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Work, like love, is a relationship and when they fail, it's natural to wonder if it's because of something you did. As you get older, your skills improve, and when you change employers or become self-employed that doubt diminishes.
It gets worse when the places you've worked at close permanently. I retired last year, and three months later came the news that the place would be closed and torn down. I took great pride in my work and wondered if it was something I'd done or not done. In the end, it was absolutely nothing that I had any control of.
Here is the list:
Union Switch and Signal, Swissvale, PA. Closed when operations were moved to another plant.
Westinghouse East Pittsburgh. Closed when operations were moved to other plants.
U.S. Steel's Homestead Works. Closed due to economic change in the steel industry.
WISCO. Bought by Siemens. Closed five years later as operations were sold off or moved to other plants.
Elrama Power Station. Closed after 60 years of service due to economic unviability.
Cheswick Power Station. Closed after 52 years of service due to economic unviability.
There was nothing that I did or didn't do that influenced any of those closures. Sure, it took time and analysis to get rid of the "maybe it's me" gremlins, and our friend Ray will move on too.
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Thirty years before the Civil War broke out, disunion appeared to be on the horizon with the Nullification Crisis. What started as a debate over the Tariff of Abominations soon morphed into debates over state and federal sovereignty and liberty and disunion. These debates transformed into a national crisis when South Carolina threatened secession, an explicit threat of disunion. However, the United States narrowly avoided a civil war through compromise and the reaffirmation of executive authority.
Since 1816, the United States used tariffs to protect American industry against foreign competition. Protective tariffs formed the foundation of Henry Clay’s American System which served as the main economic policy of the United States until President Andrew Jackson’s election. The first tariff passed was relatively low, but it progressively rose each year until 1828, with what became known as the Tariff of Abominations. Representative Silas Wright, an ally of Jackson, first proposed this tariff in 1828 as a ploy to help Old Hickory’s presidential campaign. The tariff raised duties to between 30-50% on certain raw materials, which protected the Mid-Atlantic and western states which produced these raw materials, but left southern states—and its cotton and tobacco industry—unprotected. In retaliation for the high tariff, foreign markets blocked the sale of American cotton, the South’s chief export and the cornerstone of their economy which caused economic issues in the South. Despite the South’s fervent objection to this tariff, Jackson maintained southern support for his campaign and by backing this tariff garnered support from states such as Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri, which proved to be vital in his campaign and helped him win the presidency. In 1828, Jackson’s soon to be Vice President and ally John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote an anonymously published a pamphlet titled “Exposition and Protest” which passionately criticized the tariff and laid the groundwork for nullification theory.
Despite southern objections, the tariff passed and went largely forgotten in American consciousness until an exchange on the Senate floor between South Carolinian Senator Robert Hayne and Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster in January 1830 which reopened the debate. Hayne argued that state sovereignty permitted the nullification of federal rulings when those rulings infringed on states’ rights, going so far as to argue for secession in order to preserve state and personal liberty. Webster famously responded with “liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable,” to Webster and many other unionists, people, not states comprised the union. Nullification propagated secession which in turn would destroy the union: the sole protector of liberty. Thus, to preserve liberty, one must preserve the union. Nullifiers did not believe in this link between union and liberty but rather argued that it was the states alone which protected individual freedoms from an overreaching federal government.
The issue of nullification divided the White House as Vice President Calhoun staunchly supported states’ rights and served as a spokesman for nullification by revealing he wrote “Exposition and Protest.” Jackson, on the other hand, supported states’ rights, but not at the expense of the Union and once stated he “would rather die in the last ditch than see the union dismantled.” The Nullification Crisis was one in a series of issues that destroyed Jackson and Calhoun’s relationship.
In 1832 Congress replaced the Tariff of Abominations with a lower tariff; however, that was not enough to satisfy the South Carolinians who had made faint threats of nullification since 1828. Almost immediately following Jackson’s re-election in 1832, South Carolina, fortified by the recent election of many state nullifiers, formed a convention that denounced the Tariff of Abominations and its 1832 revision and formally adopted an Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared those tariffs null and void and forbade the collection of duties within the boundary of the state following February 1, 1833. Finally, the ordinance declared that any act of force by Congress against South Carolina would lead to its immediate secession from the union.
In the past Jackson simply acknowledged the supremacy of union over state sovereignty without taking any direct action; however, this explicit threat of secession forced him to act against these nullifiers. Jackson advised his Secretary of War Lewis Cass to prepare for war, and over the course of a few months, Cass complied arms and enlisted a militia in preparation to enter South Carolina to enforce the tariff and prevent secession. During his war preparations, Jackson engaged in a national public relations campaign to discredit nullification in the mind of the American public. Jackson gave speeches against nullification that vehemently denounced South Carolina and promoted unionism. Jackson also gave a special speech to Congress asking them to reaffirm his authority to use force to ensure the execution of United States laws, which Congress complied with in a bill aptly known as Jackson’s force bill.
