Youtube comments of Keit Hammleter (@keithammleter3824).

  1. Kurtis, any time you feel like giving us an extended explanation like you did for air-arc, go for it. This video was the best use of my learning time for a week.
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  2. At first I thought that a big mistake had been made - royal ladies never cross their legs. But I checked the real TV broadcast. The real Elizabeth did indeed cross her legs. Claire Foy got this scene exactly right - right down to the forced smile at the end.
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  3. Lots of farmers in Australia own light planes in order to conveniently and quickly visit large towns and cities. Many of them run their planes on 98 octane retail gasoline meant for cars, as it is available everywhere, and farmers buy it in 80 litre drums for their cars and farm equipment. Toluene is the additive used to obtain 98 octane rating. It is illegal to use car gasoline in aircraft, but aircraft engines run on it just fine. In theory, aero engines run on car gasoline could have high valve seat wear, but farmer-owned planes don't clock up anywhere near enough hours for it to matter. Cessna stopped making 152's and 172's in 1985 but considerable numbers are still registered and flying. The main differences between car gasoline and avgas is the use of tetraethyl lead instead of toluene to achieve the required octane rating, the absence of various proprietary additives to reduce wear that is used in car gasoline, and manufacture of avgas to higher quality standards to ensure purity, absence of ash, etc.
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  4. He's so drunk he probably went to the wrong house in the wrong street. But most probably he made it up. We'll never know.
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  5. A minor error by mike. He said a steam turbine needs a reversible gearbox. Actually, many turbine ships were built with reverse-torque turbines on a common shaft with the forward turbines. This is possible because a turbine not receiving steam offers negligible friction and turbines are very compact. Usually a ship doesn't need to go backwards very fast, so the reversing turbines can be very small.
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  6. Asianometry said the Indian TDC-12 vacuum tube computer, the size of 5 large fridges, was said to be similar to the DEC PDP-8, a transistor "flip-card" desktop computer. Well, they were both 12-bit as seen by the programmer. That's a bit like saying a tuk-tuk is the same as a Mercedes Benz car - after all they both have wheels.
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  7. I have no idea what all this ibble dibble stuff was about.
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  8. Yes - I seen cockatoos tease and drive a poor dog almost insane - I'm sure the cockys do it just for fun.
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  9. How Lenin came to be so highly regarded is a mystery to me. I have a copy of his book ""State and Revolution'", 2nd Ed 1918. It is truly wacky. A central theme repeated throughout is that communism will result in the State (that is government administration, the police and army) will wither away, as in the worker-controlled system with everyone equal and supplied with their needs, the functions of the State will no longer be needed, as they are in a capitalist system to keep the peace and control greed. Well, that idea worked out good, didn't it? There wasn't much government control and policing in the USSR was there?
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  10. This video is pretty good, gets right to the point without woffle, and is more perceptive than many historians, amateur and professional, and certainly more accurate and perceptive than Mark Felton, who posts videos on YouTube in rapid fire. There are a two or three additional factors made clear in the few books written by ex Japanese WW2 servicemen and officers:- a) Officers were often drunk, especially in the IJN where a particularly stupid Japanese military tradition existed: At any time a junior officer could propose a toast to his superior. The most likely time, however, was just before going into battle or before executing a critical mission. The superior was obligated to accept the toast and drink, or loose face. Face was and is very important to Japanese. Since any senior officer has multiple immediate subordinate officers, they could and did rapidly end up drunk at critical moments. b) The Japanese higher command were hopeless at planning. A vivid example of this is New Guinea. The Japanese command determined to capture Port Moresby on the south coast and use it as a sort of huge unsinkable aircraft carrier to attack Australia. But the Americans sunk too many of the ships for the IJN to attack Port Moresby directly, so the Japs arranged for the army to go over land from the north coast. But they didn't have good maps and information to hand. They thought they could drive from the north coast to the south coast along a highway - a matter of a few hours. In fact it's almost impenetrable mountains and steamy jungle, so they had to walk. They ended up starving to death. c) Extremely poor training at all levels. Again New Guinea is a good example. Japan shipped supposedly crack experienced troops from China. Australia had to send the only men available - mostly young men who had only done half the basic Army recruit training. Jap troops outnumbered Australians by more than 3:1. Jap troops had lots of portable machine guns, Australians had only rifles. The Japs were led by Gen Hori, an inexperienced blathering idiot. Australians were led by Gen Blamey, a very experienced blathering idiot. With all that, it turned out the two sides were about evenly matched - eventually the Australians prevailed. The Jap standard procedure on detecting Australian soldiers in the jungle was for officers to order blood curdling screams and work the men up into a frenzied state before charging. The Australian method was to quietly sneak around shoot opportunistically. The Japs were very big on emitting blood curdling screams but were poor shots. Australians were very big on accurate shooting.
