and, on lower level, Spiritual Elector ( bishop) of Mainz had troops. In Swabian Reichskreis, where in a ( for US citizens) small area, between rivers Rhine and Lech, Bodensee/lake of Constance and a line from northern end of Black Forrest eastwards, had been 100 states, only the largest (Württemberg) had in peacetime a small army, one of two existing parts of Baden had in mid 18th century in peacetime only about 120 soldiers, or the noted Fürstpropst of Ellwangen had 36 men on foot and twelve on horse, which did police and ceremonial service. In other small states the situation was similar, so that in wartime a large part of Swabian Reichskreis troops had been in reality only militia men , policemen or ceremonial soldiers. The quality of militias was often bad, because in absolutistic era noble and spiritual Lords don' t wanted armed and trained citizens. Not included in the Reichsarmee and Reichskreis system had been the only in swabian, frankonian and rhinish area existing Imperial Knights/ Reichsritter. They mostly owned only one village. They where, in contrast of ordinary knights no vassal of a Lord, but had no seat in Parlament/Reichstag. There had also been few other imperial territories , imperial villages or Reichstal ( imperial Valley) Oberharmersbach, but i can only asume, their situation was in military case the same than Imperial Knights.
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  547.  @jkkennedy9280  : I am german, in the 90s the , Deutsches Waffen Journal', i think i must not translate, wrote a long article about the ,Osteraufstand/ easter uprising ' from 1916. When i remember correctly, from the english conquest of Ireland , which was complete after Cromwells cruel campaign, onwards the catholic part oft the irish population was not allowed to own arms. This situation had not changed in 1913. Note: Colonial tribes loyal to british rule could own percussion muskets, not so loyal tribes flintlock muskets and their traditional weaponry. So the most common weapons of irishmen , which not liked british rule , had been Hurling bats and Shilleilagh walking canes. Also irish sailors bought in harbours outside of Great Britain cheap revolers, mostly belgian or spanish ( basque region) made. In those days most european countries had liberal weapons laws. The money , the irish sailors used to buy revolvers, had been their own saved money for money collected by the ,Irish National Brotherhood'. By the time, this Organisation had a number of stolen or smuggled, mostly civilian firearms. Also irisch soldiers of the irish regiments in wwl smuggled captured german pistols to Ireland. Now to those german M71 blackpowder singleshot breechloaders. Irish persons , members of
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  548.  @Sturminfantrist  : It was this event i meant. But there had been also german immigrants which did their job well. But this was not my point, my point was that antigerman Propaganda started long before wwl in USA.
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  549. In Germany up to 1972 two smaller weapons had been allowed. A) The Totschläger with similarities to sap or blackjack. B) The Stahlrute ( steelrod), a telescopic baton where the telescopic elements had been spiral springs , at the tip iwas a Metal ball of steel, brass or lead.
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  550.  @axolotl-guy9801  : In Germany there are still descendants of those frankish tribesmen, which not moved to France/ Frankreich. These are the inhabitants of Hesse, Rhineland- Palatinate, Saarland, the southern part of Northrine- Westphalia and the northern parts of Bavaria and Baden- Württemberg. They speak fränkischen Dialekt. So the german version of Frankish ( the Fränkisch of today) can' t be wrong. And we germans speak names ending with ,rich' , for example Erich, Roderich, with a german ,ch' sound and not as ,k'. The two families ,Merowinger' and ,Karolinger' should not been seen as french or german. They belong to both nations, but not to a single one.
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  551. In time of rapier/ smallsword carrying a sword was common.
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  552.  Graf von Losinj  Up to 1866 Luxemburg was part of the German Federation , and for centuries part of HRE, in 14th century members of the original Luxemburg noble family had also been kings of Bohemia and emperors of HRE. The switch to French as official language , was to show , that they no more are a part of Germany. There are still people speaking german, but ,letzeburgisch' dialect is nearly not understandable to me.
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  553.  @elcondor7627  : I personally don' t know. Soldiers of German Imperial Forces, Reichswehr or Wehrmacht perhaps had a Nickname. Also among firebrigades in territory of former Westgermany helmets of this Look had been the usual fireman helmet until may ten years ago, but made of Aluminium, may be firemen had a Nickname for this helmet. In after wwll Military of East and West Germany this helmet was Not used, so i think, their perhaps used Nickname possibly had nothing to do with wwl or wwll helmets, i, Brittas boyfriend, have Not served in Westgerman Army , my eyes are Bad, so i can' t say anything. The only Thing, which comes into my mind in context of German wwl or wwll helmets is, that people meaning the German Steel helmet, they pronounce the ,der' in ,der Stahlhelm ' stronger, sharper than necessary, they want to Show, that they mean the old style German Stahlhelm, and no other one. ( For the reason of four grammar cases in german language dem Stahlhelm, den Stahlhelm or des Stahlhelms would also be possible.)
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  554. British double standard! Tricking german U- Boot crews attacking by ,Prisal Law', but whining, when german U- Boot crews attack allied ships without warning! The reason why ,Great Brittain ' was called ,Perfides Albion' by german Propaganda.
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  555. As far as i know, russian railway an postal security guards used this revolvers until about 2010.
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  556.  @MikeB071  : Böhmen was a part of HRE from 10th century to end of HRE in 1806. In 10th century Bohemia was basicly one of the dukes under rule of german King, but for honoury reason the bohemian Duke was a King. In 955 campaign for the First time a ,german' Army appeared. The Avantgarde was bavarian Levy, then King Otto with saxon Levy, fränkisch Levy, swabian Levy, baggage train and Rearguard bohemian Levy. During whole HRE time, before being Part of Habsburg territory , Bohemia / Böhmen was only Independent inside of HRE, like about threehundred other states.
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  557. First generation of breechloaders had often a different load for rifles and carbines. Sometimes cartidges had also different csse length.
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  558. The Schwedenbau/ swedish building is still standing, it contains two museums, you can watch with one ticket. The Waffenmuseum shows weapons from Königlich Württembergische Waffenfabrik ( including lancepoints!), Mauser ( also civilian products like caliphers or bureau equipment and two cars), Heckler & Koch and Feinwerkbau. The Heimatmuseum shows the history of Oberndorf region, also interessting, because some objects from former town militias and weapon relicts from alemannic warrior graves.
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  559.  @feleslucis-emanueldearaujo6237  : Some years in german TV i watched a documentary, how coptic ( real egyptians) converted old egyptian religion into christian religion, but with arab/ muslim conquest their language switched into arabian. In the noted documentary was told, that current coptic christians still use some coptic songs and coptic words for religious ceremonies, but that average coptic persons no more understand it and also priests / monks can no more speak it fluently. When this is true, this language is in danger to dissappear.
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  560.  @genericname5909  : San Marino still exists, it is one of Europas micro nations like Liechtenstein, Monaco or Andorra, with today perhaps 35000 inhabitants. Their army is only a ceremonial unit.
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  561.  @alexneigh7089  : As a german, i can clearly say: No!
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  562.  @sturlamolden  : Barbaren is a greek word , Bayern ( or older Bajuwaren) is a germanic tribe name.
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  563.  @kj3n569  : 5,6 mm lfB is the old german name for .22lr . lfB means ,lang für Büchsen' - in english ,long rifle'. What i wanted to say, the german engineers and workers of 1945 surely did not use the english name of cartridge.
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  564. A sidenote to Dukes of Teck, i live next to Teck mountain with castle ruin. The original Dukes of Teck had been only , titular' Dukes, last one died in 1450s Italy. Britisch monarchs are from medieval time also related to long gone real Teck dynasty.
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  565. As a metal worker, Britta is my girlfriend, i can tell you, that a Sicke ( don't know english word) causes, that a piece of sheet metal is rather hard to bend afterwards. So in ,gothic style armour' the Sicken are made to use this efect for lower weght.
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  566.  @willisagert9230  : Den Leuten gehen schlicht die ethisch/ moralischen Missionare auf den Sack, hassen, würde ich nicht sagen.
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  567.  @caspar_van_walde  : I, Brittas boyfriend, am swabian, so i speak the word Pistole as , Bischdool' in my dialect :-).
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  568. The very young teenagers had in HJ a paramilitary training. A former coworker of me was from Eastern Germany, born 1970, and for the troubles of 1989/1990 he had no ,real' military training. But he was member of FDJ ( Freie deutsche Jugend/ free german youth), basicly HJ painted in communist red. He told me , that in 8.year of school education ,Vormilitärische Ausbildung' started, this was during the rest of his school education and during his job training ( in german Lehre). There had been from time to time one or two weeks of military training camps, including throwing handgrenades or shooting Kalaschnikows in .22 lr. The instructors had been Offiziersschüler/ officers aspirants of Volksarmee.
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  569.  @rorymkirk  : Strange, because, as far as i know, last real Cornish speakers died in late 18th century.
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  570.  @bdrago5420  : When using our local dialects, we germans don' t understand each other.
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  571.  @danielnorman2725  : I am not Britta, but her boyfriend , only using this computer too. I speak german, usually my swabian dialect, Standard German only when realy necessary, i understand enough english to speak of simple everyday things and also few french. My girlfriend speaks a mix of hessian dialect and Standard German, english and french better than i and few Latin. When german dialects are properly spoken, it is often nealy impossible, to understand them as a stranger. So i don' t really understand, why native english speakers so often can not speak a foreign language. English is basicly a mix of 1000 years old french and 1500years old Low german ( from the lowlands). So i assume, you would have no problems with german and french.
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  572. After the 30 years war many military words changed from german to french language . So a , Fähnlein' changed into ,Battailon'.
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  573.  @robertoogle2866  : The Netherlands had been a part of Holy Roman Empire of German Nation ,on paper' up to 1648. Both languages are similar , deutsch and dutch meaned once ,theodisc'- speaking the language of the ( germanic) people, in contrast to latin language of priests and bishops.
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  574. The Titanic accident happened in 1912. In those days gunlaw was in european countries much more liberal than now. A serious lawfull man could buy a pistol , but more paperwork, than buying a rifle or shotgun. For carring in some countries a licence was needed also in those days ( in my country Germany called Waffenschein). So i think/. assume, that in addition to the revolvers, belonging to the ships equipment, also some of the ships officers also had their private pistols on board. In case of civilians , open carry of weapons was in 1910s , even USA , Seen as unusual/ strange, but in this days there was annother ,honor' code than now. There had been laws about weapons, but in case of Noblemen or Gentlemen, authorities then often closed both eyes. The german word Kavaliersdelikt is a relict of this era.
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  575. In german Zwinger Museum in Dresden ( Saxony) there is the weapon collection of former royal saxon dynasty, which was rather rich. There are some very expensive decorated suits of armor, not intended for combat. When i remember correct, there was a ,half armor' for Kolbenschlagturnier ( mace tournament?) on foot, made of silver. In this kind of tournament the two oppoments had to beat away the opponents helmet decoration with a kind of twohanded club.
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  576.  @ComaradComisar  : The breast pieces of good armour, even for ordinary pikemen, you can see in german museums or castles/palaces often show the test/ proofshot with blackpowder lead balls. So up to some distance, armour protects especially against round balls.
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  577.  @gubblfisch350 : Allgäu belongs to the swabian/ allemanic dialect region. In my home region near Stuttgart it is the same. When old swabians speak of Boiner they don' mean die Beine( the legs), but die Knochen ( the bones). Bein is today rarely used in its old sense bone.
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  578. Barrel length is 200 mm. 8" would be 202,4 mm . German Artillry model was allways in 9mm Parabellum, 7,65 Parabellum was mainly a swiss thing.
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  579. With exeption of the few owners of a Waffenschein ( german 'CCW licence), german hunters (who are allowed to carry a pistol for Fangschuß/ final shot during hunting), and target shooters using central fire pistols in combat pistol look for competition, H&K has nothing to offer for german civilians, owning an ordinary gun licence ( Waffenbesitzkarte). No hunting guns, no rifles or pistols for traditional german target shooters. But in Oberndorf am Neckar, there is also Feinwerkbau company, which produces only airguns and .22 guns for traditional olympic target shooters. Mauser produces still hunting guns, but no more at Oberndorf, but in a small town Isny , where also Sauer and Blaser hunting guns are produced. In Oberndorf, in socalled Schwedenbau ( Swedisch Building), once owned by Mauser company, there is the Waffenmuseum ( weapons museum). There are weapons, produced by Mauser, H&K, Feinwerkbau and Königlich Württembergische Waffenmanufaktur ( which later became Mauser). For the reason that Mauser collection was in 1945 stolen by US and French troops, the shown Mauser guns are not from former collection and in bad condition. There are also civilian products of Mauser ( socalled bureau machines and measurement instruments, but also a Mauser car). With entry Ticket , you can also visit Heimatmuseum ( homeregion museum with an Intressting collection of allemanic swordblades and spear tips).
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  580. Le revolver etait au premier fois fabrique en Mulhouse, et Mulhouse est Mühlhausen en mon langue. La finis de production des revolvers et pistolts de usine Mannurhin est aussi la raison, pourquoi la police française achete des pistolrts allemandes. Bonjour d ' Allemagne!
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  581. In Germany cal. 16 was formerly popular for combined rifle/ shotgun hunting weapons.
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  582. xway2 : You are right! But these very small teritories had only been ,reichsunmittelbar', this means, they had no seat in the ,Reichstag'. To have a seat in the Reichstag you must have the right to be called a ,Reichsstand'. But to be fair, a number of Reichsstände had to share one seat.
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  583. An uncle, no more alive, had a hobby , not uncommon among men of his age: Breeding domesticated rabbits, in german also known as Stallhasen/ stable hares. When the annimal Had been killed, he hung (?) them on our Teppichstange/ carpet pole/ staff to to butchers work . When this happened , my uncle had two very intressted observers: My fathers dog and the cat. Btw., german schlachten could be english to slaughter.
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  584. What does Gewehr mean? In Military context a Gewehr is a fullsize rifle, in contrast to Karabiner. In Civilian context, every long gun is a Gewehr, so an umbrella term only. But why is bayonnet in german either Bajonett or Seitengewehr, a bladed weapon called Gewehr? Well Ge- means a lot of - ( for example Gewässer/ a lot of water, Gesang/ a lot of singing, Geschrei/ a lot of shouting) and Wehr means weapon ( for example large Bauernwehr knife arround 1500). Sich wehren means to defend yourself. So Gewehr: A lot of defence, in older documents a Gewehr can be both a firearm or bladed weapon.
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  585.  @LuisAldamiz  : I don' t want to say, that all french or italian nobles are of germanic ( not german!) ancestry, but when Roman Empire collapsed, many germanic tribes conquered the territory, and had been the upper class. So it is possible, that the oldest french noblemans families, for example, are the romanized descendants of a frankish clan chief, or other frankish ,Edeling'. Also the ,Rus' ( the Rowers/ die Ruderer) which gave Russia its Name, had been vikings and southern italy was for sometime ruled by Normans (Nordmänner) , romanized vikings. And for a short time also by german Hohenstaufen dynasty ( sidenote: I can see Hohenstaufen mountain from my village).But especially in Italy, especially in and arround Rome, there are surely nobles, who are descendants of roman/ latin upperclass/ nobles without germanic roots.
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  586. Ian knows Dr. Crawford, an expert of Nordic languages.
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  587.  @0neDoomedSpaceMarine  : For a short time, german Anschütz company made a hunting rifle in 4,6 x 30. They had been intended as ,Schonzeitbüchse' ( don't know english word). Schonzeit is the time, when hunting is not allowed by law, depends on annimal. During this time, it is only allowed to shoot may be crows or some small annimals, which are not eaten by humans.
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  588.  @gregeoryl  : Don' t tell nonsense. In ,Weimar Republik' only paramilitary police ( Schutzpolizei) of the different states had been allowed to own pistols in 9mm Parabellum and MP 18, in a Hundertschaft ( police equivalent to military Kompanie) only one of twenty men had a MP, for other police units or even Reichswehr MP had been forbidden by Versailles treaty! Rural police ( Gendarmerie/ Landjäger) of the states, Town police of larger towns and Kriminalpolizei ( detectives branch) had been armed with pistols in 7,65 Browning/.32 ACP, the detectives or other civilian dressed law enforcement often only 6,35 Browning/.25 ACP . May be rural police had some 8x57 IS rifles to fight poachers, and may be there had been some flare guns. Postal Protektion, railway police , customs service and central Bank / Reichsbank had been payed by German Gouvernement, but as far as i know, also no 9mm Pistole. Prison and Court guards i don' t know, and forrestry officials had rifles and Drillinge, but pistols as service weapons, i don' t know. For Versailles reason, also the sabers had been regulated ( in late imperial/ early Weimar time not every german policeman / law enforce man had a baton/ truncheon). And Forrest officials had their traditional long ,Hirschfänger' knife. In addition to regular police, the towns and villages had relicts of , medieval police': Town criers , field guards and sometimes very last nightwatchmen.
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  589. As a german i must note: Compare the number of US citizens killed by regular foreign forces on US soil to the number of non US citizen killed by regular US troops on non US soil, then you know which nation consists of liars.
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  590. In wwl german auxillary cruiser ,Seeadler' seems to be last ship under sails, which sunk other ships.
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  591.  @busodelor1977  : Wurden ihre Vorfahren von den Indonesiern eingeladen? Hat die VOC nichts Böses getan? War der Kongo nicht eine belgische Kolonie in der König Leopold grässliche Dinge zulies? Haben dänische und norwegische Wikinger in Norddeutschland und im Rheinland mit Genehmigung der Deutschen gehandelt?
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  592. In 30years war in HRE (1618-1648) famous ,Generalisimus' Wallenstein was not a master of new weapons and tactics, but a master of organisizing the supply with Equipment and Money.
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  593. We live currently in 2024. Is there any person alive, who realy knows Rituals of long ended cults/ religions? I doubt.
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  594.  @KaihanDTuna  : Before 1900 big game rifles had often 12 to 8 bore, 4 bore was rare, but existed. But this rifles used black powder.
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  595.  @aceshotz5051  : The Gladius was a typical weapon both of roman regular infantry ( the Legions) and auxillary infantry units, which served as light infantry or border guards. Roman cavallry used a longer sword , which was called Spatha by germanic tribes until viking age periode. Officialy exporting Gladiie and ,Spatha' was not allowed, but enemies of Rome captured such weapons, some had been diplomatic gifts, some had been smuggled. So also enemies of Rome had gladiie in addition to their own sword variants.
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  596. There is also a german version from 1943. Would not have passed Hayes Code.
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  597.  @nzs316 : The people knew him. My father wanted to show me a photo from about 1960, which showed the man, sitting on a beer barrel at a guided brewery visit, but had! lost the photo. But he told me a funny incident: The old man was in an inn next to his house and told his ,being a dragoon ( Dragoner) stories again and again, so a not amused young man said : I have never heared, imperial army had ,Davoner' ( runawayers), so your military job was davon rennen/ to run away?The surprised old man made a strange face after this unexpected words. I hope you understand this german language word joke Dragoner/ Davoner.
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  598.  @SimuLord  : This is believeable, in some regions of Turkey some few people live in caves, transformed into more modern rooms. This ,caves' had been used first time perhaps 2500 years ago.
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  599. Cristi_ Energy : I am german, and want to tell you three stories. 1) In the Alsace the people speak french as the offical language, and because it was once a part of germany still now many people can speak also german. Some years ago an alsacian artist/writer spoke about his halfyear living in London. He arrived there with no knowledge of english, but learned it fast. Why? He speaks german, related to old anglosaxon and modern french, related to old french of the normannic conquerors. 2) Some years ago a romanian truck driver arrived at the factory i worked. He could no german, english or russian ( some factory workers could speak russian) so we could only speak with some french and hand signs. 3) When i came to this factory, there was an english coworker. For fun a coworker who could speak lowgerman, which is spoken by the descendants of those anglosaxons who not moved to england, spoke some sentences in low german to the english worker. He looked surprised, but could understand it. A turkish worker heard this and said: Mr. Roberts speaks german, you must not speak english. So the turk thaught, lowgerman is english. Have a good time!
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  600.  @thomasrinneberg7012  : Saumäßig wird im schwäbischen Dialekt auch benutzt, um auszudrücken, daß etwas sehr groß ist , bzw. die Tätigkeit mit großer Anstrengung erledigt wurde.
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  601.  @TheLoyalOfficer  : Some people speak Kohr, some Korps
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  602.  @HeadCannon19  : Andorra and San Marino are called ,Principalities', but there is no real prince/ Fürst.
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  603. One note: Otto l ( the Great) could in Battle of Lechfeld beat the army of ( in those days) nonchristian hungarians. This helped him, to become emperor. Not all kings in HRE history became emperors in middle age, because the fights between Roman/ German emperors and the popes about the question, who is highest man in Catholic world. This was also the reason , why the noted Konradin was executed in 1268. lf the pope didn' t liked a german king, he didn ' t gave him this title up to reign of Karl V, the last emperor who did the Romfahrt/ journey to Rome for coronation.
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  604. Also swedish Lifeguard / Royal Guard is using such helmets, even the steel ones.
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  605. One day my uncle surprisingly wake up, my at this day two years old cousin hit him with a singlehand broom (?), in german Handfeger, in the face.
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  606.  @frugalsoul9984  : For a Vierling ( four barrels) made by a fine german/ austrian gunsmith ( gunmaker?) you have to pay at least 15000 - 20000 Euro, but i think , that is not enough.
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  607. Today only few old people on Helgoland still speak frisian. In a german you tube Video i asked about this dialect, and got the answer, that few decades ago the perhaps 2000 current inhabitants, many of them being not descendants of frisian native locals, will use only Standard German. Would be to difficult, to teach both Helgoland Version of frisian and Standard German in such a Village. Btw., i am from southern Germany, speaking swabian dialect.
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  608. German person here. In Germany a few years ago largest Railways company, former Federal Railways, had a PR campaign, showing large pictures of railways users- only nongerman persons.
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  609.  @paullytle1904  : It is intended for a context , where policemen needed more than a baton or long indian Lathi stick , but had not to face really well armed criminals.
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  610.  @tomdh8394  : William the conquerer was Norman, this means, he was a ,frenchified' Viking, so scandinavian or northern germanic. In Germany, i am german, the Vikings are sometimes also called Nordmänner.
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  611.  @soulchaeyoung  : Sachsen - Coburg- Gotha was like Sachsen- Altenburg and Sachsen- Meiningen a duchy, Sachsen- Weimar- Eisenach a Great duchy. And there was also a kingdom Sachsen. Once this was one country.
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  612.  @johnnyearp52  : In Germany there are some German people, which are whites and ethnic Germans, but have darker skin and hair as usual. The reasons are rather simple. West of Rhine and south of border fortifications ,Limes', similar to Hadrians Wall in Scotland, current Germany ( Austria, Switzerland) was part of Roman Empire, some Romans survived the conquest by germannic tribes. In Middleage some italian Traders, clerics, specialist craftsmen remained in , Germany '. During Thirty Years War many Italians, Spainiards and Croats served as mercennaries in catholic troops, some remained in , Germany '. In Baroque/ Rokoko era many French and Italian artsts and specialist craftsmen came to , Germany '. Those French, Italian, Spanish or Croats of old days are the ancestors of those Germans, whose hair and skin is a bit darker.
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  613. A sidenote: In Great Brittain Wales exists, in Switzerland Wallis exists. From view of germannic Anglosaxons the inhabitants of Wales speak no germannic language, from view of germannic Alemannen the people of Wallis speak no germannic language. Welsh/ Welsch once meant , not germannic' both in english and german.
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  614. In german ,man' is ,Mann'. Kaufmann means merchant, Zimmermann ( timber man?) means carpenter. There are many german names ending with ,-mann, and you find many US citizens, with a ,man' ending, but a clearly german first part. So this Mr. Kaufman surely had german ancestry.
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  615.    : Zimmer means in fact room or chamber. But the carpenter craftsmen are in Germany called Zimmermann or oldfashioned Zimmerer and this for centuries.Formerly we had in Germany mostly Fachwerkhäuser/ timberwood houses. The , skeleton' of these houses had been made of ,timbers, when the ,skeleton' was errected ( gezimmert wurde) you could see the floors and rooms, so the Zimmermann really made the rooms .
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  616. Also mexican Mondragon rifles had been used by Imperial Flying Corps, somehow bought in Switzerland.
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  617. And after being a descendant of Adam and Eve, you are also related to me!;-)
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  618. The MR 73 was formerly produced by Manurhin, Manufacture du Rhine in Mulhouse/ Mühlhausen en Alsace.
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  619. I am german from swabian tribe. In swabian dialect also nasal sounds appear, so french nasal sounds are not so difficult for me. From swabian nasal ,a' two versions exist, which mean in standard german either ,an....' or ,ab...' ,so a small difference can change the sense of a word.
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  620. If James Bond would have been a german movie series, surely Joachim Fuchsberger would have been James Bond actor in 1962.
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  621. German Person here. Not totally true. After 1919 civilian sport and hunting guns could be still owned. Target rifles in .22 ( socalled Kleinkaliber) or 4mm rimfire ( Zimmerstutzen) and traditional 8,15 x 42 (46?) / Feuerstutzen ( in USA known as Schuetzenrifles) had not been the problem for german citizens. But the Wehrmannbüchse, looking like a military rifle , but singleshot in 8,15 x 42 had been unwanted by allied powers. Hunting shotguns had also no problem like traditional combination guns or nonrepesting hunting rifles. Could be still owned, but more paperwork. Pistols could be produced ( and new bought) when under 8mm caliber. In 1928 there was a restriction, especially for pistols, from now a licence was necessary under all circumstances. For selfdefence a ccw licence/ Waffenschein is necessary since about 1900, the reason why licencefree ( up to 2008) blankguns , firing pepper or teargas became popular. Also up to 1939 cheap percussion derringers had been sold, to wcare away animals from wineyards and fields. After wwll from 1952 to 1971 a denazified version of 1938 gunlaw existed in West Germany. Rimfirerifles (.22 , 6mm, 4mm), Shotguns and Muzzleloaders ( including Percussion revolvers) could be bought without a licence.
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  622.  @chucknorrismlg425  : Vor längerer Zeit meinte Heinz Schenk vor ausländischen Gästen seiner Sendung: Nicht nur sie haben Probleme mit deutschen Worten, auch ich als Deutscher habe Probleme mit dem Wort ,Finanzamt'.
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  623.  @DeusMalleus  : In early 1890s, the highest real policeman of Prussia, largest state in Imperial Germany 1871 to 1918, hold a speech in prussian Parlament, that prussian policemen, usually armed only with a short saber in ,Briquet' style, more and more have to face pistol armed criminals, so that they often can' t do anything. This speech caused three things: Up to 1912 all policemen had pistols, a ccw- licence ( Waffenschein) was introduced, in 1900 licencefree ( up to 2008) blank/ gas guns appeared.
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  624.  @samadams8355  : Perhaps a ,reducing cartridge'/Reduzierhülse to fire small bore blanks, would be enough for a historical demonstration.
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  625.  @samsote  : I am german, and for about 50 years interessted in military history. I have never heared of a ,nazi uniform'. What is this? There had been uniforms of german military, german police, german railway, german post, technical emergency aid, red cross, fire brigades, customs sevice, organisation todt, transport corps Speer, and uniforms of NSDAP Party organisations, for example SS or SS or HJ. But the Wehrmacht was not a party organisation! This was the official army of Germany. Or is the army of your country part of a political Party?
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  626.  @matztertaler2777  : Up to 1648 the Netherlands and Switzerland had been theoreticaly/ on the paper a part of HRE, Belgium until 1790s .
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  627. An austrian man, who got german citizenship in 1933, was vegetarian . Was this wellknown man not racist?
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  628. ​ @mo-s- : For courtesy reason, use traditional correct Sie.
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  629. In most movies, where weapons appear, nonsens is the Norm.
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  630.  @mikelastname1220  : Perhaps few words. But a germanic relict is clearly visible/ hearable in Italy: Carlo, Ludovico, Ermano, Ildebrando, Ferdinando, Federico ....
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  631.  @mikelastname1220  : Duchy Swabia ended in 1268, when the last Duke of Swabia , Konradin' ( also last male of Hohenstaufen dynasty) was executed in southern Italy, which for some decades was also ruled by Hohenstaufen dinasty. The Duchy Swabia included german part of Switzerland, Liechtenstein, austrian state Vorarlberg, bavarian district Swabia and middle and southern part of Baden- Württemberg. Currently in german part of Switzerland ,Swiss German' is spoken ( the lowland Swiss are better understandable than highland Swiss), the people in middle and southern part of Württemberg and northern part of bavarian district Swabia speak swabian ( but after belonging 200 years to Bavaria, you hear bavarian influence there. In middle and southern part of Baden, in southern part of bavarian district Swabia, also in Liechtenstein and austrian Vorarlberg, Alemannisch is spoken, it is a mix of Swabian and Swiss German, so easy understandable for both Swabians and Swiss Germans.
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  632.  porus the great  : Years ago i read, that an artist from Alsace, a french Departement, which once was german territory, could not speak english, when he moved to London for some months. But he told, it was easy for him, to learn english: English is a mix of 1000 years old French and 1500 years old German, and coming from Alsace , i speak French and German.
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  633.  porus the great  : In case of Elsass/Alsace you are complete right, in case of Lothringen/ Lorraine, the Situation is a bit different. When in 1740 emperor Karl Vl died, he had no son, and in Germany, both Empire and monarchial ruled part states, usually only a man could be ruler ( See also in 1839 , when Queen Viktoria of Great Brittain from Hannover dynasty, could rule Great Brittain and colonial empire, but no more german Kingdom Hannover, from where her family came). So the husband of Karl VI daughter Maria Theresia, the Duke of Lothringen, became new emperor, but french king Ludwig / Louis ( XV or XVI ?) could force the Duke of Lothringen to give him his country to be recognized as new emperor. Today Lothringen is nearly totaly french speaking ( according to a former coworker, who had relatives on french side of border), while in rural Elsass most people still speak german , when necessary. Their german has today a slight french sound, but as a swabian i can still understand my alemannic tribal brothers. Once Swabians, Alemannics and Swiss Germans had been the same tribe.
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  634.  @scottmccrea1873  : Those raw flintstones are often found on both sides of Dover straight . As far as i know, some old guys still collect this stones to cut them into flintlock stones for african and reenactors market.
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  635.  @MrGrimsmith  : As a german from swabian region, i don' t like ,prussian' Pils ( Lager), i prefer Export, Hell, Märzen and Bock or Weizen ( wheat beer). In some good drink/ beverage shops you can buy beer from british Islands. The types Stout and Porter are not my taste, but some Ales are good. If you can buy ,Eisbock' try it, it is german equivalent to english barley wine, which is in Germany very rare to buy.
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  636.  @davidtuttle7556  : I am Brittas boyfriend. I am a traditional ,Southerner' , Swabian , and i don' t like the in my eyes prussian beer type Pils, so i have to admit, that i don' t know the taste both of ordinary Warsteiner and the never heared Warsteiner dunkel. Also Warsteiner is one of the TV beers, beer brands which produce TV spots, the socalled TV beer companies are not liked by every german. Many germans, like try to feel the spirit of german beer the following way. Travel though Germany, for private or professional reason. At every point, you make a stop, ask for beer, brewed no more than 30km/20 miles. So you get totally unknown beer brands, and often a quality surprise.
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  637.  @pirig-gal  : In Germany we currently have large, midsized and small breweies, some date back into middle age. And in last 10 to 15 years mostly young brewers founded new small breweries. The older companies prefer traditional beer, the new companies ,craft beer'. My opinion: You can get good or bad tasting beer from all kind of breweries, you have to taste beers, until you find one, you like.
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  638.  @M95-v4r  : Bei einem Versuch wird ausprobiert, ob eine Idee funktioniert. Bei einer Versuchung wird ausprobiert, ob jemand von seinen Überzeugungen abweicht. In beiden Fällen wird etwas ausprobiert, aber das sind trotz Ähnlichkeit der Worte zwei verschiedene Dinge. Mehr wollte ich gar nicht sagen, als daß man bei Übersetzungen sorgsam sein muß.
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  639.  @ThorstenBecker441  : Ich bin nicht Britta selbst, sondern ihr Freund, benutze nur deren Anschluss mit. Als 1965 geborener, ländlich/ konservativ geprägter Mann lese ich seit 1976 die örtliche Tageszeitung. Seit bald dreißig Jahren fällt mir aber etwas auf, das mir nicht gefällt, wenn es um Ausländer geht. Ausländer hat es in Deutschland schon immer gegeben, allerdings nicht in der Zahl, wie es heute der Fall ist, dies ist nicht grundsätzlich etwas Schlimmes, das es erlaubt, Ausländern böse gesonnen zu sein. Dazu gab es vor der Wende auch keinen Grund, ich kann mich auch nicht erinnern, damals in größerem Maße Personen getroffen zu haben, die Ausländern gegenüber böswillig waren, lediglich gelegentlich Leute, die diese oder jene kleinere Sache kritisierten. Da ich, was ich damals nicht wusste, an Asperger erkrankt bin, bin ich damals nicht ausgegangen, und hatte nur am Arbeitsplatz mit ausländischen Kollegen zu tun ( durch meinen Asperger hatte und habe ich keine Freunde). Seit Anfang der neunziger Jahre hat sich meine Meinung über Ausländer geändert, ich bin ihnen , wie schon zuvor, nicht grundsätzlich feindselig eingestellt, aber misstrauisch und verärgert geworden. Weshalb? Es hat Anfang der neunziger Jahre mehrere rechtsgerichtete Anschläge gegen Fremde gegeben, daß seither gegen Rechtsradikale vorgegangen wird, ist richtig, aber schon damals fiel mir Folgendes auf: Wenn rechtsradikale Deutsche einen Ausländer angreifen, verletzen oder gar umbringen, wird ein großes Spektakel aufgeführt, wird aber ein Deutscher von Ausländern angegriffen , verletzt oder getötet, geschieht fast nichts. Ich fragte mich vor knapp dreißig Jahren. Das kann doch garnicht sein, daß nur Ausländer von Deutschen geschädigt werden, aber nicht andersherum. Es erregt mein Misstrauen, daß ich nie in Zeitungen erfahre, ob denn mehr Ausländer durch Deutsche oder mehr Deutsche durch Ausländer bei Gewalttaten geschädigt werden. Auch habe ich bei Besuchen in Diskos, Gesprächen mit Besucherinnen etc. Dinge erfahren und gesehen, die immer etwas als Lügen abgetan werden. Es ist nicht immer so, daß Ausländer immer die ,armen Opfer' von rassistischen Türstehern sind, sondern ich habe schon oft auch Beschwerden von Frauen 18 bis Anfang 70 über das aufdringliche Benehmen von Männern aus dem muslimischen Kulturkreis gehört, und selbst gesehen, wie junge Ausländer mit der ,Ich armer Ausländer, du böser Deutscher' Masche versuchten, in eine Disko zu gelangen, bei der niemand mehr eingelassen wurde, auch ich nicht ( in konservativem Stil gekleideter Deutscher). Bei Berichten über angeblichen Rechtsradikalismus, Rassismus etc. muß sorgfältig, nicht einseitig pro- Ausländer berichtet werden. Denn nicht nur ich bin verärgert, wenn alles was Ausländer machen kleingeredet wird, und Deutschen, die etwas am Verhalten von Ausländern kritisieren, über den Mund gefahren wird. Es gibt bei einigen Ausländergruppen Verhaltensweisen, die bei Deutschen Ärger und Ablehnung erzeugen, dies muß man zugeben und Ausländern, und deren Verbandsoberen unter die Nase reiben, sie sollten bestimmtes Verhalten unterlassen. Nötigenfalls auch mit Druck ausüben. Es sorgt , nicht nur bei mir , für arge Verärgerung, wenn man als Deutscher bei berechtigter Kritik an einigen ausländischen Dingen in die rechte Ecke gestellt wird, während man bei Fehlverhalten von Ausländern stets um den heißen Brei herumredet. Sie verstehen vermutlich, was ich meine. Ich bin nicht grundsätzlich gegen Ausländer, aber daß man zu wenig gegen jene unternimmt, die sich so benehmen, daß sie ihre Landsleute, Glaubensbrüder etc. in Verruf bringen. Diese Leute, und die hier tatenlosen Behörden sind meiner Meinung nach mitschuldig, wenn es Propaganda oderVerbrechen gegen Ausländer gibt.
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  640. Bin Brittas Freund. Jahrzehnte lang behaupteten linke Kreise, es gebe keine Rassen, das sei alles erfunden. Nun sehen linke Kreise überall Rassismus. Ja was denn nun ?
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  641.  @nutzeeer  : Es gibt auch linke Hetze und Gewaltanwendung! Dagegen wird in den letzten vierzig Jahren von linker Seite nichts unternommen, zumindest nicht hier in Deutschland. Ich bin Brittas Freund und zumindest ich mag keine politischen und religiösen Idioten aller Art . Ich vergleiche Politik immer mit dem Auto fahren. Wenn ich mein Ziel erreichen will, muß ich das Lenkrad mal nach links, mal nach rechts drehen um dem Straßenverlauf zu folgen und Hindernissen auszuweichen. Drehe ich das Lenkrad nur nach rechts oder links, so Lande ich im Graben oder fahre im Kreis. Aus diesem Grund ist mir der heutige ,Nur links nur links' Zeitgeist suspekt. Die Zeitungen etc. als Lügenpresse zu bezeichnen, würde mir nicht einfallen, aber wenn, je nach Angabe, 60-80% der deutschen Journalisten links stehen, so kann man von einer nicht neutralen, sondern linkslastigen Berichterstattung ausgehen. Was nun diese Verschwörungstheorien angeht, so halte ich das Meiste für Übertreibungen und aufgebauschtes Zeug, das entsteht, weil es derzeit viele Dinge gibt, die man nicht richtig einschätzen kann.
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  642. Oh in second half of 19th century private security appeared. Mostly as nightwatchmen in factories. So the shown revolver could have been simply the weapon of a Security Guard for Shipping companies buildings
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  643.  @swissmilitischristilxxii3691  : Mon française n' est pas bon. Moi, l ' ami de Britta, je suis un homme, qui pense, un citoyen sans armes n ' est pas un citoyen libre.! Pour cette raison, les suisses armees etais des personnes corerct. Mais les politiciens europeen sont ne pas bon personnes! Un Europe democratique sans citoyens armees? Oui , ne pas democratique. Je vous compris!
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  644.  @jonaswhale6451  :Schulz and variants-mayor , today Bürgermeister. Meier (also Hofmann) and variants- Leader of a fam, owned Not by himself, but by a nobleman etc..
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  645.  @geoffreydegraaf9164  : In Germany its an old joke, that Vandals ( in german Vandalen) have survived in dutch/ flemmish region with the name ,van Daalen'. Only a ( for you not funny) joke with no scientic background. It is also an old joke Castrop- Rauxel is the latin name of Wanne- Eickel ( this are two towns in Ruhr region). I have nothing against dutch or flemmish persons!
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  646. An unimporant sidenote from Germany: English wall- German Mauer, German Wall- English rampart. The same word ,but a different meaning.. And Reich is not spoken Reik.
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  647. In swabian region, there are still villages/ settlements called ,Sachsenheim' or ,Sachsenhof'.
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  648.  @tra767  : Au lycee j ' etait la matiere du langue française pour quatres anees, mais j ' etait un eleve tres mauvais.
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  649. Blockieren diese , Klimakleber' auch die Straßen in den Stadtteilen, in denen die lieben nichtdeutschstämmigen Mitbürger wohnen?
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  650. Leopard 2A7V : Not totaly right. Gewehr is used today for every long firearm, this means rifle (Büchse), shotgun (Flinte) and combined gun ( Büchsflinte, Drilling Vierling). In the years before 1914 Gewehr was used in military context for the infantry battle rifle, which was long to become a polearm for bayonnet fencing or to fight against mounted enemies. The Karabiner, used by cavalry and some non frontline units, is in fact a short Gewehr. The Stutzen is also a word for a shorter Gewehr, but usually used for hunting rifles (not shotguns). Do not confuse Stutzen with Stutzer, thats the swiss word for a competition/sport target rifle. And up to 18th century Gewehr could also simply mean ,weapon', why the bayonnet is also called Seitengewehr. Ge- means in german language simply ,a lot of'. (Gewässer- a lot of water, Gesang- a lot of singing, Geschrei- a lot of shouting, etc..). And of course i know, that , i have taken owls to Athens'!
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  651. Mann beachte die exakte Täterbeschreibung.
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  652. And ,scholagladiatora' for the edged weapons used together with firearms.
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  653. ​ @gorgonzola86 : A german speaking person of this time, don' t knowing what SS is? Being german, may be the engraver accidently used his dialect. In german language we have three genders ( male/female/ neutral) which was regulated to Standard German in 1873. But: Even today ,especially in rural settlements, people speak in their local dialects. Now in some dialects some words have a different gender than in Standard German. For example Standard German: Die Schokolade ( chocolate), der Teller (plate) die Butter is in swabian dialect der Schoklad, das Teller, der Butter. So in Standard German the words ,des SS' must be , der SS'. SS means Schutzstaffel ( Protecion Squad), a compound word consisting of der Schutz and die Staffel. For german grammar ( four grammatical cases) der Schutz would become des Schutzes, and die Staffel would become der Staffel. In german compound words the words like der , die das....change depending on important part of of compound word, the lasr one. So i see this pistol as dubios, can be simply an error of engraver ( but as former quality control man, Britta is my girlfriend, i can' t believe that in those days a pistol with wrong engraved words would have passed quality control for a present gun), so a fake by a non german speaker is plausible.
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  654. In Swabian Alb region of german state Baden- Württemberg the former vulcanism causes, that in some villages/ towns hot water comes out of earth , which is used for public swimhalls helping for medicine/ health .
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  655.  @pedrotome9119  : When you are able to speak english, then you know some german words: Gold, Ring, Hammer, Hand, Finger,Wind are the same in german and english, and when you know, how to speak beer and wine, then you know exactly how to speak Bier and Wein. Both german and english are westgermannic languages, so many words of germannic part of english language are rather similar to german or in context related. Forgotten Weapons is about firearms, but also edged weapons exist. Sword/ Schwert, shield/ Schild, helmet/ Helm, axe/ Axt, spear/ Speer. Tools: saw/ Säge, spade/ Spaten, showel/Schaufel. Coach, waggon/ Kutsche, Wagen, boat/ Boot, ship/ Schiff. Bear/ Bär, fish/ Fisch, cow/ Kuh, bull/ Bulle, calf/ Kalb, weazle/ Wiesel. Words in context: Cave/ Höhle, hollow/hohl, hole// Loch- a Höhle is a hole in a rock. Lake/der See, puddle/ Pfütze or Lache- both a lake and a Lache are waterfilled. Meat/ Fleisch, but flesh is human meat and Mett is fine minced raw meat. Try to learn german, If you want, you can be successfull!
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  656.  @makipri  : English is not my native language, when you write in german, you surely have problems to find correct words. A few weeks ago i was in medical Recovery (?) in a hospital. There i spoke with a woman, who is ,male' part of a lesbian couple. She said to me, she simply wants a quiet , normal life ( what i believe), but this Queer Modernlings provokant behaviour is not her thing, because provocant, or even aggressive behaviour causes, that other persons also become aggressive, which nobody realy wants. This is my point.
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  657. But there is a difference: Still nowadays some few concentration camp guards in their late 90s are in jail. How many allied soldiers doing warcrimes had been punished for their crimes decades after the war? The things happened, happened, you should not use generations ago crimes, for current Propaganda. Let us hope, that hate, war and other bad things in this context will end one day. This would be much better.
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  658. In 14th century firearms had not been important. The flemish, swiss and english infantry could defeat mounted knights by using a place for battlefield, where it was difficult or impossibe for the mounted knights to charge. So in this age cavalry was dangerous for infantry. By the time of pike and shot the adantage came to infantry and in the flintlock musket and bayonet time with linear tactic the infantry mostly won. So the army commanders waited with the charge of the heavy cavalry until they saw a weak point in the enemy battle line. A charge to such a weak point sometimes was the start of a won battle.
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  659. What do you think, what happens when a special religion will be in charge in Germany in few decades?
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  660. When USA says, i am neutral, they allways lie. Was the same thing in wwl.
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  661. Also in the days, when armors had been used, there had been men at arms or poor knights, or the younger sons of knights and nobllemen or richer nonnoble town citizens, who used an armor consisting of old and new pieces mixed together.
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  662. Bowie? See seax and Bauernwehr. Tomahawk? Francisca and boarding axe.
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  663.  @desert_jin6281  : Je ne sait pas, parce que c' etait beaucoup d' anees derniere, mais c' est possible.
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  664. About twenty Years ago in my german Region a large Military Training Ground was given up. Inside this Training Ground are the ruins of a medieval fortified castle. Even modern soldiers dug there their modern foxholes, so the ruins are nearly destroyed. So some aspects of Military are still used.
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  665.  @bashkillszombies  : I told the incident, because i knew a lady who had some weapons training from wwll, so Mr. Felton told the truth, that ,mostly at the final stages of the war, also a number of women got some weapons training. It is a true thing and related to the videos toppic, so making fun is , in my eyes , not necessary.
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  666.  @DandyLion2024  : It is realy unbelieveable, what nonsens some people write. When somebody speaking about history and confuses (?) two Kings with the same name (for example last Prussian King Wilhelm ll, last Württembergian King also Wilhelm ll), this is no Problem, the problem is caused by often ideologic idiots. The Vikings are only this group of germannic people, which had been those, who practiced germannic religion and Lifestyle longer than other germannics. A note about the asianlooking germannics. In contrast to north and westgermannics, the eastgermannics no more exist, and very last speakers of their language died on 18th century Crimea. It was long forgotten, that a part of the Goths once settled on Crimea. So an english monk who traveled there ( for to me unknown reason) was in early 16th century surprised: I traveled through a few villages, where the people spoke German. The last report about ,german' speaking people on Crimea was in 1780s from a russian Bishop .He wrote : It seems that the Crimea Tartars now only speak in their own language. Many years ago, some people, who traveled there, told me, they have seen Tartars speaking with many german words mixed in.
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  667.  @bluelightzwit7447  : I also have heared, that the theory, about african origin of mankind , is no more supported, as it was perhaps ten years ago.
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  668. There had been a ,van' or ,truck' variant of 2CV with light armamenr, but i don' t remember if it was a .50 machine gun or a light recoilless gun.
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  669. When GSG 9 was founded, up to 1994 the Bundesgrenzschutz was paramilitary with combatant status. Combatant status was lost after change from Border Guard to Federal Police.
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  670. I am german. The voice clearly said this, that Mr. Hedin was ( at this time ,is') an in Germany wellrespected swedish explorer, and that this was filmed in Sweden, it was german ambassador in neutral Sweden , who visited Mr. Hedin.
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  671. ​ @melchiorvonsternberg844 : Many germans own a castle, the socalled , Beforehanging Castle'.
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  672.  @bacul165  : The wage of a Soldat is called Sold, also Söldner ( mercennary) has this root.
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  673.  @sempersuffragium9951  : An Ober is a dated word for waiter, and Obers is austrian word for Sahne ( cream).
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  674.  @nedludd7622  : In 17th century the ,thirty years war' killed about 30% of my nation, in my region perhaps 60- 70%. I noted the wars of Louis XIV only, because they are often unknown outside of Germany. This and events in napoleonic era ,caused in nationalistic 19th century a lot of antifrench Propaganda, only this is my point. What Napoleon wanted for german nation? A lot of vassal states, which had to pay money and field troops for Napoleons dreams. The long wartime cost ( not only in Germany) a lot of tax, to field and equip the,lots of soldiers, Napoleon always wanted ( or needed), for Napoleons unnecessary Russia campaign Baden and Württemberg, i come from german state Baden- Württemberg, had to field 20000 to 22000 men- 700 came back. The napoleonic age was not so liked by german ordinary people. And , many intellectual persons started with Propaganda, for example, how was it possible, that German nation, about 30 millions, could be conquered by France, with about 20 millions. When someone of a foreign nation claims, he wants to do something good for another nation, thats in my eyes doubtfull.
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  675.  @SpaceTravel1776  : For the reason, german soldiers had often been shown only as criminals, i stopped watching war movies decades ago. So when there is a change, i don' t know it. Also modern movies of non military stories are mostly not my taste, i am very rare in cinema ( and don' t watch much TV .) Somehow, i have lost interesst in watching movies.
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  676. Die im deutschen Sprachraum benutzten Hippen und Gertel der Bauern , Winzer und Holzfäller, sowie die Waidblätter und Standhauer der Jäger dürften den Macheten am nächsten kommen, spielen beim Thema Kriminalität aber keine Rolle.
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  677. What you describe is in german a Gewehr ( umbrella term for all twohanded, shoulderfired long guns).
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  678.  @frankberry6220  : I am no member of a target shooters club ( Schützenverein), hunter or collector, but the situation here in Germany is similar. In Austria and german part of Switzerland we have the german language, nearly same culture, democracy in federal country, industrialised countries. But different gun laws. German law is restrictive, austrian law is ( even after restrictions caused of EU) more liberal, swiss law ( after invention and diplomatic force by EU) still most liberal law. Crime: In Germany higher than Austria or Switzerland ( which are also no more as safe than this countries had been). In case of liberty in gunlaw, we germans strangely had this in Imperial Germany, but not in democracy . Our current Federal President ( head of state) Steinmeier spoke some years ago: We have currently best Germany of all our History! ( ???) You are correct, in both our countries law makes life unhappy for lawfull citizens, who own weapons, but crime is rising.
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  679. There is a smaller YouTube channel about military history, in english language. But the man who speaks is clearly a Swiss German .As a german i clearly hear this, but i can understand his english good. Maybe it helps, that my german dialect, and Swiss German once had been the same.
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  680. ​ @anm10wolvorinenotapanther32 : The oversized Barett german tank personal wore in late 1930s was padded.
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  681.  @redram5150  : Nonsens! Überfälle/ hold ups are an example, that the number of Umlaute depends on the compound words used.
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  682.  @meenki347  : Strangely some very old people in my region use the word Schindmähre for a not wellliked older woman. I explained that Mähre means an old or bad quality horse. A Schinder was once a person, whos job it was, to take away dead annimals from the houses and settlements. The meat could not been eaten, but the Schinder cut away the skin for producing leather, bones or Horns could be used for different purposes, and the man cooked the uneatable meat, to get fat for technical or chemical use, for example smearing wagon axles (?). So a Schindmähre IS a nearly dead horse, only usefull for a Schinder. For an elderly lady, who overestimates her importance , influence and stylishness in my younger years also , frigatte under füll sail' ( aufgetakelte Fregatte) was used.
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  683.  @fghsgh  : In early 16th century duchy Württemberg there was the then important title Herzoglicher Stallmeister ( Master of the Dukes stables). This man, usually a knight, was responsible for all horses , owned by the duke. The breeding stations, and all riding and drafting (?) horses living at his castles and farms. In Württemberg of those days, this horses had been important for war time, because in peacetime only militias on foot existed, but only few professional mounted mercennaries. Only in wartime mercennaries had been hired in larger numbers, even arround 1630s Dukes of Württemberg mobilized the noblemen and rich citizens as Cavallry.
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  684. Some notes: Englisch wall is in german Mauer/ Wand, german Wall is in english rampart. The Westwall was not the first defensive line in western botderline of Germany.. In baroque era in south western part of HRE, mostly in current state Baden-Württemberg ( perhaps also Rheinland - Pfalz) a number of defensive lines existed.. Trough the Black Forrest the Vordere and hintere Linie, at north- eastern end of Black Forrest into hillland the Eppinger Linie. This lines consisted of natural obstacles and man made wood- earth obstacles/ fortifications. Also some villages/ settlements got light fortifications. Those lines been in peacetime manned only by few guards, in war time mostly by militiamen or even levies of untrained men. When Westwall was build , modern 1930s Bunkers and obstacles had been often at locations, where in baroque era wood- earth fortifications had been.
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  685. Singular: Fallschirmjäger, Plural: Fallschirmjäger. Greetings Form Germany!
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  686. This was an error of an italian journalist.
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  687. Years ago in german TV a documentation about a british scientist (?) , who dived in British Channel. Also in a british harbor, where in wwll a german U- Boot entered. But a harbor official ( in german TV called Hafenmeister) didn't allow diving in harbor. The scientist dived without allowness of the official, a german former U- Boot man was on board and noted: Its the second time i am diving in this harbor without allowness.
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  688. I live near the Teck mountain in Württemberg. The ,th' in the name ,Gotha' is spoken the german way, this means ,t' not the english ,th'-sound.
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  689.  @FRITZI999  : Der Gedenkstein ist meines Wissens auf dem Truppenübungsplatz Heuberg (Großer Heuberg). Die Startplattform nahe Kirchheim unter Teck ist nahe der Autobahn/ Bahnstrecke Ulm- Stuttgart im Waldstück Hasenholz, südlich der Autobahn. Grob gesagt, zwischen dem Ort Holzmaden und den Kirchheimer Stadtteilen Jesingen und Nabern. Kann es nicht genauer beschreiben. Von München aus sollten sie die Autobahn entweder in Weilheim/ Teck oder Kirchheim unter Teck Ost verlassen. Eine Anmerkung: Wenn sie aus Richtung Dettingen nach Nabern hineinfahren, ist am Ortseingang rechts ein eingezäuntes Grundstück mit zwei oder drei kleineren Gebäuden, dies ist die ehemalige Firma Wolf Hirth.
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  690. Some rich german/ austrian hunters still use handmade breakaction/ tipdown rifles and combination guns like Bergstutzen, Büchsflinte, Drilling or even Vierling.
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  691. When the man ,Silverman' was german, his name had been Silbermann, so the name was translated.
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  692. Luke Rickert : As i wrote in my first comment, there are ,Allgemeintoleranzen' for all measurements without written tolerances, in Gernany usually grade ,m' mittel, they are ,normiert'. So, when a diameter is 130mm the tolerance is 0,3mm. So only very fine or special measurements have to be described seperately. Working without tolerances is unnecessay difficult and expensive ,art pour l'art'…
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  693.  @GhostRanger5060  : Alsace/ Elsass is most plausible, but not the only possible reason. Perhaps a descendant of a german artist or a travelling student?
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  694.  @travishabursky4362  : What is with historic wallguns? They are mostly muzzleloaders.
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  695.  @lobsterbark  : I only noted the situation in Germany, because i am german, to give US citizens an information. Rather intressting, that muzzleloader firearms are no firearms.
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  696.  @tinman9738  : On occassion, former officers of imperial army or the former Kings, Greatdukes, Dukes and Princes ( both Fürsten or Prinzen) wore their old uniforms. Also in 1918 ( and after the new republican constitution also on paper ended nobility privileges in 1919) all noblemen, including the former ruling houses, could keep their private lands, only the stateowned lands they had to give new gouvernement. So Wilhelm, even living in the Netherlands had still lots of farmland, meadows and forrests, he was still a very rich man. He allways hoped for a Comeback as emperor, so he still had a small ,operetta' court, with some few men, keeping former important court titles.
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  697.  @trollsports7829  : The Fugger family got the nobility rank of Fürst, and had own territories. In HRE times, they had been really rulers of their territories, because the Emperor became more and more a nominal head of HRE.
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  698.  @duicic8541  : I don' t know situation in 1980, but as far as i know, in 7,65 Browning era the PP/ PPK had been made by Manurhin, so allowed ,french " pistols. As far as i know Bereitschaftspolizei formerly had also assault rifles, ( few) machineguns and ( few) handgrenades, but a non military force, in wartime they could only fight in wartime against ,unknown' Banden ( gangs?). I can be wrong, perhaps i don' t remember correct.
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  699. A question. Mr. Mac Collum speaks of a crest, but isn' t this a ,coat of arms' ( in german Wappen)? As far as i know a crest is a helmet decoration we Germans call ,Helmzier'. And i have doubts, that arabic countries use coats of arms in style of european heraldic system.
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  700. There is , also of 1930-34 a german movie Stoßtrupp 1917 ( 1916?/1918?). Contains Propaganda, yes, but relative realistic . But Attention, the actors speak no Standard German.
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  701. Test your opinion, by writing a comment about swedish king Gustav Adolf, who died in the 1630s.
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  702.  @gibraltersteamboatco888  : In case of colonial cruelty, Belgians should be quiet, see belgian king Leopold and his Kongo colony. Also the French should be quiet, in case of fighting partisans: Napoleons troops in Spain, and in Germany the tyrolian rebellion of Andreas Hofer and Major von Schill in northern Germany, also the burning down of german settlements in Palatine and along the Rhine by Louis XIV troops is a thing, which not appears in movies. With exeption of noted Hofer and von Schill, i don' t know partisan warfare in Germany. When in 1813 the Landwehr units had been formed, there was also planed, to form Landsturm formations, to fight french troops in partisan manner in civilian dress, but prussian king didn' t allow this.
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  703.  @gibraltersteamboatco888  : There had been crimes, done by german soldiers in wwl Belgium, this is true. I only noted, that in the history magazine was written, what had been the reason. I wrote of german and belgian mistakes also. And one reason was, that this partisan thing was mostly unknown to german soldiers, but officers or other persons told them wrong (?) stories about the danger of irregular troops. Also i allways have doubts, when i hear fairytale stories oft angellike heroic partisans. They also did cruel things, which had been not heroic, but nearly nobody asks about. That is my point. Now, when i spoke oft French fight against spanish or tyrolian rebels. The French had invaded foreign soil, and fought, especially in Spain rather cruel against people in their own country, also in 1950s/ 60s Indochina or Algera. Now please tell me, why french call german invaders cruel, when did similar things, when they invaded other countries? Isn' t this a double standard? That' s the second point. And: I mistrust people, who say: It is allways the others fault, this is simply impossible, that it is allways the others fault.
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  704.  @stephenremington8448  : In my german region, there are descendants of people living there for centuries, and germans of other regions/ tribes, who moved to my region for good ecomony reason. When you come in my region into a village, among the persons of first group, allways some family names appear more often than others, in my village this are the names Eppinger, Deuschle and Bosch. Formerly it sometimes caused confusion, when there had been for example three Friedrich Eppinger, about whom is spoken? So the people formerly, and some old people do still so, used a ,housename' for the different families. So this people still call one family with name Eppinger ,Hauptmanns' ( Captains), but their ancestor, who was once a Hauptmann, was not an Army Captain, but first Firebrigade Captain ( nowadays Kommandant) of the village.
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  705. Ruben Lopez : There are/ had been youth organisations in political or religious extremist movements. See for example in some arabian coutries, or in northern korea. In wartime these indoctrinated teenagers or older children can be easy used for military service, terrorism etc.. I for my person think, don't use children or young teens for political thngs , and i see even the mass mobllisation of childs and teens for the ,fridays for future' movement as a ,to be sceptic/to criticise' thing.
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  706.  @AntonyReyn  : Sherwood Forrest? Nottingham? Somewhere i read that the english settlement name ending ,-ingham' means , Settlement of ....' , so Nottingham would be , Settlement/ Farm of Nott'. In my swabian Homeregion the most common settlements name ending is. ,-ingen', meaning , Settlement of ....s men/ retinue'. So maybe the Not far away village Notzingen may BE means the Same than Nottingham, when this is true. Also in Bavaria there is a town Ochsenfurt, means Ox(en)ford in english. Ox an Ochs ( dialects of southern Germany ) is spoken the same. But that Baltimore was founded by a man from nearby village Baltmannsweiler is a lokal joke
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  707. After the 30 years war a lot of german mlitary words have been replaced by french words. So words like Fähnlein, Rotte, Weibel disappeared and for propagandareasons the SS ranks should sound like old german ranks before the 30years war.
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  708.  @MikeUSA67  : Wohne im Raum Stuttgart, und da sind solche Schwertklingen nun wirklich nichts ungewöhnliches.
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  709. Excuse me, something is wrong with my computer, it writes only nonsens. Not EADS but ears.
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  710.  @MikeDCWeld  : The 1. of April was yesterday!
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  711. This is for centuries known as Verhau in german language.
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  712. The last relicts of HRE are the principality Liechtenstein and inside Germany Hamburg and Bremen are still Federation states.
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  713. I am a german man, only using my girlfriend's account. Mr. Guderian was not the inventor of the german tank tactics. He was only this one, who took together existing ideas to a useable and , for some time, succesfull way of fighting. There had also been a number of other german officers from different branches of the Reichswehr, and later Wehrmacht, who also had ideas of motoriced warfare. These other officers supported Guderian with ideas and influence of their high ranks. Also, what is described in other comments, he (Guderian) was influenced from foreign, mostly british ideas. At the end one point about the german Blitzkrieg concept. This was not a mysterious, secret wonderconcept, it was, very simplified, the old prussian ,Kampf der verbundenen Waffen' extended with planes and tanks. One last word: The Tankgewehr is in my eyes only a newmade wallgun.
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  714. ​ @_levi07 : German word is Pfalzgraf, there had been in early years of HRE many ( for example the Pfalzgrafen of Tübingen), but as longer as Middle Ages lasted, nearly all dynasties ended, and their territories came under rule of other Houses. Now, what was a Pfalz? From start of HRE until the end, there was no official capital! So medieval german emperors and kings travelled through the Empire, with a large Gefolge ( don't know english word), snd at places, where the Emperor and his Gefolge did a longer stop, local nobles, officials, clerics, judges etc. came to speak with the Emperor ( and officials travelling with him) and all kind of things had been done , nowadays being done in capital. Those Pfalzen had been mostly only lightly fortified groups of houses on crown land. In those houses , surrouded by the fortifications, food, firewood, eqipment etc. produced on crownland was stored. The Emperor and his Gefolge travelled from one Pfalz to the next, there they could resupply and doing some necessary repairs and spend a few days of recovery (?) / Erholung. In socalled Interregnum, ehen between 1254 and 1274 HRE had no real Emperor, most nobles and knights ( up to 1496 no part of german nobility) grabbed the part of crownland they had to administrate , as their own territory, but this is annother long (!) story.
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  715. Here in Germany you can call a Revolver as ,Pistole' when you mean, that it is a small firearm you can fire with one hand. The reason is that Pistole is the older word, and revolvers had been invented to give the mostly singleshot muzzleloader pistol more firepower.
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  716.  Luís Andrade  : But the king was never elected! There had been also been a parlament, the Reichstag, from every of the more than 300 german states members of Parlament, but the Parlament members of small states had few power.
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  717. US federal post has also armed personal, at least fifteen to twenty years ago.
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  718.  @jamieleepescini2675  : I think german language is more related to english than Maori language ;-).
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  719. For most time of History, german language was not regulatet, the people spoke and wrote in their local dialects, which often caused confusion in trade, science or diplomacy. Still today, when speaking in still existing dialects, we have problems to understand each other. So in 1873 german language was standardized/ regulated by german, austrian and swiss scientists into Standard German. This is the reason, why the allways only t spoken th disappeared in usual german language and remained only in names or words , orginating from other languages , for example Theater. But a german saying: There is no rule without an exeption! Thron ( throne) kept its th ( according to legend, by demand of Wilhelm ll).
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  720. Ianweir: True, but after three bottles of strongest type of german national drink, a correct answer is difficult. In german tradition, before 843 , Treaty of Verdun, where Frankish Empire was cut into three pieces, any use of german meaning deutsch is completly wrong. East Frankish Empire is seen as first forerunner of Germany. Last carolingian king of East Frankish Empire ( Ludwig das Kind) died in 911. Some historians say, now elected king Konrad l was first deutscher ( german) king, elected, because East Frankish ( deutsche/ german) noblemen noticed, West Frankish ( french) noblemen no more spoke germannic. But Konrad l was of Frankish tribe, so some german historians think, Heinrich l of saxon tribe, elected in 919 is first german/ deutscher King. But , when in 1806 HRE ended, few German people had been sad, since 13th century, especially after Interregnum ( Emperorless time) 1254- 1274 HRE was so divided, that national spirit disdappeared, especially after 1648, end of Thirty Years War. In last years of HRE only Imperial Towns/ Reichsstädte and Catholic Spiritual Lords , lmperial Knights and obscure semiindependant territories respected orders of HRE Emperors. In 1806 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, german counterpart to Shakespeare, and minister of small state Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach noted: End of HRE was no problem for me, but my old mother, still alive in Imperial Town Frankfurt send me a shocked letter: HRE has ended! Who will pray now for future of Emperor and Empire?
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  721.  C.F.P.N Hans bring ze luger  : I allways thought, that there had also been british, french, russian, italian, japanese and portugise forces in wwl, and british, russian, resistance forces etc. in wwll. Thank you, for giving me the right information!
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  722.  @dflatt1783  : There was a naval blockade against Germany from the Britisch Channel to the coast of Norway, so Germany could not import food. On paper Germany could import food from neutral countries Switzerland, Denmark, Norway or Sweden. But: Because of the war of 1864 Denmark was Allied friendly. Up to 1903 the king of Sweden was also king of Norway, a socalled ,personal union'. But from 1903 to 1906 the Norwegians tried to get an own king and had sucess. In this non violent fight for total independence from Sweden, France and Great Brittain supported Norway, Germany supported Sweden. So Norway was Allied friendly, Sweden Germany friendly ( When WW l started, a large number of swedish officers wanted, that Sweden enters the war on german side to reconquer the in 1809 lost Finnland, but the swedish King and Gouvernement had been more intelligent than the officers). Switzerland had a food problem in both world wäre, they could not sell food to Germany. In policy the swiss gouvernement had agreements with France and Germany: In case of a german attack the swiss army would follow the French High Command, in case of an allied attack the swiss troops would follow the German High Command. So there was a great food problem in Germany , the people had not enough food and lots of germans died. The people had to eat ,Steckrüben' , i don' t know the english name of this plant. It has rather few calories and is today sold as ,weight losing diet food'. In one of the german language military history magazines i read, the toppic ,Steckrüben' was also noted.
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  723. In every war old, even oldest fortifications are often reused.
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  724. When i German , was a child , older people called a person with black hair , der Schwarze ( the black), or a person with red hair ,der Rote'(the red).
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  725. ​ @steeljawX : Plural of Kettenkrad is Kettenkräder. :-))
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  726. The assasination of Austrian Empress Elisabeth ( Sissi) in 1898 was a shock for austrian/ german upperclass women. Derringers and US style pocket revolvers had a dubious reputation in german language upperclass ( weapons of prosttutes , criminals and dubious persons), so that especially austrian inventors tried to invent pocket guns, moralicly fitting to upperclass women.
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  727. JeanClaude Clemenceau : If you are french, don' t understand me wrong. I do not hate the french nation! Those french soldiers who attacked my country centuries ago are all dead, and the living french people of today have nothing to do with their ancestors.
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  728.  @mrnygren2  : Was a different thing, than you expect. In late 1918 there was a ,revolution' in Germany, and after more than 1100 years, monarchy ended. In 1919 Versailles treaty came. A british army officer, who was periphery involved in this treaty wrote: I doubt, if this treaty gives a long peace. Germany and its citizens was taken away any kind of honour, they lost much. I fear, if any obscure ,halfgod' will come, and promise german nation, i will give you back honour and pride, the Germans will follow him with all their discipline and knowledge. This officer was wiser than most people of allied nations. For majority of german people, 1920s, democracy or not, had been a terrible time. In 1923 Inflation destroyed all saved money of lower class, the people had been very poor ( my grandmother, 1910 - 1995) often told me the poorness she had from 1910s to about 1960) , there had been up to 1923 uprisings of Communists and Nazis. Democracy, Democracy, Democracy, but a mix of poorness and uprisings, we germans never had in such a way during monarchy. So in 1945 a lot of western allies feared: In 1919 we destroyed the lifestyle , the germans had for over 1000 years, and Hitler was the result. What happens, when we destroy 2000 years of japanese lifestyle and japanese economy fails?
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  729. In north - west of Spain was for some time a swabian kingdom, so this is clearly a part of the german state Baden- Württemberg. Fun aside, the spainiards used 9mm largo/9 mm Bergmann- Bayard and not 9x19.
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  730. Marschall ( and similar versions in other languages) is a descrndant of germannic ( not german) Marhalasc- the Roßknecht ( horse servant). In german a bad/ old horse is still called Mähre, and as far as i know, english mare means a female horse.
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  731.  @DirtyDiksgunoroma  : Well i am german. No gunowner or collector, but intressted in history of weapons in general. In german language arms magazines, we have three german ones and a swiss one ( which is now only a shadow of former days), sometimes rare weapons of german language countries appear. A few months ago a revolver of Austria - Hungary was noted, which was introduced in early 20th century for Austro- Hungarian for some Police, Prison and Financial officers in limited numbers, for an unusual 9mm cartidge. After wwl no more production of the weapon, but even in 1950s some of this revolvers had been still in service, very last ones had been in inventory in 1960s, Austrian Gouvernement somehow was able, to have ammunition even in 1960s.
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  732. ​ @BullfrogActual : What? I am german, member of Swabian/ Alemannic tribe.
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  733.  @charliewenthe4411  : I am german, and i think, i know , what i write. Fritz is short of Friedrich, Heinz is a short of Heinrich, Ulrich is a short of Huldrich, Klaus/ Klaas is a short of Nikolaus, Willi/ Wilhelm, Bernd/ Bernhard, Siggi/ Siegfried, Siegbert, Sieghard, Sigurd, Ekki, Ecki/ Eggebrecht, Eckbert, Eckhard, Ekkehard. So Nazi was simply a short of Ignaz. In wwl Nazi was simply a nickname for austrian soldiers. Note: During wwl the NSDAP did not exist! So in 1920s the use of Nazi changed from , Austrian Soldier' to member of NSDAP. And Ignaz Eisele, an austrian bandleader, was known as Nazi Eisele only for reason of his name.
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  734.  @Aquilius_Caesar  : In current german a fortress is a military fortification only ( may be some pompeous rooms, if the monarch flees to this fortress. A Schloß/ Palast is an usually unfortified building, for representation an luxury live. A Burg is a medieval fortified building, which was both military foetification and representstive residence. Well, in Renaissance era, many medieval castles / Burgen had been transformed into a fortress or a Schloss/ Palast ( depending on wealth of owner), in my region most of castles, destroyed in farmers rebellion of 1525, had not been transformed, are still ruins, and remaining noblemen build New, but smaller Schlösser or Herrenhäuser, without fortifications. In case of Hohenwerfen, i thought it was one of the few fortresses of Fürstbischof von Salzburg, so a small garrison in HRE era.
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  735. Not only Swiss German. Also in Swabian dialect a Pistole is a Bischdool. Both Swiss German and Swabian dialect has Alemannic roots.
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  736. Learn german, before writing such nonsens. If Koch would be spoken Coke we germans would write Kauk. Koch: K - o like in or- ch ,noise of an angry cat, but slower and softer.
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  737. Learn german, before writing such nonsens. If Koch would be spoken Coke, we germans would write Kauk. Koch is spoken K- o, like o in or- ch, the noise of an angry cat, but slower and softer.
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  738.  @vegapunk100  : Is this crossbow called Nayin or Mban, with a split shaft?
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  739. Best uniforms of german colonial forces was worm by troops in current Papua- Neuguinea.
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  740. Ian Macfarlane : Mauser ( the au is spoken more like ow in Owen than ou in mouse) means in Englisch simply mouser. I come from Württemberg , nowadays a part of the german state Baden - Württemberg. My father, born 1938, told me, that when he was a child, there was a man called ,der Mauser' , his , not fulltime, job was to hunt a special type of mice ( Wühlmäuse) with traps, and to give other persons advice, how to do so.
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  741. The german word for ,chief' is Häuptling. From merovingian days into high middleage , as we germans describe the time 1000- 1300, ,Germany/ HRE ' was for administration divided into tribal based duchies/ Herzogtümer, so a Herzog was in early years also a kind of chief. And the ,webel' in Feldwebel was once a kind of official in administration ( or justice?). In Switzerland both central gouvernement and cantonal governements still have a Waibel, who wears ceremonial dress at some occasion.
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  742.  @catriona_drummond  : When you cut away someones head, this can be ,enthaupten' or ,köpfen'.
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  743.  @claudiuspseudonymus1369  : The cap is a ,Husarenmütze'.
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  744. Being german a note: In ,Kennblätter für fremdes Gerät' ( description sheets for foreign equipment) captured equipment got a german designarion, for example Colt 1911 became Pistole Colt (a) Kaliber 11,5 mm Colt , the a means amerikanisch. When german troops captured french arsenals , these contained also Gras M74, converted to 8m Lebel. Those rifles had been used in wwl by french troops for use in Hinterland, far away from frontline by transport troops. Those converted Gras rifles had been given in wwll to french Gardes Champetres ( field guards) by german occupation troops. How could german forces know about Owen guns? Believe it or not, Germany had intelligence services, and Japan was a german allie. Also ot is possible, that german soldiers/ sailors captured in northern Africa or on sunk Allied ships newspapers etc., showing photos with Owen submachine guns. Btw., use a map of german state Baden - Württemberg. Look for the town Kirchheim unter Teck ( see Mary von Teck, grandmother of Elizabeth ll) and look in the south of this town for the name of a small town, you will be surprised:-))
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  745.  @levergatRapha  : In small numbers also 15 mm , and at least up to 1990s you could see in Germany miniature revolvers and singleshot pistols in 2mm pinfire blank. When i remember correct, made in Switzerland.
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  746. Andrea Gullo : In the romanic european wine countries you also can find good beer, there are simply not so much different styles as for example in germany or belgium.
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  747. MegaBeanandCheese : The italians attacked egypt and failed, even they had much more soldiers than the english. The italians attacked greece and failed. When the germans invaded france, also the italians attacked france, and failed. In 1936 the italians attaked Ethiopia and won with tanks, planes and gas against a feudal army. There had been with no doubt, good italian soldiers and units, but in total, Mussolini overestimatet his troops, Franco was cleverer, he did not join the war.
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  748. The Battle of Mühlbach in early 1330s was the last german battle without firearms.
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  749. I don't know from which country you are. But i as a german use a language, which has four grammar cases. An old joke(!!!)for this grammar cases is Werwolf: Der Werwolf, den Wenwolf, dem Wemwolf, des Wesswolfes . For obvious reasons, no problem for me, but for foreigners. Especially non european foreigners try to simplify german language by using NOT the german grammar cases ( or wrong) ,but to tell what they want to say in simple words/ sentences, so that the context explains the thing, what they mean. I hope, you understand my words, surely in old days ,non latin' speakers also tried to simplfy Latin.
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  750.  @alexroselle  : Charlie Chaplin was the second famous man with such a beard/ moustache. I think this was a coincidence/Zufall. My father, born 1938 had allways shaved face, but his grandfather had also such a moustache.
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  751.  @worldtraveler930  : As i clearly noted, i am a pure theoretic! I can only tell, what i read in serious magazins. The quality of Python revolvers had been very good in early production time, so i believe that your heired revolver of your grandfather is of fine quality. As a german person, it is nearly impossibe to get a ,Waffenschein' ( ccw licence), so i have not the problem, to destroy my brain, which pistol is the best for selfdefence ( which is totally unwanted by german authorities).
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  752. In the swiss canton Neuenburg/Neufchatel(?) there was the ,Neuenburger Gendarmeriegewehr' wich used 18mm cartridges. I am a man, only using my girlfriends account.
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  753. Ihr Einwand ist berechtigt. In den 60er/70er Jahren wurden offenbar von Teppichhändlern orientalische Vorderlader verkauft. Es hat sich herausgestellt , daß etliche Stücke noch geladen waren und beim Aufsetzen von Spielzeug ,Amorces' losgegangen sind.
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  754.  @shawnmiller4781  : I am german, Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer. For german weapons law reason ( most liberal weapons law was in my in Second Empire), i don' t own firearms, the copies/replicas from firearms 1860 to 1914 would be interessting for me. I am a pure theorist, my knowledge is from visiting Museums, reading Weapons magazines and Military History magazines in german language and watching Videos in YouTube. I am also interessted in edged weapons here i do the same, for example Videos of Matt Easton from scholagladiatora Channel, he is
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  755. Don' t know if still produced, but in Belgium a side by side civilian less lethal gun in large caliber exists.
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  756.  @DarkKnight-yz2wg  : As far as i know, Ethiopia is the oldest christian country. The people, which have brought christianity to Ethiopia, came directly from current Israel, or at least from this area, so this rather first christians had been jewish influenced. Germany was, perhaps curious for you, christianized mostly by irish monks. In Ireland the cross was a holy symbol in celtic time, and also some parts of celtic religion made it easier to christianize the celtics, than germanics. I can understand why Hitler was succesfull in the age of my grandfather/ grandmothers time, but he was really not good for my country, but what happened, happened. Hitler a Jew? I doubt . The name Hitler ( Hüttler/ Hüttner/...) simply means in english , a poor man who lives in a hut/ cabin ( Hütte means hut/ cabin). In austrian/ bavarian region ( i am member of swabian tribe), the common name ,Hofer' means ,owner of a large farm', Huber means. owner of a small farm, so a ,Hitler' had no farm, only his hut/ cabin, while a ,Hauser' had a house and at least a garden. For jewish people it was until age of Napoleon not allowed to own farmland, or to do usuall jobs in Germany. Also you often recognize them at a german, but unusual name which starts with a colour ( mostly Grün/ green), Gold or Silber ( gold / silver) , the name of a flower, and ends with berg ( mountain) , tal ( valley) vor stein ( stone). And Hitlers name doesn' t sound jewish.
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  757. Nearly every in larger number captured weapon apeared in ,Kennblätter für fremdes Gerät' and got a german designation. A description what kind of weaponry, a number, and a letter, from which country it was. So for example ,Panzer 35 (t)' means ,Tank 35 czech' ( czech is in german language tschechisch). And .45 ACP was called by Wehrmacht 11,5 mm Colt, this means, also for ammunition/ calibre a german name was used.
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  758. Wyoming Horseman : The same in german dialects. Using dialects, we often don' t understand each other. But in WWll time the use of Standard German was not as common than today.
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  759.  @shallowgal462  : I, Brittas boyfriend, am from swabian region arround Stuttgart . I was rather surprised when i learned English at school, that the english word for Scheuer/ Scheune is ,barn'. Why? In my homeregion ,Barn' is those part of Scheune/ Scheuer, where hay and straw is actually (realy?) stored.
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  760.  @DramaQueenMalena  : Would be in my dialect ( Some franconian influence of my grandmother born in Ellwangen) : Schuira , Diir, Fuir.
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  761.  @stomper2888  : Not totaly true . Before 1803 HRE consisted of overt 300 states. In 1803 Napoleon entered HRE and reduced the number of german states. In a first step he abbandondoned the imperial towns ( with exeption of Frankfurt am Main, Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg, the last two are still german federation states today), the territories of spiritual lords ( including the territories of the medieval Knights orders) and the territories of imperial Knights, imperial villages etc.. He , Napoleon, gave this to larger noble Lords. In a second step 1806 Napoleon ended most states ruled by counts or princes, for this and other reasons, HRE ended. After 1815 Germany ( Austria included) consisted of about 40 states. So Napoleons large reduction in number of german states made an uintion much easier than before 1800.
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  762. Bratislava - Pressburg, Zagreb - Agram, Lubjiana- Laibach in austro/ hungarian days.
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  763. A question out of context: Why do you call german tanks Panzer? I (german) call every tank of world Panzer.
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  764.  @richardjames1812  : Strange. As noted, in german language every tank is a Panzer. A similar thing is Stahlhelm, in german every military steelhelmet , not only german ones, is a Stahlhelm.
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  765. When in early 18th century, the Jäger units appeared, this had been professional hunters/ Berufsjäger or forest officials/ Förster with their private rifles and their long Hirschfänger knife, but no bayonnet and the Hirschfänger could not be fixed at the rifle. After an incident in ,Seven Years War' Friedrich Ii of Prussian decided, that the Jäger got a Hirschfänger much longer than civilian versions, to fix it at the rifle.
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  766.  @Sturminfantrist  : Sie meinen wie ich das ,akademische Fechten', das einen anderen Hintergrund hat als das Sportfechten./ You mean academic fencing, itvhas a different background than sport fencing. Bin Brittas Freund und keinerlei Fechter/ I am Brittas boyfriend, and practice no kind of fencing.
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  767. In german language Korps is spoken Korps, and the creator of this channel is Austrian ( german language).
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  768.  @Shotty262  : Possible, but in my homeregion the name Bäuerle ( in Standard German: Bäuerlein) is common, it means literaly ,Small Farmer' ( not the farmer is short, but his farm is small).
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  769. Also in german language dialects ( unstandardized german) exist, but they are slowly diying, most children speak Standard German today. I, Brittas boyfriend, born in 1965, still speak in swabian dialect, but you hear it rarer and rarer, even in smaller towns. When i at the age of eleven started to learn english, i was surprised , when i heared the word ,barn', in my local dialect a Barn is the upper part of the building , while english speakers mean the whole building. Also in Standard German umrühren means stirr, and in my dialect ( only in one context) stieren can mean to stirr. For being related languages ( also german and english dialects), it is now for me no more a surprise, finding related words : hole/Höhle ( cave) or lake/Lache (puddle).
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  770. Worst optics? The 14th century optics used on first handhold firearms ;-))
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  771.  @Stevarooni  : I think, you are right.
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  772.  @supremeghost7950  : Also ich spreche ,Wie bitte?' immer ,Ha?' aus, wo ist das Problem?
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  773. Being german 59 now, Brittas boyfriend..All my life i voted for conservative CDU party. At first i voted for her, but after some time, i noticed there is in CDU a swich from conservative to centrist, a step to leftism. Became angry, and never voted for Mrs. Merkel again. Also CDU you no more can support as conservative person.
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  774. The vault Tech: Luxemburg was from middle age to 1866 a part of Germany. In 14th century the original Luxemburg dynasty had been also for some time Kings of Bohemia and Emperors of HRE, this means they had been, long ago, important. Later the capital ( also named Luxemburg) was a strong fortress , which was important. After 1815 , until 1832, the Dutch King was also Great Duke of Luxemburg. And the town was a German Federation Fortress of second class, during the time of the German Federation the Luxemburgian contingent of the German Federation Army served as fortress troops for Luxemburg fortress ( together with 2000 prussian soldiers). After the Innergerman war of 1866 Luxemburg ( together with Austria and Liechtenstein) leafed Germany, and became independent and neutral. They destroyed ( schleiften) the fortress, that Luxemburg was no more interessting for France under Napoleon lll, and Prussia gave up the right, to have 2000 soldiers in Luxemburg. I hope, this not so necessary knowledge helps.
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  775. Was his name Clovis or Chlodwig, because the frankish tribe is germanic?
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  776. In german Korps is spoken Korps.
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  777.  @haldorasgirson9463  : Had in time of German Federation the smallest contingent to German Federation Army- 55 men. Army was disbanded in 1867, last former soldier died in 1930s.
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  778. Most of the Conqistadores had not been knights or real noblemen. Perhaps some of the leaders had been members of the highest class of nonnobles, we Germans call , Patrizier'. But after the conquest, some of the spainiards became knighted. But in case of Inka empire, some village/town chiefs keept in place/ in work / in office and became members of ,colonial spanish' nobility. In the ,Lindenmuseum' in Stuttgart there had been large exhibition events both about Inkas and Atztecs. In the Inka exhibiton, some paintings had been shown, with ,knighted' Inka chiefs, wearing spanish cloth of the time, but an Inka cap instead of european hat vor berret. To the weapony, it was basicly the usual european equipment. But i don't think, that the men at arms on horse had really full suit of plate armour. Also the number of siege artillery pieces was surely small. As far as i know, in Cortez' first campaign, most of his footmen had not the european footmans armour, but only helmet and shields as protection. In those days , first half of 16th century, the medieval swords had been in southern europe earlier replaced by rapier than in northern europe. For having no own armor, many spainiards took atztec padded cotton(?) Jacketts, similar to european gambeston. As far as i know, i am no expert, the Atztec warriors knowing only cutfencing , had problems with quick spanish rapier thrust fencing, and against the pointy rapier blades the padded jacketts had not been best protection.
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  779. Don' t think so, a firearm without ammunition is for poor people not usefull, may be there are some, which are transformed to fire other cartridges
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  780.  @TacgnolSimulacrum  : To some degree you are right . In case of 8 (7, 92 ) x 33 reloading empty brass, or using obscure surplus is possible. Also a jugoslavian /serbian company Prvi Partizan has assumingly produced this cartridge after wwll, also it is possible to transform 8x 57 IS Brass, in german language culture circle still popular among hunters , is possible. I, german, Brittas boyfriend, am no weapons expert, but somewhere i read, that in Germany, either in Saxony or Thuringia, there is one day every year a , Dreyse Rifle Meeting' . The paper cartridges are handmade by members of Target Shooters Club. Also years ago, i read in a german language arms magazine, an article about an african craftsman, who has a licence for producing muzzleloaders. He spoke about Kunstdünger/ chemical fertilizers (?) and oil as substitute for Black Powder. Also, here in Germany still today, blanks in 6 mm Flobert, 9 mm R, and 9 mm PAK are licencefree to buy.
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  781. Büchse can mean three things in german language.1) A tin can, the other word is Dose. 2) Rifle. 3) Unofficial (!!!!) : The part of a womans body which is at the frontside between belly and legs. Flinte is a shotgun. Büchsflinte, Drilling (tripplet) and Vierling (quatrupplet) are hunting weapons with rifled AND smoothbore barrels. Gewehr (nowadays) : a fire arm which is not a pistol and can be carried by a single man (including some wallguns, puntguns, antimaterial rifles if they are not cannons). Gewehr (very oldfashioned): all kind of weapons. In some 18. century texts you can read of ,Obergewehr' / upper Gewehr for weapons carried on the shoulder ( polearms/muskets) and ,Untergewehr' for weapons carried at the belt (sabers and hangers). Ge... simply means ,a lot of', Gesang - a lot of singing or Geschrei- a lot of shouting. Here in Germany weapons are seen mostly as a bad thing, and most of the do not know the difference between knife and dagger, saber and sword, rifle and shotgun or pistol and revolver and use the words rather wrong. I am a man, only using my girlfriends account.
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  782. ​ @JKNat9004 : Sau/sow, Hahn (Gockel)/ cock, Ziege ( Gais)/goat, Kalb/calf, Pferd ( Ross)/ horse, Bulle/ bull, Stier/steer, Hund (Dogge)/ dog (hound), Aal/awl, Bär/ bear, Maus/ Mouse....
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  783. ​ @Leodachef1 : At first: The helmet of the shown black Wehrmacht soldier is clearly a salade, not a Helmet of wwl or wwll Germany. Second : Small units of black Wehrmacht soldiers really existed. But now fun aside. You clearly see the danger, that in future, people who have no knowledge about historical eras or events, will believe total nonsens.
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  784. A small note from Germany. Roth is a german name , which is an oldfashioned version of Rot ( Red). So the th is not spoken the english way, but the german way: Simply t.
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  785. ​ @redwaldcuthberting7195 : Please excuse the to much capital letters, my Computer thinks, I am writing in German :-)
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  786.  @Francois15031967  : And how was Mühlhausen called before Louis XlV stole it from HRE in 1680s ?
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  787.  @Francois15031967  : Excuse moi. Mon premier comment etait seulement pour rire! Il ( elle?) n " etait pense serieux!
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  788. I am german, and not Britta herself , but her boyfriend. I like museums, and also castles/palaces , because i am interessted in history. Weapon based museums exist in Germany, but for reasons of german history of 20th century , not much, for example the Wehrgeschichtliches Museum/ museum of military history in Rastatt or the Waffenmuseum/ weapons museum in Oberndorf am Neckar ( weapons and other products of Mauser, Heckler & Koch and Feinwerkbau). In both museums there is no guide ( in german ,Führer' ;-)), the ladies at the entrance don't know anything about weapons . The director oft the museum in Rastatt knows much, i saw him as guide of a historic tour to the battlefield , Hartmannsweiler Kopf'. In Vienna i visited the Military Museum in former Arsenal, a staff member, seeming soldiers, talked long with me, but in Hofrüstkammer in former imperial Hofburg, the staff persons had been unfriendly. Then you can find in Germany Museums/ palaces with large arms collections. For example the Reichsstadtmuseum in Rothenburg ob der Tauber ( no guide), Sigmaringen palace ( the guided tour does not include the famous weapons collection. During my last visit in the weapons collection room i was mistaken for a guide, when i spoke to some visitors, they thanked me for answering their questions) . Also visit Baldern castle, the weapons collection is the former armoury of a typical HRE small state, Düring my last guided tour, the female guide told mostly nonsens about weapons. Then there are a lot of Homeregion Museums/ Heimatmuseen or palaces with small colections of weapons. For example rusty relicts of germanic warriors graves, from 1848 revolution attempt or some smallswords of the palace owners ancestors. But either there are no guides, or they know nothing, it happened, that i gave answers to questions about weapons. Here it often happens, that the weapons ( Bad , Bad things!!!) disappear, when you visit the museum/ palace the next time. One day i was nearly thrown out of a civilian Museum, when the guide claimed , a noodle cutter is a tobacco cutter.
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  789. Space Catboy : I did not tell wrong facts. But it seems, that you have problems with the truth, i don' t have, even i have Asperger disorder. Is is senseless, to talk with you, so i will stop.
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  790. Few people know, that also the bavarian army fielded two batteries of the ,Feldl- Kartätschgeschütz'. It had four barrels, and as far as i know, it was made by the still existing Eberhard company, a factory for ploughs and agricultural devices.
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  791.  @temper44  : Umarex company sells ,Walther' marked canes....
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  792. Zephoros : Fine! The result would be a close to german language. Photogaph/ Fotograf, clear/ klar... Fun aside, in german language usually words are written and spelled/spoken the same way.
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  793.  @karakhan2070  : Today we have the European Union. For decades now the busy working germans, dutch, austrians, danes, swedes have to spend tons of money for the greco- roman lazybones with their mediteranean lifestyle.
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  794. No! This would be Pug. German language ,ch' sound ( two variations! ) is the noise an angry cat makes, but slower and softer.
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  795. Peter August : I am no expert, but german . Artillerie, reitende would be grammatical wrong with no added word, but Artillerie reitend would be corect.
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  796.  @jovan2cv  : As a german, knowing some english, et aussi un peu du lanque française. I also was astonished , how someone can confuse french and a slavic language.
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  797. No , they did not design it in . 22 , but in 5,6 mm lfB ;-) ( lfB lang für Büchsen).
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  798. Cleaning the barrel with brush or piece of cloth?
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  799. In german we have two words for island: Usually Insel, rarely today Eiland.
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  800. As far as i know, the quality of Indian revolver is often low, and the few Indian civilians who can buy it, are ripped of by Gouvernement.
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  801. A note out of context: At start of Video a man was noted, who was a motorcycle inerested person. Due to , Administration Reform ' in german state Baden-Württemberg, the Gemeinde ( Village) Fachsenfeld became a district of the town Aalen. ( May be the town has its name because in time of Roman Empire a cavallryunit ,Ala' was there.) . Inside the village there is a small , Schloß ', in this case ,Palace'. The last noble owner , a Freiherr von König - Fachsenfeld died in 1994, being not married and no children. This last nobleman of his family was a rather excentric , rural nobleman '.. In his younger Years he wanted to become a famous motorcycle race driver, but after an accident He switched to a theorethic. How to drive faster with a vehicle which has a weak engine? So in the cellar of his small palace he did aerodynamical experiments and wrote a book. In 1933 to 1945 He didn't support Hitler and refused to work for aircraft companies. After WW ll, he was involed in supporting Refugees from areas , Germany lost, and he supported local school and Kindergarten, when Money and Support was necessary. When He died , all His employees got Money for annother year. This man was really a noble man.
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  802. I am Brittas boyfriend , only using her Computer too. I, a middle aged german man, am offended too.
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  803.  @tigercustardman3567  : Formerly in german language countries a centerfire training cartridge 4mm M20 existed.
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  804.  @dopepopeurban6129  : Des isch richdigs schwäbisch, ond wenn' d' s ed glaubsch, no schlag ' dr d' Laif aa, daß' d ' of de Schtomba hoimmausla kasch!
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  805.  @billyfoster1868  : I am german and in daily life i prefer my swabian dialect over Standard german. But the people, prefering dialect become in all regions of Germany fewer and fewer. In my swabian dialects, such long , for non swabians sometimes funny ,swears/ Flüche, are common. My english is not so fluent, but i try to explain some. ,Dir henk e s' Kreiz aus' ( Standard german: Dir hänge/ henke ich das Kreuz aus) means in english about: I will remove your backbone. , Wenn e mid dr ferdich be, kaaschd da Asch en dr Schleng hoimdraga'( Standard german: Wenn ich mit dir fertig bin, kannst du den Arsch in der Schlinge heimtragen).In English about: When i have finished you , you can carry your arse home in a ( medical) sling ( like a broken arm). ,Di vrhopf'e' ( Standard german: Dich zerhüpfe ich). In english about: I jump on until you die. ,Dir schlag e d Laif aa, daß' d of de Stomba hoimmausla kaasch' ( Standard german: Dir schlage ich die Arme und Beine/Läufe ab, daß du auf den Stümpfen heimkriechen kannst.), Läufe is the huntsman word for animal legs, so in english: I cut away your arms and lege, so that you can crawl home on the remaining arm and leg pieces. So this swabian swears/ curses sound funny, but would be a cruel thing if done in reallity.
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  806.  @malakas3808  : Zu meiner Zeit, auch von 1982 bis 1985 in der Berufsschule ist fast nichts ernsthaftes geschehen. Habe in Schulen zwar auch einmal einen ordentlichen Schlag auf die Nase bekommen, aber das war ein Versehen. Privat war ich , Brittas Freund eher Einzelgänger und bin selten an bei Teenagern beliebten Orten gewesen, bin also nicht in irgendwelche Streitigkeiten hineingekommen, und wenn, so waren keine Waffen im Spiel. Woran die Veränderung hin zum Schlechten, die in den 90er Jahren langsam auch für mich (Asperger erkrankt) erkennbar wurde, kann ich nicht mit Sicherheit sagen. Auf psychischen Erkrankungen und traumatischen Erlebnissen wird meines Erachtens zu sehr herumgeritten , ich halte eher Erziehungsfehler und schlechte Vorbilder für die Ursache, sowie den Schund in Filmen und Internet.
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  807.  @schattenwind5351  : Sagt ein Mann im Restaurant zu einem Anderen: Sie sind ein Parvenue! Der Zweite lacht: Die Affen die sie meinen, nennt man Parmesan!
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  808.  @minngael  : As a Rural, non Accademic German , i think this ,Scots' is only a Variation of regular english. Germans , Austrians and Swiss Germans use in theory same ,Standard German ', but in reality still now, 150 years after First , Deutsche Rechtschreibkonferenz' the vocabulary is in Switzerland and Austria different to usual vocabulary in Germany. But usually using the brain helps to understand different words.
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  809. Pyro Bob : I know this, i only wanted to note, there was a leveraction rifle in an unusual cartridge!
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  810. Don' t forget the parade daggers some german postmen between 1933 and 1945 got.
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  811. In Standard German a bread roll is a Brötchen. In bavarian/ austrian region it is a Semmel, in Berlin region it is a Schrippe, in Swiss/swabian/ parts of Hessia/ palatine /. Rhineland it is a Wecken. Whats the problem?
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  812.  @mcfrandy  : Many Germans , especially older ones , still speak their unregulated local/tribal dialects, but when using dialects, we Germans, ( including Austrians and Swiss) would not understand each other.
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  813.  @bdrago5420  : Die Schwierigkeiten beginnen, wenn man einen Dialektsprecher trifft, der aus einer weit entfernten Gegend stammt. Die Dialekte der ,Nachbarstämme' versteht man noch einigermaßen, wenn es eine gemäßigte Version ist, aber bei Dialekten die vom jeweils anderen Ende des deutschen Sprachraums sind , versteht man oft nur eine deutlich abgemilderte Version. Sofern es sich nur um Hochdeutsch mit Dialekteinfärbung handelt, gebe ich ihnen recht, das sollte man verstehen. Auch kommt es darauf an, ob man sich in einer Stadt oder in einem kleinen Ort aufhält.
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  814. I am Brittas boyfriend, german, no accademic, never been at Universität, 59 now. But i am german style trained worker ( Facharbeiter) and have ,Mittlere Reife' ( middle education). Ten years school/three years of job training, was for twenty years quality control man of a small german metal company. Quality control needs serious work. In 1970 i saw Lichtenstein castle and was astonished: A castle not being in ruins! My interesst in History as Hobby started, and when a slightly autistic person does a Hobby... I live in a region of Germany full of castle ruins, roman/celtic relicts, about 30 km away was formerly Roman/ Germannic fortified border. I live in those region which was in HRE divided in 100 microstates. Visited dozens of museums , castles, historical sites, reenactments, took part in lot of historical tours, spoke with museum staff, tour guides, antiques Dealers, reenactors, even few words to a relative of Charles Ill. Read many books and magazins. Real History experts told me, for a nonaccademic my historical knowledge is good/ over agerage. Well, idiocracy seems to be on an unbelievable level rise. Being no accademic, but i notice when someone tells dubious things about History, my advise: Watch a historical thing from at least two directions.
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  815. A note from Germany! I would translate ,von ' with , comming from ... castle' . But there are few commoners also with a ,von' in the name.
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  816.  @Otto-Webb  : My point is, that i am annoyed about those part of vegetarians, who allwasy loudly tell the world, how good they are. With those vegetarians, who are vegetarians, but make no noise about their livestyle, I have no Problem. In other words, I have no Problem with vegetarians, but with the , Gutmenschen ' ( goodhumans) of all Kind.
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  817. A longer time ago, i, Brittas boyfriend, visited this museum. Rather intresting for a person interessted in older military things. What i liked, had been the friendly employees. In ,Hofrüstkammer' in ,Hofburg', the employees had been very unfriendly. A small mistake of Ian, who is not an edged weapons expert, in contrast to Matt Easton, the long anti armour swords ( in german Panzerstecher) had been used only by horsemen.
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  818. Heros Stratos : there had been four armies in the time 1871-1918, the prussian , bavarian, royal saxon and wurttembergian army. The troops of the greatdukes and dukes had been integrated into the prussian army, but the nonprussian regiments could keep their names and regiment flags. The saxon and württembergian armies had their own general staff, but these armies had been always under prussian/imperial command, while the bavarian army and general staff was only in wartime under prussian/ imperial control. Also the jackets of the nonbavarian troops had been in ,prussian blue', while the jackets of the bavarian troops had been in ,bavarian blue'.
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  819.  @Atillatzke  : Schwengel is the stick/handle of a pump, you have to swing with your hand, to pump a fluid out of tank. Schwengelpumpe/Pumpenschwengel.
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  820.  @davethompson3326  : You are right, but , Goldfinger' is surely the best known. As a young man he was a Circus Clown, you still notice this when he appeared in his german movies, there is some fun.
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  821. To some of the commenters: Some old people still remembered the napoleonic time personally. And there had been people who knew, what the french did in Germany during the thirty years and the time of Louis XIV, they know it by reading old documents or books, or: my grandfather told me something his grandfather said. So i think , that in the mid 19th century many nationalist circles used this stories of old times as propaganda against the French.
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  822.  @dogmosatchmo  : The British kings of Hannover dinasty had still been Kurfürsten ( electors) of their german homeland. This ended in 1839. Also the american rebells used rifles, the british troops only muskets, so the british hired german so!diers because of the Jäger units with rifles. The american Pennsylvania/ Kentucky rifles are descendants of german Jägerbüchse. Also in 1746 the ,english' army of Duke of Cumberland at Culloden battle consisted of more lowland scottsmen than Prince Charles Stuart had highland scottsmen. As far as i know, there was also on english side a small contingent of german, dutch and Swiss mercenaries.
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  823. Often smaller dogs are rather brave, when they can act as pack.
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  824.  @JonathanFergusonRoyalArmouries  : Also in german language this is a ,Paar', lesser common is ,Garnitur' , when in former centuries nobles ordered a rifle, a shotgun, a pair of pistols and a ,Hirschfänger' knife as a set.
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  825. Every german nobleman ( few exeptions ) has a , von ' ( coming from) in name. In 19th century Bavaria the ,in' was used to not confusing the nonruling branch of House Wittelsbach, as far as i know. When in Germany a nobleman calls himself , von und zu' this means , he still owns the namegiving Castle.
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  826. In german the term Oberst was once called ,Oberster Feldhauptmann '. In medieval german a Hauptmann ( headman/ mainman)/ Captain was once the leader of a unit/ levie, regardless of size. So when in 1377 an Army consisting of troops from different towns Met the Army of Count of Württemberg and his allies , every town force fought under a Hauptmann, but the Hauptmann of Ulm became Oberster Feldhauptmann ( highest field captain)- over time called only Oberst. A Sergeant is in Germany/ Austria a Feldwebel, in Switzerland ( historicly more correct) a Feldweibel.
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  827.  @timothybayliss6680  : Those noted german 9x18 cartridge is in diameter different to russian 9x 18 Makarov..
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  828. washizukanorico : Au lycee j'etait un eleve tres mauvais au matiere de lanque francais pour quatres annees. Je parle et ecrit votre lanque tres rare. Pour vacances j' etait quatres fois en France, à Paris, Reims, Colmar, dans la vallee du Loire et en Bretagne. Je suis un homme, mais l' account est de mon amiee. On peut comprir votre Allemand. En vie de jour (daily life), je ne parle en Allemande Officielle, mais en patoise (?) souabois.
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  829.  @CtrlAltRetreat  : To a lower degree also. Postal horse wagons ( and the passengers) had sometimes also robbed, but as far as i know, last robberies had been in 1830s. But up to 1840s in my state ( formerly Kingdom Württemberg) a rural policeman escorted the wagon, when passengers wanted this and paid a Gebühr ( fee?). The fact, that distances between german villages are much shorter than USA , and the fact, that 19th century Germany consisted of 36 states , in contrast to more than 300 in HRE time made it for ,road robbers' difficult. Horse pulled freight wagons had also sometimes robbed, but this happened not to often, but in a not so inhabitated region of Germany still a series of freight wagons happened in 1910s/ 1920s. It happens sometimes still now that postal offices are robbed, so i think, this happened also in Germany/ Austria before 1914. I have heared, that in some regular postal offices had been revolvers, but i don' t know, it this is true. Also after 1871 a ,Reichspost' existed, but the smaller kingdoms Bayern, Sachsen and Württemberg still had their own postal and railway service. That some postmen had pistols is possible, but i know only, that they got a truncheon/ baton when transporting money or other more expensive things. Protecting postal railway wagons was as far as i know, a thing for railway police. But up to 1890s most german policemen had only sabers.
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  830. ​ @samuelgarrod8327 : Which soldiers looted in Austria after end of wwll? Worlds most idiotic question!
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  831. Strange fact about wwll. In wwll allied powers supported all kind of civilians, killing german soldiers. But german civilians killing allied soldiers is a warcrime ?Double standards.
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  832.  @quintrankid8045  : I don't know, but they have in Germany no Honory Monument like Bomber Harris in London. And in Germany still some former KZ guards in their 90s are waitng for their court trial.
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  833.  @quintrankid8045  : What i mean is the fact, that someone, who caused the death of hundredthousands of civilians should not be seen as a hero, this would be impossible in my country.
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  834. Heinrich Himmler (former SS comander) noted about Islam: A religion with similarities to National Socialism. There was a SS Division (Handschar) consisting of muslims, field imam was a palestinian named ,al Hosseini '.
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  835.  @lalli8152  : I can only assume, that the inventer/ producer had a special purpose in mind.
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  836.  styletube  : Getroffene Hunde bellen!
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  837.  @ScottKenny1978  : Bureaucracy, i have forgotten!
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  838. A small mistake: Ziel ( not Ziehl).
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  839. Goat Boy : You are right in many points. When a new movement comes to power, most of the supporters think, it is a good thing. But after some time later the strange things come and when the people realize what happens, it is mostly to late!
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  840. The Germanics of Scandinavia are also Germanics. Don' t confuse German and Germanic!
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  841.  @petrameyer1121  : Did the Romans knew exactly, where ,Germania Magna' ended in the north? I know that a greek scientist noticed, there are very in the north persons, which seemed not to be germanics (He possibly saw Sami).
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  842.  @saarbrooklynrider2277  : Have you cattle? Have you sheep? Have you fields? Have you a Streuobstwiese? In case of Streuobstwiese the owners have to do hard work,earn five Euros for 100 kg apples, while the nonowners have the lovely view of Streuobstwiesen, would you do the work?. Wild annimals cause damage, they steal fruits, crops, potatoes, vegetables, who pays it, you? The trees in forrests are today planted trees to get ( and sell) wood, the father, perhaps grandfather of the owner has planted it decades ago, for decades there was no money earned. Now the Rinde/bork (?) is destroyed, the tree CAN die and the log perhaps worth fewer money , is it your damage/Schaden ? The sheppards need today wolf protection fences, do you pay the fences? Is it your time and work to errect the fences? It is allways easy to say : Oh this hillbillies should be quiet . ( When it is not your time, work , money and trouble!!)
