Youtube comments of George Reynolds (@karhukivi).

  1. You might think that this is just some mathematical issue, but the point made at 1:52 can have dramatic consequences. An English solicitor Sally Clark was convicted of killing her two baby sons on this same statistical error given as "evidence" by an eminent doctor (not statistician) and jailed. She served three years of a longer sentence before the Royal College of Statisticians intervened to point out the error of multiplying the probability of two children dying of the same cause, which was sudden infant death syndrome, and more likely to be genetic and in both children. Her career destroyed, she died from alcohol intoxication (suicide?) and the "eminent" doctor was struck off the medical registration list.
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  2. Legal system making money.
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  3. Agreed. A car was following too closely on a winter morning with some ice patches on the road. I let it pass me when the road was wide enough and about 5 minutes later I found it off the road and embedded in a hedge beside a house. No injuries, fortunately, but I'll bet that idiot learned a lesson about driving on ice.
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  4. It is for some things, like a heavy aerodynamic bomb shape.
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  5. Boris needs to tell the EU how the deal will be, no more "negotiating"!
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  6. The real reason was that the war in Vietnam was going badly and the public had lost interest in space, especially with dead and casualties coming back in increasing numbers.
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  7. Like many of her colleagues in the EU Parliament, she failed in the national elections and was awarded an MEP consolation vote. The entire EU is made up of failed politicians!
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  8.  @realsstates1180  Yes, that's correct. The woman was convicted of murder by the erroneous statistical "evidence" provided by the doctor. He was an "expert witness" but was out of the area of his expertise. His high status influenced the judge and jury who didn't understand statistics. It's well-documented - google on "Sally Clark case". There are other examples of statistics being misunderstood by judges and juries, e.g the "Adams case" or the "Lucia de Berk case".
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  9. Hi Drew, the uranium here is not in veins. It forms what are called "roll-front" deposits where uranium dissolved in oxygen-rich water percolated through the sandstone (red = oxidising) and came into contact with reducing conditions, (carbon, sulphides or phosphates) in the grey-green sandstones. The uranium was deposited on the interface between these two environments and tend to be cigar-shaped "lozenges" hundreds of feet long and curved over, hence the name "roll-front". The fluorescent mineral is most likely uranophane, a calcium-uranium silicate often found in desert environments and easy to spot in daylight due to its yellow colour. Sometimes the deposits were not mined but rather extracted by in-situ leaching using chemicals injected down wells and the uranium solution pumped up in another well. I'm not sure if that is how the deposit was exploited where you are though. Nice photography and beautiful scenery - enjoy!
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  10. I needed the Bateman coefficients for the radon decay chain calculation and had to revert to an old textbook (1970s) to find them. Modern science textbooks seem to gloss over some of the really useful stuff as they have to appeal to the larger market of students rather than the limited market of experts working in the field. I'm not in the least surprised they had this book there!
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  11. She also set up mobile x-ray units during WW1 and had to learn to drive and train other x-ray operators. The early x-ray tubes were not shielded. It is most likely it was exposure to this unshielded x-ray equipment that eventually killed her because when her body was exhumed in 1995 for re-burial in the Pantheon, it was not radioactive (from radium) as expected. Radium has a half-life of 1600 years, so if the radium had killed her, it would have been detected.
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  12. The fact that he live -streamed a massacre tells you that he was mentally disturbed. No normal person does that. The fact that a mentally-disturbed person can buy an assault rifle with no questions or a medical/ proficiency test is just astonishing. This will just keep on happening...
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  13. If you really need rain, e.g. in a drought situation, just try having a barbeque!
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  14. In 2016 an Irish schoolteacher Alan Hawe murdered his wife, and three children (13, 11 & 6) and then killed himself. The media described him as "a pillar of the community" until two brothers from the UK whose mother had been murdered by their father, complained and said that Hawe was "a murderer and should be denounced as such".
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  15. Popular science publications: Articles like "Your unborn child could learn to play the piano" feature in these magazines! This is what was actually said in the New Scientist: "so researchers are trying to determine if this surge will fizzle out, as previous spikes in other parts of the ruins have done" - puts a different light on it, doesn't it? But then, if you're in the business of selling popular science magazines, well...
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  16.  @marcuspun3822  Have you any idea how much mining , processing and carbon footprint is required to supply all that solar, wind, and battery chemicals, metals and materials? The energy they provide may be renewable, but the equipment has to be renewed too as it wears out eventually.
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  17. Now come on! Making liquid oxygen is waaay beyond a chemistry set. These boys were into something much more complex, with compressors etc. Many of the explosions were not a result of any chemistry set but rather the widespread knowledge of certain gardening substances mixed with sugar. A school friend had his thumb blown off and he didn't even have a chemistry set!
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  18. The EU needs to be reminded regularly of just who started two world wars and who saved their bacon - twice.
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  19. The problem with videos questioning the "conventional" view of physics is that they appeal to those with no basic understanding of physics at all! These people will then challenge the physics teacher in school with comments like "gravity is an illusion, not a force" even if they are unable to understand the concept of inverse square. The teacher has to try to undo the garbled version before getting back to the basics.
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  20. Galicia (NW Spain) or Sri Lanka has even more annual rainfall... They selected Ireland because they are in the euro zone and speak English! Oh, and the industrial development authority threw bucketfuls of money at them, even though they are already a profitable business.
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  21. People have been known to snap and resort to extreme violence for a minor dispute. I recall seeing a taxi driver get out of his car to shout at a van which had failed to clear the traffic light. Then the van driver gout out with a baseball bat and threatened the taxi guy. They were on the point of physical violence when the blaring horns of all the other blocked drivers made then get back in and clear off. If one of them had a gun, it wouldn't have taken much more to start shooting. This guy clearly cracked and wanted to teach them a lesson, unable to control his anger and aggression.
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  22. I was cheated out of a redundancy package when I worked for a major oil firm about 30 years ago and I swore I would never buy petrol or diesel in one of their filling stations ever again. I also told as many people as I could about the story and my resolve. The same for Costa now and that furniture company.
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  23.  @kimberlymortenson9513  But you are a good person, who had bad luck and dealt with it very well - bravo!
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  24. The problem is supply - both in terms of source and security. Thorium is not as widely distributed as uranium and is more difficult to extract from the few ores it has. High-grade uranium deposits are fairly common and can be very big, but high-grade thorium deposits are small. Thorium reactors would require countries to import thorium from a few countries that might not always be friendly!
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  25.  @geoffpoole483  It has happened in France where a woman with mental issues became enraged by some protest (not JSO) and drove into the crowd. These JSO idiots will find this out to their cost some day.
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  26.  @jujutrini8412  All renewable sources like solar and wind have to be backed up by diesel and gas generators for when the wind doesn't blow and night time. That is because the same protestors don't want nuclear either. However, they don't mind all the materials which will have to be mined for all these devices and the enhanced power supply grid to connect them. Where do you get the additional copper, cobalt and lithium from? Not in the UK or the EU for sure! They answer "recycling" but when have you recycled the copper pipes or wires in your home? We already recycle all the copper we can as it is so valuable! This is just outsourcing a perceived problem to another (third-world usually) country. Stopping oil would stop all air travel and defence as there is presently no substitute for petrol and kerosene in aircraft.
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  27.  @gorgo54  Very interesting indeed. A typical offshore wind turbine is about 3MW, so lets say 300 turbines equals your 1000MW nuke. Using published materials lists and your figures, 300 turbines will need 300,000 tonnes of concrete (400,000 t for the nuke); 100,000 t steel for the turbines, compared to 40,000 t for the nuke, not huge differences. The nuclear plant is centralised and can use the existing grid, the wind turbines and solar need an additional network of power lines and materials. Uranium is plentiful and widespread geographically. Regarding lithium, Bolivia hold 50% of the world's reserves and have promised to "do the same as OPEC did with oil". Hmmm.
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  28. Interesting, I wondered why they have lights on their guns in daytime situations.
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  29. Hole flow is what happens in semiconductors, as well as electron flow in the opposite direction. However, in metals there is only electron flow and in electrolytes there is also negative and positive ion flow.
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  30. I was invited on the bridge of a well-known car ferry company and after a short conversation, I was left alone as the officer had gone to write up something and the other sailor and gone to fetch some tea for us. It was a stormy night and not much visibility but I noticed a return on the radar screen which gradually grew and got closer, dead-ahead. Just then the officer returned took a look and immediately turned the ship to pass on the port side of what was now a visible trawler about a half-mile ahead! I'm not surprised collisions happen, nobody watching - simple.
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  31. True, it's a form of censorship and control.
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  32. High energy gammas are not so much of a problem as most do not interact with human tissue. It is high intensity lower-energy gamma radiation that is more damaging. Anyway we all have 8000 Bq of K40 and C14 in our bodies which we have all our lives irradiating us with gamma and beta radiation, as well as the terrestrial gamma background and the indoor radon. The high-altitude planes would not spend much time up there, so the relative risk is small. Concorde did have a dosemeter onboard and pilot's rosters took account of not only hours flown per month but also dose received.
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  33. Very old footage. You can be reassured that today the miners' unions are fully aware of all risks and have independent medical advice as well as the H&S agencies who also monitor safety and health. The mines with the really high uranium grades and radiation hazard potential, like Cigar lake, are mined by robots.
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  34. It was probably fluorescent powder. "Rocket fuel" was icing sugar, one had to take the marketing hype with a grain of salt (NaCl).
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  35. False fact! The instruments used to detect the fragments of the satellite were gamma spectrometers which do not detect gold as it is not radioactive.
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  36. About 30 years a go a doctor had to perform an emergency tracheotomy in an airplane and used a Bic outer tube to keep the airway open until they got something better!
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  37.  My Dogs Name  The Jodrell Bank radio telescope in the UK proved beyond all doubt that the signals were coming from the Moon, not from just an orbiting vehicle, but a stationary craft on the surface. The Russians in any case, were perfectly capable of monitoring the same transmissions as were many universities in many countries. Get informed!
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  38. It is just incredible that we have to ask people with learning difficulties for permission to pass on the public highway. A disgrace, everyone affected by this form of bullying should write to their local politicians, that is the only way "democracy" seems to work in this country.
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  39. Yes, nowadays they are naïve and unable to deal with adversity without counselling.
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  40. @Rosiedelaroux They started a war, in war lots of civilians die as in WW2. Who voted for Hamas? Gazans.
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  41.  @realsstates1180  Yes, that's unfortunately true. It probably works when the evidence is simple enough to understand, but when technical evidence of whatever kind, medical, statistical, firearms, DNA, etc., is brought in, the expert witness is supposed to be indeed expert in their field. Anyway, have a good Christmas!
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  42. The current CO2 level is 400 ppm but during the last Ice Age it was about 180 ppm. At 150 ppm plants begin to suffocate as they need CO2 for photosynthesis and produce the oxygen we mammals need for life. Throughout geological history, CO2 levels varied mainly between 4000 and 8000 ppm, so our current level is a very low level compared to what might be considered "normal" for the planet.
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  43. First error at 0:29 - Becquerel placed pieces of uranium ore, not metal on photographic plates. I stopped there because a scientific presentation has to be accurate, not sensational. Thumbs down.
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  44.  @RadioactiveDrew  There are quite a few different geological mechanisms which can concentrate it into economic deposits, 14 or so when I last counted!
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  45. Good point about casualties. The media often report people as being killed, murdered, assassinated or executed. These terms mean quite specific things, accidental, intentional, political or legal respectively, but the media - who are supposed to know how to communicate - are usually indifferent.
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  46. A retired nuclear sub engineer who lives near me told me he used to listen to the cricket scores on LW while submerged in a harbour of some "foreign power"!!
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  47. The earliest evidence for quantised electron energy levels in atoms were the narrow bands in the visible (and later IR and UV) emission spectra. The names given to the lines were "strong", "principal", "diffuse" and "fundamental" as scientists like Rydberg and Balmer tried to understand their significance. Those names live on as s, p, d and f sub-quantum levels for the orbitals. Bohr used the spectrum of hydrogen as the basis for his atomic model and realised the electrons could only have certain specified energy levels. Quantum physics was built up on a variety of observations from spectroscopy and mathematical models of radiation, etc., not just the work of one person or one particular experiment.
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  48. All our power generation and the world's economy depends on coils of copper spinning in magnetic fields produced by other coils of copper!
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  49. If you think the brassy colour of pyrite is gold, then you haven't seen gold in the pan! When you do see gold, there is no doubt about it.
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  50. Me too, and it was impossible to make anything explode with the chemicals provided. It gave me a great foundation in chemistry. Today's sets are just colored water, - sad!
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  51. The instant the driver lets go of the controls the "dead man's handle" brake is activated.
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  52. There are three factors to consider: (1) the pay & financial terms; (2) the management and how they treat you; (3) the working environment, colleagues and career potential. Get all three right and you're laughing; only two and it might be worth hanging on until you get something better. But if only one is right, then time to get out and find a similar job elsewhere. If none are right then you are in the wrong career - get advice and change to another kind of job.
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  53. Perhaps we should test polio, smallpox and tuberculosis on those who don't want to be vaccinated!
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  54. Whatever about precious metals, sodium cyanide is used in large quantities for base metal concentration (flotation process) in mines. As you say practically irreplaceable.
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  55. "It's a river." Explained in 1 second! You also left out Belgrade (Beograd) a capital city, so thumbs down.
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  56. The Bolivian Government has indicated that they would "do with lithium what the OPEC nations did with oil" i.e. limit supplies to make the price rise and maximise their income from supplying it, which is a perfectly good reason for any country to restrict exports, as well as protecting their own industry. They can make more money from the added value of downstream products compared to just selling the raw material. Same reason some farms supply cheese and yoghurts instead of just milk.
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  57. I'm glad I decided to go into industry rather than academia, which was where everybody said I should go. A colleague who did choose the academic world told me he has to produce 25 publications a year to keep his job. I said "that is one every fortnight, impossible to have enough research work to publish that often" and he smiled and replied "we just re-hash the same stuff all the time". Forty years ago there was usually one author per publication. Nowadays there are usually 6-10 "authors".
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  58. Can't be bothered to learn anything, thinks he knows it already!
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  59. The mathematician Carl Gauss did this as a child when given the task as a "punishment" in school. He reversed the numbers and added them so 1 was added to 100, 2 was added to 99, 3 to 98, and so on until he had 100 numbers of 101 each making a total of 10,100 which he divided by 2 to get 5050. The teacher thought he would be a long time doing this task, but he had it figured out in 3 minutes!
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  60. The Voyager has a 3.5m parabolic antenna pointed at Earth and the signals it sends are received on the 70m dish of the Deep Space Network. As it gets further away, the data rate has to be slowed down to 160 bits per second and in a few year's time it will be down to 40 bps. After 2025 it will probably be too far away to communicate even though it will have power to about 2050.
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  61. And we thought genital mutilation and circumcision were bad!
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  62.  @assymcgee7217  Overpriced and in plastic cups too!
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  63. Ozone is formed in the upper atmosphere by the action of sunlight on oxygen molecules. Now, where in the world is there no sunlight for almost 6 months of the year? Why, over the Antarctic in the southern hemisphere winter, hence the hole there. Likewise, over the Arctic in the N. hemisphere winter.
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  64. The biological effects of radiation are a rather different field called radiology and it gets very complicated as it depends on the type of radiation, particle or wave, and their energy, and the duration of exposure, and finally the type of tissue involved. Physicsts usually use the RBE weighting of "x1" for xray and gamma radiation, "x10" for beta particles and "x20" for alpha particle radiation as the latter are heavier and carry a larger charge, so have a greater impact of tissue they interact with. Talk to you local friendly radiographer in a hospital - they will have completed extensive studies on this subject.
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  65. Because they used a particularly rare planetary alignment to get the "slingshot" effect. Probably not a lot more could be obtained by more probes in interstellar space.
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  66. We knew about the dangers, we were aware of the local bullies or paedophiles, and we knew not to mess with gas, electricity or poisons. We were responsible too, I can remember when not having a light on one's bicycle was not only an offence but also downright dangerous. If we had yellow jackets then we would have worn them for our own safety.
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  67.  @therexbellator  Well, you are entitled to your views of course, but when I was a kid there were no school shootings nor teenage boys raping and murdering girls as has happened often in the last 20 years. Explain how that change has happened?
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  68.  @geggam  Too early to say, but these type of viruses tend to mutate and come back a few years later as a more ordinary flu to which we might have some increased resistance.
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  69.  @julese7790  That's an interesting switch! I'm a geophysicist and many of the techniques in medical physics have parallels e.g. tomography. I was involved in uranium exploration for some years and we have to know about radiological effects not just for our own peace of mind. Also studied decision-making which included rational and irrational reasoning but would never have got far in medicine. Glad to hear that you were not on the receiving end of the teletherapy machines!
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  70. Stanley Kubrick couldn't fake the moon rocks examined by hundreds of laboratories and geochemists all over the world. Even NASA couldn't do that.
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  71. They have 45% nuclear and 50% hydro power in Sweden. Electric cars too, I guess.
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  72. That's correct. Many of the pyrite deposits in the Iberian "Pyrite belt" (S. Spain & Portugal) have 4 ppm (4g/t) of gold in them. The weathered gossans are a natural concentration mechanism as the pyrite disintegrates into iron oxide and the gold is released.
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  73. Worth reading "Spycatcher" by Peter Wright on how they used probe mics pushed through the wall into an embassy.
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  74. @JeremyEM1 Soil erosion is a normal process in geology, water shortages are caused by inadequate treatment plants, not a shortage of water itself; droughts are also a normal weather event, floods likewise except when people decide or are forced to live on floodplains, mass extinctions happened many times throughout the earth's geological history before the industrial revolution. The CO2 levels in the atmosphere were 10 to 15 times what they are nowadays for most of the geological record, but they dip to a dangerous low of 180 ppm during the ice ages and at 150 ppm plant life begins to suffocate. A modern return to an ice age would devastate the earth with destruction of agriculture, industry, transport, infrastructure and cause mass migration of people towards the equator accompanied by famine and violence. Give me warming any time, we can deal with that, but not an ice age.
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  75.  @siddhantsawant272  There is nothing wrong here, but for beginners at physics, gravity can be considered as a force acting on a mass. Calling it an "acceleration" is confusing for beginners. Telling them that spacetime is "curved" does not help them calculate the period of the orbit of Jupiter! As a geophysicist I have done gravity surveys where we have to make corrections for elevation and latitude as well as the density of the crustal rocks. Even if I understand what is meant by "curved spacetime" it makes no difference to the calculations, it is almost a philosophical concept. Likewise for relativistic calculations, they can be ignored for most purposes. Offering advanced concepts to beginners who don' understand the basics doesn't help, people have to learn to walk before they can run. .
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  76. No reason necessary. The Germanwings pilot had depression and decided to crash his plane, taking 149 innocents with him. They want attention even in death. Totally irrational, but that is what mental disturbance is.
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  77. I found a WW2 Spitfire navigation compass in an antique shop while testing some supposed "vaseline" glass for the owner. The compass "glass" (some kind of plastic) had become opaque and the storekeeper wanted to open it to see if it could be repaired. We checked with an expert restorer and he warned against doing that because the radium paint had probably disintegrated into radioactive dust. It really set a GM counter screaming! Now we have to find a way of disposing of it....
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  78.  @alitugcanunluer8779  That is true, the uranium is usually leached from an igneous rock, moves through a porous sedimentary rock until it encounters reducing conditions and precipitates there. Analogous to oil with a mother rock, reservoir and trap. The huge Olympic Dam is an IOCG deposit, so if you go by tonnage rather than number of deposits, then it changes the statistics somewhat.
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  79.  @alitugcanunluer8779  Was! Good guess!
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  80.  @rkug777  Don't speak until they do first. The caller has the obligation to speak first and identify themselves and their reason for calling.
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  81. Some say the one with "winter clothes" is still out there throwing rocks at people...?
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  82.  @sjselby95  I had a battery cable come loose while driving a bit too fast at night on a twisty road. All electrics and engine just went out and I had a mental image of the road ahead to steer for. Stopped safely and when I lifted the hood to see what the problem was with a torch, I realised I had stopped beside a graveyard!
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  83. The late Capt. Darby Kennedy told a story of an aircraft at Weston (Ireland) in the 50s which was being hand-propped by a mechanic who hadn't realized the throttle was partially open. The engine started, the mechanic managed to jump clear and the aircraft took off, flew around at a few hundred feet and then ran out of fuel and landed, nosing over but not too damaged. The manufacturer made much publicity from this event, claiming that "this aircraft is so easy to fly, it flies itself!".
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  84. Professionals often focus in too closely on a problem. The key factor here is if the host knows what is behind the doors or not, and that is what the experts forget to consider.
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  85.  @realsstates1180  I just found this on YT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvkI28KKwgU
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  86. The only problem with mealtimes is if you cross the border from Spain into France in the evening - it is too early to eat on the Spanish side and too late to eat in France!
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  87. NASA had a very useful advisor, the same James Van Allen (1914-2006) who discovered those belts thanks to NASA spaceflights. I'd bet he knew more about them than any internet troll on YT.
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  88. They are not mentally equipped to understand that connection.
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  89. I know of two elderly relatives of friends, one lives in Germany and the other in Sweden and they both say the same thing - they cannot go to their local shop at night without being molested by immigrants who crowd the footpath and force the old ladies to step out onto the road. Swedish people used to leave their weekend homes open in perfect safety. Not any more, they are ransacked.
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  90. This is what Earth's climates do, oscillate between warming and cooling phases.
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  91. You forgot light, sound and heat! They are all forms of radiation. What matters is "ionising radiation" like Xrays, gamma and cosmic radiation and shortwave ultra-violet radiation.
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  92. You are forgetting internal resistance which is not zero!
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  93.  @alitugcanunluer8779  Yes, although they depend on graphite in the underlying basement for the reduction process. They are essentially within a sedimentary formation as you say.
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  94.  @alitugcanunluer8779  Hello colleague! There are not many of us and we are getting less as few students want to study geology.
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  95. Apparently they stuff their clothing with cotton to absorb any, but most bleeding is internal from rifle shots.
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  96.  @westernartifact4163  Thanks!
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  97. Humans like to embellish their answers with fiction as it gives the impression of knowledge even if it is unsupported or fanciful. . The question was which was the more probable. That is why in courts the lawyers often ask the question and insist on a yes or no answer to cut through the irrelevant waffle!
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  98. Neil is assisted by Buzz who says things like "drifting to the right a little" and "down 3, 30 to go", etc. They have doppler radar which gives them the vertical and sideways velocities, so similar to instrument landings, which both pilots would have done many times. The gloves were not pressurised inside the craft, the suits were pressurised for the outside activities.
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  99. Yes, they do!
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  100. Exactly!
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  101.  @tomgucwa7319  Gold is not magnetic and you cannot "shoot" neutrons from an aircraft! Even if you could, it would not identify gold at typical ore grades of 5-10 grams/tonne of rock.
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  102.  @TheMusicalElitist  Not true, the press in those days reported facts, not opinions like they do now. And no (anti-)social media either! We were better informed than kids now.
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  103.  @OliverWoodphotography  If the definition of "creativity" was "copy and paste", perhaps! In those days we played with electric trains, meccano and chemistry sets, electricity and sharp objects and we learned about hazards and reality. Nowadays they play with large coloured lumps of plastic, minecraft, xbox or grand theft auto and learn nothing except indulge in fantasy..
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  104.  @truth8307  Considering that the US was beaten by N. Vietnam, that might be very foolish!
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  105. Radon daughters giving off beta/gamma radiation mostly, the half-lives are about 20 minutes. After ten half-lives or about 3 hours the radiation from them will be only 0.1% of the original activity.
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  106. At night. The Apollo moon landings took place in the lunar day..
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  107. So that other dropouts might realise they will never succeed in careers that need training, knowledge and intelligence.
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  108. You have to distinguish between exposure, dose, intensity and energy as well as type of radiation. One size does not fit all. There is nothing "problematic" about (ionising) radiation, it is well understood by medical specialists who use various types of radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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  109. If there was fallout, these cheap Geigers will saturate and the readings drop to zero! I visited a friend in hospital who had had technetium for a gamma camera scan and my Geiger counter (a professional one, not a toy) went crazy and then just stopped until I moved away from the bed. The current drawn for the avalanche of pulses drops the voltage across the geiger tube and the tube ceases to respond. You need to use an ionisation counter like the civil defence people use.
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  110. Your cell phone cannot be tracked when you go more than 30 miles offshore - try it on any ship! You need a satellite phone for ocean and desert travel, no cellphone masts in the oceans or the deserts. The aircraft was not "visible" to satellites, only the ping every 30 minutes which the marine Inmarsat satellite picked up accidently. But if you want a good read of a conspiracy novel, then buy the guy's book - always suspicious when an "author" comes up with a new "theory".
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  111. To choose whether or not to carry a handgun (without licence) , and to choose whether or not to wear a seatbelt? The regulations are there to protect others as well as oneself.
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  112.  @tetrabromobisphenol  I think your information is incorrect. Infra red light does not "dissociate" water. The energy for breaking bonds is about 3-4 eV which is in the UV about 300-400 nm.
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  113. At last, someone with common sense! It doesn't matter which system you use as long as you don't mix them up and make stupid mistakes in circuit design.
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  114. Yes, otherwise nobody would have believed this conversation with the teacher ever happened. When I was at primary school 60 years ago, the head teacher used torture as a punishment for getting poetry wrong (poetry - the world would end without it - ha!). The torture consisted of standing on one leg, arms outstretched and bend t double so that you head would go below the edge of the table - try it! We were young and fit, but after four or five minutes the pain became unbearable. Any wobbling or putting a foot down resulted in a beating from a stick. Can you imagine anyone doing that nowadays - they would be jailed!
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  115. When Russia was putting missiles into Cuba, the US threatened nuclear war. Now we have NATO wishing to put missiles into the Ukraine and we wonder why Russia is unhappy!
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  116. Peut-être devriez-vous aller expliquer aux anthropologues légistes comment ils doivent faire leur travail ?
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  117.  @ilonabaier6042  The press always follow the story they think will sell their stuff!
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  118. "Watt's my name" "What?" "Watt" "You tell me!" This dialog was in a script for an amateur theatre production many years ago and it always brought laughs from the audience.
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  119.  @diorocks5858  Yes, my mistake, both begin with "B". The directors of companies have obligations and are supposed to overview all management decisions, but many of them don't.
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  120. The problem starts early with some career advisor saying "you can be anything yu want, the world is your oyster". This is unrealistic rubbish and gives young people a sense of entitlement. We can not be "anything we want", we have to manage our expectations like we manage money and relationships. Dreams are just... dreams!
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  121. Loved it! I wrote it down and sent it to a nephew who is convinced the planet will end in 12 year's time (it was 12 years two years ago too).
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  122. That explanation was wrong. Try putting things on the top surface of a wing to see how much lift is lost. The upper surface generates most of the lift, up to 80% for some wing shapes.
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  123. That's nothing. If you had treatment for cancer you would be given serious doses of radiation comparable with what the workers got at Chernobyl.
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  124.  @endutubecensorship  Perhaps you need a 70 metre parabolic high-gain antenna on your phone? Oh yes, and a 200kW transmitter!
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  125. If a highjacker wants to crash a plane into a large city, the air forces are under orders not to let that happen.
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  126.  @Nickdevro  They are not navigational systems,. do you know how aircraft are navigated? The transponder is not a navigation device, it is to assist ATC identify aircraft. Even if you could hijack it, it would have no effect on the path the aircraft is taking. drones are essentially radio-controlled aircraft, no so airliners. You're not a pilot clearly!
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  127. Monty won't open a door with the prize revealed, so it is not a random choice. Think of it this way: You choose one door, leaving two remaining. If you switch, and Monty opens one of the remaining doors as well, then you have effectively chosen two doors when you switch, instead of the one door you initially chose. So by switching you have doubled your chances.
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  128. Nobody could have faked the samples of Moon rock which were studied by hundreds of geochemists in universities all around the world. How were the radio communications and telemetry coming from the Moon, including doppler shifts from the moving spacecraft? Anybody with a parabolic antenna and a suitable receiver could detect them, including the Russians and many international observatories. When you can come with a convincing explanation for those two things then let us know!
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  129.  @maureenleckie6216  The Van Allen belts which were discovered by NASA and Dr. James Van Allen who was advising them. Do you think you know more than they did? In case you don't here is a little bit of maths to show you : ttps://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov/weekly/10Page120.pdf
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  130. Un loup de deux jambes....
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  131. The inductance of the relay coil produces a "back EMF" when it is switched off. The energy stored in the magnetic field of the coil appears as a voltage in the opposite direction and the flyback diode just shorts this to prevent it doing something unwanted elsewhere in the circuit which operates the relay.
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  132. The usual suspects!
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  133. The Nazis wanted everyone to have "aryan" characteristics (not like Hitler, of course) and anyone who disagreed was... - well we all know what happened to them. This idiotic movement is just the same - it is fascism - forcing a minority and baseless viewpoint on everybody else.
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  134.  @ivanking1571  You are just afraid of a needle! Wait until someone with covid coughs in your presence, you might find being on a respirator and drowning in your lung fluid quite unpleasant.
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  135. Yes, each Voyager spacecraft has an Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS) that is responsible for keeping the high-gain antenna pointed toward Earth. The algorithm is very simple: rotate the spacecraft until it points toward the brightest spot in the sky (the sun). By now, both probes are so far away that there is no real difference between pointing the antenna at the sun and pointing it at Earth, so no attempt is made to improve the accuracy further.
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  136. I was nearly a victim too many years ago when a neighbour in an apartment gassed himself and the first person to arrive in the gas-filled house was about to light a cigarette. Since then I have detested gas, the smell of it and the double danger it presents.
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  137. Wasn't boiled enough and it moved though the bloodstream. There are cases of small worms appearing in the victim's vision, having moved into the eyes.
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  138.  @seanmccann8368  Absolutely true, a bowler hat too, I think. How times change!
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  139. Quelqu'un dans le village l'a fait !
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  140.  @charlottekirwan7740  Where do you get 2.5 million years since the last Ice Age from? It's only 20,000 years since the last glacial maximum and 12,000 since the "end" of the glaciation. We're in an interstadial period now, so still in the ice age strictly speaking! And it has been suggested that perhaps as little as three cool years could start us back into a glacial period. Tree ring data show how quickly the global temperature can change. Google on Younger and Older Dryas periods to see some timescales.
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  141. That is deliberate, the foil gets hot to cook the popcorn.
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  142. Good point! That same studied concluded that when cities are developing, the areas where power lines converge into transformer stations are often less desirable areas for luxury housing. So, what happens is that low-price housing or council estates are built near these areas of powerlines and transformer stations and it appears that the people living in those houses are on lower incomes and perhaps do not spend as much on education and health care. A similar case exists for land prone to flooding - it will have a lower value and attracts low-priced housing or caravan parks, so when a flood occurs it is the same demographic group that is affected. It is the politicians and developers who deserve the blame for this problem, not the power lines!
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  143. Publish your evidence!
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  144.  @michaellyne8773  Why would there be a crater? There was only a few inches of dust on a hard bedrock surface, and with only one-sixth gravity they had the engine throttled back to slow descent, not to take off. The take-off video shows the descent stage (lower platform) being blown around by the engine exhaust under full thrust. In a vacuum, there is no jet of gases as in our atmosphere, the exhaust gases instead go out in all directions. His voice was clear thanks to noise-cancelling mics close to his mouth and the engine noise is only transmitted through the metal hull as there is no sound outside in a vacuum. The Moon rocks they brought back cannot be faked in any laboratory and hundreds of samples were given to various universities around the world, so no question of any of them being faked.
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  145.  @michaellyne8773  Radiation levels on the Moon are about 3x that which they receive in the ISS. Exposure to radiation depends on duration and shielding, but the Apollo mission astronauts received a dose about ten times what we all receive on Earth, which is still considered safe. A single full-body CT scan gives you more (X-ray) radiation than the yearly dose from natural sources on Earth. The Moon has a higher radiation background than Earth, mainly due to charged particles from the Sun which can be shielded effectively by the metal skin of the LEM, and to a lesser degree the space suits. On Earth we also receive gamma radiation from rocks and soils as well as cosmic radiation, and alpha particle radiation from radon gas in buildings. The only way to get away from radiation is to live underwater alone, as our bodies are also radioactive due to the K40 and C14 they contain - all quite normal!
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  146.  @michaellyne8773  Why don't you take a trip to the Smithsonian Museum and see a Lunar Module first-hand? They would be happy to answer all your questions!
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  147. Mental illness and easy access to guns, a deadly cocktail as usual.
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  148. Suppose the hostage was your brother or sister, what outcome would YOU want? An injured crazy guy could still kill the hostage. He was told to drop the knife, if he doesn't it is his own decision as to what happens next.
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  149. Pensez-vous que la police n’en tiendra pas compte ?
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  150. The guy will come back with friends.
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  151. A dead battery has a high internal resistance even though the terminal voltage on open circuit stays at 12V. To test a battery you have to load it i.e. draw a significant current from it. You need a new battery, most likely.
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  152.  @Dragrath1  That is very interesting. The amount of radon gas is tiny, less than 1ppb in most indoor situations, perhaps 1ppm in soilgas. One area where I worked on uranium exploration had very high radon levels in a sand ridge where rabbits were living in large numbers. I think we had up to 300 KBq/cubic metre and one of the technicians placed his film badge dosimeter inside one of the tunnels overnight. Later it was sent for processing by the radiological protection agency and all the alarm bells must have rung! They were very angry with us when they realised what we had done, but we insisted it was a scientific experiment. The rabbits seemed quite normal, we didn't see any abnormalities, but it would make an interesting project for somebody.
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  153. We have a very good idea from (a) seismic tomography (b) the density of the Earth (c) the angular momentum (d) the geothermal gradient (e) meteorites which are either iron-nickel or silicate ("stony") and the fact that the magnetic field is generated by a self-exciting dynamo mechanism in a rotating liquid core. Put them all together and you have a liquid Fe-Ni core, an outer mantle of dense silicates (Fe-Mg mainly) and a lighter crust of mainly silcon-aluminium silicates.
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  154. Et attirer toute l'attention sur elle-même ? Je ferais la même chose, si le crâne n'est pas pertinent alors vous n'êtes pas obligé de revenir sur le site.
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  155. The only problems I ever had on a Ryanair flight were rowdy passengers. You clearly have never flown with any other airline!
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  156. At 6:24 he is close enough to shoot her in the leg, but instead he puts four into her chest. Yes, she is a delinquent and crazed on drugs, but was it really necessary to kill her? Imagine if it was your sister who needed to get psychiatric treatment. This is making the police look like fools, that cop needs to get another job. Tragic.
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  157. Like ambulance and train drivers?
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  158. No jet fighters, true. Once (many years ago) ATC called me while I was flying a light aircraft and asked me if I would agree to be intercepted by an Air Corps Marchetti Warrior, so I agreed - cool!
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  159. Very similar to the nurse Lucia de Berk case in 2004 when she was convicted in Holland for a series of murders of babies on " statistical evidence" which was later found to be flawed and she was exonerated in 2010. The Sally Clark case was also based on incorrect statistical reasoning by a non-statistician Dr Roy Meadow, a leading paediatrician.
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  160. Depends on whether the British want to invest in their own country or let outsiders who see the value get in first.
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  161. Not a battery, a generator... https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/instruments/rtg/
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  162.  @chuvzzz  In the cases of saars and foot&mouth, the "braking" factors are contained in the flattening out part of the graph, even if the interaction of those factors are unknown. Once you can fit a logistic model to at least the inflection point, the graph can be extrapolated to give a fair approximation of the final number of cases. This might apply for China but too early for the other countries.
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  163. The ladder was short so if the Moon dust was thick, the ladder wouldn't ground on it. The rover tyres were wire mesh, not air-filled! You must think physicists and engineers are more stupid than yourself. Google on "logorrhea" - you might learn something!
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  164. In Spain and some other countries (I think) there is a smaller light lower down on the post so you can see what the upper light is doing without twisting your neck! Also, in Spain when your turn right you have to stop again for the secondary red light, unlike in Britain. The reason is that it is linked to the pedestrian crossing on the side street you are entering. Has been known to cause accidents with British drivers unaware of the local laws.
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  165.  @julese7790  I'm glad you say "former resident" and I'm assuming it means you have got the all-clear?
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  166. And to think we were told it was funded by "student donations" - students don't even have two pennies to rub together, especially as they have to buy beer!
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  167.  @explodatedfaces  Absolutely correct.
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  168. The bomb was 1000 feet up in the sky when it exploded, so nobody was 100 feet away from the blast. Being trapped in a basement in Dresden or Coventry while being fire-bombed was a slower and more painful death, like being cooked.
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  169. The vacuum supply was to run the gyros in the turn indicator and artificial horizon. Airspeed indicators also needed the air from the pitot and static ports, so tubes were essential for these instruments.= to operate, not to make them more accurate.
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  170.  @RadioactiveDrew  Yes, high radioactivity = short half-life. Which is why purified uranium chemicals are not so radioactive as the ore, the short-lived daughter products have been removed.
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  171. There are ways around most systems. My former boss needed to park near a courthouse and saw another car there with a fine stuck under the wiper. So he removed it and put it on his own car. When he came out 20 mins later, the other car had another fine stuck under the wiper, so he replaced the one he had earlier removed from it - nasty!!
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  172. The irony is that the reactors were tsunami-proof but the diesel backup system to keep the cooling pumps was not. The wall was built to keep a 3m wave out, but the actual wave was more like 13 metres. Bad idea to have them close to sea level in the country where the term "tsunami" was coined.
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  173. As a physicist working with electronic equipment for over 40 years I can say it doesn't matter which one you use as long as you understand what you are doing!
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  174. Cs137 is not the only radionuclide remaining a decade later after a nuclear bomb detonation! Sr90 (beta emitter) is another and there are more. Geiger counters are best suited to beta radiation detection as they are inefficient in detecting gamma radiation, a scintillation counter (e.g. NaI:Tl) is far superior.
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  175. ​ @inductivelycoupledplasma6207  Yes, you are quite right, my mistake. For 60KeV the HVL for Pb is 0.01 cm or 0.1mm and for Al it is 0.9cm or 9mm. Well spotted!
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  176.  @ghost500e  You're not informed - a long halflife means it is hardly radioactive at all. The so-called "stable" isotopes of the elements have halflives longer than the age of the universe. Uranium is quite safe to handle, apart from being somewhat toxic like most heavy metals.
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  177.  @MrJol420  You went to a good school!
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  178. Can you not see how feminine he, I mean, she is?
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  179. Your phone, social media and internet connections do that already!
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  180. Concorde, Moon missions, proximity fuzes, atomic bombs, IBM 360 computers.. I had a desktop computer in the 70s. Are you talking about the 1870s?
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  181. No sun? Are you joking - it was daytime on the Moon! The flag is made of aluminium foil attached to a springy metal arm which wobbles as they move the stick it is attached to.
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  182. Obsolete is an economic term, like ore. The technology in toilets might be considered "obsolete" in Japan, but they continue to work without batteries, computers or LEDs! If something works reliably then that is OK. A lot of "modern" stuff is rubbish by comparison.
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  183.  @FredScuttle456  And climate change...
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  184. It's called "fascism"!
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  185. The Jodrell Bank radio telescope in the UK proved beyond all doubt that the signals were coming from the Moon, not from just an orbiting vehicle, but a stationary craft on the surface. The Russians in any case, were perfectly capable of monitoring the same transmissions as were many universities in many countries. Get informed!
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  186. You are absolutely right on that!
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  187. With a radio-isotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/instruments/rtg/
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  188. No, internet (and phone) service provider.
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  189. The transponder can encode the altitude and the secondary radar interrogates it, so the reflected radio signal contains the altitude information.
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  190. Up in the atmosphere there are lower pressures and temperatures.
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  191. Pain seems to switch off the parts of the brain that imagine stuff in mental illnesses, leaving the primitive survival instincts still working, so the madness disappears. It always reminds me of the comments of Captain Bligh (Mutiny on the Bounty) - "the beatings will stop when morale has improved" Maybe pain did work!
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  192. He was a true "prisoner of conscience" even if you don't agree with him, but where was Amnesty International who claim to act for such people locked up in jails around the world for their views?
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  193.  @jonnypeacock3113  Orange is still a service provider in France. They even have a chain of gyms around the country.