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  11. Is it a Galena? These were made for two markets: Nomadic peoples living in the remote parts of the USSR, and for export. They were indeed very good radios. Sensitive and good tone. The USSR also made an unique power supply for them. It looks like a sort of kerosene lantern. It runs on kerosene or lamp oil, produces DC to run a radio, and you can heat small meals with it while you listen to Voice Of America. And it puts out light. Just the thing for a Mongolian nomad to have in his yurt (tent). It uses the Seebeck Effect to produce DC directly from heat in a series of bimetal thermocouples - no moving parts, and no need for batteries. They are very rare in the West but I have one. My Galena radio has a wooden case.
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  12. They got twin carbs because that was the cheapest way to get a bit more power output to keep up with the competition. the reason why straight-8's were phased out in favour of V8's was not any problem with unequal cylinder charge. it was because a V8 is shorter - less issues with crank tortional resonance and wind-up, less weight, and less friction. And no need for a great long ugly bonnet. Pre-war a long bonnet was a marketing advantage as men perceived it as a statement of power, but post war, women buyers considered it ugly and unwieldy. 8 cylinders inline or 16 in V is the limit as far as crankshaft tortional resonance and windup is concerned - that's why you never see longer engines in large industrial engines - except that Caterpillar do make a V20 gas engine (the 3520) - but its power output is limited to the same as their diesel v16 in the same range, so that the long crank is not over-stressed.
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  13. Just In Time was important to Japan due to their shortage of land causing extreme real-estate prices. Literally they could not afford on-site storage. This problem has never existed in western countries. However, in the1980's Japan's economic success led to fad adoption of Japanese methods in the West - Just In Time supply with all the rest, such as the Taguchi Method, Total Quality Method, etc. I remember attending in courses on Japanese methods (forced to attend by my employer) and seriously annoying the teacher by pointing out that these methods were American methods taught to the Japanese during the US occupation when WW2 ended. and that industry in the west had since moved on. And also annoying the teacher by pointing out that Japanese success was not due to using smart business methods, it was due to Japan not spending much on defense, and business collusion that would be regarded as anti-competitive and even illegal in the West. The current problems stem not from penny-pinching as such, it stems because cost per unit falls with increasing size of the automated production. My wife used to work for a large multi-national electronics company. In the 1960's they had factories in nearly every western country, using lots and lots of low skill labour. She went on a factory tour - this one factory was still making cell phones - entirely automatically using robots - for the world market. She asked how much of the production was for our country - she was told "about a week's production'"
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  14. In the 1970's, after a career in electronics repair, I became a new electronics product design engineer. An engineer needs data books and application guides on chips. The major chip companies then were Motorola, Texas, Fairchild, and National Semiconductor. Texas delivery times were way too long. Philips was trying to nibble away at the edges. So I asked the local reps for Motorola, Fairchild, and Nat Semi for data books and application guides. The Motorola guy refused to give me anything, saying he had supplied the company Head Office library. Fat lot of good that is - an engineer needs everything to hand at all times. The Fairchild guy gave me a TTL data book and a TTL app guide. The Nat Semi guy gave me a truck load of data books and manuals. Extensive literature on each chip showing how to use it and get the beast out of it. And quoted lower prices and faster delivery than Fairchild. Guess which brand of chips got used the most in the products I designed .....
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  15. Expensive to trim with oxy-acet. They paint over a lot of rust - that's a bit slack. Bumper bar shown at the end already has a small dent in it.
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  16.  @VPWedding  : You make a very good point comparing radios to computers. But I think the rot set in with Stalin. Stalin was pretty smart albeit totally ruthless. But Stalin's mindset was that anything American was the best. He had not a lot of faith in his own people. When he needed a limousine, he directed that they copy a Packard. When they needed a strategic bomber, he directed that they reverse engineer and copy the Boeing B-29 - at a cost that almost certainly was greater than the cost to develop their own bomber. (The B-29 was engineered in American customary units. Russia was then 100% metric, so they had to reconfigure an enormous range of parts & materials making.). When they perceived they needed an atomic bomb, they had their own boffins up to the task - but they copied an American design. Their aircraft engine engineers were working on an axial-flow jet engine. But rather than wait until the engineers had got the bugs out of it, they copied an obsolete Rolls Royce radial flow jet engine, with inferior fuel consumption. Then came Khrushchev. Somehow, he thought that the Soviet Union could in a few years, maybe a couple of 5-year plans, they could surpass the USA by copying them. You cannot become a leader by copying - you can only be a follower. The USA developed a reusable space vehicle - the X-20 Dynasoar. So the Soviets copied it. Meanwhile Americans decided it was not up to the task, so they scrapped it and developed the Space Shuttle. So the Soviets scrapped their Dynasoar and copied the Shuttle. You can see what has happened - Stalin set a precedent, and like government beaurocrats everywhere, they covered their butts by making it established and continuing practice, not taking a risk on R&D like private industry does.