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  843. Grimmwoldds: I am german. It is true, that german regular troops ( together with semi- regular troops) killed a lot of people outside of Germany. But it is also true that during the 30 years war, in the Louis XlV and Napoleon era and in WWll millions of germans have been killed by foreign armies in germany. Now, how many people have been killed on US soil by foreign regular troops? The war of independence and the secession war do not count for being civil wars. There had been a short war with Great Britain in 1812. The Texas war does not count, because Texas/ Utah/ New Mexico/ Arizona and California had been regular mexican teritory. In 1898 as far as i know, no spanish troops reached US teritory. The 1916 Columbus town incident does not count, because this had not been regular mexican forces, but simply a bunch of criminal throatcutters. It is possible, that german warships (all kind of) reached US water teritory and sunk US ships in WWl. In WWll german and japanese warships reached US waters and sunk US ships. There was the japanese Pearl Harbor attack and japanese ballon bombs killed few people on US soil. But the US invaded Mexico in 1848, where Mexicans have been killed on mexican soil. In 1904 in the US occupied Philipines there was a revolt against US troops and the US troops killed a lot of phillipine people on philipine soil ( are not the US lovers of heroic freedom fighters?). During the 20s and 30s a lot of caribean and central american countries have been invaded by US troops and citizens of this countries have been killed on their own soil. In WWll hundredthousands of german and japanese citizens have been killed by US troops on german or japanese soil. After WWll thousands of vietnamese people have been killed on vietnamese soil by US forces. In Irak and Afghanistan many people have been killed by US troops on their own soil ( are not the US lovers of heroic freedom fighters?). The number of US citizens killed by foreign regular forces on US teritory is MUCH smaller than the number of non US citizens killed by regular US forces on non US soil. I hope you understand, why i do not like the US morality loudmouthery.
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  844. In wwl some ocean liners served as auxillary cruisers.
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  845. As far as i know, in former days calthrops ( in german Krähenfüße) had been produced in sheer numbers, and stored in boxes to throw them arround a camp or to lightly fortyfy a an unprotected , easy to pass piece of land. I think such calthrops would have been a way to slow down a Highland Charge .
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  846. Some kilometers away from my homevillage is the town Kirchheim unter Teck. Between the town districts Jesingen and Nabern, formerly independent villages, there is the Autobahn. Where a small forrest reaches the Autobahn, there had been three circular concrete launching plattforms for this plane, i have seen them. Few years ago, these plattforms have been destroyed for constructing a new railway line. A note for british readers of my comment: from this still not finished construction site you can see the mountain Teck, Mary von Teck was the grandmother of Elizabeth ll.
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  847. ​ @9mmthroatpunch211 : You have problems! As a german citizen i have problems , wanting to own a firearm :-).
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  848.  @clothar23  : I am Brittas boyfriend, only using the Computer too. Yes, current German Gouvernement is the worsest of my lifespan. I am simply shcked!!!
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  849. Mulhouse is simply a frenchification of german Mühlhausen, which means ,The houses ( settlement) next to the mill.'
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  850.  @flyfin108  : I am german, with no knowledge of finnish language. I only heared this language one time, not to understand.
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  851.  @aceshotz5051  : As i noted in another comment, in my homeregion there you see Spathablades from alemannic graves, mostly fifth to seventh century , the sword type ,Spatha" was basicly used until ithink 11th century. But in this graves not every warrior had such a long sword, this was a weapon of warriors of overaverage wealth. The average or poorer warriors had only a seax. A Spatha was only a weapon of war, while a seax, especially the smaller ones, could also been used AS a tool, for example as billhook or butcher knive.
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  852.  @sashex3494  : Communist inspired terrorists, no criminals.
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  853.  @D3n1s__  : Eine Machete , in meiner Kindheit Buschmesser genannt, ist auch ein Messer, aber ich besitze kein so ein Ding.
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  854. Schulz, Schultz ,Schulze, Schulzen, Schulte, Schultes, Schultheiss, Schultheis, Schultheiß. Variatione of the name, for reason of different dialects and the fact, that before 1873 german language was not standardized. Btw., it means a village mayor, lesser a town mayor. In time of HRE a Schultheiß was in socalled Imperial Towns an official in service of Emperor, not mayor.
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  855.  @04279  : The actor Hans Albers, who played Münchhausen was from 1920s to early 1940s seen as , the german action Star ' , similar to John Wayne. With Münchhausen and Große Freiheit Nr. 7 ( literally Great Freedom Nr. 7,), he switched from ,young lover' and ,Action hero' to movies better suited to his age, but still some action, for example a retired detecive involved into a murder Case, or an elderly innkeeper, who has troubles with violent drunkheads. A Baron von Münchhausen realy lived in german village Bodenwerder (?). To his guests he often told his adventures at hunting rips and during his voyages in Russia, where He for some time served as officer, in a funny way. But not as we know it today. This was done by a writer, who heared of the funny lies Stories.
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  856. ​ @frankgesuele6298 : Result of academic fencing.
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  857.  @nzs316  : The leather helmets of artillry men had no spike, but a ball to prevent accidents. When my mother , born 1942, was young, in her neighborhouse there was an old man, who was rather proud, that he was in monarchy days a dragoon/ Dragoner, the old man still had an Wilhelm ll moustache and when he was drunken, he wore his spiked helmet, stood in front of his house and sung soldiers songs.
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  858. NoRemorse Woodworking : Kaiserlich Östrereichisch und königlich Ungarisch. In the four german grammar cases the word endings can change.
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  859. Sie haben keine Ahnung. Das zeigt schon die Tatsache, daß sie nicht zwischen Büchse und Flinte unterscheiden können.
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  860. The socalled ,Schwedenbau'/ swedish building is still standing, it contains the Waffenmuseum / weapon museum ( Mauser/ Heckler & Koch/ Feinwerkbau and former Königlich Württembergische Waffenfabrik) and the Heimatmuseum/ homeregion museum, there you can see seaxes, spathas and spearpoints from alemannic warrior graves.
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  861. In Germany there is a Knights Family ,von Berlichingen ', they are famous , because german poet Goethe wrote a Theater piece about one Knight of this family, living arround 1500. But the current living members, are no Descendants of their famous relative. Last one died either 1928 or 1968.
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  862.  @lbco5229  : German here. In 1970s i saw in a no more existing military museum such , Ersatz/ substitute' helmets. To save money, the metall parts of felt version hat been made of steel, not brass.
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  863. ​ @amandaburnham8626 : There are in german language lesser used words ( dated or dialect) which are similar to english. For example Ziege is common word for goat, but Gais ( Geis / Goas) also exists . Or cock is usually Hahn , but in some dialects Gockel. And: To stirr is in german umrühren, but in my dialect stieren means in some context also to stirr. Also some related cognates. English hole- german Loch, german Höhle- english cave,. Or english lake- german der See, german' Lache- english puddle ( usually Pfütze is used for puddle').
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  864. ​ @CineMiamParis : In german Mähre is a bad horse, you clearly see english mare. And germannic Marhalask became Marschall/ Marshall/ Marechall, Marescallo....
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  865. ​ @SchmulKrieger : In Swabia no Pferde exist- they only know Rösser and Gäule! Once written by a nonswabian.
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  866. ​ @amandaburnham8626 : In german language many words for butcher exist, a literal translation is not difficult. Metzger ( ?), Schlachter ( slaugterer), Fleischer ( flesher), Fleischauer ( fleshhewer), Fleischhacker ( fleshhacker) . Dated Knochenhauer/ Beinhacker ( bonehewer/ bonehacker).. To Metzger: Possible english meat or german Mett , which is fine minced porc, eaten raw.
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  867.  @theultimatefreak666  : After 1806, or better 1815, the Heads of Houses who lost their countries between 1803 and 1806 had been known as , Standesherren ' with some remaining honory rights. Some time ago , i read, a quarter of those Standesherren died out. Also mostly in swabian, frankish and rhineish region, there had been the Reichsritter ( Imperial Knights), who had been Independent Knights, who could reign their Village like a Monarch. Also from this Reichsritter, many families no more exist.
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  868.  @Toolness1  : I am german, Brittas boyfriend. A former coworker of me had in 1980 been in East German Freie Deutsche Jugend ( basicly red painted Hitlerjugend) . In , Vormilitärische Ausbildung '( premilitary training) , led by officers cadets, they got their .22 rimfire cartridges in a piece of wood, with drilled holes for the cartridges. In contrast to East German military, they saw russian NCO with ammoboxes. The russian soldiers came with their hands put together and the NCOs let a (real) handfull of cartridges run out of their boxes.
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  869. Attention! Before 1873 german language was not totally standardized. So in case of family names many variations exist. Hoff can be simply mean ,Hof' ( farm) . David Haselhoff- Hazelnut farm, Oliver Bierhoff ( former german football player) - Pear farm.
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  870.  @pedanticradiator  : My mistake, the crown in the coat of arms of San Marino has similarities to german Fürstenkrone.
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  871. John Hancock : I simply wanted to tell, that the accademic cut fencing started in the 1820s after a number of deadly accidents in student thrust fencing.
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  872.  @federicosolla8922  : I don' t know , i only know, he was the last emperor of HRE who traveled to Italy for coronation.
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  873.  @1BigBen  : The german Bundeswehr still has a transport company with Mules and Haflinger horses for the mountain troops.
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  874. Einhaken oder Einhacken, das ist die Frage. ( Aus Hamlet, Theaterstück des britischen Nationaldichters Shakespeare)
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  875.  @rauchgranate5648  : Sie haben mir meinen Scherz hoffentlich nicht übelgenommen. So etwas kann vorkommen.
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  876. Some notes to older weapons. In US civil war not only smoothbore and flintlock weapons had been used, also thousands of pikes had been produced.
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  877.  @lanzknecht8599  : I did not know that, because cavallry was the army branch, most liked by noblemen. As fas as i know, two princes/ Fürsten had been the leaders of the last german cavallry divisions in wwll.
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  878.  @wernesgruder1  : As far as i know, some british officers also used their Howdah pistols.
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  879. In military german a Gewehr was usually a fullsized battlerifle. A Karabiner ( in Austria also Stutzen was used ) was a shorter rifle , mostly for cavallry. After wwl ( Allied nations made trouble) the rather long fullsized battlerifles and carbines been standardized to one model 98k. Was shorter than wwl Gewehr and longer than wwl Karabiner, but called Karabiner. That those shown rifle was called Gewehr is indeed unusual, i only can assume that someone ordered this name ( in reallity the important Nazis often had not been realy correct in traditions) or because this rifle was the battlerifle of the Gebirgsjäger. Today in german Military nearly everything traditional is forbidden, or german terminology is replaced by english words. In civilian context Gewehr is umbrella term for all kind of long gun, when a correct description is not necessary. But attention! In old texts, before about 1800, Gewehr is also used as umbrella term for all hand weapons, even swords or spears. Reason: Gewehr consists of Ge- ( meaning a lot of/ for example Gesang - a lot of singing, or Geschrei - a lot of shouting) and Wehr ( meaning weapon or defence/ sich wehren - to defend yourself). Btw., bayonnet is in german language either Bajonett or Seitengewehr.
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  880. I am Swabian. Sometimes my tribal ancestors used the name Swabians ( from Suevi), sometimes Alemannen ( which possibly realy means Alle Mannen- all men). The Suevi united with other tribes/ clans/ families to the tribe Alemannen, because the border fortifications ,Limes' had been an obstacle.
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  881.  @richardm3023  : Perhaps in Serbia, or rather small lesser known companies.
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  882. It is the same! Have you never heared about Northern, Western and ( extinct) Eastern Germanics?
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  883. Don't make fun about german language, if you don' t know spelling and grammar. C'est ne pas honoreuse. Antworten bitte auf Deutsch!
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  884.  @TravelerZ24  : When you mean ,von Mackensen' he lived from 1849 to 1945, he was allive, when wwll ended in Europe. Perhaps 15 years ago , i met a descendant/relative of the german Feldmarschall near the town of Tübingen at a dancing event.
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  885.  @louisryan5815  : A post wwll version of this helmet was under the name ,Einsatzhelm schwer' used up to early 90s by german paramilitary police units. I, born 1965, have never seen policemen with this helmet, so in 1986(87?) i was rather surprised, when at the state funeral of bavarian governor Franz Josef Strauß, i saw policemen escorting the coffin with such helmets in TV.
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  886. Sappe is an old term for ditches in sieges.
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  887.  @SD_Alias  : Formerly the persons in Germany realy respected laws, orders done by policemen etc.. But today, i am german and 56 now, the respect against law, police and other people is much lower than in gone years. Today the joke of revolutionaris buying a plattform card ( Bahnsteigkarte) would no more work.
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  888. In Germany we have the word ,Verballhornung', once a map maker Ballhorn made maps with totally wrong names of towns, rivers , mountains etc..
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  889. I am german, from 1978-1980 i had an rather extaordinary history teacher. He told us pupils, that ,schießen' to shot, and ,scheißen' to shit, have the same roots, because something is flying away.
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  890.  @MrPanos2000  : On paper, the Reichswaffengesetz of 1938 was liberal. When in 1951(52) it was again allowed for german civilians, to own weapons again, a denazified version of Reichswaffengesetz 1938 was used, and up to 1969 or 1972, .22 rifles had been allowed, perhaps also shptguns. Göring was a hunter, and had been ,Reichsjägermeister', so i think, for hunters , being in a hunting Organisation, there was no problem. Members of target shooters organisations i think had also no problems, but target shooting was militarized. Also blankguns and cheap muzzleloaders could be owned. I think persons, the Nazis did not like or persons , which wanted to be new first time owners of weapons got the largest problems.
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  891.  @roskcity  : For german grammar reason, there must be a ,s' after Volk . The only exeption i know, without using the ,Duden', a semiofficial german wordbook for correct writing, is Werkschutz, factory(works) protection, which means security guards, being member of the company, which owns the factory, and not from a private security company. Volksturm would be peoples tower, which makes no sense. In current german Sturm means , depending on context, either storm or assault, but in former centuries Landsturm was used to describe a levie of fightable, but not trained men, mobilzed in case of real need. In 19th century/ wwl Landsturm was the name for rearline units of elderly, but trained men, supported by younger trained men, which had been no more frontline able ( for example after being wounded). So the word Volkssturm was not only used for Propaganda reason, similar Landsturm was known for centuries .
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  892.  @rba5567  : In Germany, i am german, liberal meant about centrist. For a long time the liberal FDP party was often in coalition with either CDU ( consevative) or SPD ( socialdemocrat). In both cases FDP was important: FDP then had been powerfull enough to stop CDU from becomming to right, and FDP was powerfull enough to stop SPD from becomming to left. So, different from US sense of liberal. But today FDP is weak, and to left and in contrast to former decades, no more economical enough.
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  893. Which army of allied powers could stop attacking russian army, having much fewer men and lacking of equipment and supplies for four days?
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  894.  @willmosse3684  : In Germany , BW' is sometimes used as a shortening for the german state Baden-Württemberg. May be this is meant, this state is in the South West between Bavaria, Hesse and Rhineland- Palatine.
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  895.  @lauramartin-bk9nr  : The descendants of Western Goths and Suevi , of course :-)))
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  896. Even in the second Italo/ abbesinian war of 1936 only a part of ethiopian forces had been forces of the central/ imperial gouvernement. This had been about 100000 men. This was the perhaps 25000 men ,Royal Guard' with the best uniforms, hand arms, few heavy equipment ( machineguns, some anti- aircraft, anti- tank and other modern cannons, a handfull of civilian aircrafts, few lorries , some of them lightly armoured) and the best training by belgian, swiss and swedish officers ( small or neutral countries, for no diplomatic problems with the ,world powers) . Tourists/ Observers said the , Royal Guard ' seem to be the best african forces, and the Emperor tried, to build at first the guard as core of a new ethiopian army. The Main Army , perhaps 75000 men had been equipped and trained on low level. The reason for so many different types of rifles, is the fact, that still in 1936 in wartime the nobility moblized their feudal levies. So the Lords had to equip their leviemen, and in peacetime the noblemen bought and stored weapons, they could get. Also lots of feudal leviemen came with own weapons, the poor ones still with muzzleloaders and few with spears.
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  897.  @donjones4719  : I am german, and for german law reason , no gunowner. But i visited a number of museums, castles, historic sites ( in my Landkreis/ Arrondissement/ (US) county there are fortifications from bronze age, celtic, roman, medieval and Renaissance age) and some events, US citizens would call ,Gun Show'. About 20years ago, i noticed at such an event the ,books' of a british company ,Osprey' about military history. With the years i bought a number of this books, there are two , which are about the two italo- ethiopian wars of 1896 and 1936. Thats the reason, ,why i know something about this unusual toppic.
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  898.  @nqh4393  : In Germany it is said, that French citizens ( Staatsbürger) don' t want to speak german, even if they can speak german. But i noticed when i was for few times in France , without helmet and rifle, that when you try to speak in French language, those frenchmen who can speak german, talk in german with you. A simple trick. When i, Brittas boyfriend, was about ten years ago visiting a french ,Square Dance Special' i noticed, that there are more frenchmen knowing german than you expect. Yes, i can do ,Modern American Square Dance', but only Mainstream level.
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  899.  @muratti72muc  : Stimmt nicht ganz! Die Waffe muß vor 1871 entwickelt worden sein. Es wurden für den Bedarf in den Kolonien ( Eingeborene) oder in Südamerika bis mindestens in die dreißiger Jahre Vorderlader hergestellt. Diese, und seit den späten 50er Jahren hauptsächlich in Italien hergestellte Kopien sind , wenn es sich nicht um mehrschüssige Perkussionswaffen handelt, ebenfalls noch freiverkäuflich. Ich scheibe absichtlich noch, da Grüne und SPD derzeit mit an der Regierung sind.
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  900. Kapitän Blaubär sollte als Sprecher angeworben werden.
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  901. Maestro Classico : No real change, simply a translaton! Greetings from Germany.
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  902. Maestro Classico : For the reason that the Teck family changed their name into Cambridge, i as a german mistakely thought, Price William could also use the name Teck again. I was born , and live still there, in the region which was formerly the Lordship of the original ,von Teck' family. This family was of very noble and respected ancestry , but totaly unimportant. In early 14th century they became poor and had to sell their territory and died out in the third quarter of 15th century.. ln 1496 there was a comeback of the name Teck. For political reasons the House of Württemberg used the name , Herzöge (dukes) von Württemberg und Teck' in the time before becoming kings. You have an italian sounding name. About 20km from my home village, there is the mountain Hohenstaufen, with the relicts of Hohenstaufen castle. With their italian name ,Ghibelines'/ die Waiblinger you surely know them.
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  903. For 8x57 cartridges, there was until the 60s ( second hand rifles) the 8x57 I and 8x57 IS problem, which caused confusion in Germany.
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  904. Tiere had been one company in northern germany producing lever action rifles, and one company in southern germany producing slide/pump action shotguns. But german hunters etc. had not been interessted in such arms, so both companies stopped pruduction rather fast.
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  905. In german ,checkering' (?) is called , Fischhaut' or ,Verschneidung' ( which can also mean carved decoration). The most simple version is called , Schottische Fischhaut' ( scottish checkering ?) , but has better quality. The worker/ craftsman who did shown work had surely no propper training or few expierience.
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  906.  @RiderOftheNorth.357 : Perhaps you listen to a german citizen. The model , PP' , which is the older one, means in german , Polizeipistole' ( police pistol) , both Polizei/ police and Pistole/ pistol are no words of germanic (!) origin. The younger model of this pistol was called PPK, for concealed carry the grip / Griff and barrel / Lauf was shortened/ gekürzt. So the K could mean kurz/ short because it was shorter than a PP. The word Kriminalmodell is also possible, because a ,Kriminalpolizist' is a detective in civilian cloth. The cartridge .22 lr was up to about 20 years ago in Germany , Austria and Switzerland called 22 lfB, which means ,lang für Büchsen' ( literal translation), the cartidge . 32 ACP is in German ,7,65 Browning' , no lang or kurz ( 7,65 lang is the german name for the french military pistol cartridge introduced 1935). And the .380 ACP is in german mostly ,9mm kurz' but really correct ,9 mm Browning kurz' , because there is also a ,9 mm Browning lang' which was in 1903 introduced by the swedish military, i don't know the english name. So the k in PPK doesn' t mean the cartridge.
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  907.  @RiderOftheNorth.357  : Wrong button used! I read every month the ,Deutsches Waffen Magazin', i think i must not translate . In one of the last months i could read, that swedish police bought PP or PPK mostly in 7,65 Browning, but for training use some few in . 22 l.r. So i am not surprised, that you own such pistols..
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  908.  @MilitaryHistoryNotVisualized  : Es gibt ein offenbar von 1913 stammendes Lied ,Puppchen du bist mein Augenstern', so daß dies vielleicht eine früher verwendete Wortvariante ist.
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  909. In a german arms magazine, i am german, i have seen a photo of wwl: Austro/ Hungarian soldiers testing full automatic versions of semi automatic pistols with Zweibein/ bipod. But this bipots could have been in this context simply items for pistol test.
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  910.  @Willy_Tepes  : I am not sure. I thought, also police weapons had been restricted. For example the Schutzpolizei of Weimar era had five SMG per hundred men, more was not allowed. But i read this long ago, and don' t remember, if Weimar era police, being no Schutzpolizei also had SMG. And: i am no expert, so i can be wrong.
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  911.  @Willy_Tepes  : The ,allowed' weapons included also the sabers, german policemen used into 1930s. The only not regulated wespons for police use would have been batons/ truncheons/ sticks and shotguns, but shotguns had been (are still today) unvommon for german law enforcement.
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  912. ​ @TheSandkastenverbot : Up to 1268 Duchy Swabia existed. Included southern and middle part of Baden-Württemberg, bavarian district Swabia, german part of Switzerland, austrian state Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein. From 1496 to 1803/ 06 the Imperial District ( Reichskreis) Schwaben existed. Consisted of bavarian District Swabia, Liechtenstein, southern and middle part of Baden-Württemberg. ( Vorarlberg became a part of Habsburg territories, and in 1499 whole Switzerland left HRE.). So Baden (with exeption of northern Part, formerly Palatinate of the Rhine) was allways a part of Swabia. And Limburg, where ,Root Castle ' of House of Zähringen was near Weilheim/ Teck in Landkreis Esslingen.
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  913. Kleine Anmerkung: Das war nicht immer der Fall. Von 1815 ( zuvor weiß ich es nicht) bis 1867 gab es eine kleine Armee in Höhe von 55 Männern, das kleinste Kontingent zum Deutschen Bundesheer. Der letzte Angehörge des Liechtensteinischen Kontingent starb 1937. Bis 1924 war ein in Wien befindlicher Palast die offizielle Hauptresidenz der Fürsten, erst durch fie Folgen des ersten Weltkrieges lehnte sich Land und Fürstenhaus an die Schweiz an. Zu k.u.k. Zeiten gehören die Liechtensteinischen Fürsten zu den größten Landbesitzern innerhalb Österreich - Ungarns. Ihr Reichtum innerhalb des österreichischen Adels war der Grund, weshalb sie in den 1770er Jahren mit der damaligen Grafschaft Vaduz und der damaligen Herrschaft Nellenberg belehnt wurden.
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  914.  @katja4497  :Bin Brittas Freund, benutze nur den Rechner mit. Als ,Geschichtsnerd' habe ich viel unnützes Geschichtswissen : -)(.
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  915.  @curtzeek8818  : You can sell Beer with corn ( in german language Mais or dated Welschkorn) or rice ( Reis) in Germany. Only production is Not allowed. Also adding sugar is usually not allowed, breweries Neuzeller Klosterbrauerei and Lausitzer Brauerei have an exeption right, because they have old documents, that they for centuries added honey.
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  916. In wwl, there had been in early stages the prussian ( bavarian, saxon, württembergian) Fliegerkorps. Of course, the Fliegerkorps of smaller Kingdoms had been small. On paper there Had been in wwl four armies. Prussian Army ( 19 corps, including the troops of Greatduchies, Duchies, Principalities and Free Towns), Bavarian Army ( 3 corps), Saxon Army (2 corps) and Württembergian Army (1 corps), so 25 corps, when wwl started.
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  917.  @VideoMask93  : This style of firearms was the first style of european handfirearms in 14th century, some had a Metal tube fixed like spearheads. So this early firearms had been a heavy club. In Germany, i am german, obscure strange firearms are called Schießprügel/ shooting club ( Club-Stick)
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  918. You have forgotten the in 1848 ( 1850?) privatly build ,Brandtaucher' of bavarian engineer Bauer to help the costal germans to defend the harbours. But this U- Boot sunk at first test.
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  919. Mr..Metatron! If you come to german state of Baden - Württemberg, please visit the countiies ( in german Landkreise) Göppingen and Aalen. Why ?.Between current towns Lorch and Schwäbisch Gmünd was border between provinces Germania Superior and Rhaetia, also at this towns was fortified border Limes between Imperium Romanum and Germania Magna. You can find relicts of watchtowers, and mostly small Kastelle ( german writing) for Kohorten or only Zenturien. In Germania Superior the borderline was fortified with Palisadew, rampart ( in german Wall) and ditch, in Rhaetia a stone wall, in county Aalen you can see relicts of this stone wall for kilometers, a perhaps 30 cm rampart. Now in town Aalen, there was ( great surprise) a Kastell for a cavallry unit , Ala'. The museum about this ( Römermuseum) is well known. Not far away from Aalen in town Ellwangen there is an intressting museum ( Alemannenmuseum) about alemannic tribe ( see allemand) , which conquered the Region after 260. In HRE time Aalen ( and noted Schwäbisch Gmünd) had been Imperial Towns, Ellwangen was capital of microstate of a Spiritual Lord ( Fürstprobst). And : On current territory of Göppingen there is mountain Hohenstaufen. You are well informed about middleage, so you surely know Emperors Friedrich I ( Barbarossa) and Friedrich ll , who was also King of Naples and build Castel del Monte. Both had been of Hohenstaufen dynasty. What Ghibellines ( die Waiblinger) and Guelfes ( die Welfen- still ruling Great Brittain) had been, you should know as Italian.
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  920. This weapons had been popular in Germany, because you could carry it without a licence from the 1900s to the mid 2000s. Nowadays you need a licence, but this so called ,Kleiner Waffenschein' is rather possible to get, while the traditional , Waffenschein' ( ccw permit?) for carry a real gun is nearly impossible to get.
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  921. Being german, i understand you. Similar in my country.
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  922. An austrian gunsmith produced a revolver in .600 NE.
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  923. March! In württembergian region of Germany the Gaisburger March is very popular, it is a dish of boiled beef, Bouillon, potstoes and Spätzle noodles.
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  924.  @WingedAsarath  : In current german, wood can mean both Wald or Holz, but sometimes ,Gehölz' is still in use for a piece of woodland consisting of young trees, bushes and high grass, where you need a hatchet or billhook more than axe and saw ( Axt and Säge) to cut it.
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  925.  @capo3645  : Don' t forget Latin as clerical language.
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  926.  @Shogo5000  : Havresac for horses is german Hafersack and ,guerre' is related to german ,Wehr' , old word for ( bladed) weapon or ,sich wehren' ( to defend yourself).
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  927.  porus the great  : Nobody knows everthing, also i not. But some parts of persian, afghan and indian inhabitants are in language case related to europeans, so they must be also related to white peoples is the thing i THOUGT.
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  928.  @skoshman1  : German person here. With current idiots in german gouvernement, a war is Impossible. Nobody must fear my country:-))
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  929.  @sarrumac : It is not a gentlemans behavior to make fun of people from another nation, or people who have a mental(?) problem.
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  930. The owners of such metal detectors should be punished draconic, they are simply robbers, which steal and detroy european history. They destroy historical places , being useless for serious scientists and a somewhere stolen artefact is often worthless for science. Idiot!!!!!
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  931.  @simonh6371  : In Germany we usually call the ,Kingdom of united Netherlands' usually ,Holland', and the language , holländisch', but i think, most people know, that Niederlande and niederländisch would be more correct.
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  932.  @pirig-gal  : So you noticed the same than i. Those ,experimental beers' as you call it, taste sometimes unusual.
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  933.  @simonh6371  : Well, unfine words for other nations seem to exist in many countries :-(
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  934. In time of Holy Roman Empire there was NO german fleet. Only the merchants of Hanse Town League had a fleet until late 16th century. In 17th century there had been only a small navy of Brandenburg ( Prussia) and few remaining Hanse warships. In early 18th century prussian king Friedrich - Wilhelm l disbanded the navy and sold the small african colony (In his eyes the Fleet and colony was part of the unnecessary pomp of his ancestors, and he was a very money saving king) . The head of Hannover family became British King Georg l and up to 1839 the german territories of Hannover had been protected by british Fleet. The remaining Hanse towns kept a single frigatte each in 18th century, and Prussia had only in wartime an improvised coast Fleet. Austria had a Danube flottila and few warships in mediterenian territories. So there was simply not the navy tradition and knowledge than , for example in Great Brittain , France or Spain. The first attempt to create a new german fleet was the Deutsche Bundesflotte ( Fleet of the German Federation) from 1848 to 1853 with a first ,german' Admiral , whos name was Bromme.
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  935. Before relyable percussion revolvers became common, both in pepperbox or in nowadays common style, the user of pistols for selfdefence had two possiibilities. Either using a pair of singleshot pistols, of a size, usefull for the owner, or using a pistol with two to four barrels, Hightech, but not allways relyable. And, in those days a backup with a dagger, swordcane, brass knuckles, black jack, a vest of chainmail, or at least thick leather, and a large dog was no mistake.
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  936. The last of this Philipine soldiers died perhaps three or four years ago as US citizen. In a german arms magazin there was an article about this last US charge, some months afterwards , there was another article, that someone has shown the article to the veteran, he could not read german language, but was proud, to see his name in a german magazin.
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  937. For a wealthy woman, poorer women had not the money, this pistols could defend her. But happened it so often , that a richer Lady ( of gentry maybe) is unescorted? No husband, no sevant, coach driver? Well, when travelling at night or outside a settlement, she could put the open box next to her inside the coach. But could a lady in fashionstyle of her days carry such pistols concealed , when she walks in a street or park? Perhaps in a Muff?
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  938. Ian McCollum of , Forgotten Weapons ' channel has one, perhaps also ,Tank Museum ' ( Bovington/ Great Brittain).
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  939. There is a novel , where a group of french men hires a professional killer to assassinate french President de Gaulle in early 1960s. English title of this novel is , as far as i know, The Jackal'.When in the novel the french men are searching a candidate for this job, Skorzeny is described, but not noted by name.
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  940. Versuch and Versuchung are both tests, but not relly the same.
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  941.  @wilsonlaidlaw  : I, Brittas boyfriend, am no Hunter or gunexpert, but ,vom Hofe' cartridges are also not common in Germany, strong, but many Problems. A full stocked rifle is in german language countries known as Stutzen, first Stutzen in flintlock era had been produced by cutting (stutzen/verb!) the barrel at end of stock.
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  942. Surely the man's name was Georg Reichwein. Reichsweins revolver means the same in german and english: The revolver of Mr. Reichswein. And George is in german Georg.
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  943.  @albertmarnell9976  : I simply wanted to tell that a company with this name exists. I think, this company name sometimes is a burden.
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  944.  @albertmarnell9976  : I simply think, the company name is sometimes a burden.
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  945.  @Voyager2525  : Die Maid for a not married young woman is also known in german, but rare.
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  946. I am german. Some kilometers away from my homevillage a new railwayline is constructed. This railway construction is in work for some years now. Before the workers started to work, the ground of building had to be examined by ,Kampfmittelräumdienst'/ explosives removing service. They found here no wwll explosives, only two allemanic seax blades.
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  947. In my swabian region of Germany, there is an old joke about HRE era. The town militia of a small Imperial ( Free) Town did one of their rare exercises, because a war could begin, and also used their only field Cannon outside of town. At lunch time the small unit went into town, and the commander ordered a single soldier to guard the Cannon over lunch time. When commander and other men came back, the guard was gone. The angry commander searched the guard, and asked the man: Why did you leave the Cannon? The man's answer: A singe enemy can' t steal the Cannon , but when more than one enemies come, i can' t stop them alone.
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  948.  @tanjab.6800  : LmaA.
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  949. In the Alemanic warrior graves of my swabian homeregion, armour is rare. But at least in one grave, perhaps a chief, an lamellar armour/ helmet was found. But this was not germanic made, but imported from regions east of mediteranean sea. Perhaps bought by a rather rich man, or a political/diplomatic gift(present?).
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  950.  @TheThingInMySink  : I have seen a copy somewhere, perhaps in Württembergisches Landesmuseum Stuttgart? I don' t remember ecactly.
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  951.  @BoudewijnvanHouten  ???. A) Up to 1866 the German Federation consisted of the Empire of Austria, the Kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony , Hannover and Württemberg, the Greatduchies of Baden, Hessen- Darmstadt, Luxemburg, Oldenburg, Sachsen- Weimar - Eisenach, Mecklenburg - Schwerin, Mecklenburg - Strelitz, the Electorate Hessen- Kassel, the duchies Braunschweig, Anhalt, Nassau, Sachsen- Coburg- Gotha, Sachsen- Meiningen, Sachsen- Altenburg, the Principalities Liechtenstein, Waldeck- Pyrmont, Lippe - Detmold, Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg- Sondershausen, Reuß- Greiz, Reuß- Schleiz and the free Towns Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck. So your words ,Germany fought against Austria, Bavaria and Denmark is complete nonsens. B) In case of declaration of war ( Bundesexekution) , every memberstate of German Federation had to send troops of 1/100 of its Population ( Austria and Prussia could mobilize additional troops from country parts, being not real part of German Federation). So in case of war a German Federation Army of 300000 would have been mobilized, ten Army corps formed by the larger states, and the Reserve Division, formed by the Military useless troops of the small states. So, in 1866 Austria ( Corps 1 to 3, and the noted nongerman troops), Bavaria ( Corps 7) , Württemberg, Baden, Hessen - Darmstadt ( Corps 8), Saxony and Hannover ( Parts of Corps 9 and 10), and Liechtenstein (part of Reserve Division)had been Allies, the other states prussian allies . Frankfurt and Luxemburg i don' t know ( Frankfurt Contingent was intended as Staff Guard of German Federation, Luxemburg Contingent was intended as Garrison of Federal Fortress Luxemburg, together with 2000 prussian soldiers). C) In 1815, when German Federation was founded , British King was as King of Hannover a german, Bundesfürst' ( up to 1839, Victoria was female), Dutch King was as Greatduke of Luxemburg german Bundesfürst ( Up to 1831), Danish King was as Duke of Holstein ( Up to 1864) also german Bundesfürst. In 1815 there had been good relations between Denmark and German Federation. Danish officers visited small german states, to inspect ? (abnehmen der) parades, officers of small german states die the same. C) The troubles with Denmark started in 1840s, caused by danish Parlament. The Situation was: The danish King was King of Denmark ( and the colonial Empire: Iceland, Greenland and up to 1917 one of the caribean Virgin Islands), Duke of Holstein ( german Population, part of German Federation), Duke of Schleswig ( Mixed Population 60 per Cent German/ 40 per Cent danish, No part of German Federation. Schleswig and Holstein had been no part of danish Kingdom, only ruled by danish King as , Personal Union'. And there was the Treaty of Riepe from 15th century, that in both duchies must be same law. From 1815 to mid 1840s german people saw in danish people good neighbors, the danish King ruled Holstein and Schleswig, but he did nothing against the Germans living there. This changed in mid/ late 1840s, when danish Parlament decided, to include Schleswig into Denmark and no more respecting the traditional rights of the Germans there. This was reason for a first German/ Danish war in 1848. German forces had been sucessfull, but Russia, France, Brittain and Sweden diplomaticly helped the Danish, which was in 1864 Not the case. So Bismarck intriqued the war of 1864, but the conflict was caused by Denmark. And don' t forgett, that for centuries non German Powers did all they could, to weaken the splitted HRE as much as possible, to steal away large territories ( See Alsace in 1680s) and inform yourself about the terrible burning and robbing french General Melac did in Southwest Germany. What right had the French to do so?
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  952.  @BoudewijnvanHouten  In case of Gouvernement of my country, i, Brittas boyfriend, 58, middle education, trained worker, conservative with rural background, notice a decline of Germany for about 25 years now. I, a man who likes his ountry, culture and tradition, would not act in the way, my Gouvernement acts. The foreigners are more important than Germans, the members of Religion of Worldwide Troublemalers are more important than members of other Religions, lazybones and people getting social Money are more important than working taxpayers, minorities are more important than majority, townspeople more important than rural people, leftwingers are more important than conservative people, criminals more important than orderly people. Every year or Gouvernement has a record income of tax, but the tax money is not used to support Germany, German people , German Economy or Infrastructure, it is used to throw it out of the Window for foreign nonsens. And after two failed Times, that , am deutschen Militärwesen soll die Welt genesen ' our Governement tries ,am deutschen Moralwesen soll die Welt genesen ', and they are wondering that after 1914 and 1939 other nations don' t want to do what German Gouvernement wants. But with my Asperger disorder i don' t realy know, what to do, i have problems to notice and counter intriques. ln Goethe' s Faust the words , two Hearts work in my chest' appear. Thats what i feel. German loyality or ungerman rebellion?
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  953. In german Nofretete.
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  954.  @AlexAlexon3897  : No, I only have a kind of Autism. But now it is Weekend, where i have to do more important Things.
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  955.  @Hrimadur  : Intressting! Because my name first appeared in my village in late 1600s, i expected a french name (Pharion ?) because my name would sound French, when french spoken, an lots of protestant french came to Germany in second half of 17th century. Also i expected Fährmann or Fuhrmann , and an italian woman told me , in her italian homeregion, Fahrion ( perhaps different written) means race/ type of fish. For the case, you travel between Heidenheim and Geislingen , in the village Steinenkirch there is a large inn, where the owner has the same name, and the waitress asked, if i am related to her Boss, but of course, i don't know.
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  956. Mr. Hitler was vegetarian, nonsmoker and antialcoholic. Good man ?
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  957. Your ,Second Thought' logo looks similar to SS runes.
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  958. Boxer dog is a german breed, descendant of Bullenbeißer ( bull biter).
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  959.  @ftdefiance1  : Baron is corectly regarded, not really a german nobility title. This rank was more an austrian thing, perhaps sometimes also in Bavaria. Baron was in Germany used mostly inofficially. The titles Freiherr or sometimes Ritter are more correct. In Austria also Edler. The titles Freiherr , Ritter or Edler are titles of Knights Class/ Low nobility. The british equivalent would be Baronnet, in Great Brittain Baron is lowest rank of High Nobility.
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  960. So a Luftgewehr ( airgun) is for use of airforce ? :-))
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  961.  @jorannielsen4213  : I am german, and i know, that the german grammar case and compound word system is difficult for foreigners. For the dass, that you think, Volkssturm is an unusual name only for Propaganda reason, no . In prussian army the word Landsturm appeared in 1813, it first was used for not uniformed groups of elderly / young/ unfit men , which had not been in the army and should support the regular troops by unregular warfare, but in reality, the prussian king wanted no irregular ununiformed forces, so this men had few appearence. Later up to WWl ,Landwehr' was used for midaged reserve soldiers, and Landsturm for the eldest reserve soldiers. Before 1800, in HRE there had been , especially in small german states, militia units for local defence. There had been many names for this units, including Landsturm. In some cases this militias had a basic training and useable equipment, but mostly this militias had been simply a nearly untrained levie of fightable men.
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  962. Literaly translated from german into english, what have i written? When i looked into the farseer, i saw not a nameknown showplayer, but a passingmarch of kinglic watchriderd.
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  963. Don't forget those light troops with bow, sling or lighter throwing spears. Also transport and campmen.
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  964. Habe schon länger den Verdacht, daß Honig zumindest gestreckt ist. Ich persönlich bin kein großer Freund von Honig oder Marmelade.
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  965. Civilians killing regular soldiers in wwll. Warcriminals when german civilians, heroes when nongerman civilians? Double Standard!
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  966. In late 1920s some remaining S&W breakaction revolvers had been converted to singlshot breakaction flareguns.
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  967.  @neildiamondo6445  : As a german, Asperger disorder, i prefer Stuart. For being a member of swabian tribe, i can understand the scotsmen remembering their former Clan. Don' t forget it! Keep the tradition. As a,german i have a tradition line of 1000 years. But as a swabian i have a,tradition line of 2000 years.
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  968. In currently used german, Püppchen would be correct. It seems , that then strangely Puppchen was used, this version appeared also in a Schlager song of 1920s/1930s.
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  969. Even we germans are unsure, from which date onwards, medieval German Empire ( Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation) could be called deutsch. 843?/911?/ 919?. Explaining the events of this years in english is not easy.
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  970. machintelligence : The german word ,stutzen' means in english about , to cut'/, to cut down'. About 1700 with ,Stutzen' a short hunting rifle was meant, perhaps the first ones really had been full size rifles, where the barrel(?) was cut at the end of the stock. Today ,Stutzen' simply means a hunting rifle with a stock to the muzzle, they are today a bit shorter than an ordinary rifle, but no more so very short as in former centuries. Attention! In Switzerland ,Stutzer' means a competition/target rifle.
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  971. Somewhere i read , that into 19th century some newborn babies had the socalled ,mongolisn spot' on their back, also No Wonder.
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  972. A small mistake. Feldartillerie/ field artillry was Not alsways mounted, this was Reitende Artillerie ( mounted artillry). But , Fahrende Artillerie ' ( driving artillry also existed . Here only the commanding officer was mounted, the gunners sat on march next to drivers of guns and ammunition carts.
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  973. Emperor Wilhelm Il had a disabled left arm!
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  974. Even Wilhelm told his sons , to be away from Hitler, at least one was member of NSDAP. This prince is not burried in Hohenzollern grave sites, his grave is on private
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  975. Wrong button! His grave is in a rural area on private graveyard of a high nobleman, and is not cared well
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  976. The württembergian troops in this battle had been only militiamen with low quality training and equipment.
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  977.  @bouchacourtthierry8506  : The actor Horst Tappert was a former SS soldier, he became famous as ,Inspektor Derrick'. Before, in bis cinema movie appeariances in the 60s, he was mostly seen as the bad guy. For the reason, that he was in SS, the TV show , Derrick' is no more shown in german TV. But on the other hand, there was a rather left wing writer Günter Grass, this man was rather liked by the mostly leftwing art commuuniy , by left wing politicans etc.. A short time before he dies, the writer, who was known to be left wing, had to admit, that he was an SS solider in ww ll. But been known being left wing for decades, this man got no problems for the short time, he was still alive.
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  978. Bin Brittas Freund. Sofern die Abbildung nackter Menschen etwas mit den beworbenen Dingen zu tun hat, sehe ich nichts verwerfliches daran, wenn eine erwachsene Person lediglich unbekleidet dargestellt ist. Nacktheit allein hat mit Pornografie nichts zu tun, dann müsste man auch viele Gemälde verbieten.
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  979.  @kenardturner7173  : What you mean is ,Prost' or ,Prosit', i was astonished , why Probst appears.
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  980. Why has AFD so much success? There are people, which are conservative and angry , that formerly conservative CDU made under Merkel a large step to left. There is nomore a realy conservative party here. The SPD was formerly working mans party, but today? No high rank SPD person has a workers background. SPD doesn' t notice, how leftwing their party has become. They totally have forgotten their election poster from 1920s, which shows two men, having Soviet Star / Swastika on headgear, text was: This are the enemies of Democracy. Danish social democratic party solved migration problem, in a way , which german SPD also could do, but SPD refuses.
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  981. Jäger ( writing ä as ae, ü as ue, ö as oe or ß as ss is also correct german) means either hunter or light infantryman, because first Jäger units of about 1700 realy had been professional hunters or forrestry officials with their green jackets and private weapons: Büchse ( rifle, no smoothbore) and Hirschfänger, a long huntingknife ( some rather old huntsmen still carry a Hirschfänger as dressweapon for ceremonies). A rarer used outdated word for Jäger ( meaning huntsman) is Waidmann.
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  982. In Germany such weapons appeared in the 1520s under the name ,Drehling', most of them had been presentation pieces to show the wealth of the owner.
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  983. Löffler ( no problem for a german person like me) . A sidenote : Would be translated in english ,Spooner'.
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  984.  @fullthrottle2008  : There was a Rechtschreibreform/ Reform of correct writing , could be in 1996. The way of writing was for many words changed. For example Stengel became Stängel, grammar or grammar cases didn't change. In my view, unnecessary. German language ( writing and grammar ) was standardized by german, austrian and swiss scientists in 1873, in 1901 at a second ,meeting' some minor unclear problems had been solved. So from 1901 to 1990s, there was no change.
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  985. Der letzte größere Krieg in dem Steinschloßwaffen verwendet wurden, war der Sezession in den USA ( man hatte zu Beginn nicht genügend modernere Gewehre).
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  986.  @pedrotome9119  : I am member of swabian tribe ( Schwabe). In northwest of Iberian peninsula for some time a Kingdom of Suevi existed. So: Some spaniards and portugiese people are distant relatives to me.
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  987. Today only USA, Liberia and Myanmar ( formerly Birma) use inches, feet etc.. Ever heared of this fact ?? The USA is not the world!
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  988.  @LaPatrioteFrancaise  : La femme est tres vielle, et pour cette raison elle ne compit tres rapide, qui Madame Merkel est, c'est ce que j'ai pense.
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  989. Das wird auch enden. Vermutlich aber erst , wenn das grüne Banner des Propheten weht.
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  990. Its is a typical sign of Allied lies and double standards.
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  991.  @ALovelyBunchOfDragonballz  : He surely knows it, but often in his videos , he adds some script to change the error, which was forgotten today.
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  992. In meiner Heimatgegend wurde letztes Jahr ein 37 Jahre alter Fall verhandelt. Eine junge Mutter wurde entführt, vergewaltigt und mehrfach mit einem Ast auf den Kopf geschlagen, danach in einem Straßengraben liegengelassen. Der Schwerverletzten gelang es , sich zu einem einzelnen Bauernhof zu schleppen. Es wurde nach Jahren festgestellt, daß es sich um einen ehemaligen US Soldaten handelte. Da Entführung und Vergewaltigung verjjährt waren, konnte nur der Mordversuch bestraft werden. Meiner Meinung nach sollten alle Gewaltverbrechen, nicht nur Mord, nie verjähren.
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  993. As a german , i can say, speaking german is not difficult. Your ,englsh' is basicly very old low german mixed with old french. Beef is french boef and for example low german Forke or lütt is in english fork and little. So simply lazyness. Et aussi, je Perle quelque mots française.
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  994. In Germany many helmets had been transformed into Gülleschöpfer by welding a piece of pipe for fixing a wooden pole. Gülle means cattle piss ,used as fertilizer..
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  995. Q ships are one of the best example of Allied double Standards! Perfides Albion.
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  996. Two small mistakes: Saxony was not a kingdom, it was an electorate (Kurfürstentum), and Frederik II was ,king in' not ,of ' Prussia. In the 18th century the prussian kings called themself in this way for political reasons.
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  997. You accidently wrote Volkssturm wrong.
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  998. Panzerschreck, small writing error.
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  999.  @scanida5070  : Ten years ago ,yes. But today another type is more common.
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  1000. In 1867 , Austria ' became , Austria - Hungary'.
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  1001.  @theVulcanGuy  : Or twothousand and nineteen ;-)
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  1002.  @john-paulsilke893  : I, Brittas boyfriend, am no academic, so i don't know much about academic fencing. It is still practiced in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and in smaller numbers also in Poland, Belgium, Litauen ( Lithuania?) and Lettland ( Lathivia?). Those scars are nowadays no more wanted, so injuries are today better and more modern threated.
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  1003.  @Lee-vk1xy  : In older texts, for example Landsknecht era, also Haube is used for a Helm, the german footman helmet was , Deutsche Sturmhaube ', spanish Moiron was , Spanische Sturmhaube ' and Zischägge ( from Poland with oriental/asian influence) was , Orientalische Sturmhaube '. Skull cap ( literally Schädelkappe) was Hirnhaube ( brainhood). Some helmets had also been called Beckenhaube. Some people claim Pickelhaube comes from Beckenhaube of former times, but i doubt, because Pickel ( Pickaxe) clearly means the pointy spike, and Helm mit Spitze was official term. In current german the word Haube is rarely used , for oldfashioned womens headgear in headgear context, mostly Haube is today a protection cover, for example for cakes, other food or technical items, to be protected against dirt or falling objects. In case of workers head protection there are mostly plastic protection helmets, but for some workers stiffed caps / Anstoßkappen are enough.
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  1004.  @Lee-vk1xy  : In books / texts of Shakespeares time you perhaps find ,swart' or ,ayren' , in german schwarz and Eier, means in current english ,black' and ,eggs'. :-))
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  1005.  @Lee-vk1xy  : In dayly life i prefer my swabian dialect over Standard German. Was rather surprised when at school i heared barn for the first time. Such a building is called in german Scheune or dated Scheuer. But in my swabian dialect Barn is the upper part of a Scheune. Also in my dialect a staple ( in german Stapel) is a Beig, and to staple ( stapeln) is beiga. Could not explain this Beig/beiga, until i noticed, that in swedish/ norwegian ,bygge' means to build.
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  1006. In german language a ,V'is mostly spoken ,F' ,so ,Folkspistole' not ,Wolkspistole'. It seems, that many english speakers don' t know this. And ,Volkssturm' is mostly seen as a Propaganda name, but for centuries the word ,Landsturm' was used for traditional levies of fightable, but not good trained and armed men.
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  1007.  @JustRememberWhoYoureWorkingFor  : The austrian Admiral Tegethoff knew that italian fleet was better. So he decided, to order his Fleet into three V formations behind each other, and used not the usual battle line of ships. He basicly attacked in old style of rowed warships with old ramming tactic. He succeded, by a mistake of italian Admiral Persano. Without correct flag signal communication he went away from his flagship to a newer ship , also he forgot taking the Admirals flag to other ship. After the unusual austrian attack, the italians had been surprised, and not knowing, that the italian Admiral was now in another ship caused confusion/ chaos among italian fleet, so the italians lost the battle. But austrian Admiral knew, even after winning the battle, the italians still had more and better armed ships, he sailed away as fast as possible. He feared, after their surprise, the italian Fleet could follow him for a second battle.
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  1008. German cavallry had from about 1890 onwards been ,Einheitskavallerie'. This means the Cuirassiers, Dragons, Hussars, Ulans and newcreated Mounted Hunters had same weaponry and training, only different uniforms for tradition reason. From 1890s to 1927 every german cavallryman had a lance. And , a sidenote, last two german cavallry dividions at end of wwll had been commanded by noblemen with high rank ,Fürst', their medieval ancestors really fought in armour on horseback.
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  1009. ​ @PolarBear9733 : Eierhandgranate/ Egg shape grenades. See channel , Military History visualized' or , Military History not visualized'.
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  1010. Oberndorf/Ne simply means Oberndorf / Neckar or Oberndorf am Neckar, the Neckar is a river.
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  1011. Depends on context if a Berliner is an inhabitant of Berlin or a ,Berliner Pfannkuchen'.
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  1012. In the 1960s German movie companies made some Wlid West movies, based on the novels of the german writer Karl May . The movies had been made in Jugoslavia, and the ,Red Indians' had been mostly jugoslavian and some french actors. In the 60s it would have been difficult for a german movie company, to hire a large number of native americans.
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  1013. August von Mackensen was soldier in german - french war, in wwl he became Generalfeldmarschall . After wwl he was no more in the german army, but as oldest german officer he saw himself as representant of german army, he died some months after wwll.
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  1014. Forgotten: Helmut von Moltke was chief of german army staff until 1882 , only nominal until 1886 or 1888, but i don' t know the start of his military service.
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  1015.  @leonardojensen4414  : There had been women in german forces, but mostly not as fighting/ combat units. Most had been nurses or auxillaries in administration, communications and other rearline troops ( Kampfunterstützungstruppen/ Wehrmachtsgefolge). As Mr. Felton noted, there had been Flakhelferinnen. In wurttembergian ,Farmers weekly' ( Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt) up to few years ago, novels with agricultural background had been printed. In one of this novels a farmers daughter wrote her life as ,Flakhelferin'.
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  1016. A mistake: Bayern, Württemberg and Großherzogtum ( Great Duchy) Baden had NEVER been part of North German Federation! These three countries had secret support treaties with North German Federation, what France in 1870 not knew at once. When in 1871 German Empire was founded, Württemberg was last country which joined.
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  1017.  @officialluckyturn  : Ich, nicht meine Freundin Britta, habe Maschinenschlosser gelernt. Habe es im Gegensatz zu ihnen selten mit Buntmetallen zu tun.
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  1018. I am Brittas boyfriend, swabian and can see Hohenstaufen from my village. Oh , Friedrich ll was both ,Roman Emperor' of ,HRE' and ,King of Naples' , so he was regular ruler of nearly whole Italy.
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  1019.  @AceDupuy  : Why? In german language Korps is spoken Korps.
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  1020.  @palibrae  : Please explain some things of military history in correct german, that i can trust you :-)
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  1021.  @faketheo3432  : Yes, that is correct. I think current Libanon is home of phoenician people, before many of them settled in Karthago.
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  1022.  @sempersuffragium9951  : In middleages a Hauptmann was the commander, regardless of the size of his unit. But when many Hauptmänner ( may be from different towns) united their forces, the leader of all men was the ,Oberster Feldhauptmann'. And before 1945 it was Generalmajor, Generalleutnant, General der ....( branch), Generaloberst ( highest general). This was in Westgermany changed in 1955 into US rank system. But there ( and in Switzerland also) a Brigadegeneral is a Brigadier ( next higher rank in Switzerland : Divisionär and Korpskommandant). In Switzerland the rank General is only used, for the army main commander in wartime, last General in wwll was a man named Guisan.
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  1023.  @nedludd7622  : The thing is a) Asperger, my brain works slightly different than normal people. b) I am intressted in all kind of military history, from ancient egypt to now, so it is for me not possible, to be wellinformed about all wars/ armies of all times very deep. c) I come from an area, which was in HRE time the most split area of HRE, a few kilometers, and you are in next former HRE state, visiting the museums ,and informing myself about the curiosities of HRE is for a curiosity lover intressting. d) There had been in HRE times states, ruled by spiritual Lords, and partly democratic free towns, but everywhere the ruling persons had a better life and more power than average person. (Also poorer englishmen could not vote, and in nonaristocrstic Switzerland had been revolts) . e) As a nostalgic person , i would have no problem with a parlamentary monarchy ( no absolute or constitutional monarchy) f) And HRE is not totally dead: Head of state is not elected by citizens in current Germany, but by Bundesversammlung , a gremium of members of federal and states parlaments, in HRE times seven , later nine electors. In HRE days after 1450, you could be sure, the next emperor is from Habsburg dynasty, today you know two weeks before the election, who is next german federal president. An unnecessary and expensive show. Also, with exeption of doubleheaded imperial eagle, Federal Presidents Standart is like HRE Emperors standart. I am not against democraty, but current politicans in Germany are , in my eyes, no more the politicans i knew, when i was young, don' t know how to describe this feeling.
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  1024.  @frankberry6220  : In Germany ( Austria/ Switzerland) a rifle is called Büchse, and has a rifled ( gezogenen) barrel, while a shotgun is called Flinte and has a smooth (glatten) barrel. A combined gun with one rifled and one smooth barrel is a Büchsflinte ( rifleshotgun). Every long gun, including wall guns, puntguns, antitankrifles, antimaterial rifles, are, especially when manportable , are Gewehre. Is strange, that in Great Brittain a rifle doesn' t need a rifled barrel.
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  1025.  @frankberry6220  : Mistake: I have never heared, that someone gets NO punishment, when defending his honour by violence. A number of years ago, two politicians of different parties, but with same name and distant relatives, became angry, one thought, the other one speaks bad about President of a german federation state. He gave His oponent a slap , he had to pay Money.
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  1026.  @frankberry6220  : Good question, because totally unusual. I personally have nothing to do with this topic, so i can only assume. German authorities are mostly antiweapon and antigun. For them, it would be best, when only military, police,customs service, some Justice personal and Forrest service would be armed ( See 1933 to 1945, or in eastern Germany up to 1990). So i doubt rather stong, that german authorities would give people, who feel temporary unsafe for whatever reason, the allowness for a defence weapon and allowness for Combat Shooting Training, As i know spirit of german authorities, i think they would say, a pistol is useless for personal security of civilians, they are to lowtrained to handle a firearm propperly, the danger of hunting undangerous people is to high, ..... The noted licence Waffenschein is still existing, but rare. Even jewelry dealers/ goldsmiths or other people, where robbery is often happening, have problems to get such a licence. And : When you have such a licence, every three years, authorities will Proof, if the danger is still existing. They don't want persons, carrying a firearm , so often they say,hiring guards is better. And for my lack of vovabulary, i can't describe IT better. But i hope, you understand, what i want to explain.
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  1027.  @frankberry6220  : I am no gun owner, and not realy well informed , how to get a Waffenschein, a licence to carry a pistol for defence. Majority of german legal gunowners have only , Waffenbesitzkarte ( Firearms Owning Card), which means you can only transport an unloaded gun in a locked box, ammunition in a different locked box, and shoot at shooting on shooting range or in your hunting district. Without ammunition you also can transport your gun for example to gunsmith/ gunmaker ( both is in german Büchsenmacher) for repairs, or other events in context to your licence type. Now to Waffenschein again. In case of armed personal of civilian administration, this are mostly persons like police or customs service officials, where a weapon is part of job equipment. But there are some officials, who have a pistol on Waffenschein Basis. For example (at least ten years ago) judges could get such a licence ( sometimes revenge acts happen), officials who work / do their job alone at a lonely location, officials who work with large sums (?) of money or things, interesting for criminals etc.. But also in court/ law context sometimes lawyers, who work as , Verteidiger' ( defender ? of arrested criminals) got such a licence ( when revenge acts are seen as possible), formerly also high rank Bank employees could get such a licence, or people Like jewelry dealers or weapons Traders ( which are currently mostly Büchsenmacher) for transporting firearms or in Case of jewelry Dealers, transporting jewelry, gold or diamonds. Also people, who are for some reasons more in danger of being attacked more than average citizens, can get such a licence. But currently authorities like it more, when persons who work with things , liked by robbers, should hire guards, or let weapons, gold etc. transported with armoured vans and guards. And people, who are in danger of being Kidnapper or Assasinstions should hire professional Bodyguards. So, as far as i know, currently authorities don't really want it, that people in danger of being attacked, try to defend themselves with an own firearm, but it is still possible, but rather difficult to get a Waffenschein. The other side is private Security business. When i, born 1965, grown up in a then semirural, now urbanising region, was young, private Security personal was rare to see. In large Towns sometimes private investigators existed ( in contrast to british ones, german ones have low reputation), sometimes you saw an armoured Cash van in front of a Bank in next town, in some music Locations there was a strong man as bouncer ,when necessary , not so much in rural areas. Once this oldstyle bouncers had been called simply ,Rausschmeißer'( Outthrower), and few large companies had their own Security branch called Werkschutz ( works/factory protection) or a single nightwatchman. Today situation is totally different. Those traditional Werkschutz became rare, but is still existing, especially in large chemical factories, factories producing Military goods, or electric power companies ( only four large ones still exist, and a large number of microcompanies, surely without Werkschutz). For 26 Years ( btw. , i am Brittas boyfriend only using her Computer too) i worked for a small pipeline company, producing special pipelines for chemical industry. But from time to time, this no more existing company produced special parts for a coastal shipyard (?)/ Werft- U- Boot components. One day our busines Leader had the posibility to visit this shipyard. When he came back, he told, a man in civilian dress accompanied him and the guide, under the shoulder of this man was assumingly a pistol. In music Locations, visited by mostly Younger or foreign persons, bouncers/ Security men are today normal, also in malls/ large shops , especially in evening. When i was young, there was No Security personal at traditional German beer tents ( perhaps the local firemen came in nonservice uniforms and used their then existing authority, now more and more. Also in some large shops, you see today a man in suit standing next to main entrance. Most of those Security men ( sometimes also women) are unarmed, or only pepper Spray/ collapsible Baton, rarely a dog. But some Security guards are armed with pistols ( 9 mm Luger/ 9mm kurz) or revolvers ( .38 S&W Special). This are Bodyguards, escort of armoured vans, and guards of factories producing expensive, dangerous, Military or otherwise important goods. If those Security guards, patroling at night all kind of factories, shops, buildings...with a Car to get to the Locations allways have pistols, i don' t know. So those Security persons, you see currently everwhere more and more are usually unarmed, but a large number is armed with pistols. As far as i know, inside Germany no private Security personal is armed with shotguns or rifles. Other weapons than pistol/ revolver, pepper/cs spray and mostly collapsible batons i don't know.
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  1028. So brazillian emperor Pedro ll ruled in 1880s not on American Continent?
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  1029. Being a rural man ( Britta is my girlfriend), in my whole life i have never seen a nonbinary animal, animals have no knowledge of Ideology.
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  1030.  @12tanuha21  : Ein bisschen - A bissle im schwäbischen Dialekt.
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  1031. Die ersten Schützenpanzer nach dem Krieg , der HS30 ( lang und kurz) sind auch schlecht gewesen.
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  1032. Hitler wasn' t shot, so good protection. Fun aside. Of course the roof was complete unarmoured, someone could fire from a building, see Kennedy assasination, or somebody could throw a handgrenade into the car. But on other hand, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and in 1930s, have forgotten the year, King Alexander of Jugoslavia had been assasinated by a pedestrian with a pistol. About the second event, you can see old newsreels. In such cases, the armour helps. In Technikmuseum Sinsheim there are two Mercedes of this era. One Sedan/ Limousine with hard roof,( no convertible), the sidewindows are estimated 5 cm/2" thick, if the large sixwheel convertible is also armoured, i have forgotten. I regularly read a german magazine about military history. In one ,Special Edition' of those magazine about Hitlers headquarters, there was an article about security, when Hitler travelled by car. According to this article, in Hitlers car there was usually only the driver and a bodyguard/servant, a second car with SS bodyguards and a third car with expierienced police detectives. A Sidenote: A driving licence is in Germany called Führerschein, but the Führer had none!
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  1033. Diese Trichtermündung, bei indisch/ orientalischen Stücken größer als bei europäischen, hatte eigentlich nur den Sinn, daß der Benutzer die Waffe auf schwankendem Schiffsdeck oder Kutschbock leichter laden konnte, da das einführen von Ladestock, Pulverhornstutzen oder des Schrotbeutelstutzens leichter war, als bei der Mündung einer üblichen Waffe. Es ist ein Unterschied , ob die Mündung trichterförmig und 50 mm hat, oder zylindrisch und weniger als 22 mm. Die eigentliche Streuung wurde durch den Trichter nicht beeinflusst, sie war genauso wie bei einem normalen Karabiner gleicher Länge. ( Karabiner waren kürzere Gewehre für Reiter und Kanoniere , welche bis in die 1840er Jahre ebenfalls glatte Läufe hatten.)
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  1034. Visit Militärhistorisches Museum in Vienna! There is a room for Mediteranian and Danube Navy.
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  1035.  @stupidburp  : In german sports , no helmets had been used, perhaps Paukhelme of accademic fencers fraernities.
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  1036. @fridrekr7510  : The Barett was in HRE era only common in Landsknecht era and by some Freikorps in 1813/ 14. Had been realy oversized. With those exeptions nearly uncommon in german forces.
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  1037. There is no proofmark? No surprise, because in Germany before 1891 there was no duty for an official test ( Beschuß) and proofmark. The guns , being in shops of traders, gunmakers/ gunsmiths ( in german only Büchsenmacher exists) when law was introduced, got a ,V' stamped (Vorrat/stock?) and could be sold as last weapons with old law. And pure traders often ordered unmarked guns as ,no name' products, and stamped/ engraved their name.
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  1038. Yo! Erwachsensein nur um "dazuzugehören" ist langweilig! Ich bin 53 (w), trinke jeden Morgen mit Genuss meinen Kakao , liebe u.a. Lego, Ü-Eier und anderen quietschbunten Spielkram und bin froh, dass meine Eltern 300 km entfernt wohnen und mir nicht reinreden. Lediglich mein Schatz (Asperger-Autist) ist ab und an peinlich berührt von meinem kindlichen Gemüt.
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  1039.  @dashiellgillingham4579  : Even in modern days some countries have militia elements . And in Switzerland most soldiers are militiamen. What in modern Armys usually no more exists is the levie (?)/ Aufgebot in german, of men with their private weapons.
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  1040. Basic difference: Heavy cavallry: Tall men on tall heavy horse, armoured man. Light cavallry : Smaller man, lighter horse, light or unarmoured man. Tasks: Light cavallry: Reconnaisance, fighting against enemy light cavallry, escorting slow moving artillry/ supply colums, commando raids, terrorising/shocking enemy civilians, plundering, messengers, surrounding own troops on march and camp (a) to catch desserteurs ( b) to prottect own troops against surprise attacks, when necessary, charging as second or third charge wave. Heavy cavallry: Waiting in good possition in close formation until there is a gap / weak point in enemy formation / battle order, then attack the gap / weak point in steamroller frontal charge to break enemy formation/ battle order ( of course assaulting infantry has to follow charging heavy cavallry to throw back the enemy, fighting enemy heavy cavallry. I hope, you understand. So heavy cavallry strong and heavy men and horses , armour and weaponry for close quarter right, few carbines intended for one heavy attack. Light cavallry opposite for fast movements and maneuverable, lots of carbines.
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  1041.  @jnievele  : This loophole/Gesetzeslücke is closed in Germany. Such weapons need currently a licence, persons, who bought this before law change, have now a problem. They now never can sell it to other persons.
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  1042. Swiss company B(rügger)&T(homet) produces currently the VP9 ( Veterinärpistole) , which looks similar.
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  1043. Mike Phelps : Funny comment, but i do not know the story, told by the ,Star Wars' movies. In the ,Mark Felton' You Tube chanel there are two episodes about Nazis in space. To the Abwehr and Gestapo/Sicherheitsdienst comes a third, small intelligence service the , Reichspost Forschungsstelle' which is not so wellknown.
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  1044. schrodingers cat : As a german citizen i only know that the Department of Homeland Security is a US Federal Agency, which has to guard, bridges, damm?, electricy and water supply buildings etc.. Because i am NOT so much interessted in WWll, i am no expert, which security agencies had been a central headquarter in the RSHA. Police, SS, SD and Gestapo. The other agencies i don 't know. There had been prison/court guards, customs service, railway police, post protection and smaller, not so wellknown police/security and intelligence agencies, for example the Reichpost Forschungsstelle or a non uniformed rural police called Landwacht/rural guard. And not to forget, the relicts of medieval community security forces:,Town criers', the very last nightwatchmen, field guards ( in french: gardes champetres) etc..
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  1045. KKona : I write in english, for the other readers. In my last comment i said, it seems to be a problem, for the reason of , Feinheiten' in the english language, which i do not know, because my english is not so good. You described it better, Reich means in Germany usualy a country ruled by an emperor or king, countries ruled by nobles of other ranks are called different. As history interessted germans, we both know, that the ,Holy Roman Empire' is a subject/ topic (?), which you can't describe in a few sentences. For the nongermans i try to explain the military situation of the HRE after 1496. There had been about 300 nearly independant states, which had been called ,. Reichsstände', simplified every Reichsstand had seat and voice in the , Reichstag'/ Parlament. And there had been territories with no seat and voice in parlament, mostly the Reichsritter/ imperal knights, those territories had to send no soldiers to the ,Reichsarmee'. But the ,Reichsstände' had to do so, and in 1496 a treaty was signed, how many men the different , Reichsstände' had to send, because they had different size. The territory of the HRE was split into ten districts/ Reichskreise. The emperor could only mobilze his own troops, the ,Reichsarmee' was only mobilized after a parlament order.
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  1046. The dog looks like a , Pinscher'.
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  1047. Ich bin Brittas Freund, Jahrgang 1965, und habe noch den letzten Rest der alten Landwirtschaft erlebt. Mein Vater hat bis 2001 eine der für Altwürttemberg früher so typischen Kleinlandwirtschaft betrieben , wie es in den ,Bilderbüchern' heute sehr beliebt ist. Nun , mein Vater hat aufgegeben, weil sich eine so kleine ,Bilderbuch Landwirtschaft ' nicht mehr rentiert. Die in meiner Kindheit noch sehr gepflegten Streuobstwiesen verwildern besonders arg, da sich dies überhaupt nicht rentiert. Als geschichtlich interessierter Mensch weis ich, daß es Zeiten gegeben hat, in denen die deutsche Landwirtschaft tatsächlich ohne Dünger und Spritzmittel arbeitete, aber das war vor 200 Jahren, da hatte Deutschland 30 Millionen Einwohner und war größer. Das kann heute nicht mehr funktionieren. Und, wer soll die im Vergleich zu heute größere Handarbeit erledigen? Thunberg & Co?
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  1048. Being german, from a region where in nearly every village graves from alemannic warriors have been found , 3th to 6th century. Even some centuries later most warrior graves contain only spearheads, seaxes and iron shieled center ( Schildbuckel). Spathas , similar to viking era swords had been owned by richer wariors, and helmets/ armor is nearly unexisting. So during first half of first century, very few warriors owned a sword, and armour was nearly unknown by germannic warriors. It seems , you confuse germanic warriors with celtic warriors, which had at least in Julius Caesars time, much better arms and armour.
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  1049.  @d10s_ad  : This depends to the time. At first 1st century before and after Jesus Christ there was in fact a lack of iron and good weapons and nealy no armour. In third century, when my tribe conquered north half of current area, most Romans have left this region, many troops gone away for innerroman civil war reasons, and the civilians fled for reason of alemannic raids. So not much military quality was necessary. By the time roman border fortifications had been an obstacle, small tribes united to larger tribes, which basicly still exist, so much larger tribes had been more dangerous to Romans. Also with the time the number of seaxes, also swords became larger ( selfproduced, captured or bought even in nongermannic regions), also germannic tribes learned more how to counter roman troops and tactics. By the time there was also a decline inside roman troops, and as longer time lasted, Roman Empire had no more enough money to enlarge army and build up a large enough cavallry force. So with the time, the time worked against the Romans.
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  1050. Baran Blyat : In german language a ,Greif' is a fairy tale/ legend animal with a lions body and an eagles head and wings, which appears in the ,coat of arms' of noblemen, towns, states etc..
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  1051. Remaining Kettenkräder had been also in Germany used as agricultural vehicles. After war the Unimog was created as agricultural vehicle, is today used for all purposes possible.
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  1052.  @frenchfrog4622  : C' est aussi possible, parce que en France du nord il y a un region avec des flames. Avec des nomes allemandes, il y a beaucoup variations, par example Maier, Meier, Mayer, Meyer, Majer, Mair,Mayr.
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  1053. R hots doch richdig gsait, was hosch denn drgega? ;-)
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  1054. I am german . Up to 50s, most farmers used horses, or cows in poor regions, to do farmwork. In the 50s we had the Wirtschaftswunder/ economic miracle, the wealth rised, so the german farmers in 50s or 60s replaced horses, cows, oxen and steampowered locomobiles with modern tractors. I was born 1965, and in mid 70s i saw the last old farmers with horses.
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  1055. I am german. In 1980s/ early 1990s i often used socalled S- Bahn ( regional train system for short distances). Was then rather safe, one day i , Brittas boyfriend, got troubles with two german drunkheads, which, don' t know english word, had , belästigt ' women, girls and elderly people with awfull words. Doctors had to sew my face, lost the fight, but honourable. Was in early 1990s unusual, but nowadays? Violence in trains and railway stations, and girls and women sexually attacked ( a women of my age i know for over twenty years now, disabled legs after an accident, is so angry now) . Allways the same human crap , but protected by german gouvernement, churches, media and leftwing NGOs.
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  1056.  @travishabursky4362  : In Germany needlefire wallguns had been last time used 1870/71 during siege of Paris. Sometimes armed french bosts on river Seine leaved the town. Cannons of german artillry could not follow the fast moving boats, so Wallguns had been used as emergency/ Notbehelf. Austrian troops transfered their muzzlelosding wallguns into breechloaders, but what happened after 1878 i don't know. Also as african trade guns (and ship equipment )rather longbarrelld guns hat been produced after 1750 in France.
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  1057. In some german towns, for example Esslingen there had been for decades electric busses with high wires, called O- Bus. If they are still in use, i don't tknow.
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  1058. Panzer Tanks? Pferd horses? Gewehr rifles? Flugzeug plane?
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  1059.  @andreasmartin7942  : Especially with the then used ,full metal jacket round nose' bullets. Needed decades, that german police got copper based deformation bullets.
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  1060. There are videos of Skallagrim or Scholagladiatora about firearms.
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  1061.  @bosknight7837  : Hm, difficult to answer. I assume, in context of weapons, manufacturing and military terminology, he has some knowledge to understand and translate german words, when sees a german document or book. But i don' t think, he really learned german.. Knowing more german , than average US citizen, seems not difficult, some years ago, in front of a german museum i waited to meet someone. When sitting there, an US Lady sit down next to me, a tourist. Using the for me rare possibility to speak english, i noticed, the woman couldn 't speak any german. The Anglosaxons once came from northern Germany, but the Lady didn't recognize Forke, Reep and lütt- fork, . rope, little! As a person from southern Germany, i was totally surprised!
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  1062. As longer the war lasted, as more leather became rare. At the end phase of war pistol holsters of pressed paper hat been made AS substitute for leather, only the small closing strap was real leather. ( According to german arms magazines) . I am german , Britta is my girlfriend, reading arms magazines is currently not forbidden by german weapon laws :-)
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  1063.  @bruceinoz8002  : The writer of noted article assumed, the double rifle was intended for hunting small game in owners garden or park..
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  1064.  @beres_davif  : I have to admitt, that i , being german, don't know this Movie. The movie i meant, has the name Stoßtrupp 1917 from 1934. Two of the actors, Ludwig Schmidt - Wildy and especially Beppo Brehm became after wwll Stars in , Bavarian Comedies'.
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  1065.  @gibraltersteamboatco888  : This are true words! Everyone should be so brave, to also speak about things he made wrong. What also is necessary , is looking carefully, because , not everthing what shines is gold' (german saying). Often historical events are wrong remembered, because of glorification and Propaganda.
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  1066.  @KR-jt4ut  : So in 1618 to 1648 there had been no french and swedish troops in Germany? In reign of Louis XlV 1648 to 1714 the french did nothing in Palatine Region , Rhine Valley and other South West Regions of Germany , so what troops plundered my village in 1683? Napoleon was never in Germany? Current french and swedish people have nothing to do with this. But: I have never heared, that there had been ( with exeption of noted Hofer and Schill) a partisan movement in Germany, so from 1870 to 1845 saw this persons simply as criminals ( also i noted that using shotguns is in Germany seen as criminals work, for shotguns being never in the noted time, and also not today, a weapon of armed forces). But of course, invading other countries in Hitlers style, is simply a crime, and i can' t understand, how someone can have such ideas like Hitler and his supporters.
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  1067. Last german battle without firearms was battle at the Mühlbach 1332, as far as i know. Oldest german handgun where an age is halfway known is the Tannenbergbüchse, made before 1399.
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  1068. ??? Nachbildung has nothing to do with ,Bildung' ( education). It means ,look a like' or Attrappe/ Simulator/ mock up. It comes from ,bilden' in the sense of english . verb ,to build'.
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  1069. It is perhaps simply a writing mistake. There is a german word ,Geländestufe' , which means about ,terrain step(?)', step in this case like the ,steps(?) of a stairs or ladder. Excuse my not so good english.
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  1070.  @blacbraun  : In age of Monarchy there was also the ,Hofmarschall' ( court marshall), at least in Germany.
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  1071.  @jrobiii1  : When i was young, in my german village there had been two Generals. One was a man, who allways walked in a military body posture (?) and was proud of his succes, so General was simply his nickname, the other one was retired Generalmajor Eberbach, who was after wwll involved in many caritatve things. I remember, that when i was in Kindergarten age, an Army Band came to play some music to honour the wellreputated Generalmajor. In current days, the appearance of a german army band would be impossible.
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  1072. I am german, Brittas boyfriend. Here in Germany ( Austria too) poachery novels are equivalent to Wild West novels in USA . Such pistols with attachable Stock had been used ( may be still in use) by poachers.
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  1073.  @SavageArms357  : In german language countries of 19th century the people of course also liked stories with heroes fighting criminals. In second half of 19th century some Wild West novels had be known in german speaking countries. James Fenimore Cooper for example, or Friedrich Gerstäcker , a german who lived some years in USA and decided to return home. Also saxon novelist Karl May 1842 -1912 wrote a large number of rather fantasyfull adventure novels, where the Stories play everywhere on the planet. But of course, the people wanted to hear also stories which happen in german countries, where the readers had been familiar with the situation. Life was similar, but not the same in every german state, in Switzerland a bit more different to current Germany and Austria, for reason of centuries of republican Tradition. In contrast to USA open carry of weapons was no more allowed since Napoleonic era ( why people switched to swordcanes, short daggers, Derringers- in german called Terzerol, knuckles or things known in USA as sap or Blackjack), monarchs contolled weapons hard. Revolution of 1848 was not sucessfull, but in case of owning ( not carrieing) weapons most liberal time in Germany ( Up to early 1920s) started. So in german language countries civilians caried weapons when hunting or a shooters event visible. Starting in late 17th century, ending in Napoleonic era, also in HRE gangs of robbers ( doing also poachery, smuggling, burglary etc.) existed for different reasons , often simply poorness. Some of this historical robbers, for example Schinderhannes or , Bayrischer Hiasel' had been romanticed as , German Robin Hoods', because some of their ,dones (?)/ Taten had been seen as acts of ,rebells/ revolutionaires'. Those Gangs existed mostly in current South West of Germany, because the over hundred (!) small german states could not fight this mobile Gangs. If a crime was noticed, and the small Security force mobilized, the Gangs fleed to annother German state, or to nearby France or Switzerland. After Napoleonic era those Gangs no more existed, and got replaced by single criminals or only small groups, some, like bavarian poacher Jennerwein had been still romanticed as folk heroes. So novel writers wrote many novels , Theater authors Theater pieces, painters painted paintings, in which a heroic Forrest official ( Förster) or a Brave licenced Hunter fights poachers, smugglers , sometimes other criminals. Also in those days, up to 1970s/ 1980s socalled fieldguards existed ( in France still known as gardes champetres), which had to guard fields and fruit trees from food thieves. When in 1950s there was great US wave of Wild West movies, there was a wave of Heimatfilme ( literaly homeregion movies) in Germany, Austria ( lesser Switzerland) with lots of poachers and forresters/ hunters. Most known one seems to be , Grün ist die Heide./The heather is green.' Sidenote: Both Heide and Heather are also women names Those poachers used everything from wire slings, to traps you can see with former fur Trappers, shortened rifles ( muskets/ shotguns), also large pistols, sometimes guns, which can be Put into small parts easyly, and hidden firearms Like caneshotguns. Many of those poachers guns are simply to weak for lawfull hunting, also poachers hunting methods are not lawfull, and German gunlaw has a Paragraph about poachery guns. Fight against poachers is no thing of hstory, last year two Police officers had been shot by a poacher Oh, when you visit museum of Königsbronn, a large Village, there is a room only about poachery.
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  1074.  @2fwelding842 : I am german, Brittas boyfriend, and for reason of my Asperger disorder pedantic. Being a pedantic Asperger person was good in the twenty years, i was quality control man of a small german company. Please stop to use the word , Pickelhaube', this was in Second German Empire never an official term. Both the leather helmets used by line infantry and dragoons, and the steel or Tombak versions used by prussian and bavarian cuirassiers and Saxon , Heavy Riders' had been called , Helm mit Spitze '/ helmet with point. So french , casque a point' is corect. Pickelhaube was in Germany only a nickname, only a similar helmet, used by policemen in German part of Austria - Hungary was officially called Pickelhaube. Nothing against you, as nongerman this is surely unknown. Oh, inform yourself about helmets used by US state militias in 1880s, you will be surprised about Photos, showing Indian Scouts.
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  1075.  @LeeroyJenkinss  : Please excuse my agressive comment from Yesterday, i was a bit drunken.
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  1076. In german language of today, ,Gewehr' means ,long firearm' in contrast to Pistole. So a Gewehr can be a Büchse(rifle), Flinte(shotgun) or a combined gun ( Büchsflinte/Drilling/Vierling). In military context Gewehr means a full size rifle in contrast to a shorter Karabiner. In old times, especially before 1800, Gewehr could also be a polearm or bladed weapon, a relict of this time is Seitengewehr, which is a bayonnet. Ge- means in german language simply ,a lot of'. Gewässer- a lot of water/ Gesang- a lot of singing/ Geschrei- a lot of shouting/ Gewehr- a lot of defence.
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  1077. There is a song ,The devil rides to Georgia'. An elderly german, not speaking english, thougt , the song is about mustard, because in Germany a mustard brand ,Devely' exists.
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  1078. Mr. Mc Collum! Why didn' t tell you the full story? In time of German Federation (1815 - 1866) only few of South German states bought a rather small number of side by side percussion shotguns, Württemberg, as far as i know, 100 guns. In those days german policemen, especially the ,town payed' ones, usually carried only a saber. The state paied rural police ( Gendarmerie or Landjäger), basicly soldiers doing policework, as paramilitary force had when necessary access to military firearms. The noted shotguns had been handed to policemen when they had to escort prisoners to annother prison, when fighting poachery etc.. In 1866 German Federation ended, Austria, Luxemburg and Liechtenstein became Independent countries, with own armed forces history. In Imperial Germany ( 1871 - 1918) shotguns had been nowhere in Germany service weapons, may be in very early years of german colonies, when they had been private owned territories of merchants, members of their Private Security Forces had shotguns. Then from 19th century, long into 20th century in Germany/Austria Wildwest novels had been known and popular, but an indigenious genre of adventure novels was popular: Novels in which Forrest Service officials ( Förster), sometimes also lawfull licenced huntsmen, fought mostly poachers or smugglers, sometimes other criminals. The Heroes of this novels are armed with their hunting rifle ( and Hirschfänger knife), shotguns, when appearing, had been the weapons of criminals in popular literature. Now, is it astonishing, that German soldiers, don't knowing shotguns as military or civilian service weapons, but knowing shotguns from novels as criminals weapons didn' t saw US soldiers with shotguns as honourable enemies? Even today use of shotguns in Germany is rare, SWAT Teams of Police and few soldiers use them to destroy doors etc., but firing at persons is strictly forbidden. And shotgun use is carefull watched by journalists and political left circles.
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  1079.  @amehak1922  : Of course a nickname, because his name was Charles and he was tall.
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  1080. I am german. Some years ago i was invented to a meeting of a german arms collectors society. An elderly gentleman hold a speech about the lance flags ( Lanzemwimpel) of german imperial cavallry. One funny fact : the as correct known prussians connected the flags the wrong way to the lances, the white side on top, the black side down. The black color was not totaly waterproof!
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  1081. ​ @soulknife20 : Spangenhelm. Those metalbars are in german called Spange. A Spange can also be the needle mechanism to close cloth or fix a piece of jewellry to your cloth. Also called Spange ( related to Haarreif) are smaller or larger ,bars ' of different materials, women/ girls fix into their hair to look more beautyfull. Also those medical wireconstructions used by dentists to fix medical teeth problems of children is called Zahnspange.
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  1082. As far as i know, before creation of SEK only socalled Überfallkommandos existed. Only a fast policecar with some policemen with submachine guns.
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  1083. ​ @zerefsunlimitedshipworks : Hamburg and Bremen are still german federal states, but Lübeck is nowadays an ordinary town/ city.
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  1084. ​ @revinhatol : House of Urach is a sidebranch of House of Württemberg , like died out House of Teck ( if wwl had not happened, perhaps Charles Ill could use the title Herzog von Teck somehow for a sidebranch of his House). I live next to both town Urach and Teck mountain.
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  1085. ​ @bubbasbigblast8563 : German here. In small german town Haigerloch i visited. , Atomkeller' museum. Here german scientists did experiments of atomic power.
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  1086.  @thebotrchap  : The real native inhabitants of Alsace, are like me ,of alemannic/ swabian tribe. For the reason that i refuse to use ,prussian' Standard German i call the town allways Mielhausa. :-). But : My comment was simply a joke, not meant serious.
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  1087. Please: Not Pickelhaube, but Helm mit Spitze!
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  1088.  @XtreeM_FaiL  : Kopierfräse ( I do not know the english word). I try to explain. A mechanical system . A piece oft metal is fixed at the milling machine , next to the raw metal there is a full milled and prepared piece . Now a touch arm touches the full milled piece . This touch arm is pulled along the surface oft the full milled piece. The milling tool wheel/ tool cylinder is synchroniced to the movement of the touch arm. So when the touch arm goes forward, the milling tool goes forward, when the toucharm goes up, also the milling tool goes up.
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  1089.  @genericpersonx333  : Today a former aristocratic title is only a part of Family name, and from 1871 to 1918 ruling dynasties use mostly a title, used before 1806, in case of Württemberg dynasty the title Herzog/ Duke.
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  1090. In german ,arianisch' ( a no more practisiced version of christian believe ) and ,arisch' ( the indoeuropean people).
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  1091. Nobody of the Krupp family is still allive. The last one died in the mid 1980s. But the princes/ Fürsten von Fugger are still allive, their fortune is still so large, that the rent( ?) of one Gulden/ guilder per year , today the 88 euro cent, per year is so low.
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  1092.  @virginiaoflaherty2983  : The reason , why in former Kingdom Württemberg public baking houses exist, is the danger of fire . The houses had been timberwood (?) houses / Fachwerkhäuser, and in most village houses, owned by farmers, hay and straw ( Heu / Stroh in german) was stored. It often happened, that a baking oven set a house on fire, the burning house set the whole village on fire, and before firebrigades existed, whole villages or towns burnt down. So in last years of 18th century Duke of Württemberg ordered to build stone/ brickmade public baking houses to prevent fire, but for Napoleonic wars reason , most houses had been build in 1820s to 1840s. When i, born 1965, was a child/ Teenager, this baking houses had been common and still in use for bread baking, but times have changed. Fewer and fewer people bake their bread self, so it is to expensive to repair the oven from time to time with public money for fewer and fewer users. Also when the fire in the oven, heated with bundles of thin branches( Fascines, in my dialect Krähla) is starting, a lot of dark smoke comes out of chimney. For the reason, that more and more urbaniced modernlings with fine noses live in villages, they run to townhouse to send mayor a letter: Stop this terrible smoke, vor i call my lawyer. So many of this public baking houses had been closed by courts and judges.
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  1093. When in early 18th century the first ,Jäger' units had been formed in Germany, the soldiers had been professional hunters or Forrest officals , all men with their private rifles ( Büchse) and hunting swords/daggers ( Hirschfänger).
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  1094. In 1866 innergerman war , blind King Georg Ii of Hannover was also with his army at Langensalza, the only battle of this war the prussian forces did not win.
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  1095.  @mathy4605  :Of course noise!
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  1096. Next to my swabian homevillage is the celtic oppidum , Heidengraben', also ,Heuneburg' and ,Ipf' are not too far away. Those fortifications had been in bad condition , with few inhabitants , when roman troops conquered the region. So there must have been a celtic decline before the romans came.
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  1097.  @ljubomirculibrk4097  : The man, who filled some powder in the firewood, was another neighbor. He did not want to hurt someone, so the charge was small.
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  1098.  @bleedsblue0023  : The powdercharge was too small, to hurt or kill a person, so nothing dangerous happened.
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  1099.  @badgermcbadger1968  : In another comment, it was written, that he once dried wet cartridges in the oven, i thought, perhaps another story of an explosion in an oven.
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  1100. What i have forgotten, when it would have been patented, there would be ,DRP' Deutsches Reichspatent'.
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  1101. ​ @untruelie2640 : Württemberg (1 Korps) , Sachsen (2 Korps), Bayern ( 3 Korps), Preußen ( 17-19 Korps), but Preußen included the troops of all Great Duchies, Duchies, Principalities, Free Towns, perhaps also Imperial Territory Elsass - Lothringen.
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  1102. Coperlite Consumer: l personaly would say so., became Roman culture dominated appeninian peninsula. and was oldest part of Roman Empire. But of course in about 50 before Christ, in parts of current italy still greek or etruscian speaking persons had been. Of course this is simplified, people of non ,roman' Origin could also move inside Roman Empire and / or get the ststus of , Roman Citizen '. The people in former Roman Empire, but outside of current Italy, are in german also called Römer, but in this case meaning Inhabitants of Roman Empire, living the roman culture. My History teacher said: When you read, that romans moved / came into a nonroman part of Roman Empire, for example Egypt or England, in this case, you should not think , those romans had been Itslians, this had been in this case romanized persons from all parts of Roman Empire, only perhaps high rank , knights ' or ,senators' had been , italians'. To different the people, living in Roman Empire outside of current italy, especially far away from Rome, the term Provinzialrömer is used. This had been more or less romanized local people, more or less romanized persons from other parts of Roman Empire, and few ,real romans: (you could call italians). When we germans mean all current living europeans , speaking a latin based language as whole, they are called Romanen ( Rumänen are inhabitants of Rumänien/ Romania). And inhabitants of Rom/ Rome, are , from founding the town by legendary Romulus and Remus until now, called Römer. Btw., there is an old Joke in Germany: What is the difference between Römern ( Inhabitants of Rome) and Parisern ( inhabitants of Paris)? Solution: The Römer drink their wine from Römer, but the Pariser don' t drink their wine from Parisern! ( For information: A special type of wineglass is in Germany called Römer, while in german slang Pariser means condom.)
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  1103. About 1500, the russian great prince of Moscow married a woman, which was the greatniece of last East Roman emperor Konstantin (XIV?). So the russian great prince changed his title into Tsar/ Czar which is like german Kaiser formed of Caesar, and claimed to be a descendant of Roman emperors.
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  1104. If in 1792 german troops would have beaten french revolutionary troops, the Austrian Netherlands, today known as Belgium, could be still a part of HRE.
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  1105.  @SussexYank  : Also here in Germany you sometimes find villages, where village, castle and castle owner have the same name.
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  1106. Was also noted so in a german magazin ( Zeitschrift) for military history. And modern practitioners of accademic fencing , i am no accademic, claim, for his face scars he must have been not a good fencer.
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  1107. ​ @jugantic4021 : Attention! In historical ,military german' Landsturm ( Landesdefension, Landmiliz, Landfahnen etc.) was used to describe not units of regular soldiers, but levies of fightable men, young and old, with bad training and often old weapons.
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  1108. In ,weaponry german' you can call a Revolver ,a Pistole', but Not the other way. Pistole is the older word, and the Revolver was invented to have a pistol with a Higher firepower.
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  1109. Ein Waffenschein, ein seltenes Dokument, ist eine Erlaubnis, eine Feuerwaffe zum Selbstschutz mitzuführen zu dürfen, gibt es seit der Kaiserzeit. Eine Waffenbesitzkarte, die fast immer mit dem Waffenschein verwechselt wird, berechtigt nur zum Besitz. Und : Jede Selbstladewaffe ist automatisch, währen Vollautomatische Waffenschein hierzulande nur von Militär und Polizei benutzt werden .
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  1110. As far as i know, also Switzerland has a similar tradition.
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  1111.  @davidnicholas7516  : The German Army used an Item with some similarity of warhead (?) , the ,Puppchen' on a cannonlike carriage, which was Not practical. When captured Bazookas came to Germany, there was the noted impractical Puppchen , which now could be used as Basis for a more usefull weapon.
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  1112. Die Bewohner der DDR durften auch Kreuzchen malen.
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  1113. Spreedofbra: Schon mal etwas von Bescheidenheit gehört?
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  1114. Germanics not Germans!
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  1115.  @Vampirzaehnchen  : Sie haben recht, ich habe mir das Video noch mal angesehen und festgestellt, daß er sagte ,nicht gelernt' , ich hatte ,nur gelernt' verstanden.
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  1116.  @jamieleepescini2675  : I had six years of English and four years of French at school. English was ( is) more easy for me, some words are rather similar ( for example : Bier/ beer, Ochse/ ox, Leiter/ ladder, Bär/ bear, Haus/ house), also word order for example german Handtasche, english handbag, but french sac de mains. A great problem for me had been the endings of french words, you hear ,e', but -e, - ee, - es, -ez, -é, -è is possible to write. In daily life i rarely need english vor french, same with Standard German, i usually speak my swabian dialect.
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  1117.  @jamieleepescini2675  : Funny , i am not Britta herself, who speaks english and french better than me, and hessian dialect, but her boyfriend. I also have a light version of Asperger disorder, so i can understand your Autism problems. When having Asperger or Autism, it happens often, that it is difficult, to explain what you think to other persons. Have a nice time with watching the german movie!
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  1118. My father, born 1938, told me, the first american soldier he saw pointed a pistol to him, his brother, his sister, his mother, grandmother and another woman and shouted: Wo Ring, wo Gold? (German,wo'- english,where'/ german,Gold'- english,gold'/ german ,Ring'-english ,ring'). I am sure the soldier was one of this heroic amercan soldiers seen in every war movie.
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  1119.  @DarnedYankee  : As i noted in my first comment, the first model M79 was rather large and heavy, for this reason the second model M83 was smaller and lighter, so more liked by unmounted soldiers.
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  1120. Ianweir : I am german, autistic , was for twenty years quality controller of a small german metal company. What do you expect? Please answer in propper Standard German, si vous peut parler la lanque allemand.
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  1121. Ianweir: ln german we make a propper difference between deutsch and germanisch. The english terms are confusing. Is this so difficult to understand for english speakers? In Times of Julius Caesar Germanen existed , but no Deutsche. Do i speak chinese?
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  1122. Aventureraclette: Clearly recognized. For every educated person Propaganda should be an awfull thing. In a german military maazine, i am german, years ago an Interview of 1913 was printed. A newspaper man asked some questions to a respected General, who retired in 1913. One question was, what the General thinks about Propaganda. The retiring General answered: I am against Propaganda. Propaganda destroys the honour of brave fighting enemies. Was this General wrong in his oppinion?
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  1123.  @mikeromney4712  : Executions / death penalty ended in Switzerland 1942 ( or 43?). In Western Germany 1949 ( in an US led prison had been some executions in 1951, but i don' t know, if this is true). In Eastern Germany and Liechtenstein in late 80s, 1986 or 1987. As far as i know, up to 1990s Austria had death penalty, but only for warcrimes.
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  1124.  @mikeromney4712  : I can be wrong, because i am from former West Germany. But sometimes there had been years, in which death sentence (?) was on paper still existing, but no more used for years. In small country Liechtenstein murder happens not often. In 1986 after a rather long time a murder case happened, and the authorities noticed, execution is still possible, so the law was changed.
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  1125. ​ @jbc17c : Austria, Luxemburg and Liechtenstein had been regular parts of German Federation until 1866. Belgium was under the name , Austrian Netherlands' part of HRE. Switzerland was in reallity until 1499, in theory until 1648 part of HRE. Netherlands in reallity to 1580s, in theory until 1648. Northern Italy was in theory until 1520s part of HRE ( Savoy until late 17th century).
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  1126. In the warrior graves of my swabian homeregion, helmets are rare, and armour even rarer. Most warriors only had one vor two spears , a seax and a shield. Richer ones a spatha, and poorer ones axes or hatchets. In case of tribal levies armament, please inform yourself about the scottish clan levies at Culloden.
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  1127. Both my girlfriend Britta and i are members of a german Square Dance Club. A number of years ago, an elderly german ,Caller' told at an event, that he doesn' t want to offend saxon persons. When he learned Square Dance, his knowledge of english was rather low, so he had problems, with US callers coming from different states, because they spoke english a bit different. The US dancers, in those days mostly US soldiers, didn' t believe him, that this is true. So when he learned to be also a Caller, he surprised the US dancers by calling in english, but with saxon style of speaking, they could not dance. At the noted event i saw this caller, the dancers had all been german, but with exeption of a single saxon man, nobody could understand his dancing calls.
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  1128.  @albertmarnell9976  : He is austrian, most austrians speak a dialect belonging to bavarian dialect group, up to mid 12th century , current Austria belonged to Bavaria. The inhabitants of austrian state Vorarlberg belong, together with swabians, swiss germans and alsatians to alemanic dialect group. When speaking in dialect, we german speaking people get problems to understand us propperly, so Standard German was created. You are right, when someone speaks strange, but it is a good person, his strange speaking is no problem .
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  1129.  @albertmarnell9976  : This is no wonder. When your german ancestors came from Hamburg/ low german area, they spoke in their dialect, Standard German was up to 1960s, even 1970s not as common as it is today. When you want to hear a german speaking his dialect, you have to speak with germans in rural areas, and there with old farmers and their wifes. When i, Brittas boyfriend, born 1965 , was a child, nearly everybody spoke the swabian dialect of my region, today many children no more know it , and in 40000 inhabitants neighbor town, you hear the dialect today rarer and rarer. For me as a german from the south, Lowgerman/ Plattdeutsch has an english touch, for example : English little/ low german lütt/ standard german klein or english fork/ low german Forke/ standard german Gabel or english rope/ low german Reep/ standard german Seil. The reason is, that the Anglosaxons came from Lowgerman region.
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  1130.  @albertmarnell9976  : As i noted, i am from the south of Germany, so i am not so familiar with Lowgerman / Plattdeutsch. But in case of ,the little one' it cgraould be , der Lütte' ( in Standard German : der Kleine) . But in the case, that your parents/ grandparents spoke in dialect, i can only assume, that it was , de Lütt' or , de Lütte'. Like english speakers ,the' , low german speakers can say ,de' both to male or female persons and it depends on word ending, to describe it clearly. But for being from the south, i can be wrong. A note: Today majority oft germans use Junge for boy. But when i was younger , here in the south Bub was usually used, i do still so. Bub/Boy ,yes germanic relative. And boy, in case of Cowboy, Hotel boy, Liftboy can also mean ,servant'. When i was at school ( in USA you would say Highschool) the theater piece ,Wilhelm Tell' from Friedrich Schiller was for some time the toppic of Deutsch/ german class. At the end, we hat to witte a test/Aufsatz. The next day the teacher asked astonished to my class: Why did you wrote Mr. Gesslers son died in the burning castle, it was his servant! We pupils didn' t knew, that in 1790s/ early 1800s Bub ( like boy) also could mean servant. Why i know this? I am only a german style trained worker / Facharbeiter, but i am not uneducated, i am intressted in history and to low degree also in things at Peripherie (?) of history, for example art, traditions, mythologie, old coins, evolution of human being , i speak ,rather bad, some french. So when you have a good basis of knowledge and education, some things are no mystery and easy to explain.
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  1131.  @albertmarnell9976  : Forgotten : Even not speaking lowgerman, the only word of your sentence at which i was unsure , was this ,Klütjebecker'. Here i was unsure if ,Bäcker' ( in swabian Bäck or Beck) or ,Becher '( drink glass/mug ) was meant.
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  1132.  @albertmarnell9976  : Bub is usualy not used als an insult. But it depends on context. Spitzbub/ Spitzbuben was formely in 19th and before, used for criminals. This word is today rare used, today it means no more a real criminal, but someone with creative ideas to do something not allowed, but in an unexpected way , which surprises( baffles?) other persons. Not a real insult, but a sign: I don' t take you serious ( Ich nehme dicht nicht ernst) is Milchbubi ( milk boy) . This means literally , you are so young, you still drink mothers milk . It can be a light insult, but usually this Milchbubi is used to say: Because of your ( young) age, i doubt, you have much experience.
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  1133.  @albertmarnell9976  : When you mean your grandfather, then is is ,Er wollte nichts Böses' , but when you mean his words ,Es war nicht böse gemeint'. Er - he/ es - it.
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  1134.  @Ruhrpottpatriot  : After the spectacular defeat of 1806 ( Jena and Auerstädt), Prussia lost a lot of territory and the army was limited to 42000 men by Napoléon. So the prussian army analyced the mistakes ( to old officers in high ranks, only noble officers, to much parade training but to few field training, training and thinking only on regiment level, recruting etc.), this change was one of the reason, why prussian became so good in many military thngs after 1813. In the time of German Federation (1815 - 1866) only Austria,, the kingdoms and great dukes had the money and capability for usefull troops. The contingents of the Dukes, princes and free towns, often fewer than 300 men, had so low training, that they could only be used as guards, escorts, patrol men or fortress men.
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  1135. Famous Scientist Albert Einstein noted: There are two things without an end: Space and human idiotity.
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  1136. No needlefire guns, but some french Chassepot had been converted to fire german 11,15 x 60 blackpowder cartridges, because in first production years of german M71 guns there was a lack of carbine versions. May be this carbines had still been in the cellar of an arsenal.
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  1137.  @ScottKenny1978  : A small sidenote: The terms Hochwild and Niederwild are relicts of HRE time. Hochwild means game allowed to hunt by high noblemen, Niederwild means game allowed to hunt by low noblemen ( and rich town citizens/Patrizier).
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  1138. An old german joke about the four german grammar cases: der Werwolf, den Wenwolf, dem Wemwolf, des Wesswolfes.
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  1139. Attention! From HRE time to now there was no , german police', only the policeforces of the different states. A centralized police existed only from 1934 to 1945. So it must have been a german state police/Landespolizei, which was interessted in this pistol, the term Landpolizei/ Rural Police existed only in Bavaria up to about 1970. The german states in occupation era asked the british, US and french authorities for allownes of using Landespolizei,not Landpolizei for new policeforce. Landespolizei/ State Police sounds for german people more thrustworthy than Landpolizei/ Rural ( Hillbilly) Police . And up to about 1980 most german police pistols had been in .32 ACP.
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  1140. In my part of Germany graves are usually given up after 25 years.
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  1141.  @michelguevara151  : I am german , and Brittas boyfriend. I was born in 1965 in an ( in those days) rural area. So, when i had my school education, for german situation ,middle education', this was shortly before ,political correctness'. So i also think, everything should be regarded from two vor more angles.
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  1142. Nick Eldridge: Before 1525 Prussia was Country of the Order of Teutonic Knights, and after the battle of Tannenberg/ Grünwald in 1466(?) it was a puppet state of the polnish kingdom. Even the majority of inhabitants had been german, Prussia was no part of Germany/ HRE, so the Hochmeister/ high master of the teutonic order was the ruler. But with the tme the german people of Prussia fewer and fewer liked the , Teutonic knights' and in the reformation age in 1525 the high master switched to protestant religion, called himself duke, and prussia remained a puppet state of poland. This noted man was of the Hohenzollern dynasty, who, inside of the HRE, had been electors of Brandenburg ( the swabian branches remained being unimportant counts). In 1701 elector Friedrich lll of Brandenburg called himself ,king IN prussia' ( a trick for not having juristcal problems), and could stop being a puppet state of poland ( Prussia), the teritories inside of HRE had been of course never puppet states of poland. I have no accademic degree, i am only a trained worker ( Facharbeiter).
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  1143.  @MsMesem  1) In my homeregion a lot of non gouvernement organisations have a lack of documents before 1947, because occupation troops confiscated archives and documents- true fact. 2) From about 1300 - 1871 Germany was weak for being devided into more than 300 ( after 1815 about 35 states) without a stong central gouvernement like other grand power- true fact. 3) This weakness was used especially by the French to steal a lot of german territory ( Alsace and Lorraine), also the minor territories in the ,Franche Comte' the Dukes of Württemberg got in medieval times. Also in the time of ,Sun King' Louis XIV the frech troops burnt and robbed lots of german villages and towns. - true fact. 4) Also the Danish tried to conquer as much of german territory as possible . For ecample in 1500 they tried to conquer the Dithmarschen region, one of the few german territories outside of Imperial Towns/ Reichsstädte where there had been NO noblemen. - true fact. 5) I have seen no movie, neither french, danish or from another nation, which show french, danish or other nongerman troops doing crimes in Germany, AMD no movie, which show the reality that after 1300/1350 Germany was a weak country. - true fact. 6) I don' t like nationalists and i geht angry, when nationalists tell wrong nonsens, natioalist poison is the seed of hate.- true fact 7) I try to explain the german history as good as i as a non academic can do this, to close education gaps, because i know, that most
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  1144. Britisch revolver with Pritchett bayonnet and attached stock (?) / Anschlagschafft.
    2
  1145.  @yosarianilivestech4018  : The gunners must have been nearly deaf after war.
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  1146. Small writing error Württemberg.