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  194. A proper uniform is important, for recognition, respect and to convey professionalism. I was sitting in an outdoor "terraza" in Spain and a a guy seated at the next table was wearing a white shirt and black trousers. He got up to go to the toilet and was immediately flagged down by other diners who thought he was a waiter! He was really pissed off and his friends were doubled up laughing when he returned.
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  195.  @Joda5212  Not correct. Laika was never "coming back", there was no method of recovering the Sputnik capsule. "Engineers had not designed the environmental control system for a lengthy mission and it is likely that Laika only survived for a few hours after reaching orbit. On November 10, the satellite’s batteries expired, and receipt of data from the science experiments also ceased. Sputnik 2 burned up on re-entry on April 14, 1958". The Sputnik was orbiting at about 1000 km but the Van Allen Belts are from 13,000 to 60,000 km above the earth, so Laika was nowhere near them.
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  196. Actors and actresses are simply overpaid entertainers who spend their lives pretending to be somebody else, aka "acting". Their opinions on world affairs carry no more weight than any geezer you meet in a pub!
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  197. Back in the 60s my dad was stopped for having no light on his bicycle even though he was walking along wheeling it! But times have changed in Europe with the greens in charge - cyclists can do anything with impunity, no lights, cycling on footpaths, wearing high-visibility (!) dark green and black clothing especially at night etc.
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  198.  @speedbird9313  Frankly and Surely, a Hollywood couple!
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  199. The Ludlum range are very good but not waterproof. The best models have an analogue display, nothing worse than numbers rolling up and down while you are checking rocks or an area. No problem if there is a digital display as well. But all the cheap ones are digital only. For uranium exploration we use only scintillation counters except for borehole logging where a combination of scintillation and GM counters are in the probe in case ore-grade uranium mineralisation is intersected, when the scintillation counter will saturate.
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  200.  @RadioactiveDrew  Yes that's true. Scintillometers only respond to gamma radiation. We would use geigers in a mine, where the source needs to be localised as you say.. But outdoors you can detect a hot boulder from a distance and localise it as the rate from a point source quadruples when you halve the distance.
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  201. The Russians sent 16 probes and ten of the landed. They made measurements of the atmosphere and the surface composition.
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  202.  @Marco-it2mr  Some "beach house"!!! But doesn't he have 4 houses?
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  203.  @baloofilmschannel  Better still, look at the sea level records for yourself, you can get them online.. You will see some showing sea level rising, some showing sea level falling and many which show a very gradual rise of less than 2mm/year over a long period of 150 years. A steady rise means no acceleration. and sea level falling means that the land is rising in some places. not so clear after all, is it? So if you're clever, pick only the ones showing a rise and add them together to get a really scary graph!
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  204. A small amount of petrol actually cleans a diesel engine and lowers the emissions. Putting diesel into a petrol engine is quite another matter - hydraulic locking of the piston and crankshaft failure likely outcomes.
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  205. Faber-Castell pencils are/were usually green, so when you dropped them on the grass it took a long time to find them again! As a student doing fieldwork, this happened to me and I sent 2 hours searching for the pencil which had to be somewhere near my feet. No luck, so I dip fieldwork pencils in fluoro yellow paint to avoid that problem.
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  206. They should call "hands on the ground" once and if no compliance within 3 seconds then shoot to kill. Surely everybody knows that you can't hold hostages with a weapon and expect to be treated gently?
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  207. The Taliban will outsource the repairs, just as they will outsource the reprisals for 20 years of Apache gunship killings. - USA watch out!
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  208. They tell you it is coming from "towers"!!
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  209.  @H43339  I don't know. Perhaps more proficiency checks with some stress added, to see how the gun owner assesses the situation and makes decisions. But that's probably asking too much of the authorities. The people who desire assault rifles are not hunters nor do they belong to gun clubs, I'd look hard at them.
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  210. We see this all the time with athletes. Once in a while they perform exceptionally and the next time people are asking "what happened to him/her?" when their performance has reverted to the mean.
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  211.  @Gr3nadgr3gory  Just imagine the headline "murderous motorist uses a car as a lethal weapon against a pedestrian with mental health issues". Better get a really good lawyer!
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  212. A colleague who worked in Guyana said that well-dressed foreigners were mugged within 30 minutes of arrival! He always wore old jeans and a tee-shirt with dirt on it and nothing bad ever happened to him.
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  213.  @davelordy  Yes, that's a good point, sometimes explanations are over-simplified in these videos.
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  214. Agreed!
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  215. Glasses don't "see through" things, rather it is light coming in towards us that we receive as "seeing". That is one of the reasons for radio telescopes, they receive wavelengths that pass unaffected through the atmosphere.
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  216.  @mircury1382  They have to have a larger angle of attack and the drag means they have to use greater engine power. The upside down wing is very inefficient and will generate less lift from the upper part, certainly not 80% it will be more like 50:50 or maybe 40:60 That's why aerobatic aircraft like Pitts Specials have such powerful engines. Fighter aircraft usually have plenty of power!
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  217. A normal law-abiding sane person would have put his hands on the dash as requested.
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  218. Not quite, it was programmable. They even made a small change to one of the programs on a later mission. Essentially It only had to calculate heights and speeds from radar altimeter data and combine this with pre-programmed trajectories, plus a few other related tasks. It didn't store thousands of holiday photographs, shopping apps, music and text messages from social media.
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  219. Agree. It has to be in conductive ground like wet clay and not dry gravel. A ground test with a Megger is advisable.
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  220.  @glorytheman  Yes, I agree with you on that. However, it can cause problems even among "experts". For example, a science museum I visited a few years ago had a display of elements and stated that "tantalum was the rarest element". Tantalum may be the rarest "primordial" element in the cosmos, but the element is not rare in the Earth's crust, the abundance is about the same as for arsenic. I pointed this out to the curator, a PhD guy who nevertheless got shitty with me when I said the caption of the exhibit was misleading. There are also videos about the radioactivity of bananas on YT and the comments they attract are evidence of the trouble that advanced concepts can cause when dumbed-down for non-expert viewers.
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  221.  @Nickdevro  Impossible, avionics navaids are not connected to the internet!
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  222.  @suzukirider9030  No, the autopilot is off and the wind will change speed and direction as the aircraft approaches the ground, so the crab angle is changing all the time. The pilot makes the adjustments without even thinking - you just focus on the runway center-line when visual. On an instrument approach the corrections are made by keeping the ILS localizer needle centered until the approach is visual.
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  223. Exactly! Some people complain about judges attire, wigs etc., but apart from keeping tradition, it signals authority. A judge dressed in jeans and a hoodie would not command respect!
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  224. Agreed!!
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  225. My father knew smoking was bad for one's health, he even had a scout book dated 1920 which also said that smoking led to "weak minds and bodies"! The miners employed in the 1940s to produce uranium for the Manhattan Project were mostly native Americans who smoked a lot and there were disputes about lung cancer rates, the miners blaming the uranium and the mine operators blaming the tobacco. Now it is realised that the effect of radon seems to be compounded by tobacco smoke, making the inside of the lungs sticky and holding more of the radon daughter products, which are charged metallic particles. In wartime, everything can be dangerous.
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  226.  @insignificantfool8592  They might look random 50/50 but if you remember that the host knows where the prize is, then it cannot be random. Intuition is moulded by classical, and not Bayesian, statistics. Think of a loaded dice - your instincts try to assume that it is fair, but are wrong.
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  227. The processing of Ga and Ge is not complex and these materials are found in other countries, Europe included, usually in zinc deposits.. It is just cheaper to buy them from China.
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  228.  @zolikoff  Don't confuse crustal abundance with mineable deposits. Uranium is concentrated by geological processes making it more readily available. Thorium is only rarely concentrated enough to mine economically. Uranium retails at about $40/lb so extracting from seawater is only a research project, not an economic one.
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  229. I have a scouting book dated 1914 and in it the crow is shown as filling a jar with stones to raise the water lever near the top so it can drink, and using tools to open snail shells etc. Very intelligent animals!
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  230.  @clublulu399  Yes, that looks correct, about 5 hours for Voyager 1 and 5h30m for Voyager 2 to cover that distance making the transmission time longer by one second.
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  231. What do you mean by "conflict" mining? Most international mining is done to the highest standards as otherwise they don't get permissions and get bad press instead. Illegal mining is quite another thing. One mine I know well in Europe has been going for 50 years now, no environmental problems at all and employment for 600+ people as well as the benefits to the local economy. When it was discovered back in 1969, local left-wing politicians denounced it saying it would be just "a hole in the ground". Well, it wasn't! If you can't grow it, then it has to be mined.
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  232. Very interesting! The city of Ramsar in Iran has the highest background radiation, also from radon in hot springs (the town is a holiday and health resort) yet the cancer rates are no higher than elsewhere.
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  233.  @nicolaiveliki1409  Yes, I have been in a few towns in Germany with the prefix "Bad" - lovely places too!
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  234.  @nicolaiveliki1409  A colleague of mine did some studies on another spa town with high radon, Niska Banja in Serbia. I saw the photos from there - another very pretty town!
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  235.  @philippal8666  You think union leaders are ignorant of H&S issues?
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  236. Radioactive waste decays! Unlike other chemical waste, it is decreasing all the time. If the Pharaohs had been storing it in the pyramids, you could take it out in your bare hands safely. If it was cadmium or thallium in the pyramids, it would still be toxic.
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  237.  @maureenleckie6216  Here is another one to read and be informed: https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/smiii_problem7.pdf
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  238.  @Catherine-fy5og  Il n'est pas le seule...
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  239. Yes they do, in vein-type deposits and tunnelling. This is not quarrying or open-cast mining.
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  240. But you can't see or photograph everything in the sky at once, you have to be selective. We can't see stars in the daytime, we can only see some stars on a bright moonlit night. The camera is an imaging device and they have to optimise it to see that pale blue dot - it was only 1 or 2 pixels in size.
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  241.  @jujutrini8412  My mistake! In too much of a hurry to reply to another comment, sorry about that!
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  242. I'd ask for a refund!
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  243. It cost a fortune, achieved most of its goals and the American public were getting bored of it. On top of that, almost every mission had a few bad moments and NASA were fearing that a disaster might happen, so funding was ended. Then the US decided to wage a war in Asia which cost even more and achieved nothing, apart from a lot of human misery, bereaved families in both countries and ended in ignominy.
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  244. A banana is a ridiculous item to use for comparison as the amount of K40 contained is so small. A human being is more radioactive on account of the K40 and C14 we have in our bodies, about 8000 Bq in all. Mostly beta radiation (which doesn't escape) plus some gamma radiation from the K40. A bag of potash fertilizer gives a better result with a geiger counter.
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  245. Abelar was transported by ambulance to a local hospital where he was treated for his non-life threatening injury.
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  246. Wearing a ski mask?
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  247. The key to this is the host's knowledge of what is behind the doors. If the host didn't know what was behind the doors and picked one at random, then it would be 50-50 unless he accidentally opened the one with the key and ruined the show. But the host does know what is behind each of them and will only open a door with a goat. So one door you pick is 1/3 but the remaining two doors together are 2/3 and the host opening one of those two doors, knowing there is a goat behind it doesn't change anything.
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  248. Very interesting! It is usually the uranium phosphates that fluoresce. But I had to look up "Automess" - it is a German company that makes some interesting equipment including the 6105AD ratemeter for calibrating other devices. The "AD" stands for analog/digital which is a sign of good quality equipment.
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  249. This is clearly exploitation of people with mental issues who have been instructed to block roads. Who provided the jackets and placards?
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  250.  @pbattis1  And their discoverer, Dr James van Allen, was advising NASA how to minimise radiation exposure.
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  251. The rule for small aircraft following larger ones is to take off earlier than the preceding larger one, and to land after the touchdown point of the larger aircraft, keeping higher on the approach than the larger one.
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  252. The internal resistance has increased. If you draw almost nil current, the voltage is 1.5, but once a current is drawn through an external resistance, you have to include the internal resistance too.
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  253. This advice is for US and British legal systems. In European (and possibly other countries?) which use the Civil Code systems, not answering questions is deemed suspicious and goes against you if it ends up in Court. Failure to cooperate with the investigation could be added to your troubles. The right to remain silent is a right but not a defence in those countries.
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  254.  @bjcanz  Eventually it will be unable to point its antenna towards the Sun, but by that time it will have stopped transmitting anyway.
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  255. "Overblown"? Look at Bergamo in Italy where they are running out of coffins and the crematoria are working 24/7. The USA could be facing up to 30M hospitalised in the next month if people don't respond to the measures to slow its progress through the entire population who have no immunity.
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  256. Launching waste into space would be dangerous and expensive. Spent fuel is either reprocessed i.e. "recycled", or glassified by turning it into a silicate, just like the rock the ore came from in the first place, followed by burial in a stable geological formation.
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  257. Between 0.3 to 0.6 rems/year. The rem (or Sievert) is used as it takes into account the different effects that different types of radiation can have. For x-rays, gamma rays or beta particles the rad is the same as the rem (Sv = Gy) but neutrons, protons and alpha particles have higher weighting factors. There are some places on Earth with much higher natural background radiation and the people who live there don't seem to have any higher incidence of cancers than elsewhere.
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  258. The surface is moving faster (longer circumference, same 24 hour rotation) at about 1000 mph so you get this added horizontal component to the orbital velocity. Let's hope Scott gives and even better explanation!
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  259. Horses, cats and dogs.... how strange that none of them want to identify as pigs, goats, snakes or insects with compound eyes..... ?
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  260. Possibly from another planet, but a long time ago - they seem to pre-date other forms of life on earth.
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  261. The bias voltage between the base and the ground (emitter) causes a small current to flow through the transistor. This opens the collector to emitter portion which allows the transistor to conduct a larger current, like a switch. Remove the bias current (or lower the voltage <0.7V) and the transistor becomes non-conducting so no current will flow from the collector to the emitter, like a switch being returned to the "off" position.
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  262.  @anonymous_FoX The unit mA is current, mAh is capacity. You can short out a 24V truck battery with a spanner and get several hundred amps for a few seconds until the spanner melts! If the battery is not charged enough, or already defective, then it will be discharged if the spanner is left there long enough. By Ohms Law, the resistance is R=V/I so 24/200 = 0.12 Ohms. The starter motor will also draw a current of 100 to 300 Amps. You don't need inductors, capacitors or transistors to get a current of 200Amps. What happens in practice is the resistance will heat up (I^R effec) and the resistance will increase, so the current reduces. If the excess heat builds up, the resistor will melt and/or fail, just like that spanner.
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  263.  @alitugcanunluer8779  Interesting! I have never been there but want to visit Istanbul some day. I'm retired but still collaborate in some academic research on Zn-Pb deposits..
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  264. The plane was carrying a cargo of lithium ion batteries. These have gone on fire before, including aircraft batteries. The FAA bans them from being carried as cargo on passenger flight now. The most likely explanation is a fire in the cargo compartment with toxic fumes overpowering the crew and flames destroying the avionics progressively. Someone tried to turn back and descend but then were overcome too and the plane, (now on a southerly track) climbed back up to the altitude it had been set on and continued like that until it ran out of fuel and began to descend until it hit the water. This has happened before due to depressurisation, the golfer Stewart Paine's Learjet in 1999 and the Helios 737 in 2005. Not as exciting as a conspiracy and not much for writers to elaborate into works of fiction and titillate the imaginations of the gullible and the paranoid.
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  265.  @PabloGonzalez-hv3td  They are banned as cargo by the FAA on passenger aircraft as of Feb 27, 2019. Also, see https://www.faa.gov/hazmat/resources/lithium_batteries/media/Battery_incident_chart.pd
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  266.  @PabloGonzalez-hv3td  Nice story but still no evidence to support it. And it is still a strange way to commit suicide, if that was the motive - why not crash it where he was? And if he wanted to fly until his oxygen ran out, then all he had to do is take his mask off. Too many assumptions required. The hypothesis with the least assumptions is still the most likely one.
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  267. The problem there is that if a failed go-around ends up in the sea, the ship will run over the sinking aircraft and pilot. An angled deck means that the ditched aircraft is alongside the carrier.
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  268.  @RichardBacon-h5x  As an exploration geophysicist, I agree with a large part of what you wrote, but lithium deposits are NOT widely found all over the world. Lithium minerals while sometimes found in pegmatites, are not common. In fact mineral exploration companies are busy looking for them all over Europe as part of the "Greenpeg" initiative. Lithium mica is lepidolite, not muscovite. Granite is certainly not considered "slag" and no geologist would ever use that term. Granite is the melt product of Crustal rocks and what floats on top of a melt is called "slag", as in a furnace. The pegmatites might just qualify for that term, so your report is somewhat inaccurate, a problem we tend to have with scientific journalists.
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  269. Sweden produces its electricity from hydro (50%) and nuclear (45%), the rest is gas and renewables. I would be happy to hear Greta mention this fact.
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  270. A flat battery can be recharged fully, a defective battery won't charge properly if at all.
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  271. And where do you get the tritium from?
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  272. Hi Drew, your Geiger counter won't register radon which can be as high as 1 million Bq/m³ in a uranium mine with no ventilation running. 1M Bq/m³ (27,000 pCi/L) is about 5000 times the accepted "safe" level and equivalent to having more than 200 chest x-rays in the 30 mins you spend in there. You are buying a lung cancer ticket in a small lottery.
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  273.  @RadioactiveDrew  You are missing the point and need to learn a bit about the physics of radon detection. We use radon methods all the time in uranium exploration and your Geiger counter does not work as a radon detector because you are not dealing with a point source of alpha emitters nor gamma emitters as they are spread throughout a volume and a GM detector is very inefficient anyway. You have to use appropriate equipment - horses for courses. Your problem, not mine. Speak to an expert at a modern uranium mine.
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  274. If you have an MRI scan you will be placed in a 1.5 Tesla magnet (some even more powerful than that). I asked the radiographer in our local hospital if anyone ever sensed the magnetic field but she said no. The Earth;s field is only 65 micro-teslas at most, so can anyone really detect that?
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  275.  @WhiteWolf047  Too low and slow for an auto-rotation!
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  276.  @slaughterhouse5585  Yes, air at a higher temperature and/or at a high altitude is less dense and as a result wings, propellers and rotors have less lift, or thrust, as the case may be and piston engines have a reduced power output. For fixed-wing aircraft a higher "density altitude" also implies a longer take-off roll and reduced climb performance. For rotor-wing it means less lift. For high airports in mountainous regions or in hot countries, e.g. Dubai, or places like Madrid, both hot (in summer) and high, a pilot will make a calculation using graphs or a flight computer - or even a pilot's slide rule - to make an adjustment to the aircraft's expected performance. The atmospheric air pressure (on the altimeter setting scale) and the outside air temp ("OAT") are the inputs to the calculation. A favorite question on the PPL exam paper!
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  277. (1) An MBA is a negative NPV project so get someone else to pay for it. (2) You will need 10+ years of management experience ideally to get value from it. (3) But don't bother with it if you are a man over 50 or a woman over 40, the upper management doors will have closed already to that as a booster. Your experience will be of far greater value. However, keep up to date with business subjects like marketing, finance, logistics, HRM and general project management and decision-making. Some knowledge of accounting is always useful. These skills are transportable and you will see where the opportunities lie in your own company or in another one.
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  278. The carbon makes the rubber slightly softer and gives better adhesion, that is why "winter tires" wear rapidly if used all through the year. A car is effectively a Faraday cage and conductive tires would make no difference to a strike, so the carbon is not used primarily to make the rubber conductive.
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  279.  @sirtobi6006  Static charges are a real problem if you work on some types of electronic equipment, SSDs, and RAM chips etc. especially in warm dry weather. Some carpet materials combined with rubber slippers can develop charges so strong that you can hear them crackle and even see the spark, as well as the wearer delivering nasty shocks to anyone they touch!
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  280. ​ @SimonBuchanNz  I was simply stating that in the original version of the Linda question in Kahneman's book , there was a Venn diagram showing the two intersecting possibilities of tellers and activists, not one inside the other as shown in this video at 11:27.
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  281. You can't just let a traumatised victim run off into the darkness. She is the principal evidence of why they had to shoot the hostage-taker.
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  282. Yes, there are plenty of them, we tend to only hear the bad stories.
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  283. Probably truer than you think! The Victorians knew what to do with people who identified as Napoleon.
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  284.  @michaellyne8773  Yes that's true. They tried to de-dust themselves after every outside mission but dust did get into the spacecraft. What is the point you are making about this?
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  285.  @michaellyne8773  Regolith is a nice same for any surface covering, here on Earth we call it soil. Yes there were sharp rocks and there was a risk of tearing the space suit (made up of a series of layers including kevlar) and they had a few close shaves falling over. The surface was not "filled with deadly radiation" but if a solar flare had occurred, the drill was to get back inside the LEM. The radiation is charged particle mostly and a metallic shell provides good protection, 2mm of aluminium stops beta radiation which is high-speed electrons. The "anomalies" come from conspiracy theorists, the flag, the blast crater, the shadows etc., but they can't explain the radio transmissions nor the retro-reflectors nor the Moon rocks!
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  286.  @michaellyne8773  You need to study physics before you can make informed comments!
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  287.  @michaellyne8773  Alan Shepard did hit a golf ball and it did go far. If you prefer to read and watch junk science then that is your choice.
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  288.  @michaellyne8773  There was a space race between the USA and the USSR, very much Cold war stuff as supremacy in space was a signal of technological superiority a sort of "don't mess with us because we can wipe you out" message. Gagarin didn't orbit, just a ballistic trajectory as did Alan Shepard. The USA's John Glenn was the first to orbit and that was considered a true expedition into space. The Russians then put the first woman into space but they had a series of tragic accidents and their plans to go to the Moon ran out of motivation and money. The USA was effectively bankrupting the USSR. It is you who perceives "anomalies", there are none and I only deal with facts as a scientist. You prefer to believe in conspiracy theories which can be easily debunked, the dust in your documentary does not hang in the air as it would on Earth because there is no air on the Moon. Many people are superstitious, believe in astrology and miracles and prefer fiction to fact. That is their choice but don't forget that to appeal to the gullible (and ensure an audience with high advertising ratings) many documentaries try to be sensational as we see here on YT also - e.g. "Extreme crosswind" when the video shows mild turbulence, not "extreme" in the least. Now explain how we got the Moon rocks which no laboratory can fake? And btw, they are not particularly radioactive as charged particle bombardment does not make a rock radioactive, a fact you would know if you had a degree in physics.
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  289.  @michaellyne8773  Can you see the stars during the daytime? They were on the Moon at the border between day and night, called the "terminator". With no atmosphere, the temperature of an object can be very different to a neighbouring object as there is no direct transfer of heat by conduction or convection from say the ground to the spacesuit.
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  290.  @michaellyne8773  I'm glad you rest your case, because it is tiresome to discuss something with someone who is a moving target, never answering questions, always asking new ones and totally committed not to learn anything! I'll bet you either didn't read the articles on the VA Belts nor the Hasselblad camera, and I suppose you wouldn't have understood them anyway. So goodbye and enjoy your fiction!
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  291.  @michaellyne8773  Good question, if somewhat unromantic!! Someone has a video on that very topic, but all I do know is that Alan Shepard (first US man into space, but not an orbit just a ballistic trajectory) wore some kind of diaper or nappy!! I'm guessing that the Apollo mission crew had to do their business into some kind of sanitary bag which was probably left on the Moon along with those Hasselblad cameras and all non-essential kit. I have had to go longer than 24 hours without a toilet visit in the Arctic but I had great sympathy for those Antarctic explorers with the risk of frostbite in a sensitive place!! More details here: https://www.space.com/22597-space-poop-astronaut-toilet-explained.html And here's a video but I didn't watch it... /watch?v=w5y0mTqK54k&t=1s Enjoy!
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  292. Mechanics fix engines, engineers design them.
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  293.  @saveitforparts  True! To replace one headlight bulb, I have to remove the radiator!
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  294. Because the "new" approach is to have these people back in the community. The Victorians knew what to do.
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  295. Doesn't work for elements below magnesium Z=12 which is where all the dangerous stuff is, e.g. carbon and nitrogen compounds etc.
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  296. Your cell phone only has to go about 30 miles offshore to lose the signal. radar only works to about 200 miles. Unless an airliner transmits a signal to a locator satellite it can't be traced. There is a system but the airline has to pay for the service. After the accident, more airlines have signed up for this service.
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  297.  @captainprototype187  I'm presuming you are talking about a lead-acid (i.e. car-type) batttery or a lead gel-cell? A 12V car headlight (55W) connected to the battery should light for 3 minutes without going dim, and the voltage should still read 12V. If the light goes dim and the voltage drops below 10V then it is the battery that is failing. If this test is OK, then perhaps there is a fault elsewhere in the scooter. Garages also have testers which put a heavy load (100A) to mimic a starter motor load, and that shows up a battery fault immediately. Good luck!
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  298. What did he want his rifle for?
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  299. If you watch enough of these videos you will see that tasers often don't work. The crazy guy can get to you with a knife in 1-2 seconds.
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  300.  @Dragrath1  Alpha particles have mass (4 AMU), travel at about 5% of the speed of light and have a double charge, so they certainly have energy, typically 4 MeV and pack a punch, hence their RBE=20. As radon decays into two or three other alpha-emitters, it is not so much the radon as its progeny inside the lungs, stuck there and emitting alpha particles into tissue with nothing to stop them.
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  301.  @frankdimeglio8216  I'm sorry, but that is not a scientific paper by any means! It is full of slashes/diagonal bars and does not read properly, apart from not making much sense. It is just a jumble of words strung together! Apart from which, internet etiquette is to avoid using upper case letters as they are analogous to shouting. Anybody who fills their text with uppercase words cannot be taken seriously and most people will not read them anyway.
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  302. I agree. The fashion for "tactical" green and black is for military purposes, but for any outdoors enthusiast, a high-viz color is essential for critical items of kit, e.g. knives, keys, torches, compasses, phones and GPS among others. A second small torch is essential in case the main one falls and goes out.
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  303. In Europe we are told it is due to plasticisers such as phthalates in some plastic cups, shampoos, detergents and even the insulation on electrical wiring. These plasticisers can be liberated into water and the atmosphere under certain conditions. Another suspect is the amount of estrogens which enter the water supplies where waste water containing them is treated to make drinking water.
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  304. Ein Messer ist eine tödliche Waffe, wie uns die Taliban gezeigt haben.
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  305. You don't have much humanity in you, but you're in a minority fortunately.
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  306. It is portrayed very accurately, the producers had good advice on the topic and the actor plays it to perfection.
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  307. Crossed off the bucket list....
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  308. Ohm's Law really only applies to metals and direct current and is not really a "law" as there are many things that do not obey it. For example, semi-conductors, ionised gases, ionic solutions, soil and rocks, and incandescent lamps. Alternating current circuits do not obey it if there are inductive or resistive components. Even metals do not obey it at high current densities. However, for most DC electrical circuits it is a fairly useful formula.
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  309.  @hannahbrown2728  Yes, you're right, and they reacted quickly. The sight of the driver running must have been a scare!
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  310. Armed with an ice pick and white, looked mentally disturbed.
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  311.  @commie5211  However, gallium and germanium are not rare earth elements and they are found in many locations, which was the point I didn't make very well!
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  312. True. They have forgotten who got them out of the hell that was created twice in one century by Germany.
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  313. Copper is recycled as much as possible, it already reduces a little of the demand. However copper is very enduring and rarely needs to be replaced/recycled, so demand is skyrocketing.
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  314. There was a paper published where the authors claimed that "dogs aligned themselves with the Earth's magnetic field to defecate". Viz.: "Dogs are sensitive to small variations of the Earth’s magnetic field Vlastimil Hart, Petra Nováková, Erich Pascal Malkemper, Sabine Begall, Vladimír Hanzal, Miloš Ježek, Tomáš Kušta, Veronika Němcová, Jana Adámková, Kateřina Benediktová, Jaroslav Červený & Hynek Burda Frontiers in Zoology volume 10, Article number: 80 (2013) Being a geophysicist, I took my daughter's dog out and brought a compass. Theory debunked on every poo stop! And I know of lots more of this BS (!) e.g. hydrogeologists using geophysical data incorrectly to give "credibility" to their work.
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  315. Miners in Colorado during the WW2 Manhattan Project were usually native Americans who had invented tobacco.
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  316. Not a battery, a nuclear generator https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/instruments/rtg/
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  317. Thumbs down for exaggeration - the event did not "irradiate" a large part of Canada, but it did indeed contaminate with sporadic fragments scattered over a wide area.
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  318. Yes that is a fair description. The "middle" or base voltage has to be either >0.7V or <0.7V for a silicon device, less (about 0.3V) for a germanium one.
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  319.  @senorpepper3405  It is done industrially by compressing air which gets hot, then cooling it and letting it expand, which lowers the temperature significantly. This process is repeated until it get to the liquid phase, when the nitrogen is evaporated off, leaving liquid oxygen. Definitely not equipment you would find in a chemistry set!
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  320.  @rpbajb  That's what he said in his autobiography.
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  321. According to a textbook on the Russian probes, they were used to create turbulence to stabilise the craft and prevent it spinning, which was thought to have caused earlier probes to crash. It was not known if these teeth actually worked, but later probes with them were successful. However, as there were several other design changes, it's anybody's guess as to what worked.
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  322. Melting permafrost at minus 50C in winter? That's amazing!
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  323. Bullets are deflected going through a windshield, a waste of ammunition.
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  324. I was travelling to Madrid and back to London with a lot of equipment which I presented as excess baggage. At London I was asked to put the boxes on the scales one by one and was told it was 44 kg which surprised me as being a bit on the light side, but then the pleasant news that BA would not be charging me for it. Returning from Madrid a few days later, I was told to put it all on together as they had more space around the scales. The total was 93 kg and I got charged for the whole lot! Made me wonder about how they estimate the weight and balance....
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  325. Fully, not "fulsome" but you could be actually correct, as "fulsome" is somewhat ambiguous and can be interpreted as "excessive, flattering and insincere" which is probably what it was!
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  326. I would be impressed if they wore rough wool clothes and wooden clogs, but they wear clothes made from synthetic products of the petroleum industry!
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  327. The Doppler shift only affects frequency and is already factored in. The transmission rates are to overcome signal/noise ratio which gets worse with distance. The plutonium RTG battery is dying, so which effect puts an end to the communication is irrelevant.
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  328. I'm not going to dip my Wicke there for sure!
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  329. What band of spectral response can distinguish between metals like aluminium and steel?
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  330.  @RadioactiveDrew  Not true Drew! Google on the Stanley Watras case. There have been many cases in Europe, one where a house built over karst limestone (i.e cavities) had almost 50 KBq/m³ and everybody who lived in that house died from lung cancer. The original cases came from Sweden in the 60s where some houses built with blocks containing uranium (from roasted shale) gave very high radon concentrations of radon with very definite health consequences.
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  331. The spoilers ("lift dumpers" are always on the UPPER surface, while lots of other items are placed below the wing because that part if only contributing 20% at most of the lift. Every pilot is aware of the loss of lift caused by dirt or ice on the upper surface, and we're not too bothered by dirt, grass etc. of the lower surface. The wing stalls when the airflow on the upper surface becomes turbulent. The Newtonian downward deflection is just a distraction!
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  332. And megagrammes for tonnes? I units can be a nuisance!
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  333. It is a memorial to warn people not to vote for political systems that deliver them into war and destruction. The German public thought Hitler would create a "new world order and a perfect society", but he didn't.
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  334. A niece of mine is a martial arts expert and a footballer. If he had done this to her he would be holding his crotch for a very different reason, and with a look of agony too!
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  335.  @StoneShards  The electron is like an ant, the charge to mass ratio is huge, so a slow movement of electrons - and there are a lot of them in 1 square millimeter - is plenty to give rise to a large current. They do not travel at 96% of the speed of light, that might be beta particles in air, but not electrons in a metal conductor. The velocity as you say, is proportional to the voltage gradient.
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  336.  @StoneShards  Hi Peter, I re-read your message and I see where the confusion arises. The impulse effect of a current is almost instantaneous as you say, but wave motion is not particle motion as you can see in the sea where a wave passes but a floating object just bobs up and down. If you google on "drift velocity" there is a calculation on a Wikipedia page that shows a velocity of 23um/s for a 1A current in a 2mm diameter copper conductor. My estimate was for 10A and would give 83cm/hour for the same 2mm wire, close to my "back of the envelope" 1 metre/hour.
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  337.  @StoneShards  Yes, "current" as a wave travels fast, but not the electrons! Those executive desk toys with a line of steel balls illustrates that nicely - one ball strikes one end and the ball at the far end jumps off. The wave moved fast but the intervening balls hardly moved at all.
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  338. When you take a hostage at knife or gun point, you have already thrown your "human" rights away. He was told to drop the knife and he refused, so he signed his own death warrant.
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  339. Electroboom has a very good video on what happens and what doesn't happen with metals, foil, cutlery etc. youtube.com/watch?v=OyTmJX_TC84
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  340. You weren't listening, were you? It's not about solid iron bar magnets, it's about self-exciting dynamos.
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  341.  @davidford3115  In the Windscale fire, the plant manager, Tom Tuohy, actually looked into the core and thought that this "was a bad idea". He lived to over 90 years.
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  342. Just a minor point about Am241. The gamma radiation is about 60 KeV (35% yield) and at that energy, the half-value level is 0.09 mm of lead, or 0.4 mm of aluminium. Ten HVLs would attenuate this radiation to less than 0.1% so 1mm of lead or 4 mm of aluminium will effectively reduce the radiation from a smoke alarm source to an almost undetectable (using the equipment in the video) value.
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  343. If they are in a solid substance, e.g. some uranium ore, then there are alpha detectors including Geiger tubes with mica windows, PIN diodes and semiconductor sensors. If the alpha emitters are in the air, then you need a system to either collect them on a filter and look for the Bi-214 gamma emissions, or use a semiconductor detector, or a sensitive plastic film which has to be etched and examined under a microscope to count the tracks. Another method is to fill an ion chamber with the air (or gas) and measure the ionisation current, or use a scintillation detector (Lucas cell) with activated ZnS and a photomultiplier to count the scintillations.
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  344. No, but the Moon rocks cannot be faked, any geochemical lab would spot a fake as easily as you would spot a fake rock band. Also, the transmissions from the Moon were monitored by radio astronomers all over the world - explain how to fake that!
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  345. It wasn't her first solo, first cross-country after say 30 hours training. One would expect at least 6 landings per hour, so nearly 200 landings would not be surprising.
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  346.  @Berry_84  The people who set the school curriculum don't like change because it would upset their system of grading.
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  347. Many neighbours of the defunct 1 MW VLF transmitter "NSS" at Annapolis, Maryland (East coast USA) claimed that the signal from the transmitter was so powerful that it could be picked up in dental fillings!
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  348. Nice video but clickbait title. Problem with "explanations" about warping space, is that they do not help in any way to explain how gravity works, rather they confuse people with little scientific knowledge. Geophysicists carry out gravity surveys for oil and mineral exploration, as well as geological studies, where the gravitational acceleration is measured by very sensitive gravimeters, corrections applied for distance from the centre of the earth, lunar and solar tidal effects, and for the effect of the rotation of the planet as a well as local topography near the gravimeter. It works and nobody is being "lied to".
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  349. NASA were advised by James VAN ALLEN - the discoverer of the Van Allen belts, in case you didn't se the connection. Let's see if you are able to understand this: https://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov/earth/10Page120.pdf
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  350. You have a computer but you don't know how to do research on the net? There were computers in the 60s. As a student, I was using an IBM 360 in university and that was 1966. Of course, they didn't have to bring an IBM360 with them, they had a smaller one for navigation and calculating the trajectory, not for storing music, holiday photos and videos.
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  351.  @ApolloKid1961  The other way around in science, nobody disproved that they were real. The Moon rocks were examined by geochemists all over the world and could not have been faked. Observatories all over the world monitored the communications coming from the Moon. Those two incontrovertible facts have not and cannot be disproved, least of all by internet trolls!
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  352. One of the most rabid student activists when I was at college in the 70s is now one of the most highly paid radio presenters! So much for the idealogy...
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  353. There is no scam, the prices are all visible when you book. You choose what price (time/day) suits your wallet, just like when you choose which restaurant to go to. If the rich people didn't pay for the first class, the economy tickets would be much more expensive. To fly from London to Paris can cost less than the long-term carpark while you are away.
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  354. This old film is waaay out of date! You might as well watch how the Victorians built bridges with cast iron in the day or used horses and steam winches! Modern uranium mining in the civilized world is done by well-informed experts using robotic mining machines where necessary, and all under the watchful eyes of trade unions and H&S authorities. Things might be different in N. Korea however.
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  355. That would make the pigs sick!
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  356.  @meseretgglove8093  Rocks that have unusual compositions that do not occur on this planet and cannot be manufactured. Samples were sent to many geochemical labs around the world and a fake would have been easily spotted. So where did they come from then?
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  357. The sensors have to be cleaned! I have both types installed and the ionisation types are definitely superior to the optical ones.
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  358.  @MaulikParmar210  It s called NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance, and it is the proton spin that is involved.
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  359. Three minutes in a light aircraft doing aerobatics while you have your eyes covered will convince you!
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  360.  @peter2346  Yes, that's what I understood!
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  361.  @the_flat_earth_warriorz  How do altimeters work then?
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  362.  @r3ckl3ssofficial  That is true - it can be very difficult to know what is happening without stopping, looking and risking getting involved. If one of them is slobbering and acting weird and the other is trying to be reasonable, then you make your decision based on that. Have a good look at the one who runs away too!
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  363. Not even 0.001% of the fuel required to do that onboard. It only carried fuel to make slight trajectory adjustments.
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  364.  @truthadvocacy  There is no gain in taking others with you, it makes no rational sense.
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  365. Everywhere in trace amounts that cost thousands of times more money that the amount is worth. You need an economic deposit concentrated by geological processes.
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  366. Les criminels déplacent souvent les corps lorsque les fouilles sont terminées. Ou ils pourraient avoir des parties du corps dispersées sur une zone plus large.
    2
  367.  @toadamine  Are you aware that on the Moon the gravity is only one-sixth of what we experience here on Earth? Your "great force" is not so great at all, and in a vacuum the expelled gas from the engine spreads out in all directions, not in a downward concentrated jet as in an atmosphere. Very fine dust is indeed thrown up but on the images it is not visible, like when eating sandwiches on a beach in a strong wind. In space, you don't need strong fuselages like in our atmosphere.
    2
  368.  @toadamine  Clouds in the atmosphere that we have on Earth. No atmosphere on the Moon so no clouds of water vapor or whatever to hang around. The rocket that lifted them off from Earth was massive, all the fuel, the three stages, plus the lunar and service modules to escape earth's gravity. The lunar module only had itself to lift up into lunar orbit, not to escape from the Moon's gravity. The lunar module's engine did not bring them back to Earth. You have the internet and all the answers you want are there to be found.
    2
  369. There is the equivalent of 7.7% oxygen (partial pressure) and the engines are sucking in a lot of air.
    2
  370. That is not true nowadays, perhaps in the 1940s during the Manhattan project era when miners were often native Americans who also smoked a lot! It was very difficult to determine if it was the tobacco or the radioactive dust that gave them lung cancer. Nowadays the unions are very up to date with occupational hazard awareness and uranium mines are monitored by several agencies. Miners are also very knowledgeable, (they don't have long beards and use pickaxes these days) and will wear dosimeters and are trained how to monitor their working environment. uranium mines will be highly ventilated and if the ore is really high-grade as in Cigar Lake (Can) they will use remote-controlled mining machinery with no personnel underground at all.
    2
  371. The current distances are: Voyager-1: 165 AU Voyager-2: 138 AU Pioneer-10: 137 AU Pioneer-11: 115 AU and New Horizons is only 60 AU away from the Sun. One AU (Astronomical Unit) is the average distance between the Sun and the Earth, about 150 million km or 93 million miles. So Voyager-1 is leading the field by a few furlongs because it is going faster, while Pioneer-11 is the slowest of the pack.
    2
  372. He was shot and killed by the pursuing patrols.
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  373.  @amramjose  Whatever works best for you, stick to it!
    2
  374.  @WTF_BBQ  "Hole" flow is for semiconductors, not conventional flow as in metallic conductors. Some beginners find a current flowing from negative to positive very counter-intuitive. Also the rules about induction like Lenz's law have to be reversed for electron flow as they were devised for conventional flow. The best thing is to stick to whichever system you were taught for electronics. In physics we always use electron flow.
    2
  375. That might have been his father, Edmond becquerel who discovered silver halides, which were the basis of all film photography for 150 years.