Despite his preparations, Jackson did not desire a civil war, but rather hoped the nullifiers would back down against his threats. In response to Jackson’s vigorous actions, South Carolinians delayed the enactment of their ordinance. Jackson, in turn, discretely supported Speaker of the House Henry Clay’s efforts to lower the tariff that caused this crisis. On March 2, 1833, Congress passed both Jackson’s and Clay’s tariff reduction. In response, South Carolinians rescinded their Ordinance of Nullification and the crisis passed. Many parties claimed to be the victor of this crisis, Calhoun and his nullifiers for receiving a tariff reduction, Clay for his compromise that prevailed; however, Jackson remained the true victor as he reaffirmed his executive authority and prevented a potential civil war days before his second inauguration.
Although not the first crisis that dealt with state authority over perceived unconstitutional infringements on its sovereignty, the Nullification Crisis represented a pivotal moment in American history as this is the first time tensions between state and federal authority almost led to a civil war. Ultimately, the spirit of union prevailed, and Americans reached a compromise which avoided war. However, this crisis laid the groundwork for the secession theory that reemerged in the 1850s at a time of heightened sectional tensions. By then the United States would not be so lucky, and debates over slavery and the legitimacy of secession would plunge Americans into a horrific civil war
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@TheRealNickG , what am I doing? That's actually a tough question to answer. One of the answers is simple: don't add to the negativity and animosity that seems to be so prevalent on today's internet.
Another one is a matter of perspective. Trump encouraged people to "make America great again". Some people took that as some sort of "dog whistle". I saw it as a call to action.
Once upon a time, people did nice things for one another just because. How do you "make America great again "? Hold the door open for someone. Let another driver pull out in front of you. Check in on the seniors in your neighborhood. Cut their grass and shovel the snow for them. Respect others' point of view. See where I'm going? One of the fundamental building blocks of a civilization is civility, something that seems to be missing these days.
A man goes through many stages in his life. One of the earliest is thinking that you can solve everything with your fists. The next is thinking that you can solve everything with your hands. Years later, you have the knowledge to actually have the right answers to the big questions, and people will listen to you. Time passes, and although you may have the answers, people stop listening and you become obsolete.
The key to not becoming a fool is knowing when you've become obsolete.
My 49 year career was in Electronics and Industrial Instrumentation and Process Controls. Just as I learned, I passed whatever I learned on to anyone who was interested. If I keep it to myself then I've learned nothing.
War comes when people stop talking and communicating. My hope was that with this Tower of Babel called the internet wars would be left in the last century but I was wrong. Putin, who was 17 when Woodstock happened and was a member of the "peace, love, dope" generation has become a Joseph Stalin analog.
Civility implies trust. Mr. Putin said that he would not invade Ukraine. A man is only as good as his word.
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You're attempting to negotiate with a modern day Hitler who has publicly said that he wants to reassemble the Iron Curtain and doesn't care how much destruction he will cause.
Neville Chamberlain tried to negotiate and failed dramatically. Ukrainian people will never forget the Holodomor and how the west abandoned them in 1933, and if trump hands them over to Putin now the world should turn its back on the United States... until Russian soldiers and tanks come to their country. Ukraine first, Hungary next, then Slovakia, and Poland...where does it stop, if ever?
Trump, Vance, and Zelenskyy were on different pages and not communicating. Ukraine isn't known as a bastion of ethics, and rumors of politicians with their hands in the till are legion.
Trump and his minions are well-advised to bone up on Ukrainian history from 1900-present day.
And yeah, I've read the crap about Ukraine being a part of Russia, and never an independent country, and if you back Putin, stick to it.
20 years ago Putin said that the American people thought of Russians as "vile pigs". We didn't then, but subsequent events may have changed the perception.
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@fluffynator6222 , every morning I scroll through the headlines provided by the opening page on my Microsoft Edge browser. When I stop to read the comments it's always the same pattern, exactly as I've described it. It's not personal, but it does have the effect of making asking an honest question difficult at best.
To answer your "ad hominem" question, I ask that you revisit the scene in "Matrix Revolutions" near the end, when Agent Smith tells Neo how the end plays out.
What ad hominem do I expect from you...you believe that I called you a "liberal", although I didn't. Full of righteous indignation, you're supposed to call me any one, or several, derogatory labels associated with "conservatives", specifically those enamored with Trump.
Then, I retaliate by labeling you with any one, or several, derogatory names applied to "leftists".
Back and forth it goes, with neither one of us seeing the irony in the battle over a video about the autism spectrum.
See all the bandwidth I just saved?
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@jeffreyhowll1392 In order to begin, you should at least be familiar with Einstein's Closed Universe Theory.
You also need to understand the difference between the "Gods of Man" of Greek, Roman, Indian, Egyptian, and Sumerian mythology and the "God", i.e., Supreme Being, who (according to the legends) created and controls our Universe.