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  17. "Distortion free" they said, about 100 times. Then, a few years later, RCA invented the Dynagroove pre-correction to get rid of some of the distortion. Then the Japanese devised elliptical styli to get rid of some more. Then the Brits devised linear tracking tone-arms to get rid of the distortion still remaining. The presenter forgot to mention that the plastic used in 45's was a lot more susceptible to warping than the old shellac 78's. I had to laugh when the 45 he demonstrated was already warped. Big holes and separate players didn't last long - ideas that must have seemed daft even during development.
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  18. Drach: In the late 1960's, the Australian Navy, the British Navy, and the US Navy bought virtually identical guided missile destroyers (DDG's). In about 1982 following a joint exercise, a DDG from each navy was tied up in our harbour (in Australia) and open to the public. I went aboard each one and struck up conversations with crew, and so got detailed tours not everyone got. Now, the Australian ship was just the ship, maintained, but showing its age. The British ship was in better condition and had all sorts of weapons stored in different places and some ship systems parts. The American ship, although more than 15 years old and having steamed far more sea miles than the others, looked factory fresh and, as well as weapons, had stored in all sorts of nooks and crannies, lots of large toolkits, spare parts and power tools ranging up to a toolroom lathe. If the Australian ship got some damage in a fight, they would have to go back to port for repairs. To a large extent this was also true of the British ship. But not the American ship - as well as their stores, they could make quite a range of parts themselves, at sea. And if the DDG crew couldn't make it, their aircraft carrier in the task group probably could. How would the WW2-era Japanese navy stack up in this regard? Level of maintenance care, spares on board, and ability to make parts? Not too good at all I suspect.
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  19. No you don't, because the presenter has little understanding of his subject and has made several key mistakes. He's read a few books, dropped a few names, and regurgitated without really understanding them. See my other post. Contary to his claim, electrons do carry energy - as kinetic energy (as you learnt in high school science, 1/2 m x v-squared) as they have mass. Resistance occurs when moving electrons bounce off the nuclei of atoms in a conductor, changing their direction and transferring some of their kinetic energy to the atoms. So the atoms get jostled about, which we measure as a temperature rise. And the fact that the electrons end up travelling in somewhat the wrong direction as well as loosing some speed show up as a reduced current and a voltage drop.
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  20. At 28:52 she gets right to the crux of the matter: "It wasn't me that murdered my boyfriend, it was the wine I drank that murdered him." That should go down well in court.
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  21.  @javianbrown8627  : People who, when challenged, fall back to citing their qualifications or experience are seldom to be trusted. A person who really does know the subject can either make his points self-evident or tell you where (eg in the subject literature) you can independently check it. Such people are very common in the teaching profession unfortunately.
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  22.  @bodymaker16  : You might find that he transferred from the parent carrier to the local subsidurary airline because the parent company didn't want any more of his risky flying.
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  23.  @poetryflynn3712  Australian aboriginals have sniffed gasoline for as long as gasoline has been readily available - 100 years. It is really hard to understand why. While it acts as an anaesthetic, it is really obnoxious to sniff. However, when the Federal Government banned lead in gasoline, the oil companies substituted toluene to maintain the octane rating. The toluene content apparently makes you high, and that's when lots of aboriginal kids started hanging open tins of gasoline around their necks. This was fixed by banning toluene in gasoline sold in rural areas.
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  24. It wasn't just a matter of being confident it would work. They didn't have enough enriched uranium to do a test, and took a calculated risk that it would work, as the need to give the Japanese a good war-ending whack was super urgent. In fact, post war analysis has shown that it didn't work all that well - yield (~15,000 tonnes TNT equivalent) was quite a bit below the design expectation (22,000 tonnes TNT equivalent)
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  25.  @bradywomack9751  : Bearing mind this was supposed to be a one-time-use ramjet (disposable) I don't see why a coal engine couldn't be made to work. A friend of mine, on discovering that local sawmills had huge piles of sawdust that they couldn't give away and just burnt, decided to make a sawdust fuel turbine engine. He set it up in his backyard with the exhaust pointing straight up. He got it working (inefficiently), but combustion within the engine was nowhere near complete, and huge flames came out the exhaust. The neighbors seeing the flames phoned the fire brigade, who were not amused, and stopped the work. If one can make a sawdust engine work, one could certainly make a coal dust engine work, since coal, unlike sawdust, has less ash and negligible water content.
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  26. Possibly King George was able to treat his daughter with respect and not contempt because she was intelligent and able to take on the role. Charles however is like his father - none too bright, and given to put his foot in his mouth.