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  1147. In late 1970s/ early 1980s on german TV sometimes 45 min ,Specials' appeared, showing three 15 min stories/ episodes, in all three episodes the same popular german actor was the main character, in the next ,Special' another actor appeared. One time the actor Heinz Rühmann was the main actor in such a Special', all three stories played in Great Brittain. In one of this 15 min stories, he played the railway station man of a very small railway station in a rural area. Somehow he knew, that this day the Royal Train will pass his little railway station, and for being a patriotic british citizen, he ordered a teenager, to wave a british flag, when the Royal Train passes. To his surprise, the Royal Train came earlier than expected and stopped at his station. As the only railwayman here, he went to the train and asked, which help the Queen needs. But the railwayman opening the doors, answered, the Queen is not in the train, it stops only for being to early. But i see, you are a dutyfull railwayman, so you can enter the Royal Train and drink a cup of tea with us. In this carriage, where the tea was drunken, there was a cleaning lady sitting in a chair, having her hair covered with a piece of cloth, looking like a ,Turban' ( asian headgear). The Teenager looked through a window, to see what the railwaystation man does. He saw him speaking with a lady, from which he could only see from behind head and headgear. The boy was surprised, let fall bis flag and run to the next pub, where he shouted: The Royal Train has stopped and Mr..... drinks tea with the Queen! A nice short story of german TV, noting british Royal Train.
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  1148. No! The .45 ACP was in ,Kennblätter für fremdes Gerät' ( desccripton sheets for foreign equipment) called 11,5 mm Colt :-))
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  1149. I am German. In my language we use the latin alphabet like the English, with some in english language unknown letters. Ä, ä (Ae, ae)/Ö, ö (Oe, oe)/ Ü, ü (Ue, ue) and ß. In words of german origin you speak like it is written ( in swiss german some words are pronounced a bit more oldfashioned, so that many germans and austrans have a problem). The speaking- writing difference is mostly in words of non german origin. But the fact, that we write with the same letters than the english, this does not mean, that we speak it the same way. In spoken language V and W are different, or let members of this two nations speak ,th' or ,ch'.
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  1150. Gran Torino : machine - in german Maschine is spoken Mah-shi-neh as it is written. Receipt- in german Rezept is spoken Re -tsept as it is written.
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  1151. Gunārs Miezis : Did you perhaps confuse tough and through? In german tough would be written taff and through would be sruh.
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  1152. In german military history, the navy appeares lesser than army, because for centuries there had been no real navy. Some states mostly prussia, had few armed coastal ships, and the few fregattes of the ,Hanseatic Towns' had been more for representstion.
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  1153. Wasn' his name Lichtenfeld , many jewish people have a german family name. As far as i know, in the interwar periode a stickfighting manual for indian policemen, written by a british colonial officer ,Long' , inspired by Barton- Wrights ,Bartitsu' , was popular among jewish people in nowadays Israel, because unter british rule in interwar time it was difficult to own firearms legally, so also arabian attackers often only had daggers, sabers or clubs.
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  1154. Moon Base and Antarctica :-))
    2
  1155.  Jochen Brückner  : Haben Rechtsradikale diese Leute ins Land geholt?
    2
  1156. German competition polymer material is/was Perlon. In a german arms magazine there was a longer time ago a , Readers comment' (?)/ Leserbrief to an article about Kar 89 k. The writer told, that as a small boy in 1930s, he saw an 98k with Bakelite stock.
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  1157. Georges Sheffield: Before wwl , as far as i know, officers of every nation had to buy their own equipment. In case of Imperial Germany, i am german and read german language arms magazines since 1982, the officers could buy before 1914 every firearms they wanted, but : The pistol/ revolver had to fire service cartidges! This means in time , when M79 and M83 revolvers ( socalled Reichsrevolver) it was 10,6 Deutsche Ordonnanz, and in time of Pistole 08 ( by Navy 04) it was 9mm Parabellum ( Luger). In case of Pistole 08 officers could only buy Parabellum pistols in luxury variants, or for much money a different barrel length, but in case of revolver? Larger or smaller variants, luxury variants, different grip scales, trigger guard finger hook , double action ( ordonance model was single action only), unloading mechanism ( ordonance model had a small rod in holster pocket to stick out empty cartridges). In case of sword, the officers had to buy the official model of their branch. But: A fresh created Leutnant of a commoners middleclass family bought cheap standard model, while an Oberst ( colonel) of a rich noble familiy bought a sword of official look, but with damascene blade, or blued blade with golden decoration, and goldcovered silver guard and ivory grip. The only officers weapons the different german states bought, had been the socalled , Kammerstücke' ( chamber pieces) in Standard ordonance version. They had been intended for seargeants, when acting as Offiziersstellvertreter ( doing officers tasks, when no officer is available), for example, during a peacetime officers meeting in barracks, the Offiziersstellvertreter had to observe the soldiers, that they do no nonsens, or when during officers meeting an unexpected messenger appears.
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  1158.  @tajmahal6533  : In german state Baden- Württemberg, left to Bayern ( Bavaria) on map, next to Reutlingen town, there is ,fairy tale' castle Lichtenstein, not large, but besutyfull, look in Internet!
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  1159. No! Cat, have are spoken by germans as Kätt, häff and Handy as Händie ( the ä spoken as mix of ä and e.
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  1160.  @damianchristopher205  : Surprising. But for german gun law reason, i rarely read the pages of arms companies.
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  1161. Dear Anglosaxon and Celtic neighbors! This nonsens is rising also in Germany, you are not alone with your anger ( ?)/.Ärger.
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  1162.  @ingratus8160  : The cap on the wellknown photo of Feldmarschall von Mackensen is simply a Hussarenmütze / hussars cap, the skull was only a special sign of ,his' hussars regiment.
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  1163.  @ingratus8160  : As far as i know, yes. The use of this sign started in second quarter of 18th century, but i don't know the real reason.
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  1164. Vielleicht hat er das Wort Luft von einem Schwaben gelernt ;-)!
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  1165. In german language Ireland is called Irland, the irish are called , die Iren'. But in german language also the word ,die Irren' exists, which means , the madmen'. So we laughed , when one of the boys said: In Irland wohnen die Irren. ( In Ireland the madmen live.)
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  1166. In 911 the last descendant of Karl dem Großen in Eastern Frankish Empire ( today Germany) called Ludwig das Kind ( the child) died. The german bishops and nobles elected Konrad l as first ,german' king. But he was also a member of the fankish/fränkischen tribe, so he could be a relative of the last carolingian king. So some germans think that Heinrich l ( a saxon) elected in 919 is the first german king.
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  1167. Why is my comment removed? I am german, speak german and know , how to pronounce the words of my language. I tried to describe correct german pronounciation of Koch, but when an non native speker means, he knows it better.....
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  1168. These helmets offical name was simply Helm mit Spitze.
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  1169. But when they are realy austrian citizens, then the use of ,von' and nobility ranks would be still today punished, even the head of Habsburg family only calls himself ,Habsburg- Lothringen'.
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  1170. Allied pilots bombing defenceless villages , heroic.
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  1171. As far as i know, current academic fencers no more want this great scars, so the scars get today mostly correct medical work.
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  1172. So Europeans and Latin Americans in 19th century knew no cavallry sabers? Complete Idiocracy.
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  1173.  @catriona_drummond  : I am german, i know, what the Duden is :-)
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  1174.  @catriona_drummond  : For the reason, that English is the ,lingua franca' of Internet, i use it . I am Brittas boyfriend, 56 now,no academic, and my englisch is not the ,yellow of the egg' when it comes explain not so easy things. Hauptmann was formerly, perhaps in 14th century, not a rank in modern sense, it was simply used for the leader of a unit/ levie (Aufgebot) , no difference if this had been 20 or 150 men. And the Oberst ( colonel) was once the Oberster( highest) Hauptmann , when a number of units fought together. The Feldwebel was once the Waibel ( a kind of administration official) who did his job in field among Landsknecht mercenaries. In Switzerland officials with this title still exist as Bundes(federal)waibel or Kantons( cantonal)waibel, for ceremonies they appear with a Zweispitz/ two corne (?) hat and a coat in coat - of - arms color. During /after 30years war, a lot of german military words switched from german to french, ranks , but also a Fähnlein became a Bataillon. During napoleonic age, some german words came back. I think, the extraordinary ranks of SS was an experiment, for a Comeback of germansounding ranks.
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  1175. Oh! A lot of ,revival' of right wing ideas in Germany is the result of Angela Merkels policy. She was it, who gave the consevatve party CDU a great step to left policy
    2
  1176. No, a woman king is a king, who rules only over a single woman.
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  1177.  @claudiuspseudonymus1369  : I am german, my knowledge of english is limited, so i have never heared this word. I know, that in german imperial army for the uniforms of ( formerly hungarian) hussars and ( formerly polnish) lancers / Ulanen some words of hungarian/ polish language had been used, so also Hussarenmütze is perhaps wrong. But in case of this movie clip, the romanian (?) producers simply had no real uniform of von Mackensens regiment, so they used a german wwll uniform and a similar looking cap. About ten to twelfe years ago, i was near the town of Tübingen at a square dance event ,Dance in the barn'. The owner of this barn had the name von Mackensen, a relative/ descendant of the Field Marshall.
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  1178.  @juppi8700  : No! This company only produced this uniforms. Up to the 1970s there had been in the swabian/ wurttembergian region of Germany a lot of smaller, but well reputated cloth/ textile companies. The owner of Hugo Boss company was a member of Nsdap Party and his products had a good reputation for quality. And remember, in first half of 20th century in nearly every country it was seen as a great honour, when the head of state ordered products of your company.
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  1179. Attention! Schrot can also be ,shot' ( Flintenschrot).
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  1180. This is the german march : Preußens Gloria ( Prussian Glory). The shorter piece of music before this march was the so called , Lockmarrsch', when german military or civilian bands start to play military march music, they usually play the ,Lockmarsch' at first.
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  1181.  @leone.6190  : I am swabian and like the swiss germans a descendant of Alemannen, we once had been the same tribe. I live about 30 km south of former border between Imperium Romanum and Germania Magna. Before the Alemannen crossed the Limes fortifications in 260, the inhabitants of roman provinces Germania Superior and Raetia ( the border between this provinces was between the towns Lorch and Schwäbisch Gmünd), had been ,provincial romans' in this case celtics, in some parts of Alps also raetics, mixed with ,romans' from all over the empire. So the ancestors of swabians and swiss germans had been germanic Alemannen mixed with some remaining celto- romans. Also some raetics survived. The Rhätoromanen in swiss Graubünden, the Ladiner in ( today italian ) southern Tyrol and some people in Friaul region.
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  1182.  @jbkhan1135  : This documentation about an english ( british?) scientist was shown about ten years ago in german TV. I no more remember correctly, but i ty to do research.
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  1183.  @Jean-vr7vj  : A longer time ago, my parents, born 1938 and 1942 , entered an inn in a rural village. There had been a funeral in this village and a number of persons had been there for the ,Leichenschmaus' ( don' t know english word for this german custom after a funeral). A man in the age of my parents came to the table of my parents and said: ,I want to sit to you, because you are strangers. When sitting together with the older men of the village, it is boring, they allways tell their war stories. One day, when the elder men only told , where they ,layed' ( in this case ,liegen'/ to lay is an oldfashioned term for , to be stationed at ....') i got angry and said them: No wonder, that Deutsches Reich lost the war, when you only layed arround everywhere.'
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  1184. Which idiot has writen the headline of this Video? North Germanics: Iceland , Sweden, Norway, Denmark , Färöer Islands. Westgermanic: German (Austrian, Swiss), English , Dutch/Flemmish, Frisian. East Germanic: Extinct in 1790s. Germanic: All of them.
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  1185.  @AdmV0rl0n  : Before 1914 there had been three types of armies. 1) Professional armies: As far as i know, this had been volunteers, who served 20-30 years. This had been the best trained armies, but in comparison to population, rather small. In USA there had been State Militias ( today National Guard), but i don't know about their equipment and training. In Great Brittain, as far as i know, also some semi- official militias existed. 2) Countries , in which every young man had the duty to serve in the army for some time, perhaps two years, and then they became part of the reserve, from time to time, they had to do some training again. In german language Wehrpflicht, isn' t this called conscript army? The german version of this seemed to be the best one, but only the professional officers had those wellknown quality of training, the reserve officers not so much. Also the reserve soldiers had not the knowledge of a professional soldier. And the units called Landwehr , this soldiers had been older than Reserve, had not so modern equipment. The units of Landsturm, the oldest soldiers, had in 1914 rather old equipment and also their training was not so modern. In other continental armies it was similar. 3) Militia armies. In few countries, for example Sweden or Switzerland, the young men also had the duty, to serve , but only few months. So it is doubtable, if this only rather short trained soldiers could sucessfully fight against better trained troops. ( In 1912 Wilhelm ll visited Switzerland, watched a great Manöver / training of Swiss troops , and said: The Swiss officers and soldiers seem to know their job.). So, every system had strong and weak points.
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  1186. MP 3008, Neumünster Gerät?
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  1187. Ian perhaps knows a bit of german language, but i think, mostly some weapon related words from books. I assume he knows the words, but not exactly , how to speak them. For us german speaking people, english is not so difficult, the everyday words are often similar and in some english words you recognize words of german dialects ( which are no Standard German) or rare used dated german words.
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  1188.  @chpruc  : I, Brittas boyfriend, live in Central Region of state Baden-Württemberg. The Danube river i don't see often, but when i, for hobby reason travel into Bavaria, i have to cross it near Ulm.
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  1189. In a german arms magazine long ago, there was an article about a castle in Tyrol, i have forgotten the name. There are a number of well preserved suite of armour, but no weapons. In famous 1809 rebellion the tyrolian men used all weapons they could get, even medieval swords and polearms.
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  1190.  @peterbenson2185  : I am german, Brittas boyfriend, for german laws reason i only watch weapons in Museums and palaces and read german arms magazins. So i only know from reading , that the former top quality of ,Python' declined over the decades.
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  1191.  @STho205  : In Isandlwana the copperfoil cartridges had been a Problem, but not so much as later claimed. Same thing with the ammoboxes. Similar to Custer , british Commander lost battle for underestimate native enemies. So it was claimed, the to strong ammoboxes and to weak cartridges caused the defeat.
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  1192.  @shawnmiller4781  : Excuse me, wrong Button! Matt Easton is basicly the Ian of swords and spears. In case of edged weapons, you find them in much more museums than firearms, also in many castles the noble owners have sometimes armours of their ancestors. Reenactors from times
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  1193.  @mizapf  : A ,Fresser' is either someone without table manners or someone who eats astoningly much food.
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  1194.  @comentedonakeyboard  : Ethiopia/ Abessinia was neutral. When the last emperor Haille Selassie ( formerly Ras Tafari) tried to form the Imperial Guard into an elite force, the main army ,Mahel Safari' was only a similar uniformed and armed light force, he ordered instructors from neutral european countries like Switzerland or Sweden, he did this to have no problems with great powers and their policy.
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  1195.  @DarkKnight-yz2wg  : In those days , german and italian governements did not like each other, for the reason , who has more influence in Austria.
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  1196. Was in 1950s used as designation for a not introduced trials rifle, i think from Switzerland.
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  1197. One point. The wife of the current king Carl Gustav is from a non-noble german family, a fact which was not usual in the 1970's,
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  1198. Yes, Allied war criminals mostly had Not been punished.
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  1199.  @tpl608  Rewriting History? There was no trial about Allied warcrimes, which is a true fact, even you don' t like this. Oh, where are Saddam Husseins nuclear rockets ? Who started russo- polish war about 1920?
    2
  1200. If the pistol was realy used by german troops, then you should have used german Ballistol gunoil. :-)))
    2
  1201.  @Soundbrigade  : Austrian or German? He was born in Austria,, lived most of his life in Germany and became german citizen in 1933. An Answer is not so easy. In 1866, after being for centuries part of HRE and then German Confederation, Austria was foced to leave ,Germany' ( in 19th century socalled ,Small german solution'. In wwl allies, after wwl austrian try, to reunite with Gemany was not allowed by allied powers. Today a reunition seems no more possible, the split is too long. I, as a southern German, allied with Austria in 1866 would like a reunition, but as more you go to north in Germany, badminded jokes about Austria are growing.
    2
  1202.  @konigludwig6539  : Seine Majestät werden Recht haben.
    2
  1203. Begleiten means to escort.
    2
  1204. Excuse me , Diir is Tür, deir is teuer.
    2
  1205.  @albertsmyth9616  : I, Brittas boyfriend, am from Württemberg, last württembergian king had also the name Wilhelm ll, but was a complete different man. He was no Fan of english Style , Parlamentary Monarchy ' but in 1900s he did some changes in württembergian Constitution and Administration, with which he , unwanted' caused, that Württemberg was wellprepared for democraty. He didn' t like , Royal ' Lifestyle, he prefered ,rich citizens ' Lifestyle and wore uniforms only when it was necessary for tradition. Among last german monarchs, he was the most popular Monarch ( in His own country). Hunting was a thing, he liked, so after Revolution/ Abdicstion he lived up to his death in 1923 in a Castle next to Tübingen, in his prefered hunting region , Schönbuch '. In a small Museum, i saw württembergian Wilhelm ll s hunting suit, but i don' t know, If this was original or Copy. I remember, that the Buttons/ Knöpfe of the Jacket had been Made of a Green Material, perhaps early plastic, because the King feared, Buttons Made of shining Material could frighten the Game, when there is bright shining sun. A sidenote: I have seen a photo of prussian Wilhelm ll, on which he carried an ,overlong' Version of Hirschfänger knife. This knife type was Up to 1848 only allowed for noblemen, Professional hunters or forresty officials.
    2
  1206. There was formerly, perhaps 20 years ago, the ,Graf Eder' brewery at Oberndorf.
    2
  1207. Only USA, Liberia and Myanmar use imperial, more than 7 billion/ Milliarden humans use metric!
    2
  1208.  @odysseus2656  : A difficult to tell story. Prussia was in HRE time never a part of HRE, inside of HRE the Kings in Prussia had been only Electors of Brandenburg. This changed ,when in 1806 HRE ended, now Prussia, which was eastern of HRE was officialy together with all inner- HRE territories the state of Prussia. The real Prussia outside of HRE was before 1525 no Duchy, but mainland of Order of teutonic Knights/ Order of St. Mary. Inside of HRE the then Dukes of Prussia hat been Electors of Brandenburg , in HRE they could conquer ( Silesia) or by merriage get large territories over the centuries. In 1815 after Vienna peace conference Prussia got Rhineland. They last enlargement of Prussia before the from you noted 1850 was in 1849, when the two swabian branches of Hohenzollern dynasty ( where Hohenzollern castle really is) handed their states to their mighty relatives. And also the swiss canton Neuenburg was up to 1850s ruled by prussian king ( but only socalled personal Union).
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  1209.  @manolomartinez5033  : When you look at medieval / rennaisance paintings, for example with captured saints, the soldiers wear either the arms and armour of their time, or in fantasy style. Especially in early 16th century Italy some helmets and armour was made, trying to have some antic design elements, but NO copies!
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  1210. In german, the town Troy is called Troja. So in 19th century some german scientists did research , If Hagen von Tronje, the bad guy of Niebelungen tale, has any connection to the War of Troy.
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  1211.  @jkkennedy9280  : Sorry , wrong button! Irish persons, when i remember right from this noted organisation, came to a german military surplus trader, Benny Spirro, and ordered a large number of M71 rifles, because the other rifles he offered had been to unmodern. Later in the Hitler era this trader got problems, he did not survive. The sending to Ireland was made by two ships. The British authorities noticed this, so they could overwhelm(?) one of those ships, and also the second ship could not give all weapons to the irish buyers. In this magazine article there was a photo of civilians with rifles. The Text was: Some of the men carry the rifle in their right shoulder, some on the left shoulder , others carry it like an umbrella under their arm, but you can see their proud faces, being the first armed irishmen since 1798. Also a Denkmal/monument(??) was shown, where one of the figurines (?) carried a M71 rifle and the other one a C96 pistol.
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  1212.  @genericpersonx333  : An unimportant note from Germany. After the war of 1861-1865 the size of the US army was about 30000 men . The bavarian king could fielld an army of the same size.
    2
  1213. That may be some members of in 1914 still existing Knights Orders somehow had been involved in wwl is possible. In 1971 the last man died, who was a knight of Teutonic Knights.
    2
  1214. I think Mr. Kennedy had a larger problem, than guessing, which rifle shot the bullet.
    2
  1215. But some machines producing 8x57 IS could be used for 8x33, much measurements had been the same.
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  1216. @Nicolai Myshkin : I have spoken of todays fencers. Yes up to 1920s/1930s the thing was different. In comments in context to to old german movies in black and white with fencing scenes , it seems, that current fencers are not sure if this shows real fencing style of former time, or if the actors didn' t knew it better. .
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  1217.  @Sirilere  : The comment was not intended being serious.
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  1218.  @Shotty262  : You use a german family name. In case of your ancestors, taken part in wwll, also many things are possible!
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  1219.  @derin111  : Es kommt meines Wissens auf die Gegend, beziehungsweise den Dialekt an, ob als Verkleineungsformel - chen oder - lein verwendet wird. So wie es den Namen Bäuerle im Schwäbischen des öfteren gibt, mag es anderswo auch Leute mit Namen Bäuerchen geben.
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  1220.  @milanaleksic7678  : Schwaben / Stamm, schwäbisch/ Dialekt.
    2
  1221. Some years ago, german Anschütz company made a hunting rifle in 4,7 mm cartridge for MP 7 Pdw weapon.
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  1222.  @spacetiger5076  : In german a ,war charriot' is a ,Streitwagen'. In swedish a ,stridsvagn' is a tank.
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  1223.  @thomasbecker9676  : Both Thomas and Becker ( a dialect version of Bäcker/ baker) could be german, so i was not sure, if i could write in german. Those saussages made of wild boar or a mix of wild and house pigs taste good. I personaly think, during my childhood( late 60s/early 70s ) saussage tasted better than now, so i like to try saussages, made of unusual meat ( sheep, goat, house rabbit, buffallo, ostrich, deer, roe) only one time i was dissapointed. A canadian sausage made of American Bison was of low quality..
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  1224.  @tbjtbj4786  : In Germany hunters can sell game meat, but of course the meat must be examined/ controlled by a doctor/ veterinsrian. For hunting you need in Germany a hunting licence. Only some rather old guys , socalled Altwaffenbesitzer, who bought their guns before 1969 have legally rifles , able for illegal hunt. Poaching is still existing in Germany, but is no more the romantic thing like in old novels and movies.
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  1225. I don' t think german gouvernement will switch to a more liberal gun/weapon laws, because with weapons you could hurt or kill enemies or criminals.
    2
  1226. Breslau .
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  1227. Perhaps you mean ,Military History visualized' and ,Military History not visualized' . The man is austrian.
    2
  1228.  @kasetoast8354  : Erstens bestelle ich Döner weder auf deutsch, noch auf englisch, da ich dies nicht esse, als Imbiss kaufe ich mir entweder eine Wurst oder einen Leberkäswecken. Zweitens, wenn ich in meiner Heimat immer weniger deutsch oder meinen Dialekt höre, da fühle ich mich nicht mehr Zuhause.
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  1229. German ,ch' sounds not ,k', it is a sound similar to the noise an angry cat makes, but softer and slower. Bezirk is not spoken Bizirk, the ,e' is spoken like ,e" in ,bed'. Ziel is spoken ,Tsiel', not ,Siel' , a Siel is a kind of ditch in german coast region. But this is not important for the video.
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  1230. Those mechanikal ,waking up clocks' , in german Wecker, are better for their intended purpose than modern ones.
    2
  1231.  @Inflator82  : You can be translated in german as du or ihr. Du means a single person, ihr is a group of any size ( rarely used, because now a republic, to honour a ruling king, visiting Germany).So Mrs. Merkel was chancellor for four election periodes..l am Brittas boyfriend ( only using her Computer too) and a rural/ conservative/ patriotic man. From late 1970s , when i election age ,onwards i voted for CDU party, like many conservative germans. Then , then, CDU was the party for conservative democrats , conservativer than then centrist liberal FDP party and more liberal/ democratic than NPD ( founded in 1960s by former NSDAP men!). When you see and read old election posters or CDU from about 1990, both National or state elections, the then slogans/ ideas of CDU had been often similar to slogans/ ideas of current AFD. When you know this, you can which ,jump to leftwing' CDU has made under Merkel. At first i voted for her, because i didn' t knew her and thougt, she is only new head of CDU. For reason that i have Asperger Autism, it needed time for me, to notice the change, was in second election periode, when i noticed, the box painted with CDU no more contains CDU. Became angry when i realized, i was betrayed (betrogen). I am only factory worker, who knows, there are more intelligent people in Germany than me, but those Migration Idiocracy shocked me, my respect for politicians dissappeared. When a conservative/ patriotic german doesn' t want to follow his leader, you perhaps understand, what hour the bell has rung/ was die Stunde geschlagen hat- a german saying.
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  1232. Before steamboats had been introduced, Austrian Danube Flottilla had in 19th century: a) Boats with one 4pound cannon.b) Boats with four 4pounder cannons. c) Large Boats with one 10pound Cannon and a 12pound howizer.
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  1233.  @Vindettaable  : Between 1815 and 1866 there was no Germany, but a German Federation/ Deutscher Bund. And Großherzogtum/ Great Duchy Luxemburg was part of the German Federation. Yes, from 1815- 1832 the Dutch King was King of the Netherlands ( in those days Netherlands and Belgium) and Greatduke of Luxemburg . But only as Greatduke of Luxemburg he was Bundesfürst/ Federation prince of the German Federation. From 1815- 1839 also the British King was Bundesfürst, because he was also King of Hannover. Also from 1815- 1864 the Danish King was a Bundesfürst, because he was Duke of Holstein. And the luxemburgish military coningent was part of the Bundesheer of the German Federation. In wartime the luxemburgian soldiers had to defemd the Fortress Luxemburg, the capital, together with a prussian Garrison of 2000 men. The Fortress Luxemburg was in German Federation time seen as a Bundesfestung zweiter Klasse/ Federation fortress second class. After the innergerman war of 1866 the German Federation no more existed and Luxemburg, Liechtenstein and Austria saw themselfes no more as a part of ,Germany'.
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  1234.  @Rouxgarou96  : Carlo from german Karl, Federico from german Friedrich, Ildebrando from german Hildebrand ...also spanish Rodrigo is german Roderich. Some names in current romanic language countries, dating not back to Roman Empire are in reality of germanic origin.
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  1235.  @biggusdickus819  : In my first, long comment i also wrote of shields, but i thought, this had been larger ones. As far as i know, in 18th century Mexico there was still a cavallry unit with leather shields, but this can be wrong information.
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  1236.  @biggusdickus819  : Thanks for your informations!
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  1237. Binu Thomas : As far as i know, the last ,Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach', i have forgotten his First Name, died in the early-mid 80's, for the reason of cancer in the troat. He was homosexual, so he had no children, and it could have been Aids, but the last fact i don't know surely.
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  1238. He is italian, guerilla ( small war) is spanish, so as a Romanic he knows, how to speak. Written the german way it would be ,Gerillja'.
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  1239. This kind of pistols (in some cases even revolvers) with a stock had been only intended as an ,Emergency Substitute' ( in german Notbehelf), not
    2
  1240. ​ @pete_lind  : Current head of Scottish Royal Family ( Stuart) is Franz, Herzog von Bayern.
    2
  1241.  @Fuzz32  : I am german, in 1990s I watched in german TV an Interview with an artist from Alsace, who was an elderly man. During the Interview, the Artist told, that he in 1960s lived for half a year in London, to get artists inspiration from , Swinging London '. When he traveled to London, he spoke no english, but he learned fast. Why? He knew, english is a Mix of 1500 Years old german, and 1000 Years old french, so it was for him easy, because coming from' Alsace, He fluently spoke french and german. Believeable.
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  1242. I am german of swabian tribe. Until 1950s the rural people of my homeregion didn' t knew italian food. But : For generations the people of my region know noodles, in only few variations: Very narrow fine noodles for soup, wide noodles for meat dishes and filled noodles ( Maultaschen) , which are large Ravioli or Tortellini. But most common swabian noodles, Spätzle, are different to italian Pasta, in contrast to italian pasta the dough(?) , in german Teig, is put rather fluid directly into boiling water. In late 1980s, was in my early 20s, i eat my first italian Pizza.and was a bit dissappointed: This is simply an italian Dätscher ! What is a swabian Dätscher, in other parts of swabian region known as Bätscher, Deie, Dennet...? It is basicly a small Pizza, but a bit thicker than a Pizza in center part. Instead of cheese and tomato like italian Pizza, a swabian Dätscher is covered with a mix of raw egg and fat sour cream, the dough (?)/ Teig is nearly the same. Showed such a Dätscher to an italian coworker, he was only surprised about unknown egg/ cream cover, not about look and taste . Now, that swabian people know some food similar to italian food can be simply a coincidence. Other posibility: From 1190s to 1260s swabian Hohenstaufen dynasty ( ending 1268).had been also Kings of Naples. Btw., Hohenstaufen dynasty is in Italy perhaps better known as Ghibbelines ( die Waiblinger).
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  1243. Edward Corran : Even after more than 70 years of independance, many indian uniforms look very british, also some policemen are still armed with british style repeating rifles. Have a nice time!
    2
  1244.  @JimmyBullets  : Francaise n' est pas la matiere ou je suis Bon, je peut parler Cette langue seulement mauvais, parce que ca, je connais peu de mots, excuse moi!
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  1245. So use real name: Mühlhausen!
    2
  1246.  @echofoxtrotwhiskey1595  : The SA ( Sturmabteilung) was in 1920s Mr. Hitlers fighting Organisation, they wore brown uniforms..
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  1247.  @echofoxtrotwhiskey1595  : I am german, and not so informed about political situation in USA. But it seems to me, that you have a problem with all kind of radical idiots.
    2
  1248.  @TE4358g  : Many english words contain a ,wh' , so accidently writing wher instead of wehr is understandable. I am german, Brittas boyfriend ( using her Computer too), i write comments either in german or english ( et très rare en francais), but sometimes the Computer doesn' t recognize the language, with strange results- similar, but wrong words appear. In case of Wehr, die Wehr is a dated word for weapon, especially a bladed one ( so the military context , also Feuerwehr/ firebrigade) and sich wehren means to defend yourself. But das Wehr is somethng quite different. A kind of small dyke with a small door, to open or close a small waterway for using water power. In german language the change of der, die or das sometimes changes the meaning of a word, can't explain this phenomeon.
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  1249.  @barnabyjones6995  : The four rings are representing the four companies which formed ,Auto Union' (car union) : Horch, Audi, DKW and Wanderer.
    2
  1250.  @m0-m0597  : Compared to europeans from middle or north europe, the europeans from southern europe have a darker skin tone. Some of them have a skin tone like people from current north africa or eastern mediteranean region. So i think, that the former egyptians had a similar skin than current egyptians. Most had surely a ,brown' skin tone, darker than southern europeans, which are white, but much lighter than people from real , black' part of Africa. But: Some of ,old' egyptians had ancestors either from southern Europe or from Africa south of Sahara, which means, a part of former egyptians of pharaonic era had been white or black persons. They had been regular egyptian citizens, but both white and black egyptians had been not the majority. Here in Germany, i am german, you can see ethnic germans, which have a skin and hair colour like Italians or Spaniards from the far south of Europe. They are either descendants of Romans ( south of Germany and areas west of Rhine had been Roman Empire), or descendants of mercenaries of ,Thirty Years War', or descendants of italian/ french artists or craftsmen comming to Germany in Renaissance or Baroque era. So there allways had been persons, don' t looking like majority.
    2
  1251. Conservative Agnostic : This story is doubtfull. I am german, and i think, i am fluent in german language, even i speak swabian dialect, but no Standard German in dayly life. When non germans claim to speak the german language fluently, this simply means that they speak german with no word or grammar error/mistake. But most foreigners have a foreign accent! Many germans have a problem with the english ,th' sound and speak it as ,s' or ,t', but english native speakers often have a problem with the german ,ch' sound and speak it ,k' ( french native speakers often speak this sound ,sch'). US citizens, even with german ancestors, mostly have an US/ american accent. Not long ago i (german) watched an old german 60s movie, in which the story played/ happened in Great Brittain. I was astonished, that one actor had a british accent, it was Sir Christopher Lee speaking german with his own voice. Also in the 1930s/40s Standard German was not as common as it is today, most german people in those days spoke their local dialect. So i think, in those days it was not so easy to fool a german with german language. I speak swabian dialect, which has the same roots like swiss german, and in Vienna an austrian man thougt, i am swiss, so i perhaps can fool non german speakers, being swiss ( i also speak few french), but i think it is impossible to fool a swiss person.
    2
  1252.  @LH-gt6gz  : Yes, it depends on the steel type. What i wrote is ordinary P 365 mild steel, formerly known as St 37 in Germany.
    2
  1253. A number of years ago, i visited ,Grünes Gewölbe' Museum in Dresden / Germany. The dynasty of former saxon Kings/ Electors was known for wealth and collecting expensive things. The ,Grünes Gewölbe' is basicly former ,treasure chamber'. There was a ,Katana' produced arround 1700 by saxon court jewellry maker Johannes Dinglinger. He didn' t knew, from what material the handle / grip was made, so he made the handle from glass like material, we germans call ,Emaile'.
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  1254. There is a comedy video of Master Ken from ,Enter the dojo' channel: Ameridote vs. Ccw. The video is just fun, but also tells the truth: Your pistol is useless, when you can' t draw it. So for a pistol armed person some training hours in, for example, unarmed martial arts are no mistake.
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  1255. Outside of Stuttgart? There is some distance. And the weapons next to Treasury Chamber had been in not in best condition, when i visited the Castle years ago. The famous weapons collection in Sigmaringen Castle, owned by swabian branch Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen is in much better condition.
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  1256. Eugen wird meines Wissens im ganzen deutschen Sprachraum gleich ausgesprochen. Aber Sie können ja auch Eigas sagen :-)
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  1257.  @yourstruly4817  : ??? Ein Balkon ist für mich ( Schwabe) ein Balkon und eine Chance ist eine Schoase. Richtig ist allerdings, daß ein Chaiselongue hier ein Schässloo , ein Sousterrain ein Sutrai, ein Plafond ein Blaffo und ein Pot de chambre ein Boddschamber ist. Da wir Schwaben auch Nasallaute benutzen, ist die französische Aussprache nicht so schwierig. Und : Was hast denn du da getan? Das ist auf schwäbisch : Wa hosch denn du doa dau? Hört sich französisch an. Aber ihr Österreicher, die ihr ja im Grunde nur Bayern sind, könnt auch gut französisch: Si dans de fils d' avec si laquel, si d' ami cher.
    2
  1258. @oldesertguy9616  : Being german, i don't like what happened during wwll. I personaly would have been totally happy after unification of all territories with a majority of german speakers. Why starting a war? Totally unneccessary.
    2
  1259.  @karakhan2070  : Today i spent time, to read all your comments. Some few things are right, but most is extreme nonsens. I have no more need to discuss with you.
    2
  1260.  @karakhan2070  : I simply stopped writing, because i have to do things, more important, than talking with a nonsens teller. What have the poor african countries in common? They are african. What have the poor islamic countries in common? Islam. Now you know , why they are poor. And the rich islamic countries? Turkey was westernized by Kemal Atatürk, and others have Oil, this oil was not invented, made, searched or taken out of the ground by them.
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  1261. Same with Barton- Wright, creator of Bartitsu. In 1951 members of an asian martial arts society remembered him and invited him to an event of their society AS honoury guest (?)/ Ehrengast, but he died short time before the event.
    2
  1262. Staaken is not spoken Stacken, Zeppelin is not spoken Zepplin, and the th in the name Hirth is spoken simply t. A Zeppelin company is still existing, today selling construction vehicles and construction machines. I have seen a descendant of Graf Zeppelin, the families name is today von Brandenstein- Zeppelin.
    2
  1263. Last very sucessfull right Leader , born in Austria, was vegetarian, nonsmoker and antialcoholic, so according to many Modernlings, a very moralic man.
    2
  1264. ​ @MrHws5mp : I also don' t know, but ZF company, known for gearboxes/ Getriebe means Zeppelin Friedrichshafen. Oh , during a historical tour of a smaller historical society i could visit current Castle of Freiherr von Brandenstein - Zeppelin, with the owner as Guide.
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  1265.  @dpeasehead  : In my country, Germany, after reformation in 16th century, there had been for decades some tensions/quarrels between the protestantic and the catholic states. In 1618 a violent event in Bohemia, in those days a part of Germany, escalated to a war. It was rather long, many parts of Germany had been involved, but it was an ,average' innergerman war ( the last one was 1866). In 1630 the war was basicly over with a victory of the imperial / catholic side. But now France and Sweden intervented with troops, the war lasted until 1648. Most parts of Germany had been destroyed, and diseases, hunger and the fury of war killed 30% of german population, in some regions nearly 90%. And Germany had up to early 18th century problems with rebuilding. So the intervention of foreign armies into a german civil war caused the greatest destruction of my country, not ww ll.
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  1266. ger du : I have an Asperger disorder and sometimes i misinterprete/ misunderstand things and think some people want to offend the nowliving germans. So i made a too angry comment.
    2
  1267.  @ifyouseekay1000  : 1) Luxemburg was in Middle Age a part of Holy Roman Empire. In 14th century members of original Luxemburg Dynasty had also been kings of Bohemia and became also HRE emperor. Up to 1866 Luxemburg was part of German Federation. In 1867 they cut the tie to Germany, destroyed the fortifications of Luxemburg town and declared themselves neutral.2) Up to 1770s Liechtenstein had been two countries, Grafschaft Vaduz and Herrschaft Nellenberg ( or Schellenberg?). When the last real count of Vaduz died, the HRE emperor gave this territoies to a very rich nobleman, who had lots of land in Habsburg empire. Up to 1924 the main residence of the Fürsten von Liechtenstein was a palace in Vienna. Between the world wars they lost most of lands in Czechoslowakia , Hungary etc.., the last lands they lost, when Eastern Europe became communist. If they still own the palace in Vienna or land in Austria, i don' t know, but from their lost palaces or manor houses they could rescue art and treasuries.
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  1268.  @richardm3023  : I am german, and i know, that Mr. Hitler was Austrian. He became german citizen in 1933. He served in Royal Bavarian Army in wwl , but this was simply a mistake of bavarian officals ( In middle age up to 12th century, current Austria was the Mark/ borderland of Bavaria , so especially in border region, the dialect is similar, so Hitler was in Munich not recognized as austrian citizen ) Sidenote : If Hitler would have been english citizen , his name would have been Hutter ( a poor man , living in a hut/ Hütte).
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  1269. English has lots of romanic languages influence: largo - large.
    2
  1270. Sozusagen das SEK des Zolls.
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  1271. Bundeswehr. Sich wehren- to defend yourself. Das Wehr - a Kind of dam. Die Wehr- an old word for weapon. Bundesheer either the post wwll austrian armed forces or the (ground) army of German Federation from 1815 to 1866. Heer is the westgermanic word for french word Armee, in Old English/ anglosaxon it was really here)
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  1272.  @Phlostonparadise2971  : In case of Military use, you need more Penetration Power! Here 9mm Parabellum ( 9x 19) is better than 9mm kurz/. 380 Acp. In both wwl and wwll German armed forces prefered 7,65 Browning / .32 Acp over 9mm kurz. According to German Weapons magazines, the Penetration of 7,65 Browning against dry needlewood is better than 9mm kurz. But of course, i read this years ago, i may remember wrong.
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  1273.  @kj3n569  : When i, Brittas boyfriend, started to read german arms magazines in 1982, the name 5,6 lfB was common, today no more. This switch to . 22lr started in late 80s and needed some time.
    2
  1274.  @bmhater1283  : Forgotten! During WW ll the german forces had documents ,Kennblätter für fremdes Gerät'( about: description of foreign equipment ) . Captured weapons got a number and a letter for the country, for example ,f' for french. In this documenta the .45 ACP is listed as 11,5 mm Colt (a).
    2
  1275. andnor : Both german and swedish language are germanic languages, and in some cases you can recognize, what a foreign word means.
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  1276. The town Liege belonged once to HRE ( up to 1792) and together with Suhl a center of HRE gunmaking. German name for Liege is Lüttich. Now a stange thing : The famous bicycle race Liege - Bastogne - Liege is in Germany known as , Bicycle race Lüttich - Bastogne - Lüttich. The strange thing is : When Liege is called with its german name Lüttich, then Bastogne also should be called with its german name Bastnach.
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  1277. If you also watch ,scholagladiatora' channel from Matt Easton, you should know, that the british officers sabers had also good quality!
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  1278. Andersons Road : As a german i must ask, in which year do you live? In the last decades it had been the peace obsessed americans , often accompanied from their british poodles , who invaded countries without a declaration of war and without beeing attacked from this countries. Is it possible that the mighty ones of the english speaking countries like war, because they do not know, how it is, when enemy troops are in their country??
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  1279. 6,35mm Browning / .25ACP, 7,65 mm Browning/ .32 ACP, 9 mm ( Browning) kurz/ .380 ACP. You didn' t knew this?
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  1280. The wwll military german cars had been often only civilian cars, doors removed, robuster tyres and a bit more distance between street and ground sheet pf car. That the passengers don' t fall to easy out of non existing or only fabric made doors, socalled Kübelsitze had been used.
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  1281. /Love/ /Peace : As far as i know, the russian steel plate of wwll was also used by engineer troops. And you surely have noticed, that commenter and gentleman is often not the same.
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  1282. Just Your Friendly Neighborhood Chaplain : Thats true, but not new in 20th century. I am german and i do not know what you know about the most destructive war for my country, the Thirty Years War 1618-1648. When the war started, the soldiers used peacetime made armor of good quality. The footmans armor was cheaper, like light cavaly armor but heavy cavalry armor was expensive, the breastplate could protect against muskets ( musket fire distance) and pistols(pistol fire distance) and good helmets could protect against pistols. But the armies soon became larger than in 16 th century, so that it was impossible, to equip every man with armor. As longer the war lasted, the quality became worser. The craftsmen had o produce masses of armor and wartime production is not as good as peacetime production. In this war a third(!) of the population of germany died, and of course, like at the end of WWll economy, food production was destroyed, so that untrained crraftsmen with bad tools , lack of steel and with bad quality materials made crap armor. It was not only the change of weaponry and tactics which stopped using armor, with the exeption of cuirassiers and some sappers in sieges.
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  1283. Just Your Friendly Neighborhood Chaplain : You are right, a large army needs much equipment, which is expensive. Also China and USA have a very different view about human life. That you don't know much about the Thirty Years War is a normal thing, because nobody is able to know everything! And also i think, most of the video viewers want information about body armor of our days. Have a nice time!
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  1284.  @zefft.f4010  : From 1815- 1866 the German Federation existed, including Luxemburg, Liechtenstein and the german part of Austria. This federation consisted of about 36 independent states at the start, later fewer for historical reason. The federation army consisted of 300000 men, plus the Reservedivision ( about 12000 men). Every state had to send a contingent of 1% of population. So the coningent size varied from 90000 men of german austria, 80000 men of german prussia ( the parts of prussia and austria with no or few germans had not been in German Federation) at one end, and 180 men of Hohenzollern- Hechingen and 55 men of Liechtenstein. So only Prussia, Austria, and to a lower degree, Bavaria,Saxony, Württemberg, Hannover and some greatdukes could field usefull troops. The contingents of the dukes, princes and free towns had only low training and equipment. So Prussia realy had the best army in the german language countries. After 1866 Austria, Luxemburg and Liechtenstein ( Army disbanding 1867) left Germany and the remainng german Staates adopted prussian army training. In 1648 Switzerland left Germany, during an offical visit in 1912 Wilhelm ll watched swiss ( militia) soldiers and said to Swiss Gouvernement: Your soldiers are well trained.
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  1285. In swabian Region this is called Most/ Mooscht.
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  1286. What ever kind of weapon was available, was handed to Volkssturm. In wwl french Gouvernement bought a large number of Remington Rollblocks in 8mm Lebel and transformed many Gras singleshot blackpowder rifles for 8mm Lebel. Both rifles had been given to rearest rearline troops, repeating rifles for frontline or next to frontline troops. In 1940 german forces captured lots of these dated rifles..Also french security forces of Occipied France or Vichy France needed firearms.. According to a german arms magazine, german forces allowed those singleshot rifles for equippimg Gardes Champetres/ agricultural field/ vineyard guards.
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  1287. Seems a typical palace guard unit, from which before 1789 a large number existed in Versailles.
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  1288. @John See : Such palace guards units had been in mid 19th century the last units with polearms, with the exeption of lancers and sailors ( boarding pike! )
    2
  1289. ​ @davidrn2473 : First concentration camps had been used by the British during Boer war 1899-1902.
    2
  1290. As a german, i know this !
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  1291.  @johnpublic6582  : In Bavaria beer counts as Grundnahrungsmittel ( necessary basic food ).
    2
  1292. In german the words ,prüfen' and , Probe/ Prüfung' exists.
    2
  1293. Mark once meant a half pound, so when in medieval times you had to pay ,One Mark silver' for something, this was not a ,One Mark' silver coin, but a half pound of silver, this could be a mix of silver coins, rings and a small plate.
    2
  1294. British Osprey book company has a small book about german colonial forces, in english language.
    2
  1295. So unrestricted U- Boot warfare is a crime, but Q- ships, tricking german U- Boot crews respecting war rules , is good?
    2
  1296.  @hansulrichboning8551  : I, Brittas boyfriend, am a nostalgic. I also would prefer parlamentary monarchy over a democracy, where the head of state is elected not by by the ,free citizens', but by ,electors/Kurfürsten ' like in HRE days. Difference? Bundesversammlung has 1200 members, Kurfürstenkollegium had seven , after Thirty Years War nine members. When democraty, then Switzerland must be watched, for my understanding, i have Asperger disorder, Switzerland has knowledge of democraty for more than five centuries.
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  1297. I am german. In neighboring town the Amtsgericht ( County Court?) was build in time of monarchy, you can still see this written at the building. But before the word Amtsgericht you see a cutout. The k for königlich/royal was cut away after 1918.
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  1298. Not totally correct. Showing the Hakenkreuz is allowed, when it is used for historical education. On title of german history magazine ,PM History' flags with Hakenkreuz are seen, there is a ,special' ,everyday life in the third Reich 1933- 1939' as main toppic of August 2022 magazine.
    2
  1299. I am a bit sceptic. For producing raw iron , you need Erz/ ore? and a lot of coal, either wood coal or stone coal. I don' t know, if there is stone coal in Iceland, so in later Viking era, woodcoal was necessary. When first Viking settlers came to Iceland, there had been here and there forrests, mostly Birken/birch?. But what i have read, the trees had been cut in a rather short time, and then wood became rare and expensive. Up to 1940s many rural Icelanders lived in houses dug into hills, the front wall made of stones, the roof made of expensive timbers, imported or swimming on sea ( Schwemmholz), covered with earth, so gras grow on roof. If there where arroud 1000 so much remaining trees for making woodcoal for raw Iron production and blacksmiths fires?
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  1300.  @pantherace1000  : With my comment i simply wanted to say, that you are right !
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  1301. For armour, you need metalls? Modern ,bulletpdoof' armour is made of high quality ,plastic' fibres , strengthened with ceramic plates. In pre wwl and wwl era there had been armour made of silk and other cloth/ textile, as far as i know, rich indian noblemen used thick silk vests for centuries. In middlrage europe padded ,Gambeston' , made of cloth was used, and on some ,South Sea' Islands padded armour made of Coconut fibres was used.
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  1302.  @chaimafaghet7343  : Was an obscure cartridge then, but 7,63 Mauser saw combat in two worldwars , Chinas warlord era , russian civil war and Lots of smaller conflicts.
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  1303.  @chaimafaghet7343  : My comment was not about power of cartridges, the Mars pistols and cartridges had not been very popular, so military quality of Mars weapons is unknown.
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  1304. The soldier seved in norhern africa, AFTER this he served in pacific theater of war.
    2
  1305.  @torrawel  : Same in Germany.
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  1306. ​ @ursulastaempfli759 : Before 843 ( Treaty of Verdun) no Germany existed. The real start of a state, that could be called Germany is either 911 or 919.
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  1307. I am Brittas boyfriend, german , no accademic, and 59. I live in an area full of medieval Castle ruins, celtic oppidae , roman Villae rustica, Roman forts, fortified border between lmperium.Romanum and Germania Magna, relicts of town fortifications. And i live in those Part of Germany, which was in HRE time split into dozens of those fairytale microstates. After 50years of being a History nerd, i simply can shake my head . One example, size of castles. Im movies, especially this Fantasy nonsens, the castles are gigantic. But in reallity the castles ruins of my homeregion are between small and tiny.. But: The smallest Natural obstacle was used for defence. Hills, small glens of creeks (?) / Bäche, unbelieveable positions on rocks, at ends of plateaus....
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  1308. You perhaps mean the largest version of ,Goliath' wire controlled robot explosive vehicle. It was very light armored and had a driver to drive it as long as possible before using wire controll.
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  1309. Wasn't there a argentine or brazil lever-action police rifle in .45 ACP?
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  1310. ​ @redwaldcuthberting7195 : Please. Anglo Saxons. Why this name? One area they came from is nowadays german state Niedersachsen ( lower saxony), and from german state Schleswig - Holstein, where a part of german/ danish borderland is stll called Angeln. In states Niedersachsen/ Schleswig - Holstein/ Hamburg/ Bremen and mecklenburgian part of Mecklenburg - Vorpommern, Low German is spoken, which has still similarities to english, and according to a History teacher, some old people could speak to britisch occupation soldiers without learning english. Oh in northern Friesia and Saterland region of Ostfriesland some few people still speak Frisian.
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  1311.  @StillAliveAndKicking_  : This meaning was unknown to me, so I was astonished about your words.
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  1312.  @jovegajo  : I belong to the german tribe of the Schwaben/ swabians, if we are really the descendants of the Suevi, i don't know. But our current dialect and the older version, Swiss German, would be difficult to understand for german language natives of other german tribes.
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  1313. In german town Nürtingen there is an old bible from Thirty Years War, called Blutbibel/ blood bible. Reason for the name: Thirty Years War started as war between protestants and catholics, and in Nürtingen a priest, reading his bible, was killed by an enemy soldier , his blood run into bible. The strange coincidence: When he was murdered, the priest read a page of bible, that christians should not fear death!
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  1314. German soldiers killing nongerman civilians - warcrime. Soldiers of Anglosaxon countries killing german civilians - Heroes of war. Wenn zwei das Gleiche tun, ist es nicht dasselbe.
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  1315.  @pycoed  : The warcrime trials had been only against german' people. What, If Allied soldiers, propagandists would been punished for warcrimes? Nothing happened, the last Allied warcriminals are unpunished still allive.
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  1316. The second man should ask the London Tower museum, if he can use Henry VIlI' s suit of armour. Could fit.
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  1317. Those Rungu clubs seem to be relatives of south african Knobkerrie. Some private security men are still armed only with this clubs or modern battons, those are rather poor men, because criminals have more and more firearms.
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  1318.  @epic8640  : The first king of new created Greece was from Bavaria.
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  1319.  @jordanreeves6008  : ???
    2
  1320. ​ @trevorochmonek833 : Ever heared of ,sich ergeben '?.After Thirty- Years War , in Baroque era, especially when ,sun king' Louis XIV ruled, everything had to be french, so many french words came into german military language. The Oberst/ Obrist ( oberster Feldhauptmann) became a Colonel, the Hauptmann ( Main man/ head man) a Capitain , a Feldwebel ( Swiss Feldweibel is more correct) a Sergeant, a Fähnlein became a Compagnie ( or Battaillon- battle, battaile?), and the Zimmerleute Sappeurs, and so on. Changed after 1815 slightly to german words again.
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  1321.  @aceroadholder2185  : I am a man, only using my girlfriends computer . l am german, but for my bad eyes reason, i don' t served in Bundeswehr, so i never had military arms in my hands and i am a pure theoretic.
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  1322. As Mr. Felton correctly noted, the Allied pilots shot at everthing on a road, ialso civilians.
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  1323.  @RobWords  : In german we have the nowadays very rare Eiland. , Land at/ near the water' is in most parts of Germany ,Au' which is in northern/ low german ,ey' for example in german island Norderney , but also Jersey. Sidenote : Some kilometers away there is the small town Owen ( spoken Auen) which is confusing strangers, because they speak Owen Owen( german way) and don' t expect ,Auen'.
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  1324. In Austro- Hungarian Empire, Agram was the german name for croatian capital Zagreb.
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  1325. German Bundespräsident ( Federal President) is elected by Bundesversammlung. 1200 people. Half of them are members of Federal parlament, other half members of state parlaments.
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  1326.  @ludovisuis : Even in the cold war era , many parts of the Autobahnen had been prepared for plane landing. When driving on the Autobahn, look for very large parking lots(?)/Parkplatz next to the road, this can be the prepared locations.
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  1327.  @josephpostma1787  : The current german state , Baden - Württemberg' is simply former Kingdom Württemberg , Great Duchy Baden and Hohenzollern. Note: Hohenzollern was the ,root castle' of Hohenzollern dynasty, the prussian branch became mighty, while the swabian branch, allways living arround Hohenzollern, became only unimportant princes. But in 1848 Hohenzollern principality became a province of Kingdom Prussia, but swabian branch is still alive.
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  1328.  @jeremybrandt5779  : After wwl this part of former Austria became a part of Czechoslowakia. In interwar era the number of germanspeaking persons in Czechoslowakia was higher than slovac population. Sidenote : As ,Böhmen'/ Bohemia current Czech Republic was part of HRE since 10th century.
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  1329.  @hansmeier5617  : I know, that some people think, swabian dialect is no german language :-). The former duchy Swabia, for about 150years ruled by Hohenstaufen dynasty was the southern and middle part of german state Baden- Württemberg, the district Schwaben in Bavaria, Liechtenstein, german part of Switzerland and austrian state Vorarlberg. In Switzerland there had been fewer noblemen and knights than in the rest of Swabia, so the traditional levies of Freemen on foot die not lost importance.
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  1330. As far as i know, the aztec warriors had an equivalent to the european gambeston made of padded cotton.
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  1331.  @moskovkin  : In german for example also an ,R' for ,Rand' appeares at rimmed csrtridges. For example 8x 57 IS is the cartridge used in repeating/ automatic weapons, 8x57 IRS is for break hunting weapons.
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  1332.  @ozdavemcgee2079  : How would the situation had been, if one of the allied powers had to face the world nearly alone? Would any Allied nation have won allone?
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  1333.  @oddedd7755  : Most plausible.If USA would have had to fight against other powers in wwll era, a soviet attack against Alaska , and then trough Canada would have been the gratest danger, so Canada would have been main battle region.
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  1334. The Habsburg Dynasty has its roots in Habichtsburg , swiss canton Aargau. Hohenzollern Dynasty came from Hechingen at ,Swabian Alb', Hohenstaufen Dynasty came from Göppingen Region. So basicly the most important german dynasties came from medieval duchy ,Swabia'.
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  1335.  @willremy5142  : The highest point of medieval german knights culture was between 1150 to 1250, when swabian Hohenstaufen dynasty had been emperors. Which german dynasties are most wellknown? Habsburg, came from Habichtsburg in Swiss canton Aargau, and Hohenzollern, coming from Burg Hohenzollern in Swabian Alb Mountains. In Hohenstaufen era swabian knights had been seen as the bravest german knights. In later times the swiss mercenaries had been famous.Then both Swabians and related Swiss are seen as peacefull, but wellknown Fieldmarshal Rommel was swabian.
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  1336. The year 911 is mostly seen as the end of Eastern Frankish Empire and the start of ,Germany'. So Konrad I was ,King of Germany'. In 962 Otto l was the first german king, which was crowned as ,Roman Emperor' , so in the time 911 to 962 the rulers of Germany had simply been ordinary Kings of Germany.
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  1337.  @corneliusmcmuffin3256  : Armour disapeared in second half of 17th century, but not because of protection, up to arround 1500 armies rarely had more than 15000 men, in mid 17th century 30000 or more. So also the costs of so many armour pieces had been expensive, especially in second half of 30years war also the quality of armour declined for the lack of raw material supply and trained craftsmen, also the way of warfare changed .
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  1338. ​ @mfjdv2020 : There is in german state Hesse a reconstructed roman fort called Saalburg, the work has been done before wwl. Kaiser Wilhelm ll spend a large sum of his private money for supporting the reconstruction ( the other Money was spend by other germans, intressted in roman history At the entrance of the fort is a stonemade sign, that Guillermus ll, Imperator Germanicorum (?) ordered the reconstruction, the Text is in latin language A note: To explore the roman border fortifications, in Imperial Germany a partly state funded organisation, the Reichslimeskommision, was founded
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  1339. I am german and such a gun was shown in a Swiss arms magazine. There was in 1980s an austrian TV Comedy Show,, Kottan ermittelt ' ( Kottan investigates). There appeared a one- legged detective, and author of Swiss arms magazine article thought, this gun would be a good crotch (?) / Krücke for the one- legged detective of Comedy Show.
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  1340. ​ @doctordoggo8604 : Not wrong, but not totally true. Some higher rank men of SA wanted a compromise. Those wanted that Reichswehr, somehow extended, became professional core of German Armed Forces, while SA becomes the Reserve Force Milita. At first SA was armed wing of NSDAP party, to fight against armed wings of other political parties ( for example communist KPD had Roter Frontkämpferbund), to fight police or officials, to frighten/ scare persons, parties , organisarions with different ideas. And: At first some SA members joined SA because they liked the ideology, others joined the SA , because it was organisarion of conservative fellow wwl Veteran. In 1920s there had been many SA members, who had been no members of the polical party..
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  1341.  @dogmosatchmo  : When in 1815 the German Federation / Deutscher Bund was founded, three foreign kings had been Bundesfürsten/ Federation princes: The british king as king of Hannover, the dutch king as Great Duke of Luxemburg, and the danish king as Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg. In 1839 Victoria became Queen of Great Britain, but by law a woman was not allowed as ruler in Hannover , so the head of a sidebranch Hannover- Cumberland became king of Hannover as Georg l, in 1866 his son Georg ll lost his country. If Hannover would have been ruled by Victoria, Bismarck would have had a problem. The german Jägerbüchse/ huntsmans rifle is basicly the ancestor of Pennsylvania rifle, it was taken to America by ,german' immigrants and adapted to America, smaller Bord, but longer barrel to safe lead and gunpowder. The german Landkreis Esslingen ( county? Arrondissement?) i live , was once divided: Most of the territory was once Duchy Württemberg, the smaller part was Reichsstadt ( imperial town) Esslingen and three villages had been owned by Reichsritter ( imperial knights).
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  1342.  @dogmosatchmo  : I am not Britta herself, but her boyfriend, i am no academic, only trained worker . At a Kindergarten daytrip, visiting the Bärenhöhle/ bear cave ( Höhle and hole seem to have the same root) and nearby Lichtenstein castle in 1970 was the start for my history hobby, I have read many books and magazines, i visited lots of military and civilian museums, palaces and historic towns and sites. My homeregion is full of this, celtic ,roman and and allemanic relicts, medieval castles and monastries , Renaissance fortresses ( and castle, monastries and fortress ruins). Also i took part at the historical daytrips of a small historical society. The tour guides had been book authors, former museum directors , etc. and in one case a real Princess. With this society i could visit buildings, usually closed to ordinary tourists. So after five decades, i have got some knowledge.
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  1343. I am german. In daily life i use no Standard German, but my swabian dialect. When i was in Vienna, a local thought, i am from Switzerland ( in medieval age Switzerland and Swabia had been together one duchy).
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  1344. @Rusty Shackleford : In Switzerland about 65% speak german, about 25% french, about 9% italian and perhaps 1% ,Rhaetoromanisch' ( don't know the english name) this is a mix of Latin and a language of people living there before both romans and germanics. I do ,Square Dance' ( no joke, but only mainstream level), at such an event i noticed a lady with the name ,Beatrice Dupont' and spoke french to her, she smiled and said, she has the french family name from her ancestors, which left France in 17th century.
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  1345. In the late 20s, a part oft this revolvers had been converted into flare guns. The cylinders and rifled barrels had been taken away and replaced by smoothbore barrel, a break mechanic had been there.
    2
  1346. In german ,Gemeindepolizei', but Amsterdam is in german administration system a Stadt/ town, not a Gemeinde.
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  1347.  @TheMoltark  : Ich, Brittas Freund, war einmal in Nordfriesland. Vermutlich habe ich dort das Wort Siel gehört, aber nach Jahren wusste ich halt nur noch, das es sich um eine Art nasser Graben handelt. Übrigens, in vielen schwäbischen Städten gibt es eine Hafengasse, Hafenmarkt etc., ohne daß ein schiffbarer Fluß oder See in der Nähe ist. Im Schwäbischen ist mit Hafen ein Topf gemeint, und der Töpfer ist ein Häfner/ Hafner.
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  1348. The name Kuhn/ Kühn (bold ?) is german, but Kohn is a name of german jewish people.
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  1349. You need nowadays a licence to carry the modern versions of such guns. And for this reason, there is no more crime in Germany ????
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  1350. Untrue Lie : Genau! Wir lachten, als er Käsar sagte, aber der alte Geschichtslehrer meinte, diese Aussprache könnte stimmen , da Kaiser von Caesar kommt, sowie auch der russische Zar. Ich weiss dies also schon lange, sage aber wie die meisten deutschsprachigen Leute ,Zäsar' Nicht deutschsprachige Personen wissen evtl. nicht, daß ,c' in der deutschen Sprache manchmal k, manchmal z gesprochen wird, daher erwähnte ich dies.
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  1351. washizukanorico : C " est possible, mais je ne connais pas votre lanque tres bon!
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  1352. You see, how many latin languages based words you use, when you watch in the farseer nameknown showplayers or news of kinglic family of England, when you walk through the rain without a rainshade , or holding a farspeaker to your ear. Oh, farspeaker/ Fernsprecher appears in current german only in older official documents. Greetings from Germany!
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  1353.  @John-fk2ky  : Rindfleisch/ beef/boeuf. Schweinefleisch,/ pork/porc. Stuhl/ chair/ chaise. I am german: Schweinefleisch is surely unfamiliar to you, but would you understand, swineflesh'? Out of context, I know. Also umbrella is italian origin, french paraplui is an umbrella against rain, french parasol is an umbrella against sun. In german Regenschirm/ Sonnenschirm IS rainshade/sunshade. Languages are an Intressting toppic.
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  1354. Aluminium ,or only Alu in some context, is used in Germany.
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  1355.  @jcwiggens  : Lieu tenant is a french word, so ask french persons, how to speak it correct. In german it is Leutnant and spoken so.
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  1356. When i wrote my comment, i was a bit angry because of another (private) thing.
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  1357.  @hendriktonisson2915  : When the .30 M1 cartridge, and the weapon was designed, a firearm like Sturmgewehr 44 or Kalaschnikow didn' t exist. The Sturmgewehre ( i am german) had been intended for frontline use, while the .30 M1 carbine was intended as a weapon for rearline/ supporting troops or for soldiers, where a heavy weapon ( cannon etc. ) was main weapon. The weaponry for such soldiers was a problem for centuries, often they got simply old or outdated weapons.
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  1358.  @WALTERBROADDUS  : That is true. In a modern army there are still a lot of armed fighters like in very old days, but more and more soldiers are necessary for transport, logistics, communication or heavy weapon/ equipment crews. Their mainjob is simply to support the realy fighting soldiers, but in case of danger. also they have to deal with enemies, they need a weapon not to conquuer a position, but to counter enemie attacks and retreat safely.
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  1359.  @TheEvertw  : There are sometimes defenceable storage/ administration buildings. When i , german, perhaps 15 years ago visited Vienna, i visited , Heeresgeschichtliches Museum'/ museum of armed forces history. The museum is in a building of former Vienna Arsenal, and other buildings, used for other purposes, also exist. The complex of former Arsenal buildings is not a fortress, there is no Umwallung (don't know correct english word), but from air/ sky perspective , the Arsenal complex has similarities to an older fortress. The buildings have strong walls , gunports/ Schießscharten and along the roofs are crenelated walls. So, manned with soldiers, some machineguns, sandbag walls and barbed wire a light fortification.
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  1360.  @felixmervamee7834  : What is unkind? The truth often hurts. In german we say: Wenn zwei das Gleiche tun, dann ist es nicht dasselbe. Looting in war is only a crime, when done by the loosers, similar to rape and murder. In Nuremberg warcrimes trials strangely only warcrimes of german forces had been a toppic
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  1361. A Roman philosopher once said: If you want peace, be prepared for war. In latin language, i don' t speak, this sentence ends with ....para bellum.
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  1362. Either germanics or Germanen, the german nation , das deutsche Volk did not exist 2000 years ago.
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  1363. In the Novel ,Three men in a boat' , written in the 1890's, the main person( character?) speaks about old objects. He speaks about a in this time popular porcelain(?) dogs. He thought, in over 100years, thats our time those ,simply for decoration' dogs will be seen as expensive art objects, because nobdody remembers their use in the 1890's, the author describes also other objects. I myself was nearly thrown out of a small museum. Why? The museum man called an object a tabacco cutter, while i said thats a noodle cutter.
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  1364. Hm? In german railway system you sometimes see patrols of german Federal Police or mostly unarmed patrols of Deutsche Bahn security guards .
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  1365. Apokalypse456 : Attention! In german language Email ( not E-mail !) means a glass- like cover for metal.
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  1366.  @theblackhand6485  : When you read ,die Wehr' ( das Wehr is something quite different) , mit blanker Wehr', ,die Seitenwehr' ( sidearm, can be pistol or sword) in older texts, then it means a mostly bladed weapon. In case of Wehrmacht, Reichswehr, Bundeswehr or Feuerwehr ( fire brigade) it means a trained unit, which defends against enemies or fire. Btw., i am german.
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  1367.  @ElitePraetorianGuard  : In german, we rarely say Panzerkampfwagen, Panzer is enough. Nearly nobody says Lastkraftwagen, Lastwagen ( truck/ lorry) or simply Lkw is used ( But a LKW can be in southern Germany also a Leberkäswecken- meat loaf bread roll) . In context of vehicles there is a great difference between Germans German and Law/ officials/politicians German.
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  1368.  @LuisAldamiz  : From 10th to theoreticly first quarter of 16th century northern Italy was part of HRE. In 10th/11th century, when medieval Germany was on top of its power, there had been italian nobles who said to german Kings/Emperors: We speak italian, but we know, we are the descendents of Goths, Burgundians and Lombardics, so we are also german. ( A claim, which is plausible.)
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  1369.  @LuisAldamiz  : I don' t habe such fine ancestry, my ancestors had been farmers, craftsmen, workers, hands and poor traveling traders (pedlars?). From non german ancestors/ relatives i don' t know, what doesn' t means, that the they don't exist. I am german, but i don' t look, as foreigners think, how a german man looks. I am not tall and have black hair ( becoming grey now). But here in Germany you not so rare can see german people (who are german for generations), whos skin is a bit darker than average germans, like italian, spanish, or southern french persons. This germans can be descendents of old romans or spanish / italian mercenaries from 30 years war (1618-1648). A sidenote: In Spain the name Diaz is popular, in my swabian region the name Die(t)z.
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  1370.  @LuisAldamiz  : When i was at Gymnasium ( is in Germany the ,highest' school, which prepares the pupils for university) , but only for six years, there was a girl in my class, which had a ,von' in her name, which is usualy a sign of nobility. But there are also non nobles with a von ( which simply means ,comming from....) and some noblemen have no von in their name. Sometimes i ,with my girlfriend Britta, take part at historical daytrips of a small historical society. During this trips i could see the castles of lower noblemen/ Freiherren ( with the owners as guides!). I also saw members of High nobility, the prince of Hohenlohe- Langenburg ( who was guest at Pricne Phillips funeral), one historical trip was guided by princess ,von Löwenstein- Wertheim-.... and a member of House of Württemberg. Today younger noblemen, even in High nobility, are often married with non noble wifes. The name Die(t)z, Ditz, or Dieter are common ,shorts' of Diet(e)rich. But some spanish names, not coming from Bible context, have germanic origin, Rodrigo is in german ( today rare) Roderich. In Italy it is more visible ( Carlo, Federico, Ildebrando...) , as far as i know , even my german first name Werner exists in romanic as Garnier, Varnier, Guernard, Guernario etc..
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  1371.  @IngTomT  : Speaking with swabian persons is usually no problem for me, but ( born 1965), when elderly people from another region speak, they sometimes use for me unknown words. Speaking with persons from Black Forrest, Allgäu or Vorarlberg , they use a ,between dialect' between Swabian and Swiss German is also no to great problem for me. Understanding watered down Swiss German/ Swiss version of Standard German, i sometimes hear on TV, understandable. But Swiss German used in rural alpine regions, i can' t understand.
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  1372.  @paddor  : In swabian dialect also.
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  1373.  @huawafabe  : In swabian Boi(ner).
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  1374.  @Artemis1901  : The swabian Dede/Dötle is the Taufpate , also related to Daddy.
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  1375.  @suddenhit3923  : In 1496 there was a split between ,Kaiserliche Armee' ( army of the emperor) and Reichsarmee ( army of the empire) consisting of the contingents of every state ( with exeption of the territores of Reichsritterschaft/ Imperial Knights). Some bavarians claim, the start of mountain units had been in 12th century, when in old documents is written, in emperor Friedrich l campaign in Italy , Gemsenjäger' had been part of his army. I don' t know english name for Gemse, this is an alpine animal similar to goats or antilopes.
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  1376. May be interessting for you: Inform yourself about naval battle of Lissa 1866. The winning austrians had older ships than losing italians.
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  1377. Small mistake, Gewehr.
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  1378.  @AndrewTBP  : A) boarding acttions B) Landing party (?) C) Guarding prisoners D) Guarding the ship at night/ in harbors E) shooting mines F) shooting sharks when sailors are swimming G) Guarding ports , barraks, naval buildings ( lighthouses etc), naval shipyard or Arsenals. H) Patrols at beaches I) Weapons for soldiers of coastal batteries . A sidenote: When in 1914 german forces invaded Belgium, one division was led by a vice admiral and consisted of sailors and land duty navy men. The cavallry and artillry of this division was smaller than usual and had been older soldiers of Landsturm units.
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  1379. Firearms appear in cavallry in 1520s as wheellock pistols. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, and born 1965. As far as i know, in 1520s the Lanzierer ( Gendarmes/ men at arms) simply added one or two pistols to be modernized. But the Kürisser ( cuirassiers) , a new created category of heavy cavallry , used 3/4 armour and two or more pistols and used ,caracole'' tactic. This meant ,they attacked in rolling salvo tactic, similar to tactic of rowed mediterranean warships. At this time, carbines had been rare, but as longer as 16th century lasted semiarmoured ,light' cavallry appeared and Dragoner ( dragoons) appeared as mounted infantry with badest riding horses. In 18th century , there came a switch. Armour was nearly out of use, cuirassiers used still cuirass (often only breastplate) and a leathervest, the head was rarely protected by a helmet, but more wore a hardened hat , strengthened with sheetmetal and thick wires. This caused a change in pistols. The caliber/ bore was enlarged for logistics reason, the Barrels became shorter with thinner walls, and Powder Charge was reduced, so armour Penetration was reduced. In 18th century HRE , i am german, the Dragoner had been used often as heavy cavallry , second Attack Wave, their armament was heavy cavallry sword, often only one pistol, Not the usual pair ( in german Paar), and a Dragonergewehr, a slightly shortened musket, for the case of fighting as infantry. Prussian King Frederik ll wrote: Don't forgett infantry Training of Dragoner! They are mostly used mounted, so the Training must Not have quality of line infantry. In 18th century heavy cavallry used only few carbines, carbines had been used by cuirassiers, lancers, Gendarmes in small Numbers, mostly only for guard duties. But light cavallry, Hussaren/ hussars had mostly a carbine. Why? In Germany a ,Husarenstück' ( outdated) is a heroic adventure , like the events modern Elite/ Commando troops. So the hussars did a lot of Things in ,small war' , where they had to be on foot, so for them the carbine was important. In 18th century HRE lancers had been rare, May be few units formed by hungarian/ polish mercennaries.
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  1380. Joel Wilcox : The german military helmets used between 1916 and 1945 had been a ,sallet/Schaller', surely only coincidence. Also the US designed in wwl a similar looking helmet, which was not introduced for this reason. So the US also used the british helmet, which is also a kettle hat, in german thats an,.Eisenhut/iron hat'.
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  1381. Being german of swabian tribe, to some degree i can understand the scotsmen and their clans. Both germans and scotsmen have a loyality under pure national loyality. Difference is , we germans no more have tribal chiefs for centuries. The german word for duke , Herzog, was in first years of HRE used by leaders of a tribe, early HRE was for administration divided into tribal duchies.
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  1382. It is difficult to beat half or more countries of world at once.
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  1383. Parler français est pour moi, allemand, plus facille comme ecrire, parce que les francaises ecrit different comme elles parle.
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  1384.  styletube  : Wenn sie 56 sind, sind auch sie alt. Und wenn sie eine wahre Aussage nicht verkraften, ist dies ihr Problem.
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  1385.  @lilwurstbrot8545  : Ich habe nur gesagt, daß ICH noch nie gehört habe, daß eine muslimische Frau von mehreren deutschen Männern vergewaltigt wurde. Andersherum sieht es anders aus. Daß andere Leute, etwa Deutsche keine Vergewaltigungen begehen, habe ich nie behauptet, kenne / kannte mindestens vier Frauen, denen dies passiert ist.
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  1386.  @demonic_myst4503  : In my eyes this are descendats of former wallguns.
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  1387. The guns of 1916 Easter Uprising in Ireland had also been singleshot blackpowder rifles.
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  1388.  @rslover65  : When a thing , produced by industry , becomes rare, that is unusual. In case of ammunition thats a product, which is also produced in my country, but compared to USA very restricted. So i was simply astonished, why US did not import more foreign ammunition to solve the problem. It seems plausible, that slowly enough ammunition comes back.
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  1389. Those weapons had some popularity among german target/ competition shooters and poachers.
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  1390.  @thhseeking  : The use of , swabian salute' is not so dangerous than the current rise of , Solingen salute''.
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  1391. Some of this singleshot pistols produced in Germany after 1880s had been in 7 or 8 mm, a cartridge no more used or produced. . 22 LR was up to 1990s in Germany called 22 lfB ( lang für Büchsen- long rifle translted in german).
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  1392.  @gregeoryl  : MP 18 could only be used by paramilitary police. Some rifles, may be also other weapons had been hidden in small secret depots, or ,twin numbered', but as far as i know, it was after 1934, that all kind of organisations had been armed/ partly armed, mostly as, guards for important infrastructure. May be you mean this.
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  1393. AJ 1978 : My comment was simply for fun. The Korth company is like the Janz compamy today known for expensive handguns, but once they also produced cheap blank/teargas revolvers, modern counterparts of the Scheintodrevolver Ian described some time ago. Those blank/gas guns today are made of zinc. For the case that you visit the german town of Oberndorf, visit the arms museum with weapons made in Oberndorf (Mauser/Heckler&Koch/Feinwekbau). Have a nice day!
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  1394. One Doomed Spacemarine : This comment was just fun, because i at first look reade Koch pistol, cook's pstol! Of course i know that there is a difference between spice pepper and OC pepper. But the very first german pepper cartridges of about 1905 had been shortened .410 shotgun cartridges, really filled with kitchen pepper powder.
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  1395.  @R.Lennartz  : There is a difference. Annimals causing unnecessary costs must be reduced to a small level, in case of a food shortage you may understand it. What happened in Hitler era, was unecessary killing humans for no sereous reason. Killing humans for no reason is crime, also killing annimals, it you don' t want to eat them, or to protect cattle , harvest or people, attacked by a dangerous annimal is also a crime.
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  1396.  @christopherneufelt8971 : My english is limited, i don' t know it as good as my native german. Otto Skorzeny knew what to do, but according to german military history magazines, his knowledge was overestimated, there was too much Propaganda about him.
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  1397.  @danielevans8910  : You are right, i also don' t like this ,moral attitude ' a large number of my countrymen have. Usualy moral is a good thing, but every good thing can be used the wrong way that it becomes worse.
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  1398. I am Brittas boyfriend, gerrman, rural/ conservative, autistic. My dream: Comeback of parlamentary monarchy, and a liberal conservative direct Democracy like Switzerland.
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  1399. ​ @saltysalt7339 : Don't know your age. I am now about 60 years old, and know , how Germany was. Not everything was gold then, but not this nonsens we have nowadays. You could speak or laugh about what you wanted, today it is totally ordered in detail, what you should do. Being conservative, i must say current artists anoy me, in my youth you could watch german movies in cinema, today nearly every german movie is only made to get Fördergeld, not to entertain people.
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  1400.  @ComfyDents  : Da war auch mehr Lametta!
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  1401.  @aedes947  : Especially when you life in a country, where owning firearms is difficult, and a CCW licence ( in Germany called Waffenschein) is nearly Impossible. But to be fair, sword carrieing is in Germany also not allowed. The only civilians, who are allowed to carry weapons without serious problems are criminals.
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  1402.  lucabaki  : You sometimes can see open carried swords in Germany, but only If you belong to a kind of reenactor group, a , Historical Citizens Guard' or something like this and there is a Historical Event.
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  1403. Ob auch die im schwäbischen Raum sehr häufigen zweibeinigen Dackel, Halb- und Grasdackel verboten werden?
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  1404. r- ubix: Same in Germany. Every weapon ( including edged weapons etc.) must be locked away. You can get a carry licence for a pistol ( socalled Waffenschein), but is rather rare today.
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  1405. Germannic part of english language is still so much similar to german , that it was easy for me as german to learn it.
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  1406.  @leifvejby8023  : When i remember correct, Vikings attacked Germany about 1000 year before this, so it is no wonder that the 1000 jährige Reich came to your country. Fun aside , the persons doing this, are dead in both cases.
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  1407.  @leifvejby8023  : I think, you have read the end of my comment. These wars ( wwll and the viking raids) happened before i was born and also i think , that you are too young to be one of those viking raiders. So i think we persons alive should know, but not repeat, what our ancestors did.
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  1408.  @leifvejby8023  : To be correct, i am Brittas boyfriend, only using her computer. In my peacefull hobby Square Dance, you often see callers , and also dancers, from scandinavian countries even in my homeregion in south-western Germany. For five times i visited France, in contast to german men of my grandfathers or greatgrandfathers generation, i could do this without helmet and rifle.
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  1409. I am german. In late 70s in our Gymnasium ( no sports !) we had a , Kraftraum' / literaly ,power room' , a bit like ,gymn' in US. There hat been training vests with pockets filled with lead powder, we called this vests ,Schwimmwesten'/ swim vests.
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  1410.  @hosybosy1119  : Bin Brittas Freund und ein Schwabe. Es freut mich, wenn aus der Schweiz freundliche Kommentare kommen!
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  1411.  @aarongreer7621  : I, Brittas boyfriend, am no expert in this topic, only interessted in weapons/ military history, since i have seen a ( fairytale) castle during a Kindergarten trip in 1971. ln 9th to 10/11th century the swords based on roman spatha had been , as far as i know, the most used sword type in ,germanic' countries, in ,romanic' or ,slavic' countries i don' t know. So i think the main reason for the disappearing of spathalike swords was simply the evolution of weapons, armour and warfare, which allways causes changes in equipment. What also could be a reason, in Germany/HRE, was the fact, that armies for larger campaigns also in most german regions, with some exeptions in swiss or frisian regions, switched from classical tribal levies ( Stammesaufgebot), see Culloden 1746 , to armies of mounted Knights with their retinue , Lehensmänner ( don' t know english word) and only some picked men on foot, so the need for long bladed swords declined. Also in year 1000 a process slowly started, which caused, that in 1525, the year of Bauernkrieg, the greatest farmers rebellion in Germany, only few farmers had been freemen, most had been unfree men. And in medieval Germany, still in old germanic tradition, only free or semifree men could own weapons. In medieval time also the seax came out of use in Germany, but the Bauernwehr noted in 15th/ 16th century ( you may have heared of Langes Messer in HEMA circles) can be a descendant of seax, or the billhook . In german language no everywhere used word for this tool exists, only different dialect words. When it is true, in some regions of Switzerland ( or Black Forrest?) the billhook is called Seisle , in standard german Sächslein'- little seax.
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  1412.  @Cyberpunker1088  : In post wwll France, there had been criminal groups with importance, coming from Corsica Island. Before France got Corsica in mid 1700s, the Island belonged to italian Town Republik Genua ( don't know native town Name).
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  1413. ​ @danielstickney2400 : German Person Here. After wwll my father started in 1952 his jobtraining and work. When He was young, Most of his coworkers Had been Wehrmacht vetereans, who told him a lot of Stories about the war ( including a Lot of nonsens). But also the German Transport Units with their draft (?) horses Had the problem of feeding their horses. Also for horses veterinarians, blacksmiths and other specialists Had been necessary. Also horse Trainers. Some Things could be done by soldiers being rural men/ farmers, but not everything. As far as I know,, german Gebirgsjäger still has a single Transport company equipped with mulres and horses to carry things.
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  1414.  @margoolf9567  : Sie vergessen bei ihrer Aussage aber folgendes: In Großstädten ist trotz üblicherweise strengerer Waffengesetzgebung die Kriminalität üblicherweise höher als in ländlichen Gegenden.. Zweitens : Die US Waffengesetzgebung, was soll das sein? Die gibt es nicht. Was es gibt, ist ein Flickenteppich aus Bundesgesetzen, Gesetzen der einzelnen Bundesstaaten, Countries und Gemeinden.. Wenn zwischen zwei Siedlungen eine Grenze liegt, können die Gesetze arg unterschiedlich sein. Auch vergessen sie folgendes: Die USA sind viel größer als Deutschland. Üblicherweise hat jede eigenständige Gemeinde ihre eigene Polizei, das bedeutet, jeder Ort hat ein Police Departement von einem bis knapp 40000 Beamten. Wenn nun in einer abgelegenen Gegend der Polizist, in ländlichen Gegenden sind Ein Mann Streifen verbreitet, erscheint, sind oft Stunden vergangen, sodaß hier eine Bewaffnung verständlich ist.
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  1415.  @juanzulu1318  : Die Afd war immerhin die einzige Partei, die genau davor gewarnt hat. Ob diese Partei aber etwas Nützliches zustande bringt, ist ungewiss. Auch muß ich sagen, die Entwicklung war schon vor der Flüchtlingswelle 2015 vorhersehbar, mir, Brittas Freund, ist schon vorher gelegentlich aufgefallen, daß in Discos, Musik- und Tanzlokalen Frauen sich vor allem über Männer eines bestimmten Kulturkreises beklagt haben.
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  1416. I am Brittas boyfriend, rural/ farming backgound. It is unfine, to call farmers uneducated.
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  1417. In the graves of alemanic warriors in my swabian homeregion, armor is rather rare. Most ordinary warriors had only spears and seaxes and a shield.
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  1418.  @04279  :: In my oppinion, i don't think that Hans Albers or Heinz Rühmann had been real supporters of national socialists ideas. In those days people had been more conservative than now, so may be some few Things Had been liked by those actors, but surely Not the criminal Part.
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  1419. @I HATE YOU- : The german name for France is Frankreich ( realm of the frankish tribe). The german tribe of Franken is still alive, they are living in german states Hessen, Saarland, Rheinland- Pfalz, southern Nordrhein- Westfalen, northern Baden- Württemberg , Bayern also Luxemburg. In the years of Karl dem Großen/ Charlemagne , the Frankish Empire was on its height. In 843 the frankish empire was split in three parts: West ( nowadays France), East ( nowadays Germany, Austria, Switzerland) and Middle ( Nowadays Netherlands, Belgium,Luxemburg, Rhone valley in France and northern Italy). By the time, the frankish upperclass in today French and Italian regions also used the latinbased languages of lower classes and could no more understand germanic.
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  1420.  @nunyabiznez6381  : Angleterre and England, second words for Grande Bretagne or Großbritannien clearly show, that French and Germans remember the Angles.
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  1421.  @nightwish1000  : Of course! But before 843 ( treaty of Verdun to split the Frankish Empire), 911 ( last carolingian ruler of East Frankish kingdom died) or 919 ( the first noncarolingian ruler of East Frankish kingdom , Konrad l, died. He was from frankish tribe and could have been somehow related to last carolingian king Ludwig) there had been no Germans, only Saxons, Bavarians ( Markomannen), Franks and Swabians( Alemanics) and Frisians, which later formed the german nation.
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  1422.  @kurupt1664  : The current head of Stuart dynasty is Duke Franz von Bayern, also german :-))
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  1423.  @colbunkmust  : Before the italian and burgundian parts of HRE became a part of HRE it was basicly a german kingdom since either 843/ 911/919. My personal opinion.
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  1424.  @nzs316  : The first generation of ,Helm mit Spitze' ( Helmet with point) was introduced in 1840s had a high shape like british ,Custodian Helmet', still used by english and welsh policemen. The spike was then not fixed with later disk, but with a crossshaped brasspiece. So when s saberblow came vertical from top, the spike and high round shape of leather deflected the blade. The helmet was in leather version worn only by lineinfantry and dragoons ( Dragoner, once mounted infantry men). Metal ones ( steel and tombak) had been worn by cuirassiers and some palace units.
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  1425.  @nzs316  : What i know about my grandfathers and greatgrandfathers in wwl or wwll, they had been ordinary enlisted men. In private life they had been owners of ( for my homeregion typical) small farms. But those farms had been for historical reasons so small, that this was not enough for life. So they also worked also as factoryworkers, craftsmen ... They had been everything, but nothing full, and mostly poor. I only know that the husband of my ( fatherly) grandmothers sister was Feldwebel/ Sergeant, i saw his Iron Cross second class, Close Quartier Combat badge in silver , the Moscow medal and a badge, that he worked in building the Westwall ( he was in service of Railway, repairing wagons) . A relative of the noted grandmother was Hauptmann/ Captain, but my father told me , he became Hauptmann with a lot of tricks. My fathers grandfather got a collarpin showing a Swastika with a ,Weizenähre' ( the piece of wheatplant, with the ,corn'?). He got this from agricultural service, because he was the ,Bull warden' of my village
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  1426. Seems to be an ,all european problem'. Greetings from Germany!
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  1427.  @stijnVDA1994  : I am not Britta herself, but her boyfriend and 55 now. When i was a child, many midaged rural men owned a,singleshot rifle in . 22 LR or 6mm Flobert to shoot rats. In current days, gun owners in Germany have a problem with new gunlaw of European Union. One problem is that german gouvernement allways tries to make Weapon/ Gunlaw as hard as possible, so they add things to European Union gunlaw, which are not intended to European Union gunlaw. In case of Airsoft ,weapons(?)' we in Germany can buy copies of full auto firearms, but even in as weapons not useable Airsoft ,weapons', full auto is not allowed here. I am no gunowner, i am only interessted in historical weapons shown in museums, castles/palaces, but i don' t believe that our current german law, about weapons really protects someone of being a victim of crime.
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  1428. Dan Nick : Not fully true. Ethiopia was a feudal state. This means: In peacetime the emperor, the princes ,Ras' and important noblemen had only bodyguards, the emperor perhaps a small guard/ household unit. In wartime both the emperor and the princes mobilzed their noble vassals, and they mobilized their nonnoble vassals. So the ethiopian ,army' was in fact a union of noble or tribal levies. Some warriors stil came with spears and shield (20%) or muzzle loaders (20%), but nearly 60% had all kind of breechloaders ( military and civilian, rifle and shotgun, singleshot and repeating). But many of these breechloader had not been the own arms of the warriors, but the weapons given by their lord. Different thing than your law. But in such feudal levy armies there is allways the problem of loyalty between the emperor and the princes, between the emperor / princes and the noblemen, and tensions between the leaders of the same rank. Those loyalty problems and tensions/ quarrels between the leaders had been the reason for many lost battles in medieval time.
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  1429. The word Volkssturm is mostly translated as , peoples storm' but , peoples militia/ levie' is better, because in 17/18 century local militias/levies often had been called Landsturm, and also they had been mostly no real militia, but more a bad armed levie, only useable as guards etc..
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  1430. NoRemorse Woodworking : excuse me, Österreichisch.
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  1431. Q ships good, german U- Boote attacking not in prisal order bad? Be carefull with double standarts!
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  1432. teethadore: : True. Also some greek , italian or spanisch persons had a darker skin than germans. But also among germans are some people, you could confuse with mediteranean people, perhaps descendants of soldiers from Thirty Years War or specialized craftsmen.
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  1433. In 1077 the oldest document, in which the name of my village appears , was written . In late 1960s some alemannic graves from 5th/6th century habe been found , also the village name , Settlement of ...s men' seems to show this era.
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  1434. The Unicorn : True! The dialects are often in decline, especially in large towns, but not dead. And for foreigners there is another problem. Sometimes you hear oldfashioned/outdated words, which also germans hear rarely.
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  1435.  @ArtianSetS  : The first prussian ,Helmets with Point' ( Pickelhaube / pickaxe hood was never an official term!) had size and shape of british ,Custodian helmet', still worn by english and welsh policemen. Such a leather helmet, strengthened with cross shaped spike holder and coat of arms plate made of brass could deflect a saber blow.
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  1436. @Second Chance : The helmets and cuirasses of european soldiers could only protect against sabers. The metal ones perhaps against large bore lead only bullets from pistols. In late 1870s a wealthy farmer fired a shotgun against Emperor Wilhelm l. The shot went through his leather helmet, but had been slowed down, so he survived.
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  1437. @Second Chance : The noted assasination attempt showed later a problem in guarding the Emperor. In those days at Imperial Main Palace the outer end of palace area was guarded by policemen, the building by soldiers. But there was a medical doctor, who was coincidently next to the location, where the farmer fired his shotgun, he did some first aid and escorted the emperor back to palace in emperors coach. The doctor could pass without problems the policemen and the soldiers. But in the emperors private rooms, a there serving ,Leibgendarm' pointed at the doctor: Who is this man? He doesn' t belong to Imperial court! The Leibgendarm was correct, for him the unknown stranger could be a danger for the Emperor. Those ,Leibgendarmen' , wearing a police ( Gendarmerie) uniform and a Metall helmet of cuirassiers, are often misinterpreted as bodyguards, but their job was only to escort the emperor and being the messenger, if he wanted something.
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  1438. Also firemen in Germany once used Signal horns. Sometimes also Drums. My father , when he was young, knew last firebrigade Drummer of my village. He told me a funny incident with this man in 1950s, when the former Drummer was drunken, and wanted to play former Signals.
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  1439.  @Chris-mf1rm  : A letterswitch ( Buchstabendreher) :-))
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  1440.  @zeragito  : Sometimes in german Flußpferd / river horse.
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  1441. In german it depends to grammar ( my knowledge of english is limited). Der blonde Mann, die blonde Frau, das blonde Kind ( the blond man, wo man, child) . But der Mann ist blond, die Frau ist blond, das Kind ist blond ( the man/ woman/ child is blond). But ein blonder Mann, eine blonde Frau, ein blondes Kind ( a blond man/woman/ child) .
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  1442.  @eternaloptimist2840  : No Problem! I have Asperger disorder, so my brain is different to Standard Brain :-)). In another comment an assumingly german person notes , that ALK means Albert ( Alfred?) Lüneburg, Kiel. A gunmaker/ gunsmith/ gun trader , who's shop existed in town Kiel up
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  1443. In german Wehrgeschichtliches Museum ( Museum of military history) at Rastatt, there is a saber of an Imperial german Admiral. German hilt, japanese blade. Of course, the tang is to long for a one hand hilt/ grip, the distance between guard and blade is filled with a piece of copper or perhaps bronce.
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  1444. When you look to the intelligence, there is sometimes no difference.
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  1445. A sidenote from Germany . When there was US - Independence War, british troops had no units with rifles, only smoothbore muskets. To counter US riflemen , British Gouvernement hired german troops including Jäger units, formed first of hunters and forrest officials. Their sidearm had been traditional Hirschfänger, for military use with longer blades. First riifles and swordbayonnets for real british troops looked rather german. Also this rifle still has a german ,touch'. It is the trigger guard, which tries to be a kind of pistol grip. Last riflemodel especially for german Jäger units ( Jägerbüchse M71) had only a ,finger hook' at trigger guard. Also the swordbayonnet looks rather similar to german military Hirschfänger. Civilian versions with shorter blades are today still sometimes used by civilian huntsmen, but only for huntsmens ceremonies.
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  1446. The creator of this channel is an Austrian. In german language Korps is spoken Korps. So the Afrikakorps is spoken Afrikakorps, not Afrikakohr or Afrikachor ( bis would be Africa choir. In my homeregion elderly people use ,Kohr" as an outdated term for people in US called ,white trash'.
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  1447.  @TheLoyalOfficer  : Depends on person, most people say Kohr , for comming from French language.
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  1448. fleetcenturion : Please use Wikipedia and look for ,accademic fencing' in the ,English Wikipedia' or , Akademisches Fechten' in ,German (Deutsches) Wikipedia. When i made a mistake, you can write again. The motto of the SS comandos was , Shipbuiders are Idiots!' ;-)
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  1449. Arne : To be correct, i was BORN in 1965. I left Gymnasium after class 10, in 1982 . In those days ending 10. class in Gymnasium automaticly meant , Realschule' degree.
    2
  1450.  @AAArnold  : Please calm down! It is true, that Ian likes french weapons and has visited France several times. In some oft bis videos he says, that he can not really speak german . So i think, his french is better than his german. Before i come to the Gebirgsjäger, something in general. What is english language? Very simplyfied: A mix of normanic french (french with viking influence) and a very old version of low german (A region in the state Schleswig-Holstein is still called Angeln, and the state Niedersachsen has its name from the saxons). So theoretically it should be no problem for an english speaker to learn both French and german. Jäger means huntsman vor light infantryman, the first units in early 18th century had been really professional hunters and forrest officals. When WWl started, the german army had no mountain troops. In the Vosges/Vogesen, not in the Alps, the german mountain troops began to exist, when german Jäger soldiers noticed, that the french ,Chasseurs Alpines' hat been better equipped and trained for mountain warfare. Two years ago i took part in a guided tour to the Hartmannsweiler Kopf, a mountain in the vosges, wäre you still can see the trenches, especially the german ones. The guide was the director of the ,Wehrgeschichtliches Museum Rastatt' himself.
    2
  1451. A Berliner, speaking Berlin dialect would say ,Jewehr' instead of Gewehr:-)
    2
  1452. A mistake.. Leopold von Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen was no prussian prince. He was a member of older,but unimportant swabian branch of Hohenzollern dynasty. Mountain and castle Hohenzollern is in Swabia, the southern spot of prussian territory.
    2
  1453.  @topguntin  : For german 11,15x 60 ( blackpowder) a ,Wachpatrone/ guard cartridge existed, contained two round balls instead of one long projectile. In 8x 57 lS i don' t know. A sidenote : German police forces also used ( new or surplus i don' t know) rifles arround 1950. There was the socalled ,coffee war' along dutch- german border. Coffee smugling was a problem, and some of the smugglers used partly light armoured trucks.
    2
  1454. According to german weapons magazines/ Waffenzeitschriften the sheet metal was added to protect the stock from a row of shoenails, at the side of then mountain boots, for example during formal drill, but of course in mountain service the rifle was also used as aid for walking or climbing. Forgotten: The mountain boots of course had also shoenails on underside of sole (?)/ Sohle.
    2
  1455. Current Stuart heir/aspirant of throne would be also a German, Duke Franz von Bayern.
    2
  1456. I am german of swabian region. Never heared ,kine', but also not surprsed, would be ,Kia(h)' in my dialect ( german pronouncion).
    2
  1457.  @chromaticAberration  : Oh, in german dialects, which are unstandardidized German, sometimes very old variants of words appear.
    2
  1458. I , Brittas boyfriend, am swabian. But when i learned writing and reading, i soon noted the difference between dialect, and the in 1970s not so much spoken Standard German.
    2
  1459. In german language the word Orientale and Asiate are also known and used by non woke people. But here in german language an Orientale is a person from mostly islamic Region of northern Africa, socalled, Near East', Iran , Afghanistan, west of Mongolia. Asiate means a person from a nation of the mongolian Family of nations. So: In some cases an Orientale can also been an Asiate, or an Asiate is in some cases also an Orientale. People from India are technicaly also Asiaten, but are usually called Inder.
    2
  1460. As far as i, german, Brittas boyfriend, know, the Norwegian man who realy existed had the name Haakon and was a socalled Jarl. Here in Germany there are movies, showing the years between 1933 and 1945 as good for Germany. But in movies, where the story plays between about 1848 and 1945, to many Charakters appear with a behaviour of current people, not with behaviour of people of the shown era. This is the reason, why i have many doubts when watching such , historical movies' about german history. And for years i no more watch movies about medieval era, to much nonsens.
    2
  1461. Excuse me, there are NO movies in Germany, showing 1933 to 1945 as good.
    2
  1462.  @aidanfarnan4683  : This autocorrection thing is also a problem for me, when i want to write when it writes ,Wien' ( Vienna), when i want to write of it writes ,oft'(often) or when i want to write or it writes vor (before), etc.. The family name Schull can be german, names like Scholl or Schill exist, by i know nobody with this name. But we have in Germany names, which are popular everywhere in Germany, but also uncommon names, or such ones, which you find only in some regions.
    2
  1463.  @MosoKaiser  : There are good jokes about german language, but mostly in german language, see comedian Heinz Erhardt, a master in using german language in a funny way.
    2
  1464. This would be better done by Matt Easton of ,scolagladiatora ' channel.
    2
  1465.  @ineedanewname6086  : And your russian allies liberated eastern Europe ??????
    2
  1466. When a war ,or a regime ends, in every part of the world documents are burnt, or destroyed in other ways. There are still now lots of bags with shreddered documents of ,Stasi' ( Staatssicherheit) , red painted ,Gestapo' of former communist East Germany. But when Allied troops , in case of my homeregion US forces, occupied Germany, they confiscated not only official documents, but also private documents or archieves, the reason, why many societies/ Clubs, i don' t know how to translate ,Verein' correctly, for example the , Club of rabbit breeders' have rather few documents from before 1947.
    2
  1467. Up to 1580s ( up to 1648 on paper) the Netherlands had been part of HRE, so your comment is partly wrong.
    2
  1468. The real name of this helmet was ,Helm mit Spitze"/ helmet with point.
    1
  1469.  @anthonyhayes1267  : Parce que vous parle seulement la lanque anglais, comme la majorite des personnes de votre pays? Ich jedenfalls bin in der Lage, in zwei Fremdsprachen über einfache Dinge zu sprechen. You can understand?
    1
  1470. waffensammler : There was a rather similar swedish revolver from 1887, as far as i know, also the ammunition was nearly the same. This rrvolver was used up to the 1950's. The last users had been post service and lighthouse officals.
    1
  1471. Sometimes italian company ,Fiocci' produces similar 10,4 mm Italian Ordonnance in their ,outdated cartridge' line.
    1
  1472. Don' t forget the wallguns of muzzleloader era.
    1
  1473.  @Ignonym  : In german language Gewehr up to 18th century could mean every kind of weapon ( Seitengewehr is a bayonnet). Since 19th century Gewehr means in military context ,full length battlerifle' in civilian context it is the umbrella term for rifles ( Büchsen), shotguns (Flinten) and combination guns ( Büchsflinten, Drillinge/ Vierlinge).
    1
  1474.  @GrimFaceHunter  : Could the word ,puska' be a loanword from german ,Büchse'?
    1
  1475. Attention! The english word Prince can be Prinz or Fürst, two different meanings.
    1
  1476.  @SD_Alias  : Times have changed, it is in Germany no more allowed to keep german traditions :-)
    1
  1477.  @SD_Alias  : As a German, Britta is my girlfriend, born in 1965, country not town, and conservative, i am very disappointed about the decline of my country. I don' t understand, why every nonsens is supported by governement, but not respect of the law, and not law respecting persons.
    1
  1478.  @Wurstmensc  : Ist Vase ein Wort , das deutschen Ursprungs ist?
    1
  1479.  @Wurstmensc  : Das habe ich vermutet, ist also wie der Boddschamber.
    1
  1480.  @BelosnezhkaSnezhka  : The problem is, that here in western part of Germany, the Wisent was extinct for many centuries. Now the animals are here again, the ,anomal protectors' are happy, and other people have damage. This conflict must be solved. It is the same thing with wolves. The cattle and sheep owners must spend a lot of money for special fences and dogs, which is expensive for the owners of only few cows or sheeps. I come from the country, my father stoped farming 20 Yeats ago, so i know, how much work and few money you have , i can understand non animal protectors, when they are angry, because they have more work and costs but earn fewer. There must be a solution.
    1
  1481.  @macnutz4206  : Your comment clearly shows, that you know nothing about german thoughts about service weapons and ,honourable' weapons. In 19th century most policemen in the different german states had only a saber as weapon. In rural areas the Gendarmen/ Landjäger had sometimes muskets/ rifled muskets and bayonnet, or when mounted, a carbine or a pistol, because, similar to current italian Carabinieri or french Gendarmes, they had been officially soldiers, doing police work. Policemen of towns, or sometimes rich villages, usually had no firearms. And the lowest level of german policemen ( town/ village payed nightwatchmen, town cryers or field guards) had often only a baton or in case of nightwatchmen, a polearm (!). In late 1820s up to 1840s some of the small german states bought few muzzleloader side by side shotguns, given to policemen only for fighting smugglers, poachers or escorting transports of prisoners. What happened with this shotguns after 1871, i don' t know. If you are US citizen, you know Wild West novels or in more modern times, movies. German/ Austrian ( to loser degree Swiss) counterpart are Poacher and Forrest Official novels ( or movies from early 1950s to early 1970s). In this 19th century novels, for example by bavarian writer Ludwig Ganghofer, the heroic Forrest officials ( Förster) had been armed with rifles, shotguns had been the weapons of poachers, woodthieves or smugglers. Also boarder guards ( customs officers/ Zollbeamte in current german) had been armed with sabers and carbines, but not with shotguns ( the outdated singleshot rifles of german border guards/ customs officers had been in 1913 replaced by Pistole 08 /Luger). So in imperial Germany shotguns had not been service firearms of armed forces of german civilian administration. Also shotguns had been no part of weaponry of german armies. ( Yes, there had been four german armies : Prussian Army including the troops of grandduchies, duchies, principalities and free towns, Bavarian Army ,only in wartime under prussian command, Saxon army and Württembergian Army, the smallest, only one corps). In wwl shotguns : a) had not been used as german service weapons. b) had been seen by most germans as ,unhonourous' criminals weapon, a psychological thing you perhaps underestimate. There are photos of german soldiers of wwl with side by side shotguns, but showing them hunting and presenting shot game. May be for additional food (german soldiers of wwl had mostly a lack of food, the theater comedy ,Der Etappenhase/ The rearline hare' shows this). After wwl for Versailles treaty reason, remaining small ,Reichwehr' had few ammunition, but a lot of time. A german inventor named Becker showed his semiautomatic/ revolving shotgun in 1920s german army testing soldiers/ officers: Please do a test, when my shotgun is tested by officers, it is good for my reputation. German officers did a ,military' test and told Mr. Becker: Good weapon, but german army needs no shotguns. Even today, only very few shotguns are used by german police ,SWAT teams' and military special forces, and it is for german policemen or soldiers STRICTLY forbidden to fire a shotgun at persons. I hope, that you now understand something!
    1
  1482.  @MrHws5mp  : Also 10,6 mm cartridges of german M79/ M83 revolvers had pure lead bullets. But: In contrast to most revolver cartridges using ,round nose' vor slighlly pointed bullets, for british .455 Webley revolvers cartridges with a cylindrical bullet , which had a hole at front part existed, they had been called ,Manstopper'. But being a patriotic, but not nationalst german, i must say the ,Kegelstumpfgeschoß' ( don' t know english word) used for german Pistole 08 up to 1916 was also doubtable.
    1
  1483.  @immikeurnot  : In Germany shotguns never had been regular service weapons! In imperial era shotguns had been seen as criminals weapons, you undersetimate psychology. Even today for the few soldiers of special forces or SWAtT Team policemen in Germany who have shotguns it is STRICTLY forbidden to fire a shotgun against persons!!!!
    1
  1484.  @ottogofast3882  : A Drilling or the rarer Vierling ( four barrels) is a civilian hunting weapon. This weapons are still made today, mostly by traditional gunsmith/ craftmans shops, only very few larger companies produce Drillinge. So this weapons are not intended to be produced in large quantities.
    1
  1485.  @VagoniusThicket  : The word Sturm was in military context of 17- 19th century sometimes used for levie/ Aufgebot. Aufgebot and Miliz are not the same in german language.