From what you've written, I don't think that you're ready to learn. A skeptic always leaves the door open just a little, while the cynic closes the door to ideas contrary to his beliefs.
I feel like The Bartender in Mirror Image!
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Thomas Bachus , OK, leading off with an ad hominem attack.
I fault myself for not being specific.
The case I referred to was Texas vs. Georgia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The Supreme Court dismissed it due to "lack of standing" but never clarified either who or what was necessary to obtain "standing". Every challenge was met with the same "lack of standing" excuse, whether brought by a State (Texas), a state legislature (Pennsylvania) or an individual (Sean Parnell).
The issue here is whether or not these states violated Article 1, Section 4.
Don't talk about "fraud" or "stolen votes", these issues have no place here.
And don't call me a "traitor" either. My lone interest is in whether or not the established procedure, i.e., the Constitution, was violated. If the procedure was violated the results become suspect at best. And don't throw any "pandemic" excuses in either. The Framers spelled out the procedure for conducting elections. Nowhere does it state that if the laws and procedures become somehow "inconvenient" due to extenuating circumstances the Constitution can be ignored as circumstances dictate.
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@ronaldking1054 No, the utilities raise prices based upon their costs that they must provide to the Public Utilities Commission here in Pennsylvania.
For example, last August I received the highest electric bill ever. Half of the bill was the base rate. The other half was a Market Rate Adjustment, caused by daily bus prices well over $100/ megawatt hour, caused by the price of natural gas increasing from $3/mmbtu to over $6/mmbtu.
While the bus price is variable, the rate I pay is fixed.
Since the pandemic, the difference in load from peak to minimum in PJM has shrunk dramatically. Pre-pandemic, summer days typically peaked at 140,000 megawatts and fell to less than 80,000 megawatts at night. This summer the peaks were typically 145,000 MW and the valleys around 105,000 MW with no help from solar and negligible wind power. Charging a significant number of electric vehicles (everything from scooters to city buses) will eliminate the overnight minimums.
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@Hiphiphooray490 Thirty years before the Civil War broke out, disunion appeared to be on the horizon with the Nullification Crisis. What started as a debate over the Tariff of Abominations soon morphed into debates over state and federal sovereignty and liberty and disunion. These debates transformed into a national crisis when South Carolina threatened secession, an explicit threat of disunion. However, the United States narrowly avoided a civil war through compromise and the reaffirmation of executive authority.
Since 1816, the United States used tariffs to protect American industry against foreign competition. Protective tariffs formed the foundation of Henry Clay’s American System which served as the main economic policy of the United States until President Andrew Jackson’s election. The first tariff passed was relatively low, but it progressively rose each year until 1828, with what became known as the Tariff of Abominations. Representative Silas Wright, an ally of Jackson, first proposed this tariff in 1828 as a ploy to help Old Hickory’s presidential campaign. The tariff raised duties to between 30-50% on certain raw materials, which protected the Mid-Atlantic and western states which produced these raw materials, but left southern states—and its cotton and tobacco industry—unprotected. In retaliation for the high tariff, foreign markets blocked the sale of American cotton, the South’s chief export and the cornerstone of their economy which caused economic issues in the South. Despite the South’s fervent objection to this tariff, Jackson maintained southern support for his campaign and by backing this tariff garnered support from states such as Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri, which proved to be vital in his campaign and helped him win the presidency. In 1828, Jackson’s soon to be Vice President and ally John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote an anonymously published a pamphlet titled “Exposition and Protest” which passionately criticized the tariff and laid the groundwork for nullification theory.
Despite southern objections, the tariff passed and went largely forgotten in American consciousness until an exchange on the Senate floor between South Carolinian Senator Robert Hayne and Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster in January 1830 which reopened the debate. Hayne argued that state sovereignty permitted the nullification of federal rulings when those rulings infringed on states’ rights, going so far as to argue for secession in order to preserve state and personal liberty. Webster famously responded with “liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable,” to Webster and many other unionists, people, not states comprised the union. Nullification propagated secession which in turn would destroy the union: the sole protector of liberty. Thus, to preserve liberty, one must preserve the union. Nullifiers did not believe in this link between union and liberty but rather argued that it was the states alone which protected individual freedoms from an overreaching federal government.
The issue of nullification divided the White House as Vice President Calhoun staunchly supported states’ rights and served as a spokesman for nullification by revealing he wrote “Exposition and Protest.” Jackson, on the other hand, supported states’ rights, but not at the expense of the Union and once stated he “would rather die in the last ditch than see the union dismantled.” The Nullification Crisis was one in a series of issues that destroyed Jackson and Calhoun’s relationship.
In 1832 Congress replaced the Tariff of Abominations with a lower tariff; however, that was not enough to satisfy the South Carolinians who had made faint threats of nullification since 1828. Almost immediately following Jackson’s re-election in 1832, South Carolina, fortified by the recent election of many state nullifiers, formed a convention that denounced the Tariff of Abominations and its 1832 revision and formally adopted an Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared those tariffs null and void and forbade the collection of duties within the boundary of the state following February 1, 1833. Finally, the ordinance declared that any act of force by Congress against South Carolina would lead to its immediate secession from the union.
