Youtube comments of mpetersen6 (@mpetersen6).
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It's not just the hulls. The USN needed all the machinery. The interior fittings. Bunks, storage lockers, refrigeration, desks, chart tables and God knows what else. Just how many light bulbs were there on a Cleveland much less an Essex. All of the electrical equipment. Generators, radios, radar etc. The armament. 20mm, 40mm, 5"38s, 6", 8", 12", 16" and the ammunition for each. Fuel. Av Gas. Food. Plates, bowls, cups, flatware. Uniforms.
And we still haven't even gotten to the most important part of the ship yet. The crew. Basic training. Advanced training. Plus all the administrative work to keep track of just where all of these men went.
Now add on everything the Army needed from small arms ammo to bridging equipment much less lend lease.
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In comparing aircraft from the WWII time frame the tactics and training of the pilots always come into play. As I understand it the majority of pilots shot down during the war never saw their attacker. You could be flying the best fighter of it's time and still get hammered by an inferior aircraft with its pilot doing a boom and zoom. If you wind up in a turning fight you have already lost in terms of advantage.
Looking at the aircraft of the time the five best in my opinion but not ranking them. FW-190, Bf-109, LA-7 (9?), the Spitfire and the P-51. Close but not quite the P-47, the Typhoon and possibly the F4-U. Also rans include the P-39 (it did better at low altitude in Russia than most appreciate), the Hurricane (it just didn't age as well as the Spit), the P-40 (again better than its given credit for but not aging well.), the P-38 (brilliant in the Southwest Pacific), the F6F (great carrier fighter, the best of the war imo but against quality land based compitition).
But one thing must be remembered as to fighter aircraft. Their initial design can be an anvil on their back or a good starting point. The P-51 if the British had never tried putting a Merlin in one it would be remembered as a slightly better P-40. Saddled with an Allison that never really got a good mechanical supercharger. The point is if an airframe has room to grow and be modified as circumstances change it has the capability to be a great design. If it cant, well it can always tow target sleeves. The ones that survive that is.
If jets had been delayed by one or two years for some reason (there was no way they were not coming) Republic would have had what could of been the ultimate piston engine fighter in the XP-72.
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Long post. Not just throwing out a wall of text.
I'm reasonably sure there are European-Americans, Anglo-Saxon-Americans, Nordic-Americans etc who go out of their way to only support businesss owned by Americans belonging to those ethnicities. Locally l know plenty of Italian-Americans who try to exclusively do business with other Italian-Americans (1). The same could likely be said of Baptist-Americans, Evangelical-Americans, Roman Catholic-Ameticans, Jewish-Americans etc. Some of this is simple clannishness. Opposites may attract electrically or magnetically but not always in social interactions. But, there's always a but, some of this is down to plain simple racism.
There's individual racism. Normally displaced by people I call "friends of Bevis". Of all skin tones. Of all ethnicities. Of all religous backgrounds (including atheists).
And then there is institutional racism. Jim Crow was institutional racism. Red Lining was institutional racism. Slavery was institutional racism. Fortunately we are past that (2). But in trying to make up for past wrongs the political classes have attempted to install other forms of institutional racism. Call it DIE, Affirmative Action, Set Asides, whatever. At what point does any society that institute such system of legal racism put that system aside? Supporters of such systems remind me of George Wallace standing on the school house steps ranting about segregation (3). They have a vested interest in such legal protections. Mostly political. Often cash based (4). Without "racism" race hustlers have to find another hustle.
1) Locally we have a large percentage of the population that is Italian-American. Mostly descended immigrants from the same region (Calabria) and the same city or town (Cozenza). And they stuck together like glue.
2) As to ending slavery l for one would like to hear Stacy Adam's, Al Sharpton and others thank the 360K Union soldiers, of all races, who died in the American Civil War that effectively ended slavery in the United States. I expect it will be a long wait. 😴😴
3) If "Black only spaces", "black safe spaces" etc isn't segregation what is it. Also some of these systems intended to help one group of people can often hurt the individuals it is trying to help. If anyone who gets into an elite educational institute based solely on race, gender (actual or precieved), ethnicity etc does not have the level of scholarship needed to take advantage of that opportunity. And subsequently drops out. Who was benefited. The only one l can see is the institution that gets bragging rights.
