Comments by "Frankie and Benjy Mouse" (@boterlettersukkel) on "Johnny Harris"
channel.
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@tbrown3356 " distance to the horizon cannot be farther than 1.225 times the square root of the observer height (q)"
CALCULATED horizon.. That is without atmosphere. Are you still breathing???
If you read this than you are breathin so there is an atmoSPHERE!!!!!!
What you see is the VISIBLE/OBSERVABLE horizon.
There are some phenomena that happens in the atmoSPHERE when warm air is above cold water.
It is call refraction. It is a well known phenomena that EVERY sailor is familiar with..
Take a look at your black swan. There is not a straight line in that distorted photo.
If you think that is the normal way a rig looks, there is something wrong with you.
Light is refracted as it passes through the atmosphere. When
refraction is normal, objects appear slightly elevated, and the visible horizon is farther from the observer than it otherwise would
be. Since the effects are uniformly progressive, they are not apparent to the observer. When refraction is not normal, some form
of mirage may occur. A mirage is an optical phenomenon in
which objects appear distorted, displaced (raised or lowered),
magnified, multiplied, or inverted due to varying atmospheric refraction which occurs when a layer of air near the Earth's surface
differs greatly in density from surrounding air. This may occur
when there is a rapid and sometimes irregular change of temperature or humidity with height.
If there is a temperature inversion (increase of temperature with height), particularly if accompanied by a
rapid decrease in humidity, the refraction is greater than normal. Objects appear elevated, and the visible horizon is
farther away. Objects which are normally below the horizon become visible. This is called looming. If the upper
portion of an object is raised much more than the bottom part, the object appears taller than usual, an effect called
towering. If the lower part of an object is raised more than the upper part, the object appears shorter, an effect called
stooping. When the refraction is greater than normal, a superior mirage may occur. An inverted image is seen above
the object, and sometimes an erect image appears over the inverted one, with the bases of the two images touching.
Greater than normal refraction usually occurs when the water is much colder than the air above it.
If the temperature decrease with height is much greater than normal, refraction is less than normal, or may even
cause bending in the opposite direction. Objects appear lower than normal, and the visible horizon is closer to the
observer. This is called sinking. Towering or stooping may also occur if conditions are suitable. When the refraction is
reversed, an inferior mirage may occur. A ship or an island appears to be floating in the air above a shimmering hori
zon, possibly with an inverted image beneath it. Conditions suitable to the formation of an inferior mirage occur when
the surface is much warmer than the air above it. This usually requires a heated landmass, and therefore is more
common near the coast than at sea.
When refraction is not uniformly progressive, objects may appear distorted, taking an almost endless variety of
shapes. The Sun, when near the horizon, is one of the objects most noticeably affected. A fata morgana is a
complex mirage characterized by marked distortion, generally in the vertical. It may cause objects to appear towering,
magnified, and at times even multiplied.
Source, The American Practical Navigator. edition 2019.
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Light bend down over long distances.
It is called refraction and is a well studied subject.
It is the main reason mariners never use stars below 30 degrees over the horizon in sextant observation.
Light is refracted as it passes through the atmosphere.
When refraction is normal, objects appear slightly elevated, and the visible horizon is farther from the observer than it otherwise would be.
Since the effects are uniformly progressive, they are not apparent to the observer. When refraction is not normal, some form of mirage may occur. A mirage is an optical phenomenon in which objects appear distorted, displaced (raised or lowered), magnified, multiplied, or inverted due to varying atmospheric refraction which occurs when a layer of air near the Earth's surface differs greatly in density from surrounding air.
This may occur when there is a rapid and sometimes irregular change of temperature or humidity with height.
If there is a temperature inversion (increase of temperature with height), particularly if accompanied by a
rapid decrease in humidity, the refraction is greater than normal. Objects appear elevated, and the visible horizon is farther away. Objects which are normally below the horizon become visible. This is called looming. If the upper portion of an object is raised much more than the bottom part, the object appears taller than usual, an effect called towering.
If the lower part of an object is raised more than the upper part, the object appears shorter, an effect called stooping.
When the refraction is greater than normal, a superior mirage may occur. An inverted image is seen above the object, and sometimes an erect image appears over the inverted one, with the bases of the two images touching.
Greater than normal refraction usually occurs when the water is much colder than the air above it.
If the temperature decrease with height is much greater than normal, refraction is less than normal, or may even cause bending in the opposite direction.
Objects appear lower than normal, and the visible horizon is closer to the observer. This is called sinking. Towering or stooping may also occur if conditions are suitable. When the refraction is reversed, an inferior mirage may occur.
A ship or an island appears to be floating in the air above a shimmering horizon, possibly with an inverted image beneath it. Conditions suitable to the formation of an inferior mirage occur when the surface is much warmer than the air above it. This usually requires a heated landmass, and therefore is more common near the coast than at sea.
When refraction is not uniformly progressive, objects may appear distorted, taking an almost endless variety of shapes. The Sun, when near the horizon, is one of the objects most noticeably affected. A fata morgana is a complex mirage characterized by marked distortion, generally in the vertical. It may cause objects to appear towering, magnified, and at times even multiplied.
Source, The American Practical Navigator. edition 2019.
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