In the past Jackson simply acknowledged the supremacy of union over state sovereignty without taking any direct action; however, this explicit threat of secession forced him to act against these nullifiers. Jackson advised his Secretary of War Lewis Cass to prepare for war, and over the course of a few months, Cass complied arms and enlisted a militia in preparation to enter South Carolina to enforce the tariff and prevent secession. During his war preparations, Jackson engaged in a national public relations campaign to discredit nullification in the mind of the American public. Jackson gave speeches against nullification that vehemently denounced South Carolina and promoted unionism. Jackson also gave a special speech to Congress asking them to reaffirm his authority to use force to ensure the execution of United States laws, which Congress complied with in a bill aptly known as Jackson’s force bill.
Despite his preparations, Jackson did not desire a civil war, but rather hoped the nullifiers would back down against his threats. In response to Jackson’s vigorous actions, South Carolinians delayed the enactment of their ordinance. Jackson, in turn, discretely supported Speaker of the House Henry Clay’s efforts to lower the tariff that caused this crisis. On March 2, 1833, Congress passed both Jackson’s and Clay’s tariff reduction. In response, South Carolinians rescinded their Ordinance of Nullification and the crisis passed. Many parties claimed to be the victor of this crisis, Calhoun and his nullifiers for receiving a tariff reduction, Clay for his compromise that prevailed; however, Jackson remained the true victor as he reaffirmed his executive authority and prevented a potential civil war days before his second inauguration.
Although not the first crisis that dealt with state authority over perceived unconstitutional infringements on its sovereignty, the Nullification Crisis represented a pivotal moment in American history as this is the first time tensions between state and federal authority almost led to a civil war. Ultimately, the spirit of union prevailed, and Americans reached a compromise which avoided war. However, this crisis laid the groundwork for the secession theory that reemerged in the 1850s at a time of heightened sectional tensions. By then the United States would not be so lucky, and debates over slavery and the legitimacy of secession would plunge Americans into a horrific civil war
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In Pennsylvania, oil companies were not allowed to own gas stations. Consequently, all of the stations were independent, family owned businesses.
Then, in 1975, I think, the law was changed. Self-service was also introduced, as you said, to save a few pennies. The indies couldn't compete and many stopped selling gas but kept their garage open for the state inspection business. As the years passed they died off and a new business model of convenience stores replaced the old garages.
That local gas station family often supported local things like scouts and baseball leagues. When they ended the support dried up.
They also provided starter jobs for kids. I pumped gas in high school. You learned a lot about people and cars, and sometimes made a difference...
I was pumping gas overnight at a Boron gas station in Columbus in the winter and spring of 1975. A 1971 340 Barracuda with extremely dim lights rolled in. Its driver was a kid about my age, trying to get home on leave from the Army. He bought gas. I commented on the low lights. When he tried to start the car it just chattered. He was at his wits end, but I said "let me try this". The "this" was an extra voltage regulator that I kept in my Fury. Installed it. Jumped the battery. Fired right up and the ammeter needle was in the charge zone. His eyes brightened as he knew he could get home. "What do I owe you?" he asked. "Nothing" was my answer. Sometimes you do things just because you can.
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@philosopher1912 , and it takes a lifetime of experience to shape. Think of our minds as they truly are, biological computers. People used to talk about the perceived dangers in cloning. Cloning Adolph Hitler would result in another monster, they believed. But what if the child, raised in today's world, was a good guitar player, or a code writer, or an engineer, or...you get the idea.
Biologics have certain things encoded in our DNA, a fear of spiders, for example. An AI would only have what it was programmed with, until it began to learn on its own. Where the conflict would begin is when the AI has to learn the concept of "good" and "evil". Computers are good at binary choices, but when the lines are blurred not so much.
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@Mike-fo3qh , here's the other, dangerous side of "woke":
There are numerous stories about how "wokeism" is finding its way into mathematics. YouTube doesn't permit outside links so you'll have to research it yourself.
The laws of nature don't care about philosophy. They only care about right and wrong. "Right", and the airplane you designed flies safely. "Wrong", and your airplane crashes. If the plane crashes on a Black neighborhood, it's "racist", but if it crashes on a white neighborhood it's "social justice", right?
I think most folks would prefer that the plane didn't crash at all.
Dr. Richard Feynman, in the wake of the Challenger disaster, said that unlike the laws of men, the laws of nature cannot be fooled.
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When I was working for Westinghouse in the mid eighties the catchphrase was "two weeks", as in "you'll only be gone two weeks."
They sent one guy to Taiwan. When he came back six months later his car, which had been parked at the airport, needed to be taken out on a flatbed because (a)it wouldn't start, (b)the registration and inspection had expired, and (c), all of the tires were flat. He also had a ginormous parking bill receipt.