    2
  376. Yes, they all use it as well as the Russian system. Soon (!) the EU will have their own system too. Advanced navigation systems can use both GPS and GLONASS.
    2
  377. Don't forget, she received TWO Nobel Prizes!! One for chemistry and the other for physics.
    2
  378.  @penponds  Google on the nurse Lucia de Berque (not sure of spelling) she was accused and convicted of infant murders in a hospital where she worked. Her duty roster correlated with the suspicious deaths and her interest in tarot cards was added to the prosecution case. However, it turned out that other people had rosters which also correlated, so an "unsafe" conviction. I need to read it again but I think she was released and pardoned.
    2
  379.  @millomweb  Alpha particles are charged atoms of helium, they most certainly do exist!
    2
  380. But they can do that if the atmosphere is stratified. It often only lasts for 20-30 minutes. A fairly rare phenomenon, so quite possibly faked as real photos are hard to come by. The point is that the air might be doing it even without cloud formation, so you don't see it and you get clear air turbulence or "cat". Passengers have been bounced around in aircraft entering this stuff downwind of the Rockies, which is why you should always have your seatbelt on, even if loosened.
    2
  381. Do that and you will get a jail sentence! I think you are confusing Spain with South America and Mexico.
    2
  382.  @南霁云-w6u  Gallium and germanium are found in zinc deposits and are a by-product of that industry. In the Victorian era, the soot in the chimneys of zinc smelters was "harvested" for germanium.
    2
  383. Some density meters use a source of 1mCi Cs-137, that is about 10,000x times what you are showing us! Other manufacturers claim to use sources like you are showing so that licencing isn't required, at least, not in the USA. So I think we can assume that the source lost in Australia was a fairly hot one! The containers are probably made of lead with a powder coat to protect them.
    2
  384. There was the Concorde, television and computers. Perhaps you are talking about 1869?
    2
  385.  @gorgo54  Australia is a great mining nation. However even if production might be high for a few years, reserves are what ultimately matter most, in terms of sustainability.
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  386.  @gorgo54  There is a big difference in the cost of extracting lithium from hard-rock deposits like pegmatites and from liquid brines. Ditto for seawater which contains less than 1 gram per ton Li, as compared to 1000+ g/t for brines. Easy to ramp up production from a brine extraction plant on a huge dried lake but difficult for a pegmatite body.
    2
  387.  @OneAndOnlyMe  Too much caution and also bureaucracy stifle innovation and progress. Americans value experience and motivation, but Europeans always want to form committees and deliberate for months or years, and then give the job to some under-qualified honcho who plays better politics!
    2
  388. The Greeks pronounce beta like "veeta" so the English "beeta" is closer than "bay-ta".
    2
  389. You are absolutely correct! Ironic, isn't it?
    2
  390. He caused his own death!
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  391. Yes, circulating cold water actually cools a region of tens of metres around the production wells so geothermal power is more like mining heat. After a long period of time (tens to hundreds of years), the Earth's heat flow gradually re-heats the region that has been cooled.
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  392. It is the wings that do the flying. The fuselage just hangs off the wings, not the other way around.
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  393. And of course you knew they would never carry guns nor be prepared to shoot at the police?
    2
  394. Not true, very recently a women in Ireland was killed by her own dogs.
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  395. Great answer!
    2
  396.  @sdhlkfhalkjgd  If you visit the Marie Curie museum in Paris you will see it was called the "Radium Institute" and the main work there was treating cancerous tumors and that was in 1900-1910. The radium girls poisoning happened in the 1920s. The effects of neutron radiation were not known until the Manhattan project and WWII as you say, but the biological effects and dangers of alpha, beta and gamma radiation were certainly known before then.
    2
  397. No longer a threat? You probably thought he was "no longer a threat" when the knife was on the ground? A crazy guy can do anything , especially when he has grabbed a knife in front of armed officers. He could turn around and stab the nearest one and as he is not complying with authorised orders to stop and drop the weapon, they have the right to stop him by any means. That's the law in the US, if you don't like it, then you might prefer to live elsewhere.
    2
  398.  @Joda5212  I was using computers in 1968, it was not the stone age!
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  399.  @Joda5212  Of course you knew the gravity on the Moon is only one-sixth of that on Earth, and a crater in solid rock with a few cm of powdery dust on top? - a huge engine wasn't needed. Look at a harrier jump jet hovering - is there a crater? Not even on a a beach. You have a computer with access to the internet but it is you who cannot accept any evidence because you have been conned by the moon landing deniers - you are the believer! Fooling you is clearly very easy to do. Now goodbye.
    2
  400. We have had that in Europe when a man, hiding his depression, murdered his wife and children and then killed himself. The media reported him as "a pillar of the community" because he was on the board of a sports club. He was a scumbag.
    2
  401. True - it is the energy they have as a result of their high ejection velocities.
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  402. Uranium mines are not necessarily "large", many are quite modest. Copper mines are huge and many can be seen on google earth images.
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  403.  @b.p.stimemachines2327  They are not strip mines as you would find for lignite e.g. in Germany or Pennsylvania. Some copper mines e.g. Bingham Canyon (Utah) are very large and deep pits. There are more in Chile. Worth a look on google earth!
    2
  404.  @mik212who7  A group of dark-green and dense iron-magnesium rich volcanic rocks with serpentinite minerals typical of the Oceanic Crust. When found on continents, they are proof of plate tectonic activity which formed oceanic basins but are now closed up.
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  405. Except that he made a mistake - it should be 89 billion dollars!
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  406. Humans contain about 300 times more potassium than a banana. Potassium is the most widespread radioactive element in the earth's crust - rocks and soils, as well as in in plants and animals too. K40 is present to about 0.0117% in all natural potassium. Using bananas was a "fun" idea to convey to the public the tiny amounts of radiation present in the environment.
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  407.  @SpeedChecked  It's easy to focus on the instruments when you are sitting in the comfort of your home. Even in moderate turbulence, subtracting 180 from 320 becomes a very difficult task! Forcing oneself to disregard a conviction that you are turning to the left when the instruments show a climbing turn to the right is very difficult at first. I wonder if many simmers know how to set up a scan of the instruments and what procedures to follow for IFR manoeuvres etc, as bad techniques can become ingrained. Once qualified for IFR, I'm sure that practicing procedures on a sim is very useful.
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  408. Yes, next time you have an operation, ask the surgeon to not bother with a mask.
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  409.  @essexchillis2980  My grandson had covid and had no symptoms except he was off football for 2 days. The antigen test showed he as infectious all the same. If he infected your child who then brought it home to infect you and you end up on a respirator, what would you say then? Infectious diseases are not a joke for the minority of unfortunates who react badly.
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  410.  @essexchillis2980  Operating room staff wear masks for a good reason,. A dirty mask worn day after day probably does make the risk of infection to the wearer increase! The mask is not so much to protect oneself, as to protect others from possibly infected breath.
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  411.  @essexchillis2980  I think you are wrong about our "latent immune system" as it never worked against polio, TB or Ebola, nor does it work against malaria or AIDS. You are reading anti-vax propaganda!
    2
  412. The CEO of a UK company I was discussing a possible agency with stated "you will be expected to give 110% commitment to us". I replied, "that's impossible, you will never find anyone!". The promised luncheon meeting was immediately cancelled and I was very pleased, he wasn't....
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  413. A few years ago I had a large SUV and was astonished to see people in even small cars tailgating me. A large articulated lorry tried it so I flicked on the rear fog-lights - there were two of them on that car - and the lorry almost jack-knifed. The lorry then came up real close again. Now I was getting scared in case I had to stop at a traffic lights, so I just turned off into a small side-road and waited for a while before coming back to the main road and the lorry was long gone by then. It might have taught that driver a lesson, maybe not, but I learned not to try that stunt again. The advice in this video to drive smoothly and ignore the tailgater is the best.
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  414. The host Monte Hall was a scientist (he studied chemistry) and he said that he had noticed over the years the reality that the players who switched did better than those who stayed.
    2
  415. If you switch you are choosing two doors, one of which the host kindly opens for you. Your chances are doubled. The host knows where the car is and will never open that door, so it's not 50:50.
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  416. No, a side-band is a frequency harmonic but a side-lobe is energy being propagated in a separate beam at an angle to the main beam, a bit like the light that spills to one side of a car headlamp due to an imperfect reflector.
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  417. The rock pressure will just close the hole no matter what device made it! It happens in ever mine, even at shallow depths, the mining engineers call it "convergence".
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  418. Until you get fired for disagreeing - google on the Enoch Burke case, he was a teacher in Ireland last year and tried to stand up for his beliefs.
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  419. Yes, who was it who invented the term "regime change"? Blair & Bush with the help of Donald Rumsfeld, I seem to remember The hypocrisy is staggering!
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  420. Wind supplies about 40% of Denmark's needs, but fossil fuel is still about 35% and you also import electricity, 5% of which is nuclear generated. Sweden is a better example, 45% nuclear, 50% hydro and the remainder made up of renewable, oil and biomass.
    2
  421.  @johnmcdermott2551  If you look at the video the hostage taker is sitting on the ground. What do you mean by "unless he's on the ground"?
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  422. Except that GPS can be turned off or spoofed in any conflict situation. VORs are not going away in Europe for the foreseeable future.
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  423. It is rising, but at less than 2mm per year, his beach house is safe for a few centuries!
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  424.  @baloofilmschannel  Do you know what the average sea level rise is since the end of the last Ice Age maximum 20,000 years ago? It was 120 metres, that's 6mm/year average. If it is 1.7mm/y (NOAA figure) now, then it has slowed down. Why pick 1970 as your starting point?
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  425. A 1 litre steel bottle in the car always, at least one 500mL aluminium bottle on the rucksack, and a strong plastic bag in your back pocket. In an emergency, you might find that the plastic bag in the back pocket is the only one you will have.
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  426. She had a gun in the car and who could the officer know if she had another gun in her jacket? The dodgy body language tells a lot about people.
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  427. Some people still believe in !"air pockets"!! Turbulence consists mainly of updrafts and downdrafts as the air is moving rapidly in convection cells due to temperature and humidity differences.
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  428. Yes, for parallel connection each diode should have its own resistor, not one resistor for all!
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  429. The temp rises at 30C per km and the rock pressure is nearly 3 times what it would be under water at the same depth. Rock begins to flow like plastic at 12km and squeezes the drill rods so drilling just becomes impossible.
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  430. So the Sudan should grow potatoes and plant forests and Iceland should grow grapes? And what's going to happen to the sea? Have you ever heard of "trade"? - That's how it starts.....
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  431. @ Yes, a French word originally, but English speakers say "Hey Basil, throw me a boy!"
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  432. This show is really infuriating, even if the presenter is beautiful. Bunsen burners were connected to the little pipe on the side of nearly every gas cooker in kitchens of that era, electric cookers were considered somewhat dangerous as it was not easy to control the heat level. Many men had knowledge of gas fitters including my dad and my uncles and it was they who made the connection to the cooker adding a control valve for safety. They had turned the gas off at the meter first. However, when they checked the fitting by holding a lighted match close to it, I did get a bit concerned. Any gas leak would have revealed itself by a small flame and there could be no explosion unless a large amount of the rather smelly gas had escaped, filling the room. There's a lot of misunderstanding about chemicals, gas, explosions, poisons, etc. on the web that are quite incorrect and gullible people who have no scientific background believe them. But like this documentary, scaremongering always gets peoples attention!
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  433.  @Silent_Ears  That is because you are a normal rational person!
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  434. And we thought fascism had ended with WW2... The mind control people are on the move again in various guises. Just ask yourself who is trying to change the way we do things and for whose benefit are they doing it.
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  435. What solid evidence was there against her, apart from "being there" which is circumstantial. I wish the media would report the other evidence. She had no motive and no obvious psychopathic behaviour - very strange. There was a Dutch nurse with a similar first name Lucia de Berk who was also convicted on the fact that she "was there" and also had tarot cards as a hobby, which of course was used to make her look like a killer. It is called "prosecutors fallacy". Turned out she was innocent. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXeEExItxbE
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  436. Ventilation, dosimeters, training, litigious unions and knowledgeable miners. Also several agencies monitoring H&S plus weekly urine samples and health checks. In high-grade mines like Cigar lake they use remote-controlled mining machinery.
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  437. Intolerant and undemocratic - their party name is a misnomer!
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  438. The world managed fairly well without electronics, but the invention of the electric telegraph meant you didn't have to send a guy on a horse, or a homing pigeon or smoke signals. Fire and the wheel were the greatest advances for civilization. The internet is good, like clothes, shoes, medicines, boats aircraft road transport etc, and food products, but we managed without them for a very long time.
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  439. The 16 kHz signal was from Rugby and operated by the GPO for many years. Built in 1926, it was for communication with the colonies but when shortwave enabled long distance communications for a lot less power, the transmitter was changed to naval use, mainly for submarines. During the Falklands war it was found to be "very good" for the South Atlantic. It was demolished in 2004 and replaced by Anthorn and Skelton. Parts of it are in the spy museum near Nantwich.
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  440. They don't want oil and gas produced around the UK, so that we will have to rely on imports from....Russia! Think about it - who is likely funding them? Ditto for the anti-nuclear protestors - prevent the "enemies" from being self-reliant, it weakens them just like blockades did during WW1 and WW2.
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  441. It was only kept a conspiracy by keeping all the crew on board and eventually when the project was completed, the story was out. That's the way with all conspiracies, the cost of keeping them is too high - you have to either pay everybody for a very long time or else lock them up! Only small ones with less than 5 or 6 people can remain intact, and that is usually a family grouping.
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  442. It's rather technical - read this https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso4--Voyager_new.pdf
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  443. Most rocks contain from 1 to 4 ppm uranium and although granites contain more than sedimentary rocks, any rock if fractured enough will be emitting radon. So cavernous limestone formations ("karst" often have high radon associated with them. Soils derived from weathered rock have a high surface area as they are granular, so a dry loose soil will emanate a lot of radon and if it is derived from a granite, then even more so. Soil radon measurements are often made for uranium exploration and this is where this information is coming from.
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  444.  @RadioactiveDrew  Gamma radiation is attenuated by ALL materials! It depends on four factors: (1) the energy of the radiation, (2) the attenuation coefficient of the material for that energy (3) the thickness of the material and (4) the density of the material. Sometimes the attenuation coefficient is already multiplied by the density, that depends on what tables you use. Just like the half-life, the attenuation is often quoted in the more practical "half value layer" which is the thickness to reduce the gamma radiation by 50%. It is an exponential, so a double thickness does not totally stop the radiation, rather it reduces it to 25%. Low-energy gamma radiation, like "soft" x-rays, are more easily absorbed in human tissue than the higher-energy variety.
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  445.  @RadioactiveDrew  You are right. We all have our own accents and pronunciation and should not be coerced into some "standard" English!
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  446. This is how they do it - a large high-gain receiving antenna on Earth and a smaller high-gain antenna on the spacecraft, plus a very low data transmission rate, 40 bps I think (it's in the article) https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso4--Voyager_ed.pdf
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  447. It gradually increases in size during the week before the 27th and gradually decreases during the following week. The increase is only about 10% at maximum, but it appears greater, especially if the moon is low in the sky.
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  448. The interesting thing about Ramsar is that the incidence of cancers is not any higher than anywhere else! So the mantra of "no safe level of radiation" is once again disproven.
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  449.  @therbertme  That is of no consequence in dealing with electricity or electronic circuits. In metallic conductors, the outermost electrons can leave the vicinity of their atom and wander freely through the metallic molecular lattice. In a single atom, these outermost electrons are held, albeit weakly, but when a lot of atoms are present as in a metal, the forces holding them are reduced collectively and they become free to move. These are known as "conduction" electrons and give rise to electricity.
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  450. https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/instruments/rtg/
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  451. It will. Iceland is on the mid-ocean spreading zone where magma is coming up as the plates separate.
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  452. Tan pi/4 = 1, can this be used instead of pi/6?
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  453. A typical LED is lighting normally at 20mA for for a 5V supply, the limiting resistor is found by dividing 5000 mV by 20 mA giving 250 ohms. So a 270 ohm resistor will do just fine. Using a lower resistance the LED might be too bright and even burn out, a higher resistor gives a dimmer light.
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  454.  @True_Heretic  Unfortunately no system is really fair if a large population are disinterested or have minimal education. But following "charismatic" leaders is also daft, look what happened to Germany in the 30s.
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  455. Agreed!
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  456. In Hollywood, yes!
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  457. Even in countries where citizens are not allowed to have guns, the criminals always have guns.
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  458. I have two scientific objections to this hypothesis. (1) Far more SO2 is released by volcanoes - you can smell it, the typical smell of sulphur - and SO2 reacts with H2S (hydrogen sulphide) to produce water and elemental sulphur, which is why some sulphur deposits are mined by locals in volcanic craters, at tremendous risk to their health, I might add. (2) H2S is released in "black smokers" volcanic vents on mid-ocean ridges and these vents are host to many marine animals who thrive there and seem to derive their energy from the gases released from the vents. People used to write a book to launch a career, perhaps a TEDx talk is now the way to go!
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  459.  @arturoeugster2377  There are different views on how much CO2 is released - is it more or less than all the CO2 produced by human activity, but the amounts suggest that the Mantle contains a lot of carbon as well as water in the mineral lattices.
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  460. Yeah, I had a problem with the magneto check, terrible shaking on one mag, but fine on the other and on "both". It was a plug lead that had not been wired on as they should be. The CFI (and club owner) fired the mechanic on the spot!
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  461. That is not correct. Geophysicists do magnetic surveys all over the world for scientific research and for mineral exploration and observatories measure the magnetic field continuously. Nobody has seen any "accelerated weakening". Please state the source of your claim.
    2
  462.  @stretfordender11  I wouldn't bet on that, unfortunately.
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  463.  @kensurrency2564  True. How loud would a sound have to be to boil a litre of water?
    2
  464. If nobody flies first class, then all the tickets cost more.
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  465. Table salt is sodium chloride, a compound of sodium and chlorine..
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  466. Where are the intakes then?
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  467. Especially pork if it has gone of somewhat.
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  468. Ditto for seafood - delicious until one day you eat one that is contaminated and then you spend the next day saying "hello" to God on the great white telephone!
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  469. Everyone in Japan has a geiger counter - no worries!
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  470. Because there are a lot of people out there who hate the USA.
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  471. Do you know the definition of severe turbulence? It is when loose objects fly up to the ceiling and down onto the floor and up again etc. A bit more than spilling your coffee.
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  472. In beta minus (β−) decay, a neutron is converted to a proton, and the process creates an electron and an electron antineutrino; while in beta plus (β+) decay, a proton is converted to a neutron and the process creates a positron and an electron neutrino. β+ decay is also known as positron emission.
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  473. Liquids do not constitute atmospheres. The Greek word "atmos" means vapour or steam.
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  474. A neighbour is a nurse on a ward full of middle-aged men who have fallen from ladders and survived, but they broke their backs and are paralysed. That put me right off climbing ladders forever.
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  475. Absolutely agree. Science works by disproving theories and speculations do not disprove anything.
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  476. So, you don't THINK he has a gun, but what if he does and shoots you? Armed police have full authority to stop and search you. If you don't cooperate, you take a big risk.
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  477. Yes! So the water felt warmer than the air.
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  478. Not necessarily. Barclays directors had no idea what Nick Leeson was doing and just let him get on with it. Many directors are political appointees and just turn up for the nice meal and their fees, but otherwise are all unaware of what the management are doing.
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  479. We can thank the Beatles for this technology. Their recording company EMI was making a lot of money from record sales and needed something to invest in. They chose MRI scanning - a great choice!
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  480. very true!
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  481. Not quite correct! High-energy protons can also reach the nucleus as in the classic Cockcroft-Walton experiment. Here is a video of Ernest Walton's son talking about his father's experiment/
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  482.  @Oddman1980  You can't interrogate an ECU nor enter numbers into it, so more like a programmable calculator. In fact, they had a HP programmable pocket-sized calculator (HP35) with a stack of memory cards as a backup but it was considered unnecessary and never deployed.
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  483. I have never seen an ECU with a keyboard and a screen, but perhaps you have? My seismic workstation is a very powerful computer and is intended for one specific purpose, the processing of seismic data, but it can do most things a PC can do.
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  484. Transparent to visible light, but not to higher energy photons like UV. The visible (for humans - birds can see more of the UV) part of the EM spectrum is very small, but to us it is very important.
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  485. It also bounces higher when dropped onto a hard surface, as the internal components have dried out and become solid.
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  486. Small yachts and other boats can use handheld foghorns you blow through if becalmed in a thick fog and there is a danger of a collision with another vessel. Some of thee foghorns use cylinders of compressed air for use in outdoor events or as an emergency alarm.
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  487.  @ithinkthonkthunk5333  They are perfect subjects for Dunning-Kruger studies!
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  488. The test is 99% sensitive, so if 100,000 people who have the disease are tested, then 1% or 1000 people won't test positive. However two independent tests change that scenario as the ones who don't test positive will not be the same for both tests.
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  489. When a small fire burns through the power cables in the avionics bay, they do turn themselves off! A well-trimmed aircraft can fly for hours and if the autopilot wasn't turned off, even better. Flying for 8 hours wearing an oxygen mask to commit suicide doesn't stack up either.
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  490.  @suzukirider9030  You are right, no math here, but for the flight test one has to know how to calculate a heading to correct for drift, and the crosswind component for landing, given a wind direction/speed. In reality, the wind is varying, especially near the ground, but any pilot knows how to allow for that.
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  491. This needs to be taken seriously. If another child there identifies as a dog, there will be serious trouble in that classroom and the animal rights activists will get involved.
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  492.  @melgibson6331  Geiger counters measure ionising radiation, mainly beta particles and to a lesser degree alpha particles and gamma rays (which are high-energy EM waves). The "radiation" used in radio and so-called "microwaves", including the transmissions from 4G and 5G networks are below the infra-red band and only cause heating, not ionisation. A GM counter will register nothing from these. On the other hand, an X-ray will set a GM counter screaming! Sound is another form of "radiation" which simply means some form of energy spreading outwards. The engineers who work with RF circuits and high-power microwave devices like radar antennae have no health problems whatsoever, the greatest risk being a burn.
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  493. @Alex Berkman The Curie, or more usually, pico-Curie is actually a very useful unit for radon in soils or rocks as it relates to a chemical quantity. One pCi of Rn in equilibrium implies 1 pCi of Ra as a parent, i.e. i pico-gram of Ra.
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  494. They might expect you to stay with them if it is conditional..?? . but you are right - don't pay for it yourself it is a negative NPV project usually.
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  495. Gravity bends all wavelengths, but refraction bends different wavelengths to different degrees, so causes dispersion, like the prims does.
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  496. As you are into superlatives, Am-241 is 10 million times more radioactive than U-238, H-3 (tritium) is 370 million times more radioactive than U-238 and Rn-222 (radon) is a whopping 2.4 trillion times more radioactive than uranium 238. The reason is that uranium 238 is weakly radioactive with a long half-life of 4.5 billion years. Uranium ore is about 7 times more radioactive than uranium metal, due to the progeny in equilibrium, but even so, these comparative values of radioactivity would still be large numbers.
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  497. The answer is no. Vaporizing rock uses a huge amount of thermal energy and the vapour will condense and solidify as the drill progresses, blocking progress. Mechanical drilling is way more efficient but has a limit as rock pressure and temperature rise, about 4 or 5 km. The record hole was 12 km in the Kola Peninsula.
    2
  498. We're on Earth, different element abundances in the crust and that's all we have access to.
    2
  499.  @robertrobert9800  That's what I did, all my friends were Spanish and I didn't go to Irish bars to find fellow countrymen! I had a great ten years living there, but one has to learn the language or else struggle with administration.
    2
  500. I was criticised for wearing casual clothes in the office (no aircon, the heat was tremendous in summer) and the following year for dressing too formal! I pointed this out to the superior who had done this review and asked him to put in writing what exactly they wanted me to wear!! The issue was dropped quietly.
    2
  501. Yes, and he could have been shot dead by her. Cops know that mentally ill people are out there, they have no idea who or what they are dealing with. She could have said she was sick and needed help and he was willing to help her. If somebody pulls a gun on you you have less than a second to react before you get shot and die. The person pulling the gun sets the score.
    2
  502. Well said. At a university mentoring session I said that students had to look to their strengths and go in that direction as we can't "be anything we want". The university resident psychologist/careers officer took me aside to reprimand me for saying that, but I countered by saying I had a mild colour-vision problem that prevented me getting trained as a pilot. Rational thinking has gone out the window!
    2
  503.  @sycksyngyrl  Mats? Materials? The amount of polonium in tobacco from fertilizers would be infinitesimal. We tested a block of cigarette packs (24 packs in a block, or something like that), in the university shielded gamma spectrometer and found no significant amounts of polonium. I don't know where that idea comes from but it seems to be widespread.
    2
  504.  @insignificantfool8592  That is also true. We see patterns where they don't exist and don't see other ones that are there. Psychology is full of experiments to test these behaviours and it seems to come down to the human brain trying to find shortcuts to facilitate a quick decision.
    2
  505.  @insignificantfool8592  If the host didn't know where the prize was, he could open the wrong door and spoil the show, so he has to know. He opens one door and if you then switch, you have effectively opened two doors, hence doubling your chance of winning. This has been proved mathematically and also by repeated computer simulations. I think there are a few simulators you can play online and then total the results to see how it works out in the long run. Even the late Monty Hall (a chemist) said he had noticed over the years that the "switchers" did better than the "stayers".
    2
  506. Submarines use VLF signals in the 15-30 kHz band which are transmitted from a few stations mostly in the N. hemisphere. The rate of data transmission is like a very fast Morse communication. The ELF signals are for deeply-submerged vessels and act like a bell ringer so that the submarine will ascend to receive the actual message.
    2
  507. None of the people making comments here below know how vaccines serve to protect you. They should work in a third-world country for a while where some very nasty diseases are endemic. Who wants polio, typhus, measles, TB, dengue fever encephalitis - anyone? And TB and polio are making a comeback in the USA and Europe right now, so think again.
    2
  508. And what about Sweden? One-third nuclear, almost half hydro and the rest a mix of renewables and fossil, giving 94% greenhousegas-free electricity. Those eco-savvy Scandinavians are not scared of nuclear and they have huge reserves of it in the ground, even if they import it currently.
    1
  509.  @metzgergine  Most granites contain 12-20 ppm (grams per tonne) of thorium. Exactly how is this extracted and is it economic to do so?
    1
  510. Yes, I fear it will never be viable, like wave power.
    1
  511. It's not much different to lead in terms of heavy metal toxicity, and there's lots of that all over Europe after two world wars.
    1
  512.  @ZaDowlan  Building anything in Japan near sea level is a bad idea. They planned for a 3 metre tsunami wave but the one in 2011 was 10 metres which just went right over the protective sea wall.
    1
  513. She didn't discover Thorium or Uranium. She discovered Polonium and Radium. She set up mobile x-ray units during WW1 and the early x-ray tubes were not shielded. It is most likely it was exposure to this unshielded x-ray equipment that eventually killed her because when her body was exhumed for re-burial in the Pantheon, it was not radioactive (from radium) as expected. radium has a half-life of 1600 years, so if the radium had killed her it would have been detected.
    1
  514. A white female according to the police, the newspapers and her family.
    1
  515. Copper is highly recycled. Lots of metal dealers will buy it from you, look for them in the yellow pages.
    1
  516. It's ironic that "liberal democrats" are both intolerant and anti-democratic!
    1
  517.  @clogs4956  Only if they have had kittens!
    1
  518. Nuclear energy cannot be started up., it is already decaying when you put it in the battery.
    1
  519. 186, 325 miles
    1
  520.  @clublulu399  It's the speed of light or any electromagnetic wave in a vacuum in miles per second. Often approximated to 186,000 mps, and another figure I see is 186,282 miles per second.
    1
  521.  @Tiirsk  Some NGOs have ads on TV about the mining companies "raping" the land etc. The facts speak otherwise with locals having jobs, their children having schools and a decent standard of living with skills that can be transferred to other areas if necessary. The illegal mining is on a very small scale by comparison and does infringe people's rights and health. The modern uranium mines in Canada, Namibia and Spain, for example, are certainly not "conflict", nor do they leave environmental problems. Most are underground and the Cigar lake mine in Canada is operated underground by robots, so no H&S issues either. All mining is not "nasty" and I suspect you have never even visited a modern mine!
    1
  522.  @Tiirsk  Uranium has only been mined since the 1940s, although there was a well-run mine in the Czech Republic from the 1800s, now a health spa!
    1
  523.  @jackfanning7952  Moab over 5000 employees and is being operated under modern standards; Shinkolobwe in the Congo was closed in 2004, and was operated since before WW2; Church Mine had a tailings dam failure more than 40 years ago and has had several cleanup operations.
    1
  524.  @jackfanning7952  But the 2011 tsunami trumps all that with 19,000 dead or missing and thousands of hectares contaminated by oil, sewage and other industrial sludge. Illegal artisanal mining always takes place around established mines in 3rd world countries, nothing new there. Greenpeace crawls all over the Le Hague recycling plant on a regular basis and would not miss a trick!
    1
  525.  @jackfanning7952  Wrong! Radioactivity is a decay process, the faster the decay the higher is the radioactivity. The Chernobyl contamination in European soils has already decreased by half, and will be undetectable in about 300 years. We have uranium and thorium in soils and rocks (low-level radiation so long-lived) radon in the atmosphere and cosmic radiation from space, so we always will have ionising radiation around us. Various types of radiation are used in cancer treatments, so the latency effects are also well-known. You forgot about the plutonium contamination following the B52 crash over Spain in 1966, that was fully cleaned up and no radioactivity can be detected today. You also forgot to mention the Bhopal release of toxic gas which killed about 4000 people in India in 1984. The tsunami might be gone but the people it killed are also gone forever.
    1
  526.  @jackfanning7952  You would not be given a geiger counter and hazmat clothing and not know what you were doing? The personnel doing the cleanup knew perfectly well what they were doing, otherwise they wouldn't be able to do such a good job - do you think they were idiots? Your own blood contains K40 and C14 so you are also radioactive, about 8000 Bq for an adult. I have worked with radioactive materials including highly radioactive radionuclides used for medical diagnoses, but I can see your knowledge is very limited and inaccurate. You should stop reading propaganda and stick to facts, that way you will not be so paranoid!
    1
  527.  @jackfanning7952  If you really believe the stuff you talk about, can you sleep at night, or is it just to impress and influence gullible individuals?
    1
  528.  @jackfanning7952  Enjoyed our discussion and great to hear you sleep well at night!
    1
  529. Some idiot or cretin with whooping cough didn't wear a mask in a shop where I worked and I got a nasty dose which lasted three months. As it is a disease that is supposed to be eradicated (it was, until immigration brought it back) most doctors don't know how to diagnose it. You are fine for about two hours and then a coughing attack happens which causes you to choke and turn blue, or even vomit and faint. Five minutes later you are OK again. It kills infants who choke and can't recover. If that idiot who had it had been wearing a mask or had stayed at home I wouldn't have got it. It was three women from Illinois who developed a vaccine in the 1930s when hundreds of children were dying. Nobody in the developed world dies from it now, thanks to vaccines. But it is still prevalent in the poor countries. TB and polio are others. that are coming back. Responsible people who have a respiratory disease will wear a mask to avoid contaminating others, just as surgeons do, and to protect themselves too.
    1
  530. You need a metallurgical plant to crush, roast and chemically extract the gold by cyanide or thiosulphate leaching. You will need a licence to operate such a plant.
    1
  531. If a pharmacist sells a dangerous medicine to a 6-year old, they also have responsibility for their actions.
    1
  532.  @psycho6542  To make a point, but when I was only 10 (a long time ago) my local pharmacist used to sell me chemicals as I was into chemistry, but I could have been doing dangerous things too. In my country, modified cars have been sold cheap to 12-year olds with fatal results. A person who buys assault rifles and looks a bit weird should alert a gunseller to a possible problem. They have to check the paperwork, which could be faked, as well as background checks. I'll bet any legitimate gunseller knows what to look for!
    1
  533.  @psycho6542  Cheers & have a good day!
    1
  534. Lots of very clever people have been working on wave energy since the Victorians and so far, nobody has really come up with a sustainable solution. Over the last 60 years I have heard lots of "ideas for the future" but my cynical mind thinks wave power might be like nuclear fusion power, interstellar travel, hypersonic travel, robots doing household work, and peace in the world, very desirable, fascinating and worthwhile goals which work in theory but not in practice! No harm in trying, of course.
    1
  535. I took my scintillation counter and a GM to visit a friend who had the same gamma camera scan as you describe. They both went off the highest scale before dropping to almost zero until I moved away from my friend, who was terrified by this stage. Then a nurse came in and asked what the F was I doing!
    1
  536. Not HV lines, but all the local and domestic lines, house wiring, industrial wiring, generators, motors etc. all use copper.
    1
  537. This is not commanding respect, this is commanding fear! Tommy is a sociopath, no empathy, no fear, a loner, would kill without a qualm. Ideal for a secret agent or commando. Somebody you would want to work with or for? Somebody to lead your soldiers in wartime? Somebody you would want to survive a plane crash in the jungle or shipwreck on a remote island? Somebody you would leave your children with? A definite "No" to all those questions. This type of person is out for themselves alone, no respect for others, and use threats to force their way with others. This is not "charisma" this is coercive control. Hitler had it in spades...
    1
  538. Very true!
    1
  539. Working in the Sahara we found that when the generator packed up, it was only a day or two before the computers ceased to work, the internet dish shut down and our satellite phones couldn't be charged. We used solar-powered calculators but I had my slide rule in my bag! We did power a few things from the car batteries using an invertor, but the fear was not being able to start the cars, so those batteries were precious.
    1
  540. Because they are gullible and insecure, easy targets for manipulators.
    1
  541. What really annoys me is the type of person who publishes their opinions on a subject they are not competent in but add their academic credentials, PhD, University Dept etc. to add weight and credibility to their ideas. That is downright fraudulent behaviour. On YT we have people talking about medical matters with "Dr" in front of their name, which makes people believe they are medical experts when their "Dr" title is for geography or something far from medicine!
    1
  542. At least with an atomic bomb you are vaporized in a microsecond. Not so with firebombing using HE and incendiaries as in Coventry and Dresden, the victims roasted slowly in basements and cellars. War is bad for everybody, but who started WW-2 anyway?
    1
  543. If you should ever have fallout from a nuclear explosion, a Geiger counter won't be of much use. At the high radiation rates you will experience, the voltage across the tube falls and the tube doesn't count properly, in effect it is saturated. An ionisation counter is what civil defence people use.
    1
  544. And you think we will all be so impressed with his behaviour that we will dump all our cars, trucks, ships and aircraft? He has all the audience he want in his Sunday sermon. This is a cult which appeals to the gullible, the "reverend" wants to be a martyr for it!
    1
  545. Yes there is a big problem - thorium has a different chemistry to uranium and geological processes do not normally concentrate thorium into economic deposits that can be mined. Uranium is readily concentrated as it is slightly soluble in groundwater. You can find uranium in almost all European countries, but thorium is rare and only occurs in small deposits in a few locations. Security of supply is the issue with thorium as it would have to be purchased from certain countries who might not always be friendly!
    1
  546. By an unpowered glide descent a built-up area when he could have landed safely in a large open field?
    1
  547.  @instant_mint  I don't know but one is supposed to be at 1,500 ft minimum over cities, unless you are descending on an approach to landing. As he came in towards Bankstown from the north, my guess is he was not on an approach. In an interview he said he thought he "wouldn't make it to the airport"! However, he retracted the landing gear to reduce drag and stretch the glide, which probably saved his life.
    1
  548.  @MK_ULTRA420  Silver had higher electrical conductivity than copper or gold.
    1
  549. If you ever pass through Dubai airport there is a gold shop that will make your eyes water. While I was just looking (with envy) a customer strolled up and bought a small ingot for $2000 or thereabouts (prices were in dirhams) as cool as anything and just put the ingot into a pocket and walked away!
    1
  550. Well those instructions were a lot of scaremongering! It is not chlorine or cyanide!! The greens have done a great job of demonising it. Sure the vapour is toxic if inhaled over a period of decades, and the compounds can be toxic - although they were used as laxatives and syphilis treatments for many years in the past. The spilled metal can be picked up with a small syringe, and then zinc and sulphur powder dusted into the cracks on the floor to react with any still remaining. The "specialised hazmat teams" make a lot of money from this of course!
    1
  551. No tragedy, he knew what he was doing and was prepared to kill women and children for his drug habit.
    1
  552. Easily disproved!! This "research" was actually published by a German university. A colleague who has a dog and a compass thought I was kidding him until I showed him the publication. So he spent the best part of a year recording the orientation of his dog which poops on every walk and plotted the results, a random set of orientations. The journals and scientists must be desperate for publications, I guess.
    1
  553. This aircraft is not stalling, it is flying, probably losing power and going down. Lowering flaps is not going to help at this altitude.
    1
  554. Isn't it strange that the climate "scientists" cannot explain the Younger Dryas event!
    1
  555. There are cheap PIN-diode detectors which can be used with smartphone apps to make a simple radiation detector. A PIN diode is similar to an infra-red detector but with reverse voltage bias. There are also websites where you can make an ionisation detector using a fruit can, a transistor and a cheap multimeter for less than $10.
    1
  556. Yes there is, seismic waves from earthquakes are collected over a network of stations and the interior layers of the earth can be detected by tomography. Then there is the angular momentum of the earth and the magnetic field which comes form the liquid core. Meteorites also give clues to the composition and some deep-reaching geological structures have revealed parts of the mantle.
    1
  557. Why was it necessary for a high-status diplomat to make subjective comments about the US administration in a report? Is this what they get paid big salaries to do? Does the UK government not have their own opinion from TV etc? It's not like 100 years ago when communications were poor!
    1
  558. The flag was attached to a springy metal strip and the slightest movement made it wobble like a real flag.
    1
  559. Excellent explanations and illustrations - bravo!
    1
  560. Most wives of violent and controlling husbands are unable to leave them as they have been made totally dependent and subordinate to them. She is screaming because she is suddenly deprived of this dominant "master" and the family life is now changed forever.
    1
  561. Between 50 and 70 km off the surface the P (1 bar) and T (300K) are reasonable but the presence of sulphuric acid clouds might make it a bit uncomfortable!
    1
  562. Physical sports are very important for girls to stop them from hanging about, and indulging in anti-social activities, while the boys are busy learning useful life skills.
    1
  563.  @rtoralga  Sharp, that's it!
    1
  564. An induction loop antenna, not an acoustic mic.
    1
  565. True! So-called "liberal" (= intolerant) lefties usually didn't study science, or failed at it, and are afraid of anything they don't understand. I often wonder how they manage to go through life, avoiding all those perceived dangers like GMOs, chemicals, radiation, metal fillings, fluoride, microwaves etc., it must be a terrible existence for them.....
    1
  566. Heat cannot be "stored", first law of thermodynamics. Even a thermos flask of hot liquid will cool down. Far better to use the excess electricity production in pumped storage (potential energy) or to produce hydrogen and oxygen (chemical energy) from water for later use in fuel cells.
    1
  567.  @rondoenergy4228  Heavy industrials like mining and manufacturing need energy in various forms, mechanical and electrical. Trying to store energy as heat and then convert it to electricity later makes little sense, except to a brick industry trying to re-invent itself.
    1
  568.  @rondoenergy4228  "Consumed" is the operative word, from burning gas in kilns (cement, bricks, glass manufacture) and the rest supplied by electricity. Mines are often the biggest consumers of electricity in a country.
    1
  569.  @Phantomwarrior90  Not true, HR is there to manage staff as an asset of the company and that includes the costs of hiring and training as well as redundancy. If you are unable to perform because of a bad manager, they will see the true cost of having that person in that position. If they are called "personnel dept" then watch out as they see employees as a cost or expense and will try to reduce a perceived "expense" (= you) by getting rid of you.
    1
  570.  @Phantomwarrior90  You are right, the owners of a company do care about making money and if a shitty boss is losing them money they will act swiftly to get rid of that person. I have been an employee, an employer, unemployed and self-employed, as well as having management experience and relevant qualifications, so I know what I am talking about.
    1
  571.  @Phantomwarrior90  In some economies USA particularly) staying too long is considered a form of stagnation and the employers prefer someone who has lots of varied experience. However, in other jurisdictions (e.g. Japan) they prefer the solid, reliable, steady employee who remains loyal to the company and is valued as such. A lot depends on the culture of the country and of the management, as well as how well the company is doing. A company rolling in money can afford to have novel management techniques like hot-desking and bonding outings, xmas parties etc., while others on the margin will be watching every paperclip.