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  27. I once took a similar mesh approach to solving the problem of electric current from a faulty transmission line going to earth via multiple geological layers, each having a different electrical conductivity. Because the company I worked for forced me to use an ordinary PC running Windows NT and Microsoft Excel, it took several weeks to converge on a solution. And an ordinary PC running Windows was millions of times more powerful than a 1940's mechanical desk calculator. The problem described in this video is more complex because it is a non-linear system. It is anything but simple.
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  28. What the heck did they weld that small tool post on the side of the main tool post for? It achieves nothing that some spacers would do, and adds extra probability of chattering, which is what is happening. At 9:06, Allen key left in tool mount screw while running - dangerous.
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  29.  @scaper12123  ; Oh, I doubt it would ever be allowed to go to court in China. And if it did, they would at most punish some poor scapegoat and allocate someone else to do the cloning. That's why I suggested he just go after the importer(s) in his own country. The market within China is a lost market and nothing can be done about that. It is interesting that China even has patents in its own country. One of the basic teachings on communism by Karl Marx is that since each gets his own needs, each contributes as he can, there is no such thing as intellectual property. it is very cheeky that China does a lot of business cloning other country's products, yet is becoming the biggest applicant for US and European patents, so we can't clone their stuff. Governments such as the US should stand up to China and say ''play the game son, or we will pass a law saying we cannot assign patents to Chinese residents. But they can't upset China, they have borrowed much money from China, and allowed China to get big and powerful. As former Secretary of State Condaleza Rice said, ''how can we hurt our banker?""
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  30. It was known to the Americans as well. the ceiling and cruise altitudes of the b-17 and b-29 are the same. The USAAF had been routinely flying at jet stream height in the 1930's.
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  31.  @Sweetchilliheat18  I know what you mean. I was supposed to do 5 years of high-school (in Australia), but left after 2 years. I had had enough of teachers and their silly rules, teaching at a slow pace so the dimmest kid could keep up, a science teacher who knew nothing about science, and a social studies teacher who was a communist. Best decision I ever made. By the time my peers had left school and got half way through their apprenticeships, I was already fully trade qualified and in charge of a workshop with 30 people. School teachers are kin to government ministers - both think they can solve any and all problems by thinking up more and more rules/laws.
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  32. Bill Halliwell: Not a pilot are you? You wrote "a standard single prop aircraft continually wants to move and yaw to the right or left. This means a constant flight control effort by the pilot to manage this 'normal' lift and directional asymmetry." What nonsense! Have you never heard of trim tabs and trim controls? Trimming doesn't just balance up the controls against variable weight distribution, it balances up against prop forces as well. When the pilot has adjusted the trim controls as required, he can take his hands off the stick - the plane will carry on straight and level. Asymmetric forces don't just apply to single engine aircraft either. With 2 or a multiple of 2 engines, you have the option of contra rotation, but its common to have all 2, 3 or 4 engines turning the same way so that everything is standardized and interchangeable. However, the one big prop in front of a fighter does make for proportionately larger asymmetric forces - eg the Japanese Zero - no need for constant effort by the pilot in straight and level flight - you have it wrong there - but the Zero couldn't turn as fast in one direction as it could in the other, the difference was significant which the Americans exploited in dogfights. So, its not about pilot workload, its about performance.
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  33. @bertrandviolette9008 He wrote, of course, mainly in Japanese, but Esperanto was a hobby of his. Writing a scientific article in Esperanto would have been pointless - only a few thousand speakers in the world and few if any interested in meteorology. Esperanto was promoted by a minor English religious sect known as Bahai, an offshoot of Islam. I know of only one academic journal that tried publishing a section in Esperanto but gave up after a couple of years as no one wanted it. Oishi was hardly ground breaking. Jet streams and their importance to weather and the dispertion of volcanic dust had been studied in the USA since the 1800's. Elias Loomis is usually credited as the discoverer.
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  34.  @nedhill1242  : Jews progressive? Nope - we are ultra conservative. And we were always 2nd class citizens in the USSR. As for Germany being able to win a war against the USSR, that's ridiculous. Hitler relied on blitzkrieg. He and his top men had poor skills in planning and logistics and so could not handle a long drawn out war or invasion of a country that had a large land area such as the USSR - they could only handle countries of small land area such as Holland. If you look at how much the USSR had available in terms of men and material to deploy in WW2, you will see that while the American help was strategically important, it wasn't absolutely crucial. The British war effort was very minor in terms of winning it though, and American help was absolutely essential in preventing Hitler taking over Britain.
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  35. Certainly! There would never have been any intention to actually make cars with assymmetric lights - licensing authorities would not permit it, as it would confuse other drivers at night, leading to accidents. Sometimes, clay models were made as only one side of the car. You don't really need both sides.