Trains. Norfolk Southern and CSX trains used to routinely block the main entrance to The Waterfront, a shopping and housing complex built where the Homestead Works steel mills once stood. The police played nice for years, calling the dispatcher every time they did that and usually getting blown off. Fed up, Homestead police began citing the train drivers. The problem was fixed when they arrested a few of the drivers and charged them for obstruction of police, fire, and EMS personnel.
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@alexwyatt2911 Thirty years before the Civil War broke out, disunion appeared to be on the horizon with the Nullification Crisis. What started as a debate over the Tariff of Abominations soon morphed into debates over state and federal sovereignty and liberty and disunion. These debates transformed into a national crisis when South Carolina threatened secession, an explicit threat of disunion. However, the United States narrowly avoided a civil war through compromise and the reaffirmation of executive authority.
Since 1816, the United States used tariffs to protect American industry against foreign competition. Protective tariffs formed the foundation of Henry Clay’s American System which served as the main economic policy of the United States until President Andrew Jackson’s election. The first tariff passed was relatively low, but it progressively rose each year until 1828, with what became known as the Tariff of Abominations. Representative Silas Wright, an ally of Jackson, first proposed this tariff in 1828 as a ploy to help Old Hickory’s presidential campaign. The tariff raised duties to between 30-50% on certain raw materials, which protected the Mid-Atlantic and western states which produced these raw materials, but left southern states—and its cotton and tobacco industry—unprotected. In retaliation for the high tariff, foreign markets blocked the sale of American cotton, the South’s chief export and the cornerstone of their economy which caused economic issues in the South. Despite the South’s fervent objection to this tariff, Jackson maintained southern support for his campaign and by backing this tariff garnered support from states such as Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri, which proved to be vital in his campaign and helped him win the presidency. In 1828, Jackson’s soon to be Vice President and ally John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote an anonymously published a pamphlet titled “Exposition and Protest” which passionately criticized the tariff and laid the groundwork for nullification theory.
Despite southern objections, the tariff passed and went largely forgotten in American consciousness until an exchange on the Senate floor between South Carolinian Senator Robert Hayne and Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster in January 1830 which reopened the debate. Hayne argued that state sovereignty permitted the nullification of federal rulings when those rulings infringed on states’ rights, going so far as to argue for secession in order to preserve state and personal liberty. Webster famously responded with “liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable,” to Webster and many other unionists, people, not states comprised the union. Nullification propagated secession which in turn would destroy the union: the sole protector of liberty. Thus, to preserve liberty, one must preserve the union. Nullifiers did not believe in this link between union and liberty but rather argued that it was the states alone which protected individual freedoms from an overreaching federal government.
The issue of nullification divided the White House as Vice President Calhoun staunchly supported states’ rights and served as a spokesman for nullification by revealing he wrote “Exposition and Protest.” Jackson, on the other hand, supported states’ rights, but not at the expense of the Union and once stated he “would rather die in the last ditch than see the union dismantled.” The Nullification Crisis was one in a series of issues that destroyed Jackson and Calhoun’s relationship.
In 1832 Congress replaced the Tariff of Abominations with a lower tariff; however, that was not enough to satisfy the South Carolinians who had made faint threats of nullification since 1828. Almost immediately following Jackson’s re-election in 1832, South Carolina, fortified by the recent election of many state nullifiers, formed a convention that denounced the Tariff of Abominations and its 1832 revision and formally adopted an Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared those tariffs null and void and forbade the collection of duties within the boundary of the state following February 1, 1833. Finally, the ordinance declared that any act of force by Congress against South Carolina would lead to its immediate secession from the union.
In the past Jackson simply acknowledged the supremacy of union over state sovereignty without taking any direct action; however, this explicit threat of secession forced him to act against these nullifiers. Jackson advised his Secretary of War Lewis Cass to prepare for war, and over the course of a few months, Cass complied arms and enlisted a militia in preparation to enter South Carolina to enforce the tariff and prevent secession. During his war preparations, Jackson engaged in a national public relations campaign to discredit nullification in the mind of the American public. Jackson gave speeches against nullification that vehemently denounced South Carolina and promoted unionism. Jackson also gave a special speech to Congress asking them to reaffirm his authority to use force to ensure the execution of United States laws, which Congress complied with in a bill aptly known as Jackson’s force bill.
Despite his preparations, Jackson did not desire a civil war, but rather hoped the nullifiers would back down against his threats. In response to Jackson’s vigorous actions, South Carolinians delayed the enactment of their ordinance. Jackson, in turn, discretely supported Speaker of the House Henry Clay’s efforts to lower the tariff that caused this crisis. On March 2, 1833, Congress passed both Jackson’s and Clay’s tariff reduction. In response, South Carolinians rescinded their Ordinance of Nullification and the crisis passed. Many parties claimed to be the victor of this crisis, Calhoun and his nullifiers for receiving a tariff reduction, Clay for his compromise that prevailed; however, Jackson remained the true victor as he reaffirmed his executive authority and prevented a potential civil war days before his second inauguration.