    1
  572.  @Phantomwarrior90  Try to find a job with these three things and you are winning - (1) good pay (2) good working conditions, colleagues etc., and (3) good prospects for an ongoing career as opposed to a job. It can and does happen more often than you might think. Good luck!
    1
  573.  @Phantomwarrior90  It might be worth stepping back a bit and looking at what you want in a career and what else you could do? It could be your talents lie elsewhere and a new job in a different type of enterprise might be the solution. All too easy to get corralled into one line of work as you get older, when changing jobs can seem like a recipe for disaster.
    1
  574.  @Phantomwarrior90  You can knock your head against a stone wall in a badly-run organisation and prolong your misery. It is problem-solving not dodging that might be worth a try. If you are unhappy you have three choices: (1) stay and suffer, (2) try to change their attitude, or (3) change jobs - the decision is yours.
    1
  575.  @Phantomwarrior90  I think you are doing the right thing and wish you the best of luck!
    1
  576. It's not the speedo, most are good to 1mph in 60, which is less than 2% error. The law allows a 10% "error" if prosecuted, so some people reckon that if the limit is 60, they can do 66 and still get away with it.
    1
  577. VHF radios were available then and still work. The technology was good enough for Concorde then too. I used computers in university in 1968, we were not all running around in loin-cloths and grubbing for nuts and berries! (actually, a few of us were)
    1
  578. The Earth's climate has never been static - it has always been changing as the geological record shows, a fact not really appreciated by geographers aka "climate change scientists".
    1
  579. In the fish markets around Fukushima they actually test the food for radioactivity as it is the only way to regain the public's confidence. As in Chernobyl, they trained science teachers and supplied them with lead shielded containers and detectors to measure the radioactivity. My nephew even sent me a box of rice cakes with "Fukushima Rice" printed on the label. They tested zero so I ate them!
    1
  580. It was mined in Colorado as vanadium, which occurs with the uranium.
    1
  581. The important thing about conditional probability is the vertical line that means "given that". The probability of having a heart attack from playing tennis at age 60 might be estimated as 1 in 1000. That may be true for the "population in general" but not if a player aged 60 has had a heart attack previously. In that case the probability would be required to be "what is the probability of having a heart attack - given that - the person had one already". This might be 1 in 10 and not 1 in 1000.
    1
  582. The silver and gold stripes are the tolerance, so they should be on the right and you read the other stripes from left to right.
    1
  583. Misleading title. The biker did not "ram" anybody, but a protestor tried to pull him off his bike, which constitutes common assault. He could have reported this but....?
    1
  584. At 15:35 he mentions other factors. Each of these will update the original estimate. For public health screening, Bayes Rule is important to avoid a hasty diagnosis and drastic surgery, before a second set of tests is performed, each of which should update the diagnostic probability. I would mention the test for uric acid in cases of gout. This test tends to have a sensitivity and a specificity of 50%, so is not really very useful. If the test is positive the doctor says "my observation has been confirmed" but if the uric acid test is negative, the doctor will often say "the test is not precise, my original diagnosis of gout still stands". Any test has to improve on the previous diagnosis.
    1
  585.  @ivanking1571  You don't want which - the vaccine or the disease?
    1
  586.  @ulrichenevoldsen8371  You should visit a hospital like where my cousin works as a doctor. The youngest on a ventilator is only 14. I'm triple vaccinated for covid as well as the flu and a host of tropical diseases for when I travelled into rough places in Asia. I saw diseases including leprosy, that I would not want to get! Yes most people don't get much but some die on ventilators and other get "long covid".
    1
  587.  @JustMe-ec2ph  You are absolutely correct! But vaccinated, you are far less likely to end up on a ventilator. When I was a kid, there was always one kid in every classroom wearing metal calipers on a leg damaged by the polio virus. Thanks to vaccinations, that is a thing of the past, in Europe and N. America, but not in Africa.
    1
  588.  @regalo1979  What long-term side effects do you fear? I get the flu vaccine every year and that is for the variants of the 1918 "Spanish" flu that is still in circulation, albeit far less lethal than 100 years ago. You were probably vaccinated against mumps, measles and Rubella as a child.
    1
  589.  @ulrichenevoldsen8371  Yes, I know a few people in my family who got covid and even one who got pericarditis from the vaccine. The only problem is that the number os sick people requiring hospitalisation has exceeded capacity on many countries and last year there was a shortage of ventilators. People die in traffic accidents - so by your logic you have no brakes or airbags in your car? You have one life and if you are careless with it then you have no excuses. The real issue here is that you are happy to infect others.
    1
  590.  @DrQuadrivium  Trolls always hide behind acronyms...!!
    1
  591.  @Michael-fg8cd  So, if you have children you won't have them vaccinated for polio, mumps, measles, rubella, TB, or whooping cough? And if you go trekking in Borneo, you won't have encephalitis, hepatitis, typhoid or tetanus vaccines either? The fools welcome the covid hoping they are immune (and not in the unlucky 2%).
    1
  592. @Alex Nelson Do you know anything about infectious diseases?
    1
  593. @Alex Nelson You are just afraid of needles!!
    1
  594.  @everready2903  The previous generations eliminated TB, polio, smallpox and cholera by vaccinations and public health actions, something that some people today are unwilling to do to eliminate covid, so we will have to get immunity by vaccination or by contact, the latter a more risky method, as hospital numbers show.
    1
  595.  @Sarah-ft8jr  Yes, I've been in two car crashes but does that mean I can never be killed in another crash? I suggest you have a chat with a doctor or nurse who works in an ICU.
    1
  596.  @sarah7296  When I was a kid, there was at least one child out of every two classrooms, say 1 in 70 children, who had polio and had to wear a metal brace on their legs whose muscles had been damaged permanently - they had a limp for life. The vaccines came ten years later and now you never see children wearing that horrible contraption as polio has been eradicated almost everywhere. Covid kills/damages about 1 in 50 who catch it, and the effects are random, not just older people. So, if you go trekking in Asia you won't get vaccinated against hepatitis, typhus, cholera, meningitis, polio, tetanus, rabies or diphtheria? Oh, and I forgot about TB.
    1
  597.  @ChrisBrown-gu3tp  Live vaccines are not used anymore, this one only contains fragments of RNA to fool the body into thinking it has caught Covid. The best proof they work is the shift in the ICU demographics, from old to younger, with 70% of them unvaccinated, for various reasons - some refused it, some didn't understand, others were immigrants with no English, others were living rough.
    1
  598.  @ChrisBrown-gu3tp  You are misinformed.
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  599. What about fluorine, chlorine, thallium, radium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, phosphorous, bromine, plutonium cadmium..... ??? mercury metal is NOT dangerous! The vapour if inhaled over a period of many years does build up in the nervous system, but then so do a lot of other thigs as well.
    1
  600. The problem with total closedown at an early stage is that we still have no immunity, so when they relax the closedown it would start up again. The idea is to allow a certain amount of it circulate and we will eventually get "herd immunity".
    1
  601. @PR0GRAMMING Not quite correct - herd immunity in 50% of the population slows transmission down by a large factor. The UK is going for the herd immunity method, other countries are flattening the curve as you say and the USA doesn't see the point in testing everybody - if you feel ill then go for self-isolation and if worse, then call the doc. Containment is not a good strategy as it will emerge again. A target of 50% herd immunity is the best outcome until a vaccine is developed, many months away.
    1
  602. @PR0GRAMMING Google on "herd immunity". But watch what happens when some countries like China and S. Korea eventually relax the restrictions, a second wave might happen. But nobody knows which strategy will be the most effective.
    1
  603. @PR0GRAMMING I agree, but western society is not so good at respecting authority, unless the military are involved, a lot of people will still disobey the recommendations and spread it around.
    1
  604. Because they are not males with testosterone. The majority of prisoners in all the world's jails are men aged between 20 and 50, it is an effect of testosterone!
    1
  605. Space junk considerations.
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  606. Abelar was transported by ambulance to a local hospital where he was treated for his non-life threatening injury.
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  607. The bees see UV which we can't see, so they probably see a greater colour range than we can even imagine! The video had to use some tricks to demonstrate what we might see if we could see in the UV band.
    1
  608. You are correct, the two lamps might not have identical resistances so may not glow equally bright.
    1
  609. Yes, they use a tiny amount of hydrazine for those thrusters and they had a very large fuel tank of it when they were launched. But I don't know how much is left and how often it has to make an adjustment. Whatever about the thruster fuel, the electrical power will be insufficient for either spacecraft by 2025.  @richardsdma 
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  610. The word "opaque" only applies to the very small range of wavelengths we call "visible" light. Window glass is transparent at visible wavelengths but opaque at UV wavelengths. A concrete block is opaque to visible and UV light, but transparent to radio and gamma radiation. Gold in thin foil is partially transparent to green and blue light but reflects the red and yellow, giving it the yellowish colour we associate with gold. Partially transparent, means it attenuates exponentially the radiation, as do other materials when they attenuate x- or gamma radiation. The incoming EM radiation, including light, can be re-transmitted or reflected, while the higher energy radiation penetrates and is attenuated to some degree.
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  611. It doesn't "store" them as such, it is either on "1" or off "0". You could mark the switches in a house with 1s and 0s to denote "on" or "off" in the same way.
    1
  612. They are doctors, if they wanted to murder their child why not use medicines that could not be traced? They are not experts at breaking into apartments and leaving no clues for the police. How could they dispose of a body in a foreign country on holiday? They had no motive to kill their child either. Use your common sense. Paedophiles don't break into apartments. This was a kidnapping "to order" by some wealthy person who wanted to replace a child who had died. It cost money to do it so professionally, not a trace of evidence.
    1
  613. But not equally. More current through the lower impedance path.
    1
  614. When they put their hands on the van and try to impede his lawful movement on the road it is common assault. They should be reported and prosecuted. That is not a protest, only waving the banners can be considered protest.
    1
  615. They are not accelerating they are being re-radiated from the surface electrons which have absorbed the same energy.
    1
  616.  @toymaker3474  Reflection from a metallic surface is indeed due to the delocalised electrons re--radiating the incoming photons.
    1
  617. Doesn't work in Europe, as you say, failure to cooperate with an investigation will be put against you.
    1
  618. I love your list of deadly "threats", you could add fluoride in water and toothpaste! But imagine that electricity was only just discovered today - an invisible killer.. what? We must ban it immediately!!
    1
  619. A friend, who lectures on economic geology, published an article on mineral deposits in Europe and put a dot for "copper deposit" on a remote island where no mineral deposit exists. He wanted to see who else would copy it in their publications. Now, 40 years later, that dot still appears from time to time on similar publications - replicated rubbish!
    1
  620. I remember watching a live broadcast from a prehistoric tomb where the sun shines directly down the passage on summer solstice for about one minute. The reporter on site kept talking to his studio colleagues until they suddenly realised they had missed the whole event!
    1
  621.  @swainscheps  For the same reason people think mercury is dangerous and understand that to mean mercury metal, which is not poisonous. It is the compounds of mercury and its vapour which are dangerous Furthermore, it is the trace elements in the uranium ore that produce most of the radioactivity, not the element uranium alone. Facts have to be correct in science, otherwise it degenerates into emotional fiction.
    1
  622.  @swainscheps  And as for "the most dangerous rock in the world" that is definitely sensational clickbait! The arsenic minerals realgar and orpiment are probably more dangerous as handling them transfers enough arsenic to your fingers to kill you if you licked them.
    1
  623. It is also called bullying. These people are trying to force a minority idealistic viewpoint on everybody else - that is how fascism starts.
    1
  624. Conspiracies and cartels are often invoked to explain similar behaviour on the part of rival businesses. However, the economic theory of "oligopoly" has an alternative explanation which doesn't require any nefarious activity at all. Three service stations are competing in a small town. The prices are visible to all and one of them decides to increase prices. The others will watch to see if business decreases or stays the same. If they see that the rival is still doing the same business at a higher profit margin, then they will follow suit and increases their prices as well. Likewise, if one lowers prices and seems to be doing better, the others will follow suit. No need for clandestine meetings or skulduggery! It means that the market is not competitive, but rather based on "signalling". How to recognize oligopoly? - look at the advertisements - they will always have claims of better products or services. Monopoly and competitive markets hardly need advertisements at all.
    1
  625. An xray or MRI scan is also a CGI as is a holiday photo on your camera. Doesn't mean it is fake, our eyes are very limited to a tiny band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Water does stick to a ball (baseball players wipe the water off the ball) and even makes a ball of itself in a rain drop. You can't see electricity or gas either, but you have to be taught about them to avoid killing yourself.
    1
  626. EV sales are going down!
    1
  627.  @rensinclair4218  And the murder rate increased.
    1
  628. When police and social workers called on Fred West he always came across as a nice guy and even his neighbours said how good he was at helping them. Nobody believed he could be torturing and murdering young women including one of his own daughters. The dangerous people include psychopaths, and religiously motivated zealots.
    1
  629. As a pilot myself, I think he got away with a stupid decision to glide down over a built-up area when all the training is to make a planned emergency landing into a big field. Oh yes, he passed one on his way to the airport.
    1
  630.  @brissiAU  ATC does not tell you how to fly, except in Hollywood movies. It is the pilot's responsibility 100% as to the decisions s/he makes. He passed a sports centre and a golf course, on his way in.
    1
  631. Low frequency electromagnetic hum, not acoustic hum.
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  632.  @fisheatsyourhead The radiation background comes mainly from three natural sources; the radon in the air (indoors), the terrestrial radiation from rocks and soils and construction materials, and cosmic radiation, which increases with altitude above sea level. Then the minor sources are medical procedures, occupational exposure (only for some people) and our own radioactivity from C-14 and K-40 in our bodies.
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  633. I have come across a few companies and even Government agencies that have a long list of "genders" to tick when filling in their forms. I usually tick all the boxes - it should give someone a good laugh!
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  634. Many people seem to think that the wings are hanging off the body of the aircraft and could break. It's the other way around! - the wings are flying and holding themselves up and it is the body (or fuselage) that is hanging off the wings. Subtle difference...
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  635. The problem with renewables is that they are "unreliables"! In winter, a sustained period of high pressure means the wind doesn't blow just when everybody wants their heating, and solar doesn't work at night just when you want TV and light. Also, lots of metals, exotic materials and concrete have to be mined and/or produced for these devices - they don't grow on trees!
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  636. This is brainwashing! At 3:50 the teacher threatens them and says they have to have "an educational conversation" - this is what they do in N. Korea to people who appear to have western ideas and need to go to a re-education camp to be indoctrinated. Who is inventing these so-called "genders" anyway? Every week there are more of them - I had to fill in a form recently for an online purchase and was confronted with a long list of possible genders, so I ticked them all!!
    1
  637. We have had the same nonsense before - fishermen made redundant by EU fishing policies could move to the City and become financial advisers !
    1
  638.  @dashcam26  Yes indeed! In one old picture I looked at dated 1901 everybody, men and women, wore hats of some kind. Even the children wore caps although not all. We see something similar at fashionable horse races like Ascot these days.
    1
  639. The magnetosphere is the result of the Earth;s magnetic field which is generated by the dynamo effect in the electrically conductive and liquid Core. Metal "sticks" will not do anything, it is magnetised iron needles on a pivot that point ot the field directions.
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  640. Mental disturbance, no "reason" as such, other than confused thinking.
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  641. A friend just had trouble renewing his house insurance as they had tripled the policy. When he asked why, they said "flood risk". He lives on top of a hill!
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  642. The tolerance is usually gold or silver.
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  643. That's what I say to my mother-in-law when she talks about "natural" vs "artificial"!!
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  644. They have to deal with the family, take reports on what the suspect was doing that required the police to be called out, and take reports from the officers involved in the shooting to see was it necessary or excessive etc.
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  645.  @brodyrichard263  Agreed. Adrenaline is probably responsible. Most officers are calm and collected but others might be affected by events. Training is the key.
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  646.  @RadioactiveDrew  Outdoors on a day with not a whisper of wind, perhaps and wearing a respirator!
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  647. Not really true, there is almost maximum copper recycling going on. When did you last recycle the water pipes or wiring in your house?
    1
  648. If you hesitate and it's real, then you are dead, not him.
    1
  649.  @jacelynland2301  I'm handicapped for the Olympics as I'm 71 and I have never trained for sport! So I don't win - it's that simple.
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  650. How? By pulling a gun, real or fake? I'll bet her family knew she was mentally ill, it is they who could have saved her.
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  651. It was not a "criminal act" it was clearly self defence. If someone acts as if they are going to shoot you, what should you do? The woman was a mental case, i.e. totally unpredictable.  @Fulathy 
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  652. Did you actually watch the video and listen to the officer? He asked her several times what she wanted and if she needed help and she gave no answer. When he began to request assistance she pointed a gun at him. He had a half second to react or get shot and killed. She parked her car in the middle of the road facing the wrong way to call attention to herself. She had a gun and pointed it at the man who was doing his best to help her.. What do you think she was trying to do?  @Fulathy 
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  653.  @haxonprime1243  Yes there is - most mines produce about 20% graphite which has to be separated by flotation from the host rock. The Sri Lankan deposits are vein-type so the graphite vein can be taken out without the waste rock around it, so pure.
    1
  654.  @greaterglider  Sri Lanka produces more than three times that from just two mines, and others are coming onstream.
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  655.  @greaterglider  Mostly industrial quality material, used for steel making, electrodes, foundry equipment etc. but no good for batteries. China also produces most of the high-quality synthetic graphite for batteries but the USA and European countries are starting to catch up on that.
    1
  656. Not hate, just mental disturbance. "The sun is shining therefore I will go and shoot up a school". That is an example of their irrational thinking processes.
    1
  657. Geological storage. It is possible to store things for more than 20,000 years, e.g. in salt mines where no water has entered since the Triassic until mining operations commenced. The natural reactor at Oklo in Gabon has kept its waste products within 1 metre radius in the rock.
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  658.  douglas steel  How will the temp at the intake decrease the tiny drop in pressure? You are adding (electrical) energy into the system so the overall temp will increase as you say.
    1
  659.  @loooga  Extreme rate? Check the Younger Dryas period, a return to very cold conditions at the end of the last ice age 12,000 years ago. The Younger Dryas ended about 11,000 years ago with a global warming of 10 degrees C in a period of about 10 years! This has been established from Greenland ice cores. That was fast warming. The present "warming" is imperceptible by comparison, which is why so many scientists are sceptical of the alarmism and fake news spread by the media.
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  660. It probably is!
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  661.  @PabloGonzalez-hv3td  A small fire produces toxic fumes and can burn through some wires, not necessarily a "huge fire". It may have disabled some avionics but circuit breakers will limit the amount of devices disabled. It didn't wander "aimlessly" it was turned around towards its point of departure but just flew on whatever heading it was on when whoever did that was overcome in turn and climbed back up to the altitude set in the autopilot. The similarity with the other accidents was the disabling of the flight crew.
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  662.  @PabloGonzalez-hv3td  You are missing something - carbon monoxide or phosgene from smouldering batteries and packaging will incapacitate a crew without them noticing anything! And this sort of accident has happened already many times, mainly on the ground, e.g. deaths in hotels from defective central heating boilers and even a group of card players in Spain, all holding their cards in their hands. The fire did not bring down the airliner, running out of fuel did.
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  663.  @PabloGonzalez-hv3td  It is still the "most likely" scenario as the aircraft was carrying such batteries. Other notions involving the captain, suicide, terrorists, are far less likely and have been investigated. Until the wreck is located, "most likely" never, we will not know. Occam's "razor" (rule) states that the simplest explanation is the most likely, that does not mean "proved", there could be yet another explanation but the one I have given only requires batteries of that kind to be on board, and they were. Every accident is different, perhaps they were already dealing with a fire and were overcome while fully occupied. It is also "possible" that they are all alive on a desert island indulging in satanic orgies and having a great time, "possible" but highly improbable!
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  664.  @PabloGonzalez-hv3td  If that was the true explanation, and it was discounted by the experts (no letter, no life insurance policy, no mental health issues, unlike the Germanwings pilot) then why fly in such a strange pattern at first and then head south for 8 hours - why not just nose-dive the aircraft? I am aware of the very nasty stories invented by "journalists" and mainly to sell books.
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  665.  @PabloGonzalez-hv3td  And what was the copilot he locked out of the cockpit doing all the while they were still over populated areas, no attempt at using a phone to call or text their situation? And this went on for 8 hours? Doesn't sound like a suicide, they usually like to make a point by having a dramatic ending and leaving a note in his house. This is just a hypothesis with no supporting evidence. Be careful labelling people as "rogue" or mass murderers with no evidence - you could find yourself a target of a libel action if someone was offended enough. Batteries do go on fire so I can speculate without risk about that cause of the disappearance. I'm leaving our conversation at this point, duty calls! Cheers!
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  666.  @akinkosetorunu4007  I'm not an expert, but I think that is true. Of course a failed launch would leave the plane and pilot in the path of the ship too, but perhaps someone who knows will have more to say about it!
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  667. An amplifier is not converting DC to AC, that is an inverter.
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  668. Your facts are not right - no "vast" reserves, and not in the USA either! Bolivia controls 50% of the lithium supply. China has reserves too, but processes lithium. Lithium in brine deposits is a lot cheaper to extract than hard-rock lithium deposits in Australia and some other places.
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  669. It is trilateration, not triangulation.
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  670.  @djs.DJS.  If you drive around Sweden yo will see that virtually every river has one or more hydro stations on it. Not sure if that is what you are asking..?
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  671. Because the cars have to charge at night!
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  672.  @ricardothorburn4089  Fast charging is from the grid. What about from solar panels on a dull day in northern Scandinavia - how much energy will remain in the car batteries when it is dark at 4pm? In winter the locals are plugging their sump-warmers into a socket outside their homes to keep the engine oil fluid.
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  673. "murdered" is the word, they didn't fall down the stairs.
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  674.  @originaldcjensen  Interesting!
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  675. A liquid flowing through a constriction will speed up as anyone who played with water as a kid will know. The force can remain the same but the product of the mass by the acceleration will remain the same too. F=m x a so same force (aircraft moving against air resistance) = lower density (i.e. lower mass/unit volume) x acceleration (i.e. velocity increased) As Scott commented in an answer to someone here, "there are several ways to consider problems involving flow".
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  676. The moon rocks are different to anything on earth and cannot be faked. The radio transmissions from the moon and the orbiting modules were also monitored by many institutions and observatories and likewise cannot be faked. Don't bother replying, for the same reasons you give!
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  677. The phone shouldn't be in a trouser pocket - easy to get damaged there, better in a shirt pocket. Also, "tactical" black or camouflage is really only for military use - if you drop your knife, phone, compass, car keys, whistle or torch in poor visibility, you need to be able to find them again or you could die. As a student geologist I dropped my one and only pencil (green) in long grass and that ended the entire day's fieldwork until I was collected in the evening! Since then, I use fluoro-yellow tape on any mission-critical items, or buy them in yellow if possible..
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  678. And to think that the Irish Times had an article "the nuclear wastelands of Fukushima" while totally ignoring the real disaster!
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  679. I was stopped between two rural convenience stores about 1 mile apart by armed police, I presume investigating an armed robbery in the area. "Where are you coming from?" barked the officer "from McCoys" I replied, "and where are you going to ?" he asked, "to Johnstons" I replied. "Go on!". I was thinking of possible answers like "from the bank robbery" and "to the safe house", but I think they were checking my behaviour and accent with those questions.
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  680. That thug arrived with a gun and was prepared to kill any number of people. Hardly going to win the respect of the potential victims who were lucky to survive the robbery attempt, was he? They were disgusted by his violent homicidal actions.
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  681.  @RadioactiveDrew  You are breathing in the alpha emitters with every breath. Once in the lungs they decay to metallic particles that continue to emit even more alpha particles - that is the problem. We use ZnS scintillation cells, polymer film, ionisation chambers and alpha particle spectrometry to measure the total alpha particle count in a given volume of air, which can be residential, soil gas or mine air. I can guarantee that your Geiger counter is not measuring anything that you can relate to radon in air. But you know best!
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  682. They certainly do. I'm wondering if they have mental health issues, like being terrified about the world "burning up" and sea levels rising up to drown us all, etc.
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  683. I feel sorry for the minority of immigrants who fill in the forms and come to Ireland legally with skills to work and live in peace and harmony and even look for citizenship. They are now in second place to the illegal ones - some of whom may have criminal records or who are fleeing from justice in their own countries and who destroy all their identity documents.
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  684. That is fluorescence, not scintillation. If you want to see scintillation, look at the luminous hands of an old radioactive watch with a strong lens, you will see the individual scintillations of the alpha particles striking the phosphor.
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  685.  @DrDeuteron  Most scintillators will also fluoresce . But if for example you have a ZnS screen and bombard it with alpha particles, there will be a succession of flashes which translate into pulses in a PMT. I would not consider that as fluorescence. A bit like the distinctions between killing, murder and dying, it depends on the circumstances!
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  686. What an amazing event - I had never heard of Bessie. Kudos to American Airlines for this tribute and a big thank you to all the staff who participated in it.
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  687. The Jodrell Bank radio telescope in the UK proved beyond all doubt that the signals were coming from the Moon, not from just an orbiting vehicle, but a stationary craft on the surface. The Russians in any case, were perfectly capable of monitoring the same transmissions as were many universities in many countries. Get informed!
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  688. The organisation that is exploiting these people with mental issues.
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  689. More likely a solar minimum. The output of the Sun is not constant, we already recognise the 11-year sunspot cycle and there are other longer-term ones. The problem is that the weather records are only 150 years old and climatologists, like politicians, think in very short time-periods! Every time I mention the Younger Dryas rapid post-glacial re-cooling, the climate experts change the subject as they cannot explain it.
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  690. No exploitation. Like most other countries, they can apply for a job and take it if they want it, or do something else. Nobody is forcing them to work there.
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  691. Europe is full of American companies that could be based in the USA to give employment to Americans. And imports of USA-manufactured goods are subjected to very high tariffs, so tough luck.
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  692. However, autistic people often can't do empathy, a bit like psychopaths. It is a mental condition. My own autistic nephew beat up his mother several times when he hadn't taken his medicine.
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  693. Don't work in the Amazon jungle or in the Congo without being vaccinated against, polio, diphtheria, typhoid, malaria, hepatitis, cholera, dengue fever to name but a few of the hazards. Have you ever sat beside somebody in the bus who might have polio, TB or whooping cough? They sneeze out a spray of infected droplets and you didn't mind inhaling them - what a hero!
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  694. The damage to the police car would cost more than that.
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  695. He was a "suspect" until he tried to escape, but that made him definitely guilty!
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  696.  @sirtobi6006  But people do get shocked by their cars! When you slide off the synthetic fabric on the seat wearing e.g. a nylon jacket, a huge static charge builds up on your body (if you have non-conductive soles) and when you touch the car door to close it, you discharge through the car and the tyres and feel the shock. The carbon in the tyres is there to alter the adhesion of the rubber. No static charge can build up inside the car, which as I said is a Faraday cage.
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  697. Won't work for neutron and/or gamma radiation!
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  698. Well said. The idiot comments on this page are disgusting. It was a professional job, no DNA evidence, no fingerprints, no body. Most likely a kidnapping to order as paedophiles don't do burglary, they pick up kids from the street, much easier. @mrspilling7664 
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  699.  @susivarga7303  The apartment was broken into while the McCanns were at diner with friends 100m away. What was their motive and how did they not leave evidence and dispose of a body, especially difficult in a foreign country? They were doctors - if they wanted to kill one of their children they could do it in the UK in a way nobody could detect.
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  700.  @SimonBuchanNz  The Linda question is to illustrate that having two attributes is always less likely than just one of them. For example, "Mike has red hair and is a member of the labour party" has to be less probable than "Mike has red hair" or "Mike is a member of the labour party". This is illustrated in a Venn diagram by two intersecting circles, one for the labour party membership and the other for red hair. The area of the intersection is usually smaller (less probable) than either circle. The possibility that the two circles overlap 100% is improbable - would all members of the labour party have only red hair and vice-versa?
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  701.  @SimonBuchanNz  I see that many of the comments are from people who don't see the significance of the Linda question! The question was phrased correctly but as Dr Kahneman stated in his original publications (and book) "humans don't seem to be Bayesian". The problem is not about assigning probabilities, it is to illustrate that Linda can be either a bank teller, or an activist, or both, or neither. The question is which is the more likely (has a higher probability) given the information. Your original comment "My guess on the Linda question is that it's internally assumed..." is not correct, it was not a confusion over the wording.. According to Kahneman & Tversky most people feel that Linda is more likely to be both, even though this violates a fundamental principle of statistics. It is called the "conjunction fallacy" and is a consequence of our inbuilt "representativeness heuristic".
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  702.  @SimonBuchanNz  You are referring to the "framing" of the question, I think. From memory, the researchers did consider all sorts of backgrounds, education, nationalities etc. and found that 86% of the respondents made the error. That leaves 14% who were thinking in Bayesian terms. As with other psychological tests, the subjects were just given the information, nothing more, no questions, no elaboration, and asked simply "which is more likely". Incidentally, even people who have studied basic Bayesian techniques (e.g. health screening) can make this common mistake. The group who come out best are meteorologists! It might be one of those experiments worth repeating to see if the numbers have remained the same.
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  703. It comes from a charge separation between the earth surface and the cloud, and within the cloud also. So lightning can flash between parts of the cloud or from cloud to the ground.
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  704. True!
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  705.  @michaellyne8773  Bombarding a surface with charged particles does not make it radioactive, another fake claim. I think you are reading and believing junk "science"! The age of the Moon is another subject entirely and I am not going to try to explain all that on YouTube!! There are plenty of articles on that in scientific publications.
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  706.  @michaellyne8773  Here is an article on the radiation hazards faced by the astronauts - enjoy! https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/radiationchallenge.pdf
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  707.  @michaellyne8773  I was waiting for your "deadly" Van Allen argument, beloved of conspiracy theorists! Do you know (1) who discovered them?, it was Dr James Van Allen. And (2) who advised NASA on how to avoid the worst part of them? The same person. They went through the edge of them and as radiation depends on time of exposure, this trajectory minimised the exposure time. Here's how https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SMIII_Problem7.pdf I suppose you will say this is all fake, but if you prefer fiction to fact then all I can say is that I am sorry for you - the only people who are lying to you are the people who produce the junk you prefer to read!
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  708.  @michaellyne8773  That is fact, and that is why the landing sites were chosen to be near the terminator (no, not Schwarzenegger!!) rather the border between night and day so that the temperatures would be tolerable and within the range of the life-support pack they wore to keep alive. You think NASA engineers and scientists are stupid?
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  709.  @michaellyne8773  When you get a full-body CT scan you are subjected to a very intense x-radiation but afterwards you are not radioactive. I'm afraid your lack of knowledge of physics leads you to believe incorrectly that exposure to "radiation" makes you radioactive! A common myth propagated by deniers and conspiracy theorists. The radiation background of the Moon was known from unmanned probes like the Surveyor series, before the Apollo missions.
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  710. Yes it is. The EU decided that more "workers" were needed to keep up the pensions of the ageing white population, so the answer was to allow as many into the EU as possible. Angela Merkel said so publicly, no secret or conspiracy!
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  711. He has /had a "hunch" !!
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  712. And they couldn't wait to bring the other reactors back into service as importing oil was bad for the economy and the environment!
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  713. Not much market for porcelain these days....
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  714. New Horizons was launched in 2006. It passed within 8000 miles of Pluto in 2015 and is heading through the Kuiper Belt which it will leave in 2029 and then probably abandoned. I guess the telescopes and the ISS were seen to be more productive for research.
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  715. Everything is really small when you are far away, like the cows in the field in Father Ted when Dougal thinks they are little cows!
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  716. Yes, the animals hear it! Leave a tape recorder next time.
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  717.  @kimberlymortenson9513  You can also take credit for dealing with hardship so bravely!
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  718. Pointing his gun at the back of a colleague's head...!
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  719. How can you be certain? They were prepared to kill and might have decided at any moment to kill the only witness.
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  720.  @sugarbertie1143  Not an excuse, it is an explanation. Every week there are reports of mentally ill people doing violent acts. This is a fact, not an insult. Covering it up doesn't help either the potential victims nor the mentally ill perpetrators.
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  721. We all know of the cases where they guy wearing the seatbelt died in the crash while the others not wearing belts were thrown out. It's called the "confirmation bias". However, when I was going to school in the 50s every second classroom had one child wearing leg braces or 2calipers" because of polio, for which there was no vaccine then. Some of those unfortunates are still with us, with deformed feet and limps, despite corrective surgery. But in the 60s the vaccines arrived and hey presto! - you don't see polio cases any more, at least not in Europe. Try going trekking in a jungle in Asia and refuse the appropriate vaccine.....
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  722. You think the telephone companies don't sell their scrap copper?!!
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  723. Luckily she hadn't bought 5 assault rifles with no difficulty a few hours earlier. This is the problem, drugs and mental illness, not guns.
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  724. Because most of the energy is in the visible band so we see it as light. Normal diodes emit energy in the infra-red band which is perceived as heat. LEDs do produce some heat too, but less than a similar "normal" diode. It is the current which produces the heat, a normal diode might be rated up to 2amps or even more, but LEDs function with a small current of 10 to 50 milli-amps.
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  725. I know this is unfeeling and irrelevant, but the funniest graffiti I ever saw in the toilets at University was "I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy" - still makes me smile!
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  726. The video is about alternators, not car engines! He did explain what B, S & F mean at 4:28.
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  727. Two Voyagers and Pioneer 11 & 12., a total of 5 leaving or already left the Solar system.
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  728. It may be on the way out but the case numbers are so high that there is still the risk of overloading the hospital system which has many staff already out sick with it. Restaurants, the rail services and even the airlines have huge amounts of staff out sick now as covid is running riot in the community. If you need heart surgery and the ICU beds are all full, then what would you do? Wearing masks is nothing - kids do it all the time at Halloween! Would you not like the surgeon to wear a mask for your operation?
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  729. Possibly, but a mentally ill person is acting out some drama in their own irrational world. She might have thought she was fighting aliens from another planet.
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  730. Uranium is not harvested from seawater! The reason is that it is plentiful and widely distributed and as a result, is cheap, only $40/lb. Nuxclear waste is indeed re-processed to separate out the short-lived, highly radioactive isotopes which lose their radioactivity quickly. The longer-lived (and therefore less radioactive) isotopes are stored and may ultimately be converted into silicate glass and stored in stable geological formations.
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  731. It is recycled, almost at maximum. But it also endures so is rarely replaced in many applications.
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  732.  @zintothemoon1135  For small amounts of copper wire embedded in devices there is a cost to extracting that copper from the other materials, so not always economic. Copper, iron, lead and aluminium are metals with a very high recycling ratio, compared to say zinc or tin.
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  733.  @zintothemoon1135  Yes, that's true and those devices keep on working for a long time!
    1
  734. Agreed!
    1
  735. Check the Monte Hall game show - it is a classic case of the average person not being bayesian and making a wrong decision more often.
    1
  736.  @turtlellamacow  In the language questions one has to use only the information given. The question is "which is more likely" and there is enough info there to answer that., but that doesn't stop some people asking for more information!
    1
  737. Psychologists say that the interviewers have almost made up their minds about you in the first 30 seconds from walking into the room. You may have to change their ideas about you even though you don't know what they are. Saying things they don't like doesn't help, and anyway they will be interviewing several other candidates. Being the last or the first makes you more memorable, but being too clever with them also makes you memorable for the wrong reasons. They are thinking that if they select the wrong person it will cost them money and even more to get rid of you and start the recruitment process over again. Feeling bitter and resentful when rejected is a waste of energy and weakens your self-confidence. You have to play the game to succeed and a lot is up to chance anyway. so just learn from the experience and move on to the next interview.
    1
  738. I have driven in Spain for 40+ years and do not agree with you. You are thinking of S. America!
    1
  739. Toronto is further south than Bordeaux but it is not famous for vineyards!
    1
  740.  @lindsayrogers6690  We hope!
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  741. Agree!
    1
  742. What will the legal system do when criminals claim that they identify as "downtrodden innocents"? If I have to appear before a judge on some traffic offence, I will identify as "royalty" and insist the judge refers (defers?) to me as "your highness". I wonder how far I will get with that...?
    1
  743.  @RNIIVI1985 No motive and no history of psychotic behaviour, makes one wonder....? Google on the Dutch nurse Lucia de Berk case, it is very similar and she was jailed for life, only to be declared innocent when new evidence came along. Then Beverley Allitt who "confessed" to killing babies but neither she nor the police could say how it was done. She is in a mental hospital for the last 30 years.
    1
  744. I'm glad I wasn't at the top end of that street!
    1
  745. True, you will still see Renault 5 models in France.
    1
  746.  @Dragrath1  Many thanks for that insight. I might have to return to that location next summer if the covid restrictions allow, as there is a possibility of someone doing a postgrad project there. I could try to find the sand ridge (from memory) and see if the rabbits are still there.
    1
  747.  @frankdimeglio8216  What a genius you must be, better get a tuxedo ready for he Nobel ceremony! However, your SHIFT KEY is sticking badly and needs to be fixed.
    1
  748.  @johnstonewall917  Yes, they will!
    1
  749. It is slightly more "acid" in the surface layers, but as the pH has been reduced from 8.25 to 8.14 since the 18th century is is still technically alkaline and the "acidification" is tiny hardly measurable even with a laboratory pH meter. I find it hard to believe that marine animals are supposed to be affected by that small a change.
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  750. There are guys in those countries on the equator who do this "experiment" with a bucket and a basin for the tourists 100m north of the equator and then move to 100m south of the equator and get the opposite result. They charge $10 for the show!
    1
  751. Go visit France and Sweden, they have 80% and 50% electricity generation by clean greenhouse gas-free nuclear power. No accidents, nobody has died and the fuel doesn't have to bought from hostile countries.
    1
  752. That is correct, the outer electrons are the valence electrons and in a metallic molecule, the neighbouring atoms cause the threshold to be lowered and these electrons are then free to move around and become conduction electrons. They do hold energy in discrete amounts in the quantum mechanical domain.
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  753. Too small!
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  754. The decay products of radon are charged metallic particles (Po, Pb & Bi) and they will stick to clothing. But using a Geiger counter to detect these particles is very inefficient and gives a misleading notion that the radon hazard is small. You have to use the correct detectors for radon, not a Geiger counter.
    1
  755. I can't understand how pilots stall aircraft like the AF447 in 2009. Even if the airspeed indications have gone crazy, the AH and power setting would maintain flight? When I was learning to fly, we practiced "limited panel" for loss of IAS in VFR conditions and attitude was the key, whether visual or AH.
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  756. In the first chapter of the DaVinci Code, dan Brown seems to think that GPS devices can work in the basement of a building. Made his book a nonsense, a pity he didn't do more research!
    1
  757.  @carpediem5510 Ils ont retrouvé ses vêtements à proximité, mais pas les autres ossements.
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  758. In his book "Handling the big jets" author David Davies recommends a firm landing on a waterlogged runway to avoid aquaplaning by breaking the film of water that can build up under the tyres.
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  759. Psychopath - they always think they are superior to everybody else. Even Ted Bundy tried to mentally manipulate the witnesses when he was about to be executed. Only a few are killers - there are a lot of psychopaths around in everyday life.
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  760. Look at 1:19 the head is clearly visible behind the monitor.
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  761. What do you think it is made of - chocolate?
    1
  762.  @botchman5947  You're right about it being metal, so which metal is most common in the universe and in the Earth's crust, and in meteorites, and that has the right density to account for the gravitational field, the right seismic velocity as measured from earthquake records and the right melting point given the pressures that must exist a the centre of the earth? All deep oil wells and mineral exploration holes, including the 12 km one in the Kola peninsula, show the same sort of geothermal gradient, about 30ºC per kilometer. Where did you read about it being 4 times hotter?
    1
  763.  @botchman5947  Aluminium is common in the Crust, but it is too light (density) to be responsible for the Core, as the gravitational field would be less than what is observed. iron has the highest binding energy in the nucleus so is the most likely metal in the universe, and meteorites are usually iron with some nickel, or else they are "stony" make of silicate minerals and compare more to the Crust or Mantle. Geothermal gradients can be as high as 80ºC/km over mid-ocean ridges and volcanic areas, and as low as 20 ºC/km over subduction zones, so a 4 times range is just possible.