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  36. I grew up in a farming area and have seen this done. The poor cow is in so much excruciating pain from bloat I don't think they even notice the trocar going in. No anaesthetic needed. Where I was raised, no farmer would let a cow suffer for the time it would take for a vet to arrive. Farmers did it themselves - maybe call a neighbor in if only the wife or kids were home. The cow is typically in so much relief when the gas is released, if they don't go off to sleep like this one did, they'll sometimes turn round and lick the hand of the person letting the gas out.
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  37. Colin, Exactly - people don't suddenly go stupid. You do indeed get incompetent fools rising above their level of incompetence. Often its because a) they tell lies about what has happened in previous incidents and in their CV, b) blaming subordinates, and c) they are skilled in sucking up to their superiors and telling superiors what the superiors want to hear.
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  38.  armamentarmedarm1699  ; It is not hard to understand why dispossessed people would want to get high. But leaded gasoline is not a way to get high. It is just a way to get extreme throat and chest discomfort, a headache, lethagy, and brain damage. Paint thinners I can understand. Unleaded gasoline containing toluene I can understand. Not leaded gasoline.
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  39. You've asked a very good question. And yes, you can obviously use a shield - and it makes absolutely no difference at all in the battery and light bulb case, where the current, which IS in the wire, is DC. Just buy some coaxial cable - use the inner conductor to carry teh current, and the outer as the shield. The shield will constitute a Faraday shield. A faraday shield is where you use a continuous conductor - and if it is a perfect conductor, no energy can go through it.
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  40. Yes, I thought the extended explanation was really good too - I also had no idea where the air went or how it was used.
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  41. Sometime the Brits did talk about their radar. A certain amount of "leakage" was done claiming that the high rate of success late in the war in locating German submarines at sea was due to picking up the periscopes on radar. Yeah, right. Do the math: apply the standard radar equation most of us who studied electronics at college level got inflicted with - detecting periscopes with the radar technology the Brits had in WW2 can't be done (except by a radar carrying aircraft just about on top of the sub). We now know that the Brits were listening in on German naval radio and decripting the fleet orders and reports at Bletchley Park. So they knew where the subs were anyway, but it was vital that the the Germans not realise how they knew - or they would have used better encription. So some leakage about radar was done that would get back to Germany and fool them.
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  42.  @seanm2511  : From the British point of view, Australia is a failure too. Australia after World War 2 pretty much stopped trading with Britain and traded with Japan and other countries instead. The consequent economic impact on Britain resulted in the British Government sending some high level missions to "sort out" those "colonials" and get them to keep buying British. They more or less got sneered at - why would anyone want poor quality British products when they can get top quality at a cheaper price from Japan.
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  43. Given the Australians were armed, well fed and healthy, and the Japanese half starved and much shorter, it would have been good policy to be nice. But be aware: In Western culture, you show that you despise someone by calling him a dickhead or similar. In Japanese culture, especially then, they showed their despisement by being extra polite.
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  44. Operating a vampire off a carrier must have been fun. The RAAF found that you could not idle a Vampire engine for more than a minute or so, or, due to the downward pointing exhaust, it would melt bitumen or crack and ruin concrete. One of my work colleagues had some hours on the Vampire in his RAAF Reserve service. He said it was a death trap due to some handling quirks.
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  45. The Vietnam War came about because of western stupidity, particularly British and American stupidity, and not because of Mao's influence. Vietnam had been ruled by force by the French. Then, in World War 2, by the Japanese. At the end of the War, the idiot Mountbatten, as Supreme Allied Commander SE Asia, arbitrarily divided Vietnam in two, intending the south to be guided/assisted by the West, and the north to be guided/assisted by China - Mountbatten assumed that Chiang would be the post war Chinese leader. Mountbatten, none too bright but with royal connections, never seemed to perceive or understand communism. The hill tribes in the north had always been more keen of fighting the French. After the War, the French returned and attempted to take over South Vietnam again by force. The Vietnamese were simply fed up with foreign domination - they just wanted the French out. And, north and south, they wanted their country united, not split. They appealed to the US and Britain to use diplomacy to induce the French to leave, but this was refused. So they had to go to war, and only the Chinese would help - which help of course came with strings - Vietnam had to adopt communism. This brought the Americans in to fight the communists, as they saw it as communism spreading contrary to what was agreed at the Churchill/Truman/Stalin conference that each would have their sphere of influence in the World. They failed of course - lost the Vietnam War because, north and south both, the Vietnamese now wanted the Americans out, combined with the American commander in Vietnam, Westmoreland, a "rock painter" who's mind was completely divorced from reality and totally incompetent. So, what would have happened if Chiang had prevailed and not Mao? Well, the Vietnamese would have still been fed up and still would have resorted to war to get the French out, with or without Chinese help. And if Chiang thought there was money or graft in it, he would have helped Vietnam too, to curry favour with the USSR as he had done before. So, there would still have been a Vietnam War. Korea was somewhat similar - it too had been arbitrarily divided in two by the idiot Mountbatten. The North was keen to unite the country, by force, and would have been regardless of China's political climate.