Although not the first crisis that dealt with state authority over perceived unconstitutional infringements on its sovereignty, the Nullification Crisis represented a pivotal moment in American history as this is the first time tensions between state and federal authority almost led to a civil war. Ultimately, the spirit of union prevailed, and Americans reached a compromise which avoided war. However, this crisis laid the groundwork for the secession theory that reemerged in the 1850s at a time of heightened sectional tensions. By then the United States would not be so lucky, and debates over slavery and the legitimacy of secession would plunge Americans into a horrific civil war
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@beepboop9464 Thirty years before the Civil War broke out, disunion appeared to be on the horizon with the Nullification Crisis. What started as a debate over the Tariff of Abominations soon morphed into debates over state and federal sovereignty and liberty and disunion. These debates transformed into a national crisis when South Carolina threatened secession, an explicit threat of disunion. However, the United States narrowly avoided a civil war through compromise and the reaffirmation of executive authority.
Since 1816, the United States used tariffs to protect American industry against foreign competition. Protective tariffs formed the foundation of Henry Clay’s American System which served as the main economic policy of the United States until President Andrew Jackson’s election. The first tariff passed was relatively low, but it progressively rose each year until 1828, with what became known as the Tariff of Abominations. Representative Silas Wright, an ally of Jackson, first proposed this tariff in 1828 as a ploy to help Old Hickory’s presidential campaign. The tariff raised duties to between 30-50% on certain raw materials, which protected the Mid-Atlantic and western states which produced these raw materials, but left southern states—and its cotton and tobacco industry—unprotected. In retaliation for the high tariff, foreign markets blocked the sale of American cotton, the South’s chief export and the cornerstone of their economy which caused economic issues in the South. Despite the South’s fervent objection to this tariff, Jackson maintained southern support for his campaign and by backing this tariff garnered support from states such as Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri, which proved to be vital in his campaign and helped him win the presidency. In 1828, Jackson’s soon to be Vice President and ally John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote an anonymously published a pamphlet titled “Exposition and Protest” which passionately criticized the tariff and laid the groundwork for nullification theory.
Despite southern objections, the tariff passed and went largely forgotten in American consciousness until an exchange on the Senate floor between South Carolinian Senator Robert Hayne and Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster in January 1830 which reopened the debate. Hayne argued that state sovereignty permitted the nullification of federal rulings when those rulings infringed on states’ rights, going so far as to argue for secession in order to preserve state and personal liberty. Webster famously responded with “liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable,” to Webster and many other unionists, people, not states comprised the union. Nullification propagated secession which in turn would destroy the union: the sole protector of liberty. Thus, to preserve liberty, one must preserve the union. Nullifiers did not believe in this link between union and liberty but rather argued that it was the states alone which protected individual freedoms from an overreaching federal government.
The issue of nullification divided the White House as Vice President Calhoun staunchly supported states’ rights and served as a spokesman for nullification by revealing he wrote “Exposition and Protest.” Jackson, on the other hand, supported states’ rights, but not at the expense of the Union and once stated he “would rather die in the last ditch than see the union dismantled.” The Nullification Crisis was one in a series of issues that destroyed Jackson and Calhoun’s relationship.
In 1832 Congress replaced the Tariff of Abominations with a lower tariff; however, that was not enough to satisfy the South Carolinians who had made faint threats of nullification since 1828. Almost immediately following Jackson’s re-election in 1832, South Carolina, fortified by the recent election of many state nullifiers, formed a convention that denounced the Tariff of Abominations and its 1832 revision and formally adopted an Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared those tariffs null and void and forbade the collection of duties within the boundary of the state following February 1, 1833. Finally, the ordinance declared that any act of force by Congress against South Carolina would lead to its immediate secession from the union.
In the past Jackson simply acknowledged the supremacy of union over state sovereignty without taking any direct action; however, this explicit threat of secession forced him to act against these nullifiers. Jackson advised his Secretary of War Lewis Cass to prepare for war, and over the course of a few months, Cass complied arms and enlisted a militia in preparation to enter South Carolina to enforce the tariff and prevent secession. During his war preparations, Jackson engaged in a national public relations campaign to discredit nullification in the mind of the American public. Jackson gave speeches against nullification that vehemently denounced South Carolina and promoted unionism. Jackson also gave a special speech to Congress asking them to reaffirm his authority to use force to ensure the execution of United States laws, which Congress complied with in a bill aptly known as Jackson’s force bill.
Despite his preparations, Jackson did not desire a civil war, but rather hoped the nullifiers would back down against his threats. In response to Jackson’s vigorous actions, South Carolinians delayed the enactment of their ordinance. Jackson, in turn, discretely supported Speaker of the House Henry Clay’s efforts to lower the tariff that caused this crisis. On March 2, 1833, Congress passed both Jackson’s and Clay’s tariff reduction. In response, South Carolinians rescinded their Ordinance of Nullification and the crisis passed. Many parties claimed to be the victor of this crisis, Calhoun and his nullifiers for receiving a tariff reduction, Clay for his compromise that prevailed; however, Jackson remained the true victor as he reaffirmed his executive authority and prevented a potential civil war days before his second inauguration.