    1
  1486. No, there would have been only a ball.
    1
  1487.  @AlexKS1992  : You are simply lyars. The Lusitania had ammunition on board, that ,unloaded' was written in freight papers ,was only for US Harbor Regulations , that when loaded ammunition was loaded, unloaded' must be wrritten for neutrality reason. But in case of neutrality, USA lyed, they said armed german freighters are warships, but armed british freighters are civilan ships, who needed cannons against german U- Boote, but USA said nothing against british Q- ships who tricked german U- Boot crews attacking with rules of prisal order. Be quiet and ask american and hawaian natives about their thought of moralic USA. Also what gave you the right to steal mexican territory in 1840s? Texas was regular mexican territory . And which right had american settlers in 1892 to overthrow hawaiian monarchy?
    1
  1488. @TheDerpy Kitty : Can you correctly spell my native language, german? English is closer to german than french ( i speak rather bad), but mistakes in a second language you rarely speak, are normal.
    1
  1489.  @thescatologistcopromancer3936  : WW l was for years in the air. There was after Napoleonic Periode an unknown rise or Nationalim, Chauvinism, Militarism which caused hate among european nations, the Colonialism gave more oil into fire, the Sarajevo assassination was simply the fire on gunpowder barrel match ( Lunte). Would not say , that Germany caused WWl, there had been diplomatic alliances, treaties etc., and the noted ,isms' which made policy difficult, when a great war is for years in the air. If in 1914 better quality diplomacy could have stopped outbreak of wwl, the next political crisis could have been start a war. But: As German i have to admitt, that german Gouvernement was not good, both in acting persons, and in organisation. My point was: Allways Germany since 1870 is portraited as militaristic, but, how many times HRE or German Federation declared war against foreign countries?.When Germany before 1870 was so powefull, how could the poor french could steal Alsace and Lorraine? How could in second half of Thirty Years french and swedish troops do so much destruction in HRE? This, is in non german movies never shown - everything has a historical reason, and i am simply annoyed of those warmovies.
    1
  1490. IzNoGuD Surfer : In Baden-Württemberg und Bayern wird auch ,Grüß Gott' gesagt!
    1
  1491. Some members of Stasi are still in power, especially in foreigners/ migrant context, not so much in state authorities, mostly in leftwing supported NGOs.
    1
  1492.  @juliettsolit7918  : Das ist Unfug. Die Uniformen waren bei Mannschaften , bis zu den Feldwebeln , wurde die Ausstattung staatlich beschafft, das heißt, die Uniformen wurden in verschiedenen Größen beschafft. Es war allerdings möglich , daß sich bessergestellte Soldaten ihre Uniformen und Stiefel selbst beschafften, das war erlaubt. Da damals Kleidung oft noch handwerklich gefertigt wurde, sind maßgeschneiderte Uniformen in solchen Fällen verbreitet. Offiziere mußten sich ihre Ausstattung grundsätzlich selbst besorgen. Diejenigen, die aus höheren Schichten stammten, hatten selbstverständlich maßgeschneiderte Uniformen,oder auch höhere Ränge, aber ein frischgebackener Leutnant aus wenig wohlhabenden Kreisen, war bei seiner Erstuniform möglicherweise auf einfach gefertigte Uniformen angewiesen. Bei selbstbezahlten Uniformen war dann aber auch mehr Luxus, etwa weicheres Stiefelleder erlaubt. Zur Bewaffnung: Mannschaften erhielten ihre Waffen vom Staat, Offiziere mußten Pistole und Degen selbst besorgen. Auch hier war es erlaubt, statt der Standardausführung prächtigere Versionen zu kaufen, etwa Degen mit gebläuten oder gravierten Klingen, oder vergoldeten Griffbeschlägen. Eine Ausnahme gab es lediglich bei einigen Feldwebeln. Für diejenigen, die bei bestimmten Zeiten/ Anlässen als Offiziersstellvertreter galten, wurden einige Offiziersdegen staatlich angeschafft, und bei Dienst als Offiziersstellvertreter kurzzeitig ausgehändigt, damit die einfachen Soldaten die zeitweilige Offiziersbefugnis erkennen sollten.
    1
  1493. Before german colonial time , dentists had been unknown in current Tansania. As far as i know, the word , used for dentist in ,Suaheli' language is Zahanati, clearly german Zahnarzt.
    1
  1494. In medieval times the fencing teachers often also wrestling, so your comment seems not unplausible.
    1
  1495. Dia Schoafseggl send d ' Schbitzla, edd d ' Oier. A Gruas aus am Schwäbischa!
    1
  1496. Not realy true: Tuesday/ Mardi- Tiu/ Mars, Wednesday/Mercredi- Wodan (Odin)/Merkur ( Wodan was mistaken for Merkur, because he traveled to See things, he didn' t knew), Thursday/Jeudi- Thor ( Donar)/Jupiter- both could threw flashes of lightning, Friday/ Vendredi- Freia/ Venus- beautifull godesses.
    1
  1497. In 1950s some elderly former Askaris got for serving in german military decades ago, a small montly, honorary salary'. But many diplomats feared, a lot of fake Askaris come to german embassy. One german diplomat, a former officer, had an idea, to test the african men. He let come in every man single, gave them a broom and gave german drill commands.
    1
  1498. 1955 new Bundeswehr- 955 first campaign with levies of frankish, saxon, bavarian, swabian tribes united.
    1
  1499.  @atlas567  : The man meant, his father , being of german ancestry, was in Mexico mistaken for a native Mexican, because he doesn' t looks ,german'. In fact, i am german, there are some ethnic Germans who look a bit like Italians or Spainiards from the north of this countries.I think this are the descendants of Italians, French, Spanish or Croats coming to Germany as mercennaries during Thirty Years War , or as specialised craftsmen from Middleage to Rokoko era.
    1
  1500.  @hank4920  : This name means in current Standard German ,Schwarzäcker'/ Blackfield. Schwarzenegger is simply a dialect Version. A sidenote: An Acker can also be called Feld, which is obviously field. May be the acre is also related to Acker. The old german Morgen or Tagwerk ( No more in use) had about similar size.
    1
  1501.  @jacs96  : Homo sapiens neandertalensis, Homo sapiens steinheimensis, Homo erectus....
    1
  1502.  @lauramartin-bk9nr  : I am no expert, so i simply wrote, what is possible. And remember, after 1556 Habsburg territories had been split into a german and spanish branch, so that in Thirty Years War spanish Habsburger, who owned also current Belgium and Kingdom of Naples ( Kingdom of both Sicilly) sent not only few men from Spain or southern Italy. In my swabian homeregion the name Diez/ Dietz is a common familiy name
    1
  1503. Excuse me, wrong Button! This name is a shortened Diet(e)rich, and it is spoken as a swabian would speak spanish Diaz. Surely coincidence. But don' t underestimate the number of italian craftsmen who came to current Germany when large stonechurches came in favour, or when Renaissance and Baroque reached Germany. Many ruling noblemen, we had Lots of them, wanted new palaces, spiritual Lords ( Princed Bishops, Princed Abbots, in few cases even Princed female Abbots, and the Knights Orders wanted new churches, often also palaces, and even the rich upperclass of Imperial Towns build rather impressive Palais. Then after Thirty Years War many French Protestants came to Germany , not to far away from my Homevillage is a Village with typical german name Perouse! And as a sidenote : I grew up in a then semirural area, as child of aborigine farmers. In those days, i didn' t knew italian food, my parents also not. But i knew traditional swabian food. So i was rather surprised, when i in 1980 for the first time ate Tortellini and Ravioli, was only a tiny Variation of swabian Maultaschen. Italian Pizza? A Variation of swabian Dätscher ( name used in my Village, different in other villages) and italian Pasta? A lot of more complicated versions of the , breite Nudeln' i knew from my mother. A possible reason that the noted italian dishes had been no surprise for me: From 1190s to 1268 swabian Hohenstaufen Dynasty had also been Kings of Naples.
    1
  1504.  @johnnyearp52  : With a genetic test (DNA) specuations could be proofed. But the fact , that in Spain and Italy germanic tribes had been for some time, and later Germans (including Austrians, which belonged up to 1866 regular to HRE/ German Federation) and Normans ( Nordmänner/ Northmen, romanized Vikings) ruled parts of Italy. So i think, germanic DNA, if such is existing , could appear in Spain or Italy. But : When germanic tribes conquered Italy or Spain, they became the upper class/ Nobility. So i would not be surprised, when in Spain , Italy, May be Portugal and France too, among old Nobility families, the germanic DNA part is a bit Higher than among commoners.
    1
  1505. I am german. In , terrible terrible ' Imperial Germany you could buy nearly every weapon, in current , democratic ' Germany nearly every weapon is forbidden. Being born 1965, up to 1990s firearms crime was Low.
    1
  1506. Pistole 08 , not Pistole O8! And wasn' t 9mm Parabellum invented, because 7,65 mm Parabellum was too weak in the eyes of german army?
    1
  1507. A sidenote from Germany: At 9th November Wilhelm ll had to leave his throne. At 10th November the other german monarchs had to leave their thrones. At 11th November last german was nobilated!
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  1508. @Enwurd Jogger : We germans call ourselfes ,deutsch' , with ,germanisch' we mean germanic. I personally do not know the origin of germans or Germanen. I am not Britta, i am her boyfriend. My tribe , the swabians/ Schwaben called themself from third to ninth century ,Alemannen'. In current german this would be , alle Männer' which is for some reasons possible. ( Alemannen- les allemandes in french). German is sometimes used as mens first name, but as family name it would be Germann or Gehrmann.
    1
  1509. Also in Germany we could only mobilize by wwll standards, only 1,5 tank divisions. Horses and mules? One company of High Mountain Transport annimals troops is still existing.
    1
  1510.  @ChauncyFatsack  : Up to 1900/1920s French was the , Lingua Franca' in diplomacy etc.because from late 17th century to early 19th century France was seen as the strongest european country, in islamic world persian had a similar respect. In 19th century Great Britain became the strongest power, english language became more impotant, and after wwl the english speaking nations USA and Great Brittain had been the mightiest powers , so English replaced French. And perhaps in 50years Chinese replaces English. Now to the Kaiser. The rank Kaiser, Czar, Tenno, Shah in Shah, Negus Negest ... formerly used in Germany, Austria, Russia, Iran, Ethiopia, China, Brazil, Turkey and still in Japan is higher than a king. Up to 1806 in HRE the emperors had been Roman Emperors, in the first centuries they had been only german kings and got the rank Kaiser in Rome by the Pope. After 1806 the austrian emperors called them emperors, because in HRE era, for many centuries the emperors had been men of Habsburg family. In 1871 the rank , Deutscher Kaiser" was New created, for tradition and AS sign for the highest german monarch ( there had been also kings of Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg). Napoleon l and his nephew Napoleon lll called them emperors, because after French Revolution king was not liked, and Napoleon l saw himself as the highest european ruler, mightier than all european kings. In early 16th century the Greatprince of Moscow called himself Czar, because he was the mightiest russian Greatprince, and also married with the granddaughter(?) of last Eastern Rome/ Byzantine Emperor. The Chinese Emperor was for centuries one of the mightiest rulers on earth, but why the iranian, ethiopian and persian rulers are called emperor i don't know. So: Emperor is in rank higher than King. Mostly the language of the mightiest country becomes Lingua Franca, this can last for centuries or not. Don' t ask an Autist/ Asperger person. Don' t be too proud of speaking english, je aussi parle un peu de français ( ne pas tres bon) und als Deutscher selbstverständlich auch Deutsch.
    1
  1511.  @MrAranton  : Good knowledge !! You are clearly an educated person. Something i did not know exactly, and something i simplified.
    1
  1512.  @helikos1  : True fact. From the five european great powers France and Great Brittain fought for being Nr. 1, France had the strongest army and Brittain the strongest navy. Russia was seen as Nr. 3, Austria as Nr. 4 and Prussia as Nr. 5.
    1
  1513. A question: : Which advice for autistic people like me?.Have problems to understand bodylanguage and fine tunes of spoken language.
    1
  1514. What is english? Basicly a mix of 1000 years old french and 1500 years old Low( land) German. Standard German: Klein/ Seil/ Gabel. Low German: Lütt/ Reep/ Forke. English: Little/ rope/ fork. I hope, you notice something.
    1
  1515.  @I3shob  : Ich, Brittas Freund, bin jetzt 56 Jahre alt, und kann mich noch an waffenrechtlich liberalere Zeiten erinnern. Und ich kann mich ebenfalls erinnern, daß das Sicherheitsgefühl damals höher war. Zum Vergleich der Wirksamkeit von Waffengesetzen eignet sich der deutschsprachige Raum sehr gut. Deutschland, Österreich und die Schweiz gehören zum gleichen Kulturraum, sind wohlhabende Industrieländer und Demokratien mit mehr oder weniger föderalem Aufbau. Seit 1997 bzw. 1999 sind auch die Gesetze unserer südlichen Nachbarn verschärft worden, aber immer noch gilt: Das deutsche Waffenrecht ist das strengste, das der Schweiz das liberalste. Seltsamerweise ist aber die Kriminalität in Österreich und der Schweiz etwas geringer als bei uns. Auch in Großbritannien wurde nach dem Dunblane Massenmord das seit den 1920er Jahren eh strenge Waffenrecht deutlich verschärft ( es ist für Briten praktisch unmöglich, irgend einen Gegenstand zur Verteidigung mitzuführen), trotzdem gab es einen deutlichen Anstieg von Gewalt . Auch sind sie über die Gesetzgebung der USA schlecht informiert. Genausowenig, wie es eine ,amerikanische Polizei' gibt, gibt es ein ,amerikanisches Waffengesetz'. Es gibt einige staatliche Vorgaben, die Details werden dagegen von den Bundesstaaten, sowie den Counties und Gemeinden festgelegt, wobei die Vorschriften der höheren Verwaltungsebene beachtet werden müssen. Das bedeutet, das US Waffenrecht ist ein arger Flickenteppich und in einigen Großstädten durchaus so wie bei uns. Auch kann nicht jeder US Bürger einfach so eine Waffe mitführen, im allgemeinen ist eine CCW Lizenz , also im deutschen Sprachgebrauch Waffenschein ( nicht Waffenbesitzkarte !) nötig, die aber in den einzelnen Bundesstaaten unterschiedlich ausgegeben werden.
    1
  1516. Auf dem Kanal ,Mark Felton' des gleichnamigen britischen Militärhistorikers gibt es ein ähnliches Video, das Sachschäden an britischen Gebäuden durch die Explosion eines deutschen Blindgängers aus dem zweiten Weltkrieg behandelt. Das Problem sowohl für private Hausbesitzer als auch das am stärksten beschädigte amtliche Gebäude, eine Schule oder ähnliches, war: Es gab während/ nach dem Krieg ein staatliches Hilfsprogramm für Bombenschäden, das aber längst ausgelaufen ist. Gebäudeversicherungen ( im Falle des amtlichen Gebäudes kurioserweise die Allianz!) zahlen bei kriegsbedingten Schäden nicht. Und der Verursacher des Schadens, die Reichsluftwaffe, kann , da nicht mehr existierend , auch nicht verklagt werden.
    1
  1517. ​ @carmenkuss : I too, but swabian better than Standard German :-)))
    1
  1518. In northern Germany names, ending with -sen are rather common. Pedersen for example means simply Sohn des Peter ( son of Peter).
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  1519.  @niculaevisan4798  : Nikolaus, as we germans call your name is clearly irish: Nik O'Laus ;-)
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  1520. A note to the man shown in this video. There is a channel , Scholagladiatora' run by Matt Easton. He is a trained archeologist, dealer of antique weapons, and very knowledgeable about fencing and using bladed weapons, where he is also a trainer. Some of his many videos have the toppic of ,defeating' Medieval/ Rennaissnce armour with weapons of this time periode. What many modern people don't know is the fact, that then also soft armour, similar to modern civilian Kevlar vests, worn under jacket and shirt. This medieval soft armour is called Gambeston and looks like a padded coat. So a Gambeston, made in modern tailors cut, would be not recognized as armour, but as a winter coat. Those in old days relatve cheap Gambestons gave more protection against medieval weapons, than modern people expect. The protection against cuts is relative good, but thrusts with spiked or very pointy narrow blades can penetrate. This problem exists also for modern civilian undershirt Kevlar vests. Like medieval Gambestons those Kevlar is fabric/ cloth, only modern material. There is a Video of the noted Matt Easton, where he appeares in the channel ,Tods Workshop ' run by a craftsman Tod Cutler. In this Video of this britsh gentlemen, they show Mr. Easton testing a medieval Rondelldagger, made by Ted Cutler. The Rondelldaggers had been medieval antiarmout weapons. So in my oppinion a test in which medieval antiarmour dagger is used against modern day battle armour would be Intressting. Cold Steel company, as far as i know, produces replicas of such Rondelldaggers. A Video, perhaps also intresting for you is made by Joerg ( Jörg) Sprave of , Slingshot Channel '. He tested a cheap modern antistab vest with a selfmade dagger, and got into troubles for his Video. I hope, my long comment ( i am autistic) gives you usefull information.
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  1521. When the french people heared, that german Bundeswehr got in 1950s boots with Rubber soles instead of nailed soles, they feared , that they could asleep next Invasion:))
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  1522. The KR of the Messerschmidt vehicle mesns Kabinenroller.
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  1523.  @kullen2042  : May be one and a quarter hour of footmarch away from my village is an old oak, called ,Schindereiche'. From about 1830 to 1922 next to this oak was the ,Schinderhäusle', a small house with a small garden, surrounded by a wall, you can see relicts of the building. It was the working place of such a Schinder.
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  1524.  @sabinegierth-waniczek4872  : Ich bin Brittas Freund, benutze nur den Anschluss/ Rechner mit. Ich stamme aus Altwürttemberg, durch Erbteilung waren die Höfe daher sehr klein, meist nur eine bessere Selbstversorgung, die meisten waren zum Lebensunterhalt zu klein. Auch waren die Bauern meist Knechte bei größeren Bauern, Gesellen oder Handlanger bei Handwerkern, Helfer bei den Holzfällern oder übten ein kleines Gewerbe aus. Daher waren Pferde oder Ochsen als Zugtiere selten. Das war im Grund genommen noch in den 1950er Jahren so, sowohl in meiner väterlichen, als auch mütterlichen Familie. Das ,Angewöhnen' junger Kühe war nicht einfach, aber die Leute hatten Erfahrung und die Kühe wurden paarweise eingespannt. Das heißt, die neue junge Kuh hatte ein erfahrenes Tier zur Seite, was aber ein unwilliges Verhalten/Durchgehen des ,Lehrlings' nicht immer verhindern konnte. Auch Stechmücken sowie Bremsen ( auch Rinderbremsen genannt) sorgten immer wieder für ein Durchgehen der Tiere. Pferdegespanne waren allerdings schneller als Kühnespanne.
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  1525. Kristoffer Clausen : I am German, and have never heared this name. But i must admit, that german people from the baltic region or some eastern europe/ balkan coutries have unusual names, where a ,mainland' german has problems to speak it the right way. I would pronounce it ,Schuhböh' ( if it is a german name).
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  1526. Europeans, Latin Americans knew no sabers??????
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  1527.  @andrewp8284  : The US sabers of 1861/65 civil war had been based often from french sabers, my point was that sabers of european style had been a common thing for especially light cavallry from about 1700 to wwll..Eastern europe some time earlier, polish or hungarian sabers clearly show asian/ oriental elements before 1700. So this noted models are no ,typicsl' US weapon. The only bladed weapons after Renaissance, from which you could say , typicsl' german are only one or two huntingknifes.
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  1528.  @Dr.Schiwago88  : Ich bin Brittas Freund, einfacher Arbeiter. Bin 1965 geboren, in einer damals noch halbwegs ländlichen, seit ca. dreißig Jahren aber immer mehr verstädternden Gegend. Als ich 1976 auf Anraten des Klassenlehrers mit dem Lesen der Tageszeitung begonnen habe, wurde hauptsächlich über Einbrüche, Diebstähle, Betrug oder Sachbeschädigung/ Vandalismus berichtet. Schlägereien gab es gelegentlich. Überfälle? Gelegentlich abends oder nachts in der Kreisstadt, manchmal auf Banken oder Tankstellen. In den kleineren Städten oder Dörfern geschah fast nichts, wenn, dann waren es Streitigkeiten innerhalb von Familien oder Verwandten. Das bedeutet, damals brauchte man sich tagsüber kaum Sorgen machen, und auch nachts reichte es, aufmerksam zu sein, und einige Orte, an denen sich allerlei Suffköpfe etc. herumtreiben, zu meiden. Das war bis Anfang der neunziger Jahre so. Im Verlauf dieses Jahrzehnts kam es weit häufiger als zuvor an Bahnhöfen, meist in Richtung der Kreisstadt, bzw. in Richtung der Landeshauptstadt, zu Schlägereien, auch in kleineren Städten kamen nachts gelegentlich Überfälle vor, was zuvor eine Seltenheit war. Gefährlich, daß man sich ernsthaft Sorgen machen musste, war es allerdings nur in der Kreisstadt, und nachts an einigen Stellen der kleineren Städte. Seit etwa 2010 ist es allerdings mir, ich bin Brittas Freund, kein sonderlich kräftiger Mann, abends in größeren Städten oder einigen Stellen der kleineren Städte nicht mehr wirklich wohl. An Bahnhöfen oder großen Bushaltestellen kommt es häufiger zu Schlägereien, , Jugendliche Gruppen geraten in Streit' ( was für Jugendliche, oder wer mit der Gewalt anfängt erfährt man aber nicht). In der Kreisstadt kommt es manchmal auch tagsüber zu Gewalt, Überfälle und Schlägereien sind in kleineren Städten häufiger, und kommen nachts inzwischen auch in kleinen Orten deutlich häufiger vor als vor dreißig, vierzig Jahren. Auch werden seit dieser Flüchtlingsherbeilockerei seit 2015 offenbar mehr Frauen belästigt, als ich es von früher her kannte. Habe seither jedenfalls mehr Frauen über Belästigungen klagen hören als früher, und eine Frau sorgte sich um ihre Töchter. Wirklich gefährlich ist die Lage noch nicht, aber die Lage ist nicht mehr so sicher wie in meinem jüngeren Jahren, es gibt zuviele gewalttätige Spinner. Gegen dieselben wird nicht entschieden vorgegangen, und Leute die sich fürchten, werden als Angsthasen abgetan.
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  1529.  @methodeetrigueur1164  : My french is is much worser than english or my native language german.
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  1530.  @steroidbaggins2936  : The roman borderfortification ,Limes' was an obstacle for germanic tribes, so a number of smaller tribes united, and became basicly the tribes, which still exist in Germany ( a note: Every german in his fourties or older still knows, to which tribe he belongs, and speaks his dialect more or less. But german population mixes more and more, the dialects are declining, more and more foreigners come, and young people have mostly lost the sense of tradition, ) The Suevi united with one or two smaller tribes, also homeless germanic persons/ families joined, and new tribe used the name Alemannen. The tribe Name explains itself : Alle Mannen ( in current german ,Alle Männer'/ all men). This tribe was in 260 after Jesus sucessfull to overwhelm the weak defended Limes, and conquer the area, where we still live today. No real conquest, most of ,provincial romans' moved/ fleed away, when germanic raids became more dangerous. A part of Alemanics, calling them Suevi moved in fact to the land north of Portugal. When in 843/911/ 919, we germans are unsure, when HRE started, the Alemanics switched to old name Suevi ( Schwaben). Nowadays, Schwaben means the swabian inhabitants of Bavaria and former Württemberg, Alemannen means! the inhabitants of french Alsace, Black Forrest, Allgäu and austrian Vorarlberg, and the others are the Swissgermans and the people of small country Liechtenstein.
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  1531.  @juanzulu1318  : Even today lever action rifles and and pump action shotguns are known, but not very common used by german hunters. But it seems to change in the last decade, the number of wild boar became a problem here.. On the other hand, US- hunters rarely use Drillinge or Vierlinge ( Tip down/break down guns with three or four barrels) ,
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  1532.  @jic1  : Is ( at least in Germany) usually a thing of traditional hunting rifles or old target rifles.
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  1533. When in 1815 German Federation/ Deutscher Bund was formed, three nongerman kings had been ,Federation Princes'/ Bundesfürsten. The dutch king as Greatduke of Luxemburg ( up to 1832), the danish king as Duke of Holstein und Lauenburg ( up to 1864) and the british king as King of Hannover ( from where they moved to Britain in 1714). This ended in 1839, when Queen Victoria became british queen. In contrast to Great Brittain in Hannover was ,salic law' which not allowed a female ruler. So in 1839 a reltive of Queen Victoria, Georg von Hannover- Cumberland became king of Hannover, his son Georg Ii lost his kingdom to Prussia. So when Victoria would have had the possibiliy of being Queen of Hannover, Bismarck would have had a large Problem.
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  1534.  @billd66  : No problem! My english is also not too good. The words kriminell and Kriminal.... are not true german origin. You can translate , a criminal' with , ein Krimineller' or ,ein Verbrecher'. And ,a case of crime' is either , ein Kriminalfall' ( exact literal translation !) or ,ein Verbrechen', you can use both.
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  1535.  @RiderOftheNorth.357  : I simply wanted to say, that you are right. The name PPK has nothing to do with the used cartridge. Y
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  1536. The word as Stutzenkarabiner . The german verb ,stutzen' means to cut away a piece to shorten it. A Stutzen is today a hunting rifle with a stock of full barrel length, once a Stutzen was a shortened hunting gun, where the barrel was cut away at frontend of stock. A Stutzer is either the swissgerman word for a target/ competition rifle, or a dated word meaning Dandy. A Stütze , my english is limited, is either an Item, which prevents a heavy object from falling down, or ,Slang' for social money in case of unemployment. The fact, that german troops between 1919 and 1933 ( the Reichswehr) used .22 training not only for money saving or noise reducing. For reason of Versailles treaty, the ammunition stock was so small, that under wwl conditions it would have been to few for a single day. So german forces simply had to few ammunition for propper training, so they had to use unregulated .22 ammunition, airguns and even ,Nadelstichgerät' ( needle stab device).
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  1537. Kettle hat in England, sallet in Germany. True, see ,Brodie' and ,M16'.
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  1538.  @sierra5713  : Is it true, that in california the cowboys/ cowhands are also called ,Buckaroo' as a wrong ,anglisation' of mexican ,Vaquero'?
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  1539. In german language Kappe ( in some dialects Kapp) is a cap, but today Kappe is mostly replaced by the word Mütze. So in german Kepi is often spoken Käppie. Tschako is the german word for shako. After 1860, and especially after 1871 in Germany a new type of Tschako replaced the napoleonic type as headgear for light infantry/ Jäger , socalled technical troops and some reserve troops of midaged/ older men. After wwl the Tschako was only used by police, in West Berlin up to 1968(69?).
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  1540. As a german i must say, a , Pickelhaube' (pickhood) never existed. The name was simply ,Lederhelm mit Spitze'- leatherhelmet with point. And also the frst ,modern' policemen in Prussia had been equipped with top hats, they had been replaced with the helmets, because a helmet was more expensive, but could be used much longer than a hat.
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  1541. The PR campaign ,The Länd' was created by a ,halfdachshund'.
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  1542. For german soldiers ,Erbswurst' , Production ended 2018, was a common Thing from 1870 to 1945. It was a pressed piece of peasoup Instant powder.
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  1543.  @MrHammerlein  : Genau beobachtet. Carefully spotted.
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  1544. A small mistake: In german language, the name Staaken is not spoken Stacken, but Stahken, the double aa is a long spoken a. The noblemans family ,von Zeppelin' came once from a village ,Zöpelin' somewhere in northern Germany. Today they call themselves ,von Brandenstein- Zeppelin', and Zeppelin company is today a construction machines company.
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  1545. In 1920s it was recognized that german U- Boot crew did correct action, was only US Propaganda to switch from fake neutrality to war against Germany. In reality USA supported Brittain since 1914 and did antigerman Propaganda. Also the Zimmermann note was no official note of German Gouvernement, more a dubious private action of a german Foreign Office member, not fully supported by Kaiser or Hindenburg. according to a geman historical magazine some months ago.
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  1546. In fact. I am german, Britta is my girlfriend. When you are interested in police history, it is not so easy . In the german state Baden- Württemberg, where i live, there is the ,Museum of Military History/ Wehrgeschichtliches Museum' in Rastatt, but Police or other armed branches of civilian administration? For some years you could visit the private collection of a now passed away former ,special constable' , in some ,Home Region Museums/ Heimatmuseen' you can see the polearms of former nightwatchmen , the bells of former ,Büttel/ town criers' or old handcuffs or tortouring equipment of shocking old days justice, perhaps century old prison cell doors and in a small local museum in eastern Württemberg there is a room about poachery, thats nearly all. I own a book, printed in small numbers, about the police history in my Landkreis ( county? / Arrondissement?), and from Osprey company about german police in WW ll days and german colonial armed forces. Also i know some things about armed personal of civilian administration by reading newspaper, german arms magazins and german magazins about military history ( in continental europe the policeman is basicly a descendant of soldiers, on british Islands and iceland a descendant of nightwatchmen/town criers).
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  1547. I am swabian, in Vienna i was mistaken for a swiss citizen .
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  1548. In context of wwl and wwll often a Stahlhelm helmet is noted ...
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  1549. As a swabian i allways speak Feschdung ;-)
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  1550.  @andrewpeterson1551  : Brittas boyfriend, native german here. Don't tell nonsens. Most German beer is clear, but this means filtrated. In Last decades, more and more unfiltrated Beers appear. They are marketed as Tradition, quality of old days, revolutionary Spirit. Nonsens. For thousands of years, from the days of pharaonic and babylonic Beers to 19th century beer was unfiltrated. One day, someone had the Idea of filtrating Beer to have Something Special, other brewers don't have. By the time, more and more brewers entered the ,running train of filtrated beer'. Today unfiltrated Beer is unusual, so more and more brewers enter the ,running train of unfiltrated beer'. All Marketing, nothing else. To craft Beer. Of course, you can Drink it, but as conservative Beer drinker in my late 50s, i prefer traditional south German beer types, i am a southerner, no prussian. This craftbeer is in my eyes simplly an excuse to sell strange tasting Beer.
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  1551.  @curtzeek8818  : Attention! In 1516 HRE bavarian law was only law in Bavaria, so other about 300 ,reichsunmittlelbare' territories could do what they wanted. In case of Neuzeller brewery, i live in a different Region of Germany. A former coworker gave me a bottle of this Beer, and told me this is rather rare, they have an allowness to add suggar, because they once added honey. I have never done a research, because in Germany we say: Keine Regel ohne Ausnahme/ No rule without exeption. On the other Hand, during a dancing event in a park i noticed a bee owner selling honey, wax candles etc., also Beer bottles , showing a ,germanic' Warrior, but the fluid was called Beer- Mix- Drink.
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  1552. German: Oxford/ in Bavaria Ochsenfurt exists. Old English here- german Heer. In german Weiler is a small settlement- see ville or village. Burgh in english town, see Burg ( castle) in german town names, Münster in german a large church, see minster. lngham- settlement of ...s men, this is in german the ending - ingen. Nottingham is english - a german village Notzingen exist( - ingham/ -ingen!). Homestead- Heimstatt/ Heimstätte, for this reason not every german settlements ending with -stadt, -stett, -stetten, -stätt is a Stadt ( town). When in Germany a Gemeinde/ village grows to over 10000 inhabitants, and some things exist there, then this Gemeinde gets town rights ( of course today no fortifications are build). Town rights of Monarchy era are still town rights today, so some towns with lesser than 10000 inhabitants exist, few lesser than 2000
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  1553. This was rather common in former times. I, german, have read in a book of the british ,Osprey' company, that in the Culloden battle 1746 in the scottish clan levies even 12-13 year old boys fought, and also men in their 70s ( imagine a man in his 70s in 18th century!), even madmen! But of course at the end of wwll this was unneccessary. In the last weeks of wwll there was a fight in the forrest of my homevillage. Three german soldiers died, they are burried not in regular graveyard, but at their own grave. One man was about 40 years, the others younger than 20. They died in an age, when you usualy start into your ,own' life.
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  1554. john kenny : So called ,accademic fencing' with partly sharpened light sabers/ Schläger, some german,austrian and swiss students do this still today.
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  1555. Ich bin Brittas Freund, der Profifußball interessiert mich überhaupt nicht nicht.
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  1556. My swabian homeregion is full of medieval castles ruins. Most of them had been small to tiny. But some had been well fortified by nature.
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  1557. German word Linsen can mean both optical lens or food lentils.
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  1558. ​ @theshadowrunner28 : Heavy pointed ball. ! We talk about german products, so german 150 % spirit should be respected :-))
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  1559. I, Brittas boyfriend, am german, but for bad eyes reason, i never served in german army. Years ago, two coworkers, one from Western, one from Eastern Germany had a discussion, which german army before 1990 was better. The one, who served in Westgerman Army, thought, Bundeswehr was better , because of more modern equipment. I , as a pure theoretic, didn' t thought so, because russian equipment saw combat everywhere between north and southpole, westgerman equipment never saw combat. Russian trained soldiers knew field service problems of their equipment, Western soldiers often Not. I noted also mentality differences between westgerman and eastgerman soldiers/ forces. At the end of my ,speech' the coworker seving in Westgermany became silent, the one serving in Eastgermany smiled.
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  1560. I thought, the first of April joke covers the development of german Kannonenöfen.
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  1561.  @obsidianjane4413  : In german language, i am german, Stahlhelm ' simply means , Military steel helmet'. So this means basicly every Military steel helmet which worldwide exists. When explizit the german helmet type of wwl or wwll is meant the ,der' in ,der Stahlhelm ' is pronounced harder than necessary.
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  1562.  @fwdna2765  : Feschdung in swabian.
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  1563. @Man on mission : Basicly English is a mix of norman version of medieval french, and a migration era version of low german. So i am astonished, that so few english speakers learn german or french language.
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  1564.  @Cataquack823  : During the time of the Holy Roman Empire, 911- 1806,Prussia was NO part of Germany! And the prussian Kings called themselves in this time for juristical reasons ,King in Prussia' not , King of Prussia' . To be correct, in this time they had large territories inside the Holy Roman Empire, but here they had been only ,Electors of Brandenburg'. But of course, the title King is higher, so they had been called king everywhere. And before 1849 the territories oft the swabian branches of the Hohenzollern family had not been part of Prussia ( Hohenzollern castle is in Baden-Württemberg).
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  1565. I am german, and Brittas boyfriend. I want to note, that this irregular warfare has no tradition in Germany, so it is no wonder, that german soldiers hat been angry about ununiformed fighters/partisans, who, what is mostly not told, also did not respect war laws. This is no excuse for unnecessary cruelty, but the truth is, this partisans had been the reason for lots of murdered persons. Of course, the german attack on russia was also done for unhonourous reason.
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  1566.  @markmitin7397  : In the last weeks of wwll there was an incident next to the smaller town Crailsheim in Baden- Württemberg. The advancing US troops advanced too fast, so that german troops, led by a fanatic officer, could force the advanced foreguard(?)/ Vorhut back and stop US troops for perhaps two days. To stop next US attack also HJ and Volkssturm had to build light defences. The mayor of a village, the party leader of the village ( both men members of NSDAP) and a farmer had been executed, the three men had realized, that war was over, they took away the boys' rifles and sent them home.
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  1567. The Video title is wrong! This is no real armour, but cheap unhistorical decoration scrap ( Schrott in german). The first handguns in 14th century had been pipes fixed on a pole, you could not realy aim to the opponent, matchlockmuskets with similarities to modern rifles appeared after 1450, and wheellock pistols in the 1510s. The best suits of armour had been made between perhaps 1460 to 1630, the peak about 1510 to 1560. In german museums, castles or palaces , i am german, you see lots of breast plates with a dient(?)/ Delle from the test/ proof shot. So in some distance this breastplates could protect you from round lead balls . Helmets and backplates had been also wellmade, but this pieces had mostly not the breatplates protection stamdart. Arm and leg armour or rather cheap armour could only protect against bladed weapons. And the wheellock and early flintlock pistols had for penetration reasons smaller bore than muskets, and rather long barrels with strong walls for strong powder charges. In early 18th century , when even heavy cavallry used no more the helmet but a hat with some thin sheet metal strips or thick wires, and sometimes only the breastplate of cuirass, the pistols changed to shorter barrels with thinner walls in musket bore, and weaker powder charges. The penetration of military firearms rised with rifled muskets using , long ball' in smaller bore. The protection of cuirasses against this new rifled muskets balls, not to mention modern smokeless powder driven jacket projectiles, declined, and as far as i know only fremch cuirassiers went to battle with cuirass in 1914. In US civil war, some soldiers used privat bought vests with an iron breast Imlay(?) which could protect against rifled muskets Projektile in 100 vor more yards. Some soldiers in colonial Mexico had leather hats, jackets and shields in late 18th century. In napoleonic time helmets of metall or leather came back and had been used up to wwl, but could protect only against sabers. In the 1870 a rich farmer fired with a shotgun at german emperor Wilhelm l, the shot Pellets(?) went through the emperors leatherhelmet with point, but had been slowed down, so he survived.
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  1568.  @brandoncoates1427  : This was how european handfirearms looked in 14th century! In Germany, i am german, Battle of Mühlbach ( about 1330) was last battle without firearms.
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  1569.  @VideoMask93  : Excuse me, i didn' t read your comment carefully enough.
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  1570. Meines Wissens gibt es schon eine islamische Partei, zumindest habe ich dies vor einigen Jahren gelesen.
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  1571. Excuse my comment, i had been confused!
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  1572.  @jrooney58  : I am Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer. Born 1965, socalled middle education and german style trained metal worker. When i was a child i watched in TV Wild West and swashbuckler (?) / In german Mantel und Degen movies. In my Homeregion there are lots of Castle ruins, so i was very intressted and wanted to know more. So i am no accademic and no expert of a Special era, country, weapon type, but after decades of reading books and magazines, visiting castles, all kind of museums and historic sites ( in my Homeregion from Celtic age onwards), speaking with Museum staff, collectors, hunters, target shooters, reenactors, policemen, security guards etc., i have a serious Basis of knowledge about arms, armour, fortifications from ancient days to now. It is totally Impossible to know everything, but: When you compare new heared facts with knowledge you have, to some degree you can notice, when something is to doubtable.
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  1573. Das schottische Königshaus Stuart ist in männlicher Linie ausgestorben, in weiblicher Linie wäre Herzog Franz von Bayern der Thronanwärter. ( Eine unbedeutende Anmerkung).
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  1574.  @luna-hw9li  : There is in Northern Germany a large lake called ,Steinhuder Meer' with a miniature, but useable fortress on an island. The Fürst or Graf who ,build' this fortress did also experiments for building a semidiveable ship. May be this information is unknown to you.
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  1575. ​ @generationkilled : The lost battle of Teutoburg Forrest was the reason, that Germany and german language exists. With a roman victory we in Germany would speak a romannic language. But i have to admitt , in more nationalist/chauvinistic days, the decadent Romans/ die Welschen became a synonym for the frenchmen.
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  1576. ​ @El_Pollo_Diablo23 : The use of Flieger for Pilot is not uncommon, is only dated. When i, born 1965, was a child, older people, at least in my rural region, mostly used Flieger, when they meant a Pilot. See also the song , Flieger grüß mir die Sonne' from 1931.
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  1577. It must be ,Dunkelgräfin'. Dunkelgrafen would be ,dark counts'. Grafen is male plural.
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  1578.  @kohinarec6580  : Klein means small in english. So you are right, this is in this case a lmited/ reduced licence. The mayor differences are: With a ,kleiner Waffenschein' you can carry only a blankgun ( with german authorities ,PTB' stamp, but this is currently changing for European Union reason) to fire rather weak blanks , ,gascartridges' with CS, pepper cartridges, in some blanks, the gunpowder is mixed with chemicals for either more smoke or a stringer flash of fire. With an ordinary Waffenschein you can carry real pistols for selfdefence . Second difference: A ,kleiner Waffenschein' is easy to get, you usually get it , when you had never been involved in crime or extremism ( Zuverlässigkeit/ relyability). For a real/ full Waffenschein, the authorities proof more carefully, if you have problems with alcohol, drugs, mental problems, and more carefull if you are involved in crime or extremism. ( Zuverlässigkeit), also you have to show, that you have knowledge about weapons, ammunition, safety rules, law etc.. ( Sachkunde) and the most difficult thing is, to show the authorities, that you habe the need ( Bedürfnis) for a pistol. So today i think, most oft owners of a Waffenschein' are security guards.
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  1579. Also experiments only in Switzerland.
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  1580. A sidenote english wife is german Weib ( rather dated) meaning married woman.
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  1581.  @laner989  : What was then in wwl? The frontlines had been, with exeption of Alpine Front, two opossing lines of fieldfortifications.
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  1582.  @laner989  : In wwl the european allied nations allone could not beat the centralpowers for three years, even having higher numbers and additional colonial troops. So for three years the fieldfortified border could protect Germany and partly Austria. So in this case, the fortifications did a good job. And: It hat been a relative small country, Germany , which caused troubles to so many countries. Would one of allied countries nearly allone also eine this? What when british islands would have been attacked by german, french and russian navy combined?
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  1583. May be policemen of Indian Princes or native african Warriors as auxillaries/ porters in african wwl Fights in german colonies.
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  1584.  @SamlSchulze1104  : Gerhard Fuchs. Watch the video in german language: Fuchs Doppelbüchse.
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  1585.  @SamlSchulze1104  : I noticed , that three years ago Ian from ,Forgotten Weapons' channel made a video in english language about this double barrel repeater.
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  1586.  @SamlSchulze1104  : Being german, i clearly understand this Mr. Fuchs in the german language video, but his accent is a bit unusual, perhaps he is from austrian border region , or his ancestors had been part of german minority in Eastern Europe.
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  1587.  @SamlSchulze1104  : Schultheiß, Schultes, Schulte, Schulten, Schulz, Schulze etc. is an old term for Bürgermeister/ Mayor, especially for villages.
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  1588.  @kleinweichkleinweich  : In 1815, when German Federation was formed, there had been two ( catholic) swabian Principalities of Hohenzollern dynasty. The principality of Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen ( which was the larger one), and Hohenzollern - Hechingen ( where Hohenzollern castle really is). In 1849 both Lines gave their territories to their mighty prussian relatives, who saved their Thrones in 1848. Today only branch Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen is allive. Two sidenotes: It is strange , that Habsburg, Hohenzollern and Hohenstaufen dynasty had their root in former Duchy Swabia. Next to Hohenstaufen, i live in this Region, there is the small castle Wäscherschloß, inhabitated up to 1857. As far as i know , Wäscherschloß and Wäscherhof had been in HRE time no part of Württemberg, but owned by Habsburg dynasty from 15th century to 1857, when they sold it to nonnoble owners, last Person living in Castle, seemed to be a Förster.
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  1589.  @caciliawhy5195  : ??? Up to mid 12th century, current Austria was borderland ( Mark) of Bavaria to the nongerman hungarians and slavic people. From 10th century to 1806 ( End of HRE) both german part of Austria and czech territory ( Böhmen/ Bohemia) was regular part of HRE. From 1815 to 1866 german part of Austrian Empire was regular part of German Federation. And : Before 1806 the real Prussia was no regular part of HRE, only the Electorate of Brandenburg.
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  1590. There is a german movie from early 1930s , Stoßtrupp 1917 ( or 1918?)' . It is often called a Propaganda movie, but as an amateur historisn only, i think it is halfways accurate. A note: Two of the actors of the noted movie became after wwll very popular as ,typical bavarians'.
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  1591. Must not be related. Hitler/ Hittler/Hittner/ Hüttler/ Hüttner simply means ,A poor man living in a hut' ( Hütte- hut/ cabin).
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  1592.  @martinc.720  : The same name must not be a sign of being related.
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  1593.  @martinc.720  : Wrong button used! There had been formerly lots of poor people, so Hitler ( in variations) is not ,chained' to a single Clan/Sippe.
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  1594. Impossible! Current german Federal President said: We live in best time, Germany ever had!
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  1595. Historic pieces when you have money.
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  1596.  @AuthenticallyAwful  : Sadly, this is true.
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  1597. Hannover, Württemberg, Bayern please!
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  1598. ​ @antoine728 : Gestern ging ich in die Bücherei - where is the problem?
    1
  1599. Der Weinbau wurde in Altwürttembergisch von den Herzögen stark gefördert, Bier hingegen war praktisch verboten. Ich persönlich mag Wein nicht.
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  1600. Karl der Große macht sich in die Hose, Pippin der Kleine macht sie wieder reine. ( German pupils joke, translated in english, it doesn' t rhyme: Karl the Great shits in his trousers, Pippin the Short makes them clean again).
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  1601. There was a few years ago a singer from Israel, who claimed a Berlin hotel employe said antisemitic things to him, the hotel became problems. The case came to court. The result: It was a complete lie of the singer. According to whitnesses (?), in german Zeugen, who also stood at entrance, the singer started making troubles, because he had , like the other people, to wait for a few minutes.
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  1602.  @tenofprime  : The noted Pritchet bayonnets, copies are produced by indian Windlass Steelworks, had been a brasshandle with cutaway frech bayonnet Tips (long and thin french bayonnet blades had been officialy shortened).
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  1603.  @ChemySh : The armor problem is shown in ,War of Troy' when the unwoundable Achilles died of an arrow shot by Paris, or in the ,Nibelungen' where the unwoundable Siegfried was killed by a spear of Hagen von Tronje. Both heroes had spots of their body, not reached by the Styx water or dragon blood. The authors of both tales knew, no armour can garante, that you survive. Side note: Troy is in german Troja, but Hagen von Tonje did not start the war oft Troy ;-)
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  1604. Ann Onymous : Im german, and there are so much stories, where i do not know the truth. I read some years ago, that british SAS/ commando soldiers had been executed by german troops, because the british soldiers bound german soldiers in a way that they strangled themself by moving their body.
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  1605.  @myteebrown7876  : But the losses of russian troops had been much higher. And, if the german soldiers would really have been the idiots, as they are often shown in Propaganda movies of former Allied nations, why did the superintelligent and superheroic Allies need more than five yeats to beat a rather small country?
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  1606.  @myteebrown7876  : In absolute numbers for example 130000 is much more than 100000, in MY eyes. I stopped watching movies about war, because , i am german, it annoies(?) me, that rather often german soldiers from 1870 to 1945 are shown either as criminals or idiots, who follow oders without thinking, or being arrogant, while allied soldiers are nearly allways the heroes. There are lots of movies about US civil war 1861 to 1865. Some time ago i noticed a short clip of a movie/ tv serial show ,1864' , a danish production about the german/ danish war of 1864, made some years ago. After a short time, i stopped watching the clip, because i was angry, and decided , not to watch the full movie. Why? A small patrol of danish infantry was captured by a german cavallry patrol of double size. For no reason the german patrol commander, a tall, fat, baldheaded man with a partly burnt face full of scars, wanted to execute the danish soldiers. You perhaps understand, why i got angry for seeing such anti german Propaganda in a relative new movie. In a movie of 1949 i would have had no problems, but so?
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  1607. ​ @marvin7447 :: Theoretisch fehlt es den Muslimen in ihrem,Heimatländern an nichts und sie haben dort alles was sie brauchen, wollen sich wünschen. An 366 Tagen im Jahr haben sie an 24 Stunden Islam vorne, hinten, rechts, links, oben und unten. Dazu islamische Gesetzgebung, islamische Verfassung und Millionen an Berufsmulimen, Und mit welch süßen Worten die Muslime das Land und die Religion ihrer Heimat preisen! Ach welch ein Paradies muss es doch sein, was für eine Herrlichkeit unter dem Halbmond zu leben!
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  1608. German academic fencing is a ritualiced/simulated Duell.
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  1609.  @davidandresgonzalezvillami4935  : But after napoleonic age a formerly unknown natioalism started in Europe, this caused unnecessary hate. Also in some parts of Germany the people thought, in becomes better when french revolution forces entered Germany, but this changed rather fast. I personally don' t trust everybody, who enters my country and says: We make the situation better! Why should do someone this? Nobody does something for others, without the hope for getting money etc.. And from 17th century french troops often attacked Germany to steal territory and destroy dozens of villages and towns. It was easy for them, because Germany was split in more than 300states which often had troubles with each other. What right had the French ( Richellieu and later ,Sunking' Louis XlV to do so? Which right had Napoleon to attack other countries? Both had no right!
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  1610. Looks similar to german Goggomobil.
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  1611. A german helicopter of wwll with the english name Dragon??? Don' t tell nonsense, it was of course ,Drache'.
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  1612. So your father has stolen it?
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  1613.  @MrDogmash  : Formerly Mauser company had a famous collection. Was stolen by french and US soldiers. When you come to Oberndorf am Neckar, and visit Waffenmuseum in last existing Mauser building ( socalled Schwedenbau) it is a shock. The firearms of Heckler & Koch shown are in good condition, also the weapons of olympic competition weapons company Feinwerbau are in good condition, both companies, located in Oberndorf are founded after wwll. But weapons of Mauser company? The stolen collection no more exists, And the shown substitutes? Some weapons are in good or at least acceptable condition, others in bad condition, the wwl Tankgewehr looks like a dugout of the ground and sandblasted. Also few weapons ( including lance tips) produced by forerunner of Mauser company ( Royal Württembergian Arms Manufaktur) are shown. One of first directors of this company was a famous württembergian gunsmith or gunmaker ( in german both is Büchsenmacher). He had allowness to produce in factory civilian firearms under his own name, a pistol made by this man is shown, excellent crafted. Also civilian products of Mauser company are shown. Two cars, bureau machines and measurement Equipment. When i was starting my german style jobtraining in 1982, every young job trainee was proud, to show his Mauser calipher (for gunlaw reason a Mauser rifle is out of reach). With ticket of Waffenmuseum you also can visit Heimatmuseum/ homeregion museum about history of town Oberndorf, showing rusty sword blades and spear tips of alemannic warriors graves. Btw., when you visit Oberndorf in July, you have the posibility to visit Oberndorf Square Dance Special.
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  1614. Muzzleloaders before percussion time had been smoothbore barrels, so basicly shotguns. So the balls are perhaps similar to modern slugs.
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  1615. In german for pistolsize Maschinenpistolen sometimes Serienfeuerpistole is used.
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  1616. In ,Waffenmuseum Oberndorf' you can see civilian products of Mauser Company ( measurement tools, when i was young , Mauser caliphers hat been not uncommon, but also bureau machines, even in 1920s cars). And Röhm company , older US citizens known for cheap revolvers, is still in work for the things,which are their main business , tool holders for all kind of machines.
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  1617. In contrast to most German jouralists, politcicians and leftwingers, i , Brittas boyfriend, am informed about USA laws about weapons. There, there are federal laws about weapons, those laws must be respected everywhere in USA. An example IS a Federal Gun law of 1968, which forbiddes rifled barrel firearms with larger caliber than .50"/12,7 mm, or vest pocket pistols being very small ( this regulation was for Economy protection of US gun companies, their vestpocket pistols had lower quality and higher price, so importing foreign vestpocket pistols was forbidden). Then , respecting federal laws, every US state can introduce adding laws. Inside every state every County can add more laws, respecting state and federal laws. Inside a County/ Parrish in Louisiana, every community can add additional laws. So, crossing a community/County/ state Border the weapons laws can Change very strong. So weapons law is in reallity a Flickenteppich. Or: There is NO general weapons law in USA. Second point: In US cities and states with hard law crime is higher than in liberal regions. Same thing in german language countries. In Germany/Ausria/ Switzerland the countries are rich Industrial countries, the countries are federal democraties, all countries are from same culture. Weapons laws: Hard in Germany, middle in Austria, liberal in Switzerland. Crime: High in Germany, middle in Switzerland, lowest in Austria. Feli, you are not aware of rising knife crime in Germany the last years, also the number or illegal weapons is at least Double the number of legal weapons, there is also a large rise in gun smuggle ( open EU borders) and selfmaking of guns by criminals, this includes transforming blank guns into real guns ( which is aleo Dangerous for the user, because blank guns are mostly Made of casted zinc only), or producing firearms and silencers in legal mechanical Workshops/ companies owned by criminals. According to german armsmagazines(?) / Waffenfachzeitschriften Visier and Deutsches Waffenjournal, we have currently the most wellarmed criminals in german history. Also you may be not aware of the unbelievable mild and soft sentences., some criminals got last year after doing stabbings and massrapings.
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  1618. ​ @slamtilt01 : Also by German law you can legally own muzzle loader cannons. But for owning the necessary black powder, you need a licence, and firing such a cannon is in some cases allowed, but only as ,blind load' without csnnonballs or grapeshot.
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  1619. ​ @jensolesson3488 : From 1515 to end of HRE in Tyrol there was the , Tiroler Landlibell ', a law similar to noted US law. The reason why in 1809 Andreas Hofer could field 36000 Schützen and 42000 Landsturm men with edged weapons, Dangerous Tools and selfmade inproviser weapons.
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  1620. ​ @monisbuntewelt : There are still US citizens living in lonesome houses or small settlements, to small for empoying a communal policeman. The County Sheriff , who has to look at this small settlements without Police, can' t be everywhere.
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  1621. ​ @FelifromGermany : Please read the long comment, i wrote.
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  1622. ​ @FelifromGermany : By National Socialists also selling weapons at markets etc. was forbidden. At first view , good when the many drunken people on german markets, festivals etc. can' t buy a weapon. But remember: The National Socialists did everything against Fahrendes Volk ( travelling folks), including Not only Sinti and Roma, but also against the Jenischen, who Had been German people, So the noted law was Not only for real Security, but also a needlethrust against unliked people.
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  1623.  @shake4259  : I am german, Brittas boyfriend, no gun owner, and for reason of my bad eyes i had not to serve in Bundeswehr in 1980s. Now as an older man in late 50s i theroreticaly would have to serve in third line Landsturm. My knowledge about weapons? Reading german language magazines (?)/ Zeitschriften about weapons and military history since 1982, visiting dozens of weapons collections in german museums and castles ( also in Brussels, Vienna and London), speaking with policemen, Security Guards, Antiques Dealers, hunters, target shooters, collectors, Reenactors, Museum staff. And : In my homeregion for historical reasons, you can find lots of fortifications relicts. Celtic, Roman, medieval, Rennaissnce, Baroque, 19th century ( Fortress Ulm) and Interwar era ( Neckar - Elz line, Westwall). Also two hours of Krav Maga (!), two hours stick fighting (!), ten minutes rapier fencing (!) and by current german governement in future Impossible: 15 shots .22 lr (!), 5 shot .38 S&W Special (!), 5 shot .357 Magnum , 3 shot .45 muzzleloader rifle, 3 shot .36 muzzleloader pistol. In US context an impressive knowledge:-)). At staff building of local Newspaper there is a large glass Show box (?) which contains a Newspaper, so that also poor people can read it, giving poor people the possibility to read the Newspaper IS a good idea. One day i passed the Newspaper building, Reading the Newspaper in the glass box. There was a Photo of a man, holding a russian Ppsh 41 submachine gun . The Text: The Leader of County gun controll authorities shows Newspaper employe a confiscated Kalaschnikow ( german writing). A Ppsh 41 is no AK 47!!! I entered the Newspaper building to tell the noted mistake. The Newspaper Lady had absolutely NO knowledge about weapons!!! She spoke with me in a such arrogant tone, that i became angry. Being a conservative man, it is impossible for me to not respect courtesy rules, when a Lady is next to me, so i left the Room and the building. Sometime later, i visited Garrison Museum in town Ludwigsburg. I was the only visitor, so i talked with the two Museum men. The older one told me, that in 2009 ( Winnenden school Shooting) the female leader of Ludwigsburg Ordnungsamt ( in Germany the Ordnungsämter are responsible for gun licences).asked the Museum Leader to show the handfull of historical military rifles. The Museum man told me, he was shocked! He showed the Ordnungsamt Lady a single shot rifle ( either Dreyse needle fire or Mauser M71) and the Lady asked: Where is the magazine,? If someone would have photographed me in this Moment, my face would Look funny.
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  1624.  @G-Man1115  : Was done so in Soviet Russia , in current China....
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  1625.  @davidmalarkey1302  : Before 1923 , british weapons law was liberal. After Dünkirchen 1940 the Homeguard was formed, many, when not most units had at first only sticks .
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  1626.  @LaughingLady89  Yes, in communist Eastern Germany the people needed no firearms, because shooting people to death was done by East German Gouvernement forces .
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  1627.  @joereu4510  : German here, Brittas boyfriend. Nobody needs firearms? Why is then the number of illigal firearms doble sized than legal firearms? Why ( open EU borders) is smuggling of guns into Germany so high? Why do criminals produce firearms in mechanical workshops/ factories they own? Do you think, the Hobby drill/ turning/ milling machines of today have lesser quality than machines, being used before 1930 in Belgium or Spain, where then cheap firearms had been massproduced? Is 3d printing of firearms controllable? Gouvernement is not intressted to dry out illegal swamp, you need personal, time, allowness to search houses etc., doing restrictons for legal gunowners is much easier. According to german weapons magazines, who often do Research about restrictons and authorities, the school shootings in Erfurt/ Winnenden, the Policeofficers murder done by a poacher and many others are caused by unprofessional Police and other authorities. Currently we have most restrictive gun law since unification of Germany in 1871, but the most wellarmed criminals in german History.
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  1628.  @sherlockwho5714  : In german weapons magazine Visier there was a short time ago an article about the illegal guns in Germany. The number of illegal weapons is estimated twice the number of legal firearms. Where do those illegal weapons come from? Out of the blue? To some degree this are old weapons bought, when firearms could be bought without registration. Before 1972 some kind of Long guns could be bought. Before 1928 also pistols could be bought easier than now. Many of this nonregistered pistols, which survived wwll ( and allied bringbacks), and hidden wwll Wehrmacht guns appear sometimes. But most illegal firearms are smuggled ( open EU borders). Then there are homemade guns, and craftsmsn made guns in not so small Numbers, even semiproffesional gunfactories run by criminals exist. Of course this illegal Workshops don' t produce modernest high end pistols or polymer pistols, but this is not necessary for them, a simple blowback/ Feder- Masse pistol is easy to produce, and copies of old designs, for example FN 1910/22, are common. The quality of relative cheap milling/turning / drilling machines, you can buy at a Tool shop, is Not lower, than the before wwl machines to produce the orginals. And 3D printing technology is also used by criminals for firearms.
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  1629. I am german, Brittas boyfriend. In wwll eastern Europe german governement build a forestry unit, i think ,Forstschutzkommando', this had been soldiers, forresty officers ( Förster) , woodcutters, sawmill workers, transport workers. A military organized organisation under supervision of Wehrmacht. Most uniforms had been like Luftwaffe, perhaps because Göring was head of german hunters organisation. Their task was producing wood in german forrestry style, so also trees had been planted. The firearms had been usual firearms, but to the bayonnets there had been also a special type of knife, useable as tool and weapon. Those officers which had been real forrestoficials / Förster carried their Hirschfänger as bladed weapon.
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  1630. Wooden clubs :-))
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  1631. In case of job/professions you must in Germany simply add - in at the end of the male version to have the female version.
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  1632. Stahl dehnt sich bei 39 Grad etwas aus, zumindest möglich wäre, daß irgendwelche mechanische Teile, etwa an Weichen, sich verklemmen.
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  1633.  @Alias1ds1423  : Sie müssen drei Monate auf Handwerker warten? Warum bloß? Wer will denn heute noch im Blaumann arbeiten? Wir Arbeiter ( bin Brittas Freund) oder Handwerker sind doch nur die Dreckmichel, die unter der Werkbank schlafen, Bier saufen, Bildzeitung lesen und andere Ansichten haben als die unfehlbaren feinen kultivierten Linken.
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  1634.  @ronbln01  : Und was tragen die linken Faulenzer die dort sitzen zum Volkseinkommen bei? Der Staat braucht arbeitende Menschen, die für Steuereinnahmen sorgen, sonst kann er nicht handeln. Normale Bürger hingegen arbeiten, während die hochedlen unfehlbaren Linken sehr oft aus der Staatskasse bezahlte Posten haben, also unproduktive Kostgänger sind. Und nein, im Gegensatz zu den Klimaklebern war ich noch nie in Bali, noch in einem Flugzeug.
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  1635. When in late wwll somewhere in Poland ressistance fighters entered a building, where a bureau of SS was. One of the men, who could read german, picked a document from the floor. To his surprise, all the documents had been about whitches ( Hexen in german). At first he thought, SS used old torture methods of former ages, but he noticed, that Himmler himself ordered research about whitches, because he thought, witches knew relicts of old germannic religions and customs, from before Christianity.
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  1636. Feondecipe- german Feindschaft. To rune ( to whisper)- german raunen. Way is in german still a Weg. Earthfeast , erdfest would be understandable in german, befestigt means fortified. Gleodream- cognate to Gemütlichkeit??? Passage (gang)- german Gang. Uhtflogga sounds stragely similar to Ausflug ( a trip for fun). Fullthungen- german vollkommen.
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  1637. ​ @PeregrinTintenfish : There are good videos about german M16 helmet. Was created by an engineer working for the company, which produced spiked helmets of steel or tombac for german heavy cavallry and palace units, and a chirurgical doctor.
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  1638. Before 1274 the Habsburg dynasty had been only unimportant counts/ Grafen. This unimportance was the reason, that Rudolf l was elected as German/ Roman King. A sidenote: In german monarchy time, there had been three important dynasties: Habsburg, Hohenzollern and, no more allive, Hohenstaufen. All three dymasties had its roots in medieval duchy Swabia.
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  1639. But even with german problems , the Allied Powers needed until 1945 for the Victory. German forces prefered using pistols in 9mm Parabellum or 7,65 Browning. The others not so much.
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  1640. Interessting, that a british citizen knows ,vom Hofe' ammunition.
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  1641. There is a famous story, anecdote(?) from Germany. Ä messenger came to a castle and asked for the owner. He was told, the owner is in bathroom with his family. To surprise of the knights Family, the messenger entered the bathroom naked, because he thought, there is prepared warm water for bathing. But in reality the Castle owner was in bathroom for annother reason..
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  1642. John Dixon : Bomber- Harris, who killed half a million people was also not punished, because he was an allied soldiers. Also your peacefull, democratic ally Stalin was not punished.
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  1643. Being german of Swabian/ Alemannic tribe, keep your tradition and culture! At least older germand still know, to which tribe they belong.
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  1644.  @wmidler  : A writing error, in german language there are in historical context many words Reichs..., meaning belonging to the Reich / realm. In german grammar in this case an ,s' is necessary, so i accidently wrote Reichswein instead of Reichwein. For example Reichsritter, Reichsstadt, Reichsstand, Reichsapfel.... Reichwein, this name would be translated into english Richwine, so the namegiving ancestor had a lot of wine(yards?).
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  1645. Still in 18th century some people wore sleeveless vests of chainmail or brigandine type. This vests could not protect against balls, but when the flintlock weapons had been fired, and perhaps the balls did not hurt someone , the firearms could not been reload fast. So after firearms use, civilians used swords or knifes. And now against blades this now rare vests gave some protection.
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  1646. In Germany a Mengele company for agricultural machines exists.
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  1647. Being german, it bends my toenails, when english language speakers speak german ch sound (Mannlicher)as k. German ch sound ( two variants) is about the noise, an angry cat makes , when laying down the ears.
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  1648. In Germany also lots of allied bombs are still found, and sometimes also have to be destroyed by explosion. But here this is not done by German Military, but by Kampfmittelraumdienst, an organisation, run by every german state governement. When there is a large construction project, the ground is inspected by this organisation, but of course not every small construction site. In my Homeregion some years ago a new railway line was build, during construction two of three concrete made starting plattforms for ,Natter' rocketplanes had to be destroyed. Between this site and next small town the members of Kampfmittelräumdienst found unexpected Kampfmittel ( fighting items) : Some over thousand years old swordblades!
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  1649. In Germany there are yellow traffic signs especially for chinese people, you can read the word , Umleitung ', an old joke.
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  1650. Hohenzollern castle is near Hechingen in the ,Swabian Alb Mountains.
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  1651. I am Brittas boyfriend, german of swabian tribe. My greatest surpises with english had not been ,false friends', but ,real friends. In german, a barn is called Scheune or Scheuer, but i swabian dialect, Barn is the part of a Scheune, in which hay and straw is realy stored. Also to stirr is in german umrühren. But in swabian dialect the verb stieren exists, which in some context can also mean to stirr.
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  1652. Bub(e) is also a german word for boy, i , swabian don' t use Junge, i only use swabian Bua.
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  1653. The helmet of emperor Maximilian l was made by a craftsman ,Helmschied' ( helmet smith)?
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  1654. I am Brittas boyfriend, german . For about 40 years now i read the weapons and military history magazines in german language. Some first information: There is an intressting You Tube channel ,jmantime' . The creator has lots of videos of all kind of military equipment from 19th century to now. There are a number of videos about swiss weaponry , please watch them. The man writes and speaks german words rather terrible, but thats not the problem. The only toppic he doesn' t cover is as far as i know swiss navy ( no joke) , this had been in wwll 5 or 7 patrolboats, each armed with a swiss made 20mm anti tank gun and a twin machinegun in 7,5 x 55 , one of this boats could be still in service. In 1930 Switzerland noticed , french Ligne Maginot and german Westwall. Also building a border fortification line? They noticed the danger of Germany and Italy, but relayed at first on the not so high number of rather modern or only slightly dated fortifications. But when the danger was clear they started a large fortification program, which ended in 1990s. The lower part of Switzerland was transformed into the light fortified ,Glacis' and the high part into heavy fortified ,Reduit'. In Switzerland there had been the Army, the unarmed Militärhilfsdienst and local ,Ortswehren' ( town guards?) and a number of armed civilian offices of central governement. The cantons and towns only their police. Armament: Regular Armament, but sounding curious, the weaponry was different, depending on age of armed men. Of course all stored weapons and also civilian owned military style weapons had to be used.
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  1655. I am german, the word is Doppelgänger with an ,ä'.
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  1656.  @hanspeter-nd1hl  : Vor etwa zehn Jahren hat der Inhaber ( auch Besitzer und DJ) eines nicht mehr existierenden Tanzlokals , recht energisch einen Betrunkenen hinausbefördert , über den sich mehrere Frauen beschwert hatten. Er hätte also ,Duziduzi Bitte Bitte' sagen müssen und warten bis die Polizei kommt? Anmerkung: Es gab dort keinen Türsteher und in etlichen Jahren die ich dorthin ging, war dies das einzige Vorkommnis.
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  1657.  @sonnenmondundsterne4163  : Teleskopschlagstock, wenn schon .
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  1658.  @DerDrAndroid  : Mit kommunale Sicherheitsleute meinte ich jene , meines Wissens den Ordnungsämtern der Kommunen unterstellten Leute des kommunalen Ordnungsdienstes, seit einiger Zeit ist auf deren Autos oft Polizeibehörde XY zu lesen. Diese Leute sind im Grund genommen die modernen Nachkommen der früheren Büttel, Amtsdiener, Nachtwächter und Feldhüter. Mit privaten Sicherheitsleuten meinte ich das Personal von privaten Sicherheitsfirmen. Daß die privaten Sicherheitsunternehmen keinerlei hoheitlichen Befugnisse besitzen, ist mir klar. Ich wollte aber nicht dies beschreiben, sondern nur mitteilen, daß es auch bei kommunalem Ordnungsdiensten und privaten Sicherheitsunternehmen Mitarbeiter gibt, die im Gegensatz zur Mehrheit mit Feuerwaffen versehen sind, und nicht nur mit Pfefferspray oder heutzutage überwiegend zusammenschiebbaren Schlagstöcken. Ganz arme Hunde sind diejenigen für Sicherheit oder Aufsicht zuständigen Leute, die überhaupt keine Verteidigungsgeräte mitführen dürfen.
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  1659. Auf dem Land sind bei alteingesessenen Landbewohnern durchaus Hippen und Gertel zu finden, und bei Jägern sogenannte Waidblätter, aber diese Geräte spielen bei der Kriminalität keine Rolle.
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  1660. Italian company ,Fiocci' perhaps still produces cartridges 5,75 mm Velodog.
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  1661.  @gt2x446  : Es ist für mich, Brittas Freund, angenehm , zu erfahren, daß ein , Berufshistoriker' die Ansicht eines , interessierten Laien' wie mir bestätigt. Mein Interesse für Militärgeschichte begann im Jahr 1971 mit einem Kindergartenausflug zum Schloß Lichtenstein. Jetzt , fünfzig Jahre später, ist nach etlichen Büchern, Zeitschriften, Museen, Schlössern, Ruinen und Führungen ein geschichtliches Wissen zusammengekommen, daß man mir keinen Grizzlybären aufbinden kann. Nun bin ich kein Historiker, aber um ein historisches Ereignis einzuschätzen, sollte man mehrere Ansichten dazu kennen und überlegen, was dran sein könnte, so kommt man in die Nähe , aber nur in die Nähe , der Wahrheit.
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  1662. Nobody speaks about french Intervention into Thirty Years War. Was basicly over in 1632, but french and swedish Intervention doubled war and caused great desth in Germany, a third of popuation died. Louis XIV and his ,robbery wars' caused burning and plundering of south West Germany. Nobody speaks about this, that strongest Army of Europe, French Army , constantly attacked territories of Imperial Circles Franconia and Swabia, most devided areas in Germany. Especially the swabian forces consisted of policemen, Bad trained militias and ceremonial units- a nearly useless force, but great heroic french victories????
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  1663. In my swabian Homeregion in south west Germany, there both modern appletree plantages with rather small trees, but also traditional appletree meadows with rather high trees. For harvesting the apples of modern trees you need no tool, but for oldstyle trees you need long ,Applehooks' a three to six meter long pole with a small iron hooh, with a small iron forming a very small fork. Usually you take the hook, catch a branch and shake it, most apples fall down. But those ones, not falling must be ,spearer' down with the long pole. It is rather difficult to take down this apples. The pole is allways to short, and it bends under its own weight, so precise stabbing down the remaining apples is not easy, the poles become heavy by time. I can see from this work, that handling the long macedonic pikes needed skill.
    1
  1664. Wenn man einen geschlossenen Raum ( Wohnhaus, Büro, Amtsraum) betritt, sollte man als Mann die Kopfbedeckung abnehmen. Diese Höflichkeitsgeste ist vielfach vergessen.
    1
  1665. Oh, some germans in border region call the frenchmen still today ,Wackes/ Wagges'.
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  1666.  @tanne8436  : Weniger Kunstdünger, weniger Pflanzenschutzmittel ergibt aber auch geringere Ernten. Dies ist auch zu bedenken, hier muß man eine Lösung finden. Sie vergessen, daß Deutschland seit 1918 rund ein Drittel an Fläche verloren hat, aber keine geringere Bevölkerung hat. Das Ackerland reicht nicht zur Versorgung der Bevölkerung, man könnte Grasland umbrechen, da ja die Viehhaltung mehr oder weniger verteufelt wird, werden weniger Weiden/ Mähweiden gebraucht, aber ob das ausreicht? Die Lebensmittelpreise werden eh steigen, denn die Erträge werden geringer, die mechanische Unkrautbekämpfung muß oft durchgeführt werden und ist arbeitsintensiv. Wenn man die klimaschädlichen Traktoren und methanausstoßenden Zugtiere als Kraftquelle nicht haben will, ist, wie im alten Rom menschliche Arbeitskraft nötig , was die Erzeugung verteuert. Auch die, von Nichtbesitzern so gelobten Streuobstwiesen sind unrentabel, vermutlich werden deshalb stets den Besitzern die arbeitsintensiven Hochstämme vorgeschrieben, Halbstämme ( die auch schon reichlich Arbeit machen) oder Plantagenbäume hingegen nicht erlaubt. Man muß etwas tun, das ist richtig, aber man muß überlegt handeln, das ist nicht ganz so einfach, wie es sich städtisch/ linksgeprägte / wohlsituierte Leute vorstellen. Ein weiteres Problem ist die, gerade in ärmeren, nicht mit fruchtbarem Ackerland gesegneten Ländern herrschende Überbevölkerung, diese wird oft von Religionsdeppen mit ,ihr Kinderlein kommet' Propaganda angeheizt.
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  1667.  @marcbartuschka6372  : Oh, Allied Powers are the headlights of Moral! Why i as a german neither know or believe this? If the former Allied Powers would be really moralic, they would produce much more movies about the crimes, they have done in their History. But: In era of French , Sunking Louis XIV , the southwest of Germany was burnt, plundered and destroyed by french troops. I have never seen a french Movie about this, only french movies of being the poor victim. This lies of nongerman nations about their crimes must be punished. The french are allways whining: oh how terrible the Germans had been against our heroic freedom fighters! But what did the french with Résistance fighters during Napoleonic era in Spain, Tyrol or some north German regions? Have the french a right to whine about German troops killing non uniformed criminals, when french troops in Napoleonic era killed Résistance fighters of other nations? They have no right! Have the US, a Nation of landrobbers, a right to Protest against other nations? A Nation , who killed more people on foreign soil, than foreign Nations killed US citizens on US soil should be quiet!
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  1668.  @BoudewijnvanHouten  : In Germany we say: Von nichts kommt nichts. ( from nothing comes nothing), this means, everything has a reason. In case of historical Events, the reason dates sometimes decades, or may be a century back, it is often necessary to go to lesser known things too. But : German History is complicated, and for my oppinion sadly, many people are not very informed, what happened in HRE before about 1750. I am ordinary factory worker, Brittas boyfriend, so i am also no real expert and can also be wrong.
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  1669.  @swissmilitischristilxxii3691  : Warten sie noch ein Weilchen, dann haben sie es auch so wie wir im ,großen Kanton'.
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  1670.  @swissmilitischristilxxii3691  : On ne sait pas, quelques choses sont en future. Mais, s ' il vous plait, ne fait pas tout, la Union Europeene veut de nation suisse. Et, je ne suis pas Britta, je suis leur ami.
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  1671. Dragan is a common man name in Balkan region. Dragana is surely female version .
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  1672. I , Brittas boyfriend, am german, no accademic, but a conservative, rural , patriotic factory worker. When i hear the nonsens, spoken by accademics, politicians and other persons with power and influence, i allways get angry. My respect for those ,elites' is long gone Stay the openeyed person , you are.
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  1673.  @willietorben560  : Jews and Muslims only cause problems. I , atheist, am annoyed about all kind of religious nonsens, and i am annoyed about paying money to foregn country idiots. Religion must be forbidden, and violence draconiclx punished . I work for myself and not for the world, which only wants to steal my money because i am german.. Moral?.A case for Double Standard Liars.
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  1674.  @willietorben560  : Forgotten: I don't need Muslims in my country. They are overrepresentated in knife attacks on german persons, they are overrepresentated in raped of german girls and women. Why do muslim invaders don't move to muslim countries? In muslim countries they have Allah and Islam every day up to 366 days a year, islamic law, islamic constitution, everything a Muslim loves and needs for life? According to Muslims islamic world is a paradise of mankind. Why do they leave paradise and cause only problems in western countries? Now to Jews. When i was a child, in Kindergarten and elementary school, the teachers often read out of bible. There was a thing i never understood. Religions are fairytales. Why IS jewish fairytale better than fairytales of other peoples? In Germany rightwing parties are seen as terrible, but why are rightwing parties in Israel no problem? As an autistic person i hate double Standards ( Note: Due to my autistic problem i was for 20 Years chosen as quality Control man of a small company. What happens on world? I am simply angry and am only interessed in my person. I have enough - Es reicht mir.
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  1675.  @AlexAlexon3897  : Antifa is armed wing of leftwing Parties. Communist lazybones.
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  1676.  @AlexAlexon3897 : At fiirst i am german, so i am not offended by english words. i know what Communisn is. The ideology which killed more people than Nationalsocialism, and usually caused bancrupt countries. Former Communist East Germany needed hunderds of billions ( in German Milliarden) of Mark from West Germany in 1990s. Hunderds of east Germans had been shot or otherwise been killed, when they wanted to flee. No , i am Not uneplployed, i Work for 40 years as a trained worker, i am Facharbeiter with degree/diplom(?). Current german Governement consists of three Parties. Social Demokrats / Liberal Party ( means in german Sense a Not right, Not left Party, who wants good Economy, science,etc. but No strong Gouvernement) and Green Party ( leftwing/libeal in US Sense). The important members of Green Party mostly have never worked in industry or any kind of Business, but mostly in positions/ Jobs payed by taxpayers. An astonishing number of the important Green Party Personal , especially women, have lazyboned for years at university, but No Accademic degree, neither learnd an Ausbildungsberuf an ordinary trained job. Such persons want to teach me? Their Policy is pure idiocraty.
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  1677.  @AlexAlexon3897  : Studieing Without any degree , why are they in University. And that Communism killed more people than Hitler is no lie. Also no lie is that noted Social Democratic Party in early 1920s had an election Poster , showing a man with Stahlhelm and Swastika, and a man with pointy russian military Cap and Red Star . Text of Poster was: Dies sind die Feinde der Demokratie / this are the enemies of democraty. And, don' t be too angry, If someone doesn' t shares your oppinnion, Oh, a coworker of me, Born and grown Up in former GDR told me, that Communist FDJ was simply Red painted HJ, with paramiltary Training for war. Now you can use your time for rescuing the world and space.
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  1678.  @AlexAlexon3897  : Yes i am very conservative. But when my country gets bancrupt, then Not for reason of people Like me. Current relative left Gouvernement doesn' t know, that when you want to spend Money, you must earn the Money before, and you can spend it only once. That Gouvernement has Money, taxes are necessary, but to earn taxes, Economy and industry must earn Money, so that also working Citizen has Money. But: Current Gouvernement, especially left Green Party, do Everything possible to destroy industry. To produce trade goods, Energy is necessary, but current Policy causes high Energy prices, especially here in Germany, we have highest Energy prices in Europe, so that those parts of industry needing Energy, for example Aluminium industry, but also Bakers, Beer breweries, Transport companies have proplems, stopping Business or try to produce in other countries. But also private citizen need Energy for heating in Winter, which became very expensive. The Economy Minister ( Green Party) wants to forbidd oil and Gas heating in some years, the people should use ( don' t know Technical english word) Wärmepumpen ( literaly Heat Pumps using warmth of inner earth). But this is expensive, the Technologie is currently Not totally relyable. Also number of available resources, for example needed Pipes and trained craftsmen is to small. So it is a Thing , where inhave doubts. And ,so rich, as politicans Tell us that we are, we aren' t. So many people fear, they lost their Houses, because they can' t pay this forced modernisation. Agriculture Minister wants for Nature reason Stop agriculture/ Farming on half of Farmland, and only biologicsl Farming. Hm, harvests of biological Farming are smaller than harvests of traditional Farming, and harvests of half of Farmland are only half of harvest. How to Feed German Population, with to small harvests? Stealing food in other countries? Even in wwl, when Germany was much larger, Germany needed food from other countries, so britisch,Hunger' naval Blockade caused half a Million dead. Also German social system, founded by Wilhelm ll together with Otto von Bismarck, is at its ,border'. Fewer working taxpayers, producing Something, have to Feed and pay for an enlarging number of unproductive persons, getting social money, or are people who Work in any Form as ,state servants'. It IS totally Impossible, that good social social system, as i know it, survives. Who will be the betrayed ones, when social system collapses? Those ones, who have worked, saved their Money, and/ or bought a house.
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  1679. The Imperial German Army consisted in reality of four armies. Prussian ( including the troops of greatduchies, duchies, principalities and free towns), Bavarian, ( Royal) Saxon and Württembergian Army. What did the saxon and wurttembergian armies?
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  1680.  @Hrimadur  : You noticed the joke ;-). I am german, Brittas boyfriend, and i am not sure , what my family Name means. Ferryman? Horsedriven wagon driver? Italian or french name? I don' t really know!
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  1681.  @Hrimadur  : Fahrion. It seems, that this Name is mostly seen in the region of Stuttgart, which is a bit strange.
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  1682. @Zeno the Filipino ????
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  1683.  @torinodeguzman4243  : I am german and Brittas boyfriend. About 25 years ago, i was in a bar. The barmaid(?), not the waitress, was a young woman, perhaps 175 to 180 cm, and estimated perhaps 100 kg. Two drunken visitors had a quarrel, the woman left her bartable(?), went between the two men and pushed them in different directions. She had no bodybuilders body, but more like a weightlifter or wrestler ( and impressive breasts).
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  1684. And claiming to be neutral.
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  1685.  @Burner01-my7vz  : Of course this is relevant. There are two types of vegetarians. With one type i, Brittas boyfriend, have no problems. They are vegetarians, and thats all. For example in the circles of my Hobby there is a man, who eats no meat for medical reasons, he has stomach problems. He eats no meat, and thats all. But there is a second type of vegetarians, about which am terribly annoyed, the moralic missionaries. They in every sentence tell others unwanted, how supermoralic on highest level they are, because they eat no and are so good people, the best people ever living on earth. As an Atheist, rural man and non supporter of political correct woke urban Mainstream modernlings, i simply don' t like people, who think, they are Superior because of their political, religious or other believe. There are among the ,One god religions' such ones, who think, they are ,gods own people', they are , the believing masterrace' etc., i don' t like or need the people with such behaviour. So: A numerous part of vegetarians want to teach me, how good and moralic they are, but strangely they don' t speak about the work of Mr. Hitler, so i mistrust those part of vegetarians. A Note: I have Autism on Low Level.
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  1686. I Mistrust persons, groups etc., who tell me, with my ideas, we get a better world. Arround 1520 people in german town Münster had problems with the Catholic Bishop, they got ,Wiedertäufer ' Republik. In 1640s England people had been happy : We no more have a King! They got Cromwell. In 1789 french people had been happy: We no more have a King! They got ,terreur' and Napoleon. In 1917 russian people had been happy: We no more have a Tsar ! They got Lenin and Stalin. Then, i , Brittas boyfriend, am rural man with farmers background. In my homeregion for centuries the farms had been very small, only few acres, one to three cows, only enough, to have enough food for Family. To earn Money, the people had to work in factory, as craftsmen, as helpers, sevants, auxillaries etc., so every Farmer was also a craftsman, and every blacksmith, carpenter etc. had also a cow. This was still common in 1980s, but today my region is urbanizing very quickly, the people lose farmers knowledge faster and faster. This lost of farmers knowledge and rural Spirit causes success of idiots. They teach the people, how good Farming in old days was. Nobody speaks, that cow breed , Süddeutsches Fleckvieh' once was used for three purposes. Less important: Meat. More important: Milk. Most important: Towing annimal ( until 1960s). Pigs had been in very narrow stables ( in 1820s it was forbidden to Put pigs into Forrest to eat fruits of oaks or Buche). I saw live , and in colour, Last relicts of old Style Farming, with traditional Hand Tools, and few Machines. Farming is, in traditional way, hard Work. In my youth i saw Last old farmers working without Traktor, but with horse, and my parents often told me how they , for poornes reason worked not with horses, but cows, and how hard cereals harvest ( wheat, barley, oat ) was without modern Machines ( but they No more know, how to use a flail). But using annimals ( horses, cows, oxen, donkeys) IS this annimal abuse or Environment friendly Farm Work? Using tractors : Dangerous for Environment for gasoline smoke? Electric tractors? Most of my german countymen mistrust both electric powered vehicles and environfriendly electric Energy. What is the solution for this problem? White inhabitants of former Confederate States may remember .... Next Problem: Not every soil is usefull for agriculture. In Mountain regions, for height or thin soil ( but Stones few Inches under grass), in Arctic or swampy/ moorish areas,or Semidessert the people could only survive, by hunting, fishing and having cattle ( cows, sheep or goats), so when forbidding hunting, fishing, cattle in many regions of world people No more could live, and you modernlings ( in this Case racists) would destroy cultures. Next Point. Here in Germany, don' t know your country and Situation there, many people, mostly with leftist/Green Touch, want food being , biologic' without fertilizers(?) /Kunstdünger and without chemicals/ poison Killing rodents (?)/Schädlinge or Unwanted plants. And current german Federal Minister of Agriculture ( Green Party/ leftist, being as , Kindergarten educator' an expert for agriculture) wants, that German farmers Work , biologic' and reduce the agricultural used space every year for four per Cent for Environment protection. Hm? In 1820s , German Confederation' had Thirty millions inhabitants. The Farming / Agriculture was really biologic'. But agriculture production of food was only in ordinary years enough. Hunger was still a fearcausing danger. So german rulers did everything possible to enlarge agricultural production , using fertilizers and ,poisons'. But this could Not realy solve all food problems of Germany, the allied Hunger blokades against Germany in wwl and wwll Had been sucessfull. So: In biological agriculture the harvests are smaller. Hm ? Due to bilologic production and reducing agricultural space Nature is protected. But food? Unimportant! When there is a Lack of food, we steal IT in foreign countries, Like wwl and Ii. Am deutschen Wesen wird die Welt genesen! ( Friedrich Nietzsche, German phiosopher).
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  1687.  @Burner01-my7vz  please
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  1688.  @Burner01-my7vz  : Mistake after two bottles of German National Drink ( Strong ).
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  1689. The bayonnet makes the holes , that the bullets can enter the body, thats my opinion.
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  1690. @sewagii : I am not to familiar with english language, so i thought a wall is in english a ,Mauer' made of concrete, stones or bricks, while a ,Wall' made of wood , earth , sandbags or ,unglued' stones ( don' t know english word for Mörtel) is a rampart . ls this wrong?
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  1691. @sewagii : I am german, so i know, that in case of Westwall or Atlantikwall no Mauer is meant, but a line / system of obstacles, field fortifications and stone/ concrete fortifications. The difference between Mauer and Wall in german (my) language i know, but i was wrong about english language.
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  1692. Gladiators had been often slaves or prisoners of war. Relieable part of town levie???
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  1693. A german comedian perhaps 15 years ago: Why is currently so much spoken about Hitlers crimes? When everybody knows, how to do, it works more effektive the next time.
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  1694. chartreux: We Germans never had the right of Free Speech? Not true ! Since 911 no German was punished for speaking the ruler ,after the mouth'.
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  1695. This staff officers had not the task of being bodyguards, but in case of danger all men, escorting a prime minister, president, king etc. should do something. I am german , Britta is my girlfriend, from about 1830 to 1918 there was in Berlin the small palace unit , Leibgendarmen', because Leib means body and Gendarm is a french word after 1800 meaning policeman, this palace unit ,Leibgendarmen' is often missinterpreted as bodyguard unit, but this was not their task. But if the prussian king/ german emperor or high rank german or foreign guests had been in a dangerous situation, they had to protect . In 1870s/ 80s an angry rich farmer fired a shotgun at Wilhelm l, he survived . A medical doctor, who was coincidently there escorted the injured emperor to his palace. Inside of the palace it was a Leibgendarm, who stopped the doctor: Who are you? You don' t belong to imperial court! ( The soldier simply did his duty, that strangers should not enter the private part of palace for security reason).
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  1696. There wasn' t much. The german colony ,Tsingtao' in China was well fortfied, so the german garrison could resist for about three months against mostly japanese troops. The ammunition run out, and the japanese reached the weakest point of german fortifications, so the german troops surrenderd. In the South Sea there had been only few german soldiers and policemen, some hundreds of indigenous policemen/ soldiers divided to a lot of islands, japanese forces took it without resistance. From Tsingtao the german East Asia Navy Squad tried to reach Germany via Cap Horn, they won a small seabattle against a british squad of elderly ships, but lost a second battle at Falkland Islands, all german ships sunk and Admiral Graf( Count) Spee died in action. Another single german warship ,Emden' die some merchant raiding, also merchant raider ,Seeadler' a ship of sail ( !) under command of Graf Luckner reached Pacific.
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  1697. A lot of different things. As a german i am astonished with the problems native english speakers have with the german ,ch' sound. In Oberndorf/Neckar please visit the Waffen (weapons) museum there. It is in a former building of the Mauser company. You can see weapons of the Royal Wurttembergian Arms Factory ( the forerunner ???) of the Mauser company, products of the Mauser company (weapons, a car !, measurement tools, steel furniture!, bureau machines), weapons of Heckler & Koch and target arms of the Feinwerkbau company. The opposite door of the weapons museum is the door of the Heimatmuseum/ home region museum. Please visit it also! There are blades of seaxes and spathas, spear and arrow points from alemannic graves, drums and pictures from the former town militia and photographs from a world war I air raid done by british airforce. The photographs show the graveyard ceremony for two shotdown british pilots . A german priest and in the background a number of german soldiers with spiked helmets. Those elderly german non frontline soldiers visited the burrial of two enemy soldiers, a sign of old style courtesy. Note for american readers: In Oberndorf an american square dance club exists. Note for british readers: Near Oberndorf the Teck family had a castle, Mary von Teck was the grandmother of current queen Elizabeth Ii.
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  1698. I am german, for reasons you perhaps know, i own no such NAA revolver. But here a similar blank gun in 6 mm Flobert is available, i own such a pistol, but with 6mm CN no realy defence capability. For some time also a version in .22 was produced, but blankguns in .22, .35 or 8mm kurz are no more allowed. And those ones in .45 or .315 had been shortlived, so 9mm R for revolvers, 9mm Pak for automatics and 6mm Flobert for small or cheap blankguns survived.
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  1699. In Germany in 19th century and german Empire Landsturm was the term for regular reserve units formed by elderly men with full training , but the oldest equipment. In the one or two centuries before, Landsturm was used for non regular soldiers in fightable age and health, but with old equipment and rather few training. The old equipment and few training had reasons: 1) Weaponry was expensive, and most of the 300 states of HRE had been small and not rich. 2) The rulers knew after 1600 that the age of levies(?)/Aufgebote was over. 3) The absolutistic german rulers did not want wellarmed and welltrained citizens.
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  1700. Ä,Ö, Ü, ä, ö,ü, ẞ, ß.
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  1701.  @WilTK4  : Bahnpolizei is armed. The men , in 1975 still armed with this old revolvers had been elderly auxillary railway policemen. Being german, i don't know current situation at Swiss Railway. In Germany first armed guards/ railway policemen with short sabers appeared in 19th century. In Imperial Germany there was Reichsbahn, but at least Bavaria and Württemberg, perhaps also Baden, had their own State railway ( after wwl) in 1920/21 this State railways had been included into Reichsbahn. Tasks of Railway Police: Protecting travellors in trains and stations, guarding freight in waggons and storage buildings, guarding trains, rails, and railway equipment. Until 1990s, when German Federal Railway ( Deutsche Bundesbahn) became semiprivate German Railway, a Railway Police, payed by Federal Republic existed). Then in early/ mid 1990s Federal Border Guard was transformed into Federal Police and Railway Police was included into Federal Police. So nowadays you can still in Germany see armed Federal Police in trains and stations, not allways and not everywhere. German Railway as a semiprivate company has also unarmed Security guards,but the have no police rights, other private Security guards also not.
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  1702. ​ @sorrenblitz805 : I am german, and never had a problem speaking german.
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  1703. ​ @LuisAldamiz : German is not , i german learned it as child :-))
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  1704. ​ @siggilinde5623 : Der Werwolf, dem Wemwolf, den Wenwolf, des Wesswolfes.
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  1705. ​ @bjolfuriceland : A note out of context . As you know from speaking both German and English, Standard German ein can be in english either a or one . In my southern german dialect ( Swabian/ Schwäbisch) we, like english make a difference between a (a) and oi (one).
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  1706. ​ @uliwehner : Der Ober gibt dem Oberst das Obers?
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  1707. Der Ober gibt dem Oberst das (oder den?) Obers?
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  1708. Both USA and Europe had in 19th century many inventors which wanted to improve military firearms. But the in very short time appearing new weapons caused that a lot of money was necessary to buy new weapons. For this reason the then existing Gouvernements and Militaries tried to modernize and convert the dated weapons. For a long time this modernized old weapons kept in service for Police, Colonial troops, Units of rearline troops and auxillaries.
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  1709. Und in Irland wohnen die Irren?
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  1710. Winston Churchills speech: Bad german: Wir werden auf den Stränden fechten, wir werden an den Landungsgründen fechten, wir werden in den Feldern und Straßen fechten, wir werden in den Hügeln fechten, wir werden uns nie ergeben.
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  1711. As far as i know, in India such break top (?) revolvers are still produced in .32 S&W long, but quality seems bad.
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  1712. In traditional german military terminology, there is a difference between Gewehr and Karabiner. A Gewehr is a full length musket ( flintlock to wwll), while a Karabiner is a shorter long gun , in black powder era used mostly by cavallry , artillry and transport/supporting units. In black powder era often in the muzzleloader and singleshot cartidge carbines used lighter powder charges, often only pistol loads ( At first austrian M70 revolver and Werndl carbine used same cartidge, but different charges. But: When revolver cartidge was used in carbine, only Power and accuracy was smaller, but carbine cartidge version in revolver caused accidents, at least Magnum feelings. So for a long time fullsized Gewehre in musketsize had been the battleriflles. Most fighting men had been up to start of wwl infantry units, only armed with musketsize rifles and bayonnets, the few officers, flagbesrdrs, trumpeters with pistols and swords had been not important. The role of sniper rifle was long done by Jägerbüchse, at first civilian rifles, later standardized rifles with civilian features. Last Jägerbüchse was M71 Jägerbüchse. Ordinary M71, only traditional length ( between carbine and infantry rifle), a finger hook at trigger guard and more carefully produced barrels and Iron sights.
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  1713. In german there is a relative new insult , Evolutionsbremse' ( Brake of Evolution).
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  1714.  @tra767  : a) die Besoffenen b) mit Maßkrügen
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  1715. Thirty years ago, in a german magazine, i saw a carricature: On stage a woman said : Liebe Kinderinnen und Kinder! ( don' t know how to translate in english), and a child said to another child: Oh, the event is from local ,womens group'. Then it was funny, now this becomes reality.
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  1716. I am german. My grandfather fom father side died three months after wars end. He became ill as POW. Perhaps ten years ago, my mother still used a kitchen tool, made by coworkers of my grandfather, he was only a helper/ hand. The men worked before 1939 together, to privately produce a small number of noodle presses. The Item is still existing, i want to restore it.
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  1717. Yes also Rigby and Mauser ( hunting rifles).
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  1718. Attention! Is is Volkssturm, the second s is neccesary for grammar reason. Volksturm, as Mr. Nielsen wrote is ,peoples tower', which makes no sense.
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  1719. Depends on theater of war. In mediterranen sea , Galeeren' ( don' t know english word) similar to roman/ greek warships. Atlantic / north sea/ baltic sea : Sailed merchant ships converted for war with additional wooden towers/ plattforms at front and back. Warfare similar to siege warfare : assaulting ,floating castle'.
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  1720. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. Next to my home village there is a former monastry, founded in middleage, the time between 1000 and 1100, even after protestant reformation, the monstry had been owned by lutheran church, but of course no more monks. This monastry has some historical importance, because it was the grave monastry of some members of Hohenstaufen dynasty, which had been HRE Emperors between 1138 and 1254. From about 1200 to 1268 they also had been Kings of Naples. Two years ago i visited noted Lorch monastry and a small group of Hohenstaufen dynasty reenactors did some fencing training. One of the reenactors looked a bit arabian , and my girlfriend thought, this arabian looking man would be wrong. But: When Hohenstaufen dynasty ruled Kingdom of Naples, there was realy a small number of arabian muslims, living there as descendants of muslim invaders of 8th/ 9th century. Emperor Friedrich ll, who was als King of Naples realy had a small bodyguard unit, formed of muslims, living in southern Italy. The noted Emperor and King had lots of troubles with popes, and a bodyguard unit of muslims had no fear of papal , church ban'.
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  1721. Seems to be a ,Säbelhellebarde'/saberhalberd. A not so common halberd typ with a doubtfull usefullness.
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  1722. When , guided by Valkyries, you reach the gates of Walhall, you see the advantages of decorated weapons.
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  1723. Matt Easton from Scholagladiatora channel has in edged weapons community a reputation, as Ian has in firearms community. About two years ago, he had a three Video series ,The Victorians' in which he talked about british police weaponry in ,Victorian Age', perhaps interessting for you.
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  1724. Please, learn History correct. From at least 1300 to mid 19th century HRE/ German Federation was no great power . Learn , what the French did in HRE, southwestern part,. between 1630 and arround 1710, and later in napoleonic era. France was in this time periode strongest european power, while the southwest of HRE ( Military Distrikts Swabia and Franconia had been most devided Part of HRE ( Swabia 100 states!) with basicly only militia Forces.
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  1725.  @mcruz2357  : As Liechtenstein dynasty is, noted in video, richer than Windsor dynasty, Prince Josef doesn' t need british throne.
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  1726. Is this a german company? Translated in german sowcatcher would be Staufänger, the regular german word for a wide baded dagger, to give wild boar a final stab. Sau must not been explained , but abfangen means giving the final stab
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  1727.  @411Outdoors  : In addition to Saufänger, there was for centuries also the Hirschfänger ( deer catcher), which was worn into interwar periode. While the Saufänger.( to some degree also Saufeder/ boarspear) has a Comeback in last twenty years because wild boar became a problem, the long, but narrowbladed Hirschfänger became rare, only some old Hunters use it as ceremonial dress weapon. The third large german hunting knife, the Waidblatt, a mix of billhook, cleaver and small Machete also became rare.
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  1728. Attention! This what he did was not ordered by german Gouvernement in this way. Still existing german party SPD protested at first, when news arrived in Germany.
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  1729. Robin Schuhmacher : No! Gewehr means in current german language every long firearm, this means rifles ( Büchsen), shotguns ( Flinten) and combined guns ( Büchsflinte, Drilling, Vierling). In former times, before 1800, it could mean also edged weapons. A Seitengewehr is a bayonnet. In documents of about 1750 Obergewehr could mean muskets or polearms, while Untergewehr meant sabers and hangers. Ge means in german language simply ,a lot of'. Gewässer : a lot of water. Gesang: a lot of singing. Geschrei: a lot of shouting. Gelächter: a lot of laughing.. Gesäß (arse): a lot of sitting :-)
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  1730.  @justme_gb  : In 1813/1815 many muskets of german soldiers had been french.
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  1731. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, Born 1965. Arround 1970 at german TV Station/Company ZDF started the tradition of ,Friday Evenig Crime Show'. Over the years some crime TV shows came, others came'. True fact is that in Germany ( both east and west) in 1950s to 1970s few women worked in police, mostly in detectves nranch, arround 1990 also in uniformed branch, women appeared, nowadays women in Police are normal. But in german TV crime shows for about a decade women are overrepresented. In former decades some nonethnic German actors appeared as policemen, which is correct, there are persons of nongerman ancestry, but now in some TV shows there are more nongerman qctors than german. Last year q TV crime Show appeared, only ethnic, sexual, social minorities. The Story/ plot was also not good, so after half the Episode i was very angry about this nonsens.
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  1732. A foreword is simply a german Vorwort.
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  1733.  @neildiamondo6445  : Stuart, not Steward! This are two different things. I am german, nostalgic, and a Comeback of german monarchy ( in parlamentary version only) would be better than idiotic german republican policy of last twenty years. I , Brittas boyfriend, am rather dissappointed about the dangerous nonsens of Angela Merkel and the antigerman, antipatriotic behavior of German Federal Presidents Gauck and Steinmeier. They have totaly forgotten, that, AS german head of state, they are descendants of Charlemagne, Otto the Great and Frederik Barbarossa.
    1
  1734.  @neildiamondo6445  : Plausible. But for a german it is rather funny, when scottisch people speak about german monarchy of Great Brittain , that Stuart heir would also be a german. And: Prince ( Prinz not Fürst) William uses the title Duke of Cambridge. I live next to Teck mountain, and i know that after 1916_the Dukes von Teck used the title Duke of Cambridge.
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  1735.  @letoubib21  : The next german gouvernement under Olaf Scholz will also not do much for the average german ( Social Democrats, Greens and Liberal Party/ liberal in german sense). To the frankish tribe, those ones, which did not move to ,Realm of the Franks/ Frankreich', still live as Franken north of the Schwaben/ Swabians. And Karl Martell ( Martel - Hammer both in german and english) was Hausmeier/ Major Domus, the highest rank at court lower than the king, at he , not the merovingan king led the Army ( Heer/ here in old english). The other court offices (?) / Hofämter had been Mundschenk, Truchsess , Marschall , and perhaps Kämmerer. As longer as middle age lasted, this Hofämter had been more ceremonial and in case of Holy Roman Emperors election, done by electors/ Kurfürsten. The today high rank Marschall was once simply the Roßknecht/ horse servant ,Marhalasc', Mähre means in german ,bad horse' ( word has survived). That a Major Domus/ Hausmeier becomes king, no problem. To Friedrich Barbarossa. I can see Hohenstaufen mountain from my village and was often there, few relicts of 1525 destoyed castle, but a beautifull view into landscape. A sidenote: Hohenstaufen and Hohenzollern are belonging to former duchy Swabia, same as Habichtsburg at Aargau / Switzerland. So Staufer, Hohenzollern and Habsburger have swabian roots.
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  1736.  @letoubib21  : Parce que mon français n' est pas bon, je prefere d " ecrir en anglais. In the very first days of merowingian kingdom, the Hausmeier ( not Hausmeister!) perhaps realy was only an important servant, like british Butler ( once Bouteilleur). But in Karl Martells days, this was perhaps the most important royal official, but of course, i don' t know if he was a nobleman by birth. ( In Germany the Ritter/ Knights/ Chevaliers? became part of nobility in 1496. The question, who is a Reichsritter and who only ,landsässiger Ritter' was solved in 1570s.)
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  1737.  @cegesh1459  : Wasn' t this used for swiss mercenaries?
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  1738.  @cegesh1459  : At school we read the theater piece ,Wilhelm Tell' from Friedrich Schiller. There i first saw the word ,Reisige' and was rather astonished, because i knew only ,Reisig' as thin branches.
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  1739. This is a duel. Has nothing to do with world war one. Before wwl in continental Europe, perhaps also latin america, duels had been up to 1967 ( in France, there is an english language newsreel in You Tube). In german language countries, on lower level also in baltic countries, Poland and Belgium, the simulated duel called ,Mensur' is still practiced by some students.
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  1740.  @Saber23  : But mulim scholars try to hide islamic slavery and blame westerners.
    1
  1741. France was invaded by german forces in 1870, 1914 and 1940. True. But the French invasions in Germany 1806, 1796, or during the reign of Louis XlV are pure fantasy?
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  1742. In many war movies german soldiers are shown as idiots. So i can' t understand, why the intelligent Allies needed six years to win over idots.
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  1743. Jackson Lewis : Hugo Boss was not the designer, only the manufacturer of the SS uniforms. In those days in the swabian region there had been a lot of textile factories, and for a long time swabian companies had been known as being trustworty makers of good quality products.
    1
  1744.  @edwardamosbrandwein3583  : Yes, the unihabitated island was invaded by norwegians in the 800s .
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  1745.  @norsemagicandbeliefs8134  : In case of language, their next relatives are the people of Estonia, and more far related the Hungarians.
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  1746.  @willischneider5154  : Es hat eine aus bosnischen Muslimen gebildete SS Division ( Handschar) gegeben, mit einem Palästinenser namens ,al Hosseini' als Feldimam. (YouTube: Muslim SS praying), mit einem Fez als Kopfbedeckung. Vermutlich stammt die Aussage Himmlers aus diesem Zusammenhang.
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  1747. The socalled Reichsrevolver was rarely used by frontline troops, they were mostly used by elderly soldiers serving behind the front, for example guards, transport units. Also those revolvers had been given to the police , the policemen had to give their .32ACP pistols to the army.
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  1748. ​ @lukejohnson1698 : At towns with - burg as ending a Burg and castle owners Farm was ,birth cell' of later town.
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  1749. ​ @MajinOthinus : The oldfashioned german word ,Hag' means a garden surrounded with a hedge or fence. In HRE time ( mostly build in late end of medieval time) some towns, especially the socalled Reichstädte ( rich ones) build a Landhag/ Landhege arround most of their territory. Had been two ditches, the earth was thrown between the ditches to create a rampart. At this rampart trees , bushes and thorny plants had been planted. The branches of trees and bushes had been knotted together. Was not intended as military obstacle, only intended to control trade and travellors. Sidenote: The dated, today rare used Hagestolz means an elderly unmarried man, owning a house and a garden with a hedge or fence. Stadt : There are in Germany settlements/ communities ending with - stadt/- statt/-stätt / stett/ -stetten, without being a Stadt by german law. So i assume Stadt comes simply from Heimstatt or Heimstätte/ Wohnstatte homestead.
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  1750. ​ @patrickholt2270 : Scottish Capital is in german sometimes written Edinburg.
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  1751. ​ @TheBonecrusherz : ??? A village is in popular german a Dorf ( in my swabian dialect some older people also say Flecken), but in official german a ong A town is a Stadt, and City is in Germany wrong used. But i can be wrong.