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  46. There needs to be some perspective here. How much does it cost to become an ICE car dealer? In Australia, it costs typically a minimum of $1.5 million for a small dealership, before you sell the first car. And to meet minimum licensing requirements and training mechanics as some leave or retire, another $million or so per year.
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  47. I assume that schoolboy made his replica a long time ago. I was in high school in the early 1960''s and lived in a farming area. Most of the students lived on surrounding farms. Farmers always had guns. Often their teenage children were expected to use them. My father was very strict on gun safety, teaching me when I still in primary school. I had got a .22 to replace an air rifle and sold my air gun to another student. There was no problem bringing the gun to school (disassembled and without the ammunition of course) to hand it over. These days, a teenager bringing a gun to school, regardless of it being real, air, or replica, would trigger a full scale lockdown and black-clad heavily armed police running around everywhere, helicopters, the lot.
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  48. You get this situation in any technical field. I used to do TV repair. Any one of a hundred parts could cause loss of sound. As far as the customer is concerned its the same fault every time. What you do is build in a bit extra in your standard pricing, so that when luck brings you back to the same customer with the same symptom(s), you can fix it for free and retain the good will. You cannot expect customers to understand technical detail. When you fix faults you should also do basic checks that usually will reduce the probability of a callback. My car was leaking coolant, so I took it to the dealer. The mechanics spotted that a hose was weak so they replaced it. But next day it still leaked coolant. This time they identified another dodgy hose. They considered that a separate fault and wanted to charge me full parts and labour again. My view was that if they were competent, once they found one dodgy hose, they should have checked ALL hoses - after all they were all equally old. So I offered to pay for the extra part cost but not the extra labour, as the labour in the first job I had already paid for turned out to be not properly done. I had to fight for that one though. But if it was coolant leak problem and next day a brake fault, then clearly the faults are unrelated and the customer should pay for two different lots of parts and labour in full.
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  49. Probably not furious as in a bad temper, more like really annoyed, as in these servants can't think and do things right. It's an annoyance that should not have happened, but he should have thought on his feet and handled t better.
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  50.  @velisvideos6208  You never met a normal wife. My wife, a typical woman, she typically asks "tell me about your day" and then proceeds to interrogate me. I suggest the conversation more likely went like this:- "Hi dear. We discovered something important today." "That's nice. I discovered something too. I melted cheese on to the potato. Here, try some - it's delicious. Now, tell me about Fred's new secretary. Is she nice?"
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  51. I suspect she did know or suspect. The camera is almost certainly visible to anyone in the room. At one point she cried. I've noticed toddlers won't cry when they hurt themselves if they think they are alone. I laugh at jokes on TV, but not if I am watching alone. Do women cry when they are alone? There is not much point in it. Jodi continually played the I'm just a pretty, sweet little girl who needs protecting card - that's why she wanted her makeup. It probably worked well in the past - she is rather pretty and has a nice voice.
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  52.  @-jank-willson  : Looks like you've never seen or owned a Russian Selena or Galena radio then. There were in fact very good - the equal in quality to the best US and other Western radios. The reason, as I said before, is that they were made for use by nomad tribes in remote areas, and for export. The USSR made a lot of mediocre products of indifferent quality for consumption in their own cities, but they could turn out good stuff when it mattered and if the authorities put a priority on it. For example the Kalashnikov AK-47 rifle. Their main problem was keeping up to date in technology - they never really managed it. Nomad tribes needed sensitive radios as they were remote from radio stations. They needed reliable radios because if a radio failed it could be 6 months or a year before they could take it to a repairman.
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  53. Very well put, and spot on. It always amuses me that people think that mathematical models are the real thing. As a working electrical engineer, I can tell you that the art is in using the right theory for when it DOES give the right answer in calculations, and another theory for when it DOESN'T.
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  54. Another important factor: in the 1920's, poppet exhaust valves set a limit on engine performance because doing anything to increase power output for a given cylinder size led to exhaust valves being overheated and burning out. Sleeve valves don't have this problem and experts including Harry Ricardo promoted sleeve valves as the future. However, in time for WW2 engines such as the Merlin, sodium filled stellite exhaust valves were developed, which had improved heat flow into the cylinder head and withstood higher temperatures anyway. These rendered sleeve valves obsolete virtually overnight.
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  55. If he has a patent, then why doesn't he take legal action against the importers(s)? That's want patents are for.
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  56.  @grahamc887  Correct - well almost. Some steam ships did have reversing gearboxes, eg USN Iowa class. Some had turbines that could re-route the steam so as to run the turbine in reverse, e.eg, Royal Navy Tribal class. It was quite common to have better reversing turbines than just single stage types, which would give extremely poor performance. The main reasons why steam was phased out in favour of diesel in cargo and passenger ships is better fuel consumption and saving in space. The more cargo and passengers you can stuff in the more profit you make.