4) In my opinion anyone that rakes in cash off of race hustling is no different than any other con man.
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@freeautoinsurance365
Add 55 my child. The 2J has thicker walls wear you need ig, deck, better ribbing, a deeper crankcase, a shorter crank for better rigidity plus a tougher grade of cast iron. The Barra and the RB are both around 245 to 255 on the Brinell scale. The 2J comes in at 275 +. The Barra's a good engine. But the best ever. That would be a bold claim for a one eyed fat man*. In my opinion the 5 best inline 6's ever built are the 2J followed by the Barra, RB series, BMWs and the XK Jag in what ever order you choose. The only really modern inline six ever built in the US was the GM 4.2 from the early 2000s. It never left the factory at the power levels as some of the others. But it was never turned to be. It would be interesting to see just what it would be capable of. The rest of the American inlines are boat anchors in comparision. The Chevrolet, Pontiac, Chrysler Slant 6 and the AMC 232 family all have potential. But are saddled with cross flow heads, pushrods except the Pontiac, long twisty cranks and take up a whole bunch of room. The Ford small six led to the Barra. But it's more like the great grandfather. Slant Six fans like to claim the Aussies made it into a Hemi. First not really a Hemi. Plus it's a different motor. People have made new heads for the US online sixes with crossflow heads using a set of heads from a V-8. There are the usual problems matching water passages and head bolt/stud locations.one problem used to be the distributor location. It would be in the way of the intake manifold. Modern ignition sensors eliminate that issue. The main issue is the donor heads. For the Chevy and Pontiac it's not as much of an issue. Same bore spacing as the SBC and the GM twin cam 4 valve V-6s. The Small Ford, just get an Aussie head. The Slanty. The bore spacing is different but not much. A little over 101mm. A BMW, a Mitsubishi G series or an Aurora/Northstar. The AMC. Ford or Chevy Small Blocks. The B.C. for the SBF is dead on the SBC is 4.400 vs 4.380. Another option is the Infiity V-8.
Any of these projects would need good machining and very good welding skills. Plus there are valve clearance issues to be taken into account. The reason we never really saw a good performance inline 6 in the US was cost. A Pontiac 326 V-8 cost less to make than the 230/250 OHC. US V-8s were inexpensive to build. Fit in a wide range of platforms. The I-6s were entry level economy engines. But I think they missed an opportunity here. Early Mustangs etc sold a lot more sixes than eights. If the SCCA had promoted a class in addition to A Sedan (the basis for the Trans Am 5 liter cars) that specified something around 3.75 liters. Call it the Trans Am 75. 75% of the cylinders, 75% of the displacement. The SCCA amateur class call it A/75 Sedan. As a "showroom stock" class it could have gone over quit well.
* Classic movie reference
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Lambeau is a temple to football Gods. Along with a few other stadiums. Some college, some pro. Football is a fall to early winter sport. Weather, rain, snow, sleet, sun or wind is part of the game.
Regarding weather. I have seen where games in December in Green Bay have been in the 60sF down to -10F. Average around 25 to 30F.
I'm posting this on January 28th, 2024. Current temperature in Green Bay is 30F/-1C. 28F/-2C wind chill. Yesterday would have been in the same range. A week ago around the same. Clearly not to cold for football. Unless you're a wimp from Miami or LA. Also. Current cold weather clothing for football players is a lot better than it was 30 years ago. Even 20. The same goes for fans attending cold weather games in KC, Buffalo, Green Bay, Chicago, Cleveland, New Jersey, Philly, Foxborough etc. If you are too cold it is your damn fault. You dress for the weather. Not to make a fashion statement.
And for all the complaints about cold weather what about when teams from northern cities go to Miami etc in a late heat wave.
