Youtube comments of Flash Point History (@FlashPointHx).
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Portugal led the way by a long shot - and mainly by necessity. It was small country with few resources and population - its next-door neighbor, Castile Leon was relatively huge. Portugal had to turn to the ocean. The time leading up to Henry the Navigator was a quasi golden age. The rulers of the Kingdom were known as 'The Illustrious Generation' - a group of aristocrats that were smart and resourceful - the gave Portugual the edge it needed. Portuguese ships were already exploring Africa a hundred years before Columbus' trip. Their ship designs, maps, captains, sailors etc were all top notch - what's more Portugal created a powerful and efficient bureaucracy to keep its discoveries hidden from the world, but accessible to its own people. Castile-Leon was in a deplorable state leading up to 1492 - what was once the leader of the Reconquista was nearing a failed state until the accession of Isabella I of Castile. That woman was a prodigy. She galvanized her country and sent it into a golden age it had never seen before. She united with Aragon, revamped the government, updated the army, and completed the Reconquista in 1492 after it had been going on for 781 years. 1492 was also the same year Columbus walked in and asked for help to go west. Once the New World was discovery - all the ferocity of the Reconquista mixed with the fervor the nascent Spanish Inquisition was turned on the peoples of the americas. Spain quickly caught up to Portugal. I think why Spain's exploits are so much better known, is that they had better connections with Europe and the Papacy. Isablla knew the Borgia Pope on friendly terms before he became Alexander VI. Plus with their connections, Isabella's grandson Charles V would become Holy Roman Emperor. They nearly took over Europe via marriage into the Hapsburgs. Thus Cortez and his conquest of the Aztec and Pizzaro's conquest of the Inca came to the lime light. What's more Portugal, after 100 - 150 years of empire, went into a political (They had no heir and became a part of Spain for a bit) and economic (the stuck with a rigid imperial system instead of adopting a free Markey economy like the Dutch and the English) tailspin. Portugal would never recover from this. SOOO to answer your question - Portugal really started it, and created an empire template that EVERYONE wanted to copy. The Spanish, the Dutch, and the English just took it all to a new level.
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“Then out spake brave Horatius,
The Captain of the gate:
‘To every man upon this earth
Death cometh soon or late.
And how can man die better
Than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers,
And the temples of his Gods,
‘And for the tender mother
Who dandled him to rest,
And for the wife who nurses
His baby at her breast,
And for the holy maidens
Who feed the eternal flame,
To save them from false Sextus
That wrought the deed of shame?
‘Hew down the bridge, Sir Consul,
With all the speed ye may;
I, with two more to help me,
Will hold the foe in play.
In yon strait path a thousand
May well be stopped by three.
Now who will stand on either hand,
And keep the bridge with me?
3
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Thank you so much for your incredibly insightful comments. It’s obvious that you have had a lot of insight, reading, and research on this time period. It was very difficult to create this episode. You are absolutely correct. The opinions of what happened during this time very greatly. It was very hard to determine what actually happened. I think it was a time of great learning, advancement in the arts and sciences, and compared to other parts of Europe it was a place where the three religions were able to cohabit. When times were good, everyone got along. When times were not however, then there would be Rioting, persecutions, uprisings, revolt, and executions. However, I believe that is the nature of civilization in general. I wish you the best of luck with your continued studies in this time. And I agree with you, the mess needs to be routed out for the truth. By the way, I have always wanted to visit your country. Would be interesting to see the path that the allies took during operation market Garden.
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There is a what if scenario that I read about - what if Lord Halifax came to power instead of Churchill. In the wake of Dunkirk and the defeat of France, England makes peace with Hitler. Germany - now without a western front to fight on, continues on its path and attacks the Soviet Union - but inevitably the USSR pushes the Germans back and wins. However, without the western allies to intervene, the Russians take the entire Axis holdings - including Italy, France, and the Balkans. Whats more, the Russians find and exploit ALL the German technology in regards to the atom bomb, jets, and rocketry. Thus the USSR, instead of the US, develops the bomb first - and the rockets to deliver them. I'm going to likely make a series on Rommel in North Africa at some point. . .
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That’s two separate major questions. To answer your first question I don’t think it was just a one-sided affair. The United States was founded on the principle of compromise. The years leading up to the war both northern and southern interests would come under fire. The south wanted to ascertain her rights and the north wanted to assert a centralized government and there was a very strong abolitionist movement. The American Civil War was a result of the inability for both sides to compromise. However One can also look at it as a failure that was created into the Constitution itself. I don’t think this was a “war of Northern aggression”. I think this war was an inevitability as slavery was part of the initial constitution. There’s a host of other reasons why I think this, but it’s too much for a simple comment section.
As for your second question, And just to get this out there, I don’t agree with Robert E Lee’s motives to defend the south and the principles of the confederacy. What I find fascinating about him is purely his military tactics. The man was brilliant On both the offense of and on the defensive. He knew how to find the best ground, how to manipulate his opponents weaknesses, And how to concentrate strength to take down a larger opponent. He would also defy military convention on numerous occasions, by splitting his smaller army in the face of a larger army and hitting them precisely where they needed to be hit. I think that luck had a lot to do with it as well, furthermore a lot of his opponents were also very weak. In the end, he was a victim of his own success at Gettysburg where he thought he could achieve something that was not attainable. When he finally went toe to toe with Grant he continued to inflict horrendous losses on the north. I personally feel that Grant one because he simply had the determination that his predecessors did not have, he took control of a veteran army, and he said himself up with the goal not so much to take out Richmond but rather to destroy Lee’s army. Furthermore Grant coordinated several armies in multiple theaters of operation to act in unison. In this sense, I think Grant was An exceptional strategic commander and Lee was an exceptional tactical commander. But this is my own humble opinion.