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  57.  @Erin-rg3dw  : It sounds like safety procedures in a lot of companies to me - tick and flick exercises without proper thinking about what the risks might be. Corrosion of underground pipes is something as expected as the sun coming up each day. People get stuck on following written procedures and don't ask themselves "what could go wrong" because they think just following procedure is all that is required of them. I've worked in the mining industry, in which companies spend $millions on safety - but the accident rate and death numbers continue to outstrip all other industries, for the above reason. You can't drive accident rates towards zero with tick and flick and processes. You can only do it by inspiring everyone to think, imagine, and act. In short - yes, they certainly did cut corners through negligence. Thats' why they got fined.
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  58.  @МирославаБерзина  : Interesting - I hadn't heard quite that rationale before. So Stalin was concerned that the USSR would be something like Britain only worse, with Britain's rotten cars, dud post-war aeroplanes, and a semiconductor industry stuck in the germanium era while the USA was surging ahead with silicon planar? As a rationale of Stalin, it makes sense, sort of. But it looks like it didn't work. It's ultimate result was the 8-bit Agat personal computer, software compatible with the obsolete Apple 2 and sold for 2 years average USSR salary, while 16-bit PC's in the West sold for about one month's average Western salary. The shame of the Agat was likely one of the factors causing a collapse in public morale and the collapse of the USSR, as Putin has explained. In Svetlana Loknova's book, she explained that Stalin arranged for bright USSR young men to attend American universities and establish contacts with American industry, to spy. If instead these people could have returned to the USSR after getting their Ph.D's and use their creativity in Soviet industry, the result could have been better. That's how China did it.
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  59. I used to drink "orange" Fanta when I was a teenager. I always thought it was just yellow food dye and sugar in water. It certainly had nothing to do with oranges. I am allergic to citrus fruit, especially oranges. If I eat an orange or drink the juice squeezed for oranges, I will wheeze and have some difficulty breathing. I could drink bottles and bottles of Fanta during summer and have no reaction at all.
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  60. Britain is famous for its unionised workforce, with unions that cannot see the big picture. The UK car industry was destroyed by five main things:- 1. Incompentent management; 2. Unionised workers often on strike. 3. A pervasive worker attitude of "us against them'" - workers constantly screwing the company. 4. No commitment to quality. 5. Government meddling, including giving grants to the most lame of companies.. The British electronics industry was destroyed by the same things.
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  61. He did hear them or at least some of them. He went to sleep comforted by her words.
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  62. Before straightening it in a press, they heated it to destroy its strength. From that point on, it is ruined and the straightening quite pointless. It could be re-hardened, but I can't imagine that these little shops have the means to do that. The cylinder is of course a write-off. The way it was bent suggests that it was bent (probably nowhere near as much) before and was repaired the same way - and didn't last.
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  63.  @dannydaw59  : Yes. The energy density of lithium ion batteries is 0.3 MJ/Kg and lithium ion powered toy planes do fly. Lithum polymer batters can be as good as 0.9 MJ/Kg and have made all sorts of battery UAV planes practical and manned battery planes are being investigated. But batteries pale in comparison to coal, which gives 33 MJ/Kg - not as good as gasoline at 45 MJ/Kg but still vastly better than any battery, even after losses in converting to mechanical energy - about 90% for electric motors and about 47% for aircraft gasoline engines and around 55% for ramjets at the likely speed. Weight for weight we can expect a range around 60% of what you would get with gasoline engines.
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  64. I watched the first 90 seconds of this. I'm not going to watch any more of this nonsense. The narrator claimed a United Nations treaty was broken years before the UN existed. He claimed three B-29's crashed in the Soviet Union. Actually, only one crashed - the other 2 made normal landings.
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  65. Mike claimed twice (at beginning and near the end) that growler or iceberg ice is harder than rock. That is very hard to accept. Such ice is somewhat harder than the ice you make in your fridge, because it has been compressed and contains no air bubbles. But iceberg ice is very pure H2O - you can melt it and drink it. Thus standard engineering tables are valid - the standard figure for ice well below freezing is 5 MPa. Iceberg ice has a compressive strength upwards of 5 MPa to an estimate of about 8 MPa deep inside the berg. Effectively the ship is hitting 5 MPa.ote Stone has a compressive strength of 30 to 50 MPa depending on type (ref UKCSA). Alternatively, you can look at the Mohs scale, which measures scratch resistance. Ice has a Mohs hardness of 2, whereas most rock is in the range 6-8. Note that the Mohs scale is sort of logarithmic, so 6 is not 3 times as hard as 2; it is about 12 times. Or you can look at the Vickers hardness, which is an indentation test. Ice is 1.5 to 2 Vickers. Stone is not easy to measure on Vickers, but typically exceeds a few hundred. Even limestone, very soft by stone standards, exceeds 100 Vickers. Some people think that since ice holes steel ships, it must be hard. This is not so. Icebergs hole ships because the volume of ice is such that the inertia of the iceberg means that the ice in contact has nowhere to go. Although steel has a strength upwards of 250 MPa, its only thin, so there is little inertia in it and it can move out the way. Its the same as if you dive into water from a great height - water has a compressive strength of zero - but you can be bruised or even seriously injured, because at the speed you hit the water, the water you hit doesn't have time to get out of the way.