    1
  764. Easiest to comprehend. We all know about medical screening and the fear of the result coming back positive. Even medical people get it wrong and make the wrong diagnosis. Coin flipping, selecting drawers in quiz programs, eye-witness accounts and marketing studies are also used as examples, but the medical ones seem to give the best explanations.
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  765. The panic among those who didn't have fishing permits up to date!
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  766.  @christopherprice-hq5sy  She looks ill to me, possibly cancer, and is very compliant. Clearly unwell. BTW there are homeless people in Europe with good jobs - the price of housing has gone too high.
    1
  767. There is no "used" current and no energy levels of electrons involved. Better to think of potentials, the neutral is connected to ground so it has the same potential as "ground" and no current should flow through anyone touching the neutral conductor. The "hot" wire is alternating between +310V to -310V, with an average ("RMS" or "root mean square") voltage of +220V or -220V relative to ground (European system). So if you are standing on the ground (with poor insulation) and touch the hot wire, you will have an alternating current pass through you as the voltage swings up to +310V and then to -310V 50 times per second. Sometimes the neutral is badly connected to earth at the transformer, or the ground is resistive and not at zero potential, or even incorrect wire colours, so touching the neutral conductor is never recommended unless the circuit is turned off, i.e. isolated.
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  768.  @HappyBeezerStudios  You agree then that you cannot detect gold using a gamma radiation detector in an aircraft.
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  769. If he reached for anything out of sight, the officer would have to kill him. Is that not clear?
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  770. Col Chuck Yeager had problems with some physics and maths which meant he had to have assistance to pass his aeronautical engineering exams. Sometimes a simpler explanation - even if not strictly correct - is better for a good pilot who is weak on physics. Nobody is telling "lies" - a lie is a deliberate attempt to mislead someone for a malicious reason.
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  771.  @MikeCnolan  A lot of things in life are simplified like that, otherwise children and students wouldn't have a chance. They have to crawl before they can walk or run. I still wouldn't call that a "lie" which is a negative action although the idea that the "stork brings them" and the "tooth fairy" do seem somewhat borderline!
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  772. They model it on the advice of psychologists, there really are some people like that! @rahatahmed6188 
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  773. Many of the sciences are stagnating, no breakthroughs like one or two centuries ago. The problem is how research is funded, as scientist have to spend a lot of time applying for grants. Then they are required to publish regularly even if there is no new research, just re-hashing the earlier stuff. Then there is scope-creep, the "research" often depends on mixing in elements of other disciplines to make it look different and interesting, but often not relevant nor indeed correct. Lastly, all the research is outsourced to beginners doing PhDs, the "experts" are doing teaching, administration and looking for funding.
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  774. The Olympics would go on for months!
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  775. Le corps a été enterré récemment..
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  776.  @unpetithommesurcetteplanet4934  C'est quelque chose que les tueurs font souvent une fois les recherches terminées.
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  777. Some of the fires in France a few years ago were tracked down to several disaffected part-time firemen who had some anger agenda they wanted to vent.
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  778. Mining in third world countries might be polluting, but not in a modern country with strict H&S and environmental controls plus an educated workforce watched over by union bosses who are always ready to defend their workers. The EU is infested with greens, that is the reason "they" try to outsource mining, which makes the EU dependent on other countries like Russia an China, with the negative consequences that can have.
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  779. The title should be "Voyager Probe" (not "probes" because the Voyager-2 antenna was accidentally pointed in the wrong direction ending all communications with that probe. There are TWO reasons why Voy-1 is working, the RTG battery and the Deep Space network on Earth.
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  780. Not an element.
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  781. They are to be found in all the political parties!
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  782. Almost all the copper that can be recycled is. When did you last recycle the pipes and wiring in your house? Lithium costs more to recycle than to mine it.
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  783. My sister went to a convent school many years ago and was told not to shine her patent leather shoes "in case the boys see up your skirt in the reflection" - how times have changed, now it's smartphones!
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  784. After the catastrophic 1988 fire in Yosemite National Park which burned 1.5 million acres, 3 Cornell scientists studied the whole phenomenon of wildfires and demonstrated that the usual attempts to control every small fire resulted in an accumulation of flammable material leading to a catastrophic event sooner or later. Small fires always occur, caused by lightning, and serve to remove the flammable material from becoming spatially continuous. Backburning and clearing vegetation from around housing is the correct thing to do, like periodic dredging of rivers to avoid flooding, but the greens howl and protest to stop these sensible practices.
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  785.  @noelwallace5257  Of course there are. But this guy seems to be off his head, not a matter of religious zeal, although the distinction between the two is very small!
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  786. Germanium occurs with zinc in many deposits around the world, so it is not difficult to locate supplies. I saw a video where a lump of germanium about the size of a football was in the safe of a semiconductor company and the CEO said there was enough there to keep them producing semiconductors for a century.
    1
  787.  @morganangel340  The amounts of these metals required to make semiconductors is small.
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  788.  @morganangel340  Absolutely true! If you produce milk for $100/pint who would buy it?
    1
  789. And then the French girls smash them! Great entertainment, which is what sport is supposed to be!
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  790. Thorium reactors offer a lot of plus factors. However, thorium does not readily form mineral deposits unlike uranium, so it will always be a lot more expensive than the plentiful uranium. The irony is that thorium is actually more abundant in the crust but because of its chemical behaviour, it does not get concentrated into economic deposits like uranium does.
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  791. I think they have mental health issues, the sort of insecure, impressionable and gullible people that can be recruited by more sinister organisations.
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  792. I wonder what the total weight of all that kit is to carry...?
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  793. Once upon a time the scientific consensus was that there were no Ice Ages (but Louis Agassiz was eventually vindicated), there was no continental drift (but Alfred Wegener was eventually vindicated) and that the earth was only 100 million years old from Kelvin's heat loss calculations (Arthur Holmes showed that radiogenic heating made the earth much older). The climate has always been changing as shown by the geological record and we are in an inter-glacial period within a longer series of cyclical ice ages, to which we are destined to return "soon" (10s, 100s, or 1000s of years, who knows?). As with all science, look at the evidence critically, be sceptical of predictions, especially from computer models, and keep an open mind, unlike politicians, celebrities and religious leaders!
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  794.  @Marco-it2mr  Not just one ice age, there have been a sequence of several and they are long. We are still in the quaternary ice age, just now in a short inter-glacial period. Has anyone figured out what eneded the Younger Dryas cold period? According to Greenland ice cores the global temperature may have risen as much as 10C in a short a period as ten years. Agreed, mechanisms are always harder to account for than the actual observations themselves, however atmospheric CO2 has been between 4000 and 8000 ppm for most of earth's geological hsitory. The low 400ppm we have now is not much above that required for plant life, about 150ppm and during the ice ages dropped to as little as 180ppm. A return of the ice age would definitely lead to mass extinctions, mainly of humans as we flee towards the equator with famines and violence leaving behind our food/energy/transport infrastructure to an advancing ice sheet!
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  795.  @Marco-it2mr  By the way, Aarhenius is a chemist and a distant relative of Greta Thunberg. Vindicated by whom and how?
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  796.  @Leafsdude_  A chemist is an expert on climate change then?
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  797.  @Leafsdude_  Do you know when he was alive? More than 100 years ago! Science has come a long way since then. Incidentally, the absorption of IR by CO2 is more a physics issue than a chemical one.
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  798.  @Leafsdude_  Yes, he was physical chemist, worked on reaction rates etc., I have a degree in chemistry as well as in physics. But in his day they hadn't discovered the neutron, only had vague notions about quantum mechanics, didn't understand ice ages, no ice cores from Greenland, no knowledge of past climates from the geological record, no satellite images of Arctic ice extent and did not understand isostasy. Early days for climate science, yes.
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  799.  @Leafsdude_  Well, he thought that a drop in CO2 caused the glaciations, and now we know that it does not. Rather, a combination of the Milankovich cycles and solar variations are now seen as the cause. The drop in CO2 is a result, not a cause and is due to cold water absorbing more atmospheric gases. Shows how little science is actually understood by climate scientists!
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  800.  @Leafsdude_  So sunspot cycles of 11 years (and other periods) do not represent solar activity? You heard of the Maunder Minimum. I suppose? Greenland ice cores show that CO2 variations lag the temperature variations (from oxygen isotope information). Of course climate "scientists" do not like facts that disagree with their per narrative. I'll leave you to your "beliefs", I prefer evidence.
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  801. The "preferred" path is the one with the lowest impedance.
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  802. The laws are invented by the majority ruling party of a country. So who is electing them? That's where the focus has to be.
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  803. The doctors and surgeons who perform these manipulations should consider their professional liability insurance carefully, lest at some future date they are sued for irreversible surgical procedures leading to further grief and mental issues among these patients.
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  804. Covid wasn't rubbish, as the large number of additional funerals showed. You obviously never worked in a hospital!
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  805.  @michaelegan6037  Sure there was incorrect counting but the number of patients who needed respirators was exceptional. Even Trump and Boris Johnson got covid. A neighbour who was an anti-vaxer died of it and another now has long covid. If you work in the tropic you would value vaccines as the diseases you could easily catch are not funny.
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  806.  @stuartb4525  Inn Bolgona the army had to remove he coffins at night and the coffin manufacturers could hardly keep up with demand.
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  807.  @stuartb4525  I have enough friend and family who work in the health systems in the UK, France, Sweden and the USA to know the facts. I would never rely on the media for those things.
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  808.  @stuartb4525  I have no explanation for your account of it, I just base it on my own information. My daughter did a 6-month stint in the respiratory dept of a major hospital and I know what she saw and went through - why would the staff would invent that experience. I cannot accept that all the medical community were involved in some sort of conspiracy with no obvious benefit to themselves.
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  809.  @stuartb4525  Well, statistics works for large numbers, not small numbers. I don't personally know of anybody killed in a car crash, but I'm not going to conclude that it never happens. Towns with a better-educated class of people who were careful probably showed less signs of the covid. My daughter disregarded the recommendations and her kids attended choirs etc. and they all got it twice - testing positive on the kits and feeling very ill for a week. My neighbour's son who lives in Bologna in Italy wasn't under any doubt - he saw the ambulances and hearses and lost quite a few friends and colleagues of all ages.
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  810.  @stuartb4525  You don't believe in statistics either! Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. I'll leave it there as you are so convinced. Interesting discussion, thanks!
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  811. TV sets could indeed be detected from the flyback oscillator. The 625 line pictures were "interlaced" at 25Hz, i.e. 312.5 lines were scanned at 50 Hz giving a frequency of 15,625 Hz in the VLF band. One geophysical technique we use for groundwater and mineral exploration uses the signals from VLF naval transmitters around Europe (Rugby is gone, now we use Anthorn and Skelton) and the equipment would pick up the TV signals if tuned to 15.625 kHz. I had a mysterious neighbour for a while who made no sound and used to creep into his house silently, curtains always drawn. Then I discovered that I could detect his TV but he might have left it on even if absent. Never knew what he was up to but he seemed harmless!
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  812. Try solar panels in Scandinavia during winter when the wind doesn't blow much either. They already have hydro an almost every river in Sweden. Nuclear is the way forward, plenty of uranium for at least 400 years by which time we might have fusion power.
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  813. Don't forget Sweden (45%), Spain, Finland etc....
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  814. She was not radioactive, despite this continuous statement. When her body was exhumed for re-burial her bones were not radioactive. Her illness was most probably caused by long exposure to x-radiation from machines she used in WW-1 to locate bullets in wounded soldiers.
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  815. A 28 year old female. If she left her DNA on a window and fled, it would be identified as "female", not anything else. Denying her own biology is another sign of some mental problem.
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  816. They just do! "Why" is the wrong question to ask in Physics. Philosophy deals (supposedly) with "why" questions, in physics things are like they are, no reason, unless you believe somebody created it that way. Why is the grass green? Because it contains chlorophyll. Why is chlorophyll green? Because of the molecular structure it has. The physicist Richard Feynman has a video on this watch?v=36GT2zI8lVA
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  817.  @wernervanham8760  I know, it is not very satisfying. Science only observes things and attempts to describe how they occur, not "why". Why is pi 3.14159.... ? Why are viruses so small? Why are we here? The list is endless!! I'm not sure philosophy "explains" anything either....
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  818.  @wernervanham8760  Religions claim to offer "explanations" to the fundamental questions you mention, which is why most people put more trust in religion than science. In physics, a mathematical backing to describe a phenomenon is considered an explanation, but while it may help to predict other behavior not yet observed, it can be argued that it is not an explanation at all! We know a lot about electrons, for example, and how they behave, but do we really "know" what they are?
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  819.  @wernervanham8760  No. We can know how they occurred, not "why"! Did you watch Feynmann's video? It can be a problem of semantics when people ask why, when they really are asking the question how.
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  820.  @wernervanham8760  Certain concepts are very difficult to explain in terms of the world we know from experience. Answers to "why" questions are never satisfactory. If I say that photons spread out like settlers in a new land, they just want to occupy space, well that answer might satisfy a child but not an adult. If I say that photons radiating outwards are a consequence of Maxwell's equations, that might satisfy a physicist but perhaps nobody else! Photons have a speed (of light, "c") associated with them, so they will move in any available direction unless absorbed or reflected, or interact with something. They are like bullets when a gun is fired - they will go wherever they can. But those answers are more about how they radiate rather than why. I hope that gives you some idea of photon's behavior.
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  821.  @wernervanham8760  Very funny!
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  822.  @wernervanham8760  Quote your references! Every time I hear "scientists say..." I know it is usually popular science. Personally, I find cosmology boring.
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  823.  @wernervanham8760  Why is related to motives, often human motives (e.g. "why did he do that?") and your first question was "why do photons decide to spread.." - "deciding" would be a typical human behaviour. Most people will ask why as it is natural for us to want a motive. Have a look at Feynman's video and this link https://medium.com/the-polymath-project/science-does-not-ask-why-9b80e6c81a9e "How did the universe become transparent, or when did it..? but "why did it?" is more philosophical, something a religion would probably attribute to creation. And the religions don't like us asking "why" either!
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  824. Excellent and informative video - thank you for taking the time and trouble to keep novices like me out of trouble!
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  825.  @daniellamcgee4251  You are essentially correct, but we dealt with those problems. Being beaten by teachers or by your peers (usually in the bicycle sheds) was wrong but we had to be tough and deal with it. One boy in my school on the football pitch from a head injury and we were sad but accepted that accidents can happen. But today my granddaughters can't walk home at night safely as my sisters did 60 years ago.
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  826. Uranium is slightly soluble in groundwater under oxidising conditions. When this groundwater comes into contact with the reducing conditions in phosphate-bearing rock, the uranium is precipitated. That's why phosphate rock (and some other substances e.g. carbon, sulphur) can concentrate uranium. This does not happen with thorium nor REEs. The cost of extracting Th and REES from the waste was too great to make it economic, that is why is was shut down. No mystery, just economics.
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  827. The point is that people don't even consider the "base rate" i.e. the proportion of one type to the other in the Steve question. They don't even think to ask if the farmers equal the librarians in numbers..
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  828.  @xChimkin  Invented the method of drying it, chopping it up and smoking it. Imported to Europe by Sir Walter Raleigh.
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  829. That is BS and a blood test will show that it is untrue. It might have been a century ago with lead paints but they use titanium or barium nowadays.
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  830.  @Powertampa  The jet stream at the top of the troposphere can blow at speeds in excess of 200 kts, so airport surface wind speeds are no use. It is airspeed that keeps an aircraft flying, not ground speed which is what the gps measures. That's why pitot tubes are needed.
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  831.  @Powertampa  Agreed, that's why there is usually more than one pitot tube. The pilot is supposed to check that airspeed is reading correctly as the plane starts its takeoff roll - if no airspeed "alive" or a discrepancy between two ASIs, then the takeoff should be abandoned. If the ASI goes dead in flight, the AH and power settings will give reasonably approximate airspeeds, but a landing would still be a very dangerous manoeuvre in a jet as the speed needed on approach is not much above stall speed. In small aircraft it is possible to fly on attitude without an ASI and even land, but only in VFR conditions.
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  832. It will take 18-24 months to (a) find a vaccine (b) test it to see how effective it is (c) check it is safe to use and (d) start manufacturing it in sufficient quantities. The researchers are still at (a).
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  833.  @oldman_eleven  Yes, "working on one". A leading virologist, Dr George Lomonossoff was interviewed on BBC today and he said at least one year or possibly two. The main delay is drug trials, you have to try the vaccine out on healthy people and then see how many would develop the disease if exposed to it and how many would normally contract it without the vaccine. Then these findings would have to be replicated among other groups of age sex race etc. and with and without other illnesses etc. Imagine scaling up a massive production of a vaccine later found out to be ineffective/ It takes months just to test the vaccine, let alone manufacture and distribute it in the amounts necessary. And they haven't even found one yet, according to that expert.
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  834.  @mx9917  Their economy would suffer even more if they jumped the gun and produced an ineffective vaccine. Even if they do produce a viable vaccine, other countries will still want to do all the testing anyway. That's the way it works!
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  835.  @spencersanderson1894  Why don't you invest in the project and get some of those profits? It could go wrong and you would lose everything, but that is the risk all investors take. The profits are the reward for the risk.
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  836. Not true. An Irish colleague and his wife were returning from a nightclub in Dublin and stupidly gave the fingers to another driver who cut in on them. The other vehicle (NI reg) then followed them the speeds increasing and they became frightened as the other driver was going around roundabouts to try to get ahead of them. Eventually they got to a police station and the other car abandoned the chase. The police were not interested in doing anything and said that it was probably "an armed gang"!! Very comforting...
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  837. I could demand to be arrested by a female officer in a swimsuit, but I don't think the law is structured that way. Pepper spray and handcuffs should have been deployed here.
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  838. I recall waiting for an infrequent bus as I was running late for a meeting too far away to walk and be on time. The bus approached full of schoolchildren, some of whom I could see crying and I wondered what was going on. The bus didn't stop, being full, so I had to walk and was late. Turned out they had taken time off school to attend a meeting of "extinction rebellion" a UK-based climate action organisation and the kids had been frightened with talk of death by drowning in rising sea-levels or being burnt up by rising temperatures! The strategy isn't new - get them young and indoctrinate them.
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  839. Mark Twain said "It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it!" He might have included "woman". As politicians are paid to have certain views they think will get them elected or keep them popular - by definition they are all liars!
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  840. And even more important, who created that person! Maybe it was a committee?
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  841. In Ireland there are some roundabouts which are not controlled by lights but which have a pedestrian crossing just before the roundabout. So you see a green light just before a roundabout and what do you do? Well many drivers just go ahead and have a collision with a vehicle already on the roundabout. These lights are very misleading.
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  842.  @daniellamcgee4251  What I don't ignore is how society is so tolerant of wrong-doers nowadays, they are hardly punished for rape and murder and violent assault. Instead they are "rehabilitated" so they can come out and repeat offend. Even rapists and murderers of 17 are protected by the Courts as "children". Society has become soft. That is reality not fantasy.
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  843. To set TOGA power.
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  844. This is not science, rather scaremongering by the greens. A thin surface layer will be warmed by additional sunshine, but the heat capacity of the entire oceans of the world is enormous and the temperature at the bottom is still 4C which is the maximum density. The volume of the 100m "surface layer" heated by the atmosphere is under 3% of the entire volume and that surface layer has only warmed by 0.6 - 1.0 deg C since the industrial revolution, according to climate scientists themselves.
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  845. They are called psychopaths who believe they are superior to the rest of us.
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  846. The Concorde had a radiation meter on the dashboard. The pilots had their rosters determined not only by hours but also by radiation dose.
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  847. I'd rather be insulted or offended rather than beaten over the head and left brain-damaged, like that American tourist. The old rhyme comes to mind - "sticks and stones will break my bones but names will never hurt me".
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  848.  @SFKelvin  Shift key stuck!
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  849.  @rondoenergy4228  The melting point of quartz which is what silica sand is composed of is 1670°C. I won't be investing!!
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  850. If you hear stories about a certain company "having staffing problems" you can suspect a narcissist boss or manager - they are the common denominator. Many cases of constructive dismissal have their roots in a narcissist boss - the employee was trying to resist so the boss took revenge by giving them an assignment that would break them down eventually. The best strategy for dealing with a narcissist boss in my experience is to cooperate with them within reason, but all the while be on the lookout for another job. When you do find one, just tell them "sorry, this job no longer interests me" and leave - they will end up having a (grudging) respect for you
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  851. The "controllers" - are you paranoid or something?
    1
  852.  @themvsthemvsus Your thinking is confused, I do not believe in conspiracy theories. Btw, your SHIFT key seems to be sticking..
    1
  853.  @themvsthemvsus  Your "controllers" are working over time today!!
    1
  854.  @themvsthemvsus  You need to take a step back and decide for yourself what you want to do or say. Easier said than done, I know, but worth the struggle. Take care and stay safe!
    1
  855. Exactly. She is stated to have "learning disabilities" yet the world's politicians listen to her - amazing1
    1
  856. That won't detect radon, you would need an ionisation chamber or a zinc sulphide scintillation cell to detect it.
    1
  857. No weapons of mass destruction were found despite Colin Powell's photos and diagrams. Hans Blix, one of the nuclear investigators said that the so-called "factory" had weeds 3m tall and cobwebs that hadn't been disturbed for 20+ years.
    1
  858. Hilary's husband "exposed" (!) the office of President of the USA to a potential blackmail if Monica had been a foreign agent. He should have been jailed for that and perhaps he "exposed" some more too!!
    1
  859.  @stephenpage-murray7226  Yes, thanks to the internet. Thirty years ago it would have taken days in libraries and library requests taking weeks or even months.
    1
  860. Nit-picking perhaps, but the dose that will kill 50% of those exposed is usually given as 5 Sv. Google on the Goiania accident in Brazil to see who survived despite large doses.
    1
  861. A "journalist" says it is the most likely scenario? What does he know? The most likely scenario is a fire in the cargo of lithium ion batteries it was carrying. The FAA now bans such cargoes as these batteries have caused fires before, even the aircraft batteries, a total of 268 air/airport incidents since January 23 2006. Google on "Events with smoke, fire, etc. involving lithium ion batteries" for the 52 page report. The crew were probably overcome by toxic fumes as the fire destroyed the avionics bay. Someone tried to turn the aircraft back southwards and descend before being overcome in turn, when the aircraft climbed back to altitude and continued southwards until it ran out of fuel. Until the wreckage is found (perhaps never) nobody knows for sure, but this is the "most likely" scenario, not as exciting for the gullible and paranoid as a conspiracy, but just plain more likely.
    1
  862. Computer age had started already. I was using an IBM360 in 1968 and the Apollo missions had simple numerical machines to calculate heights and velocities, no graphics, just digital input and output. There was even a HP35 calculator that could be programmed (I had one) and they demonstrated programmes that could be used as backup although I'm not sure they were ever used.
    1
  863. Dreamed, imagined, fantasized, but not "theorized".
    1
  864. Agreed!
    1
  865. Cave paintings in desert regions e.g. the Sahara, usually show savanna animals, giraffes etc. being hunted. These paintings are thousands of years old (as per C14 dating), showing that desertification has been ongoing for at least thousands of years!
    1
  866.  @lilaclizard4504  Very interesting! Climate is certainly cyclical as are the ice ages.
    1
  867. Very true, especially in Europe.
    1
  868. You'll have to talk to Benjamin Franklin about that, he called it wrong and they only found out the electron was negative 150 years later! Makes no difference to an electrician who works with AC. It only matters for electrochemistry, gas discharge tubes and magnets. Physicists who work with those things have no problem using an old convention, just like changing units.
    1
  869. In the 1960s my aunt had a civil service job in the "Aliens Section" - wooooo!!! It was later renamed "Immigration".
    1
  870. So, he gets back late and takes the woman to the hospital. On the way, he is stopped by the cops who see a naked woman in a blanket and ask for an explanation. "Well, there were these dolphins who led me to her in the ocean..." "Yeah, yeah, out of the car!"
    1
  871. Bring it back for what purpose?
    1
  872. The 67 year old at the beginning had it right but inverted the calculation. It is one year divided by the remaining time to live that makes time appear to run faster. When I was 30 a 2-year contract overseas seemed to be a long posting, an eternity! Now I realize it was just a short period of time.
    1
  873. They could, but it would have to be silvery and not very attractive. A molecule that absorbs UV and is transparent to visible is hardly noticeable. I wasn't very convinced about sunscreens until I spread a little on a yellow fluorescent pad and shone a shortwave UV lamp on it - the fluorescence was completely gone and the pad appeared black, like the presenter's face! I tried different grades of sunscreen and the best strategy is to buy the highest grade, the lower grades are just more dilute.
    1
  874. In Spain on a turn you have to stop as the secondary lights are linked to pedestrian ones. Brits regularly get fined for that infraction.
    1
  875. I don't think radio or TV will go anytime soon. Radio is useful while driving a car and TV is more user-friendly than the internet. I think newspapers will go quite soon, they don't produce "news" anymore, just opinions! The internet is prone to hacking , eavesdropping by cookie, and manipulated or fake news, that it is more likely to be ignored. @shodan2958 
    1
  876. Meanwhile the migrants who try to do things the right way, apply for visas, provide financial details, have their documents translated, wait and wait and wait..... a the back of the line.
    1
  877. The wavelength is shorter but they are also travelling slower, so the same number of wave are passing per second, so the frequency remains the same. Both the speed and the wavelength have reduced by the same amount so the frequency remains the same. Freq = speed / wavelength.
    1
  878. White with a Mohican haircut and armed with an ice-pick. Mentally disturbed imo...
    1
  879. Problem with your SHIFT key...
    1
  880. They wear them at Halloween no problem! When I was a kid, there were some children who got polio (a virus, also inhaled) and had leg deformities for life - a very big social development consequence for them. Vaccinations in the 60s eradicated polio in Europe, it's still in parts of Africa, unfortunately. TB was another less infectious but more serious epidemic, spread by spitting, which is why it was considered disgusting. We have to use all the defences we have, masks, hygiene, distance, vaccinations and isolation when you have symptoms or a positive antigen test - you can be infectious and asymptomatic. Here's an interesting example : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mallon
    1
  881.  @cannonball8885  Millions of doctors and nurses would not agree with you! Are you a new-age prophet or something?
    1
  882. Try being an employer and seeing if you want to run a social service. Better still, try being self-employed, you will work around the clock and do the accounts, taxes etc. for the Govt and not be paid for that.
    1
  883. The nutter who stalked women, abused his girlfriend, had a modified weapon, was mentally disturbed and was in the area, clearly wasn't the perp.
    1
  884. Probably less than 20 mA if you are still alive. Current depends on the resistance (and reactance, for AC circuits) and finger tips are usually dry.
    1
  885. Capacitors store very little energy compared to batteries.
    1
  886. I agree, and he wasn't looking at what was already on the airfield. I have had sheep and even deer arrive onto small grass strips and they don't obey the tower controller, especially when there isn't a tower.
    1
  887.  @vitruviuszhang  GPS doesn't work underwater or indoors, for that matter.
    1
  888.  @margotrobbie8582  Opening from the inside creates a weakness in the structure as the pressure inside is much less than the water pressure outside at depth, (up to 400 times greater). Anyway, they found it on the bottom.
    1
  889. Space is immense and the speed limit of 300,000 kps makes the journey time very long for them. Like the relatives in Australia, they just couldn't be bothered coming here because it rains so much!
    1
  890. A friend of mine on holidays in China bought a box and the storekeeper told him "not to keep them in the house"! They emit high-energy 92.62 MeV) gamma radiation too. The ones sold in Europe contain yttrium, not thorium, and are not radioactive.
    1
  891. Like the cop, she realised that there was something wrong with the driver of the SUV and was trying to help but being cautious and keeping out of range wisely. If you report something strange you are supposed to remain there to explain why you reported it in case the suspect runs off.
    1
  892. It is only a poisonous as lead and radioactive, which is a different effect. Even depleted uranium dust in zones of warfare of munitions testing are not that big an issue, you have to get the uranium ingested first. Diarrhoea is the usual result, like small amounts of arsenic.
    1
  893.  @Avitiongames87267  One person I saw only got a reply 13 year later!
    1
  894. Or it's a criminal, a killer with a gun who has no respect for the law or a drug-crazed psycho. Normal people don't behave like this, a danger to society.
    1
  895.  @paulrelgne2149  If you take a gun and fire at police, you could hardly claim "innocence" - they will respond in kind. he could have thrown the gun away and stopped with his hands up. He had a choice and he made it, probably mentally deranged, but how can the cops know what his intentions are?
    1
  896.  @paulrelgne2149 When a gunfight develops or if an unarmed person resists arrest, the adrenaline and danger could provoke even a trained police officer to open fire in the heat of the moment. If anyone points a gun at you and yells "stop", what should you do?
    1
  897. 0.04%
    1
  898. They will still ask for it and saying that "we are alone" means we have no alibi either...
    1
  899.  @RadioactiveDrew  Well, vested interests are always going to argue for or against as the radon hazard is based on statistical analyses. It is impossible to say which lung cancers have been caused by radon, so not an obvious cause and effect. But the alpha scintillator cells I used 15 years ago to collect high radon gas activity, and which were flushed immediately after measurement, still continue to have high background counts from the long-lived daughters, Pb-210, Bi-210 (beta emitters) and Po210 (alpha emitter). Perhaps you could try measuring the radon in those old mines, but don't breath in that air! The DNA mutation is like a lottery ticket, you might win on the first ticket you buy or perhaps never win. You will never know which alpha particle causes the mutation to a cancerous tumour in a lung tissue cell.
    1
  900. She pleaded "not guilty" - suppose you were in fact innocent but found guilty, would you want to be called the "angel of death" and face the angry and vindictive parents if you knew you hadn't done anything? If she is so evil and crazy, why was she not committed to a mental institution? Harold Shipman had a motive - he changed his victim's wills in his favour, but what motive did Letby have? Google on the very similar nurse Lucia de Berk case. She was found guilty and jailed for life but 6 years later, new evidence came to light and she was declared innocent and freed.
    1
  901. I think you are right. I also have a relative who thinks the tap water is full of poisons and he has to have bottled water. He reads junk science magazines and is terrified the sea will rise up and drown him even though he lives about 800 ft above sea level.
    1
  902. True!
    1
  903. That mirrored glass is a menace giving cover to a shooter inside.
    1
  904. Take off the yellow shorts!
    1
  905. If this person left DNA on something and fled the scene, it would be identified unambiguously as female and not anything else. Almost all of us are either female XX gene or male XY gene. There are some aberrations such as XXX and XXY but those people are severely abnormal and impaired. Denying one's own biology is probably a sign of some mental problem.
    1
  906. Proximity fuze.
    1
  907. Terrifying? Such snowflakes!! They should ask their parents how they dealt with TB, polio and smallpox, as well as mumps, measles and chickenpox. And how many died of HIV/AIDS since the 80s, before treatments were developed? Do anti-vaxers expect to be put on ventilators when they get sick from covid?
    1
  908. Yes, that's true. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74MUjUj7bp8
    1
  909. Don't forget car parts, door handles, roofing materials, nappy rash cream and bicycle frame alloys.
    1
  910.  @michaelpalmer4387  I always thought the boy racers wanted to drive Renault 4Ls, or failing that, Morris Minors?
    1
  911. But the host knows what is behind the doors and will never open the one with the key, so the maths is different to what you are considering. Switching give you two doors, so 2/3 and the host knowingly opening the goat door doesn't change that.
    1
  912. Just wait until toilets need to be connected to the internet!
    1
  913. Everyone in Japan has a geiger counter and are very knowledgeable about radioactivity. They don't listen to politicians, they listen to scientists and radio-medicine experts. Remember, they know more about atomic bombs than anyone else!
    1
  914. With mental illness, it could be there were no clouds in the sky and she had to shoot someone to get the clouds back. It is called "irrationality".
    1
  915. Yes, very slow, the electrons drift at approx 1 m/h for a 10A current in a typical copper wire.
    1
  916.  @StoneShards  That was 1 metre per hour, not 1 mile per hour!
    1
  917. Since 80% of voters are low income, I doubt that they will support more expensive fuel to heat their homes in winter. The areas that vote Green are usually upper-middle class.
    1
  918. Same applies to art items and wines. People buy these over-priced objects to show that they have money, it's called "conspicuous consumption" in economics.
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  919. All the pundits and commentators ignore the fact that the fuel pipes do not come into the cockpit with mechanical gate or ball valves to turn on or off, like the water mains. These fuel valves are remote and operated by powered solenoids like the starter motor in a car. The solenoids are commanded by the electrical circuit from those switches and their "position" (run or cut-off) is sensed by whether there is current flowing in that circuit or not. Nothing is "looking" at the actual switches. I can turn off my TV by pulling the plug from the wall socket without touching the on/off button. Most likely explanation is that no human touched those switches at all, but in the moment the engines started to lose power, one pilot asked "why did you do that?" assuming it was the other pilot.
    1
  920. As long as the earth rotates the same way, the physics is irrefutable. Unfortunately these days many junk science publications pass the peer-review threshold. I know of some which make claims that are physically impossible, like using radar to locate missing aircraft under 2km of seawater. It actually got published. Another using google images "proved" that all animals graze facing north and that dogs always urinate facing north. I didn't know whether to laugh or despair reading that garbage!
    1
  921. In one second he could cut her throat. Sorry if you threaten anyone with a weapon you are denying your human rights. If armed police order you to surrender, you only have two options, comply or take the consequences.
    1
  922. Same applies to many media outlets, including "quality" newspapers. Scare stories sell!
    1
  923.  @riverdonoghue9992  Not true! They are all working as politicians now!
    1
  924. A "belief" is nor science, it is religion. He could be asymptomatic and spreading it through the hospital. One of my neighbours had appendicitis last year and came out dead from a hospital-acquired covid infection which destroyed his lungs. Great for the patients!
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  925. The best part is you don't need a pooper scooper. Apart from that, not much fun to go for a walk with.
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  926. Can you explain how the McCanns could leave the dinner table with their friends, murder their child and bury the body in a foreign country and then return to the dinner 10 minutes later with not a speck of evidence anywhere, and two witnesses who saw a man leave and walk away carrying a bundle of something? No motive, no body, no evidence - apart from a professional break-in, it was most probably a contract kidnapping to order by somebody wealthy and powerful, a mafia gang boss or something like that.
    1
  927.  @martinsmith3847  That is not correct. The RBE for beta radiation is also 1 as it is for gamma and x radiation. Anyway, a Geiger counter is more efficient at detecting beta radiation than it is for gamma as a small gas-filled (low pressure) tube is a very poor target for gamma photons.
    1
  928.  @martinsmith3847  RBE is for absorbed dose, i.e. absorbed into human tissue. It does not imply "ingested" or "internal". Most of the Geiger counters on sale are calibrated in mSv/h and they respond almost entirely to beta radiation. Very easy to demonstrate that. Whether the calibration which is done for Cs137 as you say, actually means anything is another issue, I doubt that the cheap ones will be calibrated. An ionisation counter is the only useful instrument for fallout situations.
    1
  929.  @martinsmith3847  Dosimeters measure all ionising radiation, including x-rays, they don't distinguish between types. Btw, it is "prompt gamma" emission from neutron irradiation, not "prompt neutrons" - you were a bit garbled there!
    1
  930. I'd be far more scared working with nerve agents like sarin or live anthrax viruses - sample swabs and lab tests take hours for them to be confirmed, they can't be detected easily ike nuclear radiation.
    1
  931.  @RadioactiveDrew  Actually, what happens with a GM counter in a high-radiation area is not 100s of R. Instead the tube current pulls down the voltage and the counter reads zero. That's why civil defense and radiological hazard people use ionisation counters that can work with very high radiation levels. Yes, the counter you have is what you need for what you do!
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  932. It is the infatuation of the the mentally disturbed for firearms and killing to get attention that we should worry about.
    1
  933. Its not only the batteries that make solar unsustainable. They need inverters and other electronic systems which break down, nobody to fix them and have to be dumped as recycling also costs money! Sure, it has its place for off-gridders etc., but is not the answer.
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  934. Random mutations occur at long time interval, suggesting they have been around for at least as long as life existed because they also use a form of DNA. Most of them are of no purpose and do not lead anywhere. Once in a while a mutation confers a new property and the virus suddenly becomes capable of jumping species and causing havoc. However, if it kills all of its hosts then it disappears too. If it cannot infect, then likewise it has no future. But if it can infect easily but doesn't kill everybody, then it has a future. Then our antibodies get used to it and we just have seasonal infections with not too much drama.
    1
  935. Have you never seen a mentally disturbed person?
    1
  936. They did a brain scan - probably thought she had a tumour in the brain. Killing it might lead to another problem..?
    1
  937. They should look to see if they are getting medications for mental issues and if they are taking them.
    1
  938. Not quite - it is 100 times less intense in units of Watts/metre^2, but in terms of perceived sound using our ears, it is only 4 times quieter. An increase of +10dB is somewhat subjective but most people would say "about twice as loud". But sonar operators are measuring sound intensity so -20dB is a big reduction as you say.
    1
  939. It is basically a jet-propelled glider, hence the straight out (not swept-back) long narrow wings. At operating altitude, it can fly with little engine thrust and spend a long time on missions.
    1
  940. The fetus is alive, as are bacteria, according to the usual definitions of life. Viruses don't quite make the definition, so it is a matter of opinion if they are "alive", a bit like autonomous nano-particles.
    1
  941. I had a great poster back then, produced by some scientific magazine, the poster is long gone unfortunately. However, I remember they stated that a Russian engineering textbook mentioned those "teeth" (7:34) as being "turbulators" or vortex generators to stop aerodynamic effects spinning and turning over the probe as it descended which had caused earlier missions to fail. As other changes were made to each mission, they never knew if those teeth worked but successive missions did land, so perhaps they did work after all.
    1
  942. The same thing happens in almost every electrical generator - it is called a "self-exciting magnetic field" - ask any electromotive engineer, generators do not usually have permanent magnets 9apart from some smaller DC generators) they have "field coils". You can dismantle a washing machine motor and see for yourself. The magnetic field is self-starting as there is always some small magnetic fields from components and as the generator builds up speed, the chicken & egg effect builds up the field to saturation. If a generator hasn't been used for a long time, it might refulse to start and a procedure known as "flashing the coils" using a battery usually gets it going.
    1
  943. Agree absolutely! Far too much study is of things nobody will ever use in the real world.
    1
  944. A Spanish reactor was decommissioned in 2006 (Zorita) and a documentary showed all the people in the region sad to see it go because of the employment it gave.
    1
  945. Triste nouvelle - parce qu'ils ont attrapé ?
    1
  946. Three times as abundant meaning 12 ppm (g/tonne) compared to uranium at 4 g/t, but you can't mine grades like those economically. Deposits of uranium can be of much higher grade and larger tonnage due to natural chemical concentration processes (hexavalent uranium can be dissolved in water and precipitated in a reducing environment) while thorium has a different chemistry and few geological processes can concentrate it enough to form large, high-grade deposits. The geographical distribution is also very different, uranium is found in many places and geological environments, unlike thorium.
    1
  947. They have to deal with the family, take reports on what the suspect was doing that required the police to be called out, and take reports from the officers involved in the shooting to see was it necessary or excessive etc.
    1
  948. Yes, he was bleeding out internally, he was dying. John Lennon was still barely conscious ten minutes after having his heart shot to ribbons, according to the ER doctor who had to deal with the incident.
    1
  949. Agreed. And when they do listen they conclude we are "being lied to"!!
    1
  950. There is one big problem with thorium that nobody ever mentions - it does not readily form economic deposits. Although it is more abundant in the crust (12 ppm) than uranium (4 ppm) you can't mine these elements at those levels. The word "abundant" is unfortunate, as it implies "plentiful" which they are not. There needs to be a geological process to concentrate an element to a point where it can be extracted as with iron, lead, copper and gold etc.. This is then a matter of chemistry and economics to extract the elements or the oxides as required. Uranium is chemically mobile in oxygenated water and there are at least 14 types of deposits that can be formed, so almost every country can find some uranium. Not so with thorium, there are only two types of deposits, pegmatites and monazite sands. India has unique and extensive monazite deposits and relatively little uranium, which is why they are leaders in thorium reactors. Europe, Australia and N. America have plenty of uranium deposits but few thorium ones. Thorium costs about 100x more than uranium as a result. Security of supply is another issue, e.g. if your supplier turns out not to be so friendly in the future.