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I'm glad to see we made the top 5. Wisconsin has its problems. But what state doesn't. The states economy took a big hit with losing a lot of industrial jobs and facilities along the Lake Michigan corridor. The reasons are varied. Older inefficient facilities, legacy costs, older employees and every bodies favorite whipping boy, unions. Plus a lot of smaller manufacturing statewide. On the plus side it's a great state for the outdoors. Some of the cheapest in terms of price golf in the country. City courses to world class. Water sports, fishing from Geat Lakes sport fishing to a cane pole for crappiest. Winter sports (ok, the downhill is skiing is pretty lame). Cross country, skiing, snowmobiling. A more than adequate state education system. Taxes are little on the high side but state and local services are good. States with low property or income tax often nail you on sales tax, vehicle registration etc. Away from Milwaukee it's pretty laid back. The bad side. Too many FIBs moving in. Complaining about new comers goes all the way back to the Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo and Chippewa.
Plus there's one thing that the Great Lakes states have as an ace the sleeve. Water. Lots of water. And we aren't sharing.
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I knew about the Italians having concessions in China along with other countries but I honestly never gave a thought to what their fate during WWII. One reason I remembered is they turn up as a plot device in one of WEB Griffins books* although that only refreshes my memory. The countries with concessions that fought together were the UK, US, Japan, Russia, France, Italy, Germany and Austro-Hungry. I wonder what happened to the French Foreign Service and military personnel still in China in 1940 following Japanese seizure of French Indochina. Nothing good I suppose.
*The Corps, Book One. The main character kills three Italian Marines in a knife fight . At best a readable hack. Recycled plots, recycled characters (same characters, different names). But he sold a lot of books and made a pile of cash so I suppose it worked for him. But then writers have been doing it for a long time. Raymond Chandler, Eric Stanley Gardener, Robert B Parker, Larry Niven to name a few off the top of my head.
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I really don't think the US Army Ordinance Board did not realize the benefits of a smaller round able to do the job required of it. Frankly to kill or wound a human being by means of massive wound trauma. I think what happened is that having read the after action reports regarding the ranges at which most combat took place they did a "what about" in regards to those actions that took place at longer range. It is my opinion that they really did not to give up the capability of troops to engage the enemy at longer ranges. I also do not think the Ordinance Department expected the average rifleman to engage and hit targets at ranges out past 600 yards or meters. Just how many rounds were fired on average during WWII to one casualty (1). If you can force the enemy to take cover and stop him from doing what he wants but rather force him to react to what you do you are a fair way there to winning the fight.
I really do think the Ordinance Board screwed up though. A smaller round that can do the job required of it that weighs less means a larger ammunition load per man for the same weight. It means lower recoil, potentially better shooting on the part of the rifleman (2) and other benefits to the infantry.
(1) This also might have played into Ordinance Department thinking. Increased volumes of fire means increased strain on logistical system, the production system, costs (the increased costs are mainly going to be in the materials area. There will be a slight increase in costs man hours but mainly it's in the materials. Do you sufficient supply of copper and zinc for brass etc) Plys for the US you are looking at everything has to be produced, transported to a port, loaded on a ship, sailed across potentially hostile seas, unloaded and moved through the logistical system.
(2) In reality just how many of the members of the average infantry squad, platoon or company really engaged the enemy with useful fire? 20%, 25%, more or was it less?
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Kids playing with toy guns is nothing new. As a child of the 50s we played "Cowboys and Indians" and or violence inspired activities. But we also had a moral upbringing centered on family and church. Our schools were orderly. One teacher often had class of 40 kids. We did not dare get in trouble at school. Because the trouble in school was nothing compared to what you got at home.
This all started to change in the late 60s. That's when the slow at that time explosion of births by single mothers happened. That's when the family started to fall apart in all segments and demographics of society. Saddly for the Black "community" (1) they went into free fall faster than other demographics. Personally I blame three things. First, LBJ's Great Society which greatly expanded the governments role in the lives of the poor (2). Second, The Voting Rights Act which wedded the Black community to the Democratic Party ever since (3). LBJ was quoted on this in the 60s. And thirdly. And most important. The decline of manufacturing jobs in the US starting in the 1970s. Plus their re-location first to the South and then overseas. How many lower income families, Black, White or Hispanic, depended on the income that a father brought home from such employment? How much of those communities indirectly relied on that income as it got spread around to different businesses? This hit the inner cities of places like Chicago, Philidephia, Detroit, Milwaukee and others especially hard.
1) How can anyone call a demographic that large a "community".
2) Well intentioned or not we all know what the road to hell is paved with.