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  1752. ​ @whisped8145 : You have forgotten rare used Hag ( Gehege is still used for annimals yards in zoo), the verb einhegen is today also rare like Hagestolz, If you still know this word. Also hegen is still use for carefully protecting or maintaining something. Formerly in my swabian homeregion ( Altwürttemberg) villages and even settlements/ hamlets (?) had been surrounded by a fence or hedge called Etter. In daylight the gates ( even only poles or timbers) had been open, closed at night. Cattle could not run away at night, and Etter and nightwatchman gave some protection against thieves or burglars.
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  1753. ​ @Muenni : May be he confused Schußfeld/ Glacis with Stadt.
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  1754. ​ @TrafalgarWaterDLaw-dl5cm : Beforehangingpalace? :-))
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  1755. ​ @anonymuz796 : Guard has surely latin origin. To guard means in german bewachen, a watchman is in german Wächter ( as far as i know vägtere in norwegian) , while warden exists in german as Wart/ Wärter .
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  1756.  @TheBonecrusherz  : Stadt can be from very few inhabitants ( when there is a townright from Monarchy era), see Zavelstein ( nowadays district of Bad Teinach) to millions of inhabitants. Only for clear description Kleinstadt/ Mittelstadt/ Großstadt is used, but not on yellow signs with black Script.
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  1757. zachery valerio : It was a revolver for 5 or 7 mm pinfire cartridges.
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  1758. Luigi Sergi : I don't know, but the PP means Polizeipistole and was intended for uniformed policemen, customs service officers etc.. The PPk means Polizeipistole kurz ( short) or kriminal ( in this case: for the Kriminalpolizei/ detectves). So the PPK was smaller for cover it in civil suit. Those partyleaders surely carried their pistols sometimes concealed, sometimes open to a uniform. As far as i know, in Germany the .380 Acp/9 mm kurz never was popular , but outside of wartime the .32Acp/ 7,65 Browning was popular from about 1900 up to the 1980s, the last users had been Airforce pilots and police detectives in civilian dress ( especially female officers wearing stylish ladies cloth). But up to the 60s also .25 Acp/6,35 Browning was sometimes used by civilian dressed members of police etc..
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  1759. As a german, Brittas boyfriend, some notes. The german nickname for Junkers 52 was , Tante Ju' ( aunt Ju). Hitler was vegetarian, nonsmoker and antialcoholic, so not extraordinary, that no alcohol was served in his plane. ( And also no wonder, that i mistrust missionary hipsters/ modernlings who are vegetarian , nonsmokers and antialcoholic and tell me, how moralic they are.). In 80s i worked in a smaller maschine factory, at the end of finishing the maschines i build, i had to fix a small plate with a short instruction. German language for Germany, Austria and Switzerland. French language for France , parts of Belgium and Switzerland. English language for other countries. I had never heared of the in the video noted town Pocking, so i did not knew, which language for the plate. Peking ( Bejing), Nanking sounds similar, so i thougt, it is a chinese town, my coworkers laughed, when i asked them.
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  1760.  @mathiasbartl903  : a) My english is limited, i had to use a translation to understand your comment. b) Who do you mean, Horst Tappert or Günter Grass? c) Horst Tapperts most known TV show , Derrick' no more appeares in TV , but i can ' t remember, that there was so much trouble/ scandal about Günter Grass. But i have to addmit, that i am not so interessted in such intellectual ,high end' artists, their kind of art is not my thing, decades ago , one oft the pupils of my class said: When you read in the newspaper, a movie is ,künstlerisch wertvoll/ in artistic sense worthfull(?)' then it's boring shit'. I , Brittas boyfriend, think similar.
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  1761.  @MIMALECKIPL  : Many town names are in other countries different to the name used in the county , the town is located. Not only townnames, the ,Lake of Constance' is in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and german part of Switzerland called Bodensee, a different word. Or german town Aachen is Aix la Chapelle in french language.
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  1762.  @MIMALECKIPL  : Possible, but i don't know, how this town was called in German language documents centuries ago. In old days in German documents or Maps, German Name was mostly used, for example Mailand instead of Milano, or Lüttich instead of Liege.
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  1763. One small mistake. Prince Leopold , who tried to become the spanish king was a member of the Hohenzollern family, but not really prussian. He was a member of the swabian branch ,Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen'. The mountain and castle Hohenzollern is at the swabian Alb mountains near the town of Hechingen. The swabian branch is older than the prussian branch, but they only had a small teritory , which became a part of Prussia in 1849. Fun fact: For some weeks the town Sigmaringen was the capital of France (when the Vichy gouvernement had to flee).
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  1764. This had been the very first cannons, they looked similar to large bottles.
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  1765. In the 1980s there was the Kiesling affair. This man served in Wehrmacht, but became General in Bundeswehr.
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  1766. Heinrich Himmler, the commander of SS, was also commander of police.
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  1767. Ring, Gold, Hand, Finger.:)
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  1768.  @SidMaron  : Probst is a rank of Roman Catholic church. Higher than an Abbot, but lower than a Bishop.
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  1769.  @hlynnkeith9334  : My father told me , that in 1950s Germany a ,Halbe' ( 0,5 l) had a price of 60 Pfennig.
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  1770.  @herbertbrown119  : Even at start of wwl Line infantry soldiers had rather long rifles and bayonnets for this reason.
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  1771. No! Nürnberg!
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  1772. German troops could use captured british Sten guns and captured Allied made 9mm ammunition, so the german troops, allways lacking firearms had been happy, when they could find such weapons.
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  1773.  @couchbear6108  : I am german, the anglosaxon part of your language has after 1500 years still similarities to german..
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  1774. Mühlhausen :-)
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  1775. ​ @m.h.3006 : I, Brittas boyfriend, was from 1996 to 2016 quality control man of a small german metal company. You are completly correct.
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  1776. ​ @derin111 : Das Mädchen oldfashioned das Mägdelein (die kleine Magd) means ,little maid'.
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  1777. ​ @dirkbesserer6101 : No! In older fashion german der Saalschutz would become des Saalschutzes !
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  1778.  @garypulliam3421  : I am Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. I am german style trained metal worker / Facharbeiter. You clearly have not german mentality and mindset. For a traditional german there in case of work two principles: a) A work is correctly done, when the result is 150% quality. b) Sauberkeit der Arbeit, difficult to explain. Up to 1941 at german tanks the weldings /Schweißnähte had been grinded away, that product looks correct done. Then a product, which is an official present/gift of one of highest ranking german men, is given away with a grammar error? Impossible! I was for twenty years quality control man of a small company. Sometime i had to stamp the Typenschild/description sign made of Aluminium with handstamps. I often made mistakes, then i had to use annother Aluminium sign plate.
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  1779.  @kingrama2727  : So a german person like me is not able to notice a grammar mistake? A pistol, ordered by one of highest ranking german men as a present /gift is delivered with a writing error? The honoured soldier, reading the wrong engraving would have thought, Himmler is an idiot. Being a german metal worker myself, i know traditional german workers mindset , Sauberkeit der Arbeit ', i sometimes had to make items for first time customers/clients. This PR /presentation items had to be produced without any mistake. Then for about twenty years i was quality control man in a small metal company. A product ordered by an important, mighty client, delivered with a writing error? You think, the client is amused? In worst case, the customer is angry , and no more orders a product of your company. Sometimes i made a mistake when stamping type plate/ Typenschild, and had to use a new type plate. But a pistol slide with wrong engraving IS given to Himmler, or in his name to a soldier ? Come on, when you are no german / austrian, what do you know about german mentality? And papers and research? German Federal President Heinrich Lübke , was President in 1960s was a trained architect. One day architects drawings appeared, showing a simple wooden house / in german Barracke, drawed by Heinrich Lübke, with an ink stamp ,KZ ...' At first a scandal , but : The drawing was done by Heinrich Lübke, but the ink stamp was added by east german Stasi (red painted Gestapo). Weapons owned by famous people, with correct papers? You know the buckets of nails from cross of Jesus? And when an idiot of a nongerman nation spends a large sum of money for a fake? Good so, why are , in contrast to majority of german people, non germans so obsessed of Nazis? What would Hollywood do, if Hitler would have died in wwl? Telling the truth of overthrowing Hawaiian Monarchy? Telling the truth of , opening ' Japan?
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  1780. The officers wife was the reason for this duel. But you have forgotten ,academic fencing' in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, to a lower level also in Belgium , Poland and two of the ,baltic countries'. This kind of fencing, i personally am no academic, seems to be a relict of duel training.
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  1781. And how heroic had you been in wwll? It is easy to fight Hitler 77 years after his death with a loud mouth.
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  1782.  @sjaakzwart6001  : At first, Britta is my girlfriend, i only use her computer also. At first, we germans have a saying: Wie man in den Wald hineinschreit, so hallt es zurück. My english is not so good: The way you shout into the forrest, the echoe comes back. So i had never problems with police or private security guards. The only time i had problems with police, was my own fault, i used my car being drunken. So it is possible , to have no problems with police and justice. For about 40years i hear leftwingers whining: Oh , we didn' t care about laws and order, and the terrible bad police is so bad against us best people of human history. Your fault, yours, not fault of others. I hate people, who don' t respect law and order for political or religious reason , and then cry, when they are in trouble. Especially leftwingers allways think, laws are a thing for other people, but not for us ethical/ moralist, political/ correct noblehumans.
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  1783. When you are a conservative german , you no more can vote for CDU . This formerly conservative party made under Merkel a great step to the left side, and works in some states / regions together with leftwingers from Green party. This is reason for AFD success.
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  1784. Soso. Ich kenne ihr Alter nicht, aber offensichtlich ist ihnen die CDU der 80er/ 90er Jahre nicht mehr bekannt, eine Zusammenarbeit mit den Grünen wäre damals undenkbar gewesen.Frau Merkel hat ohne Not langjährige CDU Wähler vergrault. Und jetzt wundert man sich, daß es dir AFD gibt. Übrigens: Den dänischen Sozialdemokraten ist es gelungen, eine dortige Rechtspartei unbedeutend zu machen und das Migrationsproblem halbwegs in den Griff zu bekommen. Und: Warum bekommt dies die SPD nicht hin? Anmerkung: Bin Brittas Freund, benutze nur gerade den Rechner mit.
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  1785.  @Intranetusa  : A curved sword is in german usually called ,Säbel' ( saber) , when it is an european, indian, arabic, turkish or persian weapon. For weapons SOE decades ago not so known, we use today the word from the region, it comes from. When i, born 1965) was young, nobody said ,Machete', this tool was called ,Buschmesser' in contrast to billhooks ( most common german words for this tool are Hippe or Gertel). Also the word ,Hauer' ( hewer?) was formerly used for heavy , but not to long knifes , for example german hunting knife ,Waidblatt'.
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  1786.  @Riceball01  : In german the pioneer/ engineers sword was called ,Faschinenmesser'.
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  1787.  @Intranetusa  : The terms Kriegsmesser or langes Messer had been in my youth nearly unknown in Germany for weapons, may be historians/weapon collectors. What i, Brittas boyfriend, didn' t knew, is that in some german regions, for example in this part of Hesse Britta was born, a small kitchen knife is a ,Kneipchen' vor ,Kniep', clearly a german version of english knife. And the ,Messer' weapon. I think a german hunting knife ,Hirschfänger' is the still produced descendant of this weapon. Mostly single edged blade, and a shell like part of guard seems to be former Nagel. Some few companies still produce it, but today it is no more used for final stab of wounded game, but for hunters ceremonies or as present/ gift for wellrespected hunters. What is for german native speakers a bit funny, is the wrong use of ,langes Messer', because nongermans mostly do not know german grammar cases and plural ( das lange Messer, dem langen Messer, des langen Messers/ die langen Messer/ den langen Messern, der langen Messer).
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  1788. Perhaps 10-15 years ago i visited the military museum in Vienna ( Heeresgeschichtliches Museum?). There i saw a book of Austro- Hungerian time, it showed the Commando Call in german language at first line. Then the same Call in hungarian language, written in correct hungarian AND phonetic how a german language officer should speak it.
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  1789. In 1848 or 1849 the Austrians tried to bomb Venice with ballons. The action failed, because the ballons flew to fast.
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  1790. I am german, born 1965. For reason of my Asperger disorder, i don't t like to speak to people if there is no need. So when i was younger, i rarely spoke with older people, who had been adults in 1930s. What i heared from my grandmother ( born 1910) was, they had been poor in 1918, they had been poor in 1920s, they had been poor in early 1930s. Mega Inflation of 1923 caused trouble, Black Friday at Wallstreet 1928 caused economic and political troubles. If after 1918 the life of average german citizen would have becoming better, Democracy and Republic would have seen as a lucky gift, but If nothing becomes better ?The ,Golden Twenties' had been golden only for rich germans. This of course is only my oppinion, which can' t explain everthing.
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  1791.  @risingmagpie9199  : When people like you pay it, it will be no Problem.
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  1792.  @LaPatrioteFrancaise  : Mon française est plus mauvais comprit avec votre français ;-), mais je pense je vous comprit un peu!
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  1793.  @LaPatrioteFrancaise  : I used my knowledge of French language, four years at school, to show that i have no problem with the French people of today. The woman in the video is an old lady. Most old people have problems with eyes and ears, and often also the brain no more works with full power. So the lady simply did not recognize Miss/ Misses Merkel, or she realy has never heard of her. Also there is another thing. The lady was born in a bygone(?) era, in which the President of France was seen as a kind of King, a so she is so surprised that such an important man speaks to her, that her heart and brain ,jumped because of luck'.
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  1794.  @drox3992  : You are not the only non german , who makes this mistake with the forgotten second ,s'. As a german, Britta is my girlfriend, i use in daily life Standard German only for writing, i belong to those people who still prefer local dialect, in my case Swabian ( so i have fewer problems with Swiss german than most of my countrymen) . I speak Standard German only, when it is necessary. For the reason, that i can understand Standard German, Swabian dialect and some English, i can often understand the sense of a dutch sentence in written Dutch, but in Scandinavian languages i can mostly understand only some words, so i have to guess. From Icelandic language i have nearly no knowledge, it is told, that it is the oldest still spoken germanic language , but it seems also not easy.
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  1795. Die verfluchten Raubgräber werden sich schon der Stelle annehmen. In meiner Heimatgegend gibt es das keltische Oppidum Heidengraben . Es ist äußerst großflächig, es wird von Raubgrabungen gemunkelt.
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  1796. Also without the Hakenkreuz ( Hook Cross, german word for swastika) a german Gouvernement can be very idelogical, doubtly good for Germany. The eagle used in new logo looks very similar to the eagle used by a ( no more existing) german brewery, which carried a beer barrel in his claws.
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  1797. RavenAdventwings: ??? I am german, Brittas boyfriend, only using her Internet Account. I am 59, middle education, german style trained worker, as you noticed i speak some english and few french, sometimes i write comments in french. As an Asperger person, i have few friends, but those people, who know me, know that i am a History Nerd. About ordinary History: As Kindergarten child my parents showed me Castle ruins in my homeregion. In 1971 a Kindergarten trip to a fairytale castle was first time i saw a Castle Like palace and real old weapons and armour, and was fascinated..ln elementary school i liked to watch Wildwest and Swashbuckler movies, got many books with such topic. For example Ivanhoe, Treasury' Island and lots of books from international unknown Karl May. But even being elementary pupil, i noticed differences in descriptions of Wild West guys armament in US movies and Karl Mays novels. Also hitting a large tin can, as substitute for a Great Helmet/ in german Topfhelm, showed even thin sheetmetall withstands heavy stickblows. I became scepticsl and wanted to know more. In later higher school time i went to public library and read all possible books about weapons, wars , hunting and expeditions of european explorers. In 1982 my jobtraining started, and i noticed , Arms Magazins exist, so i read them for 42 years now, about twenty years ago , i noticed, Magazins of military History exist. My homeregion is full of fortifications relicts from Celtic, roman, medieval, Renaissance , sometimes even baroque era, even, towns Ulm and Rastatt mid 19th century, and along rivers Elz and Neckar, some wwll fortifications relicts. Have visited much of them, often during hiking tours, for example i hiked some kilometers along former border between Imperium Romanum and Germania Magna. I read a Lot of books about military and civilian History. My homeregion is those Part of Germany, which was in HRE devided into 100 microstates, so every few kilometers was another souvereign state. To learn about this historical mess, i visited dozens of museums, collections, castles , palaces, monastries. Made a lot of guided historical tours ( in one tour, guide was a real princess). Met a number of noblemen, including a close relative of Charles lll. Spoke with guides, museum staff, historians, antiques Dealers, archeologists, reenactors, huntsmen, target shooters, former soldiers, policemen, security guards .... And for years i watch YouTube. So you think i am an idiot? Wallbüchsen ( in old days also called Hakenbüchsen) had been in use for fortifications ( wagonforts/ ships) defence from perhaps 14th to 19th century. They had been used as compromise, wider Ränge and power than a musket or rifle, but lesser recoil Power and weight than a cannon. Last use of German Wallbüchsen was in 1870/71 to shoot french gunboats on Seine River. Then in 1917( 18 ).the Tankgewehr appeared. An oversized rifle with oversized ammunition. So the same Idea than Wallbüchse. Lighter and more mobile than a cannon, but more powerfull than Standard rifle. So: Similar problems cause similar solutions. In early stages of wwl Trench warfare, a british unit took muzzleloader Coehorn mortars into trenches, gues why?
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  1798. I said nothing new under the sun. Both wallguns and handmortars had similar tasks as modern equvalents. Same problems caused similar solutions in different centuries. What is strange in my oppinion?
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  1799. I am german, and Brittas boyfriend. being a proud descendant of Suevi tribe, noted by no lesser than Julius Caesar, i have no reason to care a shit about political correctnes of current idiots.
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  1800.  @DebbiesSanctuary49  : As a german person, i am Brittas boyfriend, born 1965, twenty years after end of wwll, next to Stuttgart. Why i tell this? For being born in 1965, i have heared, what happened in the time between 1933 and 1945, not honourous for my nation. It is a duty of german authorities, to speak about this, but in my eyes, they do it for the last 20 to 25 years in a such penetrant way, that it is to much, a german comdian said, they do it , that every german knows, how to do warcrimes, so they work more efficient the next time. But on the other hand, we Germans say: Von nichts kommt nichts ( Nothing comes from nothing = Everything has a reason). The reason, why there was so much hate in Germany against France formerly, is here nearly not told here, and perhaps not known outside of Germany ( The age of Napoleon and especially the brutal wars of french king Louis XIV), the events of this two times, which caused german hate, are nearly not the toppic of newspapers, TV or politicans speeches. In my eyes not good. Another thing is watching war movies. I have no problem, when in nongerman war movies produced up to 1980s german soldiers are portrayed as bad persons, because i know the reason. But in an unbelievable way i was angryly surprised, when i watched a You Tube clip about German/ Danish war of 1864. At first i was interessted, oh a movie not about US civil war 1861 to 1865, but a movie about an european war. But after a few minutes i became very angry. Why? In the movie, produced not long ago, the following incident was shown: A danish footpatrol of a handfull soldiers was captured by a german horsepatrol of double size . For no reason the commander of german patrol, a tall, fat, baldheaded man with a partly burned face full of scars, ordered the execution of the danish soldiers. I think you can understand, that i as a german was angry about such an antigerman Propaganda scene in a movie produced only a short time ago. But i don' t see myself as a nationalist. For different reasons, i traveled not so often in nongerman countries, than many of my countymen, but every trip ( journey?) was intressting for me, and in contrast to my grandfather and my greatgrandfather i could do this trips without rifle and Stahlhelm. I think, the times have changed in a good way, we should never return to nationalism, we should remember mistakes of history, but don' t use it again to produce hate.
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  1801. In 1898 austrian empress Elisabeth ( Sissi) was murdered by an italian anarchist with an sharpened triangular file ( Dreikantfeile in german). This was a shock for austrian upper class women. But what kind of weapon was useable for a woman? The US Derringers and pocket revolvers had been seen in austrian/ german upperclass womans circles as an unhonourable weapon of dubious background, unmoralistic for austrian/ german upperclass women. So especially austrian inventors created small semiautomatic pistols. There had been up to 1920s small pistols in 4,25 mm Erika.
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  1802.  @Simon_Nonymous  : Former German Chancellor Bismarck once said: The greatest lies you will hear before an election, during a war and after a hunt. True. In a german military history magazine there was years ago a statement printed, a german General did 1913. When the General in 1913 retired, a Journalist asked him some questions. One was: What do you think about Propaganda? The General answered: Propaganda has reached a level, which is very bad. Modern Propaganda causes, that brave fighting enemies compleatly loose the honour they deserve! The General was right. Up to first half of 19th century war Reports often contained sentences etc. in which was written, it was difficult, to fight against such brave enemies, during second half of 19th century this behaviour of ,old days' ended, but modern hate Propaganda started.
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  1803. And don' t forget slaves and american natives too.
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  1804. There had been in Germany , mostly for training , central fire cartridges 4 mm M20, and rimfire 4mm Randzünder ( two variations) for competion Zimmerstutzen. As far as i know, 4mm M20 is no more in production, but 4mm Randzünder seems to be still produced.
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  1805. The teutonic order is still existing as a Catholic Religuous Order.
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  1806. Up to early 18th century pistols of cavallry had long barrels with thick walls, and smaller bore than muskets to penetrate the armors of the last armored cavallry soldiers.
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  1807. In german a buckler was called Faustschild / fist shield. I personally think, it was a civilian shield, but often involved in military use.
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  1808.  @JohnyG29  : What do you mean, you red indian slaughterer and slave owner? At first : Unconditioal U - Boot warfare is against prisal rules! But tricking U- Boot crews respecting prisal rules is good, because done by Allies! Clearly double standard.
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  1809. Those swords are nothing special. In whole germannic culture region there had been this type of long sword called ,Spatha'. And the bowiesized Seaxes. In my german region in graves of allemannic warriors, seax , spearheads, axes and shield bosses had been common equipment, long Spatha swords had been upper class weapons.
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  1810. In german we make a difference between Luntenschloß and Luntenschnappschloß .
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  1811. Germany fought with Austria, Bulgary and Turkey ( three not so strong countries) against Russia, France, British Empire,Japan, USA and a large number of midsize/smaller countries, which needed four years to beat Germany and his allies. Don' forget this fact!
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  1812. Oberstbrigadier/ Oberstdivisionär/ Oberstkorpskommandant, since 60s/ 70s only Brigadier, Divisionär , Korpskommandant are the swiss equivalents of Generals ranks. The rank General exists in Switzerland only in wartime for the main commander of Swiss armed forces.
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  1813. Wife is in current german Ehefrau, but old people still say Weib.
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  1814. In Togo there had been only a small force of ,Kaiserliche Landespolizei'. The black policemen had similar training than black Askari soldiers in other german colonies, so they had been declared as ,Schutztruppe'(Military). In the other colonies the same was made, units of ,Landespolizei' had been integated into ,Schutztruppe'.
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  1815. In 1896 the Italian troops lost the battle of Adowa, which is somewhere in Ethiopia/ Abessynia.
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  1816.  @johnkelinske1449  : I am german, so i am not so familiar with battles of 19th century italian military!
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  1817.  @nerdlarge4691  : In 1848/49 a german Mr. Bauer, buiild a submarine, but it sunk.
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  1818.  @R3GARnator  : The wurttembergian observer was a man with the name Zeppelin.
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  1819.  @michaelstevens8073  : Mexico was weaker than USA. Spain in 1898 was only shadow of 16th century Spain. And the phillipinian people simply did not like that the spanish colonial lords had been replaced by US colonial lords.
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  1820.  @BlackAdder665  : Have you ever seen the german traffic sign, made for chinese people? You can read Um lei tung.
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  1821. I am disappointed. No sabers, cutlasses, boarding pikes and boarding axes :-(
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  1822. During wwll Allied Powers liked Partisans and Résistance very much. Strangely , after war Allied Powers liked Partisans, fighting against them not so much.
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  1823. A few months ago ,i, german, visited ,Waffenmuseum' at Oberndorf am Neckar. ( Mauser and fore runner Royal Wurttemberg Rifle Manufactoring, Heckler & Koch, Feinwerkbau). Most of Mauser produced rifles ( Gewehre) are in bad condition. But this is a substitute for stolen Mauser collection.
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  1824. Tirol as austrian state is named after Tyrol castle you saw in the video,. As far as i know it is in Southern Tyrol, which is since 1919 a part oft Italy. And not allways the castle and the castle have the same name. But also you still can find german villages, where the village, the castle and the noblemans family habe the same Name.
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  1825.  @bennett8535  : Glauben sie, der Islam macht das ganze Lbqt und woke Zeug mit?
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  1826.  @kemian4156  : I live in region of Stuttgart. Some time ago the voluntary firemen of my village did some training (?) in front of firebrigade building. When i passed the building by car, i saw those ,jet pilots helmets', but i don' t know, if all men are equipped with this new helmets, or only such ones with special duties. For being born in 1965, i remember the ,Stahlhelm' style helmets being in black colour.
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  1827.  @kemian4156  : May be not only the money, but perhaps also german federal system causes few differences between the Federation states ( Bundesländer).
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  1828. As far as i know , when Blunderbuss/ Donnerbüchse/ Tromblon was popular, gunmakers( gunsmiths?) tried to produce the ,trumpet muzzle' to do the same thing than this devices.
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  1829. Depends on grammar case and singular or plural :-): Das lange Visier, des langen Visiers, dem langen Visier/ die langen Visiere, den langen Visieren, der langen Visiere.
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  1830. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. Am german style trained worker, middle education, of rural/ farmers background. Please don' t believe leftwing, townsfolk modernlings!
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  1831. In 2005 i was in Florenz, i have seen there two mounted policemen with a helmet similar looking to british Pith Helmet. But i don' t know, if this had been members of regular italian Police or if they belonged to a kind of town police. In some european countries there is in addition to regular policemen a town police with reduced duties.
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  1832. In german language countries the ,sidecap' is called ,Schiffchen/Schiffli', which means ,Little ship' for its look. But of course this popular name is not official.
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  1833. I, Brittas boyfriend, german citizen, also feel so.
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  1834. German/ English: Helm/ helmet, (der) Schild/ shield, Speer/ spear, Lanze/ lance, Schwert/ sword, Axt/ axe, Sattel/ saddle. Also Gabel ( Forke)/ fork, Hammer/ hammer, Schaufel/ showel, Spaten/ spade, Raspel/ rasp, Feile/ file, Stock/ stick....
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  1835. @Lee-vk1xy  : In YouTube there are videos where some ,jokelings' speak german with english grammar/ word order , or english with german grammar/.word order. Both sounds strange/ unusual, but having a brain, not totally ununderstandable . The astonishing thing is:: ln comments of english speakers, when hearing english spoken the ,german way' often you read: Hearing english spoken with german grammar gives me Shakespeare vibes. Also in videos about Old English you can read comments: I am english native, but in case of Old English my knowledge of current german helps more than speaking current english. My english is surely not perfect, but the fact that german and english are both westgermannic languages, helps a lot , anglosaxon part of english vocabulary has still so many similarities to german , that it is easy to learn , especially when you are intressted in outdated words or are a dialect speaker.
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  1836. ​ @Very_Silly_Individual : Wessex/ west saxons, Sussex/ southern saxons, East Anglia/ western angles. Angeln is still the name of a part of german/ danish borderland. Saxons? Niedersachsen is still named after the Saxons. So : The Homeland of Anglosaxons/ Angelsachsen was those region of Germany, where currently Low( land) German is spoken, which has still similarities to english ( for example: Reep/ rope, Forke/ fork, lütt/ little, but that was to high science for an US tourist i asked). So the Anglosaxons had been german? No, the move to Angelland Engelland England was in tribal age, when the tribes, forming the german nation had not been united, so no serious german would call the Anglosaxons german.
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  1837. In 1945 famous Mauser collection in Oberndorf was stolen by french and US soldiers. Current Waffenmuseum ( weapons museum) is a very sad shadow of former times. A modernisation would be great, and especially the weapons, made by Mauser from mid 1880s to end of wwll are often in low to bad condition. There are few, but mostly well preserved weapons from Mauser forerunner Königlich württembergische Waffenmanufaktur ( Royal württembergian weapons manufacture). This state owned company was founded 1812 in a former monastry, because Württemberg in HRE and napoleonic age had no large gun company/.arsenal to arm its forces. The first two directors of Royal Weapons Factory had been two localy wellknown gunmakers/ gunsmiths ( in german this is only Büchsenmacher). Both , of course one , then the next one, had the right, to produce in addition to military weapons, still their known quality civilian firearms. So at least in ending flintlock era, you could order an expensive civilian firearm in Royal Weapons Factory, this was done by director himself . To Finish my description about museum. In addition to weapons of Mauser and Königlich württembergische Waffenmanufaktur also weapons of Heckler & Kock and Feinwerkbau / FWB ( a pure olympic competition weapons producer) are shown in good quality, some strange target pistols selfmade by Mauser workers and civilian Mauser products: Two different cars (!) , bureau machines, and measurement Equipment ( when i started my joblife in 1982, every Young Metal worker proudly showed his Mauser (!calipher). The entrance price IS cheap, and with the same Ticket you also can visit Oberndorf homeregion museum. Two parts are inressting : Rusty sword blades and speartips from germannic warrior graves and a picture from a funeral of 1916. It shows a german priest and a group of german soldiers at the funeral of two british pilots, shot down,, when they attacked Mauser Factory. Far away from wwl frontline, elderly soldiers still respected a brave enemy.
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  1838. A question : In christian part of world, formerly french language was the international language. Is it true, that formerly in muslim world persian language was international language ?.
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  1839. No cartridge for semiautomatic pistols, mostly light shotguns.
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  1840. Or the rifle ? :-)
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  1841. When in 1914 german troops invaded Belgium from german/ belgian land border, the Marinedivision ( navy division) , formed of sailors and other navy personal, was commanded by a vice admiral.
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  1842.  @x_hibernia  : The helmets of prussian Guard Cuirassiers had been made of yellowish Tombak, which was also used as fake gold for Theater.
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  1843. In 2003 no german troops took part in Invasion of Irak.
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  1844. Not long ago, this weapon was shown in a german language arms magazine. It was noted that a fiveshot Variant for smaller cartridges existed for Security Guards existed. Is this true? Had those similarity to german tear gas guns of the time?
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  1845. I am german, Brittas boyfriend. Up to mid 1990s using busses or trains in Germany was a rather safe thing. Had in early 1990s troubles with two german drunkheads, doctors had to sew my face. Violent idiots of your own nation are no fun, but a normal thing. Nowadays? Violence and sexual assaults against girls are common in trains and railway stations. But no problem for German politicians: They have their service cars with drivers and armed bodyguards.
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  1846. Forgotten: The description of the criminals is allways very exact: It is allways Mr. Einmann ( a man...).
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  1847. ​ @Aiel-Necromancer : German here. Nazis exist in Germany, the NPD , which changed its name one or two Years ago, was in late 1960s founded by former NSDAP members. In early 1970s, this party came at one election in a single state over 5%. But since then , this party is no more important. Not long ago , german Gouvernement tried to forbid this party, but it was a total disaster for Gouvernement, because very lot high rank NPD members had been disguised inestigators of (Not centraliced ) interior intelligence service!!!! Also a party ,Dritter Weg' ( third path) exists. Then there is the astonishingly successfull party , Alternative für Deutschland ', a rather rightwing party. In my oppinion populist right. But those party is Not very liked, and has realy influence. In national and states Parlaments, in town or County councils they have members, but only less than ten mayors and only one Landrat/ Leader of a County.. Whom have you to blame for the unbelievable events/ incidents in current Germany ? Of course a large part of fast growing muslim population. In context of muslim SS Division Handschar, Heinrich Himmler noted: Islam is a religion, which creates brave warriors , and has some similarities to NS ideology. Main field imam of noted SS Division was a palestinianan man named ,al Hosseini'. Then the leftwing, woke, political correct mainstream. Including parties SPD, Grüne, die Linke, parts of FDP , CDU/ CSU. Also Protestant church ( Evangelische Kirche) is basicly a leftwing party today. Then typical leftwing circles of newspaper, TV, Art, universities, NGOs, sports, to some degree also Catholic Church. Germanys spirit is so dominated by described mainstream idiocracy, that you can see the result even outside the borders. I hope you can translate: Über Italien lacht die Sonne, über Deutschland die ganze Welt.
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  1848. I am german. I have heared, this man disappeared in the 60s with no trace. Is there new information?
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  1849. I am Brittas boyfriend, and German. Same thng in Germany, those immigrants are nearly unpunished, when raping german girls. No wonder AFD party has succes.
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  1850. And when someone surprisingly attacks from backside and cuts your throat?
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  1851. Sisters- Schwestern in Herman.
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  1852.  @panda756  : Being Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. I am conservative rural German, 59, factory worker. For reason of my salary , and grown up in traditional swabian Spirit of my homeregion ( understatement), i can and want not to buy a Jaguar. From time to time a company needs to be , on height of the time' ( as we germans say), a new image is often no mistake. But: A new image affording traditional buyers ( Stammkunden) is in my personal oppinion unwise. The transformation to success in future must be done soft, but believeable. For example in an arms magazine i read an article about a luxury traditional austrian gunsmith ( gunmaker?) craftman. His hunting guns have modernest material ( including carbon fibres), modern technical features, but still craftsman made in old spirit, stock is a combination of traditional and modernist elements. My oppinion is, when Tradition Companies want to change their image, then by modern up to date products, with a modern Interpretation of traditional elements, for example still keeping some small parts of wood Interieur as relicts of old days. I have Asperger disorder, and my english is limited, i hope you understand my thougt (?)/ Gedanken.
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  1853. ​ @panda756 : Offends, not affords . My mistake.
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  1854. In early stages of wwl, german cavallrymen had a similar problem. Often only their lance remained as weapon.
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  1855. How can someone speak Spangenhelm as Spangelhelm? Btw., i am german.
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  1856.  @jitterskater  : A ,v' can be spoken as f or w. In case of Valentin most people say Walentin, but you also hear Fallentin. The 1948 died comedian Karl Valentin wanted to be called Falentin.
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  1857. Waadtland?
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  1858. German word for battle ( from french bataille) is Schlacht. But that Streit once also meant battle is not impossible. In current german Streit is more quarrel/ brawl ( my english is limited)and must not be violent. A very old word for battlefield/ Schlachtfeld is Walstatt, is no more used.
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  1859. Schlachten means in Standart German to butcher an annimal , and in northern part of german territory Schlachter means butcher. In southern Germany, where i live the butcher is called Metzger and to butcher is metzgen ( only used when speaking dialect). I assume is related to english meat or german Mett, which means fine minced raw pork. Also common for butcher is Fleischer (and less common words, german is not only spoken in Germany, are Fleischhauer, Fleischhacker, Beinhacker, Beinhauer, you as dutch speaker surely recognize.
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  1860. For the ,thumbnail' plural of Gruppe is Gruppen.
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  1861. The gregorian calender in a muslim country? This could be the islamic calender which started about 622 in the christian callender system.
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  1862. May be ten/15 years ago a couple called police of german town Göppingen, because they found human bones . But the police could do nothing, medieval bones, may be in context to nearby castle ruins.
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  1863. otm646 : Hitler helped Franco in the spanish civil war 1936-39, and the dictator Franco died in 1975.
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  1864. Steel and steel is not the same. Iron makes the largest part, but there is also other metal or non metal stuff added , for making steel for different use. But i do not know if ship armor steel is good for producing other products. When about 25 years ago large numbers of tanks where taken out of use, i read that the tanksrmor steelmix is not so useable in civilian context.
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  1865. The line of Götz ( Gottfried) died out officialy in 1920s, but in Jagsthausen, the head of a line from a brother, told me and other people from a historical bus tour, that in late 1960s an old woman died, which was illegetime daughter of last descendant of Götz.
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  1866.  @robertvondarth1730  : Exactly. All three knifetypes had been mostly tools or used for selfdefence. Bunt in case of war, they went to battlefield ( Langes Messer, Schwertsax or D- guard Bowie had been intended for war, not so muck tool).
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  1867.  @joshuawinstead7621  : Swords of Spatha type had been used by every germannic ( including german) tribe. Being member of alemannic/ swabian tribe, i can say , from warrior graves of alemannic warriors, found in nearly every swabian/ swiss german village, seax ( in german Sax) was weapon of average/ poorer warrior, while Spatha was , in context of my tribe, from 3th to early 7th century an upper class warriors weapon. Being member of a germannic tribe, i don' t understand this Vikings nonsens. This had been germannics like me , similar customs, only being last germannics, praising germannic gods. Nonsenical hype.
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  1868. Same in wwl, in wwll iron cross for non combat persons , as far as i know, with such a ribbon no more existed.
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  1869. Einige Personen wundern sich , was es mit den australischen Austauschstudenten auf sich hat. Dieser Tage hat in einer politischen Talkshow ( Hart aber fair) eine Frau der AFD auf den hohen Ausländeranteil bei Gewalttaten ( oder Sexualdelikten?) hingewiesen. Sie wurde von dem politisch links stehenden Moderator mit folgenden Worten unterbrochen: Man wisse ja gar nicht, was das für Ausländer seien, es könnten ja auch australische Austauschstudenten sein. Da es sehr selten vorkommt, daß Australier hierzulande unangenehm auffallen, wird dies von vielen Zuschauern als eine Verdrehung der Tatsachen und Beleidigung der dortigen Menschen angesehen.
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  1870. nosferatu: Ich kenne ihr Alter nicht. Mich jedenfalls stört es seit Ende der 70er Jahre, daß sich linke Kreise stets als friedlich bezeichnen, aber bei gewalttätigen linken Krawallen stets die Krawallmacher in Schutz nehmen. Demonstrationen von linken Extremismusbekämpfern , die sich gegen Linksextremismus oder radikalen Islam wenden, habe ich noch nie gesehen. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Islam verstehe ich eh nicht, wieso sich linke Kreise so sehr an diese Religion anbiedern. Das Gedankengut des Islams scheint mir nämlich näher am Nationalsozialismus dran zu sein. Zum Beispiel beim Thema Menschen unterschiedlichen Wertes.
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  1871. @Kincaid7 : In the first sentence i used ,speak German', for the reason, that still today some persons in Alsace speak German, what i noticed few years ago at the town of Colmar.
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  1872. This is today normal, from every metal there are variations/ alloys/ Legierungen for different purposes. Greetings from a german metal worker!
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  1873.  @officialluckyturn  : Habe in einer nicht mehr existierenden Fabrik für Geflügelfedernverarbeitungsmaschinen gelernt. Zur Zeit bin ich ,besserer Hilfsarbeiter' in einer kleinen Schlosserei, dazwischen in einer kleinen Rohrleitungsfabrik. Hier musste ich als Qualitätsprüfer immer darauf achten, das die richtige Legierung verwendet wurde, musste immer darauf achten, daß die Kollegen keine Unordnung im Lager anrichteten.
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  1874. Same thing in Germany.
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  1875. The ,th' in name Roth is spoken the german way ,t' , not the english way. Up to 1870s behind every t a h was written. Today in german language a ,th' appears in words comming from another language, for example Theorie, Theologie etc. or in family names. When in 1901 the last german words lost their ,th' only Thron( throne) remained, when it is true, by Intervention of Emperor Wilhelm ll.
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  1876. Wenn sie kein Deutsch können, dann lassen sie dumme Witze.
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  1877. Not Fallschirme?
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  1878. Führer can be Leader, Guide or Driver.
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  1879. The Fugger company stopped goods trading in mid 17th century, but up to arround 2000 the ,Fürst Fugger Bank' was an inependant Bank company. The princes/ Fürsten von Fugger still exist, and they are still rather rich. As far as i know , the ,Fürst Fugger Bank' is today only a subbranch of a german bank company, bit for rich clients only.
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  1880. This Oriental prime ministers ,vizier' are in german language called ,Wesir'. When i, born 1965, you could sometimes read the word ,Verweser', which is nowadays no more used. I didn' t understand this word at first, because,verwesen' means, the dead body of a human or annimal is rotting. A Verweser is a person , which acts as substitute, when a Person , who is regular ,in office' dies, and the next Person, being regular , in office' is not yet elected or introduced. So a Verweser acted only in the time between the death of an important Person and the introduction of the next regular Person in the Position. May be the word Verweser is related to Wesir.
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  1881. Isn't there a gap between cylinder and barrel? There the noise dissappeares!
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  1882. Flinte is shotgun in german language, rifle would be Büchse, here Mr. Felton made a mistake. Weib ( see similarity to english wife) is more difficult. Pike Fräulein, the use of Weib is today unwanted in Germany. 50 vor 60 years ago, Weib was often heard, mostly used by elderly people, as a word for a married woman (wife) for an elderly woman. In this case, Weib was nothing bad, simply outdated. But when an angry man shouted : Weiber or Weiberleut, then he was not amused about women, and some words had a negative sense, for example Mannweib ( which means a tall, strong woman, which looks not pretty). So in few words, it depends on context, if Weib is simply outdated for wife, or clearly has a negative sense.
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  1883.  @dj1NM3  : I know this fact, but the Graben- or Sappenpanzer replica is in size and design rather correct, while this ,suit of armor' is total nonsense. I am no expert , but i am german, and in the last 50 years i have seen lots of real suits of armour, in Germany, two austrian Museums in Vienna, a museum in Bruxelles/ Brüssel and the London Tower .
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  1884. Genauso unnütz.
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  1885. Cavallrymen at the start of wwl had been trained also as mounted infantry. Yes, but they had mostly shorter rifles ( carbines), was lighter and handier for a horseman. But in case of German Cavallry there had been at first no or to few bayonnets.
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  1886. In my opinion, i am german, english speakers could easy learn german, if they want, the two languages are devided for about 1200 years now, especially after 1066, but there are still similarities.
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  1887. Cnerd 7 : Bier in Standard German means beer. But in some dialects, which are still spoken, but in decline, Bier can also mean pear. Now, which name you want to have? Mr. Beer or Mr. Pear?
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  1888. A note from Germany..From about 1200 to 1850 Holy Roman Empire of German Nation, and later German Federation had been no Great Power. Germany, until 1866 Ausria , Luxemburg and Liechtenstein had been part of Germany. A total nonsens of Video creator is, that Leopold of Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen was a prussian prince. Prussian dynasty was in reallity protestsntic branch of Hohenzollern dynasty, Hohenzollern - Brandenburg. Mountain and Castle Hohenzollern is not in former Prussia, but near Hechingen in Swabia, today State Baden-Württemberg. There had been two catholic swabian branches of Hohenzollern dynasty, Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen ( still existing) and Hohenzollern - Hechingen ( died out in 1857). In 1848 , during revolutions/ rebellions in Germany, the princes of swabian branches had to flee, and gave their territories to their mighty prussian relatives. A note: From 1200 to 1871 the french where used to beat nonunfied and weak Germany, but in 1870/ 71 after six centuries they faced united power of german states and claimed german people are bad persons, a great french lie.
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  1889.  @einundsiebenziger5488  : Achtung! Die Jäger hatten bis zum M71 ein anderes Modell als die Linieninfanterie.
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  1890. See the videos of Forgotten Weapons or In Range with german wwl Grabenpanzer as toppic.
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  1891. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. I am no accademic, never seen an university from inside, but socalled Mittlere Reife ( midlevel education) and german sttyle trained worker ( Facharbeiter). But born 1965, my intersst in history started in 1971 after visiting a german fairytale castle. It seems, after 54 years of selflearning/ hobby, my nonaccademic knowledge is better than that of many ,scientists'.
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  1892. I think thiis revolver was designed for old style target/competition shooting with angled arm, as it was common before wwl.
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  1893.  @melchiorvonsternberg844  : As a native speaker of german, you know the joke, But other persons need research:-).
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  1894. When i , Brittas boyfriend, started in early 1980s to read weapons magazines in german language, i saw a similar gun in .22 Hornet, described as , Schonzeitbüchse'. Büchse means rifle, and Schonzeit is the time, when by german hunting law hunting is not allowed. In this Schonzeit the regular hunting guns are not in use, because hunting is not allowed. But when german hunters in this time do something in context with hunting, they carry a small rifle in .22 or shotgun in .410, for the case, something unexpected happens.
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  1895.  @roentgen571  : Some rich persons of noted graves had been burried with their items, but could be identified as christians: A cross, made of thin gold foil/ Blattgold was found on their face. And during a historical daytrip with a small historical society, the guide, a historical educated man, said, that some churches/ chappels outside of villages or town, have forgotten which saint, could be locations of former germannic religion. See St. Olaf in Skandinavia, he carries on statues hammer (!) or axe, similar to Donar.
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  1896. One note from Germany: Up to mid 12th century, current Austria, with exeption of Vorarlberg state, was a part of Bavaria. In the first time of HRE the german part was divided into tribal duchies, todays Austria was the borderland (Mark, also in english/scottish borderland used) of Bavaria. This is the reason , why people of Austria ( except Vorarlberg), Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz and Südtirol/ Southern Tyrol can easily understand each other, the dialect of alpine regions is so similar, that nonbavarians can not say Bavarian or Austrian. I, Brittas boyfriend, am a member of swabian tribe, so it is for me easier to understand Swiss German than for other germans, because Swabians and Swiss Germans once had been the same tribe, same thing like Bavaria and Austria.
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  1897.  @jurgenkuhlmann9194  : Gipskopf.
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  1898. Perhaps italian Fiocci ammunition, from time to time this company produces small quantites of obscure cartidges.
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  1899. I am german, born 1965 in a then rural village. In my childhood/ teenage years, i personaly saw live, in color and 3d last ,tail end' of traditional pre Industrial farm life/ agricultural life. Today, when you visit german newspaper shops / Kioske, you see magszines ( Zeitschriften) like Landliebe/ country life, Landlust/ country joy, which show current readers a description of former rural life, i don' t know.....
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  1900. Also the german language mostly disdappeared in Lorraine, and is also in Alsace mostly spoken in rural north.
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  1901.  @robertkalinic335  : Wasn' t Schlachta the word for lower noblemen, while high noblemen had been called Magnaten? ( I am german and speak no polnish)
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  1902.  @martinkasper197  : Exactly! Sadly it never exists. The oldstyle dancing location was a time capsule of a bygone era.
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  1903. May be they asked Erich von Däniken, a German or Swiss man, who wrote strange books, had some popularity 30/40 years ago.
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  1904. Brenneke IS a german synonym for Flinternlaufeinzelgeschoß.
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  1905. German name of battle of Blenheim is Höchstett, which is between Ulm and Augsburg.
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  1906. Neumünstergerät and MP 3008.
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  1907.  @TylerSnyder305  : In Germany nothing usefull for selfdefence is allowed, to weak airguns ( only 7,5 Joules) and pepperspray. Such a shown strong Paintball gun is better to keep an attacker on distance than nothing. There is a world outside USA.
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  1908.  @juicyfruit6311  : These items
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  1909. ​ @bugatti59911 : Bitteschön, die Franken ( Merowinger/ Karolinger) bildeten im heutigen Frankreich nur die Oberschicht! Die germanischen Eroberer einstmals römischer Gebiete bildeten dort nur die Oberschicht und nahmen nach relativ kurzer Zeit das von der Bevölkerungsmehrheit gesprochene Vulgärlatein an. Als 711 die Religion des Friedens das Westgotenreich im heutigen Spanien angriffen, hat der Westgotenkönig Roderich /Rodrigo mit Sicherheit kein germanisch mehr gesprochen. Noch im 10.Jahrhundert, als das Mittelfränkische Reich Teil des Deutschen, bzw. Heiligen Römischen Reiches wurde, berichteten italienische Adlige: Wir sprechen kein Deutsch/ germanisch mehr, aber wir wissen, wir sind Nachfahren der Langobarden und Burgunder.,
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  1910. There are still in small numbers custom made guns produced by traditional gunsmith shops, which use oldstyle design.
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  1911.  @frankberry6220  : Forgotten: As far as i know , for target/competition shooters use, in Great Brittain pistols are sold with an attached steel rod , to get minimum length as ,Long gun' . Is this true?
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  1912.  @frankberry6220  : When i was younger, there had been jokes about a (fictional) russian radio station. They started , that someone sent a question to the Radio Station: Is it possible, that...., and the radio station answered: In theory yes, but... That describes the situation about german , Notwehrrecht'( litealy Right of defence in emergency). On paper you can defend yourself when your honour, posesses (? Things you own), freedom, health or life is in danger, but not with unnecessary overpower. But, duels are as far as i know forbidden ( with exeption of Mensur fencing, which is by law no Duel) , but i never have heared, that you realy get punishment, when defending your honour with violence, was perhaps different in 1950s/1960s. When defending yourself in other four noted cases, it is in theory allowed, but: In contrast to earlier decades, today criminals are Holy, and when you hurt a saint, you are often in trouble, current judges in Germany are to criminals friedly, i think, you know this from your country and are not surprised. Weapons? Currently you can carry pepper or CS Spray, smaller Kubotan, socalled tactical pens and knives ( single edged, fixed or twohand opening up to 12 cm ( 4 and 4/5 ") blade. In rural areas no problem, in urban areas causing more and more trouble. Currently, you know it perhaps from TV, we have a large problem with knife attacks/ murders, caused, similar to your country, often by foreign chirurgical experts ( Irony!). Our Gouvernement knows, what to do, and coming soon, Daggers, Fighting Knives and automatic are forbidden, and only knives with 6cm ( 2 and 2/5") are allowed to carry.As a Brit, you know, how well this will work. Since 2008 a licence , Kleiner Waffenschein ' is necessary for carry a blank gun, firing CS or pepper blanks. A note: Up to early 1890 ordinary german policeman had no pistol, only a short saber ( similar to 18th /early 19th century infantry saber, or the british police saber Matt Easton showed in one of his videos), but more and more criminals used pistols. Had three results: a) Up to 1913 every german policeman had a pistol b) a carry licence for pistols was introduced ( Waffenschein) c) About 1905 licencefree blankguns appeared. So blankguns no licence from 1905 to 2008 ( Wilhelm ll, austrian painter). The noted carry licence Waffenschein still exists, but is rather difficult to get. According to german language weapons magazines today most owners of this licence are armed Security guards, private citizens, in contrast to former decades lesser. Licencefree ( as i noted, law restrictions will come soon) are currently airguns lesser than 7. 5 Joule ( in german i would use , instead of .), bow/ crossbow, for a loophole some airpowered small harpoons, match-, wheel - and flintlock muzzleloaders, singleshot Percussion muzzleloaders, blankguns, teargas/ pepperspray , Police batons ( No Blackjack/ cosh), and Most nonfirearms, if they are not concealed, for example in a cane. But: Licencefree weapons must be locked away in a box or similar. So you are defenceless against a sudden intruder. So basicly german population is defenceless, and Gouvernement tries to make lawfull people totally defenceless, and when a person successfully defends himself or a person in danger, what do you think, who gets troubles? Arms of all kind (especially in civilians hands) have a bad reputation among policy, media and the very onfluntial leftwing circles. Those three groups allways say, only ,State' is allowed to use violence, but the , immerwährender Landfrieden ' of 1496 only means, that disputes must be solved by judges, lawyers, law and court, not with violence, especially the Fehderecht ( Right of Feuds) for Knights and Nobles had to end. As far as i know, in same time periode, there was a similar thing called , Yeomanry Act' to reduce armed retinue of nobles. Both Landfrieden and this Yeomanry Act was about personal defence of civilians.
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  1913.  @frankberry6220  : You can still buy batons in police style, but since 2008 it is for ordinary civilians no more allowed, to carry them. Only licenced private Security personal on duty can still do this (there is an exeption, in cases of Theater the actors can carry them on stage, in March i watched a theater comedy, in which the actor, playing the policeman,was armed with a baton), also when you are in your own garden with a Baton, because you heared strange noises, usually trouble, but no real punishment. Pepperspray and CS ( still produced) can be carried by ordinary civilians, exeption: Sport events, political events, parades , festivals, in current time also Sprays in Public transportation or City centers can cause trouble for the owner. By law pepperspray is in Germany only allowed as defence against dogs ( or other dangerous annimals), but using pepperspray in real danger is often not seen as unlawfull. To those airguns, firing rubber- or pepperballs, i can write nothing, other thay you currently can buy ( but not carry) weak versions, but i can't speak about usefullness of this items. But now i am tired for today, have a nice evening!
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  1914. Not only in military Navy History, also in military/ weapons History in general.
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  1915.  @currentsitguy  : Has Vaduz realy Stadtrechte/ town rights?
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  1916.  @IDK-ze5cc  : ??? The principality is written Liechtenstein, it was before Liechtenstein family bought it consisting of two , reichsunmittelbaren ' countries: Grafschaft ( county) Vaduz and Herrschaft ( lordship/ seigneurie) Schellenberg ( or Nellenberg?).
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  1917.  @youtubemodsaresnowflakelef7692  : Nein ich meine Schloss Lichtenstein auf der Schwäbischen Alb, nahe Reutlingen, der genaue Ort heißt glaube ich Honau. Es gehört den Fürsten von Urach, einer Seitenlinie der Württemberger.
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  1918.  @IDK-ze5cc  : Ich , Brittas Freund, bin Arbeiter ohne Abitur etc., und weiß, dies, obwohl ich nicht zur Bildungselite uehöre und in England nicht als Genteman gelten würde.
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  1919. Matthias Behrendt: Da mein Kommentar inzwischen gelöscht ist, weiß ich nicht mehr, was genau ich geschrieben habe. Es ist richtig, daß Deutsche ( hier mit Österreichischern und Schweizern), Niederländer/ Flamen, Engländer und Friesen, Nachkommen der Westgermanen sind, die zur Zeit des Römischen Reiches die Bewohner von Germania Magna, zum Teil auch der Provinzen Germania Superior und besonders Germania Inferior waren. Aber man kann die damaligen Westgermanen doch nicht als Deutsche, Niederländer etc. bezeichnen. Der englische Sprachgebrauch ist verwirrend, während wir deutschsprachigen Menschen sorgfältig zwischen Deutschen und Germanen unterscheiden. Darauf will ich hinaus, und nicht auf eine völkerkundliche Sensation.
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  1920. Versehen, habe im Eifer des Gefechts meinen Kommentar nicht gesehen.
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  1921.  @acab8885  : No sodsch au ohne englisch lerna wissa , was a Barn isch.
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  1922.  @Ajnoguin  : Im schwäbischen Dialekt ist mit ,äbbas' das hochdeutsche ,etwas' gemeint. Do isch irgendäbber komma one hot irgendäbbas wella. Da ist irgendjemand gekommen und hat irgendetwas gewollt.
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  1923.  @magmalin  : In meiner Heimatgegend nahe Stuttgart habe ich dies noch nie gehört. Jedoch liest man in älteren Texten/ Büchern ,es schickt sich so' ,bzw. von ,schicklichem Benehmen'. Kann es daher nicht sein, daß mit dem ,Schick di' ursprünglich ,benimm dich artig' gemeint war?
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  1924. Jörg Sobota : Egg laying woolmilksow!
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  1925. Wooden clubs are known from stoneage onwards and still in use by more policeduty units.
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  1926. In lmperial Russia there had been one or two disc shaped warships.
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  1927. In Imperial Germany it was at least possible, to buy firearms.
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  1928. In wwl austrian army used a 16 round full auto version of their 9mm pistol.
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  1929. Watch Ian from ,Forgotten Weapons' with his Videos of german wwl Grabenpanzer.
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  1930. The only duel- like fencing events still happening are ,academic fencing' , still done by some german, austrian and swiss students, also few belgian, polish and baltic students. University students.
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  1931. Yes a realy beautifull looking master piece.
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  1932. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. I like women who are curvier than average, but i don' t like fat girls , where there is a large belly , and no breasts.
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  1933. A bit out of context: In late years of imperial germany and in early interwar era, in Germany ,Wehrmanngewehre ' existed. This had been singleshot Gewehr 98, but for Schützenrifle cartridge 8,15 x 43 ( 47?).
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  1934.  @redram5150  : My english is limited. Sometimes a/o/u switch to ä/ö/ü simply for plural reasons, sometimes for compound word reason, many Umlaute appear. Out of hollow stomach ( a german saying) i can' t tell a word with two Umlaute , which is no compound word.
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  1935. Correct pronounciation in swabian dialect :-))
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  1936. ​ @Pusserdoc : The words scheißen und schießen are related: something IS flying away.
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  1937.  @NeilWestphalen  : Fun aside! When comparing germannic part of english vocsbulary to german words, I belong to , nostalgic' part of my countrymen, I often notice similarities, because i know lots of dated German words and still speak in dialect, rarely in Standard German. One example: Englisch lake and german Lache. A lake is in german , der See', a Lache is in english a ,puddle'. Size is different, but waterfilled.
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  1938.  @nickosman1556  : Realy? In some german collections ( museums or castles/ palaces of former nobility) you can see Windbüchsen / literally wind rifles, which had been able to kill small game, and have been produced before 1800. By current law no more allowed for hunting. And arround 1800 a small unit of Austrian Jäger was equipped with repeating Windbüchsen, Napoleon banned them personaly.
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  1939.  @jnievele  : In some german collections airguns apperar, which are simply stocked blow guns ( Blasrohre) and at location of gunlock there is a mouth/ lips tube.
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  1940. In Germany firsi the FAL was introduced as G1, but later the G3 from Hecker & Koch was used.
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  1941.  @nematolvajkergetok5104  : No! The similar looking helmets still in use by some volunteer firemen are as far as i know Aluminium ones.
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  1942.  @nematolvajkergetok5104  : As far as I know the realy impressive Stechschritt with the high lifted leg was only perfomed , when passing an important Person as sign of honour.
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  1943.  @Lollygagger-k4p  : Have heared this also.
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  1944.  @Lollygagger-k4p  : Well german troops had been idiots, so intelligent allied troops needed six Years to win against idiots.
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  1945. ​ @paulkoza8652 : We germans, other information is only fake news . :-)
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  1946. ​ @joecanteen7428 : We germans use the word Stahlhelm for all military helmets made of steel ! Also your ones are Stahlhelme.
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  1947. At first, don' t underestimate training and skill of former craftsmen! I, german style trained worker, am allways astonished , what my ,coworkers ob the old days' could do, when i visit a museum. First anti tank weapon : Mauser Tankgewehr from 1918, first anti air weapon: A handfull 37 mm Krupp anti ballon guns of 1870/71, but unsucessfull. This Fliegerfaust was also, like noted weapons, first step of rocketbased man portable anti air weapon. But, according to german arms/ military history Magazins, the Fliegerfaust was nearly useless against ground fighters, may be against spotter planes or similar non fighters.
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  1948. Many helmets had been transformed into , Gülleschöpfer ' by welding a piece of pipe for fixing a wooden pole. What is Gülle/ Jauche/ Soich/ Odel? Cattle piss, used as fertilizer (?)/ Dünger. For filling the Güllefaß/ annimal piss barrel, once a tool called Gülleschöpfer, a pole with a small bucket was used.
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  1949. Realm or empire - Reich, but rich- reich. In german language substantives allways start with a ,tall' letter , never with a ,short' one.
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  1950. Solingen is still a town in Germany, but more known for blades ( a tradition which perhaps soon ends, german gouvernement is planing an idiotic knifelaw). First repesting weapons used in combat? Chinese repesting crossbows.
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  1951. When Queen Elizabeth ll during a state visit in Germany was in state Baden-Württemberg in 1960s, the Governor of Baden- Württemberg knew Teck mountain with the castle ruin. So he said to the Queen: Your ancestors looked down from Teck Castle. There had been lots of persons critisizing the Governor: Mary von Teck was part of sidebranch of Württemberg dynasty, not part of died out Teck dynasty. But the in those days very popular university Professor Decker- Hauff heared this, and after short research ( before Computer era) He could tell, that Elisabeth ll was really a descendant of Teck dynasty ( died out in 1450s).
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  1952. In case of diameter, the 18mm cartridge for the Gendarmerie rifle oft Swiss canton Neuenburg must be the larrgest.
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  1953. So Volkssturm equipment was hightech.
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  1954. Up to early/ mid 60s there was a difference between Gefängnis and Zuchthaus. Zuchthaus was harder than ordinary Gefängnis/ prison.
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  1955. Heinrich Himmler, commander of SS noted: Islam is a Religion which creates brave warriors, and has similarities to National Socialism. Heinrich Himmler knew Ideology of National Socialism, so he clearly saw the similarities. See master Race and Muslim believers, See the view about Democraty, See the view about jews, See the roles and rights of men and women. You can See , when you inform yourself about SS division Handschar, you can See Field Imam al Hosseini doing Nazi salute in Front of Muslim SS men with Fez headgear . Watch video: Muslim SS praying.
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  1956. I am german and Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer. I was born in 1965 in an ( in those days) rural area, as son of of a man, who was both factory worker AND part time farmer ( in german Nebenerwerbslandwirt). I have ,middle education' and a german style trained metal worker (Facharbeiter). This means, i am no accademic or scientist, History is for me only a Hobby, in dated german a , Steckenpferd '. But living in a Region, where you can find relicts from Celtic, Roman , Alemannic and medieval/renaissance era, also few stone- and bronceera relicts, i am intressted in History since i have seen Lichtenstein Castle ( and Bear Cave) at a Kindergarten trip. So, after fifty years of historical interesst, reading many books and magazines, visiting lots of museums, castles , collections and historic sites, i think , i have a solid basic knowledge of History. But: For about twenty years i more and more get angry. Why? It is the political correctnes/ woke Nonsens. In ,historical ' movies to much of of the appearing Characters act as political corect woke persons of today, but not like persons of the era, in which the movie plays.
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  1957. You know what happened to the Titanic?
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  1958. TheRenaissanceman65 : Hochdeutsch/ Standard German was created in 1873 by german, austrian and swiss scientists. So there is a difference between the older dialects and the younger Standard German. The dialects are in decline, but in country you still find a lot of speakers.
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  1959. When in wwl geman troops entered Belgium, there was also a Sailors Division.
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  1960. When in the years after 1867, when Shogunate was abandoned, the now again ruling emperors wanted a modern army, at first they asked the country , with the strongest army, in this days France,, after 1871 Germany , for instructors. The Japanese noticed, that the use of bajonett, formerly unknown in matchlock era, had similarities to Yari and Naginata polearms, so a bayonnet technic based on Yari and Naginata was created.
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  1961.  @donjones4719  : Ian from ,Forgotten Weapons' showed german aircraft machineguns transfered for infantry use.
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  1962. Cadde : In german language ,Kugelspritze' is a nickname for Maschinenpistole.
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  1963. The bayonnet stabs a hole that the bullet is able to enter the body ;-)
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  1964. Annelise Meier : Aufgrund ihres Namens nehme ich an, sie sind des Deutschen mächtig und haben das Wortspiel verstanden. Verstehe ich ihren Kommentar richtig, daß ich möglicherweise eine Unsinn schreibende nichtdeutsche Person ,entlarvt' habe?
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  1965. Soap Maker : The word realm was unknown to me, in a translating app realm was translated as Reich. Now we are both confused. But it is true that in german language Reich means either kingdom or empire, when we mean a realy large empire, for example the empire of Dschingis Khan or the British Empire, then we speak sometimes of an Imperium or Weltreich (Welt-world). Reich and realm seems on the first view being the same, but there must be a difference in using these words in our languages.
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  1966. schrodingers cat : Thank you for your comment!
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  1967. Der ehemalige Panzerfahrer trägt den nicht sehr verbreiteten Namen Tegettthoff, ist er eventuell mit dem gleichnamigen österreichischen Admiral verwandt?
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  1968. When France introduced Lebel rifle in 1886, in 1888 Germany introduced Gewehr 88.
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  1969. Don' t understand the problem. If you speak Standard German, you usually know, how the word is written in german.
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  1970. My father ( born 1938) one knew a construction worker, who was Fallschirmjäger in war. This man knew this rolling move when landing, and used this, when jumping down on construction side to natural earth ground.
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  1971. A note from Germany: Atlantikwall ( german) translates as Atlantic Rampart ( english). Atlantic Wall (english) is in german Atlantikmauer.
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  1972. I am german. About twenty years ago, one of my aunts was in Hospital. One day a dark haired man with a long beard accidently entered her room and addressed (?) himself: Ich bin der Pfarrer Teufel! ( I am the priest Devil!) . Teufel/ Devil is a name, some people in my homeregion have.
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  1973.  @d10s_ad  : A difficult question. Before the Romans conquered the region i live, it was settled by celtic people. May be you can inform yourself in Wikipedia about celtic settlements ,Heidengraben', ,Heuneburg' or ,Ipf'. I live about 30km/20 miles away from former Roman/Germanic border ,Limes' and also from Norder between roman provinces ,Germania Superior' and ,Rhaetia', border between this provinces was between towns Lorch and Schwäbisch Gmünd. So when my alemannic ancestors overrun Limes in 260 after Jesus Christ, i don' t know how romanized the celtic people had been, or how many ,Romans' from all over ,Imperium Romanum ' lived there. I also don' t know, if there was any hate between celtic and germanic people. A may be curious fact for you : The germanic English called the people of Wales welsh ( non germanic), the alemannic Swissgermans call the nongermanic people of Wallis welsch. Formerly in german language ,die Welschen' meant nongerman people, for the last time i heared this in 80s by an elderly coworker.
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  1974. In the three german language countries Switzerland has still the Most liberal gun law, but was restricted in 1999, and few years ago by force of EU. Austrias gunl: aw was restricted in 1996 and again when joining EU ( Switzerland IS No member of EU), in 2015 posssibilty of licencefree buying of side by side shotguns ended, but law is, according to Austrian citizens still ok. Germany: Hardest gunlaw in german language countries (and much harder than other european countries) In 1971 licencefree buying of singleshot .22 rifles ended ( licencefree buying of pistols for microcartridges 4mm rimfire and 4mm M20 ended 1975- Gouvernement has forgotten this cartridges in 1972!), carrying a blankgun without CCW licence ended 2008, was allowed from Kaiser Wilhelms days!). In case of guncrime Austria IS safest country, Switzerland slightly Higher, Germany with highest guncrime. Don' t knowing Swiss and Austrian situation: It was from Kaisers days to 1980s difficult, but not Impossible to get a CCW licence in Germany, from 1980s to 2000s more difficult, and from 2000s to now nearly Impossible, with exeption of some Security Guards. The Royal Armoiries Channel (from Great Brittain) some weaks ago showed an 18th century Fencing book, from an italian, living in London. A commenter wrote : Intressting, a book Made in London, by a french educated italian fencer. Annother commenter: London is still a place to find bladed weapons experts from exotic places. Same Situation in Germany: Since 2015 ( Merkels migrants nonsens) WE have rising knife and rape crime by migrants. There have been cases, Muslim imigrants Gang raped a fifteen Years old girl, without getting Put to prison! Gouvernement , Judges, politcal Parties ( with exeption of one), churches, artists, media are supporting criminals ( especially when nongerman and Muslim), problems only for germans and people, defending themselves. I am 58 now, but I have never Seen and expected such an Idiocracy in Germany. And politicians are so surprised, that a right - Wing Party is sucessfull.
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  1975. Copper , in german Kupfer. Copper alloy , in german Kupferlegierung. This can be Bronze( bronce), Messing (brass), Neusilber ( german silver???), Tombak ....
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  1976. Weygand is a german name.
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  1977.  @frenchfrog4622  : En Allemagne , en TV beaucoup anees derniere, it etait un commisaire Weigand, et j'ai ecoute cette nom aussi en vie reale. As you noted, for courtesy reason, i wrote in french language, but my knowledge is to small for difficult topics.
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  1978. There had been files(?)/ descriptios called , Kennblätter für fremdes Gerät'.
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  1979. The ships name was Lützow, not Lutzow.
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  1980.  @admDanRyan  : I use a ,tablett' computer with touchsceen, so èéêėë,üûùúū,öòóõōøœ,äâàáæãåā,ßšś,ñń are no problem, to find ç i have to use a trick. For my german i only need ä, ö, ü and the slowly dissapearing ß. But you can write ä as ae, ü as ue or ö as oe, this is also correct german.
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  1981.  @canberkano  : Bei der Mordtat von Hanau, ebenso beim Amoklauf von Erfurt haben die für Waffen zuständigen Ordnungsämter total versagt. Wie kann man , im Fall von Hanau einen Mann ,der Briefe wirren Inhalts an Behörden schreibt, Waffen besitzen lassen? Auch in Erfurt hat das Ordnungsamt versagt und trotz Anfrage eines misstrauischen Büchsenmachers dem Täter den Kauf eines Gewehrs ( das dann allerdings versagte) genehmigt.
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  1982.  @khaelamensha3624  : Matt Easton from ,Scholagladiatora' channel has in edged weapons community a reputation like Ian in firearms community. He is sceptic about sword canes, they have no guard. Also, in case of a surprise attack, you perhaps can' t push the locking button, some canes had.
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  1983.  @khaelamensha3624  : You are right, not every situaton and opponent is the same. I, Brittas boyfriend, only one time carried my light french cane to defend a lady if necessary. For good luck, nothing happened, good for me, i am not a fighter.
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  1984.  @silubr6170  : I am german, this canes are forbidden in my country for long time, so i only saw few in museums.
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  1985.  @khaelamensha3624  : Vous etes français? Mon français n' est pas bon, parce que ca, je prefere ecrire en anglais. My cane is from french company Fayette, it seems, they still produce sword canes. And whats the situation with rubber ball pistol ,gomme cogne'? Is this common in France?
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  1986. Every useable and availlable weapon was used.
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  1987.  @TheManFrayBentos  : I am Brittas boyfriend, german and german style trained ,Facharbeiter' in metal. In first year ( of three) of training i had to work on steel with a chissel(?)/Meißel in german. This was in 1982, up to now i never had to use this technic in real work, but i remember it.
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  1988.  @ronniecoleman2342  : As a german, living not far away from Metzingen, i can tell you, Hugo Boss did not design the uniforms, he was only owner of a small cloth company. This Hugo Boss company was only one producer among many others, and in württembergian area up to 1970s lots of textile industry existed. If you don' t believe me, watch the ( german language) video of Deutsches Panzermuseum, in which the director speaks about this Hugo Boss myth.
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  1989. The namegiving castle Habichtsburg is in Swiss Canton Aargau.
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  1990.  @davidgillon2762  : Helmzier - helmetembelishment/ helmet adomment.
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  1991.  @andreasmartin7942  : In early 80s last westgerman policemen switched from 7,65mm Browning (.32 ACP) to 9mm Parabellum ( Luger).
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  1992. Being german, i assume Ian has small knowledge of german language, but he is better in reading than speaking.
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  1993.  @Jehty_  a) lütt bedeutet little. b)Haben sie noch nie Niederdeutsch/ Plattdeutsch gehört? Die Hamburger Reeperbahn hat ihren Namen, da dort einst die Reepschläger ( Seiler) ihre Werkstätten hatten. Auf niederdeutsch wird eine Gabel Forke genannt , und lütt ist niederdeutsch für klein. Das weiß sogar ich als Schwab. Der Grund dafür, daß das Niederdeutsch noch immer gewisse Ähnlichkeiten zum Englisch hat, ist die Tatsache, daß die Angelsachsen einst von dort kamen. An Niedersachsen und der auch Angeln genannten Gegend im deutsch/ dänischen Grenzgebiet merkt man das ja heute noch.
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  1994. In my swabian homeregion in nearly every village graves of alemannic warriors had been found. In local , Heimatmuseen' ( homeregion museum) there are lots of seaxes ( in german Saxe). Some have nearly Spatha length, some are in size of a large kitchen knife, some habe wide blades in size similar to billhooks or smaller machetes. In german Messer is the usual word for knife, but in some regions a small knife is called ,Kniep'. For a german the use of ,langes Messer' or ,großes Messer' 'by nongermans is funny, because they don' t know the four german grammar cases.
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  1995. In case of tubes, inches ( Zoll) are still in use, but some diameters differ. For example english diameter 73 mm, after german norm 76,3 mm, here is a real problem for welders, but english pipe diameter 141 mm and german pipe diameter 139,7 mm is in tolerance. Usually mixing pipes of ANSI and EN is no problem.
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  1996.  @gustavomartins364  : Well, i am 57 now. Thirty years ago, i hoped, idioticy will decline. Totally wrong, it grew to an unbelieveable level.
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  1997. Phil : Finaly a person who speaks about this unhonourious Q-ship crews!
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  1998. When a german word ends with -chen or -lein it means a small/ little version of the thing noted as -.
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  1999. In my state Baden-Württemberg, Germany, full Auto firearms are owned by Military, Police and criminals.
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  2000.  @01Bouwhuis  : Also the word Einbildung exists. This is when somone thinks he is in ..... better than other people,, when somone thinks: I am the Greatest...., but isn' t.
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  2001. In german a buckler is called Faustschild/ fist shield.
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  2002. Boris Palmer ist schlicht und einfach der Sohn seines Vaters Helmut Palmer, des Remstalrebellen. Dieser Mann war eigentlich ein erfolgreicher Obstplantagenbesitzer und - händler. Er hat sich in die Politik eingemischt, durchaus mit verständlichen Argumenten. Aber der Mann war wenig umgänglich, er hat sich damit viel verdorben. Wäre er umgänglicher gewesen, hätte er zumindest ein erfolgreicher Lokalpolitiker werden können.
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  2003. Perhaps you can visit ,Technikmuseum' in Sinsheim ( State: Baden- Württemberg). It is not a military museum, it is a museum about cars, motorcycles, some planes, a locomotive.... But there is also a large room with military vehicles and two armored versions of ordinary cars, used by important members of NS system. No really context to wwll, but when being in State Baden- Württemberg, you should also vistit , Wehrgeschichtliches Museum' ( Museum of military history) in the palace of Rastatt. This Museum explains german military history from late 15th century to early 20th century ( before 1914).
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  2004.  @DrBovdin  : As i noted, this position was known in german monarchy era. So it is plausible, that this still exists in current european monarchies.
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  2005. I, Brittas boyfriend, am no expert. Not only Lange Pistole 08 ( intended for artillrymen), also Pistole 04 ( for Imperial German Navy) with 15cm Barrel ( artillry Modell 20cm Barrel) had such a Stock Board ( Anschlagschaft). According to german language arms magazines, the reason was, that german Navy Headquarters knew, that most sailors or Navy personal was low trained with rifles, and bad with pistols, so they hoped , the Stock and 15 cm barrel helps the Navy soldiers, when serving as Boarding party, harbour patrol or similar Things, when they have no rifle, but need something more than bayonnet or cutlass. Not long ago Matt Easton of ,scholagladiatora' channel made a Video, that on many british warships of wwl ( and even some old ones in wwll) there had been Boarding pikes ! Those stocked pistols in metall cartridges era had been a substitute ( don' t know, how to translate, Behelf'), when a soldier, who had only a pistol, had the necessarity to fire at longer distance, than usual. In time of flintlock/ percussion pistols, the situation was different. With exeption of may be officers, flagbearers or musicans, soldiers on foot had no pistols, and no need for a stocked pistol. May be artillry men, transport , or engeneers/pioneers, or medical personal. But giving them stocked pistols? To expensive, older, a bit worn out muskets, cut to carbine length had been cheaper. So sometimes stocked pistols had been given to cavallry. While US cavallry consisted only of dragoons ( Dragoner) and perhaps ,mounted rifles, european countries had in flintlock/ percussion era different classes of cavallry, with different roles. In flintlock era the dragoons started a mounted infantry, being able to serve as ,auxillary heavy cavallry ', in 1760s they became heavy cavallry, being able to serve as , auxillary infantry '. So they had often no pistols ( or only one) , but a slightly shortened musket and bayonnet, similar to sea soldiers/ marines, and a heavy sword. Hussars had sabers. some had only a pair of pistols, but most also carbine. Hussars needed carbines, because as spies, scouts, escorts or , Special operations men' , they often had been on foot, and the enemies in distance. On other Hand, in flintlock era, there had been cuirassiers. Work as Scout, spy , escort, Special operations men, or military Police was not their Task. They had been tall, strong men, riding tall, strong horses, wearing cuirass, hats, reinforced with sheetmetal or thick wires ( sometimes still helmets), and had been armed with a heavy sword and a pair of pistols ( few had a carbine). Their Job was, to a attack a noticed weak spot in enemies Battleline in frontal , Steamroller attack' to break a hole in enemies battleorder. So in flintlock/ percussion era, those stocked pistols had been often given to such cavallry Units, having few carbines . Civilian context. I am german, so my comment is about german Situation. A sidenote: Up to 1866 Austria was regular part of HRE and later German Federation, Switzerland was in reality up to 1499, in theory up to 1648 part of HRE. It is possible, that german nobles, or wealthy towns citizens traveled from second half of 16th century up to Napoleonic era with a pair of long , Saddle pistols ' in saddle holster (wheellock, then flintlock), and that few of those wealthy men bought a stocked pistol pair, in case, a Kind of carbine is necessary against robbers. It is also possible, that a german language wealthy It is also possible, that in flintlock era a wealthy german language Gentleman bought a stocked pistol, for the case, being surprisingly invented to a Parforce hunt. With exeption of these two cases, using the pair of saddlepistols with a Stock as substitute for a carbine in selfdefence, or as substitute for an ordinary hunting gun, i can in german language context only Imagine one context. Poachery, where a poacher splits His shortened gun into pieces, to hide them under a coat, or the opposite. A wealthy , Herrenjäger' with a hunting licence, who carries a stocked pistol under his coat, for surprisingly appearing Game.
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  2006. Der Mann , der die Kölner Bürgermeisterin niederstach , war rechtsradikal? Hieß es damals nicht, der Mann sei Alkoholiker gewesen, der über das Abstellen von Strom oder Wasser verärgert gewesen sei, und behauptete, bei Fremden würde Wasser oder Strom nicht abgestellt?
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  2007.  @talltroll7092  : Up to late 50s/ early 60s you could see farmers using cows for pulling wagons, ploughs etc. in Stuttgart region. My parents, born 1938 and 1942, often speak about this time and the problems with the cows.
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  2008.  @Ukraineaissance2014  : A) With exeption of German Empire, the four (!) Axis Powers had No colonial troops. B) The German colonial forces had been, compared to colonial troops of allied forces in colonies of same size rather small, and, before 1914 in Kamerun and Deutsch Ostafrika half of troops had been Schutztruppe ( Military), half Kaiserliche Landespolizei ( Police). In Togo there was only Kaiserliche Landespolizei, in Deutsch Südwestafrika there had been only White men in Schutztruppe and Landespolizei, in chinese Tsingtao had been with exeption of German Port and fortifications Garrison only a weak company of chinese policemen. And in german Südsee territory there was only the Polizeibataillon, formed by natives. So: The German colonial forces had been weak, and could not reinforce German Main Army. But for their small size, they did a good Job. C) Why do you count Austria- Hungary and Croatia, Slovenia , Czechia??? Czechia was as Böhmen/ Bohemia a part of HRE since 10th century ( when in 955 for the first time an Army appeared , consisting of levies from all german ( not germannic) tribes, the Bohemians had been the rearguard), in 1914 Czechia was part of Austria (together with Mähren/ Slovacia and parts of Poland, and Croatia/ Slovenia was part of Hungary, together with Bosnia- Herzegowina and parts of Romania. D) None of Axis Powers had free Access to sea , so they had a Lack both of food and raw Materials. A sidenote to US behaviour in wwl. From 1914 to 1917, US Governent lied about neutrality. They had NEVER been neutral in wwl, they allways supported France and Brittain by delivering weapons and ammunition, they said Britisch armed merchant ships, they need an armament for defence against U- Boote and german Raiders, but they declared German armed merchant ships as warships. Don' t belief all Allied Propaganda! Remember Saddam Husseins atomic bomb rockets and mobile chemical weapons production, both never existed, but was used as Propaganda for an Attack war. US Economy and Hollywood are experts in PR, so Propaganda lies are an easy thing for them.
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  2009.  @mailforbid1989  : Before German troops used Poison Gas, nearly every nation tried something chemical, but not deadly in small number. Teargas was used, according to a german military history magazine, the french started teargas use. Usually teargas is not deadly, but when soldiers are next to an Explosion of a teargas Grenade the in this moment rather concentrated teargas is possibly deadly. According to the noted article in the german Magazine, also grenades filled with ,Juckpulver' had been fired. I don' t know, how to translate Juckpulver, it is a powder usually sold in small paper bags. You open the small bag, and secretly fill the Powder from behind in the collar of a Person, shortly later the Person begins to Scratch himself. This Powder, popular in my youth, has now become rare, because Humor Style changed.
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  2010.  @sealove79able  : Lernen sie erst Mal deutsch!
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  2011.  @LeeroyJenkinss  : I am german, Brittas boyfriend, a conservative, rural , and nostalgic man. This means , i like my country like you like your country. I personally would have no problem with a parlamentaric monarchy. The change of systems in 1918 was no benefit for my country and Nation. It caused uprisings of communism , Bavaria (!), Saxony and Ruhr Area, Nationalist uprisings , Hitler- Kapp Putsch. If possible, i would give you a slap as powerfull as possible for your moralistic ignorance. Constitutional Monarchy was not ideal in Germany, also Constitution of 1871 caused problems, unbelieveable to US citizens. Then after the to early death of Friedrich ( Frederik) lll, Wilhelm Ii was a bit to young as new Emperor. Also, Wilhelm was not ideal for the position of German head of State, for reason of his Person. His younger brother Heinrich would have been , in my eyes, the better Emperor. He was no loudmouth and was very interessted, to hear, what other people think. If Wilhelm ll in 1913 died by falling from his horse at a hunting Trip, everybody would say, oh Wilhelm Ii was a rather strange man, but he was not involved into wars. But did German Population had a better life after 1918? A clear NO! My grandmother ( 1910- 1995) allways told me, when speaking about the time before 1950s: Oh, we allways had no Money! This poorness didn' t change from Imperial Age to , Economic Wonder' ( Wirtschaftswunder) of 1950s. Democraty didn' t change in 1918 life of German citizens into a better direction! You are a rarely seen uneducated Person. Please inform yourself what good moralistic Americans did after 1830s! Please inform yourself about the numbers of US citizens killed on regular US soil by foreign troops to the number of non US citizens killed by US forces on Non US soil. You notce something? Yes , the truth is hard.
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  2012.  @sealove79able  : Please excuse my comment from Yesterday, i was a bit drunken.
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  2013.  @catbear3294  : The most common name in german for an ordinary tie being used with a shirt is nowadays , Krawatte ', and those different looking tie, which doesn' t hangs down to the belly, usually when fine dressed Gentlemen wear a Smoking ( Tuxedo?) is usually called , Fliege ' ( Fly). When i was young, for ordinary ties also the words Binder or Schlips had been used. In an old TV clip from late 1960s a traditional correct old Swiss detective asked german TV viewers , if they know something about a murderd German, they found in Switzerland. The policeman used the word ,Querbinder' to describe a tie of ,Fliege' type. Before and after i have never heared someone using this word. So, you sometimes find someone, who uses a totally unexpected word.
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  2014.  @sealove79able  : Lernen sie mal deutsch, this was a bit aggressive.
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  2015. Some Chassepot rifles had been also in Germany converted to carbines, untlil enough carbines Mauser M71 existed.
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  2016. Joke!
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  2017. Charles de Gaulle was also called Charlemagne.
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  2018. I come from Germany, may be 30km/20miles away from former fortified border line ,Limes' between Imperium Romanum and Germania Magna. Not to far away is the town Aalen , in local dialect Åla,, there was once a fortified Roman Garrison for a pure cavallry unit called Ala ( town name Aalen/ spoken Åla!). In museum ( Limesmuseum) is told that in roman time also mixed infantry/ cavallry units existed. To the ,Legion Cavallry Unit': From 19th century up to 1920s, in adition to Swiss dragon regiments, there had been small groups of horsemen called ,Guiden', added to every brigade/ division.
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  2019.  @lifeuncovered6188  Germany was colonial power in Deutsch Südwestafrika only for about 30years.
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  2020.  @yorneustein7851  : Seien sie bitte vorsichtig mit Versprechungen! Ich , Brittas Freund, habe keine Lust, die Welt zu bezahlen, das sollen Traumtänzer und Wolkenschieber mit ihrem EIGENEN Geld tun.
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  2021.  @RA9U1  : Well said.
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  2022. Please read the comment, i directly addressed to Mr. Mc Collum.
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  2023.  @mattbowden4996  : Matt Easton from edged weapons Channel , scholagladiatora' showed in one of his Videos, that there was also in Brittish Army a bayonnet/ hewer with sawbackblades.
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  2024.  @benn454  : Oh Anglosaxon countries have only told the truth. For example Saddam Hussein had nukes, the 1898 warship explosion was spanish Sabotage, 1/4 of mankind in 1900 begged for being under britisch rule ....
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  2025.  @rebralhunter6069  : It threws flames or : Es wirft Flammen. If i would know english as good as you, i would try to fully learn it .
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  2026. Spinner und Verrückte gibt es überall. Aber die Tatsache, daß es seit 955 ( Lechfeldschlacht) eine deutsche Militärtradition gibt, ist nun einmal so, Es wäre meines Erachtens sinnvoll, Dinge die schon vor 1933 da waren, nicht so zu verdammen, wie das heute der Fall ist. Meiner Meinung nach sollte auf üble Dinge hingewiesen werden, aber nicht so zu tun, als sei die Bundeswehr aus dem Nichts entstanden. Ob dies hilft, Auswüchse zu verhindern, weis ich allerdings nicht.
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  2027. The former Abdeckereien are today called Tierkörperbesitigungsanstalt ( meaning: animal body disposal Institution). A rather old word for the men working there is ,Schinder', today this word is used in the sense a rather hard trainer/ commander.
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  2028. Marhalasc is is in current german Pferdeknecht or Rossknecht. Mähre is still the german word for an old or otherwise bad horse.
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  2029. Die Gegend um Kirchheim unter Teck wird auch der ,schwäbische Vulkan' genannt.
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  2030. Der Demfer schdemd abr blos, wenn d a Schwob bischd!
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  2031. Prussian Zoll was 26,2 mm.
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  2032. Perhaps you can buy a blank gun lookalike in blank caliber 9 mm PAK.
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  2033.  @TheSfoil  : I can understand you, this is the reason , why i wrote about such blank guns, they look like a PPk, use blanks and give the ,feeling'. Thats in my country, Germany , the only thing you can buy, lookalikes of wellknown guns. How long this will be possible? I don' t know the laws of your country about such blankguns, and if the cartridges are sold there, but logic is often not to be found in laws about weapons.
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  2034.  @TheSfoil  : Oh, i missinterpreted your words !
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  2035.  @lordvetinari6057  : With the correct licence, you can own a PPk, but for Fangschuss in 9 mm kurz, 7,65 Browning is seen today too weak. In my former comments, i meant licencefree ,weapons. I, Brittas boyfriend, read Visier, Deutsches Waffenjournal and Schweizer Waffenmagazin since early 80s And i know , that BOTH. groups with green flags are dangerous for Germany.
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  2036.  @thezipcreator  : Kaiser and Tsar/Czar have its roots in the name Caesar!
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  2037. You never have heared Gewehr?
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  2038. Visit the Waffenmuseum ( weapons museum) in Oberndorf am Neckar. There are weapons from Mauser ( formerly Royal Wurttembergian Weapons Factory), Hecker & Koch and Feinwerkbau. And there are products made by Mauser in the 20s ( Versailles treaty) a car, bureau machines and calibers( Schieblehren) and other measurement devices. If those calibers are still made, i don' t know, but about 20-30 years ago, they had been seen often.
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  2039. Up to 1972 Switzerland had about 6500 cavallrymen for real battlefield use, but as mounted infantry , no more with sabers.
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  2040. : ​ @justin8894 : In Germany TV started in Hilter era. German TV system is called PAL and different from US TV.
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  2041. ​ @motleyzadot6867 : And are to lazy to learn other languages!
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  2042. ​ @Mushubeans : Also east german communist Nationale Volksarmee was founded / created with Wehrmacht officers and kept much more of prussian tradition than west german Bundeswehr.
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  2043. Wissen sie, daß 1866 der österreichische Admiral Tegethoff den italienischen Admiral Persano besiegt hat?
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  2044. Spätzle ist die Einzahl, die Mehrzahl sind Spätzla.
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  2045. Mulhouse- Mühlhausen ( original name) :-)
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  2046. The ,armour' is only a decoration piece of rather thin sheet metal . As US citizen, you are surely unfamiliar with real old / antique armour. Original breastplates have often a dent from a test shot. And: The spike is not for weapon use, it is a recoil hook, when firing over a cover.
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  2047. If the ,ch' would be spoken ,sch' , Reich would be written Reisch. But perhaps you have a Rausch ( drunken to much).
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  2048. Die Schweizer machen üblicherweise nicht jeden Mist mit, und haben mit ihrer direkten Demokratie die Möglichkeit, etwas zu erreichen, während wir in Deutschland nur alle vier Jahre ein Kreuzchen machen dürfen.
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  2049.  @PhongJr.934  : Don' t know official term for artillry Version, must research myself. Right artillry had a ball, to prevent accidents of guncrew, and remember long used massive round csnnonball.
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  2050. I am german. Since 1980 i mistrust german media and poliitician. It started with the fact, that left wing persons had been violent, but describee themselves as peacefull, and Green Party helped those violent persons. In 1990s a lot of right wing radicales had been violent, true, but since then i noticed, nobody of Media and policy spoke about german victims of foreigners, and who started violence, when there is crime between foreigners and germans. The last ten years i am simply angry.
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  2051. Even in 18th century some western cavalry officers still used maces or horsemans war hammers, but more as sign of rank than real weapon.
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  2052. You have forgotten, that your russian allies brought freedom to the eastern european nations!
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  2053.  @XtreeM_FaiL  : I am not Britta, i am her girlfriend and a german style trained worker (Facharbeiter) but no mechanic . I think, copier can be the english name oft this machine, because you recognized, what working technic i meant.
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  2054.  @davidnicholas7516  : From 1529 to 1682 Hungary was part of Ottoman Empire. What do you think, why Hungarians don' t like muslim ,refugees '?
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  2055.  @justforever96  : I, Brittas boyfriend, german, think the same. When Mrs. Merkel invited the whole Muslim world to come to Germany, especially Afghan , refugees?' are overestimately involved in group rapes of German Girls and women, caused by islamic Propaganda Christian Girls and women are whores.
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  2056. Matt Easton from ,scholagladiatora ' channel showed in one of his videos, that also some british troops of wwl had sawback bayonnets. To the shotgun thing, read my comment , i wrote under this Video.
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  2057. As far as i know, some years ago the ,Fürst Fugger Bank' was still in business.
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  2058. Attention! Even in second italo- abbesinian war of 1935/36 there was not only the army of the emperor, also , like medieval feudal europe, every prince mobilized his own levie in his territory. In his territory, every prince mobilized all low noblemen, and every nobleman mobilized his warriors. Even in noted war some rather poor warriors appeared with flintlocks and spear.
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  2059.  @BURR805  : Wer einen Menschen, der einem Verbrechensopfer eine gute Zukunft wünscht, als Trottel bezeichnet, ist in meinen Augen ein mitleidloser, roher Mensch. Habe, siehe mein Kommentar oben, schon erfahren, was ein Sexualverbrechen bewirkt.
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  2060. A german joke: In an inn a drunken man shouts: Otto, Otto! Nobody cares and he again shouts: Otto, Otto! Again nobody cares and the man shouts angry: Why does. nobody notice, that i shouted my name forward and backwards?
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  2061. Southern German here. Pils is produced to wash your feet.
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  2062. Being german, Brittas boyfriend, no gunowner, no military training ( untauglich - not serviceable). So pure theoretic. Less lethal means: The creator of this items wants a usefull selfdefence item, and tried to create an item, which is not so deadly than traditional weapons, to protect human life. A respectable/ honourable sign of humanity. But: As far as i know, there is no Din/ EN/ Ansi norm to create and normate human beings. Every human is different. So it is simply impossible, to create a selfdefence item, which allways causes an unharmed criminal.
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  2063. A small sidenote from Germany: The a in Panzer is not spoken ä, it is spoken like your ,a' in a car, a cat etc.. In my dialect standard german ,ein' is also a like in your language ,a'.
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  2064.  @ilvailvandoniherde496  : Das muß man den gläubigen Herrenmenschen rücksichtslos einbleuen. Würde ein Politiker behaupten, es gebe höherwertige und minderwertige Menschen, bekäme er zurecht großen Ärger, aber wenn es als Religion getarnt ist , dann ist es erlaubt? Ein gewisser Heinrich Himmler meinte, der Islam habe Ähnlichkeiten zum nationalsozialistischen Gedankengut. Wie er wohl darauf gekommen ist ? Anmerkung: Ich bin Brittas Freund und ein Atheist, der jeglichen Religionskaspereien, und vor allem Wünschen nach Extrawürsten ablehnend gegenübersteht
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  2065.  @twister4790  : Richtig. Die komplette (!) islamische Welt hat die gleiche Anzahl Nobelpreisträger wie Italien allein. Sind die Italiener dreissigmal klüger?
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  2066. In current german monthly weapons magazin (?)/ Waffenzeitschrift , Deutsches Waffenjournal ' there is an article about Winston Churchill, his private weapons and his bodyguard Thompson. The writer of those article also knows the movie about the assassination attempt, but doesn' t know, if such a plan ever existed.
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  2067. I am german from former West Germany, for about 20 years i had a coworker , about the same age, from former ( communist ) East Germany. He told me, that they often had to watch soviet Propaganda movies. There had been a series with a soviet tank crew in wwll as main persons/ characters (?). There had been so much Propaganda mistakes and lies, that East german people said about persons, been known to lie : He is lieing more than five russian war movies!
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  2068. Felix Graf Luckner, a nobleman.
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  2069. As a german citizen i have some doubts about a silenced gun used after war by Westgerman Verfassungsschutz.
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  2070.  @marietteestabrook4098  : Is in those areas of Germany ,which had been in time of Imperium Romanum the roman provinces Germania Inferior, Germania Superior and Rhaetia nothing uncommon. For example in region Ellwangen/ Aalen you can walk for kilometers along former fortified border Limes, similar to Hadrians Wall. Was formerly a stonewall , the relict is a well visible little rampart (?) ,covered with many bushes. Strange (???) coincidence: In Aalen once a large roman cavallry unit Ala had its fortified barracks. A note: In english wall means a wall of stones, bricks or concrete, in german a Wall is made of wood, earth or sandbags. And in addition to Roman relicts, alemannic relicts , my homeregion has relicts of celtic fortifications/ Towns, inform yourself about Heidengraben, Heuneburg or Ipf. But thats not all, there are dozens of medieval Castle Locations. So finding relicts, being very old is in european countries nothing unusual. A huge problem are this Treasury hunters with metal detectors, this criminals destroy historical sites for their greed for historical items, they make historical sites often worthless for serious scientists.
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  2071. Years ago in german TV a Showhost made a joke. He asked his guests harmless questions to photos. Then he changed the photos and played again the guests words. The audience started to laugh loud.
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  2072.  @Sandman2007  : This was clearly a funny joke. But: Using original voices, photos etc. and put it into a different context, can be used by unhonourable persons to create terrible Propaganda or Fake news. For example: Former westgerman President Lübke was in wwll an architect. He constructed wooden workers huts. East German inteligence service , Stasi ' used an original drawing of such a workers hut by Mr. Lübke, and added an ink stamp , Konzentrationslager...'. I hope, you understand my point. English is not my native language.
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  2073. In 1866 the austrian fleet won a naval battle against the italian fleet.
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  2074. Moonclip?
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  2075.  @kaschberle6948  : Muaschd no a bissle wachsa, daß d a reachder Kaschbr bischd? ;-)
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  2076. From 10th century to 1866 Austria was a regular part of ,Germany'.
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  2077. Freiherr is not Baron! In Great Brittain Baron is the lowest rank of High Nobility/ Hochadel. In Germany Baron ( in contrast to Austria) was never an official title/rank. The german title / rank Freiherr belongs to ,low nobility/ Niederer Adel or Landadel. I think, Baronett is the english equivalent for Freiherr.
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  2078.  @BigWillyG1000  : But you perhaps don't know, but in Germany there had been ,Kleiderordnungen' ( dress-/ clothorders) in which was regulated, what kind of dress was allowed to the different classes of society. This lasted at least to 16th/17th century.
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  2079. Oh, i simply wanted to note, that in my homeregion it seems, that the celtic people had some to me unknown problems, because the fortifications of celtic settlements had been not destroyed by romans. There must have happed something, i don' t know.
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  2080.  @LuisAldamiz  : When the romans reached the ,Schwäbische Alb', i don' t think that there had been germanic tribes in this region. The Limes border fortifications had been perhaps 30 km north of Kirchheim / Teck, and the Alemannen could overwhelm/ cross the Limes about 260 after Christ. ( As far as i know, i am no historian).
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  2081.  @LuisAldamiz  : In english language Wikipedia there is an article/page about ,Heidengraben', please read.
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  2082.  @LuisAldamiz  : Your knowledge is good, better than mine. I am member of the swabian tribe, but that we swabians are realy descendants of suevi is not so sure. Hy homeregion is intressting, because there are celtic relicts, roman relicts, and in most villages alemannic graves.
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  2083. An incident, which happened in neighboring town , when german officers still carried swords every day. One day an officer visited a family in town. In house he took off cap and weapon belt and hung this items on a cloth hook. The adults talked and didn' t looked what oldest boy did. Suddenly a loud shouting started in street: The boy had taken the officers sword and run on street, swinging the weapon.
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  2084. @monsterguy2005 : Carefully noticed! In my comments i clearly noted, what i don' t like, the fact that non- german nations make rather few to no movies about not so shining parts of their history, what is in my eyes nationalist Propaganda. I don' t hate non - german nations, why should i do so, but the movie thing is no good behavior.
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  2085.  @AaSs-ln9mm  : When i wrote my comment, i was a bit angry, anger is no good advisor. My interest of history is more wide than deep, and the toppic of non german crimes is a thing, about which in Germany ( i am german) is not spoken about. You hear or read nearly nothing here, so it SEEMS , the former allied powers try to hide their crimes.
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  2086. Eine richtige Aussage ist, daß heutzutage die vernünftige Zusammenarbeit solider gemäßigter Menschen der Mitte immer schwieriger werden zu scheint, Die Lager driften immer mehr auseinander.
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  2087. This was a ,first blood' duel! In Germany some few university students do the duel- like cut based ,Academic Fencing' , the reason , why you saw decades ago men with scars in the face. They wear padded arm and body protection and oldfashioned eye and nose protection. The light sabers have no tip, but a third of blade is sharpened. In 1933 the last deadly accident happened, when a blade broke and got a sharp pointed tip.
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  2088. Without knowing swedish language, i , Brittas boyfriend, can clearly recognize, that the factories name is in german , Staatliche Gewehrmanufaktur Carl Gustav'. Another example for language similarities!
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  2089.  @SteamboatW  : This is Stadt in german. I thought it means Staat. I did not know this swedish town. Was it founded by a king Carl Gustav? Not far away from my village is the town Ludwigsburg, which was founded arround 1700 a Duke ,Ludwig von Württemberg' as a new capital, which it was only few years.
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  2090.  @michaelpettersson4919  : Today most fortresses are out of use.but up to early 90s this was , for example in Switzerland ,still a thing. You also know Westwall, Atlantikwall , perhaps also Ostwall ( englisch wall is german Mauer/ german Wall is english rampart). The Maginot line in France or the greek Metaxa(?) wwll line is also knowm. The Chinese Wall , the roman Limes ( including Hadrians Wall) and perhaps the austrian ,Militärgrenze' to the Ottoman Empire is perhaps also known or the Danewerk. Here in Germany some Reichsstädte/ imperial towns surrounded their territory with a Landhege/ Landhag. This had been two manmade ditches, the removed earth became a rampart between the ditches, and trees , hedges and thorny bushes had been planted on the rampart. Not a military obstacle, but trsvellers and merchants were forced to use allowed roads and border stations. Also against french attacks a lot of Linien/ lines existed especially in south- western Germany, this was a chain of wood- earth fortifications, wooden watchtowers, little rivers,, fences, earth ramparts, palisades, pointy poles etc., some obstacles to slow down enemy advances, and often not manned by trained soldiers, but by untrsined men with improvised weapons.
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  2091. Korbin Arnold : They are related by being descendants of Adam and Eve ;-)
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  2092.  @AtheistOrphan  : The commenter simply noted, that for ceremonial events even polearms ( still today) are in use. And wooden batons, invented in stone age, are also still in use for police style units.
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  2093.  @theowohrmann6765  : I, Brittas boyfriend, would support a parlamentary monarchy in Germany. I am angry, that i, a free german citizen, can' t elect head of state. The Kurfürsten of HRE are today called Bundesversammlung, but you usually know new Bundespräsident two weeks before election. Stop this nonsens!
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  2094.  @genghiskhan6809  : My father told me, that the firewood thief had stolen wood from a number of neighbours. It was time of US occupation of my german homeregion after wwll. The man , who owned the blackpowder, had a rare licence. Coal and firewood was rare, so his job was , when trees had been cut, to use a blackpowder charge, that the roofpart of the tree jumps out of esrth and could also been used as firewood. This ended , when economic situation became better. And: The man , owning the blackpowder helped the other man to repair the oven.
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  2095. :​ @_--Reaper--_ : When french was international language, the bouteille reached also Germany, as Buddel in the North, and (today rare used) Buudl the south. German word is Flasche, you have flask.
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  2096.  @_--Reaper--_  : Why Not?
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  2097.  @_--Reaper--_  : I have an Autism problem, not very strong, but strong enough to have problems with both spoken and written words, also mimic and gestic . I can' t allways understand, what people feel or think. Please excuse me, was not intended to make you angry.
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  2098.  @_--Reaper--_  : True!
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  2099. Gunter Galle : Then someone gave me wrong information!
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  2100.  @adankmeme651  : From my homevillage you can see the mountain Hohenstaufen, when you are at the Plateau of this mountain, where once Hohenstaufen castle was, you have a good view to a beautyfull landscape.
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  2101. John Burnett : You clearly noticed, that revolvers are not a german thing. Also the M79 and M83 revolvers ( Reichsrevolver) had been of good material and good made, but totally oldfashioned when introduced. In Austria and Switzerland the ,homegrown' revolvers had been better.
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  2102. There was a reason for the also in german language unusual ranks. During/ after Thirty Years War ( 1618 to 1648) ,military german' was much mixed/ replaced with french words. For example Hauptmann became Capitain , Oberst ( Obrist) became Colonel, Feldwebel became Sergeant, and Fähnlein became Battalion ( or Compagnie). Starting in Napoleonic Era (Napoleonic wars and remembering Louis XIV wars caused german nationalism) and german words started to return. Those strange SS ranks sounded german, different from french.
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  2103. There are photos of german military vehicles before 1920, showing the Hakenkreuz ( as we germans call this symbol), when Hitler was an unknown solider.
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  2104. Matthew Dobbs: When you read my comment to another gentleman, you know the roots of my knowledge. Some months ago, in one of the military history magazins i read, Guderian and the other officers had been a large article. I don't want to have an academic level of knowledge, so i do not read original sources/documents. But when i have the possibility to speak with historians, museum directors etc., they admit, that i have an overeverage knowledge about military and nonmilitary history. Have a good time!
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  2105. Old german joke: l have read , the capitalism' by Karl May! - But ,capitalism' was written by Karl Marx!- Ah! I was wondering, no ( red) indian appeared! To understand the joke: Karl May wrote lots of german adventure novels with adventure stories happen all over the world, most famous had been his Wild West novels, while Karl Marx invented Communism.
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  2106. ​ @Jim-6million : There are a lot of german people with french names, descendants of Protestant frenchmen who had to flee from France in 17th century. Also a large number with polish sounding names, descendants of people from prussian part of Poland who moved to Western parts of Germany in 19th century. They, and other persons, whos ancestors came to Germany centuries ago , are in my eyes as German as i.
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  2107.  @Jim-6million  : My point was, those persons, comming from european countries centuries ago, have still their foreign name, but are totally integrated and feel themselves as german. The european foreigners from western, northern or southern europe make few to no troubles, people from Russia or Balkan states sometimes. Noneuropeans from Eastern Asia, India or Latin America are not to much and cause rarely troubles. South Sahara africans cause more troubles ( some are dangerous), but Muslims are most unliked foreigners here, l am Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer, i personaly assume, that when i get as old as my parents currently are, i die in 2050s in a Muslim country. But here in Germany working class people like i am , are seen as idiots ....
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  2108. I am German, and don" t think german genders are difficult ;-)
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  2109.  @belle_pomme  : My comment was only fun , not serious !
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  2110.  @JohnyG29  : In german language cap/ cape is Kap
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  2111. Hm? Wooden club, invented in stone age is still used ...
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  2112. Der Helm sollte gegen Säbelhiebe schützen, da reichte metallgeschlagenes Leder. Im ersten Weltkrieg zeigte sich schnell, daß die Lederhelme und Metallhelme alter Art, wie sie etwa vom berittenen Regiment der französischen, Garde Republicaine' noch immer getragen werden, gegen moderne Waffen keinen Schutz boten.