    1
  951.  @agsystems8220  The problem is energy density - the same amount of energy in a very small volume becomes very like an explosive. The energy density of a typical lithium battery is not far off that of TNT. A cabin crew neighbour told me she has dealt with 3 on-board fires in smartphones, usually by putting them in a metal cocktail shaker!
    1
  952.  @EngineeringMindset  Yes, warming the battery improves the chemical reactions with the last available chemicals as well as lowering the internal resistance somewhat. The opposite is also true - to conserve a battery, it is best to keep it cool.
    1
  953. You are probably correct!!
    1
  954. Your shift key is stuck, a sure guarantee that nobody will read your comment.
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  955. I don't suppose the Solong was the Dali in another incarnation after Baltimore Bridge?
    1
  956. Because sometimes the criminal keeps going. John Lennon was still alive ten minutes after two shots destroyed his heart.
    1
  957. and @yerri5567  Graphite, like many industrial minerals is not a commodity. Price depends on grade and distance to a willing buyer, no general market for them.
    1
  958. It's about 22 billion km away, so 22x10^9 km divided by 3x10^5 km/s = 73,333 seconds divided by 3600 = 20.37 hours.
    1
  959. Crazy people don't have any respect for anything.
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  960. Genocide? The world population is increasing despite using oil and gas for more than a century.
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  961. There can be voltage spikes from an invertor so using ac to power your GM will probably create electronic noise that could affect the reading, depending on what sort of circuitry it has, i.e. the quality. Why do you even want to use ac? They usually use batteries.
    1
  962. It can behave like a wave - e.g diffraction. Why does a laser beam stay very narrow whereas a torch - even a good one - has a beam which diverges? Wave theory explains this perfectly.
    1
  963.  @simulacrumdei6462  You answered your question in the last paragraph "light is a wave in certain models", yes that is exactly what I said also. Btw, infra-red is also light and it is absorbed by clear glass. Visible light is only a tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio "waves" are much more like waves as you understand them, while x-rays and gamma rays are more like particles. Just a matter of scale and the devices to detect them.
    1
  964.  @simulacrumdei6462  So you agree, radiated electromagnetic energy can act both live waves and like particles. Planck's constant links them both and as quantum mechanics shows, we cannot think of these things in terms of simple domestic analogies.
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  965.  @simulacrumdei6462  Great! Have a nice day!
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  966. They were doing that in the "megawatts from megatons" agreement between the USA and USSR which ran out in 2010 and wasn't renewed for some reason.
    1
  967. So does beer and people farting from eating too many beans. Hydro is far better than burning oil, gas or coal, and anyway Sweden is 45% nuclear.
    1
  968. A sociopath is someone for whom the normal rules of society do not apply. He is one. @missmouse20 
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  969. The only time you should be close to stalling is when landing, in fact light aircraft usually stall as they land so the plane quits flying and stays down. Larger aircraft do not want a hard landing so fly onto the ground and the "spoilers" (lift dumpers) then prevent any accidental return to the air - at least, that's the idea!
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  970. Where else can you get copper - grow it on trees? If nobody wanted copper the mining companies would have no reason to mine it. Same for petroleum products, it is the demand by the users not the producers.
    1
  971.  @caleba411  Metals are sold on international metal markets. If companies produce too much, the price goes down and the metal is stockpiled. There is no evidence of that as the opposite happens, mines in Chile reduce production to drive the price higher, just like the OPEC countries did. The supply always matches the demand in the long run. Blame the consumers of devices that need copper, not the producers.
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  972. The purpose is to terrorise the children and the public, so in my opinion it is just as much "terrorist" and any of the other attacks. Killing your wealthy uncle of his money is not a terrorist attack, just murder.
    1
  973. What iceberg? Moving southwards against the Gulf stream - whaaat?
    1
  974. This is what happens when ordinary civilians are led into perdition by megalomaniacs, religions, royalty, emperors, presidents, tribal rulers, cult leaders, etc. These people tell us we have to fight and kill our neighbours so that they can become more powerful. Look around, it is still happening today.
    1
  975. Yes.
    1
  976. Instrument pod on wing imo.
    1
  977.  @meseretgglove8093  Yes, moon landings (plural) - there were 6 manned landings as evidenced by the rock samples and the monitored radio transmissions clearly coming from the Moon.
    1
  978. Yes, but at least they know the real cost of having to re-hire and re-train a new beginner. The old-fashioned "personnel mgr" was only worried about how much you were "costing" as an expense; the HR view is that the employees are assets, not expenses.
    1
  979. As it is travelling so fast, that "little" booster would have to be very big.
    1
  980.  @ralphbaran  In Europe the advice is slightly different, they advise using both types because of the different particle sizes, especially in large volume buildings like factories and warehouses. For homes, either type is considered OK. But these types of advisories have a habit of changing from time to time.
    1
  981.  @cadredeux1047  Marylin was correct and it has since been proven beyond doubt that it is 2/3 using Bayes Theorem which some of the so-called "experts" omitted to consider!
    1
  982. Not people, criminals! All he had to do was stop when ordered to do so.
    1
  983. Because this variant is new, we have no immunity and no vaccines for at least a year. This one is comparable to the 1918 epidemic.
    1
  984.  @forthfarean  I said "comparable" in the sense that the 1918 virus was also new and the people had no immunity nor a vaccine. WW-1 was in its last year and lots of people were on the move worldwide which helped the spread of the disease. The mortality rate was indeed higher but biased towards younger people. Yes, it is not "the same" as the 1918 but one can make certain comparisons, no?
    1
  985.  @forthfarean  Why do medical staff wear them then?
    1
  986. Not if they are set into concrete. A metal bar in contact with damp soil is the best.
    1
  987. Now we know what Stonehenge was for!
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  988. If he was really the father, he would call the cops. Mentally disturbed people are fairly easy to identify, weird behaviour, actions, speech etc.
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  989. How will climate change kill us? If we should return to the Ice age (that we are actually still in) then yes, advancing ice sheets, no agriculture, no energy supplies , no transport, mass migration towards the equator with famine and violence as people fight over diminishing resources, then I can see how we might die! And that could happen in as little as ten years - google on Younger Dryas - it was a brief return to the ice age at the end of the last phase, about 12,000 years ago. Warming, on the other hand is something we can deal with!
    1
  990. When Marie Curie's remains were exhumed for reburial in the Pantheon memorial in Paris, the bones were not radioactive, meaning they had not absorbed radium as is commonly believed, including this talk. It was her exposure to unshielded x-ray fluoroscopes she installed in cars to help locate bullets in wounded soldiers in WW-1. She learned how to drive, taught her daughter Irene and a number of volunteers how to operate the crude x-ray machines and while the soldiers received only a few minutes of x-radiation, the operators received hours and days of radiation.
    1
  991. The Vietnam War cost more in money and lives and achieved NOTHING, except a lot of bereaved families in both countries.
    1
  992. $3 per pound to buy, selling it you will get maybe $1 per pound.
    1
  993. Mentally disturbed people don't think rationally.
    1
  994. It sinks in deep water and costs $10M to recover it with warships and ROVs. Then it turns out to be a weather balloon!
    1
  995. Surely it's the lyrics that distinguish the songs? "Days of Pearly Spencer" (David Mc Williams) is the same tune as "Vuelo blanco de gaviotas" sung by Ana Belen.
    1
  996.  @MyRackley  The doctor could keep his finger in the opening and stay like that. One could roll a tube of paper or plastic to make a tube, in an emergency one has to think quickly and innovate.
    1
  997. I was looking for Erzebeth Bathory but I guess she was a minor aristocrat?
    1
  998. The wheel was probably the most important invention, perhaps even more than fire.
    1
  999. A bit nit-picking I know, but 511 KeV radiation is not "high-energy" gamma radiation, rather it is on the low end of the gamma radiation range of 300 to 3000 KeV.
    1
  1000. Not true. If renewables took over, you would have giant solar firms, giant wind turbine companies etc., all industry is powered by the demand of the population.
    1
  1001. Drew, the radon daughters don't just deposit on your clothes, they also are inhaled and deposit inside your lungs where the Pb210 emits beta particles for many years (half life 22y) and the Po210 emits alpha particles for about 5 years (half life 4½ months). You need to ventilate those old mines or else wear scuba gear!
    1
  1002.  @RadioactiveDrew  Inhaling a radioactive gas is a very different scenario to gamma or beta exposure from a solid source. The key is in your comment "hard to detect". The radon gas is producing the alpha emitter Po218 which lodges in the lungs and cannot be detected externally, apart from the gamma-emitting intermediate nuclides Pb214 and the Bi214 which decay rapidly in turn to Pb210. The Pb210 has a long half-life of 22 years and that begins to produce the long-lived nuclides, Bi210 and Po210 that stay there.
    1
  1003. Absolutely correct! We came close to extinction during the last Ice Age when CO2 levels dropped to 180 ppm and at 150 ppm plants begin to suffocate.
    1
  1004. But if the cops see him he will get charged with assault.
    1
  1005. In compounds, not in elemental state.
    1
  1006. I refer to your comment "to impose his views on the legitimate road users and create conflict" that is fascism.
    1
  1007.  @mukhumor  True!
    1
  1008. Because the ground navaids and other systems are what airliners follow, they fly IFR based on pre-determined procedures, altitudes and headings,etc., not just VFR visual looking out the window stuff.
    1
  1009. I have a variety of electronic devices (portable radios, flashgun, recorders, amplifiers, signal generator etc.) almost 50 years old which still work fine. They were manufactured properly, not like a lot of today's stuff.
    1
  1010. If they make sarcastic comments, you can always come back and haunt them!
    1
  1011. The Irish had to vote twice for both the Lisbon and Nice treaty polls because the EU didn't like the results of the first vote!
    1
  1012. Yes, odds are relative. For the host, one of the doors is a certain 1/1 and the other two are 0/1 odds. The odds from the contestant's viewpoint is that each door is 1/3, they choose one door but the other two doors together are 2/3. The host's opening of a goat door (they won't open the door with the key and spoil the game) doesn't change anything, switching is still 2/3, but not a 3/3 certainty.
    1
  1013. Not "forever", as radioactive materials decay into stable materials. Anyway, the uranium ore has already been buried for millions of years, dust to dust, ashes to ashes!
    1
  1014. This "pissful person" has no respect for the needs of other law-abiding citizens. He is basically a bully as are all these so-called protesters.
    1
  1015. I'll bet they have been instructed to stay away, as these "protestors" seem to have mental issues and it would look bad if the police were beating up people with learning difficulties!
    1
  1016. Not correct - it is not "given" that she is a banker, the question is which is more likely a bank teller or a bank teller AND an activist. The latter has to be less likely.
    1
  1017.  @knightalice12  In the 1960's UK the authorities never followed up on the reports of abuse to Fred West's children because the social services "didn't believe that parents could hurt their own children". How naive we were then. In Ireland they never believed that the church harboured paedophiles nor that nuns could allow babies of unmarried to get infected and die..
    1
  1018. It was used to make moulds for cannon balls as the moulds didn't change shape. Te balls were more consistent in diameter so better gunnery. Still used in foundry sand.
    1
  1019. Gravity has units of acceleration and when multiplied by a mass we have a force F=ma. However, we all have mass and we live on a planet which has a much larger mass, so for all practical and everyday purposes, gravity is acting like a force. Explaining subtle points is often misunderstood as some sort of obfuscation by a scientific "elite" and produces an anti-science reaction in the public who cannot understand the subtleties. Of course this works well on YT in starting discussions and arguments!
    1
  1020. No, there isn't. Same goes for all metals, there are mines in many places and they have to be able to mine those minerals and compete with the other producers.
    1
  1021. There is a book published in 1775 by Guillermo Bowles who studied the geography of Spain and included many anecdotes heard along his travels. One of them was a snowfall in Seville where the people had never seen snow and he states that "ever since the Lisbon earthquake, more and more people are convinced the climate is changing". So this is not a new fad, the notion has always appealed to those who think humans are doomed by something!
    1
  1022. If you're caught drink-driving, you could always tell the cop (and the judge) that you identify as a tee-totaller!
    1
  1023. Cell phones are not designed to have range. Try attaching a 70m parabolic high-gain antenna.
    1
  1024.  @shakespeare_hall4788  I had a visit from two young men in smart suits who caught me as I was mowing the lawn one Saturday afternoon. I was trapped and had to listen to their views on God until the next door neighbours started noisy lovemaking, clearly emanating from their open bedroom window. The elder of the two tried to concentrate on his lecture while his younger colleague stared upwards in rapt fascination. Eventually we heard "oh god, oh god, oh god!" in a high-pitched female shriek at which the elder man, now sweating profusely, said "we'll call back another day". I was doubled over laughing and still laugh today nearly 40 years later!
    1
  1025. It was locked in a crate, apparently and two other dogs survived.
    1
  1026.  @sgt.pepper5078  Try getting funding to work on a project disproving climate change! Worse still, try getting your research published in a peer-reviewed journal if you are saying that CC is not happening. If your research has the words "eco" or "enviro-" or "euro" (in Europe) and you support the Green view of anthropogenic CC, then they throw money at you. That is why there is overwhelming "evidence" in favour. The data on sea level change is far from convincing as it has been happening for the last 20,000 years, hardly man-made...
    1
  1027. My son-in-law was walking home at night from the bus, about a mile on a lonely road, when he began to catch up on a woman also walking alone. She heard his footsteps and began to speed up, so now he couldn't overtake her and had to continue following behind. He later said "what was I supposed to do, call out and say don't worry, or wait until she was well ahead?".
    1
  1028. They tried and failed.
    1
  1029. @ThaKronDon I don't buy the argument which starts with "they". Who are "they"? It would be impossible to mount such a huge expensive search involving leaders of several countries (China, Malaysia, Australia) and hundreds or thousands of people involved in the search and have them all bought into a conspiracy. How much money would you have to pay, and who would pay for all these people to keep the conspiracy secret? And what would the secret be that is worth so much? One of those involved would surely be incentivised to leak the story for a huge fee and blow it wide open. Conspiracies only work with a small number of people and usually linked by family ties. Google on the "Glomar Explorer" a supposed mineral exploration ship that was in reality searching for a sunken Russian submarine. The US Navy had to keep the crew locked up for months but then the story came out anyway. Conspiracies never work as eventually they cost more money than the secret they try to keep.
    1
  1030. People who don't stop for police don't deserve anything better. They were lucky not to kill themselves, or anybody else, driving at lunatic speeds, not be killed by the cops for acting like dumb idiots..
    1
  1031. "If you've made it to the bottom alive, try to swim up". No, just stay down there for a few hours and then come up when you have seen all there is to see. Such stupid advice!
    1
  1032. "Fleeing on a lawnmower" has to be a classic!
    1
  1033. But if he went into a gun shop to buy 5 ARs nobody would have noticed anything!
    1
  1034.  @JesseKlaus  Most are responsible, but yet we have seen people getting ARs very easily for previous school shootings. Having the paperwork and some ID isn't sufficient.
    1
  1035.  @JesseKlaus  Not my intention, it was sarcasm, in view of the (fortunately) few cases where guns have been obtained by minors and others clearly unqualified to possess them. Like alcohol, there are always a few unscrupulous sellers who don't follow the rules.
    1
  1036. Very dangerous? In what way - 60 died in Chernobyl, none in either Fukushima or Three Mile Island. More died as a result of crappy software in two Boeing 737Maxs recently - now that is dangerous!
    1
  1037. So what do you make the wires from, silver or aluminium? All those windmills and charging points, electric motors and generators need lots of copper.
    1
  1038. Electrons move through the wire in response to an electric field caused by a potential difference. In the case of DC the drift velocity is about 2-10 cm/hour.
    1
  1039. Lots of things are toxic, but you are unlikely ever to be poisoned by them. Methane gas, shoe polish, petrol, bleach, lead, thallium, botulinum, certain mushrooms, etc., etc., the list is endless!
    1
  1040. Some of your "non-pilots" had done several hours of flight training and one of the instructors had noted their disinterest in landing, which is the part all normal pilots want to learn first!
    1
  1041. It was a simulation, to make it as difficult as possible!
    1
  1042. Don't forget art objects, rare wines and whiskeys, paintings, books, antique furniture, vintage cars, coins, stamps, minerals. The main reasons are (1) wealth signalling (2) trying to beat inflation (3) hedging against currency variations, and (4) to feel important and envied. I've probably missed one or two others....
    1
  1043. True. The IPCC don't talk about a "crisis". I suspect it is the work of activists who feel the politicians are not scared enough.
    1
  1044. It's encrypted.
    1
  1045. Don't they teach biology anymore?
    1
  1046. Lots of things are toxic, e.g. petrol, bleach, battery acid, methanol, turpentine, propane, butane, carbon monoxide, sleeping drugs, table salt, carbon tetrachloride, many plants (manioc) and some creatures (fugu fish) and even water. Almost all chemicals based on heavy metals are toxic. Mercury and lead in metallic form are almost harmless, unless you chew bullets or spill mercury in a place you will be occupying for years. That is why hygiene, and not putting all sorts of things in your mouth, is important.
    1
  1047. Same reason you can't see your back or Uranus!
    1
  1048. There are places (Lagrangian points) in the Earth-Sun system where the gravitational "forces" are balanced out and a space telescope placed there will stay in what seems to be a fixed position relative to the other bodies. You could think of that as "zero gravity". Or far from all other galaxies, the gravitational forces might be very weak, almost what yu would consider zero, but gravity is everywhere as the other comments state.
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  1049. Precautionary principle at work here. There is a "potential" for interference with the aircraft systems as well as cell towers on the ground. This is similar to the signs asking customers at filling stations to turn off their phones because it was thought that in the early days of analogue cell phones (which emitted higher power levels) that a spark might occur between the antenna (remember those long stalks we had to pull out of the phone!) and the filler cap and ignite the petrol fumes. As far as can be determined, this has never happened. I know cell phones can interfere with ECG equipment in hospitals because mine did and the doctor was looking at the weird results on the screen, puzzled and worried. Then I remembered my phone was still on, so I turned it off and the traces returned to normal so didn't have to have that emergency bypass!
    1
  1050. For a nano-power grid perhaps! Where can you buy a roll of 2.5 mm carbon fibre electric cable. Maybe sometime in the future, but not now.
    1
  1051. Will never buy Costa crap, they need to learn about DNA as well as making coffee.
    1
  1052. The Germanwings pilot decided to kill himself by crashing his plane in the Alps, but he also took 149 innocents with him. The law didn't allow his psychiatrist to inform his employer. The media comment was "we can't go back to those bad old days" i.e. when these people were locked up. It is the naïve do-gooders in society that create a lot of these problems.
    1
  1053. The guy with the glasses who ran for help came back ten minutes later with the Head who thought he was just playing a prank!
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  1054. There is no answer to "why are we here", the question is meaningless, just humans thinking there is a plan somewhere. Animals, teenagers and babies only want to know where the next meal is coming from!
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  1055.  @billcook7483  Assuming she really went by yacht or train, I can't accuse her of air travel without evidence, but you are right of course!
    1
  1056.  @englishciderlover7347  Sweden doesn't use fossil fuels for electricity generation, which was my point. If she travels elsewhere, then you are correct of course.
    1
  1057.  @englishciderlover7347  Yes that's true. I don't suppose she cycled around Europe either!
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  1058. You might be surprised - I know of many papers published by geologists and hydrogeologists who are misusing geophysics to lend "authority" to their publications and much of it is invalid in geophysical and even physics terms.
    1
  1059.  @hydroponichomesteader6852  The money is made by the journals hungry to print these publications and the salaries of the "researchers" who are obliged to produce several publications per year to justify their jobs.
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  1060. Not so in Europe. Circumstantial evidence can get you a jail sentence.
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  1061. Aluminium, yes, but the conductors need to be thicker to carry the same current. So the transmission lines can be copper or aluminium as the relative prices of these metals go up or down.
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  1062.  @tylerduchesneau  In Europe overhead lines are often a mixture of aluminium and some steel strands or core to give them strength. Underground lines are often a copper alloy as they carry more current and don't require the strength of an overhead line.
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  1063. Strange way to commit suicide and how about the co-pilot - how was he disabled? If it was suicide, why stooge around for 8 hours instead of a high-speed nosedive, like the Germanwings plane in the Alps? The tracks left on a flightsim computer are fantasy - he practised flights as many pilots do - if anyone looked at the ones I do they could write lots of fictional stories! Anyway the Inmarsat engineers found a location far to the south at the limit of the fuel endurance, so it looks like it ran out of fuel and crashed. He was well-respected (not by you, apparently) and found to be competent and likeable, with no sinister letters or insurance policies. Extramarital affairs do not imply mental illness, by the way!
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  1064.  @ThePeterDislikeShow You are already detecting polonium. The Po210, Bi210, Bi214, Pb214, Pa234 and Th234 from the uranium decay series are all beta emitters. The gamma radiation is from the Bi214 and the Pb214. Uranium 238 is an alpha emitter, so you are not really detecting uranium itself with a geiger counter, unless you have an alpha particle detector or a GM tube with a window.
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  1065. There was no high-energy radiation of significance to contend with, they avoided the worst part of the VanAllen Belts and were only in there for short periods of time, plus the spacecraft skin gives good protection from charged particle radiation from the VABs and the solar wind.
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  1066. These uses change with time, "may" and "might" along with "were" are part of the almost defunct subjunctive in English. I am always amused by some phrase books which still have outdated phrases like "I might like a basket of champagne sent to my room please!"
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  1067. The right is what voted Trump in, it is real America. The left is an elite bunch who are misinformed, paranoid and opinionated, and who only look after themselves. Listen to Obama on raising taxes and hurting the poor - he says it is "necessary" - some politician..
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  1068. They do wash them but adding "optical white" (a white fluorescent substance) makes them "whiter than white!". Now where did I hear that phrase...?
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  1069. Other countries have these minerals as you say, but environmental opposition makes politicians afraid to allow mining to proceed. The EU has huge reserves of copper in Germany and Poland, but mining is discouraged, high energy and labour costs don't help either. It was always easier and cheaper to import from producers like China.
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  1070.  @apocain  So can the EU but they discourage mining, thanks to the greens who seem to want to cripple the West.
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  1071.  @RadioactiveDrew  That would explain all the concern to find it again. I worked with a company in Spain who did these tests in drillholes and their source (similar activity) was tied onto a cord and dangled down 5 metres into an indoor patio that had no access from the apartment building where they had their offices. That was their idea of "safe shielding"
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  1072. Well said.
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  1073. I would see that as a definite sign to find another job, unless you are close to retirement and have a pension lined up, in which case you insist on competent juniors to help you. If they refuse to supply them then take early retirement. Hiring incompetent staff is not human resource management, it is just skimping on recruiting! It eventually destroys a company as all the good people quit and they are left with dodos. So try to get out now. If you are under 40-50 then look for another job with a rival company. That is what happens with footballers who are discarded by their own manager - they go to a rival team and the former coach/manager will see what potential they lost.
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  1074. The difference between HR and the old "Personnel" is that Personnel saw employees as an expense or burden on the revenues of the company, while HR see them as an asset on the balance sheet. This means that HR will seek the best employees, keep them motivated and train them if they are good, but if they don't meet expectations, they will get rid of them. The last thing a company or HR dept want to hear are the employee's personal problems. If you want a "friend" to plead your case, go to a lawyer or the union rep. Socialist governments (esp. in Europe) try to force employers to act like the social welfare and "look after" employees. Employers are there to make money for their owners/directors/investors and employment is just a contract between the company and the individual, nothing more. As someone said in the comments, you don't work for a company, you work with them - it's a two-way contract.
    1
  1075. An "infection"?
    1
  1076. Air-powered turbine, no magnetic components.
    1
  1077. Junior school teachers regularly spot the young psychopaths who later go on to commit serious crime. Nobody listens to them, of course. The two boys in England who murdered the toddler Jamie Bolger were later released by the European Court of Justice, much to the disgust of the parents and the public. That probably encouraged the public to vote for Brexit. One of the killers re-offended and is back inside. Do-gooders have a lot on their consciences.
    1
  1078. That describes most faith believers!
    1
  1079. Astonishing he had to ask for a mechanic to tell him what to do! The throttle stuck on a friend's motorbike (Honda 50 cub) while I was on the pillion seat. The ignition key was at my knee level so I had to control the power by switching off to slow down and then on again to accelerate. Coming up to a sharp bend, I was distracted and forgot to turn off the power so my friend had to crank over the bike and the footrest scraped a line on the road surface all round the corner! We had a good laugh later, but it was a close call.
    1
  1080. They have a zombie look about them.....
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  1081. The organisers (where are they?) recruit people with mental issues because they are gullible, insecure and are eager to "belong" to something to feel they are contributing to society.
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  1082.  @gorgo54  Very interesting! I wish Europeans had the same positive attitudes as Americans - you have "can do" while we have "can't do"....
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  1083.  @DesertStateInEU  Agreed!
    1
  1084. A retired sub engineer told me he used to listen to the cricket scores on 198kHz while submerged in the harbour of some "foreign power". The VLF was and is used for more routine submarine communications but if that was down, 198 could conceivably be used as a backup, the depth penetration is about one-third of the VLF's.
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  1085. Same as humans, to reproduce, that is all.
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  1086. Mining uranium is no more or less destructive than mining zinc or nickel, and a lot less destructive than coal, aluminium or iron mining. There are plenty of uranium deposits around the world, not scarce at all, that is why the price of uranium is so low today, $34/lb.
    1
  1087.  @PierceyeG  You mention so many issues it is not possible to address all of them in one go. However, Fukushima is not the catastrophe you seem to imply - I watch Japanese TV (NHK) and already some people are returning to their homes. There are hot spots e.g. in stormwater gullies but most of the contamination has been cleaned up. Radioactive waste is visible, measureable and decaying, unlike other forms of wast products from say lignite mining or CO2 in the atmosphere. There are no "mountains" of radioactive waste. And as for "looong" periods of storage, after 300 years the radioactivity is comparable to what the ore was in the ground before mining. What scientists are "pretending" to have all the answers? I would suggest it is climate scientists who are most guilty of that!
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  1088.  @TheCompleteGuitarist  In Europe the spent fuel is reprocessed. In the USA is is turned into a glass-like silicate, i.e. artificial rock before burial in stable geological formations. As spent fuel contains a lot of unused uranium and plutonium, it is still useful.
    1
  1089. I've missed one of your points - "inherent scarcity of fissionable material" - what is your point here, are you talking about uranium or something else?
    1
  1090. Why not gear up if you are trying for maximum climb rate?
    1
  1091. And a dim LED....
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  1092.  @stevemorse5052  Some devices cannot source much current, so in effect the limit resistor is inside the device connected to the LED.
    1
  1093. It can't be. Metals don't grow on trees in organic farms, they require lots of energy to mine, extract and process the metals for our electricity, industry, food production, tractors, trains, TV sets, computers, hospitals, bicycles .....
    1
  1094. Using the VOR/DME ground equipment. Omega or inertial on oceanic tracks.
    1
  1095.  @ErickC  Was RNAV available before GPS? The question was what did pilots use prior to GPS....
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  1096.  @craigwall9536  Radio receivers in WW1 could not be detected by the enemy for their IF emissions! It was the antenna that might have been observed. Far more interesting were the transmitter locations. Any non-ohmic conductor or junction is a semi-conductor, that includes, wood, clay, ionic liquids, gases, semi-metals (As, Ge, Sb) and insulators. Only some metals are "true" i.e. ohmic conductors, in that they follow Ohm's Law.
    1
  1097. A scintillation counter is far more sensitive to gamma radiation and will likewise saturate and give false low readings in a high-level environment. better to use an ionisation counter in such situations.
    1
  1098. Be careful if you ever drive in other European countries. First it is on the right; second you have to give way to traffic merging from the right (not on motorways); and thirdly in Spain, you have to stop for the secondary light on a turn right, otherwise you might knock down a pedestrian as the pedestrian lights are linked. Not to mention there is no red+amber to tell you the lights are about to change.
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  1099. The quantity of food served and eaten in the US is the problem, not the quality!
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  1100.  @anneharriss4537  Radium is an alpha-emitter and alpha particles do not penetrate a sheet of paper. If she had ingested radium, which acts chemically like calcium it would have ended up in her bones, but the tests done on opening her coffin do not support that, leaving the massive x-ray exposure and the most likely cause of her leukaemia.
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  1101.  @CraftyF0X  Small piles...! Name some operating REE mines in the USA or Europe.
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  1102. He has one talent - the talent to avoid paying tax in his own country!
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  1103. You won't get far in chemistry, physics, biology, botany, microbiology or geology without a laboratory or fieldtrips! You go to university to learn as much from others, lecturers, colleagues, as from books.
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  1104. Don't forget the sulphuric acid at 90 Bars pressure!!
    1
  1105. It makes no difference to electronics or electronic design. No difference to an electrician either. It really only matters when dealing with magnetics, electrochemistry and gas discharge tubes. The "convention" is embedded in the symbols, and very confusing to switch a student from one system to another. Blame Benjamin Franklin for calling it wrong 150 years before the electron was found to be negative!
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  1106. I learned to use Fortran in 1972 and the punch cards came in boxes of 2000 cards. The assistant prof in the institute asked if we needed more cards and ordered 10 "boxes" from IBM. However, to them, a "box" was a large carton containing 48 small boxes of 2000 cards, so we ended up with a room full of large cardboard cartons with almost a million cards! Twenty years later they were still using cards for notes long after the card punch machine had become obsolete! I still have a stack of them for shopping lists etc.
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  1107. What those pathetic "protestors" didn't realise was that poor chap was in a hurry to get to his anger management conference!
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  1108. The 2nd conditional looks like the subjunctive to me as it is a hypothetical situation e.g. "If I were the king, I would change the law" but using the simple past you can say "If I was the king, I would change the law". The example in the video would be "If I were to win a lot of money..." The subjunctive seems to have disappeared in English except in legal language where the words "may" and "might" indicate its presence. Perhaps some expert will explain why it is not used?
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  1109. Actually a battery is more like a pump as it is a chemical reaction that is forcing electrons to move. A capacitor is more like a water tank as it is storing charge.
    1
  1110.  @elvischrist8826  Google the words "man avoids jail..." and see the amount of crimes, usually assault, domestic violence or anti-social behaviour which seem to get off remarkably free. Then you see other cases where a severe sentence was handed down for non-payment of VAT or no TV licence. No consistency in sentencing.
    1
  1111. Have you any idea of the total mass of the Earth compared to the total mass of mankind and its activities? Let's take a guess; 6x10^9 people and assume that 10,000 tonnes is associated with each person (buildings, roads,etc.) that's 1x10^7 kg, so a total of 6 x 10^16kg for mankind. The Earth's mass is 6x10^24 kg, so about 100,000,000 times more mass. Furthermore, mankind's activity will be spread around a bit, not concentrated in one place. However, tidal friction by the oceans being dragged into daily tides does have an effect and causes small wobbles which do change the rotation of the Earth in several ways, the main one being the day getting longer, about 2.3 milliseconds per century, so nothing to worry about! Plate tectonics also moves masses around, but on an even longer timescale.
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  1112. What was the plastic bottle on the distributor for - to keep it dry?
    1
  1113. The pilot was an idiot - he could have landed on grass but instead chose to descend over a built-up area. Luck was on his side, otherwise he would have killed himself and others crashing into buildings. Landing gear and an engine failure? That's like winning the lotto twice in a week!
    1
  1114.  @stud3103  Stretching a glide over a built-up area having passed a golf course and a sportsground? When interviewed, the pilot said he "didn't think he would make it". When you learn to fly the instructors repeat simulated engine-out procedures until you develop the reflex to look for open ground to land on. This guy didn't do that., sure he got away with it but he still made a bad decision.
    1
  1115.  @frostbite1980  There was a gold course to his right and that was earlier so he was higher and could have used flaps to control the descent as well and the landing gear to cushion a hard landing. You have a better survival chance landing in an open field than risking hitting a building. Where did you learn to fly?
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  1116. The current depends on the resistance in series. The voltage across that resistance gives you the amount of current. Usually an oscilloscope is required as the current is decreasing all the time as the capacitor discharges.
    1
  1117. The reason is that thorium does not readily form economic mineral deposits while uranium does. Also, the few thorium deposits are not uniformly distributed in geographic terms, while uranium deposits can be found almost everywhere. The reason is that uranium is soluble in oxygenated groundwater so a number of geological processes can concentrate it. Thorium is chemically refractory and deposits are scarce.
    1
  1118. The problem with that idea is that the Olympic Games would go on for months!
    1
  1119.  @letsfollowchrist7947  The "Spectral" Olympics, small following but numerous events!
    1
  1120. All viruses are "weaponised" - our coughs and sneezes are the projectors.
    1
  1121.  @DropBear25  Good point. The real reason is that, although thorium is more abundant (12ppm) in the Earth's crust than uranium (4 ppm), the paradox is that uranium ore deposits are plentiful, widespread and often high-grade, whereas thorium ore deposits are geographically restricted, low-grade and rare, like the "rare" earth elements that usually occur with them. This is because uranium is soluble in oxygenated groundwater while thorium is relatively immobile and not easily concentrated by geological processes to ore (economic) grade.
    1
  1122. Can't be done, but to give you an idea they use an artist's impression, just like an animation to explain the mechanism of a gun, or the architects idea of how the planned construction will look like on completion.
    1
  1123. By 1910 they were treating cancer with radiation from radium and radon. Marie Curie already knew radiation could burn tissue in 1898, so not exactly "flinging stuff around".
    1
  1124. In an historical account of the life of Bernard Courtois, the discoverer of iodine, his business of manufacturing saltpetre for gunpowder had moved to a district in Paris near to a guillotine. During the "terreur" this machine was very busy and the local residents' association complained to the city officials about the noise, much as nowadays they might object to a carwash or nightclub, and the outcome was to reduce the guillotine operations to a more tolerable three days!
    1
  1125. The comments on this video are the best I have ever seen! (Not counting my own, of course...)
    1
  1126.  @MrHorror1971  Just making a point that we don't have the "right to choose" to do anything we like, it's part of living in a society.
    1
  1127. There are many viruses, polio (around since Biblical times), common cold, HIV (came from San Francisco!) Ebola (from Africa) etc.
    1
  1128. Always be wary of people who display these three characteristics : opinionated, paranoid and ignorant, be they politicians, protesters, or media commentators.
    1
  1129. That is not Finnish... It is Greek!
    1
  1130. Ever since the Barbie movie, they want pink hydrogen.
    1
  1131. "Radioactive" MEANS they have an unstable nucleus! You left out potassium (K40) and carbon (C12) and hydrogen (Tritium H3) You also have some issue with your SHIFT key, might be pizza crumbs which get underneath.
    1
  1132.  @Joda5212  That is what some people thought in the 1960s. Check your information source. https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/smiii_problem7.pdf
    1
  1133.  @Joda5212  Two reasons - the radiation (solar wind) from the Sun varies in more ways than thought previously. One Apollo mission got a bigger dose that any of the others because of a solar flare. The second reason is that they are planning longer missions than the Apollo ones so the duration of the mission and the location on the Moon all are factors to consider.
    1
  1134. You only have one short life on this planet, so if you want to have a house, a car, a bicycle, a boat, a gun, a telescope, a TV set (or two) a computer, a smartphone, a Rolex, a quad bike, a holiday home,, a camper van, lots of books, DVDs etc., then you might as well try to have as many of them as you can reasonably afford, you can always sell them or give them away when you get bored with them! The problem comes with hoarding them or trying to have the latest version to compete with others.
    1
  1135. Radio is not sound. It is sending data using radio waves which pass through the vacuum of space, just like light.
    1
  1136. Telluric currents flow through the earth as a result of the rotation of the earth and the magnetic field. However, the earth is also resistive so these currents are tiny - you won't power an LED from them. They are measured together with the magnetic field in the geophysical technique known as magneto-tellurics, or MT, and the frequency and intensity distribution can be used to determine the electric structure of the rocks in the Crust and Upper Mantle to depths of several hundred kilometres. Measurements at the highest frequencies (100-3000 Hz) typically take minutes and reflect the near-surface (<100m) part of the earth while those at the lowest frequencies (0.0001 Hz) with a period of hours typically take weeks of data accumulation and statistical signal processing and reflect the greatest depth penetration of the technique.
    1
  1137.  @Αφροδιτη-ψ9ο  But do they? When I watch or read the "news" I try to classify what I am hearing or reading into three categories: (1) real news reporting, (2) opinion pieces, and (3) predictions. Sadly, very little ever falls into (1).
    1
  1138.  @Αφροδιτη-ψ9ο  That's true, selective reporting! When there is an important story breaking, I have to watch several channels on TV and they all have different "takes" on the story.
    1
  1139. Mental illness, in her world she might be defending her son against zombies in a video game.
    1
  1140. They are fleeing from conflict and oppression in.... Europe? No wonder we voted for Brexit!
    1
  1141. Have you ever seen a helicopter or a harrier jet hover and fly upwards? It's not a big deal for engineers.
    1
  1142. Wrong! You described 100% of them perfectly!!
    1
  1143. When you are learning to fly and have only a few hours, you are practising go-arounds all the time until you get to make good landings. When the CFI sees that you can land safely but that your instincts are to do a go-around when the approach is not good, then you are ready to go solo. However, go-arounds seem to frighten passengers!
    1
  1144. Yes, the host knows where the car is and will never open that door. So if you switch you have chosen two doors, the hosts and the other one. @max5250 
    1
  1145. I was agreeing with you in your answer to the other person who clearly couldn't understand the logic. However, switching is a choice, as it is optional not obligatory. @max5250 
    1
  1146. That is not what "obligatory" means in the English language! The host offered the player a choice of "switching or staying" - those were the actual words - and the player had the option or choice of switching if they wanted to, or staying if they didn't want to switch. That is what the word "choice" implies. . "Obligatory" is when you are obliged or ordered to do something and have no choice. @max5250 
    1
  1147.  @8bits955  true!
    1
  1148. Where is there an "Atmospheric Web Tower"? What are "cheap life-long metals"? You are reading too much science fiction!
    1
  1149. Exactly!
    1
  1150.  @Asa...S  People should also listen to geologists who study the climate in the past, not just the last 150 years. It is known that ice ages are periodic, the Sahara was covered in grassland 6000 years ago, the atmosphere had CO2 levels of 4000 to 8000 ppm for most of geological history but during the last ice age they dropped to 180 ppm and at 150 ppm plant life begins to suffocate, so we nearly faced extinction then. Sea levels have risen 120 metres since the last glacial maximum 20,000 years ago. There was a medieval warm period and a mini ice age in the 16th to 18th century These are facts, not computer model predictions.
    1
  1151.  @cellsec7703  Not just skipping school, they filled all the public transport into Dublin and workers had to walk to work - oh, the irony of that!
    1
  1152. Really stupid use, a banana is so low everything looks enormous by comparison.
    1
  1153. A better comparison is a chest x-ray.
    1
  1154. Finnish makes a distinction between "voida" = to ask permission, e.g. "may I have..." while "osata" means to be able to do something, e.g. "can you speak German?"
    1
  1155. There are always a few mavericks in every profession, cops on the take, crooked lawyers, firemen who are arsonists, pilots who drink on the job, nurses who smother elderly patients and doctors who won't prescribe painkillers etc.
    1
  1156. Interesting to see a Plastimo compass at 6:00. They are normally yellow and for marine use but this one looks like it is in camo.
    1
  1157.  @RadioactiveDrew  That would require forced ventilation and who would pay for it?
    1
  1158. A simmer would be totally out of depth on instruments in a real aircraft. The sensations you experience are very strong and an untrained person will follow their instincts before the instruments. That is the whole purpose of instrument training, to force you to ignore your natural reactions and follow the instrument indications.
    1
  1159.  @givenfirstnamefamilyfirstn3935  You have obviously had the training too! It is a good idea to give all VFR pilots some "instrument appreciation" experience as many cannot believe that they will lose control within 3 minutes of entering cloud or IMC.
    1
  1160. I think that is true, the are "closet" anti-nukes mostly, certainly the "green" politicians and activists.
    1
  1161. Frankly, I don't see a passenger with no pilot experience of any kind doing all this. Even an experienced general aviation pilot would have problems and if the EFIS was inadvertently changed and the basic screen couldn't be retrieved, then it would be a disaster.
    1
  1162. What do you think it is made of? gold? cheese? wood? Whatever it is made up of it has to conform to the observed seismic velocities, electrical conductivity and density as well as the planetary abundances of elements. That leaves only a few candidates.