1
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That’s a very difficult question to answer, It depends on what Wen wants to gain out of a defeat. Whether that be an Advance in military, political, or social development. If you’re talking about just a military aspect, Then there are a lot of major battles out there that readily come to mind. Gettysburg, Cannae, operation Market Garden, Somme, Waterloo, Austerlitz, Saratoga, Yorktown, Isandlwana, Agincourt, Las Mavas De Tolosa, Poitiers, etc all come to mind. Each has a lesson on items such as logistics, movement, tactics, overconfidence, and underestimating ones enemy.
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@DiamondMind I'm not a big fan on any organized religion. It seems that they loose their purpose for creating a more harmonious union very quickly and dissolve into political and military rivalries. Islam was founded in a harsh environment that was engulfed in warfare / internecine tribal conflict - and so there are aspects of it that were created to ensure a certain degree of order. Compare this to what we see in the Old Testament and there are definitely some similar themes. Harsh rules come from harsh upbringing. Sharia law is very rigid and the many of the developing methodologies of jurisprudence that came into being during the latter part of the Umayyad ( based in Damascus not Cordoba) and then the subsequent Abbasid Caliphates are nearly draconian. These systems - and especially those of the Maliki system left very little for non-muslims. YET despite this, the three faiths lived side by side for hundreds of years. That alone is impressive. Knowledge was preserved and shared, some rulers would even have courts that consisted of the three faiths, and there are many examples where there was meaningful exchange - NOT always - and never uniformly - and you are right - it wasn't part of the state system. But I will say this; that whether you count this as convivencia or not, that fact that this coexistence occurred and wasn't entirely a purge, a genocide, or a rounding up and putting into concentration camps WITHIN this rigid system speaks volumes. To have any form of meaningful exchange can not be entirely discounted. And what is to be said of Cordoba and Damascus in the 10th century - which rivaled Constantinople as repositories of knowledge? This changed as more religious fundamentalism began to be pumped into both sides in the wake of the crusades. By the time the Almoravids and then later, the Almohads were on the scene going toe to toe against Templars and Hospitalers, the path to a rigid Iberian monarchy based on theocracy was set. Expulsion, persecution, and execution of the Muslims and then the Jews became state policy. No wonder there was no one left in Granada when it fell in 1492 - they knew what the Christians were capable of, and those same mentalities would be carried on to the new world. I enjoy your insight and appreciate that you responded.
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@DiamondMind O'Callaghan is a good source. He does, however, focus on the crusading aspect of the Reconquista. He begins his books with the earliest mentions of Crusade against the Muslims of Spain dating back to 1064-1066. Of course it wasn't even considered a Crusade then, rather a papal sanctioned military action. It wouldn't be until 30 years later that you would have Urban II launch the first crusade. From that point onward there was no turning back to religious warfare as both sides grew more polarized and fundamentalist in their views. The Christians would bring in Crusading orders - backed up by papal sanctions / indulgences, and the Muslims would bring in first the Almoravids and then later the Almohad - both increasingly orthodox and Xenophobic. To compare tolerance in the 13th and 14th century as compared to the 9th and 10th is comparing apples to oranges.
From Catlas: "much ink has been spilled as to whether al-Andalus was an idyll of enlightened tolerance and convivencia or a brutal clash of civilizations. It was neither. . . . most of the clashing took place within, not between, "civilizations." . . . it is better to think of it as a land of conveniencia where members of different ethnic and faith communities "came together" . . . not in the name of ideal of tolerance, but out of convenience - that is, for their own perceived benefit. . . and they were driven to do this out of necessity. Al-Andalus was successfully established because its Arab Muslim overlords were able to obtain the collaboration of the Visigothic nobility. . .Once they forced the natives into submission, the conquerors were able to "win their hearts and minds." The same can be said for the Christian princes, who four hundred years later . . . integrated the Muslims in their new kingdoms. . . This was not done out of a sense of magnanimity or solidarity, but [rather] . . . the conquerors needed their subject minorities to maintain their prosperity. . . as a result, although religious identity may have framed their experiences . . . it did not determine how they saw the world. . . or who they saw as either enemies or allies. . . the fact that many of these crossed religious lines engendered social solidarity . . .helped sustain diversity."
It was pragmatism that was the underlying cause of actions. Pragmatism led one group to attack, exploit, and subjugate another, and for this same reason it led to these same groups cooperating - again where we draw the line of Convivencia is an opinion. It wasn't a paradise - but the fact that it persisted for 781 years couldn't have been possible if it was only about brutal subjugation.
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@nickfosterxx they couldn’t be defeated by external forces - only from within.
‘’All the armies of Europe, Asia and Africa combined, . . . could not by force, take a drink from the Ohio, or make a track on the Blue Ridge, in a trial of a thousand years.
At what point then is the approach of danger to be expected? I answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring up amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher. As a nation of freemen, we must live through all time, or die by suicide’
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1
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1
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1