Although not the first crisis that dealt with state authority over perceived unconstitutional infringements on its sovereignty, the Nullification Crisis represented a pivotal moment in American history as this is the first time tensions between state and federal authority almost led to a civil war. Ultimately, the spirit of union prevailed, and Americans reached a compromise which avoided war. However, this crisis laid the groundwork for the secession theory that reemerged in the 1850s at a time of heightened sectional tensions. By then the United States would not be so lucky, and debates over slavery and the legitimacy of secession would plunge Americans into a horrific civil war
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@susankievman642 Google "Tariffs and the American Civil War".
Also, Thirty years before the Civil War broke out, disunion appeared to be on the horizon with the Nullification Crisis. What started as a debate over the Tariff of Abominations soon morphed into debates over state and federal sovereignty and liberty and disunion. These debates transformed into a national crisis when South Carolina threatened secession, an explicit threat of disunion. However, the United States narrowly avoided a civil war through compromise and the reaffirmation of executive authority.
Since 1816, the United States used tariffs to protect American industry against foreign competition. Protective tariffs formed the foundation of Henry Clay’s American System which served as the main economic policy of the United States until President Andrew Jackson’s election. The first tariff passed was relatively low, but it progressively rose each year until 1828, with what became known as the Tariff of Abominations. Representative Silas Wright, an ally of Jackson, first proposed this tariff in 1828 as a ploy to help Old Hickory’s presidential campaign. The tariff raised duties to between 30-50% on certain raw materials, which protected the Mid-Atlantic and western states which produced these raw materials, but left southern states—and its cotton and tobacco industry—unprotected. In retaliation for the high tariff, foreign markets blocked the sale of American cotton, the South’s chief export and the cornerstone of their economy which caused economic issues in the South. Despite the South’s fervent objection to this tariff, Jackson maintained southern support for his campaign and by backing this tariff garnered support from states such as Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Missouri, which proved to be vital in his campaign and helped him win the presidency. In 1828, Jackson’s soon to be Vice President and ally John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote an anonymously published a pamphlet titled “Exposition and Protest” which passionately criticized the tariff and laid the groundwork for nullification theory.
Despite southern objections, the tariff passed and went largely forgotten in American consciousness until an exchange on the Senate floor between South Carolinian Senator Robert Hayne and Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster in January 1830 which reopened the debate. Hayne argued that state sovereignty permitted the nullification of federal rulings when those rulings infringed on states’ rights, going so far as to argue for secession in order to preserve state and personal liberty. Webster famously responded with “liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable,” to Webster and many other unionists, people, not states comprised the union. Nullification propagated secession which in turn would destroy the union: the sole protector of liberty. Thus, to preserve liberty, one must preserve the union. Nullifiers did not believe in this link between union and liberty but rather argued that it was the states alone which protected individual freedoms from an overreaching federal government.
The issue of nullification divided the White House as Vice President Calhoun staunchly supported states’ rights and served as a spokesman for nullification by revealing he wrote “Exposition and Protest.” Jackson, on the other hand, supported states’ rights, but not at the expense of the Union and once stated he “would rather die in the last ditch than see the union dismantled.” The Nullification Crisis was one in a series of issues that destroyed Jackson and Calhoun’s relationship.
In 1832 Congress replaced the Tariff of Abominations with a lower tariff; however, that was not enough to satisfy the South Carolinians who had made faint threats of nullification since 1828. Almost immediately following Jackson’s re-election in 1832, South Carolina, fortified by the recent election of many state nullifiers, formed a convention that denounced the Tariff of Abominations and its 1832 revision and formally adopted an Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared those tariffs null and void and forbade the collection of duties within the boundary of the state following February 1, 1833. Finally, the ordinance declared that any act of force by Congress against South Carolina would lead to its immediate secession from the union.
In the past Jackson simply acknowledged the supremacy of union over state sovereignty without taking any direct action; however, this explicit threat of secession forced him to act against these nullifiers. Jackson advised his Secretary of War Lewis Cass to prepare for war, and over the course of a few months, Cass complied arms and enlisted a militia in preparation to enter South Carolina to enforce the tariff and prevent secession. During his war preparations, Jackson engaged in a national public relations campaign to discredit nullification in the mind of the American public. Jackson gave speeches against nullification that vehemently denounced South Carolina and promoted unionism. Jackson also gave a special speech to Congress asking them to reaffirm his authority to use force to ensure the execution of United States laws, which Congress complied with in a bill aptly known as Jackson’s force bill.