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  2113.  @MyILoveMinecraft  : Don' t watch too much nongerman Propaganda movies!
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  2114. Rizzo Repulsive : And also beer was not so strong than nowadays!
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  2115. The woman doesn' t know , that the most famous vegetarian, nonsmoker and antialcoholic was/ is Adolf H.. So are vegetarians really better people??
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  2116. Karl is more correct, but i , german myself, would not call him german, but germanic, because Germany did not exist before 843/ 911/919, even we germans are unsure, when Germany started.
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  2117. A longer barrel, and it is a cane.
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  2118. ​ @RichelieuUnlimited : Zu Zeiten der Vorderlader und Patronenwaffen der ersten Generation waren die Patronen für Karabiner mit schwächeren Pulverladungen versehen.
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  2119. ​ @3746463 : Gewehr mean currently in , Military German ' a fullsize battlerifle, in , Civilian German ' every long firearm . But in older documents it is often unclear, if Gewehr means really a long firearm or in its old sense any kind of weapon. Die Wehr ( not das Wehr, thats a different thing) means the weapon, and Ge- means a lot of. For example: Gesang - a lot of singing, or Geschrei- a lot of loud shouting.
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  2120. Military History Visualized : Könnte die Geländetaufe nicht ein ,Trauf' oder eine ,Geländestufe' sein ? Also ein Schreib- oder Druckfehler?
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  2121. Watch the channel Useful charts'. A count or duke ,de Montezuma' seems to live in Spain.
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  2122.  @DieGoetterdaemmerung  : Oh, the ones on northern end of Schwäbische Alb, are often build at impressive places fortified by nature, but very small and only one Tower. Most of them are today only ruins with small walls, few are still with large standing Walls, but many are nearly unvisible today, only flat, nearly filled ditches and a one foot high rampart, being once the Wall. Some had been after 1500 transformed into modern Fortress or palaces/ manourhouses, but most castles had been in my region either destroyed in 1525 farmers revolt, or had been simply abandonned in late middleage, when especially owners of small castles became poor and could no more care their castles. They sold it to richer nobles and became mercennaries or went in service of high noblemen as diplomats, officers or officials. But the new owners had not been intrssted in a castle in bad condition, they only wanted the land and rights belonging to the Castle. The castles became ruins, and had only one necessarity: If there are doubts about the rights of new owners Family, they could show: Look i have the rights, See the former Castle.
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  2123. Astonishing, would be in my german dialect ( swabian) written, and perhaps spoken, the same way.
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  2124. Spinnandweb/ Spinnennetz( Spinnengewebe)?
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  2125. Philippine Weiss Nationalist : Toujours les ,Wackes'?
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  2126. In the swabian region of Germany, where i live, many people drink a Schorle, this means a half/half mix of wine and either water or not so lemon tasting lemonade.
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  2127. ​ @antonius3745 : Please, those germans who note this nonsens in my country too, are called ,Nazis/ Rightwing extremists' when they tell their oppinion. Not Germany is the problem , the ploblem is a combination of leftwing, woke and political mainstream, which dominates german life .
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  2128.  @sualtam9509  : Up to 1556 the Reichstag was not regularly, but then the ,immerwährende Reichstag' in Regensburg started, which worked up to the end of HRE.
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  2129.  Luís Andrade  : Before 1556 the Reichstag was a ,meeting' of men from all german states ( few women from imperial womens monastries) which happened unregularly and not at the same place. After 1556 the ,immerwährende Reichstag' / continuing Reichstag ' took place at Regensburg, so in my eyes ( i am no academic) it became a kind of Parlament. Now the german Parlament is called Bundestag, while the Bundesrat is a descendend of oldstyle Reichstag, here from every state some members come, depending on population. Same was in ,Weimar Republik' , the Parlament was called Reichstag, and current swedish Parlament is the ,Riksdag'. So medieval Reichstag is different from former Reichstag of Weimar or current Bundestag, in Germany the old word .....tag has changed its meaning, but the word itself is still in use. Also the Parlaments of german federal states / Bundesländer are called Landtag, which was in HRE time also different.
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  2130. The prussian army had been in fact the troops of Kingdoms Prussia and Saxony, Great Duchies of Oldenburg, Hessen- Darmstadt, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Mecklenburg- Strelitz, Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach, Duchies of Braunschweig, Anhalt , Sachsen - Coburg- Gotha, Sachsen - Meiningen, Sachsen - Altenburg, principalities of Lippe- Detmold, Waldeck- Pyrmont, Schwarzburg- Sondershausen, Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt, Reuß- Schleitz, Reuß- Greitz, the hanseatic towns Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck. Also the ,Felddivisions' of Württemberg and Baden seem unknown to you.
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  2131.  @fabianmichaelgockner5988  : I am Brittas boyfriend. My comment is not wrong, but today i am simply happy enough , to make some unexpected fun.
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  2132. As far as i know, the man who killed Philipp of Swabia with a mace (?) was the Burggraf/ Castle Count of Nuremberg, this possition was hold by a branch of Hohenzollern dynasty, which later became Brandenburg/ Prussian branch. Arround Hohenzollern Castle, on Swabian Alb, up to three swabian branches existed, today only swabian branch Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen exists. In 1849 the King of mighty prussian branch got the two Principalities of small swabian branches as new province, the two Princes noticed during Revolution, that they needed Help from their mighty relatives. In late HRE the prussian Hohenzollern sometimes in wartime with Habsburg dynasty, used their swabian relatives for diplomacy. The swabian Hohenzollern had been related to prussian branch, but being powerless and catholic, they had good relations to Habsburg dynasty. A Last sidenote: Habsburg, Hohenzollern and Hohenstaufen dynasties came from medieval duchy , Swabia '!
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  2133. Please watch videos about current german ,Wachbataillon' (Guard Bataillon). The stolen eagle is carried in front of the band :-)))
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  2134. And in highly populated Japan firearms are louder, so assumingly faster noticed.
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  2135. A) At late wwl Allied Powers promised the Arabs an own large kingdom, and betrayed the Arabs, they got no own kingdom, their land became british and french protectorstes. B) Since First century after Christ no lsrael / jewish state existed. The Arabs , since 7th century population majority , and they saw, that now, protected by christian colonizers , a large number of jews arroved and got special rights, both caused anger. C) After wwl , life of german citizens became not better. My grandmother , born 1910, often told me about the poornrss of those days. So the people had been as poor than before, and the Versailles Treaty caused that lots of german money went out of country , and could not help own country or nation. D) From 1792 to 1815 France caused millions of dead peoples outside France, poorness and suffering of many nations. But : After 1815 no loss of territory, no loss of colonies, no reparations, no military restrictions. Caused much anger in Germany ( but also in Austria - Treaty of St. Germain, or Hungary- Treaty of Trianon). E) Spanisch Civil war: Socalled Democrats/ Republicans are wrongly heroised and praised by Hollywood, Allied Powers or artists like Ernest Hemingway. But: 1930s Communists/ Socialists had been simply red painted Nazis, and Soviet Union, supporting the socalled Democrats/ Republicans was a dictatorship like Germany and ltaly , supporting the Nationalists. And the on socalled democratic side fighting paramilitary Assalto units did lots of crimes. F) The role of Franctireurs, Partisans and Freedom Fighters. Such persons fighting against german forces 1870/71, 1914/ 18, 1939/45- bravest herores of all time. Such persons fighting against nations of allied powers ( for example spanish guerillas in napoleonic spain, irish 1916/ 1921, or in conflicts after 1945, for exeption decolonisation)- Gangsters, terrorists, bandits. A strange difference. G) SS Commander Heinrich Himmler noted: Islam is a religion, which creates brave warriors, and contains some similarities to National Socialism. Pure nonsens, or a grain of truth ( compare : Masculinity, warriors spirit, hate against jews, men and women, humans of different worth)? H) A radical palestinian muslim , Mohammed Amir al Hosseini, fled from British protectorate Palestine to Germany, because member of Allgemeine ( general) SS, became highest field imam of muslim SS Division Handschar , and flooded Balkan and egypt/ palestinian/ syrian region with loads of very radical muslim Propaganda, with wooven in some Nazi ideology. The man died in early 1970s and heavy influenced Jassir Arafat. I) When i , Brittas boyfriend, born mid 1960s in rural West Germany, was young, we had three important polical parties. The CDU , supporters of economy, traditions, and liked by all conservatives, wanting a conservative, but not nationalist Germany. The SPD, classical workers party ( since imperial days), supported by persons , who wanted a Germany with lot of social ideas, but no Communism. And FDP, a between party. In those time, you could be sure, you know what you get, when you vote for a Party, you prefer, but the politicians of other Parties are also serious persons. But arround 1980 this system got a crack, which turned Germany 's policy and country into the worse condition, we have now: A new political movement appeared : The Green Party. J) ln german national and state parlaments a bunch of leftwingers, unshaved, long hair and beards, no formal dress , respectless behaviour appeared..l was shocked about this persons, and from first hour of appearing, i , conservative/ rural worker dissliked them ( until now, no change). Why? This are intolerant leftwingers, not respecting other ideas, and they Claim to be peacefull and don't support political violence. A total lie! Up to now, they never did anything against leftwing violece. In 1980s , members of traditional Parties didn' t like Green Party too, see YouTube clips from 1980s with speeches of Helmut Schmidt (SPD) or Franz Josef Strauß ( bavarian CDU called CSU). But Green Party was heavy supported by leftwingers, especially from university or art context. K) Communist SED party of Eastern Germany was never forbidden or destroyed, under name ,Die Linke' the party is still in bussines and Parlaments. In contrast NSDAP is never existing , current Nazi Party ,Die Heimat' ( formerly NPD) was founded in 1969 by former NSDAP members. L) ln 1970s/ 80s the three old West German parties warned against Communism and Green Party. This totally stopped in early 1990s, when there was a number of crimes, done by rightwing nationalists. Since now you have an anticonservative/ antipatriotic wave of Propaganda from united political Parties ( of course not AFD) , christian churches, leftwing dominated newspapers, TV, universities, NGOs. Believing them, behind every bush a Nazi IS louring and end of world is comming soon. But on other hand: All the noted orgasations hide/ Cover the crimes , murders , rapes done to German citizens by foreign, often muslim criminals. I notice this for over Thirty Years now. The point is reached, where i get angry. The formerly conservative patriotic CDU is , caused by Merkel no more patriotic, SPD became heavy leftwing ( danish similar party not), and with Green and Linke we have two Parties openly against german, european and christian traditions. They Work together as United Standard Party. As a midlevel / Mittlere Reife educated person, trained worker / Facharbeiter i am shocked, that especially in Green Party people are in Parlaments, with No sucessfull accademic or traditional craftsman training . In your result, that many germans are idiots, supporting criminals, leftwing and Muslim extremists, you are absolute correct. But when you openly say the truth, you are called here a terrible Nazi and idiot. Nothing against you, but send your Video to all political German parties, Gouvernements, Media, Universities, NGOs and Churches. Not every german is so brainwsshed Like them, ordinary man on sidewalk IS often more intelligent! And: Am deutschen Wesen soll die Welt genesen, is a behaviour, german Gouvernement should Stop at once, even they do IT for 150 years.
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  2136. USA was not neutral in 1914. In german magazine about military history noted, USA claimed , german armed merchantships are warship, but Allied armed merchant ships not. So german wwl merchant U- Boot was unarmed.
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  2137. Doubtfull. The first assasination which was documented as film, was the assasination of King Alexander of Yugoslavia in Marseille in 1934, twenty years after the shots in Sarajevo. When you watch in YouTube the newsreels, the security was compared to now, rather bad. The assasin could easy reach the car out of the viewing crowd, he fired a Mauser C96 in 7,63 Mauser. Against such a cartridge fired at short distance, the protection vests would not have helped. Side note: One of the ceremonial mounted officers beat the assasin down with his saber.
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  2138. Please read , what former Commander of SS wrote about a religion founded in 622. Even when his thoughts are to some degree visible, this religion is allowed and supported.
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  2139. In edged weapons community the 15th/ 16th century german ,Messer' is rather common.
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  2140.  @haraldplumbaum1423  : Wieso? Es hat in der DDR außer der SED noch andere Parteien gegeben, damit es nach Wahlen aussah, Selbstverständlich war schon vorher festgelegt, wie der Wahlausgang ist.
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  2141.  @speedofbra9104  : Nun ich, Brittas Freund , Jahrgang 1965, bin im schwäbischen Geist erzogen worden . Ich stelle mir eher die Frage, ob ich all dies was es gibt, auch tatsächlich brauche. Obwohl ich noch nie eine Fernreise gemacht habe, lebe ich noch ( bin noch nie in einem Flugzeug gesessen und damit weniger umweltschädlich als Grünenpolitiker), in den 70er Jahren haben meine Sommerferien aus Heu- bzw. Öhmdernte in der Nebenerwerbslandwirtschaft meiner Eltern bestanden. Reisen? Drei Mal eine Woche Vorarlberg, und 1980 kam der Umbau des Hauses. Ich benötige vieles nicht. Früher war nicht alles Gold, aber wenn ich manche Menschen höre, wie schlecht alles früher war, da Frage ich mich, wie die Menschheit seit dem Australopithecus überlebt hat. Jene Modernlinge, die kein Verständnis für Tradition haben und nur alles über den Haufen schmeißen wollen, verstehe ich nicht. Und noch ein Wort zum Frauenbild der 70er Jahre. Die oft als Goldstücke, Merkelgäste, Vollpensionsgäste etc. bezeichneteten Menschen haben ein ähnliches, oder schlimmeres Frauenbild , werden aber nicht kritisiert.
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  2142. The son of a gangster comes to his violin teacher, laughing very loud. The teacher asks, why he is laughing. The boy snswers: My father is now standing in the bank with a violin!
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  2143. In poets german, Leo or Leu is used for Löwe ( lion) . The Wappen ( coat of arms) of Leonberg shows a lion, and once a breeder wanted to create a dog looking like the lion in coat of arms.
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  2144. ​ @chartreux1532 : Bin Brittas Freund, untauglich/ ungedient. Manche Angehörigen des Adels können die militärischen Einsätze ihrer Vorfahren bis ins Mittelalter zurückverfolgen.
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  2145.  @roberttange805  : A sidenote: In Old English here meant also Heer.
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  2146.  @jamieleepescini2675  : The name of this movie is ,Das Geheimnis der roten Orchidee'. The movie is in german language, so if you don' t know german, it is perhaps boring to you.
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  2147. When in WWl the german troops invaded Belgium , there was a Marinedivision led by an Admiral amomg the troops. Navy soldiers fought as infanty and only artillery and cavallry contingents of the division had been midaged/ elderly Army soldiers. So nothing new.
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  2148. Das Grundgesetz sagt: Männer und Frauen sind gleichwertig, alle Menschen sind gleich. Was sagen Religionen? Von einer davon, hat ein Mann aus der obersten Naziriege geschrieben: Diese Religion bringt tapfere Krieger hervor, und hat in Teilen Ähnlichkeit zum Nationalsozialismus. Wen kann er bloß gemeint haben?
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  2149.  @magnajota4341  : As a swabian i have to say, that in 260 the allemanic advance into nowadays Swabia started. I live about 30km away from former Limes.
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  2150.  @magnajota4341  : Sie sagten , vor dem fünften Jahrhundert seinen die Allemanen nicht in ihrem heutigen Gebiet gewesen. Das durfte aber nur auf Gebiete südlich der Donau zutreffen, nördlich davon war es seit dem ausgehenden dritten Jahrhundert besiedelt, die Provinzialrömer dürften das Gebiet zwischen ehemaligem Limes und der Donau 260 größtenteils verlassen haben. Dieser Wegzug hat aber schon etwas früher begonnen, da die Zahl der Soldaten, meist Auxillari, schon vorher reduziert wurde, was die Alemannen ausnutzten.Eine wirklich kämpferische Eroberung war es nicht.
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  2151.  @germaniatv1870  : Yes, many english speakers are surprised when they hesr Old English/ Angish. But i also met an US lady, which didn't recocgnize Forke and lütt !
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  2152. ​ @donwyoming1936 : As a real Revolver for current .22 short with smokeless powder , surely. I am german, Brittas boyfriend for reason of our gunlaw, in Germany only few collectors would buy such a small pistol. But when you watched all of Ians Videos, you may remember the Scheintodrevolver. From ca. 1905 to 2008 you could buy and carry without a CCW licence/ Waffenschein a blankgun. Since 2008 a CCW licence , light ' is necessary, pure buying is still allowed ( but German Gouvernement tries to end this). Currently those pistols are made of zinc alloy, with few steel parts, to make it difficult , to transform a blankgun into a .25/.32 gun. Most of this pistols are , lookalikes' of modern designs for 9mm PAK ( semiauto) or 9mm R for revolvers. But: Sometimes you find strange constructions for cartidge 6mm Flobert, a cartidge produced since 1840s. Basicly grandfather of .22 short, rimfire , no powder charge, only primer. In this 6mm Rimfire Flobert there had been, no more in production, lookalikes of Remington/ Sharps and singleshot Derringers, and NAA minirevolvers. Of course: For selfdefence this 6mm Flobert blankpistols are useless, both with blanks or ( If still produced) with teargas loads. But for Theater/ Reenactors perhaps usefull. The 9mm blankguns , firing blanks, extraloud blanks, flash blanks and CS/ Pepper cartidges are perhaps usefull to scare dogs or unarmed or not very brave persons.
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  2153. Such boxlock percussion pistols, rather cheaply made, had been sold in Germany up to 1930s. Not as defence weapons, but for field- or wineyard guards , to scare annimals with a blank shot.
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  2154. Panzerschreck. It used transformed/ converted rockets from a small, cannonlike launcher Puppchen ( Puppet). See the video of ,Forgotten Weapons' channel.
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  2155. It is the socalled ,Reichsapfel'.
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  2156. Michaeljames: I had one, made of a broken shaft/ pole of a farmtool, with a mild steel tip, blacksmithed by my father. But i have to admitt, that this year my father throw away many old things, He never needs, so i have to look , if my primitive spear is still there. Nor if Germanen realy means Ger Mannen ( Mannen is a very dated version of Männer) is unclesr. Note : In germanenic languages, man is Mann, man..., while in romannic languages (can' t speak latin) man is uomo, homme, .... I personaly am menber of Swabian/ Alemannic tribe. But : I can' t realy say, that the Swabians are realy descendants of Suevi Caesar noted, and if Alemannen realy means Alle Mannen ( Alle Männer in current german) .
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  2157. Adventureaclett: Don't believe medieval or ancient nunbers! Thousands means simply: A lot of. Not far away from my geman Village, there had been in 1377 Battle of Döffingen. Both Armys had about 1000 men each.
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  2158. Franken ( both territory and tribesmen) to describe the current Francs in Germany, Frankreich is german for France, so the ,K' is correct for the ,old days'. The english France sounds for Germans. Frants /Franz, the french France sounds for Germans ,Frohns' .
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  2159.  @Wanup_Vodka  : My comment had simply the reason, to inform Mr. Felton about the fact, that Pickelhaube was in Germany never an official term, only a populär nickname. In Austria, where a simpler to produce similar helmet was used only by police in german part of Austrohungarian Empire, Pickelhaube was realy used. Please tell me, how you won wwl, you must be over 122 years.
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  2160.  @Wanup_Vodka  : Well i am german, and i don' t know english language so good, that i can write the things i think in correct used english. I am simply a bit surprised, that the word ,Stahlhelm' for the M16 helmet ( and the ones used a generation later) is used correct in most english language channels, but not for helmets of second german empire. A for me ( Asperger disorder) strange thing.
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  2161. ​ @stuartmorley6894 : Not realy . Only german , bohemian and belgian parts of Habsburg territories had been part of HRE, similar to brandenburgish part of HRE, prussian part of Prussia never was part of HRE. And : There had been dozens of small and microstates, totally Independent.
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  2162. And whats the relevance?
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  2163.  @albertmarnell9976  : In poetry often grammar is uncorrect/ unusual and sometimes strange words appear ( For example in poetry der Löwe, the lion, is written Leu, or Adler ,eagle,is written Aar). The part of Gedicht is out of context, so i am also astonished. My english is not as good as you think, but i try. The sense of the words at start: ,You speak' is a bit unclear to me. The rest makes sense: Look down to me , who i am whining at your grave, forgive me that i harmed your soul with my words, oh God, this bad result was not intended. ( Translated not good / literaly, only in my words). It is unclear to me, who is the ,you' at the start, and if the ,oh god' is spoken to god himself, or as mourning/sad words in general. A note: In contrast to my girlfriend Britta, i am not religious, perhaps the reason, i understand the words, but not the sense.
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  2164. Fiscal / monetary reasons caused in 18th (?) century the appearance of serial numbers, as far as i have heared. Perhaps to control the number of production for taxes etc.?
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  2165.  @Ruhrpottpatriot  : I did my comment simply to show, that Prussia was the leading country in military things, because , with the exeption of Austria, the smaller states in Germany had only few military innovations, or things , in which they had been better than Prussia.
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  2166. As longer as war lastet, socalled , Buntmetalle ' , for example copper, zinc, even lead became rarer in Germany. So even church bells had been used as rawmaterial. Brass cartridges had been replaced as much as possible by steel cartridges.
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  2167. A note: Also many older Germans , at least in the south, say Kirchhof to Friedhof.
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  2168.  @pavelavietor1  : In Germany the Easter Hare also brings toys. ;-)
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  2169.  @michaeltempsch5282  : I never heard this, terrible for the people there.
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  2170.  @michaeltempsch5282  : My grandmother ( 1910 -1995) told me the same thing from 1923 Germany. For historical reason , to difficult to explain in few words, the people in my homeregion had been in former days no real farmers, but also no real workers or craftsmen, they had been a bit of all at the same time. But for those people , who had no piece of land and no cow or goats, it was a hard time.
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  2171. Don' t you have forgotten the german victory against US troops at Crailsheim ?
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  2172.  @HistoryHustle  : In english language Wikipedia is only a short description, when you look for ,Crailsheim' , and read about the history of this town. In german language Wikipedia you have to look for , Schlacht um Crailsheim' ( if you can read german). What happened in April 1945? The US forces which wanted to conquer Württemberg and Eastern Bavaria had been stopped by german troops, defending the Neckar- Tauber ( two Rivers) line. The US Dorfes tried to do a circular move arround the Neckar- Tauber line, to encircle ( ?) / einkesseln the german forces This seemed to be a fast sucess and the US forces advanced so fast, that the surprised german soldiers in town and airfield went away. But a rather fanatic SS General lauched a counteratack, surprisingly the Avantgarde of US forces had been encircled in Crailsheim, and after hard fighting they could reach the main army. Some acts of terror by SS had the result, that a hard battle between US and German forces started, tanks, artillry, planes ( including Me 262 Jets)... After nearly two weeks the fights ended, and nearly the whole town was destroyed.
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  2173.  @HistoryHustle  : The first time i heared about this hard fights was perhaps ten to twelve years ago. I visited a Square Dance Special at the suburbs(?) of Crailsheim and asked a local, if the historic center of the town is worth of visiting, and he told me, you are 70years too late. Some months ago i Gould read a large article in a german military history magazin. German language Wikipedia and the magazin ( either Clausewitz or Militär und Geschichte) told about the same. My Computer allways wants to write in german language, so please excuse curious words.
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  2174. Singular der Panzer/plural die Panzer. :-)) US tank , appearing in german 1950s anti war movie Die Brücke/ the bridge , was a wooden Mock Up, moved with steel ropes and winds.
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  2175. The most northern part of France once was flemmisch, so dutch names are surely not uncommon there. When you are in Alsace, stolen from Germany by the french in 17th century, a german still recognices the former german names of towns and villages, for example Riquewiher was Reichenweiher.
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  2176. In Germany, and other european countries combined rifle/ shotguns ( one shotgun barrel/ one rifle barrel) are common. In german language a Büchsflinte/ rifleshotgun.
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  2177.  @ScottKenny1978  : For german law reason, i, Brittas boyfriend, am no gun owner or hunter. We currently had national elections, and it seems that new gouvernement, consisting of Social Democrats ( german counterpart of your Democrats), The Greens ( a rather left wing party) and Free Democrats ( german sense liberals- not left nor right) start to do the same, as nobles did after 1525 farmers rebellion: To forbid all weapons in citizens hand. In current law, german hunters have no restriction in number of firearms, but when they want more than a largebore rifle for large game ( Hochwild), a shotgun for small game ( Niederwild), goose, ducks, doves, smaller birds i don' t know english name ( Fasan, Rebhuhn) , hare, rabbit and fox. A ,Schonzeitgewehr' ( small bore rifle or shotgun for the ,non hunting time') and a pistol for final shot of wounded game, you have to explain, why you want more hunting firearms. Those formerly more common german/ austrian combination guns ( Büchsflinte, Drilling, Vierling/ four barrels! ) are also seen as standard equipment of a german hunter.
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  2178. Are the medieval movies still in good enough condition to show it ???
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  2179. Was also used by german forces, they liked the foreign weapons too, when they captured airdropped weapons. Oh , btw. a strange fact: Between 1939 to 1945, Allied Powers liked partisans fighting against German troops. But from 1945 to now, they don't like partisans fighting against their own troops. Can you please explain this different view?
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  2180.  @ChrisHodgsonCorben-Dallas  : I am german, patriotic, but no nationalist, Times have changed into a good direction. The fact , that in european part of war territories the use of 9mm Parabellum and 7,65 Browning weapons and ammunition is more practical than using ammunition, which is uncommon, is obvious. Also use of .45 Acp shows everybody USA is involved, while use of .32Acp or . 25Acp could also be a private affair of dead person. What i as german citizen see as dubious, is portraying franctireurs, partisans, freedom fighters allways as heroes, when fighting against german troops. But after war , the heroic persons are No more portraied as heroes , when fighting against troops of former Allied countries. This is in my eyes a double Standard. Those partisans, are they realy heroes? They cause brutal revenge by occupation troops, the are hiding behind civilian Dress, attacking soldiers clearly visible by uniform and foreign look, do warcrimes .... I am no Fan of them. Armed civilians with clear visible badges, sashes or armbands can be used as rearline auxillaries as guards, transport , Ingenieur troops helpers, guides, perhaps manning fortifications, but should not been used as field troops, partisans or terrorists, they create lot of hate, especially currently.
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  2181. Last commanders of last two german cavallry divisions ( mounted riflemen, no real cavallry men) had been members of german high nobility , with the rank of Fürst ( this rank is between Duke and Count).
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  2182. ​ @1armeddrummerinaprisonrock244 :: I come from southwest Germany, being in HRE era Reichskreis Schwaben/ Imperial circle Swabia. Exactly 100 souveergn states! Largest levy: About 1000 men of Württemberg, smallest levy: Town of Buchhorn ( now Friedrichshafen) four footmen. In Case of Reichskreis Regiments, an austrian Style uniform was worn. The soldiers of this Princes, Counts, Princed Bishops, Princed Abbotts and mostly small imperial Towns had been a mix of militia men, policemen, targetshooters and ceremonial palace soldiers - in other words the levy of Reichskreis Schwaben was nearly useless. But in historic movies, you allways see brave French troops fighting highquality german troops in 17th/18th century.....
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  2183. The beer, which Kaiser Wilhelm ll drank in his main castles was , Fürstenberger' from Donaueschingen in today Baden- Württemberg, as far as i know. Up to some years ago, the princes ( Fürsten) von Fürstenberg had been the owners of the brewery.
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  2184.  @josega6338  : There are here in my german region ( state Baden- Württemberg) people with family name ,Schweizer' or ,Elsässer' , and with french names, there is even a village , founded after ,Thirty Years War' with the name Perouse! I of course know the reasons for this war. There are, also in Germany , not many movies with the toppic of ,Thirty Years War'. I noticed some days ago, but had no time to watch it again, that in YouTube the four episodes TV show ,Wallenstein' from late 70s is shown. But i don' t know, how good your german is, because today no more all people from Alsace can speak german.
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  2185.  @josega6338  : Yes, only at start, Religion was important.
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  2186. In wartime every nation used armed merchant ships, no special german things. For centuries privateers with a licence ( in german Kaperbrief) had been common.
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  2187. I am sure, you have at home a map globe of USA.... Fun aside. Germany had from.1945 to 1955 no military forces, and the german made weapons of wwll had been captured in 1945. When in 1955 both german states got new military forces, NATO had 7,62 x 51 standardized, Warsaw Pact 7,62 x 39. How to use in this context weapons in 7,92 x 33???
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  2188. The plural of Reich is Reiche, not Reichs!
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  2189.  @blastulae  : Mistakes: In 1840 the Dreyse rifles had a kind of bolt action. Under the name Drehling revolverlike weapons had been produced in the 1520s in Germany, Colt and other english/US inventors did not invent revolvers in 19th century, Colt was only the first one, who produced a useable revolver. And also that Germany did few naval inventions is no wonder. From middle age to its end, the HRE was devided into more than 300 souvereign states, the Reichsritter/ imperial knights not included. An imperial navy did not exist, and the HRE did not try to conquer colonies. In middle age the Hanse, a large federation of Reichsstädten/ imperial towns, was basicly a large merchants federation. In case of war, they armed their ships and hired mercenaries. But in 16th century the time of Hanse was over, and the last Hanse meeting was in 1648. What came then? The emperor had in 18th century only a small danube flottilla, prussia had a small fleet up to the 1720s, Friedrich- Wilhelm l ( the founder of famous prussian army), decided to sell the colonies and fleet, because he saw both as waste of money. The remaining Hanse towns ( Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck) had up to mid/ late 1700s a large frigatte each, but more for representation than really for protecting their merchant ships. When in 1840s there was nearly a war between German Federation and Denmark, there was no german navy. Prussia had some warships, Austria a small mediteranean fleet, the Hanse town few corvettes for habour defence and Hannover one old british ship ( from 1714-1839 the british king was also ruler of Hannover. So before the 1860s there was not really a german navy, so it is clear, that there had been not so much german navy weapon inventions.
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  2190.  @blastulae  : The Lebel was the first magazine battlefiield rifle? It had a tube magazin, like Kropatschek, Winchester , or Mauser M71/84, so the smokeless powder was the only really new. To the Revolver: percussion system, rifled barrels, cyilinders and Ratschenkupplung( the anchor wrench mechanism) had been known before the 1836 Colt Patterson, but Mr. Colt was the first, who combined this to a useable weapon. Also this Blitzkrieg nonsense is not true. After wwl the german military theorists simply used the prussian doctrine ,Kampf der verbundenen Waffen'/ fight of combined army branches' and added the before unknown tanks and planes. Thats basicly all, and many german officers had been surprised about the success. But now another thing. I am not Britta herself, but her boyfriend. I am german, 55 years, factory worker, and a conservative/ patriotic man. I am interested in military history for about 50 years, at a Kindergarten day trip i saw Lichtenstein castle, and thougt : Oh a not destroyed castle, i had seen a number of ruins before. Now, 50 years later, i have seen dozens of fortifications, from celtic age to wwll, i visited dozens of military and civilian museums, read for nearly 40years arms , civilian or military history magazins, and took part at historical daytrips. For about 20years i was quality controll man of a small company and have an Asperger disorder. There are a lot oft idots , german and foreign, who speak of ,Best military' or ,besteht weaponry' when there is spoken about Germany or german army. This is simply nonsense. The german armies of 1870/71, 1914/18 and 1939/45 had been good, but the other , non german armies, had also been good. The truth is, that every country, every army had a great and a bad time, every army had a strong and a weak point. I personally don' t like persons who/which say : The army of country ... was the best, then this are idiots, nationalists or simply not very uneducated persons.
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  2191.  @blastulae  : I clearly said, that every country and army had good and bad times, strong and weak points. This should be a sign , that i know something about weapon/military history. I have no reason to say, that Germany was allways superior etc., because i know, this is not true. That is all, what i want to say. And i would say this to everyone, who seems to be an nationalist, extremist or simply an uneducated person. I simply don' t like it, when persons lie. I hope , you unterstand me, english is not my native tonque, my english vocabulary is limited, and for the reason of my Asperger disorder, i have also a problem, to tell my oppinions so, that german people understand it exactly.
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  2192. Together with allied warcriminals.
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  2193. Seltsam, wenn grüne Politiker, etwa von zornigen Bauern, behindert wurden, war es das Ende der Demokratie und böse. Was stimmt denn nun?
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  2194. Wrong button: because usualy ( me included) persons have better information about their own contry. 8) When there are mistakes in my other comments, Plesse tell me.
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  2195.  @MsMesem  : After 1898 Cuba was no real independent country, US companies had a lot of plantations ( ?) and factories there, the cuban people, felt themselves as colonial people of USA , which helped the communists. In early 1890s on the Hawaii Islands US fruit companies forced the indigenous hawaiian kings, no absolute monarchy, but since the 1830s a constitutional monarchy, to abdicate and two years later the Hawaii Islands had been occupied by USA. Also in the interwar time and early postwar periode US companies had been no angels, especially in latin american countries, this was perhaps not so bad than the slave labour of Hitler era, but no fine gentlemans behaviour for profit on the lifes of non US citizens. And US companies made no profits in the wars? They did not support the gouvernement? The US fought no wars ? The real owners of US territories, the native amercans gave the USA their lands, because the US gouvernement sung ,Cumbaja' and waved rainbow flags? The US citizens did respect mexican territory and gouvernement in Texas and California? The US opponents in the,Banana Wars had been worldwide feared superpowers, the ,Nobel prize for peace' winner Obama ordered no drone assasinations and Bush jr. started a war with Irak with the lie, Saddam Hussein has atomic bomb rockets. So , please no double Standards!
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  2196. Agro: In ltaly Muslim forces of french Army raped lots of italian women, also the massrapes of german women in southern Baden / Black Forrest ( for example in Freudenstadt) Had been done by muslim.french troops. SS Commander Heinrich Himmler noted : Islam is a religion, creating brave warriors, and has in some context similarities to national socialist ideology. Was Himmler wrong? No! In case of masculinity and warriorism Islam and National Socialism are the same. Where in sports do you find muslim athletes? In ,male' sports : Martial arts, power lifting, and team sports. Do you find muslim athletes in gymnastics, art jumping ( water sports), sport Dancing? Both Muslims and Nazis (also leftwing university circles) make hate Propaganda against jews. Both muslims and Nazis make a difference between worthfull humans Muslim belivers/ Herrenmenschen and worthless humans nonbelievers/ Untermenschen. Both muslims and Nazis say: Women are not important, women are only on world for serving men, Work in House and give birth to children. Am i wrong? There can be an error in my oppinion, i didn't noticed.
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  2197. Similar to japanese edged weapons, a lot of nonsens flows throug Internet about Viking weapons, due to this ,Fantasy ' shit. The Viking weapons are no Wunderwaffen, simply the most northern variant of germannic weapons. In my swabian ( south west Germany) homeregion lots of graves from alemannic warriors from third to sixth century ( few even seventh century) Had been found, which contained weapons. Average warrior had a seax, a circular shield with iron boss, and one or two spears. Rich warriors had in addition a Spatha sword, similar to Viking swords, and one of his spears had a large tip. Helmets and armour was very rare. Poor warriors, or rather young warriors, had only axe/hatchet, slings or bow/ arrow.
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  2198. In Germany we say ,Was kümmert es den Mond, wenn ein Hund bellt'/ The moon is not worried, when a dog barks' ( my english is not too good). The problem is, that today everbody thinks, to be the Pope, who is allways right.
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  2199. I am german, 57 now, and in 2016 it was noticed, that i have, on low level, an Asperger disorder. My mother told me , that in my years of german highschool counterpart, a teacher told her, i should by examined by a psychatrist/ phsyoligical doctor, something is unusual with me. Often coworkers or people in daily life called me an idiot, or at least a strange person, so now i know the reason, in my case Asperger, which is related to Autism, seems to be true.
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  2200. When in 1867 the German Federation / Deutscher Bund no more existed , Liechtenstein disbanded their army. Up to 1924 the main residence castle of the princes / Fürsten of Liechtenstein had been in Vienna , because their main forrests, farmlands, castles, cattle etc. was inside the Austro- Hungarian Empire ( they lost this propeties with the end of WWll). The reason was, they had been high noblemen inside the Austrian countries, and got the title ,Fürst' and the Grafschaft Vaduz in the 1770s, when the last Count of Vaduz died. When now a man with the family name ,von Liechtenstein' and the title ,Fürst/ prince' was the new ruler,, the country name changed from Grafschaft (County) Vaduz into Fürstentum (pricipality) Liechtenstein. And to the young man at the end: Plesse don't tell nonsense! Liechtenstein means ,lichter Stein' - bright rock. This means, the first castle the family ,von Liechtenstein' owned, was build on a large bright rock.
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  2201. Mew, seens the english name for german Möwe
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  2202. I am german and watched this video by mistake. For reasons, you surely know, i have only very few knowledge about firearms. I doubt, that an ,armored cap or hat protects the head well against bullets, especially, when the armoured part protects only the front of skull over the eyes. There is not only the energy reaching skull and brain, but it is also possible that the bullet force impact throws the skull side- or backwards and hurts the neck. For combat /selfdefence it is perhaps not the best, but as a riccochet protection for airgun- or .22 competition shooters it could be a good thing. Remember: Also the suits of armor , made in 16/17th century , the breastplates had often been bulletproof, but not the helmet. So in my opinion a partly bulletproof cap is a doubtfull thing, but a stab- and cutproof ,also padded cap against knives or batons seems in my eyes more sensefull.
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  2203. bordersw: What are old rivers?
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  2204. Was war criminal Josef Stalin ever taken to prison? Had those ,heroic' resistance fighters, from whom many did warcrimes if you compare their work to Geneva Convention or Hague Landwar Order, being taken to court? You can do as much warcrimes as you want, you only must win the war.
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  2205. Is it true, that remaining in stock pieces ( Restbestände) of this pistols had been used by irish cardrivers 1916 to 1923 with .410/36 ga shotgun cartridges as protection against ambushes. Was noted years ago in a german arms magazine.
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  2206. In 1912 or 1913 german gouvernement deciced, to introduce ,Sektsteuer' / Champagner tax for financing Imperial Fleet. In contrast to Imperial Fleet , ,Sektsteuer' still exists.
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  2207. This would have been 5,6x 35 R Vierling.
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  2208. Gunārs Miezis: I also don't speak Englisch fluently, but there are some similatities to my native german language.
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  2209. gardreropa : Who sewed the wind? The allies of world war one! After the Napoleonic era , which caused hundredthousands of dead non french, there was the vienna conference of 1815. The french had to pay NO reparations to the countries they robbed, they did not lost their national honour, they did not lost their colonnies and could keep the most powerfull european army. A century of relative peace followed, compared to former centuries. Now compare the result of the vienna conference to the result of the Versailles treaty. So who burnt the match? There had been shocked people of the allied nations of world war one , who said , this treaty will start a new war!
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  2210. English Sir, french Monsieur, german Herr had been once words, a common man had to use, when speaking with noblemen. When in 1950s in West german TV the first TV cook appeared , he first greeted his viewers with : Ihr goldigen Menschen ( you golden humans) !
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  2211.  @romanromeo8527  : Vor Jahrzehnten ist Franz Josef Strauß Verteidigungsminister gewesen. Er hatte immerhin ein im Zweiten Weltkrieg erworbenes Offizierspatent. Der ebenfalls verstorbene Komiker Loriot wäre ebenfalls ein besserer Verteidigungsminister als die Amtsinhaberin, er entstammte der preußischen Offiziersfamilie vom Bülow , war Leutnant im letzten Krieg samt EK ll.
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  2212. Mr. Mc Collum! Today i bought german weapons magazine ,Deutsches Waffenmagazin' for July. On the page about weaponrelated books, your book about french rifles is shown, the first time i read your name in this magazine.
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  2213. In german language countries this cartidge is also uncommon, lever action rifles are in general not common in those countries, and in Germany as far as i know, also hunting law is a reason for rareness.
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  2214.  @mahakalabhairava9950  : Here in Germany , there are german people ( no immigrants of last decades), with slightly darker skin ,like spaniards or italians. The Southwest of Germany was once Roman Empire, and in 30years war many italian , spanish and french soldiers came to Germany, also Croats.
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  2215. De Keizer van het Duitse Rijk : The people in the smallest austrian state , Vorarlberg' do not belong to the bavarian tribe! They are members of the swabian/ alemannic tribe, like the swiss germans, the inhabitants of Liechtenstein, the Alsacians , the bavarian distrct Schwaben and the southern and middle part of the german state , Baden-Württemberg. The german, spoken in Vienna sounds a bit extraordinary, because of people from everywhere of the Austrian Empire.
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  2216. Zimmerflak is a fun name for every Pistole.
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  2217. As a German i can say that the name Dreyse is spoken Dreyse :-) ! Fun away: german words are spoken in german language as they are writen, but of course with german pronouncion, the letter e at the end is spoken like the e in west.
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  2218. ​ @larryzigler6812 : Why is someone who tells a true fact, that Göring changed hunting law, a fan of Third Reich?
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  2219. As far as i know, also a german company ( Gaggenauer Eisenwerk) produced slide/pump action shotguns before ww l. But rather few, because german hunters prefered ( and still prefer) side by side shotguns. I don' t know the system of noted guns.
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  2220.  @carolinatorres4740  Up to 1866 Austria was a regular part of Germany .
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  2221. Was in Switzerland used up to 1990s.
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  2222.  @snowrunes  : Ä can be written in german also Ae ( Ü as Ue and Ö as Oe). Also Your Ø sounds for germans similar to Ö.
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  2223. Knut Der Große : Britta is my girlfriend, i also use her account. I know, that in case of weapon and hunting laws, the federalism in the USA is stronger than in my country ( Germany). The weapon law is the same everywhere in Germany, but as far as i know, there a few minor differences in hunting law between the german states. What is not allowed? All kind of shot for nonbirds larger than rabbit, hare and fox. Parforce hunting, hunting with bow, crossbow, spear, pistol or muzzle loaders. Pistols, boarspear, knives or hunting daggers are only allowed to kill wounded animals. For animals larger than , Reh' , for example wild boar and , Hirsch' (deer?) you need calibers with an energy of more than 2000Joule at a distance of 100 or 200 Meter.
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  2224. Is a prussian Helm mit Spitze ( helmet with point), but seems to be later model of 1890s. To spot the state, look for coat of arms ( in this case prussian eagle) and the state cocarde of chin strap. National cocarde is black/white/ red, prussian state cocarde black/ white. Clearly visible.
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  2225. War bis in die Zeit der Französischen Revolution etwas völlig normales. Erst die Napoleonskriege haben bei vielen Völkern das Nationalbewusstsein geweckt, aus Ärger/.Hass wegen der französischen Besatzung. Im Dreißig jährigen Krieg waren etwa bei einem Bairischen Regiment nur etwa 2/3 tatsächlich Bayern.
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  2226. German word is Krähenfuß/ crowfoot.
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  2227.  @procariama8217  : As a german i can tell you, that when this is true, H&K leaders must be idiots. Coke would be written the german way as Kauk.
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  2228. There is a more comedy video of , Enter the Dojo Show', how to fight against pistol armed opponent. It is mostly fun, but attacking a Person, which seems to be armed with a pistol, before the person can draw the gun could work.
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  2229.  Helen🥂T[A]P Me!! to Have [𝐒]𝐄𝐗 With  : You missinterpreted me. In reality it is in most cases better to give a robber your money. In the fun video of ,Enter the Dojo' one of the comedians (?) attacked the ,armed' person, when the ,robber' had his gun still at the belt.
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  2230. ​ @doyouwanttogivemelekiss3097 : Idiot! Making fun about german language is not funny. When something is wrong translated and makes no sense in original language, the mistake must be noted.
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  2231. ​ @acmhfmggru : Night- Nacht, not- nicht. In contrast to english language, sometimes the same word has a different meaning in different context. For example: Der See /the lake, but die See is the sea, or der Schild is the shield, but das Schild is a sign.
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  2232. Otto von Bismarck was hurt by three shots in 5mm pinfire ( between 1861 and 1863), but survived.
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  2233. Compare this helmets neckprotection to neck protection of Imperial Germany heavy cavallry helmet.
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  2234.  @charliewenthe4411  : Nazi is a short version of Ignaz. This not so common german mens name was in wwl used by german soldiers as a nickname for austrians. So Nazi at first simply meant , austrian', and Hitler was austrian citizen up to 1933.
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  2235. Erma in german pronouncion :-))
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  2236. German word for binoculars Fernglas ( far glass). German word for rucksack is Rucksack :-))
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  2237. I am german, and Brittas boyfriend. I understand that in older european movies noneuropean persons/ caracters are played by ,painted' europeans, because up to 1960s noneuropean persons had been rare. In my german homeregion, a semirural region arround a large city, up to 1990s noneuropean people had been really rare. There had been other european people , mostly italian, jugoslawian, greek or spanish, and also turkish persons. In german TV in 70s/80s i remember only a handfull of black actors, mostly childs of black US soldiers and german women. So in those days, when i was younger, german TV shows or cinema movies mostly told the truth. But today, especially black and ,arabic' persons are overrepresented, epecialy in PR(?)/ commercials. In contrast to persons of east asian countries, here the apperiance of such people is realistic. This change started in 2000s. In case of movies or TV shows, showing historical events or the story plays in a clearly recognizeable time periode, historical reality should be a ,must be', i am rather pedantic in this case. Of course, if a woman is dressed in a style and haircut ten or 20years distant, no matter, or a soldiers has a sword a bit to old, no problem, but when unrealstic things are shown, it is not good. While equipment in Wild West movies has become more realistic over the decades, the ,swashbuckler' movies ( in german Mantel- und Degenfilme) became nearly unwatchable.
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  2238. This is/ was no castle, it was listed as a fortress well into 19th century.
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  2239. Alsace german is a dialect of swabian/ alemannic dialect group, no own language. When i (swabian) visited Colmar some years ago, i could easy speak with alsace dialect speakers, had only a french touch. Also here in my homeregion many older people use frech words, because once french was international language.
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  2240. To the New Zealand machine guns. Currently a german arms magazine had an Intressting article about this emergency weapon.
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  2241. Forgotten: The Mars pistol , with a type of folding/ telescopic stock, perhaps would have been usefull as PDW.
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  2242.  @narutokun5025  : Bei dem Wort , Luftwaffe' benutze ich die hochdeutsche Aussprache. Luft allein ist Luufd und ein Waffenschein ist ein Waffaschei . Es gibt allerdings auch Worte, bei denen das a langgezogen wird , etwa Naacht oder Baal ( ist nicht der antike orientalische Gott, sondern ,Ball'). Aber ein langgezogenes a kann auch ,ab' bedeuten, z. B. aabrocha- abgebrochen.
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  2243. The frankish tribesmen of today live in Hessen, Saarland, Rheinland- Pfalz, Luxemburg , and parts of Bayern, Baden- Württemberg.
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  2244.  @simoneweidinger  : I, Brittas boyfriend, am german. I am a traditional conservative rural man. We no more have politicians who like Germany and german people, they are complete idiots. And TV, newspapers and universities are dominated by leftwingers. The result is no wonder for me.
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  2245. When i ( german) was a child/ teenager, some old people also wrote words with two same letters, for example Butter or Sommer as Buter or Somer and wrote a - over the t or m.
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  2246. Heinrich Himmler , former SS Commander, wrote about Islam: A religion, which creates brave warriors and has similarities to National Socialists ideology.
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  2247. I have seen in a documentation movie long time ago people from the western half of Africa with crossbows. Perhaps their ancestors saw crossbows used by portugiese in 15th century.
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  2248.  @vegapunk100  : The crossbows i saw years ago on TV had been not large.
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  2249.  @vegapunk100  : I will do so!
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  2250. Today modern target shooters are able to fire smoothbore pistols at 25 m, smoothbore muskets muskets may be at 100 m. But in old flintlock days, may be half the distance, the then living persons prefered fast loading over loading for a superprecise shot. Even in 1870/71 German/ French war, a surprised German cavallry man wrote: My leutenant could shot a french soldier at 30steps!
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  2251. I am Brittas boyfriend, german. I visit , together with my girlfriend, regularly a traditional dancing hall (?)/ Tanzlokal in german, sometimes also alone when she is ill . A traditional dancing hall for couples dancing, i appear there sometimes alone, but only for dancing and speaking with people i know. The in this Video noted women are there also, but i know them and, being no idiot, i ask ( as only dancing partners) the older or lesser attractive women. I also visit ( usually with my girlfriend) events of traditional folk dance. Only for dancing and fun. When i .had no girlfriend ( autistic disorder) i often visited also this modern clubs/ discos. But: Was mostly disappointed because,as noted in Video, the younger ladies, was also younger, only wanted an idiot, who pays drinks and drives them home.
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  2252. ​ @cacambo589 : When this theory is correct, it means , Descendants of african people colonized the territories, they came from.
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  2253.  @haraldmax9685  : With my first comment i simply wanted to note, that every nation did in wartime not so fine things. But for many nations this is unwanted to admitt this .
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  2254.  @janknoblich4129  : Bin nicht Britta selbst, sondern ihr Freund. Als Schlosser habe ich mit dem Akademischen Fechten nichts zu tun, habe aber auch einmal so ausgesehen, als ein Stück einer zerbrochenen Trennscheibe einen knapp über dem Ohr endenden , Schmiß' geschlagen hat.
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  2255.  @janknoblich4129  : Nun wir benutzen den gleichen Anschluss, aber sie hat einen Büroberuf gelernt, in dem man selten große Schrammen am Kopf bekommt.
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  2256.  @kevadu  : But when reading first comment , you could think so.
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  2257.  @tylerpatti9038  : Who is offended? I am german ( Brittas boyfriend) autistic and for decades quality control man. What do you expect? Every european, or european influenced nation had a cavallry saber. Cavallry sabers had not been a special US weapon. So i don' t understand this US behaviour : Oh, our iconnic civil war saber... If i would be asked: Note a typical german bladed weapon of this time periode, i would have problems, there is simply nothing. Perhaps Hirschfänger or Standhauer hunting knives , second one forerunner of currently rare Waidblatt.
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  2258. There are Computer programms of socalled ,artistic intelligece', which show german wwll soldiers as africans of female eastern asians.
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  2259. ​ @harrylor66 : In 1864 with exeption of germanspeaking cantons of Switzerland all german speaking countries formed up to 1866 the Deutscher Bund/ German Federation. A loose federation, where Austrian Emperor had the rank of German President, not German Emperor. In case of military engagement the german Bundesheer / Federation Army had a size of 300000 men in ten corps. Corps 1- 3 had been austrian troops, 4- 6 prussian troops, 7 bavarian troops, 8 Württemberg, Baden and Hesse- Darmstadt, 9 and 10 had been based on Saxony / Hannover, with added troops of Greatduchys and Electorate Hesse- Kassel. The nearly useless troops of Duchies and Principalities formed after 1830 ( 32?) the Reservedivision ( no translation necessary) , only intended, as guards, escort troops or to strengthen fortress garrisons. Exeption: Luxemburgian contingent was intended to defend Fortress Luxemburg town together with 2000 prussian troops ( Luxemburg town was seen as German Federation Fortress second class), and contingent of Free Town Frankfurt was seen as Staff Guard . Note : In HRE german Emperors had been elected in Frankfurt, in German Federation Frankfurt was town of German Federation institutions. I hope , my comment clearifies something. Greetings from Germany!
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  2260.  @fatherwolfs1  : This party was established in late 1940s, so in 1930s you surely mean another party existing before 1934.
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  2261.  @canadianmmaguy7511  : Up to 1990s CDU/CSU was a moderate / centrist right party, which could mobilize all persons of conserrvarve side, which wanted a conservatve party, but not the NPD, a right wing party founded in late 1960s by former Nsdap members. Under Merkel this ended, she no more wanted the more conservative part of voters.
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  2262. ​ @jh565bb : Hugo Boss company was only one of a Lot of formerly many textile company in swabian region. The owner was member of Nsdap and got a Gouvernement contract. He only produced, but Not designed uniforms.
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  2263.  @panzerchrist5639  : Dem Bier?
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  2264.  @spacewater7  : My grandmother died in 1995, so i no more exactly remember, what she told me about the incident with a ,Brei' (porridge?) in a brass Bowl.
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  2265. A small mistake, non german native speakers do, is the ,ch' sound, the name Broch is not spoken Brock. The ,ch' sound is similar to the noise of an angry cat, but slower and softer.
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  2266. You write nonsens. Also in flintlock era, some german, or better HRE cavallry men used ,Kartätschenpatronen' with three small balls, and few austrian, hannoverian and palatine soldiers had been equipped with Blunderbusses. But : After flintlock era only few small states in southern Germany bought a small number of side by side shotguns , only for police use. What after 1871, or introduction of.breechloaders happened to this guns, i don't know. With exeption of those Percussion shotguns, shotguns never had been service weaponry of Army or Police. The opposite, shotguns users, had been seen as criminals, when Shooting against persons. In Poachery or smugglers novels/ movies ( german language counterpart to US Wild West stories) the Hero IS armed with a , honourable ' rifle, only the criminals use shotguns as fighting weapons.
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  2267. Big Blue: As a german i have doubts about your story. First the english speakers must speak german without an english accent. Then english persons learning german language usually learn standart german. But nearly no german in these days spoke clear standart german, probbably the people arround Hannover. Most of the people in those days spoke their local dialect. So still nowadays, when also outside the towns fewer people speak dialect, the spoken standart german sounds a bit different, when it is spoken by different tribesmen. So in worldwar II , when military standart german contained more dialect than now, the pilots would have noticed persons who spoke a stange sounding german with no dialect sound.
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  2268. SIG: Schweizer Industriegemeinschaft ( Swiss Industrial Community). They started with producing railway wagons and later packing machines ( they invented chocolade slabs packing machines) and weapons. At an owners change, the new owner wanted no weapons production and sold most oft the weapon branch, but packing machines, railway wagons and other civilian things are still in production.
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  2269. You mean the ,Kennblätter für fremdes Gerät'?
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  2270. The term sturmfrei was once once a military term for a fortification ( Fortress/ Burg) build at a place/ location where an assault was nearly impossible. For example some austrian forttesses at italian border before 1914 had only cannonworks, but no infantry outworks for Close defence , because they had been build on top of high rocks.
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  2271. German here: In case of german intelligence services Abwehr, Fremde Heere Ost/ Fremde Heere West of Wehrmacht and Gestapo of NSDAP are rather wellknown. But Propaganda Minister Goebbels (or was it Göring ?) as far as i know also had a small intelligence unit ,Reichspost Forschungsstelle '.
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  2272.  @mahakalabhairava9950  : They belong to another branch of germanics, but they are related.
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  2273.  @mahakalabhairava9950  : The germanics of today are somehow related, this doesn' t mean, they are close related.
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  2274. Die Waffengesetzgebung in den USA ist ein uneinheitlicher Flickenteppich. Es gibt Bundesgesetze, die überall gelten. Unter Beachtung der Bundesgesetze darf jeder Bundesstaat eigene Waffengesetze erlassen. Innerhalb der Bundesstaaten darf jedes County eigene Waffengesetze erlassen, sofern Bundes - und Staatsgesetze beachtet werden. Innerhalb eines Countys kann jede Gemeinde eigene Waffengesetze erlassen, unter Berücksichtigung der höherrangigen Gesetze. Es kann also von einem Ort zum Anderen eine andere Regelung gelten. Im Allgemeinen ist es so, daß die Waffengesetzgebung in ländlichen Gegenden liberaler ist als in Städten, in den Städten aber trotzdem mehr Kriminalität herrscht, als auf dem Land. Bekannte von mir sind gelegentlich in den USA, sie empfehlen, man solle Einheimische fragen, ob es im Ort gefährliche Ecken gibt.
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  2275. Ich lese gelegentlich Kommentare zu englischsprachigen Videos. In ähnlichem Zusammenhang äußerte sich auch ein anscheinend etwas älterer Brite: Wenn bis Anfang der 80er Jahre bei einem Verbrechen keine nähere Beschreibung des Täters kam, konnte man sicher sein, es war ein einheimischer weißer Brite. Heute sei das Gegenteil der Fall.
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  2276.  @AndrewAMartin  : This is intressting that Hafenmeister is Harbor z
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  2277.  @jbkhan1135  : It seems, i have promissed too much. There are more Videos , as i expected, so i would have to watch them all.
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  2278. Alone? How?
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  2279. Also Hongkong or Macao was wanted back by China, but not necessary to tell. And after three months of siege, Germany lost Tsingtau in reality in 1914.
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  2280.  @HolgerJakobs  : Is , i am swabian, Muttern used as plural or is this in my swabian region unknown ,bei Muttern' only a more northern dialect word for ,your/my mother'? In my dialect Muadr ( singular)/ Miadr ( plural).
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  2281. Forgotten : Ochsenfurt/Oxford .
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  2282.  @HolgerJakobs  : No! Leiter can mean ladder or leader. In case of ladder : Singular : Die Leiter ( in swabian Loider). Pluural : Die Leitern ( swabian Loidra)./Only in case of leader , Leiter is the same in singular and plural.
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  2283.  @HolgerJakobs  : Excuse me, after two ,Bockbier' i wrote strange things. When Mutter means mother,the plural is Mütter, when Mutter means nuts ( Schraubenmutter) the plural is Muttern. Yes. But ,bei Muttern' ,a north german saying ,doesn' t mean ,Schraubenmutter'.
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  2284.  @massouda6580  : Der Mann hat nicht geschrieben, daß die AfD gut ist, sondern, man darf sich nicht wundern, daß diese Partei gewählt wird.
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  2285. Is it possible, that the ships name is Lützow??
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  2286.  @lray1948  : Up to 1806 Austria was regular part of HRE, from 1815-1866 Austria was regular part of German Federation, in 1919 remaining Austria wanted to reunite with Germany , was not allowed by Allies.
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  2287. There are people with name Merkle, but they have nothing to do with Merkel.
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  2288. There was in wwl a german merchant submarine.
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  2289. In case of ships, i think the Entenfuß/ duckfoot (?) versions had to be more common. In a german weapons magazine i read, those Entenfuß pistols had also used to frighten sailors in a mutiny (?) /Meuterei. The ordinary sailors had usually no acces to the firearms stored in locked boxes., only to cutlasses, boarding axes and - pikes, stored in open racks.
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  2290. It is a ,Schalldämpfer', not a ,shalldampfer'. Schall means basicly noise, dämpfen ( with an ä) means about to reduce, to make something weaker.So a Schalldämpfer is a noisereducer/ noiseweakener. Damfen ( with an a) means to make steam. A Dampfer means in german language a steampowered ship.
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  2291. When i , German, born 1965, was a child, every orange limonade ( in my homeregion then called Gelber Sprudel) tasted not so orangelike than today.
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  2292. Weshalb ist die Dame so empört? Das weiß doch jeder seit Jahrzehnten.
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  2293. Small Treasury??
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  2294.  @sirjohndough8575  : Be a Schwoab, des wois e selbr.
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  2295.  @sirjohndough8575  : Also wie ich ein Nachkomme der Alemannen.
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  2296. Henri is the usual french version.
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  2297.  @garrysekelli6776  : The name is written Henri, but the French speak it ,Enrie' this is true . The name Hugo exists in german , english and french. For us germans english spoken it sounds ,Hjugo' in french it sounds for us ,Ügo'.
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  2298.  @garrysekelli6776  : Oh, every language has sounds, which are difficult to speak for non- natives. As long as i understand the other person, that's no matter. One day i visited a ,Square Dance Special' near Paris. For two songs a man from french part of Belgium sung and called in english, this sounded rather strange, so that a french lady in the Square said: Cet homme est belgique, je ne compris pas! ( This man is belgian, i don' understand anything)
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  2299.  @TheArgieH  : This is true. In german history the situation was different. Up to about 1500 the mechants union ,Hanse' could field ( :-) ) a lot of armed ships in case of need, but after 1650 they only had few frigattes for representation and armed boats for harbour defence. Also larger german coastal states had only few improvised coast ships. In 1848 there was a small prussian fleet, a larger austrian fleet in meditersnean sea, the austrian danube flottilla and few hanseatic ships. For some years, there was an attempt to create a ,German Federation Fleet', not sucessfull, so german language countries have/ had no long navy tradition. But did a job as good as possible in both world war. Fun fact: In 1866 the Austrians won the seabattle of Lissa against Italian navy.
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  2300. Silk vests, not lingery, had been thick and stiff. Could protect against cuts, low velocity lead bullets and shrapnell , but was expensive and could not be produced in large numbers.
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  2301. As far as i know, the German Navy used Dreyse rifles up to 1892.
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  2302. Yes, prussian soldiers invaded France. But you have forgotten the soldiers from Bayern, Sachsen, Württemberg, Baden, Hessen-Darmstadt, Oldenburg, Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach, Mecklenburg - Schwerin, Mecklenburg - Strelitz, Anhalt, Braunschweig, Sachsen - Coburg - Gotha, Sachsen - Altenburg, Sachsen - Meiningen, Waldeck - Pyrmont, Lippe - Detmold, Schwarzburg/ Sondershausen, Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt, Reuß ( older line), Reuß (younger line) , Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck :-))))
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  2303. Nationalist American! You biased slavedrivers and Red indians slaughterers , overthrowers of christian hawaiian constitutional monarchy, forcefull intruders of japanese harbors in 1855 and invaders of many countries, should be quiet. Compare the number of US citizens killed on US soil by foreign troops to the number of non US citizens killed by US troops on non US soil. In Germany, from HRE to German Federation until 1866 including Austria, shotguns had never been common as service weapons. Only in 1830s/ 1840s few small south german states ordered small numbers of side by side muzzleloader shotguns for Police,, note: Until 1890s most german uniformed policemen only had a saber. What happened to this shotguns i don' t know. After 1871 no shotguns had been introduced by german Military, Police, Border Guards/ Customs service or Forrestry service. German/ Austrian counterpart to Wild West novels Had been Poachery or Smugglery novels. But here rifles had been shown as heroic weapons, while shotguns had been shown as criminals weapons. So in wwl german soldiers saw shotgun armed opponents, partisans, franctireurs, US soldiers simply as criminals. Oh a note to wwl/ wwll partisans. When fighting against german Forces , members of allied nations like partisans. But strangely, when fighting against them, Allied nations don' t like partisans. A fact ,i don't understand. Oh in Imperial Germany a company Gaggenauer Eisenwerke produced for a short time a slide action shotgun in 16ga.
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  2304. There are also laws from Imperial Periode, so what?
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  2305.  @target1529  : Im schwäbischen Dialekt wird ebenfalls niemand erschossen, aber verschossen.
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  2306.  @alexroselle  : Forgotten! I read, that a german PR expert in the 20s, said to Hitler , he should stop using this moustache and learn english language, but Hitler did not so.
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  2307. No. The real founder of prussian army was his father Friedrich- Wilhelm l, ruling from 1714 to 1740. This king had a problem, when he started his reign. His pompeous and warlike ancestors had nearly bancrupted Prussia. So he did changes. He replaced pompeous french lifestyle with moneysaving prussian lifestyle. He sold expensive and useless african colonies. He changed administration: The official became wellpaid, and for this the king wanted loyal, disciplined and busy officials. He stopped all costintensive things, when you can not earn money with. He thought: A country without an army is a garden without a fence, everybody comes to steal. So he enlarged prussian army from 38000 men to about 70000 (or 80000?) men and spend lot of money for bis army. But he knew: a) An army is expensive. b) Warfare is more expensive. c) A defeat in war is much more expensive. So Friedrich- Wilhelm l, known as Soldatenkönig/ soldierking was militaristic, but was never involved in a war ( to expensive). But in contrast to his son , he was not interessted in art or philosophy, he was a simple man and described as a rather unfriendly, to some degree brutal man, so he is seen mostly negatve in Germany. But: Not wanting colonies and selling them, being not involved into war, and a money saving lifestyle is realy different to other monsrchs.
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  2308.  @freyasslain2203  : My english vocabulary is limited. Some of his decissions (?)/ Entscheidungen had been not so bad for his time ( for example he stopped most of witchcraft trials), but he was no good man, what i decribed with simple and sometimes brutal ( and seemed narrowminded). I think, we mean about the same.
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  2309. Hatten dieses Reservatrecht bis 1918, nach Einführung der ,feldgrauen' Uniform, wurden ja immer noch Zeremonien etc.mit farbigen Uniformen abgehalten.
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  2310.  @chpruc  : I am Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. As a proud swabian tribesman, who is able to see Hohenstaufen Mountain from his homevillage, i refuse to speak Standard German.
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  2311.  @chpruc  Forgotten: Ci c' est neceessaire , je parle quelques mots du lanque francaise.
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  2312. There is a channel ,jmantime'. When i remember correct, this man has videos of river fleets. USA (Vietnam), Europe ( wwl to today on Danube river), Africa ( lakes in wwl).
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  2313. godsgod: Edda can be a germannic ( this means not german), or a book written arround 1300 by icelandic poet Snorri Sturlison. In year 1000 icelandic Allthing (Parlament?) decided, that in public and as community only christian god should be praised, but in privat life ( many icelanders lived in single farme) praising germannic gods is still allowed, if someone wants to do so. Was the reason that until 16th century icelandic christianity was different. Until 1912 Iceland was a danish colony, from 1912 to 1944 Iceland was a danish , Dominion'. In his book Edda Snorri Sturlison noted all stories/ tales about germannic gods, still known by icelandic population. This was 300 years after official switch to Christianity, so some of germanic gods Tales got perhaps misinterpreted ( Sturlison was christian), but : If Sturlison would not have noted this tales, germannic religion would be nearly unknown to modern scientists. Roman historian Tacitus wrote about 100 after Jesus Christ his book/ script Germania, as first scientific book about germannic tribes. He noted, the germannic tribes have the same gods than the romans, but they praise and worship them in a different way. Tacitus was right, 1900 years later, we germans still drink large quantities of beer and wine. Now i assume, this Edda guy is a supporter of paganism.
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  2314. Em 45567: Of course there is a difference between radical lslam and moderate Islam: Radical muslims want to cut the throats of nonmuslims. Moderate muslims want that radical Muslims cut throats of nonmuslims.
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  2315. Das liegt meines Erachtens aber nicht an der Polizei selbst, sondern an der Politik, die der Polizei Anweisungen und Vorschriften macht. Aus dem Vereinsleben kenne ich einen Polizeibeamten, der, als er noch im Streifendienst tätig war, sich immer wieder über Politiker, sowie die Justiz beklagt hat. Allerdings in seriösen, nicht derben Worten. Eine Zeitlang, ich bin Brittas Freund und nutze gerade ihren Anschluss, habe ich einen rangniedrigen Polizisten recht regelmäßig in meiner damaligen Stammkneipe getroffen. Er hat in einer Großstadt Dienst getan und war recht verärgert. Ich habe in meinem Leben, bisher Glück gehabt, und nur zweimal mit Betrunkenen Ärger bekommen, mit der Polizei eigentlich nie.
    1
  2316. The training grenades are filled with chalkpowder, which seems to be coloured. Special grenade for the indian holi ceremony? :-)
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  2317. In those days 9 Browning kurz was seen as military cartridge, and pistols in military cartrdges AND small size had been rare. So a bulldog/ subnose revolver in double action for a .38/ 9mm revolver cartridge would have been better for a bodyguard.
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  2318. Schwere Waffen? Darunter versteht man Kanonen und anderes nicht tragbares Kriegsgerät.
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  2319.  @sharonrigs7999  : l have never read this in german language arms magazines Visier, Schweizer Waffenmagazin or Deutsches Waffenjournal. But we Germans say: Es gibt nichts, was es nicht gibt/ There is nothing, which doesn' t exist. So all kind of experimental gun is possible.
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  2320.  @DarkKnight-yz2wg  : In case of science about nations and peoples ( in german Völkerkunde), my knowledge is limited. But as far as i know, the main population oft Ethiopia is related to Jews, like the Arabians also. So Arabs and Ethiopians are both related to Jews, but both Ethiopians and Arabians are no jews. Also the white europeans are related to a part of indian population, but an European is no Indian and vice versa. So no problem for Hitler to support Ethiopians and to have a small unit of arabian soldiers ( the soldiers of Muslim SS Division had been european muslims, and their main field Imam an Arabian).
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  2321.  @jon-paulfilkins7820  : As far as i know, german A7V used belgian made cannons, intended for fortress use, in 57mm.
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  2322. DlchMcV : I am german,of the swabian tribe. There is the ,Schwäbischer Heimatbund'/ swabian homeregion federation, a society which does events/ trips with historic, cultural and nature background. At one trip the guide spoke about a high nobleman living today. The guide said, in old times a member of the high nobility could only marry a woman of a high nobiliy, today they are happy, when the woman has a ,von' in her name.
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  2323. A small mistake, you accidently wrote Folkssturm, Volkssturm is correct.
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  2324. As a german i do not agree with all facts of this video. At first, we do not know in which year Germany started! Was it in 843(?) when the carolingian empire was divided , and one part became the east franconian empire? Was it in 911 when the last east franconian king of the carolingian family ( Ludwig, called ,the child') died? Was it in 919 when the first non-frankonian king Heinrich (Henry), the duke of saxony was elected as king (the king between Ludwig and Heinrich, Konrad I, was a franconian and could have been a very last carolingian)? Then i do not like it, when Karl der Große is allways called Charlemagne. Also the franconians are not french! The Franken, as this tribe calls himself in german, is one of the tribes which are now united and are known as ,the Germans', other tribes are for example the saxons, the bavarians or the swabians. The Franken are still alive in the states of Hessen, Saarland, Rheinland -Pfalz, the south of Nordrhein-Westfalen, the north of Bayern and Baden-Württemberg, also in Luxemburg and Lorraine. The truth is, that this tribe conquered the area which is now france, the german name for france is Frankreich/kingdom of the franconians. But i think the number of franconian settlers in nowadays france was not so high, but they became the upper class/nobility.
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  2325. I am german , and Brittas boyfriend. A longer time ago i visited music locations for younger people, in german called ,Disko'. One day i watched this: At 2 o ' clock nobody could enter the ,Disko" and the Türsteher/ bouncers said this. Also i , german, conservative dressed, and in my late 30s could not enter after 2 o' clock. One day a group of young foreigners tried to enter, but the bouncers refused. So they tried , Oh, i am the poor discriminated foreigner, and you are the bad racist'. When i saw this, i thought, it would be good for them, when there was a time machine, and real Nazis would give them, what they deserve. I don' t agree , that i as. an ethnic german in my country should do a bow for foreigners , why? If you are mexican, keep your traditions, but i would be carefull about majority of living place.
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  2326.  @ARVETDEG  : Those noted foreigners i saw years ago , went into a , Diskothek', at a time, when nobody could enter anymore, also i , german, not. Why did they try , to use the racism card to get into those music house?? This is the point! The bouncers did nothing racist, they simply did their job. Why did this young foreigners try, to speak of racism? For this reason , i said, it would have been good for them, to see real Nazis of 1933 to 1945, then they could think, if the bouncers had a racist attitude. I have nothing against ALL foreigners, but i don' t like it, when there are foreigners, who don' t want to assimilate. About 300 years ago, many French protestants came to Germany, with the time they became Germans, and today you only see their french name, i have never read, that foreigners, who came in former centuries to Germany, had a behavior like today. Of course not all, but to many think, their religion is more important than german law, they don' t respect german lifestyle, but want, that we germans should respect their lifestyle? Why should i respect this, when they don' t want to respect my lifestyle in my country? When i travel to another country, what happens not often, then i have to respect law and tradition of this country, what do this noted foreigners think, who they are? I am Brittas boyfriend, and especially after 2015 migrants wave , but also last 20 years i heared many women, from teenage gils to elderly ladies, being angry about men of the noted foreign religion, but not as much about men of other religions, and i don' t think the women lied. I myself was in a ,music pub' attacked by a foreigner, i don' t know why, also a former coworker, who is stronger and taller than i, told me, that he together with friends for years visited the same Bar, but now no more, because in last months often drunken russians are in the Bar , he ( the coworker) said, i fear this aggressive men. So, when i shall be friendly to foreigners, then i also want , that they are friendly to me in my country. So is it racism, when i don' t like foreigners, who come to my country, don' t respect law and are aggressive, when a german has no reason for being aggressive? No! Peacefull foreigners, who busy work, respect our law and tradition are not the problem, then i have no problem, when they do some things different, but the noted other foreigners? No, they are the problem, both for Germans and those foreigners, who do nothing wrong. When i said, keep your mexican tradition, then i mean, you are mexican, so you can do your tradition everywhere, i hope you do so, but outside of Mexico, you should be carefull, to do no tradition, which makes the inhabitants of another country angry. I also try, to do so., When a traveller makes a mistake, he doesn' t know, this can happen everybody, but doing something not liked not accidently, then i think, nobody likes this, that is no racism.
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  2327.  @apollokokkinokapelo9547  : With better words than i, you explained exactly, what i wanted to say. Well noticed!
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  2328. You have forgotten the Yeti.
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  2329. A palestinian guy, Mohammed Amir al Hosseini, (1895 to 1972) an imam, supported in wwll Adolf Hitler. There are photos , showing those men together. This palestinian man was highest field imam of muslim SS Division Handschar, and flooded region from Egypt to Syria with terrible antijewish Propaganda. Any surprise about current events?
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  2330.  @axelpatrickb.pingol3228  : For a short time after wwl Bavaria was a Soviet Republik. No joke.
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  2331. Heinrich Himmler, former SS Commander noted: Islam is a religion with similarities to National Socialists ideology.
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  2332. Shi- angry cat noise, but slower and softer- oa ( similar to oa in boat or ow in bow).
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  2333. Forgotten: Chichow would be in german ,Tschitschau' , and i meant the ow in cow, not bow.
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  2334. Mr. Mc Collum! In small numbers, before 1914 a german gunmaker/ gunsmith ( we germans only know Büchsenmacher) in northern Germany produced Lever Action rifles, and in current State Baden- Württemberg a company , Gaggenauer Eisenwerke' produced pump action shotguns. Perhaps intressting for an US citizen. A sidenote: The th in Walther is spoken only t, not the english way. Up to 1873 in german language behind every t an unneccessary h was written. Has survived only in Family names.
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  2335.  @tpl608  What you have forgotten: The Switch from Monarchy to democraty brought nothing for German people. They had been as poor than before, nothing changed. In 1923/24 the people lost their saved Money by record Inflation . There had been such a large reparation pay, that even i would have had to pay ( what i in reality still do with german EU Money). The black Friday of US Wallstreet caused in Germany, when First signs of Economy growing appeared, a great Economy crisis with six millions unemployed persons. The people in 1920s Germany had nearly nothing from democracy , they had many uprisings ( nationalistic and communist.), Inflation stole away saved Money, economic crisis caused poorness and suffering, and German Gouvernement had to pay large sums to foreign countries, the Money was Not available for German Gouvernement or people What do you expect? The people voted for radical Parties, also communists got in elections more votes than in ordinary times. May be a Communist Germany allied with Communist Russia would have been great joy for France and Brittain. Then in 1936 a Communist Spain, contralling the street of Gibraltar, the way to Suez and Crown colony India?
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  2336.  @tpl608  : Surely the people knew about Camps existing , but i don' t believe, that all knew about the greatness of Organisation scale. And: Who invented concentration camps? As far as i know, Brittain during Boer War.
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  2337.  @tpl608  : Well , i was sucessfull, when i wanted to annoy you. You don' t answer to questions done mostly by me , you allways say : No context, off topic etc.. That is what i wanted , that you are in defence, i notice, that those moralic non Germans allways have a Problem, to speak about dark spots of their History.
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  2338. My english teacher in 1980- 1982 was during wwll pilot of Luftwaffe. He told us pupils, that britisch troops dug in Petrol Barrels at beaches. but we noticed it!
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  2339. David Hanny : In the 90s a german or swiss arms magazine showe this cartridges, they had been shotgun cartridges filled with pepper powder but no shot.
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  2340. At Missunde there was a smaller battle in german/ danish war of 1864. Well, being german, i would be very happy, if german moral aristocraty would face their 1789.
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  2341.  @TheKinzlerBros  : I am german, Brittas boyfriend. Today this oil is sold in spray cannisters, but I have a Ballistol glass bottle, my father bought in early 1970s. Of course this bottle is nearly empty today, only few drops of oil are still existing. The reason I didn't threw the bottle into glass recycling contsiner, is the PR paper , which was once placed between bottle and the protection Cardboard (Wellpappe) piece , This PR paper, today only partly readable , was written in a rather dated Style, which was for the boys of my Generation a piece of ( of course unwanted) comedy. We Boys knew the oil and the noted PR paper from our fathers and laughed: You can use Ballistol for everything, exept of drinking. You can read, for example: To protect your dogs ears from dangerous insects you can use Ballistol, or you can use Ballistol, when after a day of riding, you have pain at your arse. No Joke! But now you understand, that we Boys laughed after Reading such obscure thinss.
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  2342. In 15th century also Switzerland was a strong military power in Europe.
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  2343.  @MakerInMotion  : Being german citizen, and reading german language arms magazins since 1982, i know this fact.
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  2344. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer. On paper i am Roman Catholic, still paying german church tax ( Kirchensteuer). But i never was intressted in christian believe, is for an autistic person not logical. And , being german of swabian tribe, grown up seing Mount Hohenstaufen every day, i would give every pope what they deserve, for centuries of betraying German nation, causing unneccessary civil wars in my country.
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  2345.  @historyandhorseplaying7374  : In swabian dialect, i am swabian , Hütte is spoken Hidde, and Hitler is spoken here Hiddler, thats the reason for my opinion.
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  2346.  @historyandhorseplaying7374  : Ich wohne im Raum Stuttgart, also im Südwesten Deutschlands. Oldenburg ist im Nordwesten Deutschlands. In dieser Stadt war ich noch nie, ich weis nur, daß Oldenburg früher die Hauptstadt des Großherzogtums Oldenburg war.
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  2347.  @historyandhorseplaying7374  : Vergessen! Können sie Modern American Square Dance tanzen? I have learned this dance style fifteen yesrs ago.
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  2348.  @historyandhorseplaying7374  : When a german town name ends with - burg, then this means that there was once only a fortified castle ( Burg) and a small settlement for the castle owners servants. Often still now, there is next to a for centuries destroyed castle ruin a farmhouse ( today often an inn and no more farming), the former farm of the castleowner. Sometimes german towns and castles have the same name, what causes confusion. When in an old document, Oldenburg, Königreich Preußen is written, then the Oldenburg in former great duchy Oldenburg can not be the right town, because town and territory in northwest Germany never belonged to Prussia. So the second Oldenburg must be the former home of your ancestors. Oldenburg can mean in current german ,Alte Burg' vor in english Old Castle. The version of german language spoken in the north of Germany, called Niederdeutsch ( , from german lowlands') has similarities to english, the Anglosaxons came from there.
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  2349.  @historyandhorseplaying7374  : But now you can understand, why Standard German was invented in 19th century, the dialects had been so different, that this caused problems in policy , trade and science. And what i have also forgotten. Most people think prussian Hohenzollern dynasty has its roots in Prussia or Brandenburg in the North. Wrong ! Castle and Mountain Hohenzollern are in the South, the swabian branches of Hohenzollern dynasty had been unimportsnt in HRE time and gave their territories in 1849, after a Revolution attempt to their mighty relatives. Both Hohenzollern and Habsburg dynasty have swabian roots.
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  2350.  @historyandhorseplaying7374  : I will think about your idea. Because i am no historian or other kind of academic, my knowledge about history is limited, so don' t know too much.
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  2351. In swabian dialect of german language: Äll Ander means : Every second ...
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  2352.  @darthhodges  : Before we gemans used metric, we also had other units. The Zoll is former german inch, the Elle is cubit ( never heared before), Klafter was the length from one middlefingertip to the other , when a human has both arms in 90 degree angle to body. In case of hollow measurement there had been for example Simri for things like wheat or barley, for fluids the Eimer ( bucket) , and for farmland the Morgen ( acre). But: Holy Roman Empire consisted of about 300 souvereign states ( socalled Reichsstände) and a lot of very small territories, being no Reichsstand . Every territory had its own measurement! At some old townhouses you can see still see iron bars representing the local Elle. As you can assume, merchants didn' t like this, also money system caused problems, there had been Taler and Gulden in variants. Now Napoleon reduced the number of states to 40, and first steps of metric system entered Germany, and was finished in early 1870s . So in Germany metric system was also seen as a sign of german unification.
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  2353. In wwl there was also a third pilot of von Richthofen family, perhaps another branch.
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  2354. Vor kurzem wurde, entweder in , Clausewitz ' oder ,Militär und Geschichte ' ( zwei seriöse militärgeschichtliche Zeitschriften) ein mehrteiliger,von Herrn Gast geschriebener Artikel über seine Zeit bei der französischen Fremdenlegion. Seine militärische Laufbahn begann mit seinem Wehrdienst als Fallschirmjäger bei der Bundeswehr. Als Wehrpflichtiger war damit ein gewöhnlicher Soldat, wenn auch bei einer etwas besser ausgebildeten Truppengattung und ohne Kampferfahrung. Anschließend war er für siebzehn Jahre bei der Fremdenlegion, also ein Berufssoldat ( professional soldier) , mit Kampfeinsätzen. Daß Profi eine Eindeutschung von ,profession' etc. aus den romanischen Sprachen ist , sollte ihnen eigentlich bekannt sein. Anschließend war Herr Gast noch langjährig im privaten Sicherheitsbereich tätig, und zwar dort , wo man mit Piraten und anderen militärisch bewaffneten Halsabschneidern rechnen muß. Als Amateursoldaten kann man die nur kurz ausgebildeten Milizsoldaten bezeichnen. Aber bei klassischen Milizsoldaten, etwa den österreichischen oder schweizer Soldaten, der US Nationalgarde ( ehem.Staatsmilizen) oder der norwegischen Heimwehr, ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten Bewaffnung , sonstige Ausrüstung und Ausstattung deutlich verbessert worden, daß man sie mit den Milizen von einst, Bürgerwehren, Landsturm, Landesaufgebot. Landesdefension etc. nicht mehr vergleichen kann. Aber noch immer werden in Notfällen sehr kurz eingewiesene Soldaten in den Kampf geworfen, das sind dann wirklich Amateure.
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  2355. In spanish civilwar 1936 to 1939 the socalled demorats had been Communists and Socialists. 1930s Socialists / Communists had been democrats?
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  2356. Mick Hawford : I am german. In the small company i worked 30years ago there was an english coworker, what is not common in southern germany. One day a new coworker came and just for fun, he spoke in his ,Low German' dialect to the english man. One of the sentences was , Dann bin ik fallen in de kold water'. The english worker looked surprised, i , whom i speak swabian dialect , could understand it, like the english man, but a turkish man thougt, the Low german dialect is english.
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  2357. John Gore : As a german, i must note, that the descendants of those Anglo-Saxon, which did NOT move to England, today speak ,Low German' ( Niederdeutsch/ Platt). There are non english speaking foreigners, who mistake Low German for English. For example ,Dann bin ik fallen in de kold water', i think you understand it. Standard german: Gabel/ low german: Forke/ english: fork. Standard german: klein/ low german: lütt/ english: little.
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  2358. Forgotten: it looked similar to ,New' russian crown.
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  2359. German person here. In german language weapons magazines i read a longer time ago, that also some, especially older versions of Swiss 1882 revolvers had been prepared to use a stiffed version of Holster (?) as stock. Note: Those swiss revolvers used a cartidge similar to .32 S&W long ( 7,5 mm Swiss Ordonnance). Also in his videos about chinese warlord pistols, Ian from ,Forgotten Weapons' noted that ,Stocked Pistols' had been used a substitute for rifles, because rifles should not have to be selled to China in those years.
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  2360. One small mistake: The german ,ch' sound is not a ,k'.
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  2361.  @BUSHCRAPPING  : I was born in 1965, my village was in those days more rural, not semiurban as now. So i heared swabian dialect words for rural things Wien i was a little child, my father stopped farming in 2001 ( but like most farmers of his generation, he was in reality factory worker and only ,weekend farmer'). So while i knew Schuir ( sometimes Schuira) as building, and inside of the building Barn was used for the part of building, mostly upper part where hay and straw ( in my dialect Hai/ Schdrau) was stored. So you surely can believe my surprise. Another thing is ,to stirr' , umrühren in Standard German. But in some context in swabian dialect ,stiera' is used in the meaning of ,to stirr'.Also in english you can say ,a car' or ,one car' this would be in Standard German ,ein Auto' in both cases, but we Swabians say ( similar to english) ,A Audo' or ,Oi Audo'. ( It becomes a bit funny for other germans, when we say ,ein Ei ' in swabian, because we use different sounds when speaking ,Oi Oi').
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  2362. Festning is rather similar to german Festung.
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  2363. In 1879 Germany M79 ( Reichsrevolver) in 10,6 mm replaced: Prussian single shot smooth bore M1850 Percussion pistol of 15mm. Bavarian single shot Werder pistol in 11mm Werder., and saxon Revolver in .43, also Colt and Adams Revolves in .43.
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  2364.  @Cara-um6tw  : Was Uniform of 1. Regiment of Guard Cuirassiers, the Eagle was worn only at very important events.
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  2365.  @garypulliam3421  : For customs of the time, Wilhelm ll of Prussia ( not Wilhelm ll of Württemberg) was ceremonial Regimentschef ( in German Chef is not a cook, but for example your employer) of some Regiments, but not the real Oberst ( colonel), also more ceremonial Highest Warlord. So for his many appeareances in military context, owned and wore many uniforms, those often in summer/ winter/ field / Parade/ Gala Variation. His Uniforms had been Uniforms, not costumes, because he was no actor, Opera Singer etc., and also no carneval costumes. Only some uniforms, in no more used, even then historical style could be called costumes. And compared to our days, wearing uniforms was for ruling monarchs more common. But even for his time, he liked uniforms rather much, this is true. Current german huntsmen wear modern hunters cloth, made from modern materials, tailored in modern style and often for security in orange colour. Only few parts of their dress/ cloth is in traditional style, with exeption, when there is a more ceremonial Event. When i was a child, the hunters dress was more traditional, the huntsmen also had been dressed more similar, that their dress really could be mistaken for an uniform. When i was younger large hunting knifes had been not common, after two lost wars the huntsmen don' t wanted to look like a warrior. But the wild boar problem of last twenty years caused a Comeback of long hunting knifes ( and even boarspears , sometimes even Dog Packs!). In monarchist days the situation was different. Uniforms had been a common thing , also civilian target shooters, in some german regions still today, wore a huntsman like uniform. In those days Germany Military had a good Reputation, so many men used every possibility to wear a Kind of uniform and a sidearm. In those days of course smaller hunting knifes like the Nicker ( Genick- neck) had been common tool, but many hunters carried a Standhauer/Waldblatt, a mix of small Machete and cleaver, or the Hirschfänger ( i think last descendant of late medieval/ early Renaissance Langes Messer) , which was for centuries only allowed for noblemen, Forrest officials and Professional hunters. So it was nothing unusual, that Wilhelm ll of Prussias hunters suit was in uniform Style. I have seen last württtembergian King Wilhelm ll s hunting suit, also in Uniform Style. There is a Photo of prussian Wilhelm, Standing next to a horse when hunting, here his Hirschfänger is unusual long.
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  2366.  @garypulliam3421 a) It is a sign of bravery to fight people who are dead for decades. b) If you are english: Did Victoria, Edward or George fought on Battlefield? Which right did english Kings had to conquer Wales, Scotland and Ireland? Why are historical movies about Glencoe , the aftermath of Culloden, or Ireland when Lordprotector ( Dictator ) Cromwell - there are not enough trees to hang all the irish- so rare? What right had the British to conquer the largest colonial Empire and Plunder a quarter of world Population? Who started Boer Wars and invented concentration camps? Why is british colonialism good, german one Not? You British allways think, when you do harm to Others, it is fine, but it is not allowed for Others, to hurt us. c) If you are US citizen: Who gave the White intruders the right, to break nearly every treaties with native Americans, to kill them , rob their Land and Put the legal owners of US soil into reservations - Ulysses S Grant: Only a dead native is a good native? Who gave you the right to intervene in so many Latin American Countries? Who gave you the right to settle in Texas, but don' t respekt Mexican Gouvernement ? Who gave you the right to intrude into japanenese harbours in 1855 without allownes of japanese Gouvernement? Why acted you in Cuba in Style of a colonial Power, while Cuban Gouvernement after Spanisch - US war of 1898 ( started by USA by claiming, the Explosion of an US warship in a Cuban Port was spanish Sabotage, it was a construction error) was only US puppet? Which right had US settlers and fruit companies to finish Hawaian Monarchy in 1892 and occupy the Islands in 1894? Why did USA from 1914 to 1916 claim to be neutral, when it was allowed for european Allied Powers to send armed merchant vessels to US Ports, while armed German merchant ships didn' t had this allownes? Why do US movies Show US troops between 1888 and 1918 are allways shown as Heroes in movies? What right had US troops after Spanisch - US war to occupy Philippines? c) If you are french: Which right had , Sunking' Louis XIV to steal German Allsace? Which right had this King to terrorize , burn and Plunder South West Germany? Which right had Napoleon to conquer Germany, German Population suffered under occupation? Why did french troops killed tyrolian Rebels or the northgerman Rebels under Captain Schill, but are whining when German troops killed armed french civilians 1870/71 or 1914-1914? Why i See no french movies, showing what they did in Germany between 1680 and 1814?e) If you are Norwegian: Why is Invasion of Norway by german troops a crime, but raids of Vikings in Northern Germany not ( pre 1914 in Oslo ? a Statue was errected, which Shows a Viking, is Standing still today). If Wilhelm ll would have not existed, on whom could you Point with your Finger?
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  2367.  @the_senate8050  : In former times such soldiers had either pistols or carbines, which had been often rather short in muzzle loader era. Or those soldiers simply got older weapons, for example single shot rifles, when combat units had the first repeating rifles.
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  2368. : Seit Jahren gibt es eine Erhöhung von Messer- und anderer Gewaltkriminalität, aber nichts geschieht. Außer dummem Gefasel, wie etwa der Armlänge Abstand kommt nichts. Weshalb kommt nichts Vernünftiges? Man darf sich nicht wundern, wenn Leute aufgrund des amtlichen Nichtstun auf seltsame Gedanken kommen. Übrigens : Wenn Waffenverbote etwas bewirken würden, wäre Großbritannien ein sicheres Land, denn dort darf man überhaupt nichts mitführen, was man zur Abwehr von Verbrechern nutzen könnte. Das Gegenteil ist leider der Fall. Wenn man zu englischsprachigen Videos zu diesem Thema fie Kommentare liest, stellt man fest, viele unserer Nachbarn sind ähnlich verärgert wie die Leute hierzulande. Um ein Beispiel zu geben: Ich , Brittas Freund , der den Rechner mitnutzt, habe das Video eines britischen Museums angesehen, das ein prächtiges Fechtlehrbuch zeigte, das ein in London lebender Italiener im 18. Jahrhundert geschrieben hatte. Ein Kommentarschreiber meinte: Das ist nichts ungewöhnliches. Wir haben auch im heutigen London in großer Zahl fremdländische Klingenexperten.
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  2369.  @Link_-xk9ig  : In irgend einem waffenbezogenen Museum ( Wehrgeschichtliches Museum Rastatt?) wird auf den Sachverhalt schon seit Jahren hingewiesen.
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  2370. And when there was only ammunition for P38 or P08? :-))
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  2371. More succesfull than US bycicle units!
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  2372.  @atouristfromdenmark9422  : Oh , my mistake, i read your comment wrong!
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  2373.  @riccardodececco4404  : Russia was in 17/18 th century a very large country. In 17th century Poland was an important and large country, Spain, Austria ( with all non german parts), also Great Brittain was large , when in early 18th century Scottland was added ( and the british kings also in Hannover had the second highest german nobility rank Kurfürst ( Elector).
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  2374.  @lion-sn7dd  : That is , what i meant with my first comment!
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  2375. Mein Vater hat vor zwanzig Jahren die nicht mehr rentable Nebenerwerbslandwirtschaft aufgegeben. Ich weis, wie das Verhältnis zwischen Arbeit und Verdienst ist. Den Ärger vieler ländlicher Menschen, wenn sie wegen Wildtieren mehr Arbeit und Kosten haben, kann ich gut verstehen. Der Ärger sitzt deshalb so tief, weil sich die Landleute mit zusätzlichem Ärger herumschlagen müssen, den die Stadtleute nicht haben, bzw. den dieselben verursachen ( aus Sicht der Landleute).
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  2376. Auch in der HEMA Szene ( Histical European Martial Arts) beschäftigen sich die Teilnehmer damit , Texte alter Fechtbücher zu lesen und die alten Techniken wieder zu rekonstruieren, beziehungsweise zu überprüfen. Es werden auch die alten Techniken im Umgang mit Dolchen geübt. Gelegentlich machen die Internetstars dieser Szene auch Gedanken zum Thema Selbstverteidigung. In solchen Videos kommen auch diese Leute zu dem Schluß, daß die Abwehr von Dolch / Messer schwierig ist, und empfehlen, sich eilig davonzumachen. In diesem Zusammenhang möchte ich erwähnen, daß ich kürzlich die Vorführung einer seriösen Historiengruppe gesehen habe. Es waren keine dubiosen Mittelaltermsrkt Phantasievögel sondern kundige Männer, die Schwert , Langes Messer ( eine Art Kurzschwert), Dolch , Hellebarde und ,halbe Stange' ( ein leicht übermannshoher kräftiger Stock ) aufführtrn. Mit dem Dolch waren die beiden Männer so schnell und flink, daß ich, ein Laie, erkannte, wie gefährlich Messer sind.
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  2377. Al Caulique : In middle age there had been also noblemen in the part of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation, which is now Switzerland, but compared to other regions, there had been few, and so in Switzerland the nobility had been not so dominant, and relicts of germanic/tribal traditions survived. In the canton Aargau you can still see the ruins of the Habichtsburg, which was the namegiving ,rootcastle' of the Habsburg family. And in the first half of 16th century the Counts of Gruyere/Greyerz died out , the last count became poor and had to sell his county. As far as i know, there are still two swiss noble familes existing, but for the reason that Switzerland is no monarchy for many centuries, these families have for centuries no special rights, they have only survived.
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  2378. Al Caulique : I thaught of course, that your comment is simply fun. But theoretical a member of those two(?) remaining noble families could become king.
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  2379. Innsbruck is Austria, Landshut is Bavaria. In 16 th century Nürnberg was part of Reichskreis Franken/ war district Franconia ( up to the end of HRE). In 16th century up to end of HRE was part of Reichskreis Schwaben/ war district Swabia. Nürnberg and Augsburg became bavarian in 1803(1806?). The Franconians in current bavarian districts Ober-, Mittel- and Unterfranken still mostly speak frankonian tribal dialect, while in district Schwaben, swabian tribal dialect is in decline. When a nongerman confuses Austrians and Bavarians, this is understandable, their dialects are similar, up to late 12th/early 13th century Austria was a part of Bavaria.
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  2380. Mistake, Augsburg was part of Reichskreis Schwaben.
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  2381.  @janosmarta8258  : I only wanted to say, that Augsburg and Nürnberg had not been part of Bavaria in HRE time. As a non expert, i try to give an answer. At first, watch the Videos of Matt Easton from ,Scholagladiatora' channel, in one Video not long ago, the toppic was, where did medieval people buy their weapons. Then noblemen of high rank, or very rich nonnoble men of citystates had the money to buy new equipment from famous craftsmen. Low rank noblemen, for example knights, or ,average' members of citystates' upperclass had also money to buy good equipment, but men of this class had often been not as rich as we think today. Also this men had often to use parts of armour from their fathers or new, but not so decorated pieces of equipment. In 15/16th century there had been different kind of armies: Mercenaries Armies, mostly the troops with highest fighting power, traditional militias of towns or districts fighting power depends on training and equipment, and in case of emergency levies of all fightable men. I start with the traditional militias: Some of the men bought their weapons with their own money from craftsmen or traders, but mostly the town or the district nobleman bought weapons and armor with tax money, and stored this equipment in a depot/ in german Zeughaus. In most cases the armor was only helmet and upper body protection without arm and leg pieces Sand like the weapons of useable , but cheap second class quality. Some of this equipment was locally made by not so wellknown craftsmen, or bought/ purchased(?) in weapon and armor production centers. Most of those luxury armor and weapon producers had also ,second quality production line' or sold used pieces of good quality. And there had not only luxury producers, but also producers of good reputition,who produced useable weapons and armour of average quality to equip militias and mercenaries in mass production, in a few sizes , not so comfortable than ,bespoken tailored' luxury armour. This mass producers did exist in large numbers in armamemt centers, There had been dozens of small craftman's shops, in which a Meister worked with a number of trained men and auxillary hands. With mercenaries the situation was diffetent. Untrained new men had to be equiped by the man, who hired the men, they mostly got the cheapest equipment and started to train with the simplest weapons, and got the lowest pay. When they had some experience they got better equipment and pay, and some became horsemen or heavy armoured men at arms. This had been mostly cheap , but useable things made by mass producers and bought by the nobleman, who hired this mercenaries. But there had also been mercenaries with own equipment. Some of them , who had not been poor at the start of their military life , bought not so expensive basic equipment from travers or craftsmen , others upgraded their eqipment by saving their pay and buying more or better equipment, others upgraded their equipment by taking equipment from dead enemies. Mercenaries with own equipment got better pay. Those emergency levies of fightable men had in my opinion the worst weaponry and few to no armour. There was not much time and fewer money to buy or produce weapons for them, so this men had been the Volkssturm of their time. They often had been to poor or not allowed to own weapons, so they had to use oldest weaponry found at the attic, cheap and fast made weapons of low quality from the mass producers or made by nonweapon craftsmen, for example simple pikeblades made by ordinary village blacksmiths and poles made by woodworking village craftsmen. And sometimes they had to use dangerous tools or simple selfmade weapons.
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  2382.  @janosmarta8258  : Singular Landsknecht/ plural Landsknechte, but there are also the four german grammar cases, but that is now not important. In 15th century the number of men at arms was perhaps higher than the number of knights. In 16th century / early 17th century the heavy cavallry , both traditional Lanzierer with full plate and Kürisser with 3/4 armor used pistols, especially the Kürisser, and they before charge used Caracole tactic with pistol salvos, and Knights became officers. The quality of armor, als footmens Halbharnisch/, half armor' declined after 1540, but was still good up to early 17th century. So, for many decades, good armor and wheellock pistols, carbines lesser, had been used together. Also up to early 17th century well made pomp armours had been produced. The great decline of armor quality and use came in my country as longer as the 30years war lasted, the war tactics became faster, and the armies became a size, that it was no more possible, to produce so much good armor. And after the 1680s ,german troops, with exeption of Kürassiere, stopped using armor. But up to the end of HRE all remaining pieces of armor had been taken out of depot, when there was a war against Ottoman empire.
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  2383. Yes, because of Adam and Eve.
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  2384. The Schulschiff , Gorch Fock'. Schulschiff- school ship for training of naval officers trainnees(?). Gorch Fock was the ,artists name' of a sailor, who was also a poet. He died in Skagerrak naval battle of 1916.
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  2385.  @genericpersonx333  : I noticed your answer today. As i said, after the war of 1861-1865 the US army was reduced to a peace time stength of about 30000 men, plus the State Militias, which are today the ,National Guard'. I simply wanted to note the not so known fact, that, on paper, Ludwig ll had the same number of soldiers than the United States. On paper, between 1871 and 1918 there had been four german armies. The prussian army, 17 army corps including the troops of the Greatdukes , Dukes, Princes and Hanseatic towns. The bavarian army, 3 army corps. The saxon army, 2 army corps. The wurttembergian army, 1 army corps. But of course, this was only, to keep the small kingdoms quiet. But secret weapons transports for rebellions etc. are allways a difficult thing. In the 1860s a high rank german nobleman bought a lot of not so modern belgian firearms, because he wanted to become Duke of Schleswig- Holstein. But the belgian weapons traders noticed, that something was not not OK, and told the incident to prussian authorities and the plan failed.
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  2386. In Imperial Germany company Gaggenauer Eisenwerke produced for a short time also a pumpaction shotgun, but became not popular among german hunters. In Germany shotguns had been nearly not used as service weapons.ln 1830s/ 1840s few small southern german states bought small numbers of muzzleloader side- by- side shotguns, intended mostly to fight poachery , ordinary german policemen had into 1900s only a saber. What happened to those shotguns after 1871, i don' t know. German counterpart to Wildwest novels or movies, had been poachery/ smuggling stories, in which a forrest official ( Förster) fought criminals. In 1950s, and again early 1970s there was a wave of such movies. Now, the heroes of novels/ movies used ,honourable' rifles, ,unhonourable' shotgun was seen as , criminals weapon'. Perhaps you now understand something. And a note to this Résistance fighters, partisans, franctireurs. Strangely members of former Allied Powers don' t like this ,heroes', when they fight against former Allied powers.
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  2387. As a german Citizen,i am not amused about the word Pickelhaube ( pickaxe hood). The official term for this helmet was Helm mit Spitze ( helmet with point).
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  2388. @bukelos2804  : This towns/ cities allways had two names, depending on population group. And in middleage, current Czechia was regular part of HRE. In 955 Lechfeld battle near Augsburg, bohemian levie was resrguard of german army. So in the first battle , where a real german army appeared, bohemians took Part.
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  2389. @bukelos2804  : I am Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. I am rural/ conservative metal worker, so basicly patriotic. But i am, unusual for a factory worker, not uneducated, i have socalled , Mittlere Reife ' ( middle education). After elementary school ( four years), i was for six years on Gymnasium, highest german school type, preparing for university, but was not intelligent enough to get , Abitur ' so i finished after ten years of school with Mittlere Reife and started a german style jobtraining ( Lehre) as metal worker ( machine fitter). So to use the words of Germanys greatest artist Goethe from his theater play Faust: Two hearts are in my chest! On one side i am the disciplined conservative patriotic german, who respects law and order and follows the leader, on other hand i have education, know the difference of patriotism and nationalism, truth and lie ( Propaganda), peace and war ( hate between nations). An unhappy struggle between national duty and duty of humanity. I hope, you understand my soul. Truth , peace and culture are in my oppinion the best options for future, but the ghostly shadows of history / past must be put into a strong Cage.
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  2390. From start of HRE to now, only in 1204(?) a german head of state ( in this case a regent for a child) was assasinated, but in USA in 250 years four presidents!
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  2391.  @nepalesepersoniguess5259  : In theory you can do it. The tree is standing by nature, and If you use a large hatchet, it is not Impossible. But when i remember correct, i have seen an old black/white movie clip, showing real Wilhelm ll. He picks a piece of sawed wood, puts it on splitting
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  2392.  @nepalesepersoniguess5259  : Wrong Button! He put the woodpieces on splitting (?)block, don' t remember with which hand, and then split it with a large Beil ( i think Beil is in english a hatchet).
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  2393.  @eze_ec1636  : In german language we make a difference. An Axt (ax) is usually used with two hands, while a Beil ( hatchet) is usually used with one hand. Of course, there are pieces, where you can' t say small Axt or large Beil.
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  2394.  @AAB-mm2gf  : It is an austrian movie from mid/ late 1950s, but i have also forgotten the title. Do some research about actress Romy Schneider, it was as far as i know, her last movie, in which the story plays in Austro- Hungarian Monarchy. Could be , Kaisermanöver'. It can be described as romantic love Comedy.
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  2395.  @hobmoor2042  : At first be carefull what you say! At first , english speakers are the greatest liars on earth!!!! Which right had the english to conquer Wales, Scotland and Ireland??? The irish had been humans of second class for centuries. Which right had the english to conquer and rob a quater oft worlds territorry? Which right had the British to attack Oranje Freistaat and Transvaal? Which right had the British to kill the cattle oft the Boers, to destroy their farms and harvest storage? Which right had the British to put the Boer families into concentration camps , about 20% oft the people prisoned there died? Which right had the British to use Q-ships and calll german wwl U Boot crews criminals? At the Start of wwl german U-Boot crews fought with traditional sea law against merchant ships ( in german Prisenordnung) but british navy used traps to sink U - Boots . There had been double crews on prepared british ships. When a german U-Boot attacked a merchannt ship and came next to this ship on surface, then the first crew leaved the ship in boats, and the hidden second crew attacked the U -Boot with hidden cannons. Now the english, and their american allies, praise this as a clever heroic trick of the brave angellike british, but when german U - Boot crews angry about the behaviour of the british gentlemen attacked ships without warning they are criminals, a typical example of english speakers double standard perfide Albion! Now the Americans. They made treatises with Red Indian tribes, lied oft peace, broke every treaty, killed thousands oft Indianns, stoled their Land, put them Ingo reservations and forbide them to speak their language. They settled in Texas, which was not their Land, did not respect mexican law and stole the mexicans Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and California. The kingdom of Hawaii, a constitional monarchy was overthrown by american settlers.The amercans betrayed the cuban and phillipine people, but when the cuban people rebelled againtst the american puppet Battista, the amercans are the poor victims. In the Nuremberg war criminals trials no Allied warcriminal was sentenced, but the Allies, said ,attacking wars are crime'( with the exeption, when Russia attacked Poland in 1939 and Russia attacking Finnland in 1939 and Britain and Russia invading Persia). With no declaration of war 2003 USA and Britain attacked Irak, with the liegt, Saddam Hussein has Atomic rockets. Oh yes, the french in all their history only player music, danced, painted pictures, drank wine, have eaten luxury food and fucked beautifull woman. Napoléon? Louis XlV, who burnt down palatine Region? Only fake news! The French do not know what war is! The german hate against the french came out of the blue! There is no French, british vor French movie about the time between 1630- 1813, so it is clear , the french did nothing bad. And in Allied war movies the german soldiers are allways shown as idiots, but the clever(?) Allied soldiers needed six years to beat such idiots??