3) Saddly the Democratic Party on the national level seems more concerned with the social safety net than doing things to expand economic opportunities. The poor saddly will likely always be with us. Some us, Black, White, Hispanic, just do not seem to be able to handle money. It burns a hole in our pockets and drifts away. But the best way to ensure economic opportunity is through education. And it starts with schools that do not have to put up with the crap that goes on today.
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Due to launch on the SLS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,someday.
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Plus add all the beans, bullets, fuel, artillery shells, guns, butter, uniforms etc for Army and Marine units. Plus the USAAF requirements which includes fighter and medium bomber aircraft, aviation fuel, servicing vehicles, spare parts etc. Plus the equipment supplied to allied nations. Plus food shipped to help feed refugees. Plus any number of things I can't think of right now the amount of shipping supplied by the US and Britian including merchant vessels built during the war to replace losses the total effort is staggering. Just returning troops home post war was a major undertaking. And then consider this was being shipped to the Med, across the Atlantic, the South, Central and Southwest Pacific, India, China and God knows where else.
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IIRC there was someone who had started on design work of a scale R-4360. 1/5th scale I think. There is a company called Ageless Engines who sell drawings and castings for scale aircooled radial engines. In 7, 9, 14 and 18 cylinders. Loosely based on either Curtiss or P&W designs they are all based on a common cylinder design. Ageless Engines actually recommends that if you were to want to build one of their engines you start with a 9 cylinder. The 9 and 18 actually offer some easier machining challenges over the 7 or 14 due to indexing issues. The engines are able to be built with the use of a lathe and vertical milling machine. In this case a 9 or 10 inch Southbend and and early Bridgeport. The plans include drawing for all of the fixtures needed to complete machining of the cylinders, master rod, slave rods etc. The 9 cylinder requires fixturing with 40° angles. The 7 cylinder requires angles of 51.428571°. To do this properly you really need either a rotary table with division plates. Or a surface grinder, angle plate, sine bar and Jo Blocks. When I was working I made special tooling for indexing parts without a rotary table in 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 units. The 5, 7 and 10 unit indexing blocks required specially ground angle blocks produced with a surface grinder.
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@TonboIV
Oh, like the Quad Cities, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St Paul, Cinncinatti, St Louis. Not to mention Flint, Saginaw, Jackson, Racine, Kenosha, Gary, Joliet, Elgin, Green Bay, Duluth-Superior, the Copper and Iron region of the Upper Peninsula and Northern Wisconsin, Manitowoc, La Crosse, Janesville, Rockford and probably around 100 other cities.
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Volcanic activity effects the climate in different ways. Large Stratovolcanoes, Krakatoa, Tambora, Pinatubo, Mazama etc can erupt explosively sending not only gas but ash into the upper atmosphere. Shield Volcanoes and Large Igneous Provinces, the Deccan Traps, the Siberian Traps, the Columbia River Basalts, Iceland, the North Atlantic Igneous Province, Kerguelan Plateau, Ontong-Jave Plateau and others over time do not erupt explosively as a general rule. There are exceptions. A major explosive eruption on Iceland in the late 1700s is one. In general a large explosive eruption results in a cooling period. This can be a year or two with minor cooling. In the case of an extremely large explosive eruption such as Toba or Yellowstone the effects can last decades. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) erupt in the form of flood basalts. These affect the climate differently. They expel large volumes of CO2, H2O and other gases. These gases will increase CO2 to much higher levels than today. 2000 ppm or higher. During the Miocene palm trees flourished in the Arctic. The whole of Earth had a tropical to sub-tropical climate. At this time there was a LIP in the Pacific Ocean that was sitting on a spreading center between the Fallaron and the now abducted Kula Plate. This LIP, called Siletzia , was formed by the Hot Spot currently under Yellowstone. Siletzia was active during the Miocene. This LIP was eventually over run by the North American Plate as an exotic terrane. It forms part of the Olympic Penisula of Washington. The Ontong-Java Plateau associated with the Louisville Hot Spot was active 120MYA with addition activity 90MYA. The Louisville Hot Spot is located approximately 140D West, 50D South. The Ontung-Java Plateau is currently in the area of 160D East, 5D North having moved East 60D and 55D North in the past 120MY. All of these LIPs can probably be related to periods of warm climate and the largest to extinction events.
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