    1
  1163. If you think of a car where only positive wires run to the devices and the negative "return" is through the metal body of the car, then how could you put a fuse in the negative part? The fuses are on the positive sides of the circuits. However in some very old models of cars (like my first one!) they had a positive earth return so the fuses were all in the negative side. It is just a convention but it makes reading electronic circuits easier.
    1
  1164.  @jamesm5192  Radium is a decay product of uranium and is an alpha emitter. It decays to radon gas, which decays in turn to a sequence of alpha emitters until Pb-206 a stable isotope is reached. However, two of the decay chain, Bi-214 and Pb-214 decay by beta emission accompanied by gamma radiation. of a distinct energy in the case of Bi-214. It is these two isotopes that are detected by Geiger counters and scintillometers.
    1
  1165. Good question! If you use a radar altimeter and fly over a ridge 200 feet high, your altimeter will suddenly show 200 feet less and then increase again. It is not a pressure instrument as there is no air on the Moon. Aircraft are often equipped with these altimeters for instrument landings and the same thing can happen passing over a small valley, the height increases and then decreases.
    1
  1166. Doesn't make any difference! They didn't know the polarity of electrons for a long time after electricity was discovered. Electron flow is only relevant in electrochemistry and physics e.g. gas discharge devices etc., not for automotive or industrial electricians.
    1
  1167.  @augustaking8  Who exactly is lying and why? "Conventional" flow is just a convention before they understood electrons. I did say electron flow is only relevant in physics and electrochemistry, it doesn't matter a whit to a guy servicing an amplifier or wiring a house and certainly not to an automotive electrician fitting a voltage regulator to an alternator, which is, incidentally, the subject of the video you were watching!
    1
  1168.  @augustaking8  This is a video to explain to people with no electrical knowledge at all what an alternator is. The animations for electrical devices are always simplified.
    1
  1169.  @augustaking8  In some schools and universities electron flow is the teaching base. However, conventional symbols for electronic components have been devised with arrow-like shapes to indicate conventional flow, e.g. diodes, transistors etc. Electrochemistry requires electron flow knowledge as the electrode reactions only make sense in this domain. Physics students understand both conventions but beginners at electricity struggle with basic concepts such as magnetism and three-phase, even current and voltage, ac and dc. You can see this in the comments on other videos, so best to keep it simple until they understand the basic idea and then later introduce the more complex elements. A pity Benjamin Franklin called it wrongly back in 1752, 145 years before the electron was discovered to be the charge carrier!
    1
  1170. An idea used by organised religion in the west!
    1
  1171.  @essexchillis2980  AIDS and malaria are also viruses for which there is no vaccine and your "latent immune system" isn't much use either. Millions of doctors and nurses accept that masks help prevent the spread of disease, all except you! How credible are you?
    1
  1172.  @snokelpops  Perhaps you should have studied microbiology instead of political science and then getting radicalised! Get a job in a hospital and you will see the stupidity of your comments.
    1
  1173.  @fredcarson2791  Doesn't work well for Ebola however!
    1
  1174.  @fredcarson2791  When I was a kid at school polio (a virus) was all over the place, about 1 child in 70 got it and had to wear leg braces and had a limp for life, if it didn't kill them. Lots of children are indeed vulnerable, I presume you don't have children as you are incredibly misinformed!
    1
  1175. At a hotel in Johannesburg many years ago, a suicide jumper fell on someone just leaving the hotel entrance and both were killed. Things happen...
    1
  1176. Then perhaps you should stop paying the electricity company and rip out all the wires!
    1
  1177. In the Victorian era, simpletons were paid to carry placards with the words "The End is Nigh". This is the modern equivalent. They believe we are all damned to "burn up" and are trying to force their daft ideas on all of us. It is a form of bullying which leads eventually to fascism.
    1
  1178. A friend of mine in France has a teenage son with similar problems. He refuses to eat food cooked in a microwave oven as he believes it is radioactive. He won't drink water without reading the analysis printed on the bottle, is terrified of "waves" (radio? cosmic?) entering his bedroom so he places magnets all over the place. His obsession is washing and he refuses to shake hands or kiss anyone. Plus a whole lot of quirky ideas that would fill a page or two. Can you imagine him leading a global movement to have all sorts of things banned crying "people are dying from microwave ovens, and cosmic rays!" etc. No, that would be absurd. Equally absurd is an angry and frightened teenager with a learning disability lecturing to politicians.... actually, it tells us a lot about the people we elect to run our countries!
    1
  1179. No tricks the moon rocks couldn't have been faked in any lab even by NASA, and were examined by geologists and geochemists all over the world.. The communications could be monitored by any good radio amateur with a parabolic antenna and many radio-telescope observatories followed them and the telemetry, not to mention the Russians etc. who were all watching how the USA were doing. @deanhall6045 
    1
  1180. No static charge can exist inside a metallic enclosure, i.e a Faraday cage in effect.
    1
  1181. OK here's an example: if 80% of people with measles have spots, does a person with spots have an 80% chance of having measles? What about spots not caused by measles? Or the 20% of people who actually have measles but don't have spots? The problem is inverse probability and Bayes Rule can be proved by using sets theory. Google on it, as there are plenty of explanations and proofs for all levels of ability.
    1
  1182. Electrostatic charge can be transferred through them, so a transient current does pass, but not a sustained one unless it is alternating current.
    1
  1183. If you really believe that then go to either Texas or Finland and tell the men that they are effeminate! Natural levels of fluoride in many places is dependent on geology and is much higher than the trace amounts added in only a few countries nowadays. Some items such as tea, grape juice, wine, raisins, and some seafoods, also contain fluorine which is needed by the body albeit in small amount.
    1
  1184. If they are ion counters, they won't respond to low level of radiation as with uranium ore samples etc. Some are geiger counters but often well past their sell-by dates and the GM tube has gone soft, i.e. lost its vacuum.
    1
  1185. Angle 2 degrees up at 40 metres, do the math!
    1
  1186. This is happening in Germany and Sweden as well as many other countries in Europe. Gangs of young men from the ME hanging around small shops where locals used to go, forcing them to walk out onto a busy road, all the while shouting at them.
    1
  1187. The moment one person puts a hand on another it can be construed as assault if it is an unwanted contact. Doesn't matter if it is a protester or a bystander. I have every sympathy and respect for the woman who dragged off the protester but the law won't see it that way! Best strategy is for all the affected motorists to call the police and make formal complaints when they arrive. Then write to their local politicians.
    1
  1188. Nevertheless, the 511 peak will be apparent in the output spectrum of a typical PMT-NaI detector. The Compton scattering produces a "tail" on the low energy side. The pulse energy discriminators in the spectrometer will separate the 511 peak with about 6% efficiency. It is analogous to the "characteristic" energy of an X-ray tube, a strong "peak" and a tail.
    1
  1189.  @crypticTV  Correct!
    1
  1190. Neither is invisible gas pumped into the atmosphere and fly ash or carbon particulate matter which we breathe in.
    1
  1191. The "end is nigh"!! We all die eventually, as it happens...
    1
  1192.  @rachelbailey-no2pp  A big difference between neurotic and psychotic.
    1
  1193.  @jasonclarke7422  People with psychotic illness are in a different class to people with anxiety, phobias, depressions etc.
    1
  1194. Years ago I remember my mother complaining about the Russian women weight-lifters in the Olympics when some of the real female competitors saw these "women" lined up at a urinal, while the others were shaving! I now see why the ancient Greeks insisted on athletics in the nude.
    1
  1195. Aimless? It is measuring the magnetic fields and the radiation out there.
    1
  1196. I wonder if Greta can "see" the virus like she can see CO2? A virus is a lot bigger than a CO2 molecule. if she can see viruses, then she could do a great service screening the population!
    1
  1197. No they are not. Copper is not magnetic. The magnetic field of the earth comes from the liquid core moving as the earth rotates and producing a "self-exciting dynamo" effect.
    1
  1198.  @cooldeva008  Take a look around where you live and see what is made of metal. Since the iron age humans have needed metals of all kinds. If it doesn't grow it has to be mined.
    1
  1199.  @cooldeva008  Yes, a consequence of Lenz's Law and so does any conductive metal. Btw, the word is "electromagnetic".
    1
  1200. This is how fascism starts - a minority viewpoint forced on others.
    1
  1201.  @PlayitonPan  They don't short circuit as the voltage on the neighbour is opposing it, but they do equilibrate and they will usually end up with exactly the same voltage.
    1
  1202. I saw a farmer's son do something like this driver. He would jump out of the slow-moving tractor to move a sack of potatoes aside and then jump back in and continue along the furrow. He did this several times and although I was only 11 years old, I did think it was very dangerous. I found out some years later that he was killed in a farming "accident"...
    1
  1203. A friend of mine has a teenager son with Aspergers. He devours junk science magazines and has all sorts of crazy ideas. He's a nice kid really but you wouldn't want him leading politicians and celebrities with his ideas! Buy any 16 year old is too immature to have balanced views on scientific or current affairs, they are still learning about the world and life.
    1
  1204.  @danzel1157  There is only a consensus among climate scientists! Most meteorologists and almost all geologists have differing views on this. Geologists know that the climate has always been changing, the major geological divisions are based on that (plus extinctions) and the ice ages are periodic. Meteorologists point to past weather extremes (droughts, heat waves, severe winters, the mini-ice age and the medieval warming events) as natural and recurring extremes. The CO2 levels have been 4000-8000 ppm for most of the planer's history. Look at Tony Heller's videos for details of temperature records and how they can be re-presented to show trends that do not exist.
    1
  1205.  @danzel1157  But you are willing to ignore well-proven scientific facts and instead believe computer predictions?
    1
  1206.  @danzel1157  For your information, I'm also a scientist and I didn't ask for your advice! When I was a student in the 70s the climate "experts" of the day were predicting (with the same certainty as today) that a cooling was imminent which could trigger the next ice age. All that was needed was a volcanic ash cloud followed by three cool summers with snow remaining in higher latitudes. I look at the evidence - where is the evidence that we are going to become extinct as your Greta stated?
    1
  1207.  @danzel1157  Actually I have copies of Scientific American, New Scientist and National Geographic from the 70s and there certainly was general agreement on an impending ice age, which by the way is not ruled out even by climatologists. I don't know any scientist, including my climate scientist friends, who have been polled for their opinion, so I would love to know how any "consensus" can be demonstrated!
    1
  1208. Bono is a pathetic, self-serving, outdated hypocrite - he doesn't pay tax in his country of birth. Like the other pumped-up and overpaid "entertainers", his opinions on economics and politics are as valueless as the opinions of any geezer you encounter in a pub.
    1
  1209. "Vow"?? Then the rogue state decides not to respect that vow..... then what? Bomb them with HE and incendiaries into submission? Human nature is to be aggressive and competitive - thousands of years of evolutionary adaptation - the United Nations thought there would never be conflict again!
    1
  1210. mental health issues most likely.
    1
  1211. Designed by Jeremy Clarkson and James May..... The truck doesn't look too good either!
    1
  1212. My old Nissan had headlamps that were getting dimmer and risked failing the annual inspection. One night I noticed that they were brighter than usual, very bright indeed and I was wondering if it wasn't my eyes. Next day I checked the generator voltage - it was 20V instead of 14.4V - the regulator had failed. Luckily I hadn't switched on the radio as that voltage would have destroyed it. So, a voltage regulator and new headlamps were required.
    1
  1213. Mentally ill. A normal person does not behave like that.
    1
  1214. Google on Ole Roemer.
    1
  1215. This is discrimination on racial and sexual orientation grounds.
    1
  1216. Absolutely correct. The pilot wasn't looking ahead, most likely looking down at the chase.
    1
  1217. The lack of economic deposits of thorium in friendly countries is the main reason why thorium reactors are not a substitute for uranium ones.
    1
  1218. So are wars.
    1
  1219. Like "he's 5'9" and wearing jeans"!
    1
  1220. Vehicles passing on the highway behind - maybe some took hits?
    1
  1221.  @antonr2-d250  No missiles in Finland either, so if NATO wants to put them in Ukraine, then they can expect trouble - it's called "provocation".
    1
  1222.  @antonr2-d250  I was simply stating the facts.
    1
  1223. Less than the cost of the factory that the target aircraft was going to bomb, I suppose.
    1
  1224. Most electronic technicians have used conventional current all their lives with absolutely no problem. Electron current, on the other hand, creates much confusion with a counter-intuitive flow from negative to positive giving some people real difficulties!
    1
  1225.  @augustaking8  You should ask the students doing electricity and electronics that have such difficulty with that. You're clearly not in the teaching profession!
    1
  1226.  @augustaking8  You make this sound like religion!
    1
  1227. Lithium batteries are happening on US flights at the rate of two per week. My cabin crew neighbour has put out one using a cocktail shaker to contain it on a transatlantic flight. Even buses in France have gone on fire. New technology often brings new dangers, like when guns, electricity or cars became available to the population.
    1
  1228. In a real situation they would. This is a simulation to make it difficult as a practice.
    1
  1229. You can buy a conductive thread and sew a few stitches with it on the tip of the index finger of the glove. Then you can use your touchscreen with your gloves on!
    1
  1230. What about all the actors, sportspeople, singers, and TV presenters who are called "celebrities" - who is celebrating them?
    1
  1231. Giving priority to traffic coming from the right is the same as on the Continent where they drive on the right. This seems strange! On some Continental roads and motorways there is is a sign (which nobody I ever asked understood) consisting of a yellow diamond on a white background, which means that the usual rule of priority to the right is suspended, i.e. traffic entering the motorway (from the right, of course) do not have priority. But in towns and cities you always give priority to vehicles on your right.
    1
  1232. It is recycled over and over. When no longer required, it is neutralised into a harmless compound. Despite the name, potassium ferrocyanide is of very low toxicity, as opposed to potassium cyanide which is extremely toxic.
    1
  1233. Does the video explain where thorium mineral deposits can be mined more cheaply than uranium? I'll bet it doesn't, because uranium has a different chemistry from thorium (and the REEs) which allows it to be concentrated easily by geological processes, and it's more widely distributed too. That's why uranium is 100 times cheaper than thorium and probably always will be cheaper.
    1
  1234. Almost nothing would happen except possibly a small change in course.
    1
  1235.  @Philbert72  Ouch! - that was expensive, I hope it was fixed OK after that.
    1
  1236. The company I worked for during the 80s had 6 of these and they could go anywhere a Landover could. The only problem I had was on a long ascent on a motorway against a headwind, the car went slower and slower and I was beginning to think I would have to pull over and walk to a breakdown phone, but the wind dropped and I kept going in 1st or 2nd gear. A little under-powered, perhaps!
    1
  1237. Either a perv or mentally ill.
    1
  1238.  @letssmile3564  Are they available in Europe?
    1
  1239. The early GPS was doppler, it didn't have the features it had in 2000 when Bill Clinton announced the turning off of selective availability.
    1
  1240. No X-ray fluorescence from elements below magnesium on the periodic table.
    1
  1241.  @no_peace  Not an excuse, just an explanation. But this does happen, and some people turn into killers. The best policy is for society to get rid of them.
    1
  1242. "Illuminati" - I laugh at that word because the so-called people who are supposed to be the Illuminati are usually well-paid but not too bright. One major corporation I worked for a long time ago were supposed to be "plotting and scheming and dreaming up nefarious plans for mining and displacing indigenous people etc" The reality was they were 6 guys from working-class families, with little education and were all alcoholics! It was so amusing to read what the media thought they were capable of. They made a lot of money on one project (by luck) and then lost it on a number of failed projects over the next 20 years, now vanished completely today, all of them dead too.
    1
  1243. The software operating the system can go awol too.
    1
  1244. That is because it is a cult and attracts disciples who want to be crucified by motorists!
    1
  1245. Cyanide, plutonium, arsenic and strychnine are in the halfpenny place compared to this stuff!
    1
  1246. The Grey (Gy) is the equivalent of the rad. The Sievert is the equivalent of the rem.
    1
  1247. The Irish solar probe does indeed go at night!
    1
  1248. Does everybody do that. try to outrun the police and fire shots in the air from the cab? If you act like a danger to society then that is what happens.
    1
  1249. When the fuel is fully consumed, it is not balance they are worried about!
    1
  1250. You have never flown with any other airline clearly!
    1
  1251. In Henrik Ibsen's 1882 play "An Enemy of the People" about a spa resort which might lose money because of potential industrial contamination (yes, the same old story!) the main character Dr Stockmann sees the majority as a force of ignorance and self-deception and says "the problem with the majority is that they are stupid!".
    1
  1252. They prefer to import it from Chile, but the Chileans are getting wise to that.
    1
  1253. They have something missing in their brains - it's called rational thinking!
    1
  1254. It will require that special alignment of the outer planets to get the "slingshot" gravity-assist speed increase, and that won't happen again until about 2150, so we won't be here for the launch, and certainly not for the 50 years it will take to get outside the Solar system....
    1
  1255. Not the lithium minerals. All metals have poisonous compounds. There are poisons everywhere, bleach, petrol, gas, medicines, most plants, some animals too. Even electricity will kill you, and you can drown in water. Ricin is the most toxic poison and it is natural!
    1
  1256. Exactly. If she left DNA and ran away, it would be identified as female and not anything else.
    1
  1257. The jury is still out on that! The simple answer is that they are not like any other form of "life" as we define it.
    1
  1258.  @JJ-qz5gv  More like nanoparticles.
    1
  1259. She did a great job! Not surprised she was frightened, that could have turned out nasty if the wing tank had ruptured and the fuel caught fire. I'm wondering if she was told to turn off the electrics and kill the engine just before touchdown?
    1
  1260. Dr Morner's figure of 1.1 mm/year agrees well with the National Ocean and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) figure of 1.7 mm/y constant for the last hundred years. That is real observation, not manipulated satellite data nor computer projections, real observable data that can be verified!
    1
  1261.  @HO-jp1by  The current estimated rate that is higher comes from NASA satellite data that nobody can verify. The NOAA data is available to all and is a direct measurement.
    1
  1262. How do you know that "somebody" switched it off? A small fire in the avionics bay could have disabled it, along with some other control systems.
    1
  1263. If you have cancer treatment or have had a transplant, you will not want to pick up and infection from an idiot who doesn't believe in masks.
    1
  1264.  @jonmould2946  Maybe that is who is behind making the West dependent on their energy resources? They managed it with Germany and made them dependent on their gas after encouraging them to shut down their nuclear energy.
    1
  1265. With a 70-metre parabolic dish pointed at precisely the right location in the sky and a very low transmission rate. It is getting near the end now as the spacecraft's battery is dying.
    1
  1266. If you have gout, you might be given a uric acid test. Well, the probability of a positive given gout = 50% so the test is actually worthless under Bayesian statistics. However, your doctor will probably still do it to reinforce their opinion. If the doc thinks it is gout, then a positive uric acid will confirm it. If the test comes back negative, the doc will still think you have gout! A survey some years ago showed that medical people got this wrong 80% of the time.
    1
  1267. Well, the geological record shows cyclical returns of Ice Ages, so perhaps they will be proved right some day. And compared to a warming, a return to an Ice Age would really be a catastrophe - no food, no power, no transport, no agriculture and a mass migration of people back towards Africa with fighting for food and weapons along the way that would make Mad Max look like a school outing.
    1
  1268. I disagree. Some rainwater evaporates but most soaks down to the bedrock. I worked in groundwater exploration in the Sahara and in many locations we found the groundwater at a depth of only 1-2 metres, sometimes up to 20m. The quality varied greatly from potable to 6x seawater salinity. Cave paintings have shown images of hunters and animals typical of savannah, so desertification has been proceeding for thousands of years, since the last Ice Age, in fact.
    1
  1269. The order of the multiplication matters, the "v" vector is first (index finger) in the right hand rule also as v X w.
    1
  1270.  @johnhippisley9106  Yes, the determinant will also have the opposite sign.
    1
  1271. These guys don't need certificates! Same in every country.
    1
  1272.  @Total-Solutions  A 100 Ohm resistor will not test a car battery, nor will it draw 700A. By Ohm's law the current I = V/R = 12/100 = 120mA.
    1
  1273. Panic, a flight-reaction of adrenaline.
    1
  1274. True, but the greens prefer "toxin" as it sounds scary.
    1
  1275.  @pink2772  Raison de plus pour leur transmettre vos connaissances !
    1
  1276. Google on Enoch Burke, a polite well-mannered teacher with strong Christian beliefs in Ireland who wasn't so lucky. He objected to using "preferred" pronouns and was suspended. He complained about his dismissal and the school applied to the courts for an injunction to stop him turning up for work. He continued to turn up and was arrested and jailed for "contempt of court" which he refused to retract, so he spent 3 months in jail. Seeing he would stay there forever rather than deny the truth, they let him out and are trying to fine him for each day he stands at the school gates.
    1
  1277.  @Rudolph5231  They are used in Europe, I have six of them in my house in the UK and all are the radioactive-ionisation type. Yu can get optical ones too if you prefer.
    1
  1278. The French will prefer to speak english to the English if they can, because listening to an English person massacring the French language is just too awful.
    1
  1279. One is not causing the other, they are two sides of the same coin, intrinsically locked together.
    1
  1280.  @laykefindley6604  I'm not sure I can explain this sufficiently as it is difficult even for physicists! First, there are "static" magnetic and electric fields such as around magnets and charged items like electrostatic machines, etc., these are the familiar fields we usually think of. Then second we have "radiation" of EM energy where the electric and magnetic fields are locked together in phase, and at right angles to each other. The radiation travels in a direction which makes a right angle to both. Think of it like an electric field changing and producing a magnetic field simultaneously. There are some videos on this that might be worth looking at, but only through Maxwell's equations do we "understand" (if we can understand anything at all!) what is going on. Hope that helps and good luck!
    1
  1281.  @r.a1301  Moral compass from religions who persecuted "non-believers"? Most atheists have more morality and integrity than their hypocritical religious neighbours.
    1
  1282.  @harrydavey9884  Who said I don't believe in a creator? It is organised religions who have money and false idols - look at the vatican for a start!
    1
  1283. Our own bodies are also radioactive, to the tune of about 8000 Bq, due in equal pars to the tiny amounts of potassium (K40) and carbon (C14) in us. We also get about half our external radiation dose from radon in the atmosphere and cosmic radiation too. If you want to avoid ionising radiation altogether, you would have to live alone (to avoid the radiation from another person) and under at least 2 metres of water - I doubt that anyone in the world is doing that!
    1
  1284.  @johnstonewall917  "Bowels of the earth" - love it! Radon is produced in rocks and soils, and even in building materials, from the small amount (1ppm) of uranium that these materials typically contain. There were - and still are - many, people who believe that radon is good for health. The evidence for lung cancer from large amounts of radon is clear, but the evidence from low amounts of radon is based on a linear projection which might not be correct. However, I take the view that breathing a lot of it is probably not wise.
    1
  1285.  @johnstonewall917  Yes, it sounds large, doesn't it? However in all the scientific literature on radon in soil gas the unit is KBq and for indoor radon, it is Bq. I've never seen GBq - 1 gramme of radium would have an activity of 370 GBq,
    1
  1286.  @johnstonewall917  The problem is that a Becquerel is really too small a unit while a Curie is too large, like a Farad. But as a Bq is one disintegration per second, the Bq is the basic unit, fine for environmental calculations but very small for nuclear engineering applications or radiochemistry.
    1
  1287.  @johnstonewall917  1 Ci = 37 GBq, not 370 as I stated earlier! I'll stick to KBq in future!!
    1
  1288. Excellent video! The saars and the foot & mouth epidemics followed logistic models very well. Logistic models are very useful in all sorts of situations, e.g. marketing when the market for a product or service is saturating, it shows how much to spend on and when to stop, advertising.
    1
  1289.  @Mrbfgray  This is a high-grade vein-type deposit, hard to mechanise more than they have there already.
    1
  1290.  @Mrbfgray  Mining what and where?
    1
  1291.  @Mrbfgray  Mining geologist (and I've worked in Rapu-rapu), but none of those mines you mention are vein-type. The veins of graphite in the video are high-grade (almost 99% graphite), vertical and only 1 metre wide and they mine a narrow slot to avoid taking wall rock, hence the strange equipment.
    1
  1292.  @Mrbfgray  Gold "veins" are usually millimetres or centimetres (if you're lucky) thick, so not possible to extract them even with small mining equipment! If you know of a mine with a pure gold vein 1 m thick, please let me know. Most gold mines run only 8-50 g/t so they are bulk mined and the gold is extracted by use of chemicals. The graphite mining in Sri Lanka is very efficient and requires no flotation processes etc. as they do in Canada. The companies are listed on the stock markets so they are scrutinised by investors and follow all the best modern practices. The graphite miners in Sri Lanka are not in poverty, they are paid very good rates, better than agricultural work which would be the local alternative.
    1
  1293. First we would need widely-available supplies of thorium, but deposits are limited to a few locations with particular geology, uranium is far ore widely distributed and high-grade and/or large tonnage deposits are found in many locations in the world.
    1
  1294. Clamping is more heinous. The 8-month pregnant wife of my neighbour parked legally at their railway station with her ticket clearly visible, and when she returned at 10pm in the dark, was horrified to find her car was clamped. Her phone was almost out of credit, but worse, still, there was a group of men (non-British, let's say) standing nearby and taunting her. She managed to get a call through to her husband who called the cops and went to the station. The clamping firm put up strong resistance but eventually agreed the fine was void after removing the clamp after midnight when the cops had threatened to cut it off.
    1
  1295. "Execution" is a lawful killing ordered by a judge. "Murdered" is the word here.
    1
  1296. The dog was was locating the carjacking suspect. It was the suspect who changed it into a fatal outcome.
    1
  1297. Did you listen to the commentary by Scott Manley? SAR is not a "re-hash" of old stuff...
    1
  1298.  @danielleriley2796  Very interesting! Do you really think that the engineers who construct these spacecraft and their onboard instruments do not know all that too? You should contact them and offer your knowledge base to them, could be an interesting conversation!
    1
  1299. The Irish were forced to have two referendums, the Lisbon and Nice treaties twice, because the "wrong" answer was given the first time. On joining the Common Market all fishing rights to the Continental shelf were given away, the sugar industry was dismantled and unlimited immigration has been imposed. Irish people can't afford to buy houses, the housing inflation up to 2008 caused the banks to collapse and the German government had oversight of our finances. Less than 50 years after achieving independence, it was given away to the Brussels Empire whose parliament is composed of politicians who failed in their own national elections - the same people who banned incandescent lightbulbs and issued a directive for straight bananas!
    1
  1300. Well said!
    1
  1301. And you have never flown with any other airline clearly!
    1
  1302. Which country will scrap its perfectly good energy grid first?
    1
  1303. Yes I agree - don't allow un-vaccinated people have access to medical care! Less than 10% of the population is not vaccinated, yet they make up more than 60% of the admissions and ICU patients.
    1
  1304.  @fredfredrickson5436  Yes, but they don't get as sick as the unvaccinated. A vaccination just gives your body a protection, like a bullet-proof vest does against a gunshot. But a lucky shot to the head or an artery in the leg could still kill you. When I was a kid about 1 in 70 children had polio and had to wear a leg brace for their diseased leg muscles. Thanks to vaccinations in the 60s, you don't see that anymore except in Africa.
    1
  1305. Because the ground may not be very conductive everywhere. The bar could be in dry gravel while a copper pipe might be in contact with wet soil, so bonding them together prevents a difference in potential between them.
    1
  1306. It's a form of age discrimination - the older ones can't do that! You should see what she does to get the passengers' attention for the safety briefing.....
    1
  1307. The USA did a fair job of destroying Vietnam with herbicides 50 years ago!
    1
  1308.  @steinandreastorgersen5635  X-rays are ionising radiation and also cause cancers. That is probably what killed Marie Curie as she developed mobile x-rays during WW-1 and in those days the tubes were unshielded and the operators were exposed to very high doses of x-rays, unlike the low-intensity devices today.
    1
  1309.  @cameronbigley7483  Thanks, it didn't look like the series would converge.
    1
  1310.  @franciscoperna7963  It's the current you have to start with. A simple LED (not in some device with other components) will tolerate 10 to 30 mA, (0.01-0.03A) so you must choose a resistor to put in series with the LED that will limit the current. If you want to connect it to a 12V supply, then 12/0.02 = 600 Ohms, so you could use a higher resistor value of 680 Ohm resistor and the current would not exceed 20 mA. There is a small voltage drop across a LED (depending on its colour ; 1.8V for red to 3.3V for blue) so a more exact calculation would be for a blue LED of (12-3.3) 8.7/0.02 = 435 Ohms and nearest resistor value of 470 Ohms for the series resistor. If the LED is not bright enough, you can reduce this resistance to a lower value but if it is too bright, then you risk burning it out. Trial and error is the last resort, I have burnt out many LEDs from experimenting! Hope this helps.
    1
  1311. I think you need some "AI" on how refrigerators work! Compressed air? No!
    1
  1312. Yes, it is the atmospheric holding in the heat. But here's a question for you: Why is it colder on a night with no clouds?" Answer: because it is water vapour that is the important GHG.
    1
  1313.  @robsengahay5614  The point I was making is that atmospheric CO2 is not the main GHG as we are usually told, it is water vapour. Incidentally, CO2 levels in geological history were much higher, between 4000 and 8000 ppm for much of Earth's history and we didn't become Venus. The current level of 400 ppm is very low and during the Ice Ages it fell to 180 ppm which is very important as at 150 ppm plant life is suffocating from lack of CO2. Strange how the climate change proponents don't mention the geological record!
    1
  1314.  @robsengahay5614  I should also mention that if you camp in a desert where the air is dry, you will need more than one blanket and one sheet as it gets very cold!
    1
  1315.  @robsengahay5614  Have a look at the records from ice cores covering the last few Ice Ages. We are in an interglacial period, soon to be followed by yet another ice age. Some of the earlier interglacials (when our humanoid precursors were around) were hotter than now. Greenland was named "green" because it was warm in human memory. And what about the "little Ice age" only a few hundred years ago? The climate is changing continuously, and has always been changing - that's evidence, not computer predictions which are not evidence.
    1
  1316.  @robsengahay5614  Do you know anything about the atmosphere on Venus? It is incredibly thick SO2 and dense, so dense that refracted light would bend far enough for us to see the backs of our heads. Not the same as Earth, no valid comparison. "Go figure" is a rude comment not worthy of scientific discussion, you deserve to get a rude reply except I don't do that as it is pointless debating with people who have to resort to rudeness to make their "points" - which just fail to stick!
    1
  1317.  @robsengahay5614  What am I supposed to be denying? I am not assuming anything, it is you who (a) assume I am a denier and (b) assume that I think you are claiming something! Venus has a dense atmosphere (90 bar) while Mercury has none (10^-14 bar) that is the reason Venus is hotter all over. If climate change is all human's fault then what caused the Ice ages? You can't "believe" things if you call yourself a scientist, you have to take all the evidence and avoid dogma. The evidence is that the climate has always been changing, even in recent history and the climate scientists do not have "all the answers" as any perusal of the scientific literature will show that it is full of contradictions and arguments between researchers. It is the political groups who cherry-pick the bits they agree with and then make issues out of them. The IPCC has never used the term "crisis" but the climate activists are trying to scare the public with that word.
    1
  1318.  @robsengahay5614  You haven't said what I am denying! You are making assumptions without evidence, which is non-science (and nonsense!)
    1
  1319.  @robsengahay5614  You don't understand my position at all! You are attributing all sorts of opinions to me and then using insults to back up your comments. I simply state that Ice Ages occur in a periodic manner and that the CO2 levels dropped to values close to where we would become extinct as plants suffocate. It is also known and accepted science that CO2 levels have been much higher throughout most of geologic history and that climate change has always been happening. Last point, the sun has periodic sunspot cycles so it can be presumed that its output varies and unlikely to remain constant. Do you disagree with any of the above?
    1
  1320.  @robsengahay5614  What has laughing got to do with a serious scientific debate, or is it another of your mocking replies? The only people who seem to think there is a crisis are the activist zealots who cherry-pick the reports of the IPCC.
    1
  1321.  @robsengahay5614  I'm afraid you are responding just like a flat-earther, dodging the questions and making accusations instead of discussing scientific facts. I don't like the tone of your comments and see no value in continuing this conversation. Stick to your beliefs and good luck!
    1
  1322.  @robsengahay5614  More insults! Typical characteristic of someone who has opinions but little education.
    1
  1323. That what doctors and nurses treating the anti-vaxers have to do.
    1
  1324. That's what doctors and nurses do. Being on a respirator or in an induced coma is also "unfair".
    1
  1325.  @supersoaker6717  I agree it is very uncomfortable but my son has to wear one at the hospital for nearly 12 hours so that he does not infect his patients, should he happen to incubate the virus himself and have no symptoms. He is tested daily, but it can still happen.
    1
  1326.  @Steeeeeeew  Excellent!
    1
  1327.  @True_Heretic  The majority of public interviewed before Brexit wanted to get out of Europe. It's called democracy. As the Norwegian playwright Ibsen said "the problem with the majority is that they are usually wrong".
    1
  1328.  @True_Heretic  True, but how to implement it...?
    1
  1329.  @True_Heretic  The problem I think would be corruption. Some who won't make it through merit will be tempted to buy their way in and in no time we would be back to the present system.
    1
  1330. Richard D Hall is making "hours of videos" to entertain gullible people like you! Ditto for the people who write such disgusting books to make money off the backs of people who have had their child k taken from them. There was no evidence she died in the apartment, andy why would anybody break in, kill a child and then escape with a dead body leaving no traces of anything?
    1
  1331. Why doesn't he cooperate with the police? A person who behaves suspiciously could have a gun - they don't know that.
    1
  1332.  @mugnuz  If you swim underwater, your two ears can hear the outboard motor of a boat. You can get an idea of the direction but not the distance, as what you hear is the difference in phase between the two sounds at each ear. With the third mic there are two phase differences (like two angles) and that allows the distance to be determined. Unfortunately animals and humans never evolved the third ear!
    1
  1333. These idiots have no idea what "genocide" looks like.
    1
  1334. Spinthariscope, and you can still buy them today.
    1
  1335. By gravity. If the Earth spun at a speed to make things fly off, we would fly off too! It can be calculated - the day would be about 84 minutes long and even stranger, that would only cancel gravity at the equator. If you drove your car towards the equator it would get lighter and lighter until the tires would not have enough friction to move it along.
    1
  1336. Excellent - thank you!
    1
  1337.  @VelveteenRabbit77  No, liquid mercury is not the same as its compound di-methyl mercury. Like hydrogen cyanide (HCN) far more dangerous than hydrogen, carbon or nitrogen as elements.
    1
  1338. Those "protesters" are molesting a citizen, they should be prosecuted for common assault.
    1
  1339. They are highly directional.
    1
  1340. They seem to be like zombies, yes!
    1
  1341. The suspect has been identified as 23-year-old Jordan Pierce. His charges are Assault and Battery with a deadly weapon and a felony warrant for possession of CDS with intent.
    1
  1342.  @arturoeugster2377  CO2 is released by many, if not all volcanos, and it is often measured as an indication of the activity of a "dormant" volcano. I presume it is also released by undersea volcanos, but I don't know offhand of any references to that.
    1
  1343.  @arturoeugster2377  That is very interesting - it might be worth considering carbon isotope ratios or perhaps oxygen isotopes as they can give a clue as to the origin of the elements, i.e. recycled Crustal material or primary material from the Mantle. Biogenic O18/O16 and C13/C12 ratios are usually higher than Mantle-derived material.
    1
  1344. We would have to activate the phaser torpedoes with the dilithium crystals.... no?
    1
  1345. Every empire, Phoenicians, Romans, Egyptian, Sumerian, Minoan, Mongol, Persian, Ottoman, Third Reich, etc. came to an end. I wonder what the people living in them saw then? The EU might last another 30 years, but somehow I doubt it.
    1
  1346. Any chemical manufacturing plant can handle corrosive things like chlorine, sulphuric and nitric acids, so molten salt is not a problem.
    1
  1347.  @tech29X  You think they don't know how to build containers, pumps and pipework that can withstand those corrosive materials? If a chemical plant can handle them, then the technology is there already.
    1
  1348.  @tech29X  The salt is not actually corrosive at all - it is not an electrolyte as there is no water involved. It is molten but not disassociated into ionic species, which is what causes corrosion in sea water for example. There have been experimental reactors using MSR technology since the 1960s at Oak Ridge. In any case, the alloys used are based on nickel (as used for fluorine gas) and contain a rather exotic mixture of chromium, cobalt, molybdenum and tungsten.
    1
  1349.  @brian2440  Yes, that's true, I didn't intend to trivialise the problem but molten metals such as sodium and lead alloys can be pumped and is reliable technology. I did read that molten NaCl can react adversely with chromium at temps above 600C. But the MSR uses fluorides of sodium and zirconium with uranium lithium and beryllium, so the behaviour with alloys might well be different from chloride salts.
    1
  1350.  @brian2440  I know! But your comment made me think a bit more :-)
    1
  1351.  @H43339  I didn't know they were accurate enough for hunting, but I guess some people would use them!
    1
  1352.  @MarioCalabrese-ps7zi  You could be right in that there are many variables. But how would culture make a very small minority of people want to kill others and themselves at the same time? Most of us would never even contemplate doing that.
    1
  1353.  @H43339  I didn't know that - thanks! I wonder if hunting clubs frown on automatic weapons like pheasant shoots despise pump-action shotguns? And using a handgun to shoot deer seems out of keeping with tradition!
    1
  1354.  @MarioCalabrese-ps7zi  I would hope that most people do not contemplate killing themselves, nor others, for that matter! That is the whole idea behind civilized society. Most animals only kill for food, not for fun, and very few kill themselves.
    1
  1355.  @H43339  Yes, gun laws are quite different in Europe, although they vary between member states.
    1
  1356.  @nasaihyana  You should try applying for a gun licence in Germany and you will see how tough it is!. We have had a few school shootings in Europe in the last 25 years, but nothing like on the scale of the USA. No solution will ever be perfect, but doing nothing isn't a great choice either.
    1
  1357.  @NormieNeko  I didn't invent the term. The problem is that a small minority of mentally disturbed people want them to shoot innocent people for no reason and they usually don't go to gun ranges.
    1
  1358. It is the unnatural movements and your eyes can't see the outside very much. The rolling of a ship is also a movement we are not familiar with, hence seasickness. Like writing or reading in a moving car.
    1
  1359. And waste your tax dollar playing billiards and watching TV? In the old days it was the death penalty for shooting at police. "Those who live by the sword, die by the sword". His choice, no pity for him.
    1
  1360.  @jaydmjay499  NASA say 9% in 200 years, but where I work we have measured the magnetic field at regular intervals for the last 60 years and there has been no change. With Spacex and the move away from manned flights, NASA have been losing their funding so they need to make noises to get the politicians behind them.
    1
  1361. Two sexes, not "gender". Sex is for living creatures, gender applies to languages, not people. DNA only has two sexes for humans, anything else is an abnormality.
    1
  1362. A colleague of mine usually removes them and sticks them on the next car!
    1
  1363.  @Gr3nadgr3gory  In the US perhaps, but in the UK...?
    1
  1364.  @Gr3nadgr3gory  Yes, but you know that is not what the media will publish. The justice system will always find against the motorist.
    1
  1365. Agreed, this is fascism at an early stage of development, forcing others to accept your beliefs, even if they are wrong.
    1
  1366. They orbit just below the inner VanAllen belt to avoid problems with the electronics.
    1
  1367. There was no gas in those pipelines as the EU refused to pay Russia in roubles. The Russians turned the gas off in one pipe and the other hadn't been commissioned yet. Bad idea to shut down nuclear power in Germany and then have to rely on coal and imports of oil and gas!
    1
  1368. You are absolutely right! These media libs have to stir up some sort of controversy or else they are history.
    1
  1369. Being irradiated does not make a person radioactive. Misleading title so thumbs down.
    1
  1370. The energy requirements to mine and produce it and then to ship it to the consumers.
    1
  1371. Only if the absorption of the sound is enough to heat the object to a temperature where chemical bonds break, as in cooking!
    1
  1372. Agreed!
    1
  1373. Apart from alpha particles with a range of only a few cm, little other radiation is emitted from a smoke detector source. I visited a factory that makes smoke detectors and they had a large glass jar full of those sources, probably several hundred, and there was little radiation to be detected with a GM placed right beside the jar.