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  2396. Frille: For me (german) every tank existing on earth is a Panzer. And swedish stridsvagn is , for reason of being a germannic language no problem . Strid means war ( also once german Streit meaned war, for example a Streitkolben is a mace) and vagn is german Wagen. So a stridsvagn is a Kriegswagen. For reason, that Hussite war waggons are no more in use, similar to russian moving walls, it is clear that a tank / Panzer is meant. Btw., german Streitwagen means a war charriot.
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  2397. In France a self defence pistol ,Gomm Cogne' in 12 ga x 50 is sold.
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  2398. Intended for US Volkssturm? Fun aside, , with the barrel of the simpler version you have a club as second weapon.
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  2399. Modern version of ,cannister shot' ( in german Kartätschen) from smooth bore muzzeloader cannon era.
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  2400.  @patmathews6793  : Also Colt Banker, a rather small revolver, was sold both in . 22 and . 38 S&W.
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  2401. This weapon was created, when the two german countries ( Bundesrepublik Deutschland and Deutsche Demokratische Republik) had no armies.
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  2402.  @ohpatriote5622  : Before 1955 the two german countries had only paramilitary police forces. In eastern germany the paramilitary forces had been larger .
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  2403.  @Sableagle  : Your first comment doen' t offend me, no problem!
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  2404. Who pays into European Union since founding European Union, and who gets money out of European Union since founding European Union. We germans habe to pay for decades, while latin lazybones get our money, stolen from german worker for decades. Be quiet!
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  2405. Watch pictures/ photos of the real Mackensen. On the most famous photo he wears his real Husarenmütze with skull badge. The skull appeared at the caps of one prussian Husaren/ hussars regiment in the 1740s, i do not know the reason. After two world wars few german hussars caps survived, and even fewer with the skull decoration. So for this movie the producers perhaps simply seached for a similar cap and added a SS skull.
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  2406. ​ @allangibson8494 : The noise leaves in Trommelspalt ( cylinder gap?) between cylinder and barrel....
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  2407.  @allangibson8494  : Is this a russian Nagant? And Nagant revolvers had not been invented for silencer use, only someone noticed the construction is usefull for this purpose. And btw, aren' t Nagant revolvers invented by a Belgian?
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  2408.  @AbenZin1  : Before wwl infantry rifles/ muskets had been rather long , 130- 140 cm had been not uncommon, and bayonets had also been very long, so that they infantrymen had a replacement for the pike, which dissapeared from european battlefields in 1690s. Short rifles/ muskets ( Carbines/ Karabiner) had been weapons of cavallry, artillry, engineer and transport soldiers. Before 1914 german cavallry men had no bayonet, so when the cavallry men had to fight on foot in the trenches, they used the carbine to shoot and their lances as bayonet substitute , until the carbines got transfered to fix a bayonet. Side note: Cavallry was seen as the aristocratic branch of army, even the commanders of last german cavallry divisions in wwll had been noblemen with the rank Fürst.
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  2409.  @burnsboysaresoldiers  : As far as i know, it is no more in production. I think, it was a test for german gunlaw reason ( See, there is a civilian gun in 4,7).
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  2410. Last ditch weapons? The thousands of civil war pikes?
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  2411. Here in Germany traditional Maschinenpistolen are not unusual, but you see this not every day.
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  2412. robert colbourne : In those days french was, in western world, the ,lingua franca'/ international language, it needed some time to replace french with english language. And the , Friedensklasse' of the , Pour le merite', the ,Pour le merite für Wissenschaft und Künste' (for science and art) is the last prussian medal, which is , very rarely today, still sometimes awarded, as far as i know!
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  2413.  @grahvis  : Prince Philipps real family was Oldenburg - Glücksburg ..., the noble family Oldenburg ruled both Denmark and up to 1918 also Great Duchy Oldenburg in north west Germany.
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  2414.  @augustdenger8231  : Carp, is this fish ,Karpfen" in german language?
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  2415.  @tbjtbj4786  : See my comment about german hunters and butchers, such saussage can be really good!
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  2416.  @Combat-Mindset  : Ich benutze den Anschluss meiner Freundin mit, und möchte keine Verwechslung. Wundern sie sich nicht darüber, ich habe eine Asperger Erkrankung , daher ist mein Verhalten für ,Normalmenschen' oft unverständlich.
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  2417.  @Combat-Mindset  : Das macht doch nichts! Wenn man so wie ich anders ist, als die Mehrheit , wird man leicht für verschroben oder seltsam gehalten.
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  2418. A few years ago , during a historical tour of a small german historical society, i met an, at this day 81 old member of Stauffenberg family ( forgotten the branch) , he showed us his palace, which was once a castle, and told us , that he knew his famous relatve ( when he was a child), and after the assasination atempt , it was a dangerous time for all ,von Stauffenberg'.
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  2419. There was a austrian copy of this in 9mm Steyr, it was mouted to a wooden ,backpack' device, which could be used as a lafette(?). Austrian soldiers called this weapon/mount combination ,Kraxenpistole'. A Kraxe is that ,device' to carry heavy things on your back.
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  2420. Neutron Alchemist : The second one is the one i meant. This weapon was described a longer time ago in the ,Deutsches Waffenmagazin' (German Arms Magazine).
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  2421.  @nonnayerbusiness7704  : In Holy Roman Empire no Emperor was asassinated, also no German / Austrian Emperor or President. A great difference.
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  2422.  @FlagAnthem  : The german name for France is Frankreich/ Reich der Franken. So we still know, that those members of one of our tribes, which not moved away , gave France the name ( there are still lots of Franken in Germany). In early days of HRE some italian noblemen, loyal to german emperor, said: We speak today italian language, but we are descendens of Langobarden and Burgunder, so we are also german. So about 1000 italian nobles still knew their germanic ancestry.
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  2423. Oh,the Kübelwagen was before the war the Käfer/ beetle, during the war a military vehicle, and after the war again a sucessfull civilian car. Was your Jeep ever a commercial success which motorized civilian society?
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  2424. Ich, nicht meine Freundin Britta, deren Account ich nutze, habe keine Geschwister und auch keine Kinder ( als ich noch im entsprechenden Alter war, wollte die Damenwelt wenig von mir wissen). Bei meinen Eltern, die Geschwister haben, höre ich immer nur Geschimpf, welchen Ärger man mit diesen wegen ihrer Unzuverlässigkeit, Unpünktlichkeit, Nervigkeit und auf den eigenen Vorteil Bedachtheit ( schwäbisch Vordlhäftdichkeit) hat. Auch von Leuten die Kinder , eigene oder Adoptivkinder, höre ich des Öfteren nicht so amüsante Dinge. Eine verheiratete Dame aus meinem Bekanntenkreis beklagt sich des Öfteren über ihren Mann. Ich bin daher nicht so ganz überzeugt, daß die Beschäftigung mit der Familie für den Seelenfrieden immer das Beste ist.
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  2425. I come from german state Baden- Württemberg. In front of clifflike northern end of Swabian Alb plateau there are some mountains, which are made from hard stone of vulcano eruptions. These mountains had been in medieval age used by high nobility to build their fortified castles on top. My english is not very good.
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  2426. German here. When wwll ended, 11 to 15 millions or germans had to leave their home in different east european/ balkan countries. This people often had suffered terrible things. But i never read in books or tv, that this german refugees killed or attacked people in mainland Germany for no reason, and claimed to be mental ill. And: For over thirty years, you hear here in Germany, behind every bush a Nazi is louring for foreigners, to murder them. But: A) You never read, if more foreigners had been killed by germans since 1990, or the other way. B) You never read , when there is violence between germans and foreigners, who started it. C) You never hear numbers of killed germans, or raped german/ non muslim girls. List goes to Z), but i am tired.
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  2427.  @Intelwinsbigly  : The current heads of Wittelsbach and Württemberg are wellreputated gentlemen, but older than 80 years now. So for an emperor from formerly royal families, the heads of Hohenzollern or Wettin have a better age. But like in HRE time, the new emperor should be elected, but of course no more by electors/Kurfürsten, but by the people. Even our Federal President/ Bundespräsident as ,Head of State' has very few power, he is not elected by the people!!! The political parities in federal Parlament: The oldest party, founded in the 1880s /90s is the SPD ( Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands). They once had Bern the ,working mans party' , and after removing communist ideas arround 1950, they became a mostly moderate left party, but in 1970s many nonworkers entered the party, and they became leftwing again, but has forgotten the working man. The FDP ( Freie Demokratische Partei) was liberal in german sense, not really right or left, they are interessted in free economy, this was formerly the party of shopowners, rich farmers, owners of small factories. This Party has lost its former importance. The CDU ( Christlich Demokratische Union), in Bavaria CSU ( Christlich Soziale Union) was once the conservative party, from moderate conservatives to patriotic ,but not really right wing, conservatives, supported by industry, banks, farmers and the churches. But in the time of Angela Merkel the CDU (and also CSU) did a step to left to be centric, the patriotic members and ideas are mostly removed. The Party calls itself still conservative, but the conservative part of US Democrats are more conservative/ patriotic than ,conservative' CDU. A sidenote to the churches: We also have some smaller churches as it is common in USA, but most germans are members either of Lutheran church ( in Germany known as Evangelisch) or Catholic. Formerly the Evangelische/ Lutheran church was moderate left and Catholic church conservative/ moderate right, but today Lutheran church is liberal in US sense and Catholic church moderate left. Nest Party is the Grüne, this Party is this what in USA is seen typical/ totally liberal. The Party ,Die Linke' is basicly former communist/socialist East german ,SED' ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) painted with democracy. The AfD ( Alternative für Deutschland) is a patriotic/ conservative Party, but they have a problem : Inside oft this Party there is a strugle between conservatives in Old Time CDU style and real right wingers, and it is unclear, who wins. I ( not my girlfriend Britta) am 55, german style trained worker/ Facharbeiter and born in the area arroud Stuttgart. When i was a child, you could say ,rural area' but today the rural element is nearly disappeared. Formerly the workers, craftsmen, hands and many Bureau employees still had the very small farms of their ancestors. In those Region ( Altwürttemberg ) there are the smallest german farms. My father, who was trained worker like me, stopped farming and sold the last four cows. So i know also something about farming. But when you look arround, the ,liberal' lifestyle ( US sense) is growing more and more, in newspapers, TV and politics the working man ( Farmer, craftsman, worker, ordinary employees) appeares rarer and rarer, the persons liked by liberals more and more. The working man is more and more the uneducated and unneccessary hillbilly/ Hinterwäldler, while the liberal townsman is described as ,crown of human development'. So i think you are not surprised, when i don' t like the Situation in my country.
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  2428.  @nichderjeniche  : Das ist im Rahmen des möglichen. Ich selbst bin Brittas Freund und wohne mein ganzes Leben im selben Haus. So glaube ich zu wissen, was sich in den letzten knapp sechzig Jahren verändert hat. Früher war mein Heimatort ein ländlich geprägtes Dorf, in dem die einheimischen Familien eine kleine Nebenerwerbslandwirtschaft hatten, oder sie hatten diese erst kürzlich aufgegeben. Dazu kamen die aus den verlorenen deutschen Ostgebieten vertriebenen Leute, eine Anzahl Menschen, die aufgrund der guten Wirtschaftslage aus anderen Teilen Deutschlands zugezogen waren, und eher wenige Ausländer, meist aus Südeuropa. Es ist kaum etwas vorgefallen. Während meiner Schulzeit gab es im Ort einen Ehestreit, bei dem ein Mann seine Frau niederschlug und und im Glauben, sie sei tot, Selbstmord begiing. Drei Landstreicher haben die Bäckerei überfallen, und ein enweder betrunkener oder geistig kranker Mann ha eines Nachts gelärmt. Heute ist die Landwirtschaft fast Geschichte , der Ort verstädtert und man kennt die Leute nicht mehr ( Anmerkung: Durch meinen leichten Autismus bin ich eher einzelgänerisch und rede mit nur wenigen Menschen). Es werden immer mehr Ausländer und auch Menschen, für die Medien, Politik und normale Bürger unterschiedliche Worte benutzen, um es vorsichtig zu formulieren. Von diesem bin ich nicht so begeistert. In den 90er Jahren wurden solche Leute in einem Haus untergebracht, dessen alte Bewohner kurz zuvor gestorben waren. Als diese weggingen, war das Haus voller Müll und die Einrichtung komplett ruiniert. Einige Jahre später wurde ein solcher Mensch erschossen, auch slte Leute wussten nicht, wann zuvor das letzte Tötungsdelikt im Ort geschah. Es stellte sich heraus, daß der Mann in drei Orten unter Falschnamen Geld kassierte und im Drogenhandel tätig war. Bei den Leuten die seit 3015 mutwillig hier hergelockt werden, war ein Jugendlicher im Freibad der Nachbarstadt in einen Aufruhr, bei dem die Bademeister bedroht, und zwei elfjährige Mädchen belästigt wurden, beteiligt, und die dreizehn und vierzehn Jahre alten Jugendlichen, die eine ältere Frau im Ort beraubt haben, soll es sich gerüchteweise um den Personenkreis gehandelt haben. Es KÖNNTE stimmen, denn in der Zeitung wurde arg wenig genaues und im Amtsblatt gar nichts berichtet. Seit 2015 fällt mir , leichter Autismus, auf, daß unter den eher wenigen Menschen, mit denen ich rede, daß häufiger als zuvor, Frauen sich über Belästigungen beschweren , vor allem durch Afrikaner und Araber/Muslime, beziehungsweise sich um ihre Töchter fürchten. Auch unter Deutschen gibt es Sexualtäer, auch in meinem Ort wurden in den 90er Jahren zwei junge Frauen angegriffen - von einem arbeitsscheuen Assozialen, aber ich habe die meiste Zeit meined Lebens nie soviele Beschwerden gehört. .
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  2429. In 1943 the German movie , Münchhausen ' showed topless women.
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  2430. ​ @sebe2255 : ??? Remaining swabian branch ( Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen) never had farmland etc. in former Eastern Germany. This branch and extinct branches Hohenzollern - Hechingen and Hohenzollern - Haigerloch allways lived in Swabian Alb arround mount and castle Hohenzollern.
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  2431.  @sebe2255  : Hohenzollern Castle is owned to 2/3 by prussian (protestsntic) Branch, to 1/3 by swabian ( catholic) branch. Current head of swabian branch owns some factories, and as far as i know has not really economic problems, you hear few about him in public, and when, mostly positive things, Like his distant relative Friedrich der Große, he is known as a good musican. His prussian counterpart Georg tried to get something of former family owned extensive things back. It is not forbidden, to do so, and many persons try to get money etc. from Federal Republic or States. So what? I personaly , Brittas boyfriend, autistic, rural backgrond, conservative have met some noblemen during historical guided tours of a small historical society. Mostly of former knights class, but also a rather close relative to british Royal House. Most of them are serious people, either classical owners of farmland, forrests, wineyards, etc., other ones are lawyers, construction ingenieurs, brewery owners, only one seemef to be still really rich. Tradtonal dress, in british or german vountystyle. Tradtonal behavior? One day, during a historical tour to an undestroyed medieval looking castle, the owner waited in Hunters dress in front of his castle, in his early 70s. One old man in his 80s , was in the group of travellors. When the castle owner saw this old man, hr lifted His hat , did a slight bow and said: Your Royal highness hasn' t visit me for a long time! The old man with hat , coat and umbrella, was realy a member of former royal House of Württemberg. Most of current younger noblemen are married with women of nonnoble families. Last year i did a series of photos with two ladies in the besutfull park of a count. One of the ladies personally knee the counts wife, so i got the key to park and Garden house for free. After the photo Session i gave the keys back to the ( USA born!) countess, i thanked her for using the Park for free, and Just for fun i said: Ich möchte mich bei Ihrer erlauchten Gräfin bedanken! The Lady looked rather surprised for using old Style words. Monarchy? For me no problem, why? We have a Democracy, but like a Monarchy i can not elect head of state.
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  2432. When in early 90s many russians with german ancesty returned to Germany. Those ones who still could speak german, spoke it mostly with an accent. So i , Swabian, was rather surprised when one of those russia- germans spoke in my dialect.
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  2433. Nebelwerfer means Fogthrower, not Smokemortar ( this would be a Rauchmörser).
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  2434. RWS: Rheinisch - Westfälische Sprengstoffabriken ( nowadays three f are allowed) / Rhinish - Westphalian explosives factories. Today under RWS brand cartidges for huntingrifles are produced.
    1
  2435. ​ @stewartcarroll304 : Solche Geheim- und Sabotageaktionen sind nicht unsere Sache.
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  2436. There is an early 1930s german movie ,Stoßtrupp 1917 ( 1918)' . Has Propaganda background, but not totaly untrue.
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  2437. In german Beer law there is a difference between Einfachbier ( simple Beer) with lower than 2 /2,5 per Cent. This Einfachbier is still noted in law, but no more brewed. Then there is , Schankbier' / Tavern ( inn ) Beer with lower than 4,5 per cent. Still brewed, but not to common. Then Vollbier /
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  2438. Sorry, wrong Button. Vollbier/ Full Beer, 4,5 to 6,5 per Cent, usual type of german Beer. And Starkbier, stronger than 6,5 per cent. I think, the Einfachbier was the once common type of Beer. I think, if medieval German craftsmen, drinking 3 litres of beer would drink 3 litres of modern Vollbier, they would roll arround on the floor.
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  2439.  @dravenocklost4253  : Up to 16th century levies ( in german Aufgebote) had been common a part of armies! It was 17th century ,Absolutism' which caused the final decline of levies ( in german Landsturm, Landmiliz, Landfahnen, Landessufgebot, Landesdefension, Bürgerwehr, Bürgergarde, Bürgerwache, Bürgermiliz, Bürgermilitär). Absolutistic monachs didn' t want armed and trained citizens.
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  2440.  @johnshepherd9676  : When 1903-1906 the ,personal union' between Sweden and Norway split. Germany supported Sweden, Brittain Norway. Perhaps the reason.
    1
  2441. Before 1920 many target shooters fired their pistols with angled arm, i think that is simple solution for this modification.
    1
  2442. Don't Tell this to current German Gouvernement! They would make a retirement age of 85, to have more Money for their nonsens.
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  2443. I am Brittas boyfriend and german. You perhaps don' t know , that in case of partisans, this case of warfare has no tradition in Germany. Either soldiers, or civilians. For example: When in napoleonic wars after Napoleons russian campaign, Prussia moblized regular ( secretly trained) reserves, formed fast trained and bad equippet Landwehr units, it was also planned that the Landsturm, formed of rather young, eldery or not really fit men should do Guerilla warfare without uniforms. Prussian king was shocked, and forbid the use of Landsturm in Guerilla style. Also in this age of highest point of german education and spirit, most german intellectuals had been against Guerilla warfare. So in case of nonuniformed civilians, they had been simply seen as criminals in Germany for decades, when german troops noticed ununiformed civilians in 1870, wwl or wwll. This is no excuse for too cruel things, but those armed civilians caused the life of thousands of innocent civilians. So i don' t see them as heroes. The other things, killing persons simply because they are jewish etc. was , and still is, with no doubt a terrible crime.
    1
  2444.  @puzzled012  : The Wehrmacht ( defence might) was the regular Army, the SS was first only a bodyguard unit for NSDAP leaders and became then the Army of the NSDAP party. So the SS was more indoctrinated than Wehrmacht, which was also involved in crimes. But it depends at Wehrmacht, which was much larger, more in the unit, branch, location and commanders, if there had been few or much crime.
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  2445. axolotlguy: a) Before 1873 no Standard German existed, only german dialects, forming three dialect groups. My ( i am Brittas boyfriend) dialect is swabian dialect , which belongs to Hochdeutsch or Oberdeutsch dialect group ( bavarian dialects in Bavaria, Austria and Southern Tyrol in ltaly, swabian - alemannic dialects in parts of german states Baden - Württemberg and Bayern, austrian state Vorarlberg, german part of Switzerland, french Alsace and Liechtenstein. When i travel with my car an hour northwards, i am on fränkisch tribal territory, they speak a different dialect. Fränkisch is spoken in parts of Bayern, Baden - Württemberg, Nordrhein - Westfalen, mainly in Hessen, Saarland, Rheinland - Pfalz and the few remaining Lorraine german speakers ( if there are still ones). B) Frankish empire before split in 843 included current France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, northern Italy and Most of current Germany. In this territories had been spoken forerunners of current french/italian/ german/ dutch ( flemish) languages, and latin as clerical/ administrative language. German Name for current France is for centuries Frankreich ( realm of the Franks).
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  2446. axolotl-guy: I have an Asperger disorder. My point about territories belonging to Frankish Empire is, that you can not declare this Empire as french or german, as it was done in a more nationalistic era.
    1
  2447.  @ettorefassina356  : In the old days, when for rich/ upperclass persons a sword was part of correct dress , this was common, not today. But at weddings in my country ( Germany) members of a religion being still in middleage, still carry and fire firearms. For being nongerman and members of a poor discriminated minoriy, there is nearly no punishment for this criminal behaviour.
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  2448. Trance Mountainbiker : Das geht ohne Probleme, solange die Leute nicht rechtzeitig weggehen.
    1
  2449. In german ,der lange Gang'.
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  2450. His name was Karl der Große !
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  2451.  @srsrikndadje448  : Karl!!! I don' t know a german mens name ending with ,us'.
    1
  2452.  @TheGladbacher2011  : Aix la chapelle ;-)
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  2453.  @vincentb9827  : The mens names is in this case Wilhelm ( William/ Willem/ Guillaume/ Guglielmo), while Canaris, if you mean the german intelligence officer of wwll, is a family name. Some germans have foreign names, because their ancestors had been, for example, french. In second half of 17th century a lot of protestantic French persons had to flee and moved into protestant german regions, a neighbor of me has the family name Jourdan. Also, especially in 16th century educated non noble germans translated their geman family name into greek or latin. So a Hans Bäcker ( Baker) became Hans Pistorius, which was possible in those days. Arminius is the name, how Romans called this historical person, but even still today some midaged german men have the name Armin, i doubt that this is really a germanic mens name, it was either a ,romanisation' ( in german : Verballhornung) of a similar sounding germanic name, or could be a kind of translation , because german mens name parts have often a ,manly' meaning, so perhaps Arm... is a translation of a germanic name , containing ,weapon'. Also womens names contain sometimes ,military ' words, Brünnhilde for example , contains Brünne ( shirt of mail- or scalearmour).
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  2454.  @goforbroke4428  : Please excuse the mistake! Last weekend i had to use a special medicine against a kind of allergic reaction, i was unusual tired and feeled like a little drunken. This must be the reason for the nonsens i wrote. Korps is spoken Kohr , and only persons, who don' t know a foreign language, say Korps.
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  2455. Pickelhaube was not the offical name of those german helmets.
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  2456. Under the name , Austrian Netherlands' the territory of current Belgium was up to 1790s regular part of HRE.
    1
  2457. Why?
    1
  2458.  @TheKamperfoelie  : Yes, this is an old sailors tale about a terrible capitain, who became a kind of ghost .Among German sailors there are storys about the Klabautermann, a small man , who sometimes appears on ships. Usually this Klabautermann is not dangerous, but he is annoying the sailors with pranks and jokes. But: When a sailor becomes violent or badly cursing against him, you have to fear the Klabautermanns revenge.
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  2459.  @82ismi  : As far as i know,, it was replaced in 1904 by Navy, and 1908 by Army with Luger/ Parabellum pistol. So i assume, that after 1908 the production of this revolvers for officers and civilians by german and in smaller numbers also belgian companies slowly ended. For civilian/ officers market also versions in double- action, ejectors and fingerhooks at trigger guard existed. But at this time the Reichsrevolver was really dated, so i assume, not sold Reichsrevolver became what we germans call , Ladenhüter ' ( literally shopguard- meaning an Item, nobody wants to buy anymore) in some gunstores Up to end of wwll. During wwl Reichsrevolver was used for rearline units, Police ( and other armed Personal of civilian Administration). Cartidges ( only blackpwder) have been, according to german arms magazines , produced Up to may be 1930. Also according to german arms magazines, last Reichsrevolver being in DARK corners of Arsenals Had been given to Volkssturm. Also according to german arms magazines, 10, 4 mm Italian, in small numbers sometimes produced by Fiocci company , can be used as Substitute for 10, 6 mm GERMAN. BUT: I DON' T know IF THIS IS TRUE. FROM A REPLICA OF THIS REVOLVER I HAVE NEVER HEARED. WHO WOULD BUY THIS? IN GERMANY GUNLAW BECOMES MORE AND MORE RESTRICTIVE, MORE AND MORE GUNOWNERS FEAR, IN SOME YEARS GUNOWNING COULD BE FORBIDDEN. ( AM NO GUNOWNER). IT SEEMS, MY COMPUTER HAS A PROBLEM, SO I STOP MY COMMENT.
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  2460. How long the ,clever' allies needed for victory?
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  2461. Cohen? I somewhere read, that among german jews the name Kohn was found, and that Kohn was not only a name, but was also a kind of title, so the end of the video seems plausible.
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  2462. In german Generalleutnant, Generalmajor or Generaloberst is correct, but i know what you mean . A Handtasche/ handbag is ,un sac des mains' in French.
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  2463. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, and Asperger autistic. For twenty years i was quality controll man of a small german company. What is wrong with being pedsntic?
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  2464. Busch- bush ( spoken the same way). You surely mean Büchse- rifle ( Flinte- shotgun).
    1
  2465.  @biggusdickus819  : What is a Rodelero? I don't speak spanish.
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  2466. Reich! Riechen- to smell.
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  2467.  @sallybraun7377  : Damit sie ins Bild können :-) ?
    1
  2468. Wrong Button! Not as regular solution.
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  2469. Only men of anglosaxon countries.
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  2470.  @SergeiMosin  : Both is possible. African craftsmen can do rather astonishing work. Sometimes shot out ( in german ausgeschlossene} rifle barrels had been drilled to transform a rifle into a shotgun. And here in Germany many noblemen still have swords, lances, armour and old firearms of their ancestors. ( But nowadays noblemen have problems to keep and repair their castles, so even nobles of high rank sometimes sell much old weapons to earn Money).
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  2471. Surely not before 17th century :-))
    1
  2472.  @JaykPuten  : Please, my comment was intended as a joke!
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  2473. Not really true . It depends also to the speakers home Region/ dialect. There are regions in the north, where st and sp are spoken st or sp, while in other regions its scht or schp.
    1
  2474.  E Fig  : To mobilize mid age men ( in german Landwehr) or men over 50( in german Landsturm) was also common in non german countries.
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  2475. In wwl the kettle hat a comeback in allied armies, the sallet in Germany.
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  2476. Also battle of Lissa in 1866 at Mediterran Sea. Austrian (!) fleet won against Italian fleet.
    1
  2477. The Gendarmerie ( in Württemberg Landjäger) was a police force for rural areas . In times of monarchy there had been town police in the Amtsstadt ( Oberamt was the wurttembergian term for Landkreis/ county/ Arrondissement) , also whealty villages or Landstädtchen/ rural towns had their own police. But most oft the villages and ,rural towns' had no own policemen. This was the area of the Gendarmerie/ Landjäger. Here in Central Württemberg, where i live, the distances between two villages had been small, so that the ,beat' of a Gendarm consisted of two or three villages. But in every town or village there had been in imperial times also auxillary policemen: The Amts- or Polizeidiener ( town crier?), the Nachtwächter ( nightwatchman) and the Feldschütz ( viele gard/ garde champetre).
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  2478. Luxemburg was a part of Germany up to 1866.
    1
  2479.  @BobGeanis  : There had been small units of arabic, indian and african ( black) soldiers, and SS Division Handschar consisted of muslims, Field Imam was a palestinianan man named ,al Hosseini '. And Heinrich Himmler, Commander of SS noted: Islam is a religion, creating Brave Warriors, and has similarities to National Socialists ideology.
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  2480. Currently we have leftwing, woke and political mainstream in Germany, the members of this mainstream see themselves as godlike crown of mankind.
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  2481. Decades ago, in german arms magazine Deutsches Waffenmagazin an April's fool article of a special ,backwards shooting' revolver for ,Pony Express' horsemen was shown.
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  2482. For scaring away animals from wineyards, such devices are also used. Formerly there had been in german wineyards guards ( called in my region Wengertschütz), who patrolled the wineyards and fired with blankguns or , up to 1950s, cheap boxlock percussion Derringers.
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  2483. I am not Britta herself, but her boyfriend. Most of the commenters have perhaps never seen a Kastell, as we germans call it. I come from a village perhaps 30 km away from the point, where between the current towns of Lorch and Schwäbisch Gmünd, formerly was the border between Germania Superior ( wood / earth Limes) and Raetia ( stone made Limes). Along the border fortification Limes you can find a lot of watchtower relicts ( and more or less good reconstuctions). Along this Limes there had been also Kastelle in different sizes, for Auxillary units, not for full legions. Those border Kastelle really have the same size and plan/structure, they are really similar. Not far away from my village are the relicts of Kastell Köngen( Grinario in roman days) , the relicts of a Kastell near Buch are nealy the same. Both sites have original relicts, reconstrucions, the walls are simulated with earth ramparts ( wall in englisch is Mauer in german, rampart in english is Wall in german), and trees are, where formerly towers had been. There had also been simply build rather small Kastelle, which had not been build in the usual system. In the town of Aalen was a larger Kastell for a large cavallry unit called Ala, perhaps the reason for current town name, there is an interessting Museum about Romans. In the nearby town of Ellwangen is a museum about the Alemannen, but they things shown there, are from a later periode. Near the noted village of Buch you can follow for kilometers the Limes, you can still see a small rampartlike line with bushes.
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  2484. Toyguns for selfdefence? After lost wwll Germany and Austria was under Allied occupation, and for a number of years german/ austrian citizens could buy no selfdefence weapons ( in communist Eastern Germany until 1989). What was produced and sold as substitute? In Austria a company for bureau items and miniature model produced a hollow basicly pistol shaped Item, which could not be mistaken for a real pistol. A pink paint, stinking strong and rather difficult to wash away from skin and cloth, was filled in. With a bycicle tire pump the pistol was put under pressure. Pulling the trigger- the stinky pink paint came out. A german producer of water toy guns sold his pistols with a container of chemicals. Mix some chemicals into the water in the watergun, and you had weak teargas. Another german company of sheet metal toys produced a pistol, containing a strong spring. The spring was put under power , a thin walled plastic Egg was put into muzzle. After trigger pull, the spring jumped, destroyed the plastic Egg, and a chemical mixed water ( weak teargas) went out of muzzle.
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  2485. Luke Valdes : Seems to be british.
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  2486. Between 1870s and 1970s shotguns had been no police weapon in Germany, between 1830s and 1870s some small german states used doublebarrelshotguns, when policemen, up to 1890s , mostly had only a short saber ( similar to british policesabers shown by Matt Easton of ,scholagladiatora' channel) when fighting against poachers, smugglers or other dangerous criminals). After the smoothbore musket era, shotguns had been used by german military either for hunting as meat supply, vor by semireguar auxillaries in rearline.
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  2487.  @Intranetusa  : In Germany there was about fifteen Years ago a , writing reform'. Few usefull changes, a Lot of not so necessary changes. Caused a Lot of confusion, I prefer old Style. And the Modernlings nonsens for Last 40years in german school system caused simply a strong decline of german education and a rise of Idiocracy.
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  2488.  @redwaldcuthberting7195  : I know, that in english settlements name the ending ,ingham' means about, Farm of.../Settlement of... In swabian region where I live, nearly every second settlement has a name ending with ,ingen', which means , settlement of ... and his men'. So Nottingham in England and Notzingen, a village in my region basicly mean the same: Settlement of Nott/ Notz.
    1
  2489.  @redwaldcuthberting7195  : I never claimed, that english and Low German are the same! I only noted, that there is still some similarity, especially in comparison to Standard German or southern dialects. That' s all.
    1
  2490.  @redwaldcuthberting7195  : Well, coincidences/ false Friends can confuse a non Accademic. Rather common endings of settlements in my region are also - heim, -stetten, lesser common -weiler, -hausen, -wälden or -stadt. This -stadt is a Bit strange, because this settlements are often No towns. I think, like -stetten this -stadt comes from Heimstätte ( home/homestead).
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  2491. When whatching the armours of Renaissance era, please look carefull! Some of them are a mix of west european and muslim armour style.
    1
  2492. Biest is known in german too. Former use, i don' t know. In current german Biest means a domesticated annimal, which suddenly becomes wild /doesn' t follow command calls. For example: Usually the neighbors cat is friendly, but today this Biest has bitten me. Also Biest can mean an unfrienly woman , wo betrays people, is involved in intriques.
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  2493. Up to 2001 my parents did farming. But strangely i never saw cattle and hen/ cocks being transgender. I , geman , prefer cock, because in my dialect this annimal is called Gockel
    1
  2494. Not only in USA, also in many european countries muzzleloaders had been converted to breechloaders.
    1
  2495.  @ShieldWife  : In 1920s Germany, many political parties had a ,figjting wing'.
    1
  2496. Plural of Panzerfaust is Panzerfäuste.
    1
  2497. Writing error: Abwehr, not Abwher , this doesn' t exist .
    1
  2498. It is Horch. German ,ch' sound i not ,k' or ,sch'. The sound is similar to the noise of an angry cat, but slower and softer.
    1
  2499. As far as i know, in the 1860s the prussian navy ordered a number of british double action revolvers, also percussion and .36. This revolvers had been used into 1880s, when the ,Reichsrevolver ' M79 and M83 replaced all other pistols in german military ( smoothbore M 1850 prussian percussion pistol, about 15mm, bavarian Werder in 11,5 mm Werder and royal saxon M72 in 11 or 11,5 mm).
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  2500.  @herocommand  : I am german and i have read this a longer time ago in a german arms/ weapons magazine. The main article was about the Colt revolvers described in Ian's video, only at the end it was written, that the prussian navy ordered few hundred british revolvers. When i remember right, the arms magazine wrote, it had been Adams revolvers, but i am NOT sure. The navy was the branch of german armed forces, which together with the Landsturm, elderly reserve soldiers, which was the last branch which got new weaopry.
    1
  2501. Oh, Allied pilots, especially US pilots fired with machine guns at everything , what moved in Germany. Civilian vehicles, farmers on their fields, playing children... The Allied pilots had been NOT the honourable heroes, as they are allways portrayed. Also the Bomber pilots threw their bombs on totally undefended and Military unimportant villages.
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  2502. My girlfriend Brittas grandfather was a POW in an american POW camp and had to serve as a cook for US soldiers. She told me, that her grandfather was allways surprised about this fact, because he and other german POWs did some nonsense in kitchen.
    1
  2503. In Germany Kuchenreutter gunmaker/ gunsmiths family appeared in early / mid 17th century. In town Cham there is still a gunsmith of this family.
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  2504.  @abcdefghijkl123454  : I know this, only wanted to show german side.
    1
  2505. There had been times, when decorated and engraved guns had been seen as a very honorfull gift.
    1
  2506. Nonsens! Preußischer Paradeschritt/ Prussian Parade Step was introduced in 19th century, when National Socialism was unknown. In Monarchy era this was only performed in Front of the Prussian King or important guests of him to honour them.
    1
  2507. Yes, wrapped in gift paper.
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  2508.  @michaelmcgovern8110  : A) Those partisans mostly didn' t respect international war law too, but had not been punished after war. Fun fact: When those partisns are so good people, why soldiers of former allied nations had been so cruel against partisans / resistance figjters in Kenia ( british), Indochina and Algerie ( french), Vietnam ( US) or Afghanistan ( russian)?b) Especially in russian Propaganda there had been lots of hate and uncovered advices to kill as many german people as possible , the russians also killed in Katyn (?) thousands of polish officers, claiming this was done by Germans, even jugoslawian partisan leader Tito protested against russian behavior of raping also jugoslawian women. c) russian hate Propaganda was surely the most worse, but propanda of other nations resulted also crimes of allied soldiers. d) When freefrench troops ( often colonials from Northern Africa Colnies) conquered / ocupied black Forrest , thousands of women had been raped, alone in Freudenstadt a female doctor noted, when french troops arrived , she had to look in first two days after 100 raped women. This is nearly forgotten, because it is not much spoken about it. I doubt, that this could happen in such large numbers, without ,looking away' of french officers After war first chancellor Adenauer let collect a list of warcrimes, done by Allied troops under latin name ,Tu coqui' ( you also), but for political reasons, he never used the list. e) I never said, that number of Allied warcrimes had been larger than Axis . f) First US soldier my father, born 1938 saw, aimed with a pistol on him, his sister, brother, mother, grandmother and a neighborwoman and shouted: Wo Ring? Wo Gold? ( Ring and Gold mean the same in english and german).
    1
  2509. Nun, es ist leicht, hinterher über Polizei oder Behörden zu schimpfen. Zunächst muß man die Zusammenhänge erkennen, was aber nicht so einfach war. Die Verbrechen fanden in unterschiedlichen Landesteilen statt, und damals waren schlicht Computer und Verbindung zwischen den Polizeidienststellen und sonstigen Behörden noch nicht so gut. Auch waren Kriminaltechnik , sowie Kriminaltheorie noch nicht so ausgereift. Die Kritiker sollten sich selbst überlegen, ob sie so geistesgegenwärtig und kombinationsfähig wären.
    1
  2510.  @donaldasayers  : Yes, this type of steel was in my early days of work called St37 in Germany, nowadays P 365 G , ordinary mild steel. Other steel can be heavier.
    1
  2511. Visit the german town Esslingen am Neckar. There is next to main station a large old chimney with the large letters Dick.
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  2512. A nonsens: In wwl every regiment of all european nation consisted of men being idigenous to their country..
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  2513.  @AuntLoopy123  : Kahn means in german language a boat or small ship.
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  2514.  @LordVader1094  : In german Wildwest movies of 1960s the Red Indian Chief was a Frenchman, and most Indians had been Jugoslawians. In those days it was for mostly small german Movie companies simply to expensive, to produce a Wildwest movie in USA. But main character was played by Lex Barker.
    1
  2515.  @iriswaldenburger2315  : Michelle Young wrote Kahn!
    1
  2516. Some of Karl des Kühnen territories had been in Kingdom of France, some in HRE. His territories had been in French/ HRE border region,, so he tried to form an own kingdom in this region.
    1
  2517.  @jeanvaljean4876  : german name: Weißenburg/ French name: Wissembourg!
    1
  2518.  @Brun07578  : The director of ,Deutsches Panzermuseum' made a Video about this myth.
    1
  2519. B2Tall : Please compare the number of united states civilians killed by regular non US forces on US soil after 1900 to the number of non US civilians killed by regular US forces on no US soil after 1900.
    1
  2520.  @htoodoh5770  : There had been on a low level some small innergerman wars and arround 1520 the very last Fehden ( feuds?)
    1
  2521.  @phirus02  : After the split of frankish empire in 843, only Napoleon and Hitler ,united' France and Germany. Fun aside, both men caused years of unnecessary war, destruction , hunger, poorness and destruction. But in case of Germany the 30years war 1618-1648 was the worst time .
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  2522. A stocked pistol was allways seen as cheap substitute for a carbine.
    1
  2523.  cuneiform100  : Yes, this is possible.
    1
  2524.  @yourstruly4817  : Ich bin Brittas Freund, benutze nur ihren Anschluss mit. Ich jedenfalls kenne den Namen Eugen entweder als Eugen oder in meinem Dialekt als Eigen oder scherzhaft Eigas. Wer mit Prinz Eugen gemeint ist, weis ich selbstverständlich, wohne schließlich nicht allzuweit von Höchstett entfernt, muß aber zugeben, das Museum noch nicht besucht zu haben.
    1
  2525. In 1871 a goldbacked Mark was introduced. It was either called only Mark or Goldmark (once a Mark was a halbes Pfund/ half pound). After wwl the no more goldbacked Mark became more and more worthless, the highest inflation was in 1923, so for about a year the Rentenmark was introduced. A thing similar to ,old' and ,new' francs of 1960s, but in Germany much more ,0' disappeared. Then, i think 1924, the new Reichsmark was used. The ,Kleingeld', the coins lower than 50Pfennig looked rather similar than westgerman Pfennig coins after war. Neighborchildren and i found in early 1970s a 10 Reichspfennig coin. We did not know, what a Reichspfennig is, for us it was more important, that we could get with this coin chewing gum out of a chewing gum selling machine.
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  2526. In Germany you sometimes still see sometimes men with such helmets. In some towns socalled , Historische Bürgerwehren ' exist. Up to about 1850 this had really been militias, but today they are pure ceremonial tradition keepers, wearing historical uniforms, appearing at historical/ Events and parades.
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  2527. In some german cooking books of medieval/ Renaissance era, beavers (!Bieber) are declared as fish, for reason of look of their tail.
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  2528.  @nickywal  : Exactly. Also strongest german beer type ( Bockbier) was often drunken by monks in Fastenzeit ( times, when for religious reason, few food was eaten).
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  2529. Me included, third person, who noted this.
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  2530. Was from early 10th century to 1806 regular part of HRE. In 955 Lechfeld battle, first campaign where a realy german army appeared on battlefield, bohemian levie was rearguard of german army.. And from about 1400 to 1918 part of Austria/Habsburg territories. So starting in middleage, when a native dynasty ruled, to wwll a large german minority lived there, and some bohemian towns ( Städte) had a germanstyle lawset. When in 1918 Czechoslovakia was founded, there had been in reallity a bit more germans than slovacs, and german people had been, at least in first years threated bad, was one of the reasons, why a man named Henlein (?) a supporter of Hitler was successfull among german inhabitants of Czechoslovakia. When in 1919, treatises of Versailles and St. Germain, the Allied nations would have used their brains better, wwll surely would not have happened.
    1
  2531.  @causewaykayak  : The socalled Sudetenland was in Austrohungarian time a part of Bohemia / Böhmen ( austrian part of Austria/ Hungary) and Moravia/ Mähren (hungarian part of Austria/ Hungary). In 1919 ( Treaty of St. Germain) Austria lost Bohemia, and ( Treaty of Trianon) Hungary lost Moravia. From middleage to 19th century. Bohemia and Moravia bordered german Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, the thuringian principalities, and prussian province Silesia. For this reason for centuries german speaking Austrians, Bavarians, Saxons , Thurigians and Silesianw moved into Bohemia and Moravia. Those german speakers lived mostly along the borders.
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  2532.  @causewaykayak  : Glasbläserei was once in german regions full of Woods rather common. On german side of german/czech border ( Bayrischer Wald) glass and porcellain production is still wellknown. A note to german job training/ craftman system ( perhaps also Austria/ Switzerland), dating back to middleage. Formerly with 12 to 14 Years, nowadays ( change of school system) with 16 to 18 years, boys ( of course nowadays also girls) start the jobraining called Lehre. After usually 3 to 3,5 years this Training time is over, and after a successfull test ( practical and theoreitic) in industry you.are Facharbeiter, in traditional craftmanship ( Handwerk) you are Geselle ( like middleage). Those craftsmen, who learned their job in traditional Handwerk, often, but not allways, follow an old tradition called Wanderschaft: For three years they travel through the world and join for few weeks the craftsmens shops of a Meister / master craftman. When you are a Geselle/ Facharbeiter after three years you can do an expensive test, producing a Meisterstück/ masterpiece. In traditional Handwerk you become Handwerksmeister and like in last 1000 years you can open an own workshop, hire Gesellen, train Lehrlinge. In Industy you become Industriemeister, here you are only the leader of a team of workers, or, leader of a production room.
    1
  2533.  @voiceofraisin3778  : Yes , this is the same thing in edged weapons age.
    1
  2534. Please: Germanics not Germans! We Germans call us ,die Deutschen' , when we speak of ,Germanen' then we mean either all germanic nations of today, vor the germanic tribes before the current nations existed.
    1
  2535. Das Weib. At school a teacher told me, that das Weib ( formerly used similar to english wife) is neutral, because in former times a Weib was so old , that no man wanted to marry her to start a family.
    1
  2536.  @towgod7985  : Possible. During historical tours of noted historical society , i visited some castles of german knightly families. Most of them have nowadays economical problems, about which they don' t speak openly, but Mr. von Brandenstein - Zeppelin seems to be still rich. Even family von Hohenlohe - Langenburg, german high nobility, close related to british Windsor dynasty, seems to have problems .
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  2537. Wenn man bedenkt, daß der Stock schon in der Altsteinzeit erfunden wurde, und schon Homo Australopithecus bekannt gewesen sein dürfte, ist das seither ausgebliebene Verbot in der Tat empörend!
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  2538.  @thibaudduhamel2581  : The dukes of Burgundy owned territorries belonging to France and territories belonging to HRE. Alsace and parts of Lorraine had been in the time of Karl dem Kühnen/ Charles the bold territory of HRE, like his territories in todays Belgium and Netherlands, while main Burgundy was part of France.
    1
  2539.  @skepticalbadger  : Watch You tube, there are old french newsreels from 1900s to 1967(!), but with ,epee de combat'. And in my country, Germany, academic fencing with partly sharpened blades is still practiced on low level.
    1
  2540.  @StarsWithScars  : No, only the Mensur bouts of academic fencing have some relicts of duels, but a duel after an insult etc. are no more allowed. The last known duel in Germany was in 1937, a Journalist of a Nazi magazine had an affair with the wife of an high rank Nazi's Adjutant ( don ' t know english word).
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  2541.  @ScorieDivine  : In Germany, in other countries it was perhaps different, a ,honourfull' cut wound to end a duel had to be longer than one Zoll/ 1", a ,honourfull ' thrust wound had to be so large that you could see the triangle of the triangleshaped ,epee de combat'/ Pariser blade. So in a ,first blood' duel the duelists could honourfull stop the duel after a not too dangerous wound. But your comment is true, the danger of knife blades is widely underestimated.
    1
  2542. Hufschmied, literally hoofsmith, both languages are related.
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  2543. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, born 1965. I live in an area, full of ruins of medieval castles, celtic remains ( oppidum/ oppidi?) and , not far away , relicts of fortified borderline between Imperium Romanum and Germania Magna. So as little child i have seen historic relicts, and thought, life in castles was like swashbuckler movies ( Mantel - und Degenfilme) in TV. In 1971 i saw Lichtenstein castle, and was happy: First castle not destroyed ( didn't knew , this is a fairytale castle of 1840s). Now , over 50 years later, after reading books, magazines, visiting museums of all sorts ( Roman, celtic, allemanic, medieval content, weapons, home region history....), castles, palaces, monastries, fortresses, Westwall, Atlantikwall, Ligne Maginot, Stone age sites, reconstructions, real relicts, town walls. I spoke with hunters, collectors, target shooters, Reenactors, museum/ castle staff ( lot of this persons are surprisingly uneducated), security guards etc.. So, being a factory worker, no accademic, i think, i notice when someone tells nonsens. And: I refuse to watch all this modern ,Fantasy' shit.
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  2544. What is with allied war criminals?
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  2545. No. German Sturmgewehr concept means: A midpower cartidge for use in normal battle distances up to 300 Meter. Overstrong cartidges, in my oppinion, only fire a powerfull hole into the air.
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  2546. You are comming from Munich, where today standard german is spoken, and only few people speak watered down upper bavarian dialect. So it is rather clear, that you have problems with older words from franconian ( Palatine/ Hesse) and allemanic ( Swabian/ Swiss) region. For me, Brittas boyfriend, who speaks in daily life swabian dialect, rarely Standard German, it was a bit easier. The for you unknown ,äbbas' means simply ,etwas'. And in first clip with the ,pumkin eater' i could understand ,Fresser' , which is still used for a person, who eats an astonishing quantity of food, the word ,crip' could be Kripp ( Krippe in dialect). The clip with the american women and her german boyfriend or husband i saw some time ago. When i remember right, he is from Saxony, so it is rather difficult for him, to understand an oldfashioned version of Southwest german dialects. The word ,Schuir' ( Scheuer) i still use, and in swabian dialect of my region ,Barn' is used for this part of Scheuer/ Scheune, where hay and straw ( spoken similar to english) is realy stored.
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  2547. There are similar rifles in Germany, at least in South West Germany, but made from swiss 1911 rifles. In some german towns, especially in such ones , which had been in HRE time a ,Reichsstadt' ( Imperial town) , historical militias exist. They wear uniforms, mostly of 19th century, have a small band, sometimes a mounted detachement and they sometimes apperar on various events. They do a little march and drill show, the band plays and as a spectacle they fire some blank salvos. Up to about 1848, this militias really sometimes supported army and police, but afterwards to now, they only do some drill and try to keep the tradition of former HRE Reichsstadt. A Sidenote: This Imperial Towns had for centuries been the only places, NOT governed by nobles in Germany. There was only an imperial official , the Schultheiß ,in town, but he was not with the centuries mostly weaker than major. When Germany lost wwll, the allied occupation forces confiscated all rifles , muskets, sabers and polearms of this militias. When this militias had been allowed again in early 1950s, uniforms and sabers had been no problem, but rifles. In those days, Switzerland sold its 1911 remaining 1911 rifles out of armoury. This militias heared this, and bought some hundred of this swiss rifles, to convert then into blankfire only. Swiss authorites noticed this, they did not know this german historical militias thing, and warned german gouvernement: Attention! Someones tries a coup d' Etat!
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  2548.  @clothar23  : Oh, in early 1950s repeating rifles from 1911, for 7,5 x 55 cartridge was no more modern, but not too old. Remember: In early 1950s, West Germany had no army, only Federal Border Guard and ,Bereitschaftspolizei' ( barracked police?), so some hundred revolutionaries with this swiss rifles would have been a not to underestimate danger for a country with only relative few paramilitary police. Swiss officials worked with good sense of democraty.
    1
  2549.  @clothar23  : Yes, i have forgotten armed forces of USA, Great Brittain and France . Arround 1950 repeating rifles had been still in service and in stock, but their time was over. Assault rifles (gives a german a small smile that translation of Sturmgewehr is used) with shorter cartridges became popular on large scale and began to replace both repeating rifles and semiautomatic ones. So in early 1950s, repeating rifles became weapons of second line troops, militias, police and auxillary forces.
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  2550. In Germany you should not ask a lady with two pugs: Is it allowed to touch your pugs? In Germany Möpse ( pugs) means also ti....
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  2551. ger du : We don' t need both of them.
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  2552. comsubpac : We do not need both of them, i do also not like religious extremists!
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  2553. William Kruger: For the reason, that some austrian bands and historic uniform groups still use , Imperial Austro Hungarian' uniforms, such caps are perhaps still produced.
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  2554. The ,th' in german words is spoken simply ,t' , not the english way. This is a relict from the time before 1873, when german language was standardized and the ,th' disapeared, with exeption of names.
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  2555.  @richardm3023  : Hitler was australian?
    1
  2556. A Note: During 16th century up to 1918 the term Landsturm existed . In early time, this had been badly trained and armed militias, after 1815 this term was used for units of welltrained, but older soldiers.
    1
  2557.  jbond5150  : Neuschwanstein is a german name, so a german person, me included, knows, how to speak it.
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  2558.  @AML2000  : In diesem Fall ist Stein eher im Sinn von ( bergatiger) Fels gemeint. In this case Stein means ( mountainlike) rock.
    1
  2559.  @cynthiaennis3107  : I am german. Few Kilometers in the south of the town Kirchheim unter Teck there is a small town Owen, which often causes confusion for strangers. Strangers speak this name as ,Owen' pronounced the german way, locals say ,Auen'. So in this case english speakers using the pronouncion of english mens name Owen speak it better than non local germans.
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  2560. Shining equipment was liked by militaries up to 1900s. German term was ,schimmernde Wehr'.
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  2561. Only Bundesgrenzschutz ( of West German Federal Governement) and Bereitschaftspolizei units of west german states had been paramilitary.
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  2562. @kantenklaus : Heute ja, aber in den 80ern war, auch in deutschsprachigen Waffenfachzeitschriften, 5,6 lfB weitverbreitet.
    1
  2563.  @bmhater1283  : We have metric measure system since 19th century, and 0,22 inch is ca. 5,6 mm. Also in 19th century few german, austrian or swiss people could speak english, parce que dans cettes anees la langue française etait la langue international ( because french was the international language). And long rifle was simply translated ,lang ( long) für (for) Büchsen ( rifles).
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  2564. Bin Brittas Freund, untauglich ungedient, aber ein konservativer, ländlicher Mensch, also Facharbeiter bäuerlicher Herkunft. Als Nostalgiker interessiere ich mich für Geschichte und habe eine Freude, wenn ich irgendwas entdecke, was noch ein Überbleibsel einer vergangenen Ära sind. Ich sehe die Sache so: Wenn der Herrscher seine Arbeit redlich tut, kann er sich auf meine Unterstützung verlassen. Macht der Herrscher seine Arbeit dagegen unsauber oder gar gegen mich, kann er sich auf meine Unterstützung eben nicht verlassen.
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  2565. Either Totenkopfringe or skull rings?
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  2566. The Brandenburg branch of Hohenzollern had been inside of HRE only Electors of Brandenburg. Real Prussia was in HRE era NEVER a part of HRE. So i don' t know, when there was the name Change from ,in' to ,von'.
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  2567.  @janushahn6950  : As far as i know, it was then allowed to call yourself, King in ...' without diplomatic problems, but not usual. In 1470s Last Duke of Burgundy, known as Charles the Bold, had territories in France and HRE. He asked Friedrich lll, as HRE Emperor on theory highest european ruler, if he can give him the rank of King, but Friedrich could not do so, he could not create a new Kingdom. A sidenote: What many people don' t know, the namegiving Hohenzollern ( mount and castle) is not somewhere in Brandenburg or Prussia, it is in southwest of Germany. Under best weather conditions i can see the Mountain from my Village. No problem is mount Hohenstaufen ( dynasty noted in Video), which is perhaps twenty kilometers away. One swabian branch of Hohenzollern dynasty is still allive.
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  2568. Basicly such rifles are descendants of former wallguns, which had been last time used during 1870/71 German- French war and chinese Jingals, used up to 1920s.
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  2569. Wurde von Gottfried von Rindfleischbrühe erfunden!
    1
  2570. Edged weapons ? Look ,metatron' or ,scolagladiatora'.And there are a lot of small, but good channels.
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  2571. Some small notes from Germany: The german ,ch' sound is not a ,k' . German ,th' is spoken ,t' , not the english way ( When Standard German was created in 19th century, and was officially adopted in Germany, Austria and Switzerland in early 1870s, the former custom of writing a ,h' after every ,t' ended, so today a ,th' appears only in in names or nongerman words, the only exeption is Thron/ throne, because Wilhelm ll in 1901 saved the ,h' in this word.) Also calling von Richthofen a Baron is not correct. In british nobility rank system Baron is the lowest rank of high nobility, while german nobility rank Freiherr is highest rank of low nobility ( knights), so Baronet would be more correct. Baron is in Germany often used for Freiherr, but only in Austria or Bavaria some few noblemen bot this title officially.
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  2572. Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Färöer Islands: North Germanics. Germany (Austria/ Liechtenstein/ two thirds of Switzerland), Luxemburg, Netherlands, flemmish part of Belgium, England: Western Germanics. Goths, Vandalic, Burgundic, Langobatds: Eastern Germanics / extinct. As a German ( and also germanic) person i know, what i write.
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  2573.  @veronicalogotheti5416  : Si je ne suis pas teutonique, pourquoi j'ecrit en anglais ( langue des Angles) et ne pas dans un langue romanique?
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  2574.  @veronicalogotheti5416  : Spaß beiseite/ fun aside . At first it would be good to describe more clearly, what you realy want to say. I am german, more precise, member of Swabian/ Alemannic tribe. And i know my tribal history. My tribe once lived in todays Mecklenburg ( northeast Germany) and moved southwards. In 260 they moved into Roman Empire ( the fortfied Limes border was no more full manned with Auxillari troops), later in 4/5 th century they crossed Rhine and Danube and conquered the rest of nowadays territory of my tribesmen. So my tribe is a mix of germanic majority and ,colonial roman' minority. About the same with our eastern neighbor tribe, the Bavarians ( Bajuwari). The germans of former Eastern Germany are a mix of slavic people, which settled there after germanic tribes moved away, and Germans ( Germans!!!) , who conquered this area in 12th to 13th century. But that Scandinavians are no Germanics is the greatest nonsense i have ever heared. We Germans call us ,die Deutschen', when we ,rarely today, speak of Germanen, then we mean either all members of germanic nations, or our ancestors before the german nation existed.
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  2575.  @veronicalogotheti5416  : How often must i repeat , that the Scandinavians ( Icelanders, Norwegians, Swedes, Danes, Färöer) are the northern subgroup of germanic people ( Nordgermanen in german). The Germans ( Austrians, Swiss) , Dutch, Flemmish, Friesians and English are the western subgroup of germanic nations (Westgermanen in german) they moved from Scandinavia/ Northern Germany/Poland to those parts of western europe ,where they live today. The Goths (perhaps from Gotland), Burgundians ( perhaps from Bornholm), Vandaliic and Lombardic are the eastern subgroup of germanic nations ( Ostgermanen in german), they moved from Scandinavia, Northern Germany/ Poland to eastern europe. For the reason of arriving Huns the Eastern Germanics fleed mostly to western europe. They had not so much good luck, so Lombardy region in Italy and Burgundy region in France and some ,germanic heroes tales' like Nibelungenlied remember the Eastern Germanics. Some of those tribal moves happened, when Roman Empire existed, some when only Bycantine Empire remained. That all Germanics are related, you can see in written languages , some nordic words are recognizeable to me.
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  2576. I live in Germany, perhaps 30 km away from former forified border ,Limes'. My homevillage is in former Germania Superior, also about 30 km away, between Lorch and Schwäbisch Gmünd was the border between Germania Superior and Raethia. Not far away is the town Aalen with its famous Roman Museum. There was in Roman age a large fortified garrison ( Kastell). Usualy the mostly small ,Kastelle' had been manned by Auxillares infantry, but in Aalen there was once one of the rare large cavallry units called Ala. In ,Aalen' there was once a roman ,Ala' unit. Coincidence???
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  2577. andnor : In german ,Kugelspritze' is a nickname for Maschinenpistole.
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  2578. I think that is a target/competition revolver. Before the first world war many competition shooters shot pistols/revolvers with a very angled arm, so that the extraordinary handle/grip (?) would make sense.
    1
  2579.  @2adamast : I am no scientist, but this sounds possible.
    1
  2580. Andersons Road : I have no probllems with the history of my country, of course i am not happy about it. But it seems that many non german nations have a problem with the truth. But now i don' t want to throw more oil into the fire. Have a good time in your future life !
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  2581. Röhm company is/ was no weapons company! Their main products are tool and ,product' holders for drilling / milling machines. This things are rather common in german metal companies.
    1
  2582.  @billmanning1089  : My mistake, i, Brittas boyfriend, am for fourty years working in german metal industry! Also as far as i know, a Röhm welding machine company exists.
    1
  2583. Mein Heimatdorf wurde nicht mit Bomben angegriffen, bei der Feldarbeit fand ich aber ein übergroßes Geschoß, das wohl von einem Flugzeug MG stammen dürfte, hielt es zunächst für eine Versteinerung, einen sogenannten Belemiten. Bunker gab es im Ort nicht, lediglich gewölbte Keller wurden etwas abgeändert. Meine Großmutter erzählte, sie sei mit ihrem Vater und einer ,Arbeitsmaid' vom Reichsarbeitsdienst bei der Heuernte gewesen, als sie ein Flugzeug hörten, und sich im Gebüsch versteckten. Um eine Notlandung vorzubereiten, warf der Pilot des kleinen Flugzeugs zwei Bomben ab, die beide explodierten, die drei Leute aber nicht verletzten. Beim Anblick der Explosion wusste meine Großmutter, die Hauskeller schützen bei einem Treffer nicht. Sie selbst sei ziemlich erschrocken, aber die Jugendliche habe sich vor Schreck an meinen Urgroßvater geklammert. Dieser war als Veteran des ersten Weltkrieges nicht so sehr erschrocken.
    1
  2584. Glenn Webb : In the first weeks of ww l some, especially french, heavy cavalry units still used their traditional cuirasses.
    1
  2585. Btw., in 1525, 500 years ago, great german farmers rebellion ( Bauernkrieg) was crushed down. What in this, and other US channels is shown, is here in Germany not noted by TV or newspapers.
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  2586. Alt-Centrist NeoBuddhist-AnarchoBonapartist : Glücksburg. Berg- mountain. Burg- fortified medieval castle.
    1
  2587.  @thodan467  : The number of german soldiers was higher, and the training and organisation was a bit better, but military experts of those days said that three french Chassepot rifles had the same military power than five german Dreyse rifles, so this equals(?) the higher number of german soldiers, and the Chassepot was the reason ,why german troops had high losses in many battles.
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  2588.  @LiterallyWho1917  : Not totally true, in case of line tactics. Both in Italy 1859, in Denmark 1864 and Königgrätz 1866 the Austrian troops used many parts of old napoleonic tactics. The problem was , that in the austrian army soldiers with german, hungarian, czech, slowakian, slowenian, croatian, italian, polish, ruthenic, romanian etc. native language served, so before 1867 ( the year of military, civil and administration reforms), commanding the modern tactics was a large Problem, so that Austria used old tactics, easier to command , longer. In the very informative Army Museum in the former Arsenal buildings of Vienna, i saw a manual for german language officers, how to speak orders for nongerman soldiers. The orders had been written, for example , in correct hungarian and then in a way , how a german would write it.
    1
  2589. In my swabian homeregion, wine has mostly disdappeared, so the people here call cider from apples or pears Most.
    1
  2590. I clearly noted, that this is word use in my (my!!!!!) homeregion. In my homeregion/ dialect a number of words has a different meaning than Standard German.
    1
  2591. Ich habe jetzt mehrmals darauf hingewiesen, daß man in meiner Heimatgegend, zwischen Stuttgart und dem Albtrauf mit Most vergorenen Apfel - und/ oder Birnenmost meint. Frischgepressten Apfel - oder Birnensaft nennt man hier süßen Most. Da in meiner engeren Heimatgegend fast kein Wein mehr angepflanzt wird, wird traditionell allenfalls noch Träubles( Johannisbeer)saft hergestellt, anderer Fruchtsaft war früher nicht üblich, zumindest hat meine Mutter in den 60er/70er Jahren keinen anderen Saft selbstgemacht. Früchte anderer Bäume bzw. Büsche wurden nicht zu Saft, sondern zu Schnaps verarbeitet, es gab in meiner Kindheit , bzw. Jugend praktisch in jedem Ort einen Schnapsbrenner. Während man also bei mir mit Most vergorenener Apfel - und / oder Birnensaft gemeint ist, wird anderswo (!) auch anderer Fruchtsaft als Most bezeichnet. Das ist mir seit Jahren bekannt. Ich wollte lediglich auf die Verwendung des Wortes in meiner Heimatgegend hinweisen.
    1
  2592. Das ist richtig, nur daß man in meiner Heimatgegend nicht saurer Most, sondern nur Most sagt, nur das ist mein Punkt.
    1
  2593. Most finden sie in den immer seltener von schwäbischen Wirten betriebenen Wirtschaften nur selten.
    1
  2594.  @DestinationBarbarism  : As i noted, in case of war, every weapon which is still working, is given to those persons, for which they can be still usefull. For guarding prisoners, you can still use wooden clubs, invented in stone age. Older, even oldest weapons are still nowadays existing in stock , for the case of emergency. For frontline use mostly to old, but in case of noted french fieldguards of wwll, they had a rifle, when food thieves had been armed with firearms, but not ( from german perspective) to fight good against german troops. Older weaponry was not only given to armed security personal not, or rarely fighting on frontline, older weaponry was also given to not so thrustworthy allies.
    1
  2595. A note from Germany without weapon context: Cock, the annimal, is in current german language Hahn, but you can still also hear Gockel.
    1
  2596. A question from a german viewer of this channel, has nothing to do with this video. In english language barrel can mean the barrel of a firearm (in german Lauf or, very oldfashioned, Rohr) or a container for fluids, for example wine or beer ( in german Fass). Has this the following reason ? In middle age cannon barrels cold be produced by casting melted bronce /brass like churchbells or a blacksmith hammered/welded iron rods to a tube/pipe and strengthened it with iron rings. Winebarrels had been produced the same way, but of course of wooden planks and not iron rods. Can someone answer?
    1
  2597.  @alfredopampanga9356  : More than six millions!
    1
  2598. I am german, living about thirty Kilometer/twenty miles away from the point, where wood- earth made ,uppergemanic' Limes met stone made ,rhaetian ' Limes, the borderline between Imperium Romanum and Germania Magna. In the years after 260 my swabian/alemannic ancestors conquered their current tribal area. But this was not realy a military conquest. For inner roman reasons, most of regular Legionaries had left the region, only auxillary units remained and more and more raids of Alemannics came, so many roman civlians left the region, the remaining bougt weapons for selfdefence. So starting in 260, the remaining auxillary troops and civillians simply rather fast fleed and this was not an Alemannic victory over Roman troops.
    1
  2599.  @bibro76  : Achtung! Ein Sembl ( Simpel) ist im Schwäbischen ein einfältiger Mensch.
    1
  2600.  @bibro76  : Stimmt, man hört es heutzutage nur noch bei alten Leuten.
    1
  2601.  @ElectronFieldPulse  : Britta is my girlfriend, i only use her Computer too. She rarely writes comments herself.
    1
  2602. ​@bramster-b9v: Only french cavallry, especially cuirassiers, had helmets, other soldiers a cap, which was often copied in US civil war. And in 1870/ 71 many nonprussian soldiers had other helmets, württembergian troops a cap, similar to Swiss caps.
    1
  2603. @bramster-b9v : Pickelhaube ( pickaxehood) was never official german term, as far as i know Helm mit Spitze ( helmet with point). But Lederhelm mit Spitze is plausible, because also cavallry helmets made of steel or tombac existed.
    1
  2604. @bramster-b9v : Not impossible, that we met in comments to other videos.
    1
  2605.  @lachlanmacarthur6123  : Was a complete Division, not a Bataillon. The SS Division Handschar was formed from bosnian muslims and few german personal. Instead of german style sidecap (, Schiffchen ') or Feld-/ Bergmütze (field cap) they had a Fez cap . Highest field Imam was a palestinian man named ,al Hosseini'. According to the article in a serious german magazine about Military History, the quality of this Division against regular military enemiies was low, but acceptable in antipartisan combat .
    1
  2606.  @petyrbaelish007  : I am german. It seems that Propaganda Minister Göbbels Washington among ,first row' of important Nsdap members the one, who used his position the most, to come into bed with good looking women. In his position he was in charge of german movie, theater, music, opera business, so he had access to actresses and female singers. I often read , that Göbbels had the nickname , Bock von Babelsberg'. Babelsberg was location of most famous german Film Studios ( german Hollywood) and Bock, that is buck in english.....
    1
  2607. Ich bin Brittas Freund. Habe diesen Steinmeier nie gewählt, der Kerl ist mir vom Kurfürstenkollegium , äh Bundesversammlung, vorgesetzt worden und ich kann mich an ein besseres Deutschland als das Heutige erinnern.
    1
  2608.  @christianweibrecht6555  : Yes, the german name of the war of 1870/71 , Deutsch- Französischer Krieg' ( German- French war) is more exact. In 1866 Österreich, Luxemburg and Liechtenstein left ,Germany', Hannover, Hessen- Kassel and Frankfurt ( Main)also Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg had been annexed by Prussia. So the remaining states which took part in the war of 1870/71 had been: The Kingdoms of Preußen, Bayern, Sachsen and Württemberg. The Grand Duchies of Baden, Hessen- Darmstadt, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Mecklenburg- Strelitz and Sachsen- Weimar - Eisenach. The Duchies of Anhalt, Braunschweig, Sachsen- Coburg- Gotha, Sachsen- Altenburg and Sachsen- Meiningen. The Principalities of Waldeck- Pyrmont, Lippe- Detmold, Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg- Sondershausen, Reuß- Greitz (?) and Reuß- Schleitz (?). The Free and Hanseatc towns of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck.
    1
  2609. I am german, and Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too, born 1965. What is my education?.In german my education is called Mittlere Reife ( middle education) and i am german style trainer worker (Facharbeiter), and a conservative/ rural man. I live in a german region , where you can find celtic forts/ oppidi, Roman Forts/ Vilae Rustica, about twenty Miles away, there was fortified Imperium Romanum/ Germania Magna borderline called Limes. On many hills, small River bends, the clifflike northern end of Swabian Alb plateau, you can find lots of medieval Castle ruins. My homeregion was in HRE era most divided part of HRE. To give you an example. The Kreisstadt / county town of my Landkreis/ county (?) is Esslingen am Neckar. Was in HRE era an , Imperial Town '. Other territory of Landkreis Esslingen belonged mostly to Duchy of Württemberg, but two villages belonged to Imperial Knights, and one village belonged to a bishop of Rhineland . For a person like me, the current nonsens in historical/ costume movies IS unbelievable. It seems, the leftwing, political correct, woke persons of university background are complete idiots.
    1
  2610. I am german, for years i never vote for traditional partys.
    1
  2611. Hm , wundert mich nicht. Die Weintrinker merken ja nicht einmal, daß der trockene Wein naß ist.
    1
  2612. Soff1859 : Up to the 80s west german military pilots and soldiers serving in civilian dress ( messengers, couriers, military police, militarry intelligence , Wallmeister/ explosive experts for prepared locations) used .32 acp pistols. With military full metall jacket ,balls' this was not so strong.
    1
  2613.  @procariama8217  : There are two variations of german ,ch' sound. Ich ( i) and Dach ( roof) sound different. The ch sound is, slower and softer spoken, the sound an angry cat makes, when she lays down her ears. When H&K realy says, Koch is spoken Coke, this is strange, because its wrong.
    1
  2614.  @SurajSinghTomarArya  :Your Name Sounds very indian, so your comment is believeable. I also have noticed that there , that an assumingly private company started production of pistols ( revolvers are a dibcategory of pistols) in India under name Webley. I am no expert , german gunlaw is restrictive, but: A pistol in.45 Acp with only seven cartridges seems a bit dated. Pistols in .32 Acp are also dated, and revolvers in .32 S&W Long are also dated ( in late 1940s FBI ended use of .32 S&W ). In my oppinion the .45 Acp pistol of , Webley ' company is totally outdated for modern civilian use. The .32 Acp should be replaced by .380 Acp, and .32 S&Wlong should be replaced by .38 S&W, .38 Special or .32 H&R Magnum., or .455 Webley. The ( to few!) indian citizens who can buy firearms should be able to be equiped with with firearms, useable for selfdefence.
    1
  2615. ​ @JeepWrangler1957 : No! Howitzers ( Haubitzen) and Mortars ( Mörser) fire indirect, in , Steilfeuer ', while cannons ( Kanonen) fire direct ( Flachfeuer), at least in german language.
    1
  2616. Old german timberwood houses have between the timbers wooven thin branches, covered with a thin layer of straw and then wettened earth. The floors made of wooden boards.
    1
  2617.  @tompatterson1548  : In my close homeregion the type of earth is called ,Lehm' , when wet sticky and similar to ,Ton' which is used for pottery and bricks, but when dry ( Summer) hard as concrete.
    1
  2618.  @tompatterson1548  : Forgotten: Lehm is usefull for agriculture, but not easy to work with. Perhaps 10 km away, there is an earth called Löß, best quality for agriculture.
    1
  2619. The blade looks more like a dagger than a knife. And here in Germany stag handles at fixed/ folding knives are a common thing from medieval times ho now. See the products of companies like Puma or Hubertus.
    1
  2620. Attention! I am german and live in Landkreis/ county/ Arrondissement Esslingen. In the southern part, are the Swabian Alb mountains. This is a highplateau , which falls down from north to Danube in south. At the northern end, there are, also in the valleys, a lot of clifflike rock sites. There you can see a lot of medieval castle ruins, mosty once owned by ordinary knights. You would be surprised, how small this ruins are, but often at sites (?), hard to attack for nature reason.
    1
  2621.  @BananaCake26  : Sie sind im Irrtum, es kommt nicht auf kurzzeitige Höchstgeschwindigkeit, sondern auf Ausdauer an. Man jagt schelle Tiere durch ständiges Aufscheuchen, daß die schnellen Tiere nicht zur Ruhe kommen können und sich durch ständiges Rennen mit Höchstgeschwindigkeit überanstrengen.
    1
  2622.  @brauchebenutzername  : Ein Waffenschein ist eine Genehmigung, zum Selbstschutz eine geladene, schuß- und zugriffsbereite Waffe mitzuführen. Was sie meinen, ist entweder ein Jagdschein oder eine Waffenbesitzkarte. Es ist zwar theoretisch erlaubt, suf eigenem Grund zu schießen, wenn das Geschoß das Grundstück nicht verlässt, ober selbst ein Geschoß aus einer Kleinkaliber (.22 LR) büchse kann mehrere hundert Meter fliegen, bei ernsthaften Jagdbüchsen sind durchaus 4 km drin.
    1
  2623. Richard KL44357 : Good that Stalin was a democrat!
    1
  2624.  @TheFalseShepphard  : I, Brittas boyfriend, never saw Universities from inside. I am trained worker ( Facharbeiter), middle education ( passed 10th class of Gymnasium) , rural/ farmers background. I once respected accademics as welleducated , elite'. But in last twenty years this respect declined. Why? To few Natural and Technical scientists ( Naturwissenschaftler und Ingenieure) , but to much leftist , Laberfach' idiots, who don' t understand, that Germany is funded and feed not by leftist , Laberer'. Leftist , Laberer' ( University students, University Professors, all kind of Ideologie , Beauftragte )' are feed by tax money, which is stolen the WORKING part of population to feed leftist lazybones. In my oppinion all those Gouvernement feed , leftist Laberer' must be forced to work, so that they learn reality, what is important, and what not, because i have no mercy
    1
  2625.  @wayneantoniazzi2706  : I live in Württemberg, where last King was very popular, also First republican leader of Württemberg said: I now rule Württemberg, which was by King Wilhelm wellprepared for modern times. It was simply the socalled denobilitation, that all crowns etc disapeared from coat of arms, stamps , documents, coins etc.. A Note: Wilhelm ll of Württemberg' s royal Attitude was a bit smaller than other rulers, he prefered rich citizens Lifestyle over royal Lifestyle and was mostly civilian dressed. In early years of 20th century he reduced noblities privileges.
    1
  2626.  @MrHorsefly69  : Schweinehund!
    1
  2627.  @liamweaver2944  : This is a swabian dialect phrase, not the vietnamese town. Ha noi means in Standard german : Aber nein! ( But no!). It is used when someone hears surprising news, an english person would say: Unbelievable!
    1
  2628.  @MrHorsefly69 : Als an einer leichten Form des Asperger Syndroms leidende Person, fällt es mir nicht leicht, Scherze, Ironie oder Satire zu erkennen. Ich, nicht meine Freundin Britta, deren Account ich nutze, war zwanzig Jahre Qualitätspüfer in einer kleinen Firma, das steckt halt noch in mir drin. Man bemerkt oft Kommentare offenbar nicht wirklich der deutschen Sprache mächtiger Personen, welchen ich die richtige Schreibweise zeigen möchte.
    1
  2629. The oldest weapontype still in use are the wooden batons still used by more policelike units . They were introduced in stoneage ;-)
    1
  2630.  @paxundpeace9970  : Trachtentruppe.
    1
  2631.  @caspar_van_walde  : My comment had only the Intention, to not generalize language use ( in this Case the difference between a natural grown dialect, in contrast to Scientific created Standard German).
    1
  2632.  @caspar_van_walde  : I am a rural man, i only use the Computer of my girlfriend too. I have an Asperger disorder, and don' t like to travel much, because i need a standardiced life for my psychical health. In case of writing, ii of course only use Standard German. But in daily life, i use Standard German only, when foreigners ( including , Prussians' ) don' t understand me. My swabian dialect is NO wrong german, IT IS only unstandardized German. I , being at Gymnasium up to 10th Grade/ class, hate it , when Standard German speaking people , especially from the North think, they are better than i. I hate it, when Towns folk, thinks, they are better than me, a man of farmers background I hate it, when , elite' lazybones think, they are better than ,working class' people, and i hate it, when left idiots think, they have eaten wisedom with a spoon and are better than a conservative, tradition respecting man. For this reason, respecting my ancestors and tradition, i continue to speak my dialect. I know, in may be ten years, i can sit in Stuttgart Zoo ( Wilhelma) with a sign : Swabian, dying out species', but that' s my, not your problem.
    1
  2633.  @tatumergo3931  : So in Iceland this, what i call stonecoal ( Steinkohle in german) exists, then a small scale Iron production is possible. When in 960s the neighboring Village to my one , was first time noted in a document, a territorial change between a bishop and german King, iron production could have been a reason. Wood for making woodcoal was enough here, a few years ago some kilometers away last woodcoal burner of my region stopped production, but there was no Iron ore in the Stonepart of nearby mountains, it was socalled Bohnerz ( Bean ore?) which could be collected, this small, but in 10th century important Iron production stopped rather fast in 11th century. The people still knew,that the small Stones of max. beansize can be used for Iron production, but by the time collecting came to an end for small quantity reason.
    1
  2634.  @samhalldorsson1102  : Decades ago i saw a german TV documentation about Bus line between Reykjavik and Hof. In this documentation such old farms had been shown, so after years i remembered wrong.
    1
  2635.  Max Schultz : You are not totaly wrong. In 1813 the regular prussian army was enlarged by reserves ( Krümpersystem) and low equipped and trained Landwehr units. The uniforms of Landwehr units had been prussian made uniforms, uniforms from english and russian allies, and even civilian cloth and captured french uniforms dyed in prussian colors. In some units the men had more pikes and axes than muskets. Also there was the idea of creating the Landsturm , units of young or old men with no uniform and armed with all kind of weapons and dangerous tools. This Landsturm units should fight in Partisan style. When the prussian Kong heard this , he was shocked and forbid this Landsturm. So this kind of warfare had no tradition in Germany, and all kind of non uniformed fighters had been seen simply as criminals. A fact, which seems unknown outside of Germany.
    1
  2636.  Max Schultz  : My english is not so good as you perhaps think, but it seems that think the same as i. I also see the danger, that enemy troops take terrible revenge for the actions of non regular fighters. In wwll for this reason the Swiss governement gave order, that civilians should not fight invading troops, every man, who was no member of the Swiss army, who wanted to defend Switzerland, should become a member of the local ,Ortswehr/ settlement defence. This had been small units of not so fightable men , uniformed, to support the army. When armed men with only an armbind, sash or badge as uniform are used as guards, guides, escorts, transport personal, military workers, or fortifications defenders under command of regulär soldiers or officers is in my eyes okay, when they do their work regular. But irregular fighters with really no basic kind of uniform, hidden weapons and using no regular way of war are a great danger for peacefull civilians, who simply want to survive a war.
    1
  2637. For having money for fleetbuilding in 1913 german governement decided a ,Sektsteuer' ( Champagner tax?), we germans have to pay still today. Other question: What would have happened in wwl , when british or US Fleet would have had to face combined german, french, russian, italian and japanese fleets?
    1
  2638. Oh, his name was not Mr. Kaiser, but Mr. von Preußen ( or von Hohenzollern- Brandenburg), second ( swabian branch) line is Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen.
    1
  2639.  @malakas3808  : Als ich in den 70er/ frühen 80ern zur Schule ging, hatte ich nur für eine kurze Zeit eine jugoslawische Klassenkameradin. Man findet zwar manchmal richtige Deutsche, die einen etwas dunkleren Hautton haben, hier vermute ich , daß unter deren Vorfahren die italienischen, spanischen und kroatischen Söldner des Dreißigjährigen Krieges sind.
    1
  2640. Watch Forgotten Weapons channel, the man is still alive.
    1
  2641. There was also a British fascist Party, led by a man named Mosley.
    1
  2642.  @MrGod-nl7no  : The museum of this order is located at Bad Mergentheim.
    1
  2643. A bit out of context. For the reason, that rising numbers of wild boar, are a problem in Germany for about two decades, among german hunters, the boarspear has a small scale Comeback here. So traditional boarspearars are still produced, see Puma company. But also modern and unususal modern constructions appear. When you want to do research, german word for boarspear is ,Saufeder'.
    1
  2644. How did good USA got Kingdom of Hawaii, a christian country?
    1
  2645. In those days only Soviet Union existed, but not the today countries.
    1
  2646. The letter ,ß' can be written also ,ss' :-)
    1
  2647.  @cockathiel5319  : My english is limited. Some time ago, i heared in you Tube a man speaking Scots. I didn' t knew this, and thought, this is an english man from a Rural area. ( I never was in rural England, only two days in London)
    1
  2648. ​ @glenngilbert7389 : Attention what you say! I am Brittas boyfriend, simple worker, conservative rural backgrond. In last three decades education system ( shools/university), Newspapers, TV, Mainstream, church (especially Protestant church) became unbelievable leftwing, woke and political correct, also policy and gouvernement. It is not my fault, that here is idiocracy ruling. Everybody who critsizes this dangerous nonsens here is called by noted circles, authorities is called a Nazi/ Rightwinger to keep critics quiet. When a conservative, rural, patriotic German Like me, becomes unwilling respecting Chancellor and more representative Federal President, and is unsure , if defending Volk and Vaterland under current circumstances is my duty or not,you may understand my sadness.,
    1
  2649.  @ursulastaempfli759  : I am Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. I don't know history of Germany? Before 843 ( Treaty of Verdun) there was Frankish Empire, ruled by Merowinger dynasty, then Karolinger dynasty. In 843 Frankish Empire was divided into Westfrankish Empire ( mostly current France, with exeption of Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy ,then simplified Rhone valley, Savoy. Middle Frankish Empire ( with Emperor title, consisting of current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Lorraine, Alsace, parts of Switzerland, noted Burgundy and Northern Italy) Sand East Frankish Empire ( German part of Switzerland, Austria and former West Germany). So this East Frankish Empire could be , with some stomach ache, called first German Empire. But in 911 last carolingian King of East Frankish Empire died, officialy ( Treaty of Verdun) now carolingian King of West Frankish Empire should have been new king, but east frankish noblemen noticed: The West frankish King no more speaks ( germannic) frankisch and electded a noncarolingsn nobleman as new King of East Frankish Empire. But this man was of frankish tribe, so could have been related to last carolingian King. In 919 East Frankish Empire the first non frankish King was elected, a Saxon. So when ended East Frankish Empire, and when started German Empire? Oh in 962 Otto l, King of German Empire was in Rome crowned as Roman Emperor, not German Emperor. Before 843 it is uncorrect to speak of Germany , because only the germannic tribes, which later formed german nation. Yes, i have no clue.
    1
  2650. Hickupping? In my swabian dialect this phenomeon / medical problem is called a Hägger. Goggeling? In swabian/ swiss german region a Goggel / Gockel is a cock ( nowadays mostly called rooster).
    1
  2651. Das habe ich als Schwabe bestens verstehen, wo ist das Problem?
    1
  2652.  @ernsthaft9397 : Gottes beste Gabe ist der Schwabe ! Doch nun mal im Ernst, der ältere Mann hat ein recht mildes Bairisch gesprochen und das haben sie nicht verstanden? Verstehe ich nicht, denn ich habe es verstanden, obwohl ich kein Bayer bin. Auch ich verstehe bei Weitem nicht jeden Dialekt, außer er ist stark abgemildert. Für mich ist es immer sehr komisch, wenn das im Schweizer Fernsehen gesprochene , Fernsehschweizerdeutsch' im deutschen Fernsehen oft untertitelt oder gar synchronisiert wird, obwohl es dem Hochdeutsch angenähert ist. Im Übrigen ist die deutsche Sprache erst 1873 bzw. 1901 reguliert worden, so daß man die Jahrhunderte lang gesprochenen Dialekte nicht als falsches oder minderwertiges Deutsch bezeichnen sollte, sondern als unreguliert gewachsenes Deutsch.
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  2653. And imagine the faces of US or british soldiers, if the soviets would have attacked them...
    1
  2654. In late 1970s a smaller earthquake did some damage in german state Baden- Württemberg.
    1
  2655.  @StillAliveAndKicking_  : German is not alien, as german speak it for 58 Years now, I learned it as little child :-))). English is no problem, because for talking about everyday things, you need words, being recognizeable enough for German persons. Also german Handtasche/ english handbag, but poche de main. Annother thing which is for us germans Impossible is in frech language the difference between speaking and writing. When someone speaks Standard German ( No dialect) you know, how to write the word. But ,Büro' or ,Rondewu' are written,bureau' and ,rendez- vous'! Or when i hear ,visite' ,hm, visite',visitee, visiter, visites, vistez? Sounds all the same. The french nasal Sounds are for me No problem, I use it in my german dialect too. I know, in contrast to my grandfathers and greatgrandfathers I need No rifle and helmet for traveling, History changed into a better direction. But I think you understand, that i don't t Like it, when someone speaks bad about my language, only because it is different. It seems to me, many nongermans are to lazy or believe the , being to complicated ' nonsens. But on other hand, I was surprised, when a female US tourist , speaking english, was not able to understand some words from low(land) german, which is spoken in former homeland of Anglosaxon: Reep/ Forke/lütt- rope/fork/ little!
    1
  2656.  @masada2828  : The descendants of Anglosaxons in Germany speak today Low German ( Niederdeutsch/ Plattdeutsch). Has nothing to do with the saxon ( sächsisch) spoken in state Sachsen ( saxony). The dialect there , also called obersächsisch has got its name, because in early days of HRE a Duke of ( lower) Saxony also became ruler of this Region. When the Anglosaxons moved to England, neither Germany nor german language existed, and no serious german would claim, there was a Germany/ HRE before 911 or 919, may be 843 ( Treaty of Verdun). And before 1873 ( Erste deutsche Rechtschreibkonferenz/ First german conference of correct writing) german language was not standardized, so before 1873 the Standard German, we use today , didn' t exist.
    1
  2657. Side note : Alemannen is the name of ONE german tribe, the ancestors of both Swabians and Swiss germans. From french or spanish view, the next german tribe, so one day it was used for all germans.
    1
  2658. English a - Standard german ein. English one- Standard german- ein. English a - swabian dialect a. English one- swabian dialect oi.
    1
  2659.  @junctionfilms6348  : My point was , that i, a Swabian, was surprised, when i noticed that in Standard German everything is ,ein' but in English there was , like my dialect , the same system. English a is swabian a, and english one is swabian oi. Thats all!
    1
  2660. When i was in in first half of 1970s in elementary school, i and a neighbor boy found a coin , 10 Reichspfennig ' . We did not know, what , Reichspfennig ' is, the coin had size and appeareance of an ordinary 10 Pfennig coin. We went to next chewing gum automat/ machine , threw the , 10 Reichspfennig ' coin in and got two chewing gums, we only needed a bit more force to move the switch handle (?), in german Drehgriff.
    1
  2661. ulrikof: Stöllele i have never heared. In my region arround Stuttgart Wegga or Weggle is used, as far as i know in Palatine/ Rhineland Weck/ Wegg is used, variations of Wecken.
    1
  2662. ulrikof: I only talked about my region, not that you also live there.
    1
  2663. Ich habe nicht behauptet, daß es dieses Wort nicht gibt, sondern lediglich, daß ich es noch nie gehört habe.
    1
  2664. Macht nichts, der Islam ist laut Heinrich Himmler dem Nationalsozialismus ähnlich. Informieren sie sich in Wikipedia über den Palästinenser Mohammed Amir ( Amin?) al Hosseini ( 1895- 1972), oberster Feldimam der SS Division Handschar.
    1
  2665. You have forgotten the steel and Tombak ( german name of this copper based metal mix) used by prussian and bavarian cuirassiers, saxon heavy cavallry and some palace units like prussian Leibgendarmen'. Also after a short time the stored argentinian cow lesther was out, so as a replacement helmets made of felt vor stamped sheet metal had been made. Decasdes ago , i saw such helmets in a no more existing museum.
    1
  2666. I am german. Currently the Celtic people/ culture, in southern Germany also Celtics lived, before Romans, is/are a kind of hype. Everybody speaks about celtic things, but nearly nobody about our germannic ancestors, in my case Alemannic tribe. Why? Simple answer: Celtics are the denazified Germannics ( you surely understand this joke).
    1
  2667. ​ @visionist7 : The Bernsteinzimmer was a gift from prussian king. Was this rifle a gift from USA?
    1
  2668. Fabriken can also mean , a company has a number of factory buildings in different towns. And if you are german, you surely know , what Vereinigte Hüttenwerke are :-))
    1
  2669. The ,th' in Walther is spoken ,t' , not the english way.
    1
  2670.  @flyboymike111357  : I am Brittas boyfriend, german, and for reason of my bad eyes i didn' t serve in Bundeswehr ( German armed forces). May be ten years ago in the former company i worked, there happened a dispute between two coworkers . One served in Bundeswehr ( West Germany), the other one had only East German ,Vormilitärische Ausbildung ' ( premilitary Training) of FDJ ( HJ painted in red). They had a dispute, which Army , Bundeswehr or Nationale Volksarmee, had more power and was Superior. Those , who served in Bundeswehr, thought, Bundeswehr was Superior, because of numbers and more modern equipment. But i told my doubts. Basicly East German Army was Red painted Wehrmacht, and Wehrmacht was Variation of German Imperial Army, and Imperial Army was Prussian Army. So basicly, East German Army was basicly in its core the Prussian Army. For centuries a sign of quality. But Bundeswehr, Army of citizens in Uniform? Westgerman equipment seems to be more modern, but eastgerman ( russian equipment) was combatproofed and easier to repair. Also East Germans had a lower Life Standard Level, in fieldlife a person used to have a low Level of Luxus is a better soldier. Etc. Etc. After my words, the east German coworker smiled, while westgerman coworker had a ,thinking face'.
    1
  2671. ​ @SEOTeamBerlin : Amazing! Loriots talking dog could only say ,u'.
    1
  2672. In case of german weapons terminology the blade is a Dolch/ dagger. In my country folding blades in dagger shape are only allowed one sided sharpened. But few weeks ago, new law came, which bans carrying a real knife. Public security will rise ( politicians oppinion, not mine).
    1
  2673. Wales and Wallis basicly means the same. Land of nongermannics.
    1
  2674. Those NGOs are mostly rather leftwing.
    1
  2675. The left party is in core east german SED, ruling a communist dictatorsship for decades. Those dictatorsship party was after end of dictatorsship never forbidden or destroyed. The greens i have never voted. From late 70s forerunner groups and then current green party did nothing against leftwing extremists and violence ( similar to left party). And both parties do absolutely nothing against islamism. The claim of being against extremism and violence is simply not true.
    1
  2676. The english people speak a strange version of Plattdeutsch/ Niederdeutsch.
    1
  2677. In my german homeregion in nearly every Village graves of allemannic warriors have been found.
    1
  2678. Some german hunters still use boar spears/ Saufedern.
    1
  2679. Many had been sold in 1990s.
    1
  2680. No ! When Schichau is the correct writing, there is only a Sch/ sh at the start. The ,ch' after the ,i' is a sound like the noise an angry cat makes, but slower and softer.
    1
  2681. Meat- Mett/ bread- Brot/ apple- Apfel, pear- Birne ( but Bier in some dialects), milk- Milch, fish- Fisch... True.
    1
  2682.  @philipphermann9454  : Well, english and german have the same root, so sometimes also i , Brittas boyfriend, no academic or good english speaker, notice for example meat, which german word has a) similarity b) is of same context, so Mett must be related to meat. Or both a lake and a Lache are waterfilled ( but of different size) and a Höhle is a hole in a rock. Of course this method works not allways.
    1
  2683.  @philipphermann9454  : My girlfriend Britta knows a woman from Vietnam and asked her if Backnang makes sense in her language, it does, but i have forgotten, what Backnang would mean in vietmamese. ( You surely know the old joke, that some german traffic signs must be for chinese people, you can read Um Lei Tung) .But now fun aside. I am also Swabian, and was rather surprised, when i learned the english word for Scheune/ Scheuer- barn, here in my homeregion a Barn is this part of a Scheune, where hay and straw ( also nearly the same sound like german) is really stored. And when your grandmother is swabian , you perhaps know, what in swabian ,stieren' can ( can !) mean. If you don' t know, what is english ,to stire'? .
    1
  2684.  @philipphermann9454  : Mit ,er stiert em Deller rom' ist ein lustloses stochern in der Speise / im Teller gemeint, etwa weils nicht schmeckt. In dieser Bedeutung ist eine Verwandtschaft zum englischen ,to stirr'/ umrühren meines Erachtens vorhanden. Die hauptsächliche Bedeutung des schwäbischen ,stieren' haben sie aber einigermaßen getroffen, denn ,er stiert em Garda rom' meint man ja auch, die genannte Person hält sich im Garten auf und man weis aber nicht was genau sie gerade tut, oder welchen Sinn die Tätigkeit hat.
    1
  2685. ​ @marwaattar9846 : German Straße, dutch straat, english street. German Weg, english way, German Pfad/ english path. Field is in german Feld, Hill is german Hügel. Fight is in current german kämpfen, fencing is in german fechten, but once fechten meant to fight. In context of things, existing before 1066 english and german words are similar, and in german dialects ( i usually don' t speak Standard German), some dialect words are closer to english than ones of Standard German. For example: Standard German: Hahn, swabian dialect Gockel , english cock. Or Standard German umrühren, english to stirr, in some context swabian stieren means about the same. I know, i am a bit ( ein bisschen) autistic.
    1
  2686. ​ @batya_v_zdanyy : Aufgeben / to give up can be used for to surrender, but we germans use more ,sich ergeben '.
    1
  2687.  @a_channel2545  : His name was Ferdinand von Zeppelin ( named after a village Zöpelin). His descendants call themselfes now ,von Brandenstein- Zeppelin', there are two branches. During a historical daytrip with a small historical society, i could visit the castle/ small palace of one branch, next to town Ravensburg. In contrast to other german nobles of former Knights class, he seems to be still a rich man. There is in my region still a Zeppelin company, but this company sells construction machines and equipment, assumingly especially for road construction.
    1
  2688.  @oxkenzie  : Not with a plane. Possibly with a ship for man distance, then train, post coach. Also possible is that he traveled to Russia by ship, then rode on horseback or bycicle.
    1
  2689.  @ScottKenny1978  : In ,Forgotten Weapons' channel , one or two times muzzle loader forerunners of this 40 mm gun had been shown. Also in this cases, commenters asked, was it possible to use this guns as giant shotgun, and we don't know it.
    1
  2690.  @Beez-is-me  : I noticed it, when i watched the video a second time.
    1
  2691.  @krunchie101  : l read this a longer time ago, so i don' t remember all details.
    1
  2692.  @swaghauler8334  : This seems plausible. This ,Reduzierhülsen' , as this inserts are called in german, are underrated items.
    1
  2693.  @Pointlesschan  : I watched the Video a second time, true, Ian speaks about the short distance cartridge.
    1
  2694. How did the romans go to toillet? Per pedes!
    1
  2695. We carry small submachine guns in a suitcase.
    1
  2696. I am german. For decades i watch german TV show , Aktenzeichen XY' , in which Police searches for new facts to solve unsolved cases of dangerous crime. Some of this crime cases are shown as Clips with actors. Nowadays people mostly call the Police, when they notice strange things, but especially in 70s/ 80s / early 90s, when portable phones had been unknown, often people heared or saw unusual things, but for ( to me) unknown reasons, didn' t call Police.
    1
  2697. A note from Germany. In time of second german Empire ( 1871- 1918) in late 1890s a Pistol carry licence / Waffenschein was introduced. As a substitute between 1900 and 1910 gaspistols appeared ( up to 2008 no licence was necessary.). The first cartridges had been .410/ 36 ga shotguncartridges , where the shot was replaced by milled pepper, sometimes mixed with chemicals or tobacco. This pistols/ cartridges had been used also by , fieldguards' to scare away animals from wineyards, vegetable fields or fruittrees.
    1
  2698. Was a german teenager, but later the young man proved to be unsympathic and possibly mental problems.
    1
  2699. Belgium was under the names Spanish Netherlands/Austrian Netherlands up to 1792 part of HRE. From 1815 to 1832 dutch King ruled current Netherlands and Belgium under the same crown, also Luxemburg as Greatduke of Luxemburg, a socalled ,Personal Union'.
    1
  2700. Norge or Noreg? I ask, because i, german, heared there are with Bokmal and Nynorsk two versions of norwegian language.
    1
  2701.  @SilverPigeon1  : Thank you for this answer!
    1
  2702. As far as i know, Mr. Budischowski is still alive and in his early 80s.
    1
  2703.  @jeremybrandt5779  : Brand(t) is a fire, when , for example a house burns, it is a Hausbrand.
    1
  2704. In a video about ,Old English' i heared that in old english ( before french influence after 1066) the word for army was also ,here'.
    1
  2705. When halberds became popular, the Hohenstaufen dynasty ( Ghibbelines ) was extinct . Konradin was executed in 1268.
    1
  2706.  @hansmeier5617  : As a swabian who lives in view range to Hohenstaufen, my point was that i don' t know if the halbed was in use in Hohenstaufen era , even Switzerland was part of duchy Swabia.
    1
  2707. Ich kenne ihr Alter nicht. Seit Ende der 1970er Jahre gibt es das Phänomen, daß linke Kreise Krawalle anzetteln, bei großen Bauvorhaben waren es teilweise an die 10000 linke Randalierer. Hinterher behaupten linke Kreise immer, sie seien friedlich gewesen, aber Polizei, Nazis, Marsmenschen, Heiliger Geist oder sonstwer seien schuld. Seit rund 45 Jahren warte ich darauf, daß linke Kreise endlich mal etwas gegen Linksextremismus und Gewalt unternehmen. Auch wird von linken Kreisen, für mich unverständlich, der Islam hofiert, obwohl die Ansichten des Islams für mich keine Ähnlichkeiten zu linkem Gedankengut erkennen lassen, meiner Meinung nach stimmen Teilaspekte des lslams eher mit dem Nationalsozialismus überein.
    1
  2708. Wie zu erwarten war!
    1
  2709.  @nancychandler768  : He drank no Alkohol, didn't smoke and was a vegetaian.. In an article about his personal doctor/ Leibarzt Dr. Morell was noted, that he made special pills to prevent large farts from eating many vegetables and also tasted his food. Both the pills and foodtasting had been misinterpreted by other persons.
    1
  2710.  @nancychandler768  : Did some research, unclear result. As a younger man he ate meat and drunk Alkohol, but it seems, that for health reason, in his older years, He stopped it. So we both are right.
    1
  2711. In 1848 bavarian (!) ingeneer Bauer tried to help the north german brothers with construction of a submarine, He called the , Brandtaucher ', but sunk at first Test.
    1
  2712.  @bonnibuy3593  : Als Altwürttemberger kann ich mit Karneval, in meiner Heimat Fasnet genannt, nicht viel anfangen. Aber auch ich befürchtete, daß im Bereich ,Volkskultur' ( Volksfeste, Dorffeste, Märkte, Jahrmärkte, Diskotheken, Tanzlokale etc.) ein großer Kahlschlag kommt.
    1
  2713. He belonged to the most photographed men of his time.
    1
  2714. Wooden batons, invented in stoneage are still in use.
    1
  2715. I am german. One or two years ago in the next town an old german veteran of WWll died. When the man spoke, you had to listen carefully, because in war a bullet went through his mouth, so he spoke very unclear, but better than die in an unnecessary war.
    1
  2716. In Germany we don' have this ,prince' problem The son of an emperor, king , great duke, duke, or ruling prince is a Prinz, but a ruling prince, today only in Liechtenstein and Monaco, is in german a ,Fürst'. This appeared in 17th century (perhaps late 16th century) as a real rank/title of noblemen, before this time it meant simply ,rich and mighty ruler'/monarch in the style of this video, and sometimes it is still used today with the old meaning.
    1
  2717. Carlos Marte : When in 1618 the thirty-years- war started in Germany, the heavy cavalrymen called Lanzierer used full armor and helmets with visor, the heavy cavalry men called Kürisser used 3/4 armor and a helmet with visor (hands and lower legs protected by leather gloves and boots). Light cavalrymen had also been armored, with 1/2 armor, open or visored helmets, chain mail, single plates, leather vests, brigandines padded jackets etc.. The infantry men had been like light cavalry or nearly unarmored. In 1648 heavy cavalrymen had open helmets, 1/2 armor or only leather vest and breast - and backplate. Light cavalry and infantry had only leather vests and sometimes a light open helmet . Why? Two reasons. The armies had become larger than former, it would have been to expensive to produce enough good quality armor (protection against pistol or musket fired from long distance). A lot of armor craftsmen died in thirty- years - war, the quality became worse, and also warfare changed to a more quick style. In 18th century only cuirassiers used armor: a leather vest and often only the breastplate and a ,cap' made of tin under the hat. In Germany of 18th century there had been still stored helmets, plates some arm and leg protection pieces- for the case of war with the Ottoman Empire, the german cavalrymen feared the arrows of light turkish cavalry. Armor in America: in late 18th century there had been the ,leather dragoons' in Mexico. Leather vest, hat and small shield (ardaga?).
    1
  2718.  @Project_Future  : When i, mostly together with my girlfriend, want to dance, i visit Tanzcafé Bamboleo in a perhaps 50000 inhabitants german town. Was for over 30 years run by a man named Renz. When he retired, two ,modern' guys tried to transform it into a club. They failed. For about two years now, a married couple runs Bamboleo. Mostly a waitress is also there, and sometimes a DJ. This Tanzcafé is intended for persons older than 50, who prefer couples dances , either , Standard ', ,Latin' or german Discofox ( based on Foxtrott basic.step). Rarely drunkyards, and more rarely violent idiots. That is the Entertainment my girlfriend and i prefer. Music, Dancing, talking with serious people. Those Ladies, described in this Video, can be a pleasure for a Professional Photographer, but that is all.
    1
  2719.  @jsholmes03  : Rausschmeißer is a dated, no more common term ( i am older). Currently bouncers are called Türsteher ( literally doorstander) , english Doorman or ( wrong used loanword) Security. The term Rausschmeißer was common, when private german security companies ( existing since 1901) and the Werkschutz/ works protection of large companies only had uniformed personal to guard factories or patroling buildinge at night. In those days, may be into 70s/ 80s, you could not hire in Germany bouncers from Security companies, so formerly strong men, often of dubious background, had been hired. Law has changed, today every unarmed security person needs a basic licence, as far as i know, this basic licence is only bottom end of knowledge and more for law reason, than education.
    1
  2720.  @toro5280  : Türsteher is currently common word. Older persons, in my age or older, often still use dated Rausschmeißer, and young people, where everything must sound english, sometimes wrongly use Doorman or even , Security ' ( for example: Der Security wollte....). I have to admitt, that i don' t know, how this job is called in official german documents, for example law texts.
    1
  2721. War, Werre, Guerre- german Wehr? Castle- in german we use Kastell for roman forts , in the town Mainz ( founded in roman age) there is a district with called Kastell.
    1
  2722. In 1912(13?) a ,Sektsteuer' ( Sparkling Wine Tax) was created to get money for building german imperial navy. The imperial navy no more exists for a long time, but the tax still exists.
    1
  2723.  @willremy5142  : I , Brittas boyfriend , am Swabian. Is it true, that ,Franco' was born in this region? A number of years ago i read somewhere, that a Spainard wrote: It is strange, but whem germans of swabian region speak spanish, they sound similar to ,Franco'.
    1
  2724. @Martin Michel : The cross used on tanks and planes during wwll was mostly the ,Balkenkreuz'. The ,Eisernes Kreuz' as medal appeared 1813- 1815, 1870- 1871, 1914- 1918 and 1939- 1945, because it is/ was a ,wartime only' medal. Before giving it in another war after 1815 a new ,Stiftung' was necessary.
    1
  2725.  @tz8785  But the last former soldier died in the 1930s.