Despite his preparations, Jackson did not desire a civil war, but rather hoped the nullifiers would back down against his threats. In response to Jackson’s vigorous actions, South Carolinians delayed the enactment of their ordinance. Jackson, in turn, discretely supported Speaker of the House Henry Clay’s efforts to lower the tariff that caused this crisis. On March 2, 1833, Congress passed both Jackson’s and Clay’s tariff reduction. In response, South Carolinians rescinded their Ordinance of Nullification and the crisis passed. Many parties claimed to be the victor of this crisis, Calhoun and his nullifiers for receiving a tariff reduction, Clay for his compromise that prevailed; however, Jackson remained the true victor as he reaffirmed his executive authority and prevented a potential civil war days before his second inauguration.
Although not the first crisis that dealt with state authority over perceived unconstitutional infringements on its sovereignty, the Nullification Crisis represented a pivotal moment in American history as this is the first time tensions between state and federal authority almost led to a civil war. Ultimately, the spirit of union prevailed, and Americans reached a compromise which avoided war. However, this crisis laid the groundwork for the secession theory that reemerged in the 1850s at a time of heightened sectional tensions. By then the United States would not be so lucky, and debates over slavery and the legitimacy of secession would plunge Americans into a horrific civil war
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@alundrinusordway107 All the Executive or Judicial officers of any State, "who took an oath to support the Constitution of the United "States, are subject to disqualification, and in these I include " county officers, as to whom I make a reservation in the "Opinion heretofore given. After full consideration, I have "arrived at the conclusion, that they are subject to disqualification, "if they were required to take as part of their official "oath, the oath to support the Constitution of the United States.
And this is a bone of contention because the oath taken by the president says nothing about the constitution.
This guy was a sheriff before and during the war, and because of the war, which he personally had zero control of, lost his job because of a constitutional amendment passed after the war was over.
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This has, thus far, been a splendid show, nothing more.
Schiff's performance is on par with, and seems to have been inspired by, that of Dean Wormer of "Animal House" fame. He'll tell us "what's fair", right? Restrictions and interruptions, that's not how a non-orchestrated inquiry is done.
If you get away from the TV and do the research, you'll learn that the friction between the press (it used to be called that) goes back to when they accused Washington of wanting to be "king". They attacked Martha as well.
Presidents have always done the "quid pro quo" thing. Lincoln, in an attempt to stop French interference in our Civil War, sent arms to Mexico.
If the Bidens are innocent, an investigation will prove it. Why are they somehow exempt from scrutiny?
Washington was never built on "truth", and thusly, Diogenes has never been sighted within the Beltway.
There is the "truth", and there are "facts". Truth gets manipulated to serve a purpose, but it is a fact that water freezes at 0 Celsius.
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@sheilalopez7498 , true, but here's my belief:
If a total monster can be spared judgment by accepting Jesus Christ as his/her Lord and Saviour with their dying breath then there's really not much incentive to not be a monster, is there?
My philosophy, and it's based upon my life's experience, is that my judgment will be based upon bad vs. good. If one outweighs the other, then so be it.
But, when God gives you a mission (not quite as dramatic as "Evan Almighty"), and you follow that star, surely it must factor in because if it doesn't, where is the incentive to follow that star?
I believe in some of the philosophy in Evan Almighty, that being (1)God gives us opportunities, and (2), we are supposed to learn something from those opportunities.
(Shrugs shoulders) On the other hand, it might be like "What Dreams May Come" or "The Five People You Meet In Heaven".
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@neilkurzman4907 I don't know if it's true, but I read that Baldwin refused a firearms safety course.
When you get ready to work on anything electrical, performing the verification testing is essential to your survival. People do things like turning the wrong breaker off. I've also found mislabeled breaker panels and, the deadliest of them all, a secondary power source that wasn't accounted for. In EVERY case, verification of the de-energized state by the man doing the job revealed the problem and saved his life.
You can make all of the excuses you want. Baldwin was the man doing the job and was responsible for his, and by proxy, everyone else's safety.
In my world, people don't get shot; they lose limbs and occasionally, lives. It was my job to make sure that everyone went home at the end of the day, and I exercised that responsibility faithfully, for 43 years.
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This is one reason why watching "The Polar Express" is tough for those of us who grew up in that time.
Dad, along with all of the other fathers, served in the war and had good, stable union jobs. Moms stayed home and took care of the family.
Today, the factories and their jobs were shipped overseas decades ago. Mom and Dad have been dead for many years now. We're getting ready to join them.
Everyone is angry about something or other. Everything is racist, bigoted, xenophobic, you name it. Something simple, like making America great again, gets distorted and misconstrued.
It was always about the little things that make life great. Things like...
Holding the door open for someone.
Holding the elevator.
Looking after your elderly neighbors.
Cutting your neighbors grass. Clearing the driveway and walkways of snow.
Yielding the right of way.
Avoiding road rage.
Going back to the old Scouts motto:
"Do a good turn daily."
Be courteous. The three most important words are "please" and "thank you."
That, my friend, is how you can make where you live great again.
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