    1
  1374. Best comment so far!
    1
  1375. The victorians would have simply locked them up for life.
    1
  1376. The Earth's Core gets its heat from the accretion phase of planet formation (potential energy traded for thermal energy), the separation and downward movement of the iron-nickel, material and radiogenic heat. The Mantle and Crust also have radiogenic heating and low thermal conductivity, which reduces the heat loss from the Core. The convection is a very slow process and the heat was not "lost soon after". Gravitational flexing of the planet and Core-Mantle friction also add to the source of geothermal heat.
    1
  1377. I can remember a schoolfriend back nearly 60 years ago, who used to cycle a long distance to school. On cold wet mornings he would arrive and take off his coat and a huge cloud of steam would surround him for a few minutes! Clothes would become waterlogged with sweat in winter and add to the misery. Thank technological advances to say goodbye to all that.
    1
  1378. You were never near the flight path when it was landing - it makes no noise! Even better, if you look up the engine bells there are no fan blades. Get yourself informed!
    1
  1379. Three things could happen - they won't light up, they light up, or one blows. The circuit should be designed for them to light up at a suitable brightness, i.e. the ideal current..
    1
  1380.  @Willy_Tepes  That's correct, to get the ideal current in each LED. Some LEDs have resistors built-in and others are even more clever with current regulation etc. But for plain vanilla LEDs you aim to get the ideal current as per the specs.
    1
  1381. The idea that Mr Popp was sending "pops" of air to synchronise the clocks is just too funny!
    1
  1382. There are many types of alcohol in the alcohol family of chemicals. It is ethanol (aka ethyl alcohol) that we drink in "alcoholic" drinks. Methanol or "methyl alcohol", the first in the series is quite toxic,. Rubbing alcohol is isopropyl alcohol and is a useful cleaning agent but somewhat toxic.
    1
  1383. The fact is that most MEPs are politicians who failed to get elected in their own countries. The citizens of those countries are unable to name more than one or two of their MEPs and certainly do not know what they are voting for not on what committees they sit. Another bad surprise is that EU law supercedes national law and most citizens do not realise that either. The EU is anti-democratic!
    1
  1384. It may have been an arson attempt but I'm thinking of the boy who brought his electronic clock to school and an over-zealous teacher thought it was a bomb!
    1
  1385. Than at Three Mile Island and Fukushima together.
    1
  1386. Junior school and kindergarten teachers regularly identify abnormal kids who do weird or cruel things to animals or other children. Years later, they see them again on TV after they have killed people.
    1
  1387. It depends on the distance between the phone and the actual sensor and electronics boxes, which are shielded in the avionics bay of larger aircraft, not on the panel like in GA planes.. I have seen a handheld GPS interfere with the ILS in a Cessna but then it was only 30cm away.
    1
  1388.  @bill-2018  Who tend to have other beliefs!!
    1
  1389. "Dangerous" is subjective and requires a reasonable risk of exposure. very few people will ever get near elements like beryllium or polonium. The really dangerous elements are hydrogen (explosion risk), sodium and potassium (school students can handle them), phosphorous (soldiers can be affected by this in munitions), chlorine (used in industry), and arsenic (still around as a metal powder from the 1940s. Lead, thallium, antimony, mercury etc. are only dangerous in some compounds but the title said "elements". If you want to include compounds, then cyanide C=N would have to be included, but carbon and nitrogen as elements are not dangerous. Clickbait...
    1
  1390. The French chemist Bernard Courtois (1777-1838) who discovered iodine in 1811, began his career as a young lad helping his father who made saltpetre for gunpowder in their factory in Paris. There was residents association in the area where they lived, near to a place where a guillotine was operating. It is quite astonishing and surreal that the association complained to the Revolutionary Council that the guillotine "was making too much noise on the weekends" and wanted it to work only weekdays. A bit like complaining about noise from a nightclub or pub!
    1
  1391. But nobody died there! On the other hand, the "natural" tsunami killed 19,000....
    1
  1392. The meltdown in Chernobyl only went down one floor into the basement where it solidified into a mass resembling an elephant's foot. In the Hollywood movie "The China Syndrome" it went down to the center of the earth and headed upwards (lol) towards China - utter BS!!
    1
  1393. How often have you been hit with a meteorite? Space is very large and even a spacecraft is very small. The probability of being hit is not zero, but winning the jackpot in the lottery would be a much higher probability!
    1
  1394. All images are digital in several spectral bands and have to be transmitted. Then they have to be combined, enhanced filtered, cropped, brightened, contrast -stretched etc. to get the best result one is hoping for. Our eyes do something similar, you might see red as a bright vivid colour but someone with a slight colour vision deficiency might not. In the daytime we can't see the stars, but on a clear night with no moonlight we see lots of them.
    1
  1395. Big difference, a pity you don't work in the health service of just about any country.
    1
  1396. Women need to boycott events infiltrated by men in drag.
    1
  1397. Wait until there are 1 million immigrants with mental health problems living in Ireland thanks to the taxpayer. How can the Gardai prevent a crazy guy from suddenly running amok with a knife? Ireland will become a huge psychiatric hospital for Africa and the Middle East - just wonderful!
    1
  1398. if you look at most of the questions, the understanding of what cells and batteries do is rather limited, so semantics are not really an issue here!
    1
  1399.  @VictorGonzalez-mi5kd  The battery helps to stabilise the voltage at around 12V. If you remove the battery with the engine running the voltage will increase to 14.4V or even higher and this will help burn out the lights and other devices sooner than they should. I burnt out my radio because of a higher than normal charging voltage.
    1
  1400. The math used to track a moving target making continuous corrections is similar to that used in the financial options formula to "track" a risk-free hedging position, hence the saying that "Wall Street was using rocket scientists", i.e. mathematicians!
    1
  1401. You will be on a delicate edge. A shade less voltage and the LED goes out, a shade more and it pops! Not a good strategy....
    1
  1402. How do you know they were leaving? They might have a look around the store and then decide to kill the only witness.
    1
  1403.  @Colvera19  They threatened to kill him so as to commit the robbery. Whether they were leaving for good or planning to come back a few minutes later is irrelevant.
    1
  1404. Light isn't quantized, but electrons in atoms are.
    1
  1405. No they can't.
    1
  1406. Police probably have orders not to touch them as these people probably have mental health issues and are being exploited by the organisation recruiting them.
    1
  1407. Not if the circuit board tracks are designed to lift off as the components are unsoldered!
    1
  1408. That is probably what is behind so many "protest" movements - certain countries want us (USA + EU) to become dependant upon imports, oil, gas, critical minerals and to ban nuclear. Then, in the event of a war, economic or shooting, we would become very vulnerable. Just like the WW1 & WW2 naval blockades. This is a long-term stealth strategy. Back in the 70s Europe realised how dependant we were on OPEC nations to supply oil and gas and the EEC then promoted exploration around Europe. Then they took their eye off the ball and we have become dependant again.
    1
  1409. Because they are afraid of "radiation". In fact, they are afraid of so many things it is difficult to keep up with them, e.g. GMOs, microwave masts, fluoride, vaccines, DDT, Roundup, climate change.... They live miserable lives, dreading death from all the hazards that surround them, all the while wanting to return to horse and carts, wooden clogs and an occasional trip to a climate change conference in Rio.
    1
  1410.  @Prometheus7272  Sometimes I think we haven't progressed much beyond the time when peasants stuck pitchforks into Montgolfier balloons, or when they thought travelling in a steam train would collapse the lungs...
    1
  1411.  @Prometheus7272  Too true, unfortunately!
    1
  1412. We should be careful of what we wish for. Three cool summers could start the next Ice Age (and ice ages are cyclical) . Just imagine what that would mean - advancing and unstoppable ice sheets destroying cities and infrastructure, roads bridges and airports, power stations, windfarms and solar panels defunct, mass movement southwards of populations (Mexico would love that!), economies destroyed and no agriculture in northern latitudes. We would face famine, and extinction. The film Mad Max would look tame compare to that. We can manage heating, but cooling is quite another matter.
    1
  1413. 8:13 "gamma rays are more dangerous" - this depends on context. Alpha particles are far more dangerous if an alpha-emitter (like Pb-210) is inhaled as they remain in the lungs for decades emitting alpha particles in a very small volume of tissue, with a strong chance of damaging DNA and possibly starting a tumour. By contrast, most gamma radiation passes through the body with no interaction. Of course high-intensity gamma radiation is dangerous, as is X-radiation as well as high intensity beta radiation. from an external source.
    1
  1414. Light a piece of paper and then blow it out so a column of smoke comes from it and hold it under the smoke alarm. That will tell you if it is working or not.
    1
  1415.  @khaled0al0zoabi  Why not? It is recommended to do that every so often to make sure it is working. The alarm will stop quickly and fanning fresh air onto it will stop it even faster.
    1
  1416.  @khaled0al0zoabi  A very good reason!! Stay safe!!
    1
  1417. That's the way to do things!
    1
  1418.  @RadioactiveDrew  Drew, you really don't understand radon! You are not detecting radon with that toy, but you are breathing in the daughter products into your lungs and they are alpha emitters. Once inside they stick inside the alveoli as they are charged metallic particles. whey they spend the rest of their - and your life. The half-life of Pb210 is 22 years, The activity in the air in an unventilated uranium mine can easily reach 25 M pCi/L and you breath about 8 litres of air per minute, that's 200 million pCi/L or 200 micro-Curies of activity per minute going through your lungs. Even if only 10% stick, it is still 20 uCi per minute and remember 1 Ci is the activity of 1 gram of radium. So you are putting 20 micro-curies of radium equivalent in your lungs every minute and you spend say 20 minutes exploring. - do the math! That's why uranium mining companies are obliged to put warning signs on the entrances.
    1
  1419.  @venaimsharess6525  I'm not going to try it - thanks!
    1
  1420. She was mentally disturbed.
    1
  1421. Top of stratosphere. The height of an ash column depends on the difference in temperature of the lava and the atmosphere as well as the rate of mass ejected from the volcano. The relationship is an empirical formula based on observing volcanic eruptions over the last century.
    1
  1422. That's what the ball is for in the turn coordinator.
    1
  1423.  @citizenblue  The needle in the upper part is used to make precise turns but it is also useful to keep the wings level if the artificial horizon malfunctions.
    1
  1424.  @tao4409  It decays, unlike chemical waste.
    1
  1425. George Zipf's law, Frank Benfords "dirty log tables", and Vilfredo Pareto's rule all follow what are power-law distributions. If the exponent is a fraction, then it is a "fractal" distribution and lot of things follow them. Apart from word frequency in texts; there are Lunar crater sizes, river lengths, mineral deposit grade-tonnage, gas and water pipe networks, nervous system and blood vessel size-length, hyperlink referrals (search engines) and even forensic accounting to detect fraud, follow similar distributions.
    1
  1426. Really, where?
    1
  1427.  @diorocks5858  I would agree with you 100% And add two strategies (1) identify groupthink and put policies in place to prevent it. E.g. n Japanese business meetings, the most junior employees are often asked for their opinions first so that they are not just parroting the boss. (2) watch the market, not just the market share.
    1
  1428. Ditto for the USA - the USS Vincennes shot down an Iran Air Flt 655 Airbus A300 killing all 290 on board on July 3 1988. And then they are outraged when a drone is shot down by the Iranians! Can you imagine the response if an Iranian drone overflew Florida?
    1
  1429. If it is charging at more than 14.4 V then there is a voltage regulator problem and other electric/electronic devices could be damaged, e.g. radios satnavs, headlights etc.
    1
  1430. Except they are going very fast and every collision leaves huge amounts of fragments orbiting at high speed too.
    1
  1431. A lot of people seem to be identifying as total idiots! I know a few potted plants too :-)
    1
  1432. Think like Trump - there will be enormous tourism potential in an impact - hotel accommodation for those who want to see it, not to mention travel etc. and even betting on where it happens and how much damage it causes. The media will have a field day!
    1
  1433. If everybody wrote to their local MP and made it clear what they had to do to get a vote, it would work like magic. We need a motorist party!
    1
  1434. That's what I was thinking too. What was going on in that building - some sort of club?
    1
  1435.  @16m49x3  Actually 5 died at Fukushima, two from falling masonry, one from a heart attack and two elderly people forgotten in the evacuation. More die from car smashes any weekend in almost every country.
    1
  1436.  @16m49x3  That was my point exactly!
    1
  1437. They panned visible gold flakes from streams. Then they discovered how to melt it and make objects from it.
    1
  1438.  @11101983omega  Lots of streams and rivers all over the world have gold in them! Any stream draining an area of igneous rocks will erode the minerals and release gold particles which collect where the stream or river changes its velocity suddenly. Gold panning has gone on for thousands of years, all of it panned from streams.
    1
  1439. You are absolutely correct! I worked with an IBM 1620 in the 70s and one had to write very efficient programs in Fortran for it on punched paper tape as the memory was (I think) about 25K.
    1
  1440. The power was off, otherwise it would have been fried chimp.
    1
  1441.  @mikequinn6206  I think the analogy to water skiing was to explain the sensation of holding the aircraft off the runway until it sank down with the stick fully back. I remember various analogies, like that "the runway rushes up to meet you and you fell you must do something!" etc. Every instructor had his or her own way of teaching landings!
    1
  1442.  @johnciber844  The lift mainly comes from the drop in pressure above the wing, not the air "pushed down". This is easy to demonstrate in practice when rime ice forms on the upper surface and almost all lift is lost. That's where spoilers are placed too. The drop in pressure multiplied by the wing area is more than the weight of the aircraft. The Bernoulli effect is real and is put to good use in jet engines, carburettors and many other manufacturing devices using airflow. Just because many people don't understand it does not prove that the lift comes from the simpler "explanation" of air being pushed downwards.
    1
  1443.  @mikequinn6206  Yes and it is very inefficient as a wing and an aircraft using a flat wing has to have a very powerful engine which the Wright Brothers didn't have. They found that up to 80% of the lift comes from the upper surface of the wing, which is why all aircraft manufacturers since then use curved upper surfaces.
    1
  1444. They will have twice the voltage and so they can supply twice the current through the same resistor, but the total capacity remains the same.
    1
  1445. Well nobody is going to live forever - at least she got that right. Whatever about climate change, asteroid impacts and super-volcanos, death and taxes are the only certainties!
    1
  1446. A load of BS, it does not correspond to how metals, semiconductors nor electrolytes carry current by means of charge carriers.
    1
  1447. I hope they are running Win XP or even older operating systems which are less vulnerable to crashes and hackers!
    1
  1448. The best safeguard is never to have only one junior staff member on duty. Cutbacks, and skimping on budgets is the main source of medical risk.
    1
  1449.  @Oddman1980  You asked a question in your first comment 8 days ago, but you don't like the answer? Not my problem!
    1
  1450. You say at 4:40 "you can't build a mechanical radio" but there are mechanical radios, e.g. the Alexanderson alternator radio at Grimeton, W. Sweden, an early longwave transatlantic wireless telegraphy station built in 1922–1924, that has been preserved as a historical site.
    1
  1451. The suspect has been identified as 23-year-old Jordan Pierce. His charges are Assault and Battery with a deadly weapon and a felony warrant for possession of CDS with intent.
    1
  1452. Yes! Even better, study Sweden's, those paragons of nordic environmentalism. They have 45% hydro, about 35% nuclear (ten reactors) 17% renewables and 2% fossil. That makes 94% CO2 free electricity!
    1
  1453. White female according to her family, the police and the newspaper reports.
    1
  1454. Incorrect. The speed of the vehicle (not the acceleration) is proportional to the crankshaft speed via the gearing.
    1
  1455. But you won't fly to a major airport, if that suits you.
    1
  1456. Woke activists want rainbow hydrogen, white hydrogen won't hack it.
    1
  1457. General Patton's motto was "kill as many of the enemy as fast as possible until they surrender". Demoted, huh...?
    1
  1458. No! The internal resistance rises as a battery loses its charge (due to the chemicals being used up, mainly the zinc case) so on open circuit (i.e. no load connected) a dead battery might show the full nominal voltage with a high-impedance voltmeter.
    1
  1459. The word "abundant" is the problem. Crustal "abundance" suggests "plentiful" but that is incorrect. Thorium is not plentiful or widely distributed as is uranium, and that is due to its very different chemistry. Thorium would have to be purchased from a small select group of countries who might not be friendly.
    1
  1460. The pilot is also at fault, trying to land on the edge of the threshold and not looking at what is already on the airfield. The aiming point is about one-third of the way down the runway, If you train on an uncontrolled grass strip you can have agricultural machinery and even sheep grazing and it is the responsibility of the pilot to decide if it safe to land. Another aircraft may not have cleared the runway, or a service vehicle can enter the runway without authorisation, in which case the pilot must do a go-around. Not so easy in a large aircraft, but a small aircraft can do this easily.
    1
  1461. So he doesn't get sued by some litigious individual...?
    1
  1462. Title is misleading. Nevertheless, an interesting video on families with mental health issues they can't deal with.
    1
  1463.  @grahamlyons8522  During the Carboniferous period (300 Mybp) the plants, ferns and insects found as fossils were huge, indicating a high level of oxygen (35% compared to today's 20%) and CO2 (8000 ppm compared to today's 400 ppm). Most of this CO2 was taken out by marine organisms giving rise to the extensive deposits of chalk and limestone. Then what happened? - an Ice Age (Permian era) and a mass extinction!
    1
  1464. Probably a garbled translation from another newspaper. The media always report "lost radar contact". Every aircraft that heads out over an ocean is lost from radar after about 200 miles!
    1
  1465. Not a medical doctor!
    1
  1466. In Ireland a mentally ill guy Stephen Silver attacked Colm Horkan, a detective, and killed him with his own gun. Approaching such unpredictable people without backup is very dangerous.
    1
  1467.  @oshixxxx  When you were 1 year old I watched the equivalent of "crimecall" on Finnish TV (with great difficulty!) The worst crime re-enactment was of four guys stealing a chainsaw from a shop that was closed. That was a serious crime indeed! I suppose things have got worse nowadays...?
    1
  1468. No effect whatsoever!
    1
  1469. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752 Happens in war zones.
    1
  1470.  @gadu64  CO2 levels (like sea levels) have been rising since the end of the last Ice Age. This is well-known from ice core samples. Water vapour is the major greenhouse gas as any gardener knows what happens on a clear night in winter. The Sydney Morning Herald newspaper has been in print since 1831 and has reported alternating wildfires, droughts and floods since then, so that is the normal climate there. But if a few modern bungalows get burned down it is "climate change"!! With "natural" events there is nobody to blame, but "climate change" can be blamed on somebody's actions, how very convenient.
    1
  1471. Fuelled by liquid methane - the worst greenhouse gas?
    1
  1472. By opening the little door and replacing the old battery!
    1
  1473. it's called "wilful ignorance"!
    1
  1474. The Germanwings pilot also knew how to fly an aircraft with 149 passengers into the mountainside and he had mental health issues.
    1
  1475. "Phase" is the jargon for "hot" or "live" wire. "Hot" can also refer to temperature and "ive" can also refer to something living. A device to test which wire is "live" is called a "phase tester". The other meaning of phase is more technical, and deals with the timing of the voltage oscillations in the different wires. The split phase just means that the live circuit has been divided into two wires or "phases". Every trade or profession uses some jargon to simplify conversation between colleagues, not always to be taken literally.
    1
  1476. A nautical mile is not 6000 feet.
    1
  1477. Some of them have a "rotor zone" underneath where a cylinder of air is rotating rapidly and can be dangerous. I have heard stories of balloonists being rotated in their basket up and over the balloon itself!
    1
  1478. The terms "real & imaginary" were very poor choices, many people think that maths is just some art form. I prefer to say orthogonal component or complex conjugate but they also have problems, people then think it is a building support or a difficult relative. In electronics we say in-phase and out-of-phase, but I don't think "lateral" will work.
    1
  1479.  @pelasgeuspelasgeus4634 Orthogonal to the others.
    1
  1480.  @halfan100  "Highly radioactive" means a short half life, radioactivity is a rate of decay, more radioactive = faster decay. A period of 30 half lives is a sufficient time for storage, e.g. 1000 years for Cs137, so the pyramids would do if the pharaohs had been into nuclear power. As regards the danger of plutonium, Queen Elizabeth handled a kilo of Pu to feel its warmth back in the 1950s on a visit to a weapons research lab in the UK, and she is still doing very well in her 90s. It was wrapped in a plastic bag.
    1
  1481.  @halfan100  Plutonium is not soluble in water, and they separate it out anyway. Yes, Pu239 has a longer half life but then it is less radioactive than Cs137. Po210 is only 138 days, so even more radioactive. The shorter the half life the faster the decay and the more radioactive it is. Uranium ore in the ground is also quite radioactive on account of the daughter products with short half lives. The uranium itself is far less radioactive. That is how Mme Curie discovered radium as the purer the uranium compounds she tested, the less radioactivity she measured. This meant that there was a trace content of something highly radioactive in there. If Pu239 was stored in a glassified silicate, it would be just like a rock-forming mineral and 700,000 years is not a problem. Uranium ores occur in rocks of all ages but the ones in the US are Cretaceous in age, about 100 million years, just sitting there in the ground and radioactive. A natural storage situation. Google on the Oklo natural reactor in Gabon, the waste products never moved more than 1 metre from the nuclear reaction zone.
    1
  1482.  @halfan100  Hanne, I just remembered something - back in 1966 a US bomber carrying 4 nuclear weapons crashed in Almeria in S. Spain spreading plutonium from the split bomb cases over about 4 square kilometres. Nobody on the ground was affected and the mess was cleared up, all the contamination was bagged and returned to the US for processing. Manuel Fraga, the minister for tourism swam in the sea to show it was safe. He lived into his 90s, and the area now has holiday resorts and farms and is perfectly safe. I spent a week there back in the 80s with a geiger counter trying to find any traces of the Pu and found none. Another one to google on!
    1
  1483.  @halfan100  Regarding chemical (not radiological) toxicity, The LD50 for Pu is about the same as for Sarin and about one-third of that for strychnine. Polonium is far more toxic than Pu and guess what tops the list, more than 300,000 times more deadly than plutonium? None other than "Botox" or botulinum toxin" Stay away from those beauty salons!!!!
    1
  1484.  @halfan100  Well of course lots of people do use Botox without any problem! But you don't want an infection from it as it paralyses the respiratory muscles. Plutonium (as metal or oxide) is not very chemically reactive (like the rare earth metals) so not so dangerous if swallowed. Like radon it is an alpha emitter, so the main danger is breathing it in as the particles remain in the lungs emitting alpha particles which have a very short range but damage the cells in the immediate vicinity. However, plutonium is wanted for weapons use so they do not dump it, rather they extract it from the spent fuel rods as well as the unreacted uranium. Amounts produced are small, so I would not agree that this was a reason to abandon nuclear energy. The thing about all radioactive waste is that it is decaying to a stable element, unlike chemical wastes which can remain indefinitely. Incidentally, all isotopes used in cancer treatment are made in reactors, so a very good reason not to abandon nuclear technology
    1
  1485.  @halfan100  Hanne, just a philosophical thought - average global life expectancy is about 70 years (it depends on where you live and what you eat, genetics etc.). A "risk" is defined as the probability of a negative outcome, the worst being death. All forms of transport are risky, as are smoking, alcohol, sports, some occupations, bad weather and diet. The risk of death from plutonium is incredibly rare by comparison. I prefer to worry about the more probably risks, like driving on minor roads!
    1
  1486. A faraday cage will not stop gamma radiation unless it is several centimetres of lead!
    1
  1487. All of us are radioactive due to C14 and K40 in our bodies. About 4000 Bq for each one so a total of 8000 Becquerels for a 80kg person. The K40 is a natural component of the 140 grams of potassium in our blood and the C14 is a trace component of the carbon that comprises bout 18% of us.
    1
  1488. "Come on, the ice is thin enough to skate on!" (famous last words)
    1
  1489. He became compliant when he knew they were not joking. Police officers face this sort of unexpected danger all the time, I don't know how they can do it.
    1
  1490. The Arctic is NOT asymmetric, it is the rotation of the earth that makes winds blow generally eastwards and the proximity to large bodies of either land or ocean that make the changes in weather patterns. Average elevation above sea level, proximity to cold and warm ocean currents also play a role. The climate has always been changing all through geological history, and even rapid changes like the Younger Dryas re-glaciation event have not been explained by climate "scientists" who seem to find the geological record an embarrassment. The so-called solar constant is invoked but the Sun's output can and has changed.
    1
  1491. Same thing. A dying battery is simply losing its capacity due to sulphating of the electrodes.
    1
  1492.  @whydoiexistrnwhy  And if it was your sister he murdered, would you be happy paying for this monster to play cards and snooker, watch TV, find God and study law? And then a senile president pardons him and he walks past your house every day sneering in the window at you. Think about the loss of your loved on vs the easy life this perp had.
    1
  1493. Really fascinating and I can see another application in my own field. Thank you, Hannah!
    1
  1494. The psychiatric hospitals used to be full of people who thought they were Napoleon, or Christ, or the king, - the Victorians knew what to do with them!
    1
  1495.  @raptorwhite6468  It's a bot, don't try to respond to it.
    1
  1496. Neither gold nor pyrite are magnetic. Squeeze it with a pliers, the gold should flatten but the pyrite will crumble.
    1
  1497. There are certain ethnic groupings, races and religions around the world whose members are taught from an early age that somebody else is always responsible for their perceived misery. They perceive themselves as "victims" and never take responsibility for anything in their lives. Welfare States encourage this behaviour and create an even greater dependency culture.
    1
  1498. If you hear the comment "they have staffing problems in that company" you can interpret that as "the boss is the problem in that company".
    1
  1499. How do you "cyber hijack" an aircraft?
    1
  1500.  @Nickdevro  And you can hijack the magnetic compass too! Any system can be turned off by the pilot if it is giving misleading information. Go back to your computers, I'm a pilot!
    1
  1501.  @Nickdevro  You probably worked on the 737max! A piece of $h^t if there ever was one!
    1
  1502.  @relaxingnature2617  From the overhead devices, yes. But cabin crew have access to small cylinders for emergencies to allow them move around the cabin, Probably no more than 30 minutes, by comparison to the little cylinder I had in my buoyancy jacket As with Stewart Paine's Learjet and the Helios 737, the Malaysian aircraft flew on at altitude for 8 hours and most likely everybody on board was already dead.
    1
  1503.  @semoneg2826  Why would it be on fire for 8 hours? The fire suppression system could stop the fire, but a short fire would produce plenty of toxic gases to kill everyone. Two electric buses in Paris have had battery fires in the last month. Look at this list of events https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2022-04/Li-Batt.%20Thermal%20Events%20April%20to%20date.pdf
    1
  1504. Yes, but any pilot can look out the window and see if s/he is lined up with the centreline. The aircraft you learn in do not have FMCs, and also you have to calculate it for the flying licence examination.
    1
  1505. It doesn't "know", there is a potential difference and the current will flow across it if it can.
    1
  1506. Yes, and ask your doctor or surgeon not to wear one either!
    1
  1507.  @PSTRIPPLEE  You are right - vaccines do help to protect you, like a bullet-proof vest against a gunman. However a lucky shot can still get you in the head or leg. Google on "Typhoid Mary" an Irish cook in New York who went around infecting people (a few even died) but she was perfectly healthy herself.
    1
  1508. Give them high-viz jackets so they can be seen, especially on wet days and at twilight..
    1
  1509. It would only be a new game with 50/50 if the host opened a door at random, with the risk of revealing the key. He knows where the key is and will not open that door, so switching is the same as if you have the choice to open two doors simultaneously, the fact he opens one of them doesn't change anything.
    1
  1510. You don't need conspiracy theories to explain this disappearance - it had a cargo of lithium batteries in the hold. Li batteries have gone on fire on aircraft before and as of 2019 the US FAA has banned them as cargo on passenger aircraft. A fire and toxic fumes would incapacitate the crew and the aircraft was already on autopilot. Someone may have tried to turn back and descend before being overcome in turn and then the plane returned to the altitude set on the autopilot and continued southwards until it ran out of fuel. At least two similar accidents in terms of crew incapacitation are already well-known - the golfer Stewart Paine's Learjet in 1999 and the Greek Helios 737 filght 522 in 2005. Of course conspiracy theories make for good novels so there are plenty of books written with sinister motives for this accident.
    1
  1511.  @rowdyyates4273  Do you have any idea what breathing carbon monoxide does to you? A family were found in Spain a few years ago seated around a table all holding playing cards in their hands, overcome by CO from a charcoal fire. It happens very fast, no warning. The plane hardly evaded detection as it was tracked on civilian primary radar and then later on military radar (although the military were not interested) before flying out of range about 200 nm.
    1
  1512.  @rowdyyates4273  What you mean is the transponder was "disconnected" (how do you know it was switched off?) most probably by the fire eating through wires in the avionics bay. When a transponder is off, an aircraft can only be tracked on primary radar which gives range but not altitude, so "lost" in ATC jargon. When it descended it was "lost" again on primary radar for a while due to mountainous topography, but it climbed back up again and went out of range of radar, which is only about 200 nm. If you prefer conspiracies, then tell me why you would fly for almost 8 hours towards the Antarctic until your fuel ran out? Simple answer is that they were already dead. Not so exciting if you want to write a best-seller about it.
    1
  1513.  @mustafahussien8241  How do you know that?
    1
  1514.  @mustafahussien8241  Where they probably landed in the water, as you say, their chances of being picked up if they survived the landing and the plane remained floating,, would be very small, as it was well away from shipping lanes. There are a lot of possible explanations but I think we will never know. Stay safe!
    1
  1515.  @mustafahussien8241  It was tracked by the pings detected every 30 minutes and the approx. position 200nm radius calculated by the engineers and mathematicians employed by a marine tracking satellite company Inmarsat, who have nothing to do with aircraft, airlines or Malaysia.
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  1516.  @mustafahussien8241  Ah! we love conspiracies so much, just like fortune-telling. The reality is often boring and simple, never going to be a best-seller though... Lots of speculation but one solid fact - the cargo was something which is now banned from passenger aircraft because of the potential danger. I prefer to trust the engineers at Inmarsat who have no reason to be involved in any conspiracy. But you are free to believe anything you like and the more exciting the better! Stay safe, I have to sign off from this debate.
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  1517.  @mustafahussien8241  No motive, no plan, it was simply an accident.
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  1518. If you have evidence, then you should contact the authorities who would be very interested to hear what you have to say.
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  1519.  @mustafahussien8241  The aircraft was tracked by the Inmarsat marine satellite system using the signals it sent every 30 minutes. The Inmarsat engineers were able to calculate the location to within 200 miles and that is where the search took place. The lady who reported the plane in the sky (not floating) was having "marital difficulties" and "thought she was going crazy" (perhaps she was?) after 13 months on a yacht. She did not report the sighting until a day later and said she saw "black smoke" although it was at night! Eyewitnesses are usually fairly unreliable.
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  1520. Do their bosses not have some idea already? Do they need diplomats to tell them that sort of stuff? I thought they had really important items to explain to their bosses....
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  1521. The EU furore about tariffs are just crocodile tears. I won a $60 voucher (delivery included) from a US specialist outdoor products firm for writing a testimonial. I selected the items I wanted and waited. When they arrived in the EU they were hit by tariffs, customs duty and the final insult - VAT, all of which added up to €55 or about $60. Had I paid for these items that would have doubled the price. Most Europeans have few if any US goods in their homes, apart from software which is usually boxed and delivered from bases in the EU. The US imports vast amounts of EU goods and services, hence the enormous deficit. Like NATO, EU states have been caught out dodging their responsibilities!
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  1522. @John Caldwell It depends on what discipline you are in and what you need to do with the numbers. For example, the recommended "action limit" for indoor radon is 200 Bq/ cubic metre. Not very useful quoted in GBq, or MBq. But if you're working with nuclear medicine, the activities and doses will be in very big numbers.
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  1523.  @melgibson6331  I'm not sure what point you are making. High-pressure water jets and swords can also cut you in half, but the video is discussing radiation and you mentioned radio sources for 4/5G which are not ionising. It is ionising radiation including UVB, X and gamma, as well as high-energy particle beams, alpha, beta and protons that can damage DNA directly. Cutting someone in half will just scatter their DNA around the place!
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  1524.  @melgibson6331  yes, that's true, it is the difference between phonons (lattice vibrations, i.e. heat) and photons. But radiowaves are less energetic than the infra-red light from your TV remote control.
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  1525. The most secret radio signals are probably those in the VLF band (3-30 kHz) used to transmit to submerged submarines. You can monitor the carrier with a coil of wire plugged into a computer sound card and a spectrum analyser software app, but the signals are modulated in MSF or FSK and probably encrypted.
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  1526.  @jaimesmith1086  In Europe, an MBA might not lead to a salary increase, as it would in the USA, so you might never see a financial return on the fees you pay to do an MBA. That is a negative NPV project!
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  1527.  @steemlenn8797  The bomb that was used on Hiroshima fell at almost the free-fall (i.e. vacuum) acceleration - that is the whole idea of an aerodynamic shape.
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  1528. Not new. The famous U2 pilot shot down in the USSR was piloting a helicopter in California in 1977 for KNBC News when he crashed, having misread a fuel gauge, presumably distracted by having to report on brush fires. Both he and his cameraman were killed.
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  1529. Surely you can spot a mentally disturbed person?
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  1530. Google on Enoch Burke a teacher with strong convictions in Ireland. He was suspended by the Principal for not using "preferred pronouns", tried to complain and found himself at the wrong end of a Court injunction. he continued to turn up for work and was arrested and jailed for refusing to "purge his contempt of court", spent three months in jail and now is being fined more than £50,000 (it increases daily).
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  1531.  @gregoryeverson741  Actually people do mine uranium. Thorium demand is only a fraction of the uranium mined. Also, thorium does not form deposits as readily or as widespread as uranium and will always be more expensive to supply.
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  1532. Exactly!
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  1533. Like mental illness - its called "maniac".
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  1534. Victorian psychiatric hospitals ("asylums") were full of people who identified as Napoleon, the Virgin Mary, or Jesus Christ, but it makes no difference to ones chromosomes which are either XY (male) or XX (female) what you think you are.
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  1535. To show the snake it was water.
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  1536. There was an agreement "megawatts from megatons" but I think it was ended in 2000?
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  1537. At 2:16 you can hear it - thanks!
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  1538. Language rules - whether you like them or not - are to protect understanding. Very important in legal, technical and scientific situations. If you want to sound uneducated, the go ahead and break them.
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  1539.  @kellymulderino7156  If there is one country where the citizens are well-informed about radioactive hazards, it is Japan!
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  1540. It's gone, radioactivity is a decay process. They test fish in the fish markets. Mercury on the other hand does not decay, I'd worry more about that! The topsoil was stored in bags which then tended to concentrate the radioactivity. Eventually they will be processed chemically to extract things like Cs137 to decontaminate it.
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  1541. No. The two batteries have to be connected to form a circuit.
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  1542. Emergency services are always telling callers to do nothing and wait for the services to arrive. By that time the house has burnt down, the car in the water has sunk and the knife injury has bled out. Even in Twin Towers the recorded voices said to "return to your office", ditto for the Costa Concordia where "crew" (off-duty waiters, casino operators etc.) told passengers to return to their cabins. Best advice is to do what you think will save your or the other life and do it fast!
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  1543. Not true, they can run for 60 years.
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  1544. 3 Sexes - have I missed something - what are they?
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  1545. The logged flight profile looked like they were practicing autorotations, descending to almost ground level, climbing up and repeating this about 5 times. My guess is that the 6th autorotation got too slow and they lost tail rotor authority.
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  1546. If you can power anything with a femto-amp, then maybe. But it needs a battery to work.
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  1547. If you read the instruction leaflet, they tell you not to install them in a kitchen. Try lighting a piece of paper to make it smoulder and hold it near a smoke alarm to see if your "beliefs" are correct!
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  1548. Absolutely true!
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  1549. OK here goes: The plane is flying the approach to the runway with a high groundspeed, i.e. the airspeed of let's say 150 kts plus a tailwind of 50 kts, i.e. 200 kts groundspeed. Suddenly it enters calm air, but the momemtum of the aircraft keeps it at the high groundspeed so the airspeed appears to increase from 150 kts to 200 kts as if they had hit a headwind and the plane will climb, just when they are trying to slow down, so they have to add drag to reduce this extra speed. This is what is known as "wind shear" and it can work the other way too, a strong headwind suddenly disappears and the plane descends very rapidly towards the ground. The remedy here is to have a little additional speed to avoid the rapid sink rate. The confusion is between airspeed (which keeps the plane flying) and groundspeed which matters most when you are about to land.
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  1550. When it turns out he's Biden's unrecognised grandson, then he won't be going to jail!
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  1551. I have a facsimile copy of a book on the physical geography of Spain published in 1775 by Guillermo Bowles. In it, he mentions the concerns of the inhabitants of Asturias (region in N. Spain) who were concerned about the snow on the mountains and thought that the climate was changing. They even blamed it on the Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755. So climate change scares are at least 250 years old!
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  1552. Yes, like "international protection applicants" when they mean immigrants, or "undocumented" to mean somebody who overstays their visa.
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  1553. Not if the tube has to go over the mountain!
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  1554. And some have plastic in places where you don't see it. No guarantee that the "ground" is actually in contact with the earth!
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  1555. That is what the Yorkshire Ripper was using.
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  1556. The cobalt mines in Congo are run by Chinese companies very efficiently. However in the vicinity, there are artisanal miners panning waste heaps and using their children to pick out cobalt minerals and that is the problem.
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  1557.  @letssmile3564  Yes, some of those do look like serious chemistry sets but on sale in the US. The EU has a "precautionary principle" and the parliament is full of Greens who are afraid of the word "chemical", so I am not sure if these sets are available in European countries. Let me know if there are distributors in the EU - thanks!
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  1558.  @sycksyngyrl  No, nothing published, we were playing with a new spectrometer and testing everything we could find - all the usual suspects, bananas and 10-10-20 PNK fertilizer (we got 19.1%K), as well as cigarettes and brazil nuts (for uranium series progeny) and some rocks and minerals whose radioactivity was undetermined. The polonium comes from phosphate fertilizers but the half-life of Po-210 is 140 days, so any radioactivity picked up by the tobacco plant from fertilizers is long gone (to stable Pb-206) by the time the cigarettes get to the stores.
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  1559.  @daybyday-365-4U  But that is a mental disability of sorts. The rest of us deal with it, shout, go to lawyers, complain, whatever, but we don't go killing everybody we are angry with.
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  1560. They should ask him once and then take out the tazer or baton. They waste too much time talking.
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  1561. A 28-yr old mentally disturbed woman is how she should be described.
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  1562. All the water from those hydrogen vehicles will flood the earth! We'll all drown!!
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  1563. Space suits, the lunar module and as short a time on the Moon as possible. Same as for any radiation - shielding, distance and duration.
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  1564.  @ruicorreia7882  The Moon is not "protected" by the Earth's magnetic field, it is fully exposed to cosmic radiation and solar flares.
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  1565.  @ruicorreia7882  Then explain what you mean by protected and how it works.
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  1566. Yes it is. Most people think "cells" are in prisons or perhaps something to do with cellular phone networks.
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  1567. The climate "debate" is creating a strange demographic split with (largely) young, vegan, religious, left-wing women on one side and old, meat-eating, atheist, right-wing men on the other! have I missed anything? There are a few exceptions, of course, but that does seem to be the profile one usually sees.
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  1568.  @Activethinker6378  If a bullet severs an artery in the arm, then it is life-threatening. Only in Hollywood movies do bullets in the arm "wing " them!
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  1569. Another guy who needs meds but won't take them. I had a neighbour who stopped taking his meds and he became psychotic and attacked his father with a sickle, injured him badly. 5 days in hospital with the right meds and he's fine now since the incident 5 years ago.
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  1570. InpPhysics you use electron flow for gases and also for electrochemistry. However for practical electronic design of circuits it makes no difference whatsoever and as the symbols for diodes and transistors have the arrows by convention, and most people can relate to positive "flowing" to negative, it seems slightly more intuitive. We can blame Benjamin Franklin for calling it wrong 150 years before the electron was discovered!
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  1571. Start with agencies and ads, then do some research on the opportunities in your area and find out who runs them, what do they do and what they might be planning, e.g. expansion, or closure. Then see if your skills, qualifications and experience can match what they might require. Go visit them and ask to speak to the HR manager, or the boss in a smaller company or business and see what they are like and if they like you or see some potential. Find out about the CEO/manager/boss or whoever makes recruitment decisions - ask lots of questions from people who might know, or better - employees. Writing application letters is almost a thing of the past. A lot of job success is a mutual liking or respect between employer and employee. If you don't like them or they don't like you, it won't work.
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