    1
  2726. Some years ago i, Brittas boyfriend, visited in a historical tour both the wwl battlefield of Hartmannsweiler Kopf ( Vosges mountains/Alsace) and a Special Exhibtion in Wehrgeschichtliches Museum ( Museum of Military History) Rastatt/Germany. Tour guide was the director of noted museum. Was inerssting, but also in autumn it started to become cold, so fighting in mountains, similar to Schwarzwald in winter was surely a hard thing, not only in much higher alpine mountains.
    1
  2727. In case of pipes diameters are nearly the same. Also screws used for , go though holes'/ Durchgangslöcher can be used in metric or imperial dimensions, when they fit.
    1
  2728.  @parapat2445  : My grandmother , born 1910 , told me ,that the workers got their wages(?) daily, and they had to run fastly to the shop, the money was worthless.
    1
  2729. I am german, and Brittas boyfriend. Atheist, but no idiot. Both lutheran and catholic church, together with accademics and politicians crawl into arses of muslims. I not, muslims are Nazis, disguised as religion. But: Here in Germany nonaccademics and nonleftwingers are seen as unneccessary hillbillies.
    1
  2730. ​ @kevcaratacus9428 : Was also in HRE. Rulers of HRE states also used a latinized version of their name ( Friedrich - Frideicus, Karl- Carolus etc.) and their title ( Kaiser- Imperator, König- Rex, Herzog - Dux etc.)
    1
  2731. Hm, Hitler was vegetarisn , nonsmoker, antialcoholic and supported radical muslim palestinian Mohammed Amir al Hosseini. Western modernlings do the same.
    1
  2732. In Germany there still some target shooters which use ,Feuerstutzen' / Schuetzenrifle , as far as i know in 8,15 x 42R. By Anschütz (?) company a hunting rifle in 4,6x 30 is produced.
    1
  2733. Mr. Mc Collum! Good that you call the gun rampart gun, and not wallgun! Wall is confusing, because appearing both in german and english language. German Wall is english rampart, while english wall is german Mauer. So wwll Westwall and Atlantikwall mean in english Western Rampart and Atlantic Rampart.
    1
  2734. That not every idiot can read it :-))
    1
  2735. I am german, Brittas boyfriend ( only using her Computer), and 58 years old. When i was young, i liked to watch the swashbuckler (?) movies with knights, because in my homeregion there are lots of castle ruins. Also three musketeers or pirates movies. Over the years i got good hisorical knowledge. In 2000s i stopped watching swashbucklee movies - the nonsens became to much.
    1
  2736. ​ @physiocrat7143 : In german/danish border region is still called Angeln, and Niedersachsen ( lower Saxony) is named after whom ? :-)) Greetings from Germany!
    1
  2737.  @doctordoggo8604  : About 42% of Reichswehr officers had been part of former nobility, but only 0,42 % of population. This was critisized a lot. I personaly also think, that most Reichswehr officers, also nonnobles, had doubts about a Reserve formed by SA units. The older SA members had been veterans of wwl, some well reputated, the SA was organised similar to Reichswehr or any regular Army, but there was too much ideology, unfine behaviour and a lack of officers knowledge/ education among most SA ,officers'. But the sheer (?) number of four million men in 1933 and the attitudes of SA Commander Röhm had become dangerous for Hitlers plans. So the fake coup d' etat ( Röhmputsch) was used, to murder SA staff and reduce number of SA members to about one million. After 1933 SA was involved in sports and miliitary training of HJ and untrained men, after 1939, those SA men not taken in Wehrmacht, SS or other organisations, had to support Police, fire brigades, Air raid protection and lesser visible support of wareffort.
    1
  2738. Gut, daß wenigstens sie ein Vollling sind :-)
    1
  2739.  @hersirivarr1236  : Allemagne/ Alemania etc. are based on the old name of Swabians and Swiss Germans: Allemanen.
    1
  2740.  @hersirivarr1236  : I also have heared , that finnish people call Germany Saksa, because from finnisch view , the Sachsen,Saxons are the next german tribe. From french or spanish/ portugese view, the Allemanen ( Alsace/ German Swiss/Liechtenstein/ austrian state Vorarlberg/ bavarian district Schwaben, mid and southern part of Baden- Württemberg) are the next german tribe. Note: The by Caesar noted tribe of the Suevi was stopped by the roman Limes border fortifications and united with smaller tribes to the Alemannen ( which could really mean Alle Männer/ all men). When the frankish empire was divided the name Schwaben was used.We ourself call us ,deutsch' so there is often a confusion ,deutsch'/,dutch'. These languages are similar, and the Netherlands had been part of Germany up to 1580s , on paper up to 1648, and Belgium was as ,austrian Netherlands' up to 1790s a part of Germany, so the confusion is understandable. Deutsch, up to the napoleonic time often written teutsch ( see italian tedesco) comes as far as i know from ,theodisc'( language of the people) . Priests or monks wrote in latin language, and to describe the language of non clerical ,Germans' the word theodisc was used. Possible is also, that non german writers of latin language used the word Teutones, appearing in roman documents, to describe the theodisc speaking persons.
    1
  2741.  @Marci.B  : Then places, where political left people meet must also been attacked, because more persons have been killed by communists than national socialists?
    1
  2742.  @ironcladranchandforge7292  : I mistrust political and religious groups who allways say: We are peacefull! In most cases they simply lie, they do nothing, to punish supporters of their ideology when they are violent, they find allways a reason, why violence, done by their supporters is no problem. This behaviour is very common among members of groups of right and left end of policy, and members of one of the three important ,One God' religions .
    1
  2743.  @NullVoid-rm7jm  : You are assumingly no German or Austrian. During wwll a german or austrian musican / bandleader died , on tour'. He was known as Nazi Eisele. I don' t know If he supported this ideology, but i know, he was known as Nazi Eisele, because his real name was Ignaz Eisele, and in Austra and Bavaria ( had been once one country) Nazi is the short version/nickname of Ignaz. During wwl Nazi became a nickname for austrian soldiers used by german soldiers. So in early years of his political career the not funny austrian Charlie Chaplin double was called Nazi not only for the name of his political party, but also because he was austrian.
    1
  2744. I am german. Where is an s in Koch????
    1
  2745. Er verwechselt es offensichtlich mit dem englischen cosh, was eine Art Totschläger ( Waffe) meint.
    1
  2746.  @dogmosatchmo  : The fact, that my federation state Baden- Württemberg has so many historic buildings and sites, has its reason. During HRE it was the most divided region of Germany, so many towns with fewer than 30000 inhabitants had once been residence towns of small states or imperial towns. Perhaps you can visit my country, and thanks, that you think, i have good history related knowledge, as i noticed, i am ordinary metal worker.
    1
  2747.  @nicolejuengling267  : Ich weis es nicht genau, da Jahrgang 1965, aber meines Wissens war zu Zeiten der SA von gewalttätigen Ausländern nichts zu hören.
    1
  2748. You don't know, that the german 13,2 x 92 cartridge from single shot anti- tank gun was also used in prototype MGs ?
    1
  2749.  @OnlyKaerius  : As far as i know, this revolver is a) for very strong big game rifle cartridges. b) made by traditional gunsmith shop. c) made in Austria. Such products are ALLWAYS expensive. Korth and Janz are no gunsmith shops, but small companies/factories. A short time ago, in a german arms magazin i read of an expensive competion pistol, only produced 50 pistols, by a gunsmith (?) Geiger last year. But i have forgotten the price.
    1
  2750.  @OnlyKaerius  : This weapon is in my opinion impractical, it is one of those weapons in old days noblemen bought for their ,curiosity chamber'.
    1
  2751. The Video is not so surprising. 19th century started with smoothbore flintlock musket and ended with smokeless powder cartidge repeating rifle. A problem for financial ministery. So it was tried, to use older weapons as long as possible. In Germany Navy and Landsturm units ( trained, but elderly soldiers) smeimes in wwl used M 71 or M71 /84 rifles at Beginn of wwl. In 1975 the last swiss revolvers M83 ( 1883!) came out of service. Last users had been members of not uniformed branches of swedish police.
    1
  2752. I first time heared of this weapon in 1980s, when in a german language arms magazine a reader wrote: In newest movie of french actor Belmondo i noticed a stange weapon, is this real?
    1
  2753. We germans call this , Eierlegende Wollmilchsau'.
    1
  2754. After the end of smoothbore muzzleloader muskets in 1850s/ 1860s german troops very rarely used shotguns, and mostly not for frontline use. There are pictures of german soldiers using shotguns in both worldwars ( side by side ones), but mostly as hunting weapon for getting food, sometimes by semiregular auxillaries ( guards, police or armed workers), the Forstschutzkomando which was created to cut and plant trees in eastern european forests, some veryxexpensive Drillinge for pilots and Volkssturm ,using everthing what could shoot. Also policeforces of some mostly southern , non prussian states used doublebarrel shotguns between 1830s and 1870s, muzzleloaders with flintlock or percussion. So shotguns had not been seen as police/ military weapon for long time.
    1
  2755. Being german, noted this in an own comment.
    1
  2756. The first , german ' soldier, who died in 1870 in franco/german war , was a scotsman.
    1
  2757. ​ @umutu36 : SS Division Handschar: Mannschaften bosnische Muslime, oberster Feldimam ein Palästinenser namens , al Hosseini'. Fotografien zeigen den Mann, der offizielles Mitglied der Allgemeinen SS war, im Imamgewand mit Hitlergruß. Heinrich Himmler: Der Islam ist eine Religion, die in Teilen Ähnlichkeit zum Nationalsozialismus hat.
    1
  2758. Are your parents not related to you?
    1
  2759. In 1898 austrian Empress Elizabeth was asassansted in Geneva. A shock for austrian ( and german) noble or rich Ladies. Armed women had been unusual in german language countries, the Derringers and Pocket Revolvers had a ,taste' for many traditional women. So some inventors tried to build rather small automatics in 2-4,25 mm. Yes Kolibri and Erika.
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  2760. A small sidenote from Germany . Whats the German Reik? I only know Deutsches Reich :-))
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  2761. There must be seen a different situation. There had been knights, some mounted rich nonnobles of towns, some few professional nonnoble soldiers ( mercennaries, mostly specialists, bodyguards). Then there had been semiprofesional soldiers, this had been miltias, both town militias ( often with good bowmen or crossbowmen) ,but equipment was different, for wealth of town ( fortified town is in german sense a town only), some town militias of middleage still exist as ,Schützenverein' today. Also the ,main servant' of a knight (castles in my swabian homeregion are small) had some military knowledge and equipment. Also the knights had a small militia group of trustworty men ( equipment on Knights weslth). So this professional fighters and trained militias had been best possibility for a campaign. I think, only in case of real emergency the levy/ Landsturm was mobilized. While townsmen ( as freemen) often had a communal arms house, and the right ( but if poor not the money) to private own weapons, the situation in country was totally different. With exeption of Switzerland or frisian region of HRE, most countrymen had no more been free or semifree, but unfree, which meant, without allowness of a Knight or noblemen, no real weapons, and also remaining free vor semifree men often had been poor, so versions of Bauernwehr or langes Messer surely had been more common than swords, and simple spears/ Spiesse had been more common than real polearms. Also tools and clubs had been used. But i think, this unarmored emergency levies/ Landsturm men ( outside of Swiss and frisian region) had been used more for auxillary service than battlefield ( small war, plundering, transport, work). Also the ordinary commoner had no military training, but some expierience in streetfights, brawls, disputes, etc..
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  2762. Schwabe is a german name, which means translated Swabian ( member of the swabian tribe), this means, his ancestors had been swabians of southwestern Germany, which moved in a time, when family names started to appear to another region of Germany.This phenomeon is the reason , why in Germany many people have namess like Schwab, Bayer, Sachs(e), Frank(e), Schweizer or Elsässer . Greetings from Germany.
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  2763. Tom unterwegs : In a german or swiss arms magazine of the 90s the authors of this article thougt, that in some cartridges there was only white pepper powder, but they thought, that some cartridges had an addition of Magnesium powder for a stronger flash of lightning or an addition of narcotic medicine. But they said, the remaining cartridges of those days are too old for good chemical analysis.
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  2764. If you mean Echterdingen, this town is not spoken Ekterdingen , the ch- sound is similar to the noise of an angry cat, but slower and softer.
    1
  2765. 23:07 DAS ist es! Miteinander sein und genommen werden wie man ist! (Erlebe ich seit 8 1/2 Jahren mit meinem Partner)
    1
  2766. I am german. At the start of the 30 years war (1618-1648) armour was common not only for heavy cavallry, but also light cavallry and infantry had light armour. Good armour pieces, especially breasplates, not so common, helmets and backplates , have some protection against Pistole balls, and on longer distance, also musket balls. But the problem was, the armies became larger than in former times, so it became very expensive, to equip every soldiers with good armour. A second problem was the decline in quality. The craftsmen had to produce more armour in a shorter time, and as longer as the war lasted, the knowledge of the craftsmen declined, because many welltrained craftsmen died, because of war, Hunger and disseases, also the iron/steel quality declined. So at the end of the 30years war, fewer and fewer armour was used in my country. But up to the 1790s the remaining pieces of armour had been kept in stock, for the reason of a war against turkish troops with lots of mounted archers.
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  2767.  @بێزۆرگتێربۊرگێر  : Not in Standard German, but in Low German ( coast region in Northern Germany) the word Siel exists. As far as i , from Southern Germany, know , this meens a ditch , which is allways filled with water, also when there is no flood.
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  2768.  @بێزۆرگتێربۊرگێر  : Meine Freundin Britta ist aus Hessen, ich bin Altwürttemberger, also Schwabe. Ich habe den niederdeutschen Siel nur erwähnt, da dieser mit einem Ziel nichts zu tun hat.
    1
  2769. In the 90's a german or swiss arms magazin wrote about this weapons. There had been single to three barrell pistols and the shown revolvers. The cartidges had been 36gauge/.410 shotgun cartridges with blackpowder, no shots but pepper powder. The persons from the arms magazin think that in some cartidges narcotic medicine or Magnesium powder (for a bigger flash of lighning) was added to the pepper powder. Those weapons had not only been used for self defence, with blank cartridges they had been used as , Weinbergpistole'/ wineyard pistols to scare animals, especially swarms of birds, when thry wanted to eat the wineberris before the harvest. For this use you could buy cheap muzzle loading pistols up to the 30's. There had been ,Weinbergschütze'-wineyard protectors some decades ago. The oldest known cataloques which show ,Scheintodpistolen' seem to be from 1909. The reason for the invention of this pistols? Up to the 2000's you needed no licence to carry such a teargas pistol ( this ones of modern production). Arround 1890 most of the german policemen had only sabers but more and more criminals used firearms. So there came a licence for civilians who wanted to carry a firearm called (still now) , Waffenschein' and up to 1913 all regular german policemen had been armed with firearms.
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  2770. The No more updated Channel ,Memag' about medieval fighting Shows technics from an old German treatise : Fighting with the peasants / farmers Staff. May be intressting for you. You have to Look, in which of the Videos this is shown.
    1
  2771. Mr . Metatron! I am german, no accademic. I live next to former Imperium Romanum / Germania Magna border, and i can see Hohenstaufen mountain ( Ghibellines/.die Waiblinger). Idiocracy is on the rise!
    1
  2772.  @onpsxmember  : The word ,toll' once meant ,mad' , so tollkühn/madbold. ( My english is not so good).
    1
  2773. He attacked a building which was not defended by anti air weapons. Braveness ?
    1
  2774. washizukanorico : It is late now, so i will do only a short answer, in english , parce que je ne connait les mots francais. The german nation is tecnically a union of tribes, which no more fight each other. The ,German War of 1866 ' could be descibed as the last tribal war. You are right, the swabian dialect, swiss german and allemannic, spoken in .Black Forrest, Alsace and , Allgäu' once had been one dialect, pre 1500. Bavaria, Austria and Southern Tirol are a dialect region etc.. Everyone of the former tribes still has its own dialect, nowadays young townpeople prefer Standart German, but elderly countrypeople still prefer regional dialect. For me as a swabian, i can understand bavarian or frankonian/hessian dialect , but only in a soft version, the ,hardcore version' is for me impossible to understand, but bavarians or frankonians have the same problems with me. And also the dialects from northern germany are nearly impossible to unterstand for me. The Plattdeutsch for example has a lot of similarities to Englisch, the ancestors of the english people came from there, Plattdeutsch: lütt, English: little. That 's the reason , why Standart German exists!
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  2775. Nun , Assad war ein gefährlicher Diktator. Zumindest aber hat er meines Wissens Minderheiten etwas besser behandelt als andere arabisch/ muslimische Herrscher.
    1
  2776. A small Note to the Logo of the Museum. It shows a helmet, which is in german language, i am german, called either Zischägge or Orientalische Sturmhaube ', the famous spanish Moiron helmet is in german also known as Spanische Sturmhaube. The Point is. German cuirassier helmet of 1914 had similarities.
    1
  2777. Volkswagen is pronounced in german language Folkswagen , not Wolkswagen.
    1
  2778. Not only engineers. In wwll there was a german soldiers newspaper ,Von der Front für die Front'( From frontline for the frontline' in which german soldiers showed, how to make military usefull things with simple things. ,Homemade' equipment.
    1
  2779. Being german, reading Sturmgewehrs is strange , Sturmgewehre is correct.
    1
  2780. Forgotten: In 1916 also the Teck family changed te german name into Cambridge. The last duke of Cambridge died in the early 80s. Nowadays Prince William is the current Duke of Cambridge, so he would be the Duke of Teck, if the WWl would not have been. Funny fact, in the small town of Owen, at the bottom of Mount Teck, has three whisky destilleries!
    1
  2781. A person calling himself , Carl the Adopted Yorkshireman' asked, why i think, it is funny, that the town Owen ( spoken Auen) has three whisky destilleries. In the swabian region between the Neckar river and the ,Swabian Alb/Jura' mountains there had been formerly a lot of very small destilleries, which produced traditional fruit spirit/Schnaps. Some years ago in the small town Owen (3600 inhabitants) there had been more than 20 of such destilleries, and today fewer people drink , Schnaps' , so many destillers switched to whisky, a trend, 25 years ago nobody thougt about. So i think that is an extraordinary story.
    1
  2782.  @Mrhalligan39  : Is Canada no more situated in America? Where is it now?
    1
  2783.  @Mrhalligan39  : As an educated gentleman you surely unterstand my comment. Canada is an american country like, for example, USA or Brazil.
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  2784. Simply code ?
    1
  2785.  @TheHistoryGuyChannel  Q ships are simply one of the best examples for Allied double standards. Tricking german U- Boot crews attacking after traditional ,prisal rules' , but crying and call Germans bad people when allied ships had been attacked without warning. No wonder ,Great Britain ' was called ,Perfides Albion' in german Propaganda.
    1
  2786. This boot was called , Knobelbecher' by soldiers. This means about , mug for cube/dice game'.
    1
  2787. Mr. Ian Mc Collum from ,Forgotten Weapons' channel has a video about this gun.
    1
  2788.  @demonprinces17  : Post offices and banks had been robbed sometimes, also gas stations ( Tankstellen). But when i was younger , this happened more often than now.
    1
  2789.  @malcolmanon4762  : I am not Britta, but her boyfriend. I am swabian, and in a 30 km circle arround my village there is the Mount Hohenstaufen, the former Roman Limes fortifications and Mount Teck ( Queen Elizabeth ll 's grandmother was Mary von Teck) , and i am simply interessted in the history of my home region. And when you hear Erwin Rommel speaking, he speaks Standard German, but a german hears, that he was swabian.
    1
  2790. USA was the country, which claimed to be neutral.
    1
  2791. Matt Easton of scholagladiatora , his last video is about muskets, does this mean Ian makes a saber video ;-)?
    1
  2792.  @letoubib21  : You again :-). Neubreisach was build in Vauban era, so much of the fortificstions had been about 200 years old. In 1866 Marienburg, the fortress over Würzburg was shelled a short time by prussian artillry ( as far as i know only field artillry), the in 17th century last time modernized fortress could not withstand. A totally different thing: Perhaps ten years ago, during a historical tour i visited Lichtenberg castle, no more really fortified, last modernisations perhaps 15th century. The owner , who was a teenager in last days of wwll, told the visitors that the Bergfried/ Keep was damaged , but not totally destroyed by few hits of US tank cannons. So you can not really say, how strong old walls are , when facing modern weaponry. But a location, at which one a castle was, is often intressting also for modern soldiers. For example : Until 2004 not far away from my village was large Truppenübungsplatz/ military training ground Münsingen. On the territory of this training ground is a place, where once was a Burg/ castle. There are no ruins, only some relicts of ramparts and ditches. The medieval relicts are nearly destroyed, because soldiers do their training, dug modern foxholes there. So this place must be for military reasons still important in our days.
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  2793. Panzer, not Pänzer ;-)
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  2794.  @felixmervamee7834  : At the end of wwll many people in Germany or Austria tried to put gold, jewelry, weapons away to a hidden place, this is true. The allied soldiers stole more than you think. So the qusstion, who in Austria or Germany in 1945 looted things is simply not intelligent. I am Brittas boyfriend, german, my father often told, how he saw first US soldiers in 1945. He was seven years old, together with his brother, sister, mother, grandfmother, a very old related man, and a woman of neighborhood had been in the cellar, when US troops entered the village. The noted soldier broke the small window of frontdoor, unlocked it, entered house and cellar, draw his pistol, pointed it to the people and shouted: Wo Ring? Wo Gold? ( Ring and Gold means the same in german and english.)
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  2795. In german Oktavian and Pompeus/Pompäus.
    1
  2796. The german ,ch' sound is not spoken ,CK'.
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  2797. Please inform yourself, how liberal humanist USA got Kingdom of Hawaii.
    1
  2798.  @andresmartinezramos7513  : You have better knowledge in this case!
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  2799.  @nickjames2370  : I believe you. My comment was only about german situation. In Germany police work at International airports and in railway system is mostly done by Federal Police. When necessary/ in addition by State Police of the german states. Officers' of Federal or State Police are armed with pistols ( in addition to police baton and Pepper Spray. Largest german railway company ( DB/ Deutsche Bahn) has also Security Guards, but usually without firearms.
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  2800. Apokalypse456 : Ich wollte nur darauf hinweisen, daß eine falsche Schreibweise für Verwirrung sorgen kann.
    1
  2801. In late 70s to 80s in West Germany , young men/ teenagers had, compared to now longer hair. I, Brittas boyfriend, had allways hair shorter than average young men. One day is visited a kind of show/exhibition of tools and things you can need at home. I payed the entrance fee (?) and noticed later, the woman gave me to much coins back. When leaving the event, i noticed why. There was a sign, that ,among some others, soldiers had to pay a reduced entrance fee. Now the woman saw a young man with a for the time unusual short haircut and thought, i am a soldier.
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  2802. In Germany Catholic and Lutheran church are fully left wing, they support open borders,migrants and Islam.
    1
  2803. Don't underestimate the Dackel! The bloodlines still used for hunters are rather fearless against foxes and bsdgers.
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  2804. Pete Beatminister : Wasn' t there a Remington rolling block pistol cal. .50 for a short time after 1867 in use of the US- navy?
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  2805. Heinz76 harald: : Austrians ( with exeption of Vorarlberg), german speaking South Tyrolians, inhabitants of bavarian districts Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Upper Palatine and the few inhabitants of a small italian valley , who call themselves Cimbri are speaking bavarian. Up to mid 12th century ( 1160?) current Austria was a part of Bavaria. Current Austria was before 1160 the ,Mark' ( borderland) to nongermannic ( slavic) people. Austrian state Steiermark still has Mark in its name. Also english/scottish borderland is called ,the Marks/ Marques'. I, Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too, know that both bavarian and swabian/ alemannic dialects form the , upper german ' dialect group and share some features. Btw., as a swabian nostalgic i refuse to speak , prussian Standard German '.
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  2806. Vor Christus and nach Christus.
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  2807.  @quintrankid8045  : My english is not so fluent as you might think. Here in Germany military things are today mostly seen as a bad thing, when you visit a military museum, for example the ,Wehrgeschichtliches Museum' in Rastatt, formerly financally supported by the german armed forces, then you never will find patriotsm. So i was rather surprised, when i visited the ,Imperial War Museum' in London in the early 90s. To me , used to see german museums, this museum seemed filled with a patriotic spirit, which you don't find here. I have no problem, when in old nongerman movies of the 40s to 60s german soldiers are allways shown as bad people. But i have a problem, when i see this in modern productions. You perhaps know, there are lots of movies, in which the story plays during the US civil war 1861 to 1865, but rather few about the european wars of this peride. So i was at first happy, when i found in YouTube a clip of a movie with the german/ danish war of 1864. After a short time i angrily stopped watching the clip and don' t want to watch the full movie. Why? A small danish patrol of danish infantry was captured by a larger patrol of german cavallry. For no reason the german soldiers wanted to execute the danish soldiers , and the german commander was shown as a Fall fat man with bald head and a partly burnt face full of scars. When i saw this in a modern danish movie, i became rather angry and i doubt, that the reason for this war, dating back to incidents in the 1840s , are shown correctly. Such a movie should not be produced in our days. In this comment i tried to explain, what thing i don't like. The other nations make, for my opinion to few movies about the not so good parts of their history.
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  2808. AS
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  2809. As a german, i think the mounted regiment of the ,Garde Repulicaine' is the most impressive french unit.
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  2810. ​ @Twilight-betwixtworlds : What does ,gimp' mean? As a german i don' t know this word.
    1
  2811. In Switzerland a Brigadier is a Brigade commander, a Divisionär is a Division commander and a Korpskommandant is commander of a Korps. Up to about 1970 this ranks had been called Oberstbrigadier, Oberstdivisionär and Oberstkorpskommandant. The rank General exists in Switzerland only in wartime for the main commander of Swiss armed forces.
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  2812.  @Ungood-jl5ep  : The infantrymans firearms from smoothbore musket to repesting rifle of 1914 had been rather long, accompanied by long bayonnet. Remember, Up to wwl the firepowwr of infantry units had been only the rifles of the soldiers. With a long Barrel the power of powder charge was better useable. But main reason was more reach when bayonnet fencing an enemy infantryman or cavallryman with only a sword ( and No lance). This trench warfare of wwl was not unknown, siege warfare was similar, but when 17th century ended, the time of legendary siege was over. The carbines of 1914 and before often had no bayonnet, because mostly cavallry men, gunners or transport soldiers had been equipped with them, who usually did not Charge on foot.
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  2813.  @kestrel011  When i , german ,write in english, sometimes the Computer / autocorrection thinks, i write in german and a nonsens appears.
    1
  2814. In european castles/ museums you sometimes find socalled , Wallguns'.
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  2815.  @2adamast  : Mounted regiment of ,Garde Republicaine' still has a saber and train charging. At least in 1990s, when patroulling Bois de Boulogne in policeuniform, they had the saber at saddle.
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  2816. In Germany we have different tribes, and you find persons with names like Sachs/ Sachse, Frank/Franke, Schwab/Schwabe, Beyer/ Bair etc.. So the ancestors of those people had been members of the namegiving tribe who moved to another region of Germany. Or the former US Minister Kissinger, meaning in german: the man from Kissingen, a town with this name exists, same with former german chancellor Adenauer, meaning: the man from Adenau, there is a town Adenau.
    1
  2817.  @Ekphrasys  : There is an old document writen in latin language in monastry in todays Germany. The monk had some problems with latin words, so he wrote some words ,en theodisc'( in the language of the people). Later theodisc became teutsch and , after 1800 , deutsch.
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  2818.  @jenniferpearce1052  : The german dialects are in heavy decline, but still spoken. Even today, most Germans know, to which tribe they belong.I am a member of the Swabian/ Allemanic tribe. So Allemagne, the french word for Germany or Alemania is simply the name of my tribe. The Alemannen had been, for french or spanish persons, the next Germans. In Finnland Germany is called Sachsa, because for finnisch people the Sachsen( saxons) are the next Germans. The tribal name Alemannen means in current german ,Alle Männer' ( the tribe of the Suevi/ Schwaben, noted by Julius Caesar, united with smaller tribes ,clans vor families)
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  2819.  @Snizz_9  : Adolf was formely a common name, also a swedish king in 17 th century had the name Gustav Adolf. Now the name of Adolf is nearly out of use , only in a region called Nassau the name is sometimes given to boys as a second firstname, to remember Adolf von Nassau, am important count in middle age ( the same phenomeon you can find in Norway with the name Vidkun- Wittukind in german). The family name Hitler ( Hittler, Hüttner etc.) means , a poor man living in a hut (hut is in german Hütte, but in the different dialects some sounds are pronounced differenty spoken).
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  2820. In the 1970s movie ,Cabaret' , the story plays in Berlin a short time Hitler became Chancellor, the Conferencier (Host?) of a Cabaret/ Variete show speaks at the start of show: Herzlich Willkommen, bien venue! Perhaps Ian knows this movie.
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  2821. Lenins corpse is also still existing, even He caused millions dead in Russia.
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  2822.  @Ijusthopeitsquick  : En langue allemand normalement parler et ecrir est la meme (?) / the same.
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  2823.  @marcamant7258  : Merci!
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  2824. @Dave Baton : As a german, i am Brittas boyfriend, some notes. In contast to US , we no more have a conservative/ patriotic party anymore. For decades i voted for CDU party , but i soon noted that Merkel moved conservative CDU to left direction. Current German Federal President Steinmeier hold a speech : We have today best Germany , we ever had! But as a 56 years old german i remember an easier life in 80s and even 90s.
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  2825. Yes, but attention! Der See- the lake/ die See- the sea. This is also for example: Der Schild - shield/ das Schild - sign or : Die Wehr- dated weapon/ das Wehr- a kind of dyke in a river.
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  2826. The German empire between 1871 and 1918 consisted of Kingdoms Preußen, Bayern , Sachsen and Württemberg, Great Duchies Baden, Hessen- Darmstadt, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Mecklenburg- Strelitz and Sachsen- Weimar- Eisenach, Duchies Anhalt, Braunschweig, Sachsen- Coburg- Gotha, Sachsen- Altenburg and Sachsen- Meiningen, Principalities Lippe- Detmold, Waldeck- Pyrmont, Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg- Sondershausen, Reuß- Schleitz and Reuß- Greitz, Free Cities Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck, also Imperium Territory Elsaß- Lothringen. So Prussia was a part of Germany. The Fleet was run by complete Deutsches Reich, while Prussian army included all soldiers of german Staates, being no kingdom . Saxon Army ( 2 Corps) and Württembergian Army(1 Corps) hat their own General Staff, allways under command of Prussian General Staff, Bavarian Army (3 Corps) had their own General Staff, only in wartime under prussian command, and the privilege to use jackets in bavarian, not prussian , blue.
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  2827. Ian Mc Collum from ,Forgotten Weapons' channel showed a Indian police shotgun, made from repeasting rifle. The ammunition had been . 303 cartridges, widened up to .410.
    1
  2828.  @residentgeardo  : For the case, you visit Oberndorf am Neckar, visit the Schwedenbau ( swedisch building). There is both the Waffenmuseum ( weapons museum) with products of Heckler & Koch, Mauser ( including Königlich Württembergische Waffenmanufaktur) and Feinwerkbau, and Heimatmuseum ( Museum of homeregion ) showing spear Tips and sword Blades of allemanic Warriors..
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  2829.  @maxjoechl5663  : I am not Britta herself , but her boyfriend, only using her Computer too. During 1980s, but before 1989, i was surprised. In the machine factory i worked then , i fixed a smaller electric engine/ motor ( made by a westgerrman company )in a machine. When i looked carefully, i noticed a small sign VEB ... and was confused. This had been eastgerman products, bought by a westgerrman company, which had in this case forgotten to change the little sign.
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  2830. From 11th century to 1792: Current Belgium was regular part of HRE, for the case, you don't knew this.
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  2831. Italian Fiocci ammunition company from time to time produces rather small batches of formerly common, but now rare calibers/cartridges.
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  2832. Looks rather similar to relicts of former Bundesfestung Ulm in Germany.
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  2833.  @BlackWhiteCater  : German person here. For reason of our gunlaw, i don' t own firearms, for reason of my bad eyes, i, Brittas boyfriend, didn' t serve in german armed forces. So yes, i am a pure armchair expert. Remembering my knowledge of physic science, a pistol Projektile will have , when hardness and Type is similar, more Penetration, when the Power per square mm is Higher. A .45 Acp bullet, in , Kennblätter für fremdes Gerät' called 11,5 Colt (a) has , over the thumb' about 100 square mm, a 9mm Parabellum , also ,over the thumb' about 65 square mm . So a . 45 with about 500 to 540 Joules has about 5 to 5,4 Joule per square mm. A 9 mm Parabellum with 470 to 500 Joules has about 6 to 7 Joules per square mm. Both in wwl and wwll a lot of pistols in .32 Acp/ 7,65 Browning had been used by german forces, often this pistols had been also produced in .380Acp/ 9mm kurz, but the 9mm kurz versions had not been liked by German forces. A) Cartridges was lesser popular/ produced. B) According to German Arms Magazines, 7, 65 Browning had better Penetration against wood. And field fortifications had often been wood- earth fortifications. When hunting Bonnie and Clyde, Frank Hammer used still his SAA short Barrel in .45 LC, but against Bonnie & Clydes cars, he also used a Colt 1911, but in .38 Super Automatic for Penetration. Nobody used Armour then? Hm. Yes, before ww I armoured civilian cars for Monarchs, Presidents etc. had been very rare, see Sarajewo 1914 ( have seen the car in Vienna/Militärhistorisches Museum), also in interwar Periode they had been rare, but existed. Unfortunatly, 1934 (?) , Videos exist, jugoslavian King Alexander was assasinated through an open Car Window. But not only Kings and Presidents had armoured civilian cars, also US Gangsters like Al Capone had armoured cars. Some of this cars , like the one of Al Capone had been fine crafted, as a german Style trained metal worker i am allways astonished about the craftsmen' s skill decades or centuries ago, but some armoured Gangster cars had been crude improvisations. When USA entered war in 1941, there was no armoured civil Car for US President, so as substitute during construction, the one of Al Capone was used. In a german Museum i have seen two armoured cars of this Periode, used by supporters of Austrian Charlie Chaplin, who was not as fine than US one. But i think, with Armour, you mean Body Armour. When wwl started, many cuirassiers and heavy cavallry men still wore cuirass and Metal helmet. But this could protect only against edged weapons, may be shrappnell or older big bore Revolver cartridges, weak Powder Charge and uncovered lead bullet. During war, soldiers got Steel helmets, and the different armies tested hard and soft Body Armour. But in interwar era, this Armour Experiments ended, so in wwll only US Flak jackets and a russian Steelplate Armour was used in noteable quantities. In civilian context also Lots of protection vests had been build and tested, some had been good against weak cartridges.
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  2834. Skorzeny was more a Propaganda showman in this operation, real work was done by Luftwaffe/ Fallschirmjäger.
    1
  2835.  @christopherneufelt8971  : Ich bin über den zweiten Weltkrieg nicht allzu gut informiert, mein Interesse gilt mehr jener Zeit, als die Uniformen noch farbig waren. Dem Bericht der Zeitschrift zufolge, war Skorzeny im Zusammenhang mit Handstreichen / Kommando- bzw. Geheimaktionen nicht unkundig oder unfähig, aber sein Können wurde von der damaligen deutschen Propaganda stark überhöht. Allerdings hat diese Propaganda immerhin bewirkt, daß sich die Westalliierten Gegner mehr als nötig fürchteten, bzw. vorsichtiger handelten.
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  2836. Darth Revan : I am german. In 1945 my father was six years old, when american troops entered the village.At our house an american soldier broke the housedoor window, put his arm in and unlocked the door. The inhabitants of the house, my fater, his sister and brother, his mother and grandmother a neighbor woman and an old man over 80, had been in the cellar. There the soldier pointed to the unarmed people, including the children, with his pistol and said : Wo Ring? Wo Gold? ( Wo means where and what Ring and Gold means in english you should know without learning german). The american soldiers had not all been the honourius men you know from your propaganda movies. But many crimes done by allied troops are not punished until now, while still some nearly 100 years old concentration camp guards have to do with german court system.
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  2837. In german the word Sappe ( see french sappeur) is nowadays outdated, and the a is not spoken ä. Pickelhaube ( literaly pickaxehood) was not the official name, this was Helm mit Spitze/ helmet with point, and this helmet was only used by line infantry and dragoons, other units used other headgear.
    1
  2838.  @rob5944  : I am not Britta herself, but her boyfriend, only using her computer. Artillrymen used nearly the same helmet, but with a ball, for not having accidents. When i in late 1970s visited a for decades now no more existing military museum, there had been two intressting helmets. When the leather stored in depots run out, Ersatzhelme/ Substitute helmets had been produced. Both had only a small spike, and one of the helmets was made of stamped sheet metal, the other one from felt. I hope, this information is new for you. There is in german language a Video series about german wwl helmets, made by ,Panzermuseum Munster'.
    1
  2839.  @left-2-write28 : When i wrote this comment , i was angry . I personally have nothing against US citizens, and for 15years i do Modern American Square Dance. But the US attitude , we are the best in everything, we invented everything, we allways have been angels and never make a mistake, this is not funny!
    1
  2840. @Kaiser Wilhelm II : I am liberal? I am a national- conservatve man, only using my girlfriends account. But of course, for a natonalistic rightwinger i am liberal!
    1
  2841. The persons in country are different than town people . The country people have more work, more costs and more problems. The town people are not the ones, who have to repair the damage, the town people have not to pay for wolf protection fences or dogs ( in formerly wolf free regions), it are not the fields of town people, where wild animals steal fruits, crop, potatoes, vegetables... It is allways easy to say , other people should be quiet, when you have not their problem.
    1
  2842. Franco Prussian war? Have you forgotten the soldiers of Bayern, Sachsen, Württemberg, Baden, Hessen- Darmstadt, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Mecklenburg- Strelitz, Sachsen- Weimar- Eisenach, Braunschweig, Anhalt, Sachsen - Altenburg, Sachsen - Meiningen, Sachsen- Coburg- Gotha, Lippe- Detmold, Waldeck- Pyrmont, Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg- Sondershausen, Reuß - Schleitz, Reuß- Gretz, Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck? :-))
    1
  2843.  @not-a-theist8251  : I know, that the ,Deutsch - Französische Krieg' or, 70er Krieg' is called so in english language countries, it was just to note the prussian allies.
    1
  2844. ​ @SarutoHyuga : When you walk though nearby 40000 inhabitants town, and you notice that over 48 years now, you rarer and rarer hear german language on street.
    1
  2845. To Mussolini: His pistol in 9mm was surely 9mm (Browning) kurz/ .380 ACP. Pistol carry by german officers became duty in 1944, before in theory also Saber and dagger was enough. Hitlers closer body guards , the Führerbegleitkommando had been half SS men, other half police detectives. In his personal car, there , when no parade, was a driver a personal servant and an added SS man. Driver, servant and SS man had all pistols, the last one also a submachine gun. Before 1933, when Hitler was no official chancellor, minister etc., his bodyguards mostly had no ccw licence ( in german Waffenschein - other terms in Austria and Switzerland), so a large part of his bodyguards before 1933 had been a group of motorcycle drivers in uniformed motorcycle Dress of those days, armed with Hippopotamus hide whips. ( According to a Sonderausgabe/ Special of a german military history magazin about Hitlers headquarters).
    1
  2846. The name Staaken has two a, so in german language it is pronounced Stahken. Zeppelin is pronouncd Zeppelin, not Zepplin. The Zeppelin company is today a construction maschines company. Near the town of Ravensburg there lives a descendant of Graf Zeppelin, who calls himself ,von Brandenstein- Zeppelin'.
    1
  2847. Some notes: Swiss 1882 Revolver in 7,5 Swiss was used until 1975, last users had been some older auxillary policemen, railway guards military craftsmen. Russian Railway guards used Nagant revolvers until 2013. Also swedish 7,5 mm revolvers had been used by postal service and lighthouse guards until about 1960. Those last generation of european revolvers had been in service longer than expected.
    1
  2848. Compared to the ( infantry) legions, cavallry was much smaller in unit size and general number. Also a lot of ,Roman' horsemen had been in reality nonroman mercenaries.
    1
  2849.  @Katuzzi  : In later time of Roman empire cavallry became better, but i meant the early time.
    1
  2850.  @vfm66798  : Ich, Brittas Freund, wohne auf dem Land. Solange ich zurückdenken kann, hält mein Vater, wie schon seine Vorfahren, Hühner. Ich kann mich noch erinnern, daß meine Mutter früher in Zeiten , in denen die Hühner viele Eier legten, dieselben in eine geleeartige Flüssigkeit einlegte, für die Zeit, in denen die Hühner wenig legen.
    1
  2851. Rather good in most cases, but not totally correct, especially when a ,ch' sound appears.
    1
  2852.  @FF-ru8re  : What i wanted to tell was, even someone is good in a foreign language, native speakers mostly notice it. For example many , especially older, dutch people speak good german, but it sounds a bit funny. Mr. Feltons german is understandable, but you notice, that he is no native speaker. When you want to learn german, try it. For someone who can speak english, german can " t be to difficult, you can see, that i as a german person can speak/ write in english about simple things, so the other way must be similar. Word order and vocabulary is often similar, but our four grammar cases and der, die or das instead of the is perhaps the most difficult thing for an english speaker.
    1
  2853. Fun fact: In 1866 in the battle of Lissa the Austrian (!) fleet won against the larger and more modern Italian fleet.
    1
  2854.  @spudgamer6049  :My point was simply the Strange fact, that Austria won a naval Battle.
    1
  2855. Being german, living perhaps 25 km away from Limes, fortified border between Imperium Romanum and Germania Magna. Didn't knew that fortifications have a Sex life.
    1
  2856.  @mlamazigh5398  : As i noted, i read this a longer time ago, but of course this story can be wrong.
    1
  2857.  @WiseOwlAdvice  : Si dans de fils d' avec si laquel si d' ami cher!
    1
  2858. German here , born 1965, heared this case when i was in elementary school, but of course not detailed.
    1
  2859. Up to 1580s in reality and 1648 in theorie the Netherlands had been part of HRE, Belgium until 1790s.
    1
  2860. Germany was the last country using ,Gothic' letters!
    1
  2861. I am german, born 1965, my interest in history started 1971 during a Kindergarten trip to a fairytale castle ( Lichtenstein). I am only factory worker, but live in a german region full of historical relicts from celtic to modern days. Perhaps ten years ago i was on mountain Hohenstaufen, naming HRE Emperors Friedrich l and Friedrich ll ( who was also King of Naples). For a swabian romantic a nearly holy location. I spoke with two old Gentlemen. They said: Old , knights movies ' are not historical correct, but nearly documentations, compared to modern , knights movies '.
    1
  2862. Oveida Sinclair: Good that the peaceful, democratic Stalin was not punished!
    1
  2863. 1971?
    1
  2864.  @250TenoWipes  : Wie, Linke arbeiten?
    1
  2865.  @Trikipum  : I have misinterpreted the word Tercio , i am german and don't know spanisch military words!
    1
  2866. Not ,salü' ;-)?
    1
  2867.  @Axonteer  : Britta is my girlfriend, she is from Hesse/Hessen, we use same computer. I am not swiss, but from your swabian tribal brothers. In case of ,Guten Morgen' i use ,Godda Morga' or only ,Morga', and , Auf Wiedersehen' is simply ,Adee'( Adieu). I use Standard German only, when there is realy, this means realy, a need to use this.
    1
  2868. In case of Hamas/ palestinians nobody speaks about Mohammed Amir al Hosseini 1895 (?) to 1972. This palestinian man was once Great Mufti of Jerusalem. From 1936 to 1939 he organised an arabian revolt against British Mandate Gouvernement in nowadays Israel and Jordania. When the revolt failed, he fled to Nazi Germany. Photos show him talking with Hitler and showing Nazi salute in arabian (imam?) dress. Hitler was impressed and supported al Hosseini, his followers and egypt muslim brotherhood. For two reasons: A) He wrongly assumed, al Hosseini is in islamic world one of highest figures. B) SS commander Himmler noted: Islam is a religion, which creates brave warriors and has partly similarities to Nazi ideology ( compare Islam and Nazis: a) Cult of warriors and manlyness b) hate against jews c) lmportance and role of men and women d) Worthy people: Herrenmenschen/ muslim believers, worthless people: Untermenschen/ non believers). Al Hosseini became member of , Allgemeine SS'/ general SS, and highest field Imam of SS Division Handschar, formed of bosnian muslims ( see YouTube video , Muslim SS praying', note the skinhead in Hugo Boss suit) . In time of support by Hitler, al Hosseini flooded the region from Egypt to Syria with terrible antijewish Propaganda, disguised as muslim based, but mixed with Nazi ideology. The Propaganda seed of al Hosseini is now harvested by Hamas.
    1
  2869. In 1848 revolution attempt, a number of Zündnadelgewehre was stolen from a Zeughaus ( house for storing military equipment) by revolutioners in Berlin. This stolen rifles found their way outside of Prussia. No Spys involved.
    1
  2870. I am german, don' know english word Nien, what does this mean in german?
    1
  2871.  @brass427  : Indeed possible. There is the joke of a drunken man, who shouted his name Otto two times. Then he was disappointed: Nobody noticed, that the second time he spoke his name backwards.
    1
  2872. Mr. Felton, a Gentleman speaks the thuth. What you call liberated i as German would call stolen, plundered or looted!!!
    1
  2873. ​ @simonbrooke4065 : Doesn' t look like an average weapon? Look at blank/pepperguns of this era.
    1
  2874.  @ChromeMan04  : Not true! Depends on unit, location and timeperide. Some units used chainmail, some scale armour, mostly used was the well known lamella (? I am german with limited vocabulary) armour. Real plate armour was only used in very early days of roman republic, when there was large greek influence ( in southern parts of current Italy many regions had been inhabitated by greeks). Also perhaps ,Praetorian Guard' or First Legion possibly wore on occassion / parades greek style armour and helmets.
    1
  2875.  @damionkeeling3103  : For being german, i have never seen such a weapon in a german museum. So i am not informed about this weapon.
    1
  2876.  @ChromeMan04  : In ,high point' of ancient greece the , Heavy Infantry' called Hoplites used plate armour made of bronce, some very decorated like muscles of human chest, but in later time also armour similar to medieval/ rennaisance brigandines. Also the ,Linothorax' armour containing no metal was used. Today it is a bit unknown what this realy was, i is assumed, that this had been layers of a type of cloth called in german ,Leinen', which had been reinforced/ glued with plant / trees fluid ( don' t know english word), so basicly an ancient version of modern Kevlar vests.
    1
  2877.  @damionkeeling3103  : Lorica segmentata is what i meant with lamellar armour. The word ,linnen' is plausible and Resin i remember in another context as translation of german ,Harz'.
    1
  2878.  @damionkeeling3103  : Those ,Gladiator' equipment is not so often seen in german museums, even living away about 30 km from both ,Imperium Romanum'- ,Germania Magna' border and province border between roman provinces Rhaetia and Germania Superior. Next to town Aalen you can still see for some kilometers the relicts of roman border wall.
    1
  2879.  @BrokenCurtain  : Im deutschen Südwesten hat es im 18. Jahrhundert, bis Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts viele Verbrecherbanden gegeben. Die Grenzen zur Schweiz und nach Frankreich waren nahe, und innerhalb des Schwäbischen Reichskreises ( Bayrisch Schwaben, mittleres und südliches Drittel Baden-Württembergs, gab es, die Reichsritter nicht mitgerechnet, exakt hundert (!) eigenständige Kleinstaaten, lediglich Württemberg hatte wirklich Bedeutung. Banden konnten an einem Tag zu Fuß mehrere Staaten durchqueren, während die Verfolger die Grenzen nur schlecht überschreiten konnten.
    1
  2880.  @urviechalex9963  : The NSU (not the motorcycle/ car company from Neckarsulm) was dangerous, and killed about a dozen of foreigners. But as far as i know, this had been fewer members than expected. For the reason, that my english is limited, i write a sentence in german. If you are not a young person, you surely know Karl May, the writer of rather fantasyfull adventure novels ( 1842- 1912). In his novel , Der Schut ' the fictional Gangster leader Schut says: ( sinngemäß): Die größten Verbrechen werden gutgeheißen, wenn man ihnen den politischen Turban aufsetzt.
    1
  2881. Not totally. When in 1871 imperial german constitution was created, this was a crap, which was not wellmade, so the german state/ administration/ miniteries etc. had been weak and oldfashioned organized. Germany looked strong at outside, but was weak and unmodern inside. With good, wellminded monarchs or politicians perhaps not the problem, it seemed Wilhelms only short ruling father Friedrich noted the weaknesses, but was to ill (sick?) to change something. But it is true, Wilhelms younger brother Heinrich would possibly have been a better Emperor, because he was no loudmouth and showman.
    1
  2882. I am german , trained metal worker. Iron/ Eisen is pure iron, every iron mxed/ containing other things must be called steel/Stahl. But in popular language, most german people call Stahl also Eisen.
    1
  2883. Old german joke: A man was bitten by a farmers dog. The Farmer asks the man: Did you use desinfection Fluid? The man answes: No, my Leg tasted your Dog without desinfection Fluid.
    1
  2884. But only, when there is no Kratzer ( scratch?) in the gold cover. When you want, that stainless steel is rusting, take an ordinary steel and make a Kratzer at the surface of stainless steel.
    1
  2885. You perhaps know ,Forgotten Weapons' video about german wwl ,Grabenpanzer'.
    1
  2886. A Sidenote: In Germany 1871- 1918 the bavarian troops had the Privilege to carry jackets in , Bavarian Blue'.
    1
  2887. Die Waffengesetzgebung Deutschlands ist bedeutend strenger als im EU Land Österreich oder der von der EU zu einer strengeren Gesetzgebung erpressten Schweiz. Bei uns ist die Mordrate aber nicht niedriger. Zur Erinnerung: Alle drei Länder sind demokratische, wohlhabende Industrieländer des deutschen Kulturkreises.
    1
  2888. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, 59, education level Mittlere Reife ( middle education), Facharbeiter ( german style trained worker - in my case metal branch). I am more and more angry about the nonsens, modernlings teach the people. A note: In german a Präsevativ is a Condom ....
    1
  2889. France is in german language Frankreich/ Reich der Franken. Also the inhabitants of the german states Saarland, Hessen, Rheinland- Pfalz and parts of Bavaria, Baden- Württemberg and Nordrhein- Westfalen are Franken.
    1
  2890. A small number of this rifle was in wwl used by french troops. There was somewhere in France a storehouse with some hundred rifles and ammunition, have read , this rifles had been given to some rearline soldiers , away from frontline.
    1
  2891. maax musterus : In the 90s a german or swiss arms magazine showed the cartridges. This had been 36 gauge/.410 shotgun cartridges, where the shot was replaced with pepper powder.
    1
  2892. For logistic reason , german forces, prefered pistols in 9mm Parabellum/ Luger or 7,65 Browning/ .32 ACP, even such ones in 6,35 Browning / .25 ACP had been used for armed personal, being not realy soldiers. This common cartridges had been produced by german companies. In much smaller numbers, german / austrian companies also produced 7,63 Mauser, 9mm Steyr and 9 mm kurz /. 380 ACP. But ,exotic' cartridges, produced or used only in one country, had been not so liked by german authorities.
    1
  2893.  @johnryder1713  : I can' t give you an answer to your question. My knowledge of english language is limited, and for german gun law reason i am only one of the socalled ,Armchair experts'. For an answer to your question, i would ask Ian from ,Forgotten Weapons ' channel, or Othias from ,Q&A arsenal' channel.
    1
  2894.  @johnryder1713  : In der Not frisst der Teufel Fliegen. Man hat in der Endphase schlicht alles verwertet, was schoss und kein Vorderlader , Armbrust oder Bogen war.
    1
  2895. Als Altwürttemberger kann ich mit Fasnet nicht viel anfangen, aber egal ob Cromwell, Khomeini oder Taliban, ich misstraue allen Kräften, die im Namen der Moral den Leuten die Freude nehmen wollen.
    1
  2896. Aren't pinfire pistols usually made for 5/ 7/ 9 and 12mm cartridges, rarely in 15mm?
    1
  2897.  @stephanhan9729  Kaiser is allways written with K.
    1
  2898. German Wall- english rampart, english wall - german Mauer/Wand.
    1
  2899. Why did US Governent not send complete troops after end of civil war westwards?
    1
  2900. Visit the german town Esslingen am Neckar. There is next to main station a large old chimney with the large letters Dick.
    1
  2901. In Germany a person with a ,von' in the name is a member of former nobility. In November 1918 monarchy in Germany ended, and in 1919 with new consistution the nobility was officialy abandonned, but up to now, it is allowed to use former titles in nonofficial documents. Some of this former noblemen use , von und zu', this means , they still own the castle. from which their Name once came. There is an old Joke: Two elderly ladies meet each other after many years. One of the Ladies says: I married a noblemen with a ,von and zu'. The other Lady answered : I know this, my husband also went , auf und davon'. Auf und davon, this is a German saying for ,running away at once'. My father told me a funny story: In an inn of my homevillage a Mr. Graf ( count) and a Mr. König ( King) had a loud Dispute. A Mr. Kaiser ( emperor) became angry about this loud Dispute: Mr. Graf and Mr. König be quiet! I am a Kaiser , so with my Rank i order this!
    1
  2902. A german sports type is called Turnen and at least formerly they used four F' s in their coat of arms ( Frisch, Fromm, Fröhlich, Frei). But the Turner movement started in Napoleonic era. Many patriotic german men wanted to be fit to fight Napoleon.
    1
  2903. I am German, about 35 years ago, I for the last time heared an elderly man using ,welsch' for foreign.
    1
  2904. I am german, Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. I am nostalgic, rural , conservative. So i still hope for a comeback of german monarchies. For decades i liked british monarchy, keeping old traditions, with Elisabeth ll as a Queen of correctness and Pflichtbewusstsein ( english is not my native language, means about: The duty, to do your duty). As a german , living next to mount Teck, i respected Queen Elizabeth ll also, because her grandmother was Mary von Teck. But what i hear and read the last few days- an unbelieveable shock for me!
    1
  2905. @matt: You know absolutely nothing about german family names . Fensterscheib ( window glass) was / is a nickname. In family history of Fensterscheib there was an incident, where something happened with a window glass, or an ancestor was a Glaser ( a glass craftsman). Before 13th century no common german ( including current Austria/ Switzerland, Luxemburg , Liechtenstein, flemish pr dutch) person had a family name. This started in 13th century in southern part of german language area, and ended in late 15th century in northern part of german language area. What origin have german family names? Some end with sen, meaning son of ..., this system is still used in Iceland and irish Mac or Irish o' IS the same. Others , ending with -er mean ,the man comming from ...', for example Dettinger coming from Dettingen. Other names describe the tribe. For example Frank(e) means , coming from franconian tribal area'. Others are describing a craft: Bauer ( farmer), Fischer ( fisher) or Bäcker/ Becker/ Beck/ Bäck ( baker). The example Baker shows the dialect differences. Other family names show a first name of an ancestor, but no more common names cause today problems. For example Frommholz (religious / believing wood) is in reallity no more common first name Fromold. Other family names Lang ( long), Kurz ( short), Feist ( very fat), Schönhaar ( beautyfull hair) describe the Look/ body of an ancestor. Some names are pure nicknames, for example Sparbier ( saving beer): An ancestor was an innkeeper who.watered down the sold beer. Some names are today no more understandable, names, or words of old days are today unknown, because over many centuries german language changed very much, some words are unknown in other dialect regions, or mean something different in another dialect. Also: Before 1873 german language was not standardized, so you could until 1870s write, as you wanted, a problem for family name understanding. And in Renaissance periode educated persons translated their names into latin or old greek to sound educated and fancy. Mr. Pistorius' (current Minister of defence), had once ancestors with ordinary name Bäcker/ Baker, or reformationer Philipp Melanchthons real name was Schwarzerd ( black earth), oh Schwarzenegger means not Schwarzneger ( black negro), but ,Schwarze Äcker' - black fields. German Acker is perhaps related to english acre, which is in german a , Morgen '.
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  2906. Llortnerof: With Eisenhauer sometimes swordblades of high steel quality are meant. With high quality Steel Blade, it was possible to cut a thin softiron rod for Show/ PR reason.
    1
  2907. In german language ,V' is spoken ,F', not ,W'.
    1
  2908. When this headgear was introduced to french Foreign Legion in 19th century, it replaced an unpracticsl headgear. I don' t know if the story IS true, but legionaires from german language countries liked their new Käppi so much , that french army introduced the word Képi for this. Kapp, Kappe, Käppie are german words meaning cap. Currently Kappe ( Standard German) and Kapp/ Käppie ( dialects) is rather replaced with Mütze. So Képi comming from german Kappe ( in english Cap) sounds plausible.
    1
  2909. Hm, kommunistische Länder sind auch nicht demokratisch, Gottesstaaten auch nicht. Aber wenn dies ihr Wunsch ist.
    1
  2910. Mr. Mc Collum uses a rubber band powered weapon, and asks for persons, who have underwater weapons. Jörg Sprave from ,Slingshot' channel with bis ,Scubaringer'?
    1
  2911. The ,tournament' armours had been ,Sports armour' only for maximal possible protection in a special regulated event, while battle armour needs more mobility for unexpected moves and to become not to tired.
    1
  2912.  @Olav_Hansen  : I am not Britta herself, but her boyfriend. The first real suits of armour i saw in 1971 during a Kindergarten trip to Lichtenstein castle and Bear Cave. Before this i knew only castle ruins, there are lots of in my german homeregion, and movies about Knights in TV. This was 51 years ago, and since then my knowledge about fortifications, historic weapons etc. became larger than average , not so interesseted people. A lot of those still popular misconceptions about historic weapons and armours here in Germany ( in this context including Austria and Switzerland) date back to ,Romantic Periode' of german culture/history, starting in 1820s, when after centuries the medieval age came back into peoples mind, a lot of knowledge was lost, so errors of this time are still today in the brains of many persons.
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  2913. Tiny J : In todays Germany a CS cartridge or spray is only allowed to contain max. 80mg of CS. I am not familiar to ,imperial' , but i think that is 1/3 grain.
    1
  2914. You failed againt a bunch of daggermen, so be quiet ;-)
    1
  2915.  @kurupt1664  : There is a video in ,usefull charts' channel, that current heir of throne from Stuart Dynasty would be Duke Franz von Bayern, also german :-)
    1
  2916.  @Bruh-hq1hx  : No! We Germans call ourselves ,Deutsche', when we speak of Germanen, then we mean either our ancestors, before german nation existed ( even today most of midaged/ elderly Germans know, to which tribe from ,before german nation age' they belong to) or all the people from all germanic nations.
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  2917.  @nightwish1000  : Germanics, not Germans! Before 843/911/919 ,even we Germans don' t know it exactly, there was no Germany and so no Germans.
    1
  2918. @I HATE YOU- : In german France is Frankreich ( realm of the franks) and Franken, speaking fränkisch are still alive in Germany, the descendants of this tribesmen, which not moved to France, becoming the upper class there.
    1
  2919.  @nunyabiznez6381  : England? Angleterre?
    1
  2920.  @kurupt1664  : Wenn die Katze aus dem Haus ist, tanzen die Mäuse? When the cat is not at home, the mice are dancing? I have to excuse myself, that i have not noticed, that i did some comments some time ago.
    1
  2921. Jagsthausen is no town/ Stadt. It is in Germany called a Gemeinde.
    1
  2922. Luxemburg was a part of Germany up to 1866.
    1
  2923.  @colbunkmust  : I must explain more carefully. In 843 ( Treaty of Verdun) the Carolingian Empire was split Ingo three parts. A western part which became later France ( in german Frankreich) an eastern part, which later became Germany and a middle part , today Netherland, Belgium, Luxemburg, France along the Rhone river and northern Italy. In 911 in East frankish empire the last descendant of Karl dem Großen/ Charlemagne died. The ,german' nobles noticed, that in West frankish empire ,french' language dominated, they no more could speak with West frankish upper class. So they decided, not to reunite with Westfrankish empire and elected Konrad l as first ,german' king. But Konrad l was a frankish nobleman, so some germans think, he was somehow related to frankish/ carolingian dynasty and say Heinrich l, elected in 919 was the first german king. In 10th century the first third or Middle frankish empire split into four pieces ( Oberlothringen/ Niederlothringen/ Hochburgund/ Niederburgund) . When in 10/11 th century this parts of former Middle frankish empire became part of HRE, it really became an empire with german/dutch ( not totaly split in those days) , french, italian, czech and rhaetoromanic speakers. But in the very first years of 10th century East frankish empire became german. The german/ french wars of the last 800 to 1000 years had been basicly about the question, who rules over former Middle frankish empire.
    1
  2924.  @maxion5109  : I have no time for a longer discussion. What i wanted to tell is, that after 843 with the years there was also a language and culture split between Eastern and Western part of former carolingian empire, which was one of the reasons, that a reunification of both parts never hapened.
    1
  2925.  @colbunkmust  : From 1815 to 1866 Luxemburg was one of the states oft the German Federation and before 1803/ 1806 for centuries a part of HRE. This was it, what i meant with , it was a part of Germany up to 1866'. I should have been more exact, Luxemburg belonged to the german cultural influence region, like german part of Switzerland.
    1
  2926. Antonio Estrada Respeto : Law is law! If after war Justice would have used the same standards both to german AND allied war crimes, the a lot of allied soldiers would have been executed. But in reality allied war crimes had not been punished, allied double standards!!!!!!!
    1
  2927. Antonio Estrada Respeto : War crime is war crime! End of the story!
    1
  2928. In 1880 also some US units wore ,Helm mit Spitze' ( helmet with point), Pickelhaube ( pickaxe hood) was NEVER an official term. There are photos with ,Indian Scouts' wearing such helmets.
    1
  2929. Is there any movie , which was produced between ca. 700 and 1500 ???
    1
  2930. From the napoleonic era to wwl leather and metal helmets with large crests had been used in Europe, but i think, this was only for impressive look.
    1
  2931. Ever heared of Louis XlV or Napoleon???
    1
  2932. Japan opend himself? They had been forced by foreign powers, especially USA, when in 1855 an US navy squad entered unallowed a japanese harbor.
    1
  2933. Was done in Switzerland, a shortened K31.
    1
  2934. What is a Katzbagel? A bagel made of cats? Or perhaps a Katzbalger?
    1
  2935. Being german, i write Pistole, when there is a necessarity to speak Standard German i also speak Pistole. But usually i speak swabian dialect ,Bischdool'. In some dialects P becomes B, K becomes G and T becomes D. And sp and st are mostly, but not allways ,spoken schp and scht in Standard German, Pistole is one of the exeptions.
    1
  2936.  @zbigniewgurak8261  : When i was a little child, i only knew my dialect. One day i got a childrens book with many pictures of Farm annimals, i knew the annimals, because my parents and some neighbors had little farms. But when my grandmother took the noted book and told Stories about the annimals, I thougt, why does my grandmother speak so strange? She read the Texts to the pictures, this was the First time, I noticed, that there are two variants of german language: The unregulated dialects and regulated Standard German/ Hochdeutsch. Today most german people speak either a watered down dialect or Standard German mixed with dialect words. The number of real dialect speakers is declining rather fast, while the number of Standard German speakers is rising fast, especially in large Towns. Some months ago i was at a Gas Station, the Young Lady didn' t understand me speaking dialect, and the older lady working there had to explain.
    1
  2937. But the Allied forces, using their own equipment and logistics needed six yesrs to win.
    1
  2938. Once, up to 1866, Luxemburg was part of Germany, so : Ordnung muß sein ;-)!
    1
  2939. A thing with similar way of noisemaking, but with a short pole as handle, called Ratsche/ Rätsche was in Germany used to scare away birds from wineyards.
    1
  2940. Being a swabian tribesman, so a descendant of Suevi and Alemannen, i refuse to watch all kind of ,historical' movies. In my Homeregion in nearly every Village alemannic Warriors Graves are found. Most of graves contained only spearheads, shield Bosses ( Schildbuckel) and seaxes ( Saxe). Spathas and horse Equipment had been rare. Rafaele , who knows a lot of medieval age, should do a Video about the Fights of Guelf ( House of Welf, still ruling in Great Brittain) and Ghibnelines ( die Waiblinger/ House of Hohenstaufen). For a swabian man, Britta is my girlfriend, it is a gift, to see Mount Hohenstaufen from my Homevillage.
    1
  2941. buntspecht : Bin Deutscher, aus Württemberg, also Schwabe, benutze nur den Account meiner Freundin. Habe mich falsch ausgedrückt, ich meinte, das erste K für kaiserlich bezieht sich auf Österreich, das zweite k für königlich bezieht sich auf Ungarn. Was ist mit dem Hinweis auf die Grammatik falsch? Es kann z.B. heißen der Kaiserlich und Königliche Beamte, aber auch ein Kaiserlich und Königlicher Beamter, oder einem Kaiserlich und Königlichem Beamten. Als Nicht- Büromensch mache ich halt beim Schreiben Fehler!
    1
  2942. buntspecht : Es muß selbstverständlich einem königlichen Beamten heißen, bin gerade arg unaufmerksam!
    1
  2943. A lot of weapons had been simply scrapped. Some years ago, i am german, in my local newspaper i could read, that construction workers found a lot of destroyed elderly weapons. This had been weapons confiscated from german civilians at the end of war.
    1
  2944. The ,Merowinger' are french??? The Frankish tribe is a german tribe, they have beaten my tribe, the Alemanic tribe in the battle of Zülpich 496. The Frankish tribesmen still live in the north oft my tribe in Germany. Not all members of the Frankish tribe moved to France.
    1
  2945.  @marshalljohnson7690  : The Duke of Lorraine/ Herzog von Lothringen would be currently the head of the Habsburg family. When in 1740 emperor Karl Vl died without a son, his son in law, the Duke of Lorraine became the next emperor, but the French king wanted to have his duchy Lorraine for recognizing him as the next emperor, with this unfine behaviour the french got Lorraine ( there had also been some innergerman trouble because of the election). So the current name of the Habsburg family is Habsburg- Lothringen, without a ,von' , because in 1919 all austrian noblemen lost the ,von' in their names. ( In Germany they still have the ,von' in their names, but not all germans with a ,von' are former noblemen).
    1
  2946. I am german. Singular Kuh ( cow)/ Schuh ( shoe), but plural Kühe/ Schuhe ( only a sidenote).
    1
  2947. The german title is Markgraf, not Margrave! In medieval Germany a Markgraf was basicly a borderland ( Mark) count, with some rights of a duke ( Herzog)
    1
  2948. @Luboman411 : Then it is not realy translated, but anglsized. Same is the Baron/ Freiherr thing, which is not the same.
    1
  2949.  @51WCDodge  : Don' t you know, that warcrimes are only warcrimes when done by nonallied soldiers.
    1
  2950.  @corneliachrost3212  : Warum wurde wohl früher hauptsächlich gewildert? Die Leute waren arm, und wollten etwas zu essen, oder auch mal Fleisch. Im Amerika der ,großen Depression' haben viele Amerikaner aus Not gejagt, und auch bei uns wurde nach Ende der Weltkriege viel gewildert, und auch aus Gärten und von Feldern gestohlen. Der Mangel an Lebensmitteln , und der hohe Preis für Fleisch hat zu vielen Morden an Jägern/ Förstern , aber teilweise auch Schäfern geführt. 1919 wurde im Heimatort meiner ersten Freundin ( bin Brittas Freund, benutze nur ihren Anschluss mit) der ,Feldschütz' erschossen. Ich weis nicht, ob sie wissen was das war, beziehungsweise, wie diese Männer in ihrer Gegend genannt wurden ( in Frankreich: garde champetre). Wäre heute eine Hungersnot, so hätten die Bauern nichts, da ihnen alles von den Städtern weggeplündert würde.
    1
  2951.  @corneliachrost3212  : Und wenn sie fuchsteufelswild werden würden, würden die Wilderer ihre Fuchsteufelswildheit mit Kugeln , Schrotladungen, Messerstichen, Halsabscheiden, Schädeleinschlagen, oder Erdrosseln mit ihrem Gürtel oder Rucksackträger ziemlich schnell beenden. ( Haben sie nichts von dem Doppelmord durch Wilderer vor wenigen Monaten gehört? Glauben sie im Ernst, die hätten vor ihnen Angst?)
    1
  2952. When necessary, this old style wood stock guns could be used as clubs.
    1
  2953.  @tictac2therevenge291 : In 1682 (83?) and 1796 the german village i live, about 30km east of Stuttgart was attacked by french troops. So please look into the mirror. The French etc. , allways forgett, that the german hate against France did not come ,out of the nothing'. Do some research about Richelieu, Louis XlV or Napoleon l, what funny things they did in Germany, in case of Louis XlV especially in Palatinate, Rhine Valley and parts of Black Forrest. Also compare France and ,Germany' of the noted era. It seems french and other nongermans forget, that France in this time was a united country with a centralised administration and the strongest european ground army and the second or third strong Fleet. ,Germany' had no Fleet, was divided into more than 300 Reichsstände with Seat in diet/ parlament and lots of territories without seat. Only Prussia, Austria could mobilize large armies, to lower level Bavaria, Saxony and Hannover. In military district Swabia/ Schwaben next to France on right bank of Rhine there had been 100 souvereign states in an area between Rhine , Lech, Lake of Constance and a line from Northern end of Black Forrest eastwards. The , Reichs' territories not included ( mostly Imperial Knights, but also independent villages, valleys ( Oberharmersbach) and even independent farms!). The 100 states had been 30-35 Imperial towns, 20- 25 Spiritual Lords ( includung the female abbot of an independent womens monastry) and 40-50 noble Lords. Their ,troops' had been policemen, ceremonial guards and lowtrained leviemen, but few welltrained soldiers. So basicly unuseable troops. This expains, why French troops had been so sucessfull between 1630 and 1812, and it clearly shows, that the german ,miniatur' rulers of this era had no need for being warlike. But this fact is rather unknown and unpopular. Si vous etais français, je etait pour quelques voyages dans votre pays, sans casque et fusil. ( Britta est mon amie) Il y a des regions belles, et je ne veut pas guerre. Mais, je n' aime pas, parler seulemet sur (?) des guerres, ou les allemands sont les , mauvaises', parce dans quelques guerres franco- allemand, les français etait les ,mauvaises'. Je pense, vous comprit mes mots.
    1
  2954.  @tictac2therevenge291  : Da mein Französisch nicht gut ist , und es unhöflich wäre, von Ihnen deutsch zu verlangen, i use english. Perhaps i repeat it, i am Brittas boyfriend. For some reasons, i was not often outside of Germany, but some times in your country. Normandie, Bretagne, Loire valley, some daytrips in Alsace, which is clearly a mix of german and french influence. As a person with history knowledge, i know a lot of history, so i don' t like nationalists, who say, they are better than other people in every case. Such behavior is not fine and results endless hate and trouble. So i think, the franco- german way of our days is good.
    1
  2955. This soldiers never saw combat , because Friedrich Wilhelm liked the Army , but not war. So in his reign , prussian army only one time was mobilized, but not envolved in a war.
    1
  2956. Seems, that under this is a main water tube.
    1
  2957. The ,Ewige Armee' gets more and more members. In my german homevillage 1997 last veteran of wwl died, in 2020 last veteran of wwll. I, Brittas boyfriend, was in 1985 declared as ,unserviceable. Don' t know, what grandfather and greatgrandfather think about me.
    1
  2958. He paints his body with dragon blood like Siegfried or he uses holy smoke ( or was it Styx water) like Achilles. ;-)
    1
  2959. It is Volkssturm, the second ,s' is necessary for german grammar reasons.
    1
  2960. In german language substantives are written with a large (?) letter, most other languages not. So when i try to write in english , Autocorrection ' causes , that words, i want to write with a small letter, are often written with a large letter.
    1
  2961.  @ZZMJo  : Thank you, you know more than i!
    1
  2962. A sidenote from a german citizen: In 1960s the man could have bought a semiautomatic .22 rifle , needed no licence until either 1969 or 1972. Since 1972 a licence is necessary for all firearms. But this case shows, that a mass murder case is sadly possible also with selfmade weapons.
    1
  2963. As a german, i don' t know, what Währmakt or Wolkssturm is? Do you mean Wehrmacht and Volkssturm? :-)
    1
  2964. ISO : International Standard Organisation. There are a lot of Standards DIN ( Deutsche Industrie Norm), EN ( Euronorm) and ISO tries to connect EN and american ANSI. I was born 1965 and i remember, in the 70s there had been also in Germany some calendars , where the week started with sunday. When my first teacher for english language told us, that many US citizens cut their meal with knife and fork, but eat it only with the fork in the right hand, one oft the boys in the class knew the reason: they need an empty left hand to draw the revolver!
    1
  2965. I am german. In 1980s in local newspaper pupils of a Gymnasium ( highest german ,highschool' Type) class wrote about their excange time in USA. They told, that they for fun spoke in french language, and claimed, they are from french part of their hometown. Even some teachers did not recognize the joke at once.
    1
  2966. For a medieval historan , you look rather young. Are you noted in Guinness book as oldest living person ?
    1
  2967. I am not Britta, but her boyfriend. Everybody with the hobby of military history knows the Westwall and the Atlantikwall. ( Attention! English wall is in german Mauer, german Wall is in english rampart). But few people know of the Neckar- Enz Linie. Linie (line) means in , military german' from 17 th century on a lightly fortified obstacle/ fortification line, using a mix of natural obstacles and wood- earth fortifications, manned often by lowtrained and bad equipped levies. Now in the 20s the german gouvernement and army feared a french attack north of the Schwarzwald/ Black Forrest. So secretly a small number of prepared fortifications was build along the rivers Neckar and Enz. The gouvernement had not much money, and the buildings had to be as secret and covered as possible. When you do a hiking tour near Sachsenheim along the Enz river you will find the ruins of a very small bunker. And i saw the Feldschütz ( field guard/ garde champetre) Hütte ( Hut) with concrete made walls and roof about 40-50 cm thick. The ,Feldschützenhütte'????
    1
  2968. According to a german magazine it was called Zielfeuergerät. Selbstfeuergerät ( self...) can' t be true, bacause this thing does not fire itself, it needs somehow a human :-))
    1
  2969. Only from 1814- 1832 the Dutch King was also Great Duke of Luxemburg, but Luxemburg was up to 1866 a part of Germany, never a part oft the Netherlands.
    1
  2970. When crimes done during WW ll would have been punished with the same standarts, a lot of allied soldiers and heroic patisans would have been executed!
    1
  2971. Years ago i , german, read a german translation of original Frankenstein novel. Different from Most movies.
    1
  2972. Phiseal : Wiegand is a german name, so it is spoken the german way, as it is written. He also could be from the Alsace in France, there the people prefer the french pronouncion, even it is clearly a german name. But men of Alsace usually have a french first name. But Uli is a short version of Ulrich, and Ulrich is a short version of Huldr(e)ich.
    1
  2973. Phiseal : Ich auch!
    1
  2974. This was intended for british occupation police force. Such police forces formed of soldiers had been formerly called Gendarmerie. The few remaining german policemen had been armed either with truncheons or in few cases with rather long dress bayonnets.
    1
  2975. Kammhuber. Kamm is either a comb or the line of highest points in a chain of hills or mountains. Huber is a part of many bavarian family names and means : Owner of a smaller farm. So Mr. Kammhubers ancestors had been owners of a smaller farm next to highest point in a chain of hills.
    1
  2976. A Luftgewehr is an airrifle ( airgun) , so Luftgewehre ( airguns) are intended for airforce??? A Luftmaschinengewehr would be an airpowered machinegun, with large co2 cartuches .
    1
  2977.  @gilde915  : Was a joke!
    1
  2978. But you should not forget, that in the greek ,War of Troy' tale and in the german ,Nibelungen' tale the unhurtable heroes Achilles and Siegfried had been killed by arrow or spear which reached the small unprotected spot oft their body.
    1
  2979. Hm? Merkwürdig, linke Kreise hofieren den Islam. An dieser Religion kann ich keine Ähnlichkeiten zu linkem Gedankengut erkennen, aber zum Nationalsozialismus. Da wären an Ähnlichkeiten: Männlichkeits- und Kriegerkult, Judenfeindlichkeit ( lm Zusammenhang mit den Ereignissen in Palästina sollten sie sich mit Mohammed Amir (.Amid?) al Hosseini 1895 - bis 1972 befassen), sowie das Männer und Frauenbild ( ist das Gleiche und beidesmal verfassungswidrig). Auch sind alle Menschen laut unserer Verfassung gleich, auch hier wird beidesmal zwischen Menschen unterschiedlichen Wertes unterschieden. Ich verstehe daher linke Kreise und die Amtskirchen nicht.
    1
  2980. Erma means ERfurter MAschinenfabrik. As dated women name, Erna is more common.
    1
  2981. Those weapons had been in 16th century HRE called ,Drehling' ( Turnling).
    1
  2982. In late 15th /early 16th century , on paper only , the kingdom of Italy still existed as a part of HRE north to the pope's state, with the ,iron crown' of the Langobardes. But in reallity northern italy was, like Germany, cut into pieces and the emperor of HRE had no more influence.
    1
  2983. The ,ch' sound in german language is not a ,k'.
    1
  2984. ​ @Chris-mf1rm : Das Fest- festival/ party?
    1
  2985. Space Catboy : If allied soldiers would have to go to court after WWll, a lot of those ,brave allied war heroes' also would have been executed.
    1
  2986. Wasn' t there an old movie , Die Trapp Familie '?
    1
  2987.  @johndallman2692  : And as weapons for remaining german ships of ,merchant navy'.
    1
  2988.  @JM-fo1te  : Old english was, for example in grammar similar to current german. So not we germans invented a complcated language, we have simply the last germanic language, which still has old grammar system.
    1
  2989.  @michaelbell3952  : A Landwehr/ Landhege ( see also Hecke/ hedge / Gehege) is realy a light border fortification. But ,die Wehr' means weapons, this is today outdated , but arround 1500 a Bauernwehr was a bowiesized knife ( farmers weapon). This is also in Gewehr ( Ge- means a lot of/ Gesang- a lot of singing/ Geschrei- a lot of shouting) so Gewehr is a lot of defence and up to 18th century a Gewehr could also be a polearm. Sich wehren- to defend yourself. ,Das Wehr ' is a kind of damm to close or open a river for producing energy out of floating water.
    1
  2990.  @abuqadr629  : Sind sie aber ein Schelm!
    1
  2991.  @bsp1895  : Spanish or Portugise in latin America?
    1
  2992. Up to 1967.
    1
  2993.  @eternaloptimist2840  : A small note: Your native (?) english is basicly a mix of 1500 years old German and 1000 years old French. So learning German and French should be not to difficult for you. Oui, parler francaise n ' est pas facile.
    1
  2994. It is Lützow, not Lutzow, can' t you read?
    1
  2995.  @Maddog3060  : I am german, so i know that Lützow is either written Lützow or, when necessary, Luetzow. This man was in late napoleonic wars the commander of an irregular prussian unit known as Freikorps Lützow or Lützows Jäger. ( There exists a today very rare sung song: Das ist Lützows wilde , verwegene Jagd.)
    1
  2996.  @Maddog3060  : I am not Britta herself, but her boyfriend. I have an Asperger disorder, humor is a thing, i have a problem , because i don ' t allways can recognice what is just fun and what is serious.
    1
  2997. Le reddit silver member : The mighty British Empire of 1920 will surely solve your problems.
    1
  2998.  @theultimatefreak666  : Attention! Von means only , coming from', so there are a small number of persons in Germany ( perhaps also Austria and Switzerland) who have a ,von' in their name, but had never been nobles.
    1
  2999. It Sounds a bit, that the man behind this channel is Swiss German. They mostly can also speak french.
    1
  3000. Führer can be leader, guide and driver , depending on context.
    1
  3001. I am german, Britta is my girlfriend. I speak only few French, no latin. In some cases, for example the name Julius, it seems that our german , we speak it as it is written' is not wrong.
    1
  3002. Galica, is this the spanisch region north of Portugal? There was once a Kingdom of Suevi, and i am a german of swabian tribe.
    1
  3003. Attention! In Austria ,Obers' or ,Schlagobers' means ,Sahne/ Schlagsahne/ Schlagrahm' , i don' t know english word, cream (?)/ whipped cream (?).
    1
  3004. Aber den Islam fördern! Hat in Teilen gleiches Weltbild wie die Nationalsozialisten. Wurde damals vor 1945 auch schon bemerkt. Informieren sie sich über Mohammed Amir ( Amin?) al Hosseini ( 1895- 1972) , ein lmam der Mitglied der Allgemeinen SS war und ein Palästinenser war.
    1
  3005.  @TheLoyalOfficer  : Maybe, the persons speaking Korps are not so educated. But as long as a Korps is not confused with a Chor, it is not a large problem.
    1
  3006. Cyberphobe The are always unserious traders, who tell the buyers a lot of nonsens, or things ,which are faked or falshified(?) to sell ordinary standard things as rare variaton to get more money. This persons know, which rare versions of weapons the collectors of the different countries want to own. Some examples. In Switzerland the ,Radfahrer' ( bicyclist) Revolver is rare, in Germany collectors of swords from 1871-1918 are in search for a , Kammerstück'/ chamberpiece ( in some special occations a sergeant was allowed to carry an officers sword). In case of german weapons and english speaking buyers this unserious traders use the fact, that many english speakers know not enough of german language or misinterprete german things.
    1
  3007. Of course. After 1949 former NSDAP members founded a new party SRP ( Sozialistische Reichspartei), which was forbidden together with communist KPD ( Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands) . But communist party still exists as DKP, and in 1969 former NSDAP members founded a second after war party NPD ( Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands), which also still exists. And former East German ,Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands' is under the name ,Die Linke'( the left) still in german Parlament, in contrast to DKP or NPD, which never had been in Parlament.
    1
  3008. Not long ago Austria still had a single armed boat on Danube. Switzerland had , at least some years ago, two armed boats.
    1
  3009. ​ @jacklurcher5813  : Satire?
    1
  3010.  @jacklurcher5813  : I asked for reason of my Asperger disorder, For me its sometimes a problem, to understand ,Secret Messages', especially when is not my native language german.
    1
  3011.  @olafspetzki  : Well, some Witzbolde ( jorricks?) speak of Arnold Schwarzneger. His real name Schwarzenegger is dialect and means in Standard German Schwarzacker / Blackfield.
    1
  3012.  @chrisplumb4284  : Para bellum- für den Krieg/ for war. There are in latin language the words of an roman writer: When you want peace, you must be prepared for war. In latin the sentence ends with .... para bellum.
    1
  3013. fleetcenturion : Shipromans not shipbuiders!
    1
  3014. fleetcenturion : I, not Britta Kriep, whos accout i use, have an Asperger disorder and my english is not so fluent. So i interpreted your comment perhaps wrong. I thought the following thing: There is a person , which makes fun about the fact, that i often write longer comments, i simply try to explain the toppic as good as i know. And with his question, about the SS he wants to lead me into a trap! So i was not amused and gave you an angry answer. Now i hope, this clears the situation.
    1
  3015.  Gallant Zodiac  : Same thing in Germany. For me elementary school ( Grundschule) ended in 1976, from the childs of my class max.20% switched to Gymnasium.
    1
  3016. GhettoHouseinLA : ???
    1
  3017.  @Bitemis  : There was Schutztruppe as light military force, and Kaiserliche Landespolizei as police force. In Togo there was only Kaiserliche Landespolizei. When ww1 started, the Landespolizei was transformed into Schutztruppe. Note: With exeption of black policemen, real german policemen had been up to early 1920s former soldiers, Unteroffizier or higher, so no problem for them, to serve as soldiers.
    1
  3018. Please excuse the writing mistakes, for some unknown reasons my Computer wants to write everything in german.
    1
  3019.  Burt Burlingham  : Wenn ich als nicht ihrer Sprache kundiger Deutscher den Herrn Schaap richtig verstehe, befürchtet er, man könne sich an dem beweglichen Teil beim Schuß verletzen. As a german with no knowledge of dutch i think, Mr. Schaap fears, his hand could be hurt by the moving piece, when shooting the weapon.
    1
  3020.  Burt Burlingham  : I can not speak your language, spoken dutch is not understandable to me. But a lot of dutch words are similar, so that in written dutch i can recognize some words of my german language.
    1
  3021. My fathers aunt, 1916 to 2012, once showed me, german, Brittas boyfriend, what she had from her husband, who was Feldwebel/ Sergeant and died at Monte Cassino battle. It was iron cross second class, Close Quarters Combat badge in silver, the Moskow medal ( known as Gefrierfleischorden/ frozen meat medal), and a badge, that he in his civilian job ( railwayman) helped building the Westwall. The document, that he died in action and ( with original packing paper!) the parcel with his notebook and two other things i have forgotten. This, a photo and a military dokument with his name ( a ,Passierschein'/ a paper, which documented, that he and three ordinary soldiers travelled in official mission) had been the only remaining things of her husband, which whom she was married only a rather short time ( no children). There was also a collarpin showing a Swastika and the toppart of a wheat plant, this pin was given to my greatgrandfather, but only because he was for many years the breeding bull warden of the village, not for doing something in war.
    1
  3022. Depends also on the size of a fortified town. Could be a large capital of a kingdom, but also a very small settlement ( for example Zavelstein in german Black Forrest).
    1
  3023. I do not agree with the creator of this video. The reason? The creator of this video speaks of , germanic' not german. As far as i know, the anglo-saxons (coming from , Low Germany'), the Normans ( romaniced vikings) and Danes ( who ruled for aGe short time in England) are ALSO germanic people. Also Ireland was attacked by vikings and partly ruled. So the germanic ( not german!) part of ,blood' of the royal british family must be higher, and the british/ irish ( celtic) part of ,blood ' must be lower than shown in this video. Germanic and german is not the same , we Germans do not have this problem, because we call us ,deutsch'.
    1
  3024. UsefulCharts : Your videos are rather interesting, i don' t want to critizise your work. I only wanted to note, that german and germanic is not the same. Of course i do not believe the aric race nonsens of former times. In fact, the British people are celtic people, mixed with a lot of germanics and some romanics. The french are celtic mixed with a lot of romanics and some germanics. We germans are germanics, mixed with slavics in notheast and some celtics and romanics in southwest. So a citizen of a coutry sometimes is more ,foreign' by DNA than by culture..
    1
  3025. In german languages counties, dialects are still spoken.They are often closer to english than Standard German. For example in my swabian dialect i means ich (i). In Standard German ein means in english either a or one, in swabian dialect a and oi. Many words for Things, known before May be 800, are still similar. Tool names like Hammer/hammer,Axt/ axe, Pflug/ plough, annimal names like Bär/ bear, Bulle/ bull, Sier/steer, Schwein/ swine, Sau/ sow, Henne/ hen, Gockel ( Hahn)/ cock Ross ( Pferd)/horse, Gais (Ziege)/ goat, Hase/ hare, old weaponry Schwert/ sword, Speer/spear, Schild/ shield or Things of nature Wasser/water, Stein/ stone, Wind/ wind, Dunst/ dust, Flut/ flood. A Sidenote to Knecht and knight. The first Knights ( Ritter, see Reiter/ Rider) had been chosen in Germany from unfree servants of high nobility, they had been at First an own class of persons, and are only since 1496 seen as a part of nobility.
    1
  3026.  @ikwer111  : Up to 1980s/ early 90s german paramilitary policeforces ( Bundesgrenzschutz of Federal Republik and Bereitschaftspolizei of german states) had assault rifles, machineguns, handgrenades and Bundesgrenzschutz only , few antiaircraft - and antitankweapons for wartime.
    1
  3027.  @ianfinrir8724  : As a German Person, i assume, the pikes with different Tips, had been either produced as Last ditch weapons, or to arm the slaves, as a source of manpower. . An other possibility would be the Lack of muskets in early days. So equipping may be 3000 men with a mix of pikes and rifles was (only) in early stages of war no ,rxtraordinar, Ything
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  3028.  @CountArtha  : In german language countries, last use of pikes was at end of napoleonic wars. To eqip all volunteer units of prussian Landwehr, there had been at start enough muskets, so that some units had a mix of few muskets, much pikes and some axes. For war success reason, the pikes had been replaced with captured french muskets more and more. Also because nearly no troops had remainded in Württemberg, so the King ordered to build four ,rural regiments' basicly Landsturm for Police and guard duties. The regiments had only half size and the men elderly.Their main weapon was a pike, 2m shaft and 15cm blade. Also in 1848/49 Revolution attempt, many units of Citizens Militia/ Bürgerwehr had been armed with warskytes. As far as i know , in last Swiss war, Sonderbundkrieg' 1847, some few soldiers of poorer cantons had only warskytes.
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  3029. Years ago, i read in a german arms magazin about a cartridge 5,6 x 35 R Vierling, but i don' t remember, if this was another name for .22 Hornet, or a no more produced german cartridge.
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  3030.  @SamFellerer  : You are right. I read english and german Wikipedia. In german Wikipedia : 5,6x 35R auch bekannt als (also known as) .22 Vierling . A Vierling is a combined hunting gun , four barrels ( rifled and smoothbore), breakdown. This guns are rare, and allways custom made by gunsmiths, as the customer wants it.
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  3031.  @hurricane567  : Mercenaries exist for more than 2000 Years. In former days, for example Landsknecht era, Most of this mercennaries , in addition to their wage (?) , in german Sold, they often plundered a lot. I don't know current situation.
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  3032.  @a.m.7165  : They surely had some few!
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  3033.  @a.m.7165  : I watch sometimes old TV shows produced before 1989 in GDR, called Polizeiruf 110 ( the telphone number for calling the Police) . In one Episode a Volkswagen Käfer ( Beetle) appeared. So i think that Staatssicherheitsdienst owned a few examples of HK weapons, somehow brought into GDR by Spies etc. to see and test quality and capability of West German products. Of course GDR didn' t buy weapons from BRD, nor equipped units of their armed forces.
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  3034. As far as i know, german singleshot target pistols between 1890s and 1920s had also been made for a today no more produced cartridge in 7 or 8 mm.
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  3035.  @thodan467  : The Royal Wurttembergian Army had four regiments of cavallry. Two regiments Dragoner, used as heavy cavallry, and two regiments Ulanen used AS light cavallry.
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  3036.  @ribbitgoesthedoglastnamehe4681  : Wrong button! The dragoons had been in Germany used as second wave in charge, or sometimes as infantry, they once had been ( They had been armed with a slightly shortened musket/ Dragonergewehr, similar to marines muskets, bayonnet and staight blade sword/ Pallasch like cuirassiers and gendarmes). During 18th century the german dragons had been used fewer and fewer as infantry ( Frederick ll of prussia: The dragons fight mostly in horseback, infantry training should not be forgotten, but the quality of regular infantry is not necessary). As light cavallry the Hussars ( of hungarian orgin) had been used in Germany , armed with ( curved) saber and carbines. Carbines in small numbers had also been used by cuirassiers and gendarmes, and pistols also by hussars and dragons. Cavallry with lances was very (!) rare in 18th century germany, perhaps some few polish soldiers in prussian/austrian service, and austrian Grenzer/ Bosniaken/ border guards at the austrian- ottoma Militärgrenze/ military border. During napoleonic wars, lancers (Ulanen) had been introduced into some german armies, and german/austrian dragons have nearly lost the infantry fight ability. This was reintroduced in not so proper way in late 19th century, so german dragons entered wwl with Leatherhelmet with point like line infantry, but with carbines. Because german cavallry started in wwl with carbines and no bayonnet, they had to use their lances as substitute. So to come back to your comment, the solution is simply another military tradition. And bavarian light cavallry used the french name Chevaux legets'- light horse.
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  3037.  @MrX-jf7bx  : No miast's abr ,dees isch guad' hoisa!
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  3038. And why did your super empire lost?
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  3039. Inside of Germany the Electorate of Saxony was in HRE one of the richest regions, and the Electors of Germany had been rich and pompeous, especially ,August the Strong', who became also elected king oft Poland. For their wealth, they had large collections of Art, Weapons and Jewelry, you still can watch in museums in Dresden. For people interessted in muzzleloaders, edged weapons and suits of armor, the ,Zwinger' building is a ,must view'. For the reason of being a rich ruler ( Mines, including silver mines) the mounted bodyguard was equipped with such expensive weapony to show power and wealth. But in this time peride there had also pistols been made, where only the handle, which looked out of the saddle holster, was decorated with bone or ivory. Note: Before the mid 17th century, permanent armies had been very rare. So in peacetime in most german states, about 300 noble or spiritual lords and ,Imperial Towns'( semiindependant teritories and Imperial Knights not included!) had only bodyguards units, fortress guards, militias ( sometimes welltrained men, sometimes nearly untrained levies, sometimes a mix of police, ceremonial guards and ,Schützenverein'. So in wartime armies had to be formed of hired mercenaries, Some of those mercenaries came with full equipment ( horse, suit of armor, pistols and rapier) , others with no equipment or war exppierience. This men had to been trained with the most simple weapon, the pike, and in Germany the saying : He started with the pike/ Von der Pike auf gedient is still in use. So i assume , that the pistols (and carbines) used by ordinary hired mounted mercenaries had been not decorated. Those pistols shown in the video is the middle type of cavallry pistols. The early type had often a more angled handle, the later type ( 30 years war) longer barrels ( long barrel with thick walls, small bore , strong powder charge- good armor penetration). To the word ,Puffer'. In Austria this word is still sometimes used, i think it means the ,Bang' sound when shooting, some variants of explosions are still called ,Verpuffung'. In current german ,Puff' is a slang word for ,whore house', but in case of firearms , this makes no sense.
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  3040. Karl der Große was neither German nor French. He was a member of the frankish tribe. Those descendants of frankish tribe, who moved to current France speak today french, those descendants of frankish tribe who live in current Germany, are still called Franken, and they either speak fränkisch dialect or Standard German.
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  3041.  @Ukraineaissance2014  : Don t know this Movie, but with exeption of very few musket shooters,bulk of Zulu Army was only armed with leather shields, short Iklawa stabbing spear and Knobkerie cllub.
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  3042. Les pistolets de Gendarmerie sont allemandes.
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  3043. The man was also noted in german arms magazine Deutsches Waffenjournal, as member of hungarian national team during World Championship of muzzleloader shooters.
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  3044. Attention! Up to 18th century the caliber of pistols was smaller than muskets. Also many of wheellock and early flintlock pistols had longer barrels than later flintlock pistols. So small caliber, long and strong barrel with strong powder charge: penetration! Later in 18th bodyarmour disappeared, for logistic resons ( same ball for pistol and musket) and low powder charge: enough for an unarmoured ememy.
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  3045. A rifle is in german language today a Büchse, but in very old days , all kind of firearms and cannons could habe been a Büchse.
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  3046.  @golden.lights.twinkle2329  : A sidenote from Germany: In Standard German, which replaces the dialects more and more, a horse is Pferd, and a goat a Ziege. For an english speaker not recognizeable. But elderly people still use Ross ( Roß) or Geis/ Gois. In case of Standard German goose/ geese is Gans/ Gänse, but in my dialect it is Gaas/ Gees ( german pronounciation).
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  3047. There allways niche markets, filled by smaller companies.
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  3048. Turm in german.
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  3049. You are no Roman, so you can not know roman mindset. I am german and live in those part of Germany, which was once ,Germania Superior'. Also in german museums with roman toppic, it is allways said, this face masks are for parades, ceremonies, shows or festivals.
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  3050.  @liambrooks2330  : Well, in 1962 Ursula Andress was a realy impressive Beauty. Perhaps 20 years ago i watched a german language movie from Switzerland ( i am german) , was surprised how sexy she looked even with perhaps over 60. Sidenote: I am Brittas boyfriend, only using her Computer too. Born 1965, so basicly an old fart/ sac. Now i see female Beauty different than fourty years ago. Slim Body? Big tits? No! Nice welldressed ladies are now my taste.
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  3051. I am german and read german language weapons and military history magazines for decades. I doubt that austrian police forces used M12 Pistole up to 2000s. But i know that austrian military and civilian armed personal had a large number of older weapons , often a mix of different types up to 1970s. So possbly you remembered the year not correct, or perhaps the last stored pistols of weapons chamber had been sold in 2000s.
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  3052.  @TreacherousFennec  : I am german and don' t know the ,finese' of english language. But this is what i think. Also german Bundeswehr has still lots of P1 ( after war version of P38 ) stored. May be fifteen years ago i asked at a gunshow a policeofficer, what happened with .32 ACP Pistols of german police, when they had been replaced with 9mm pistols? The man said, most had been sold to serious dealers, lots have been scrapped, and few very good pieces are still in stock, they are sometimes used by female detectives, when they are so dressed, that they can' t carry a 9mm pistol ( the time when subcompact pistols had not been common).
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  3053. Mädchen was once also written Mägdelein- kleine Magd ( little maid).
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  3054.  @RobWords  : Fräulein was up to 70s, perhaps 80s used for unmarried , mostly young women, but also unmarried elderly women could be called Fräulein. I remember such an old lady. In official documents it disappeared in 70s, like french mademoiselle some yesrs ago. It is today no more ,political correct' and sometimes still used by old gentlemen , when speaking to younger teenage girls.
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  3055. Before watching ,historical' TV shows, you should have years of historical interesst. Too often nonsens and ,fantasy'.
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  3056. Kaiser means Emperor/ Imperator.
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  3057. In german town Rastatt in Wehrgeschichtliches Museum/Museum of military History, there is a saber of an Imperial German Admiral, which has a japanese blade and german hilt, between hilt and Blade, for shape reason, a piece of copper or Bronze was added.
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  3058. Visit Fachsenfeld castle. The last noble owner, died in early 1990s. He had a small ,wind channel' in his castle, and did aerodynamic experiments in 1920s/30s to build fast cars. An experimental car, designed by Mr . von Koenig- Fachsenfeld himself, is still there..
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  3059. And he surely used ,Klobrillen'.
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  3060. But in wwll also german training biplanes did similar nightattacks.
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  3061.  @hedgehog3180  : I am german, Brittas boyfriend. When Napoleonic Era was over, HRE with more than 300 states no more existed, new German Federation consisted of about fourty states. So after centuries, real policeforces could be established. In larger states, there was mostly a communal Police in Towns , which had been capitals of countries, districts, provinces or whole state. Also villages or ,rural towns' sometimes had a Communal Police, when rich. In villages and small ,rural towns' there had been state payed Gendarmerie/ Landjäger, basicly soldiers doing policework In case of unrest also the Citizens Militias had been up to 1848/49 mobilized as Support force for Army and Police. This militias had been a Mix of lowtrained and bad equipped militias, target shooters societies ( Schützenverein) and tradition keeping organisations. During 1848/49 Revolution attempt, additional militia units had been formed, often only armed with warscytes. In many Museums of my homeregion, former Kingdom Württemberg, you still see this warscytes. After 1849, at least in my state, those still existing militias are only tradition Keepers in historical uniforms. They appear at traditional Events, their band is playing, they do a short march and Drill Show and fire a salvo of blanks. But in addition to this militias, town Police and rural Gendarmerie also relicts of medieval Police still have existed. At first the Communal Nightwatchmen. In württembergian capital Stuttgart they had been replaced by , Nightpolicemen' in 1862, but in Weilheim/ Teck there was a Nightwatchman up to 1931! Well, there was a change of weapons. From 1923 to 1931, last nightwatchman was armed with a pistol in .32 Acp,but before, short polearms had been common, in Museums you see mostly worn down halberds or Spears with broad Tip. Then there was the Amtsdiener/ Büttel/ towncrier. This men wore a Kind of uniform, often an old worn down Uniform of any Kind, this and their short Saber or Baton gave them some authority as auxillary policeman. In 1945 in US occupation Zone this Amtsdiener lost their Status as auxillary policemen, but in rural Germany of those days an uniformed Person still had authority. In my Village the , towncrier ' was in 1955 replaced by a Kind of weekly official newspaper, but my girlfriend Britta told me , that in her small hessian homevillage still in early 1970s a towncrier was in service, a wwll Veteran, who had lost a Leg. Then there had been Field guards, in french ,gardes champetres ', whos Task it was, to protect the farmers fields from harvest thiefs. Bavarian field guards seem to have had some firearms for a short time after wwll, but according to my father, württembergian fieldguards had only canes and dogs. In my Village, last fieldguard ended his Work in 1979.
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  3062.  Lisa Gute  : Haben sie dies heute? Rund zwei Milliarden Menschen haben praktisch keine Möglichkeit, ihrer diktatorischen Religion zu entkommen, da es den Oberen jener Religion recht erfolgreich gelungen ist, die Gläubigen zu verdummen, von ihrer eigenen Unfähigkeit abzulenken und den Ärger der Gläubigen auf andere Teile der Menschheit umzulenken. Der Grund, weshalb ich, Brittas Freund, benutze gerade ihren Anschluss mit, meinen Kommentar geschrieben habe ist, daß es mich seit längerem verärgert, daß Untaten konservativ/ rechter Systeme ausgewalzt werden, während Untaten linker Systeme für meinen Geschmack immer mehr kleingeredet werden. Es wird meines Erachtens nicht genug gegen ALLE der Menschheit schädlichen Ideen vorgegangen, es wird zu viel geduldet!
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  3063. German person here: As far as i know, when nowadays National Guard was called State Militias, the Governor of a State was basicly the Commander of his State Militia, while today the Governors influence of National Guard is weaker than formerly.
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  3064. Mr. Hitler was vegetarian, non smoker and anti alcoholic. Don' t believe such persons!
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  3065. Lachs is german .
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  3066.  @katherinetamarizhoward3215  : In german dialects Schmer/ Schmär is very bad cattle fat, you should not use for meat food like saussages. Schmiere is a slang word for grease fat, you need for machines.
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  3067.  @katherinetamarizhoward3215  : Yiddish is strong influenced by german language, so that a german citizen is able to recognize older german words. So jewish people use the word today may be not exactly in the same way than german people do, but when a german knows the context, we understand , what is meant. In technical/craftsman context the verb ,schmieren' is OK, but in medical or food context, it is seen as unfine.
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  3068. This is a Monte Carlo buttstock??
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  3069. Wilhelm Busch: Musik wird nicht immer schön empfunden, sie ist stets mit Geräusch verbunden.
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  3070. At 9th of November 1918 Wilhelm ll abdicated. At 10th of November 1918 the other german kings, great dukes, dukes and princes abdicated. At 11th November of 1918 last german was nobilitated. A german official does His duty.
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  3071. Please, don' t speak german ,ch' sound as ,k'!
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  3072. In Germany/ Austria you can find handmade Vierlinge.
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  3073. I think ,Einwohnerwehr Bayern'/ Inhabitants Guard Bavaria. Bavaria tried to reintroduce the once existing local militias, which had been up to 1840s/1850s a voluntary support force for army and police. But it was forbidden, as soon as the Allied Powers noticed this.
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  3074.  Soren G  : No! The uniform colour of bavarian Army jackets was Bairisch Blau or Himmelblau ( bavarian blue / skyblue). After 1871 the Bavarians adopted the prussian uniform cut, but in bavarian blue . This was one of the ,Reservatrechte' ( reserved rights) which the smaller states, especially in southern Germany , had until 1918.
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  3075.  @schishne7546  : This Tai Chi seems to have some influeence from marttial arts . But i think , Tai Chi is intended for health and mental strength . So i think Tai Chi is perhaps useable against persons, which are not realy dangerous, but you can' t realy trust.
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  3076.  @Zz7722zZ  : I don' t practice any martial art. But when whaching Tai Chi, not long ago only shown as a way for health and mental devevopment, i thougt, this looks like it has been once a martial art, which was transformed into another thing. A former coworker, years ago, told me that he trains Karate, but not the selfdefence version, he told me he trains a health Version only.
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  3077. Porsche , not Porsch.
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  3078. ​ @uztre6789 : Pils is in southern Germany not as popular as north of Main river. Here ( Bavarian) Hell, Export ( Spezial) or Weizen are often prefered.
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  3079. In 1950s/ 1960s many german farmers did their work with a Porsche tractor.
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  3080.  @JamieW-o7b  : I had to simplify much, because my english vocabulary is to small for such a complicated topic. I understand anglosaxon part of english vocabulary for obvious reason better than french/ latinbased part. The in my eyes greatest danger for european culture, in british citizens i see fellow europeans, is the insane philosophy of leftist Modernlings: Not defending own culture, decadent nonsens, lies and making /doing a bow for everything noneuropean.
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  3081. Alsace and Lorraine had been stolen from Germany.
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  3082. As a german citizen, i think , it was a solitary incident, done by a mentaly ill traumatized person with the name ,a man' .
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  3083.  @jaccoonderdijk1777  : I know, that many dutch persons don' t like germans. But the fact, that current Netherlands, was once a part of HRE shows, that your words, there was never a connection to Germany is not true. Only this was my point, nothing else.
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