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  66.  @rrice1705  Ocean Liner Designs reused old footage. We told him he got it wrong the first time he used it.
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  67. Interesting. At the university I went to (in Australia) some of the teaching staff had written textbooks. But we didn't use them. They were not on the subject book lists. The university considered it unethical for teaching staff to push or recommend their own books - which it is.
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  68. You speak for yourself. Out here in the "colonies" as Brits like to think of us as, we've always known Charlie was not very bright, and we never thought he should be king. We still don't. As for Camilla, nobody wants her around. Last time she was here in Australia, she showed contempt for us "peasants" by reading a magazine during an official engagement. Both of them are the sort ruled by their loins and not their brains, unfit to be head of the Church, let alone be principal royalty, signing laws into effect and having the power to sack prime ministers.
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  69. She handled the questions well. But it is well to remember that there used to be a global standard referred in the industry as "five nines". It meant that telecomms networks should be configured so that the average customer has an ability to make calls etc 99.999% of the time. That allows only about 5 minutes average of outages per year. Phone companies in advanced western countries used to meet that specification - including Telecom Australia (now known as Telstra). Today the focus is on phone companies saving money and not on service quality.
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  70.  @WhiteWolfeHU  : You obviously are not a machinist. It is slow RPM that is more dangerous. At high drill RPM the inertia of the job makes grabs less dramatic, and at high RPM less torque is transferred. Whenever sheet metal is drilled with a drill bit of diameter such that each cutting edge can project above and below the job at the same time (as is the case here), you have a risk of the drill grabbing the job and tearing it out of your hand (and perhaps into the operator).
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  71.  @RCAvhstape  : Did you read what I said carefully? It was late in the War I was talking about. Except from aircraft in close range, they could NOT see periscopes with radar. That was a cover story to keep the decoding of German radio messages secret. Books and articles on the U-boat war have been repeating the radar nonsense ever since. In the 1980's the secret of Bletchley Park came to light. The Kreigsmarine would for example send out a radio message "Go to sector such-and-such" in Enigma code. When the sub was on station as ordered, there would be a British aircraft prowling about, having also been ordered to to go to the same place (without being told about the eavesdropping). This is how British radar worked then: A transmitter emitted very short pulses at 20, 000 watts or similar power. radio waves are reflected by any metal surface, provided that the area of the surface is greater than the wavelength. A receiver detected the reflected pulses and the time delay gives the distance. If the surface is curved the radius must be much greater than the wavelength. However, because any practical size antenna means that be transmitted pulses must spread out as they travel out, the power intercepted by any metal surface decreases as to the square of the distance. At 1km, the power intercepted by a periscope-sized surface might be 0.1% (200W); at 2km 1/4 of 1%; at 3km 1/9 of 1% and so on. At 100 km its down to 0.02 watts. Only a fraction gets reflected back by the target in the right direction - for a periscope it might be 1% (0.0002 watts) at most. That also spreads out as it returns over the same 100 km, so the radar receiver only gets 0.000000002 watts (2 nanowatts). If the range is 200 km - more like the typical minimum distance from a possible radar base to a patrolling sub - only 2 femtowatts gets back, way way below the natural noise level (about 200 femtowats). It's hopeless. Detecting aircraft was possible as the radar cross section of a typical aircraft was at least 1000 times bigger.
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  72.  @surelyyoujokemeinfailure7531  : True. But the British were masters of selective release of information and disinformation, quite successfully confusing the Germans on many things. As this video points out, Radar didn't need to be kept intensely secret, and the Germans knew as much about radar as anybody, and certainly knew all along that the Brits had radar, except about the high power transmitting magnetron perfected by the Brits, and high sensitivity radar pulse receiving technology (eg semiconductor diodes) perfected by the Americans. But it was absolutely CRUCIAL to keep the Germans unaware their naval radio messages were being read in England, so with the manufacturing knowhow of magnetrons and semiconductors being kept strictly secret, it was worthwhile "leaking" the fake story of detecting periscopes by radar, so the Germans "knew" just enough to excuse to themselves that their submarines were getting promptly destroyed, and not look round for another reason. Another deception by the Brits (getting a bit off-subject) was this: The Germans had an agent in England whose job it was to report back to Germany where V2 rockets were landing, so they could verify the acccuracy of aiming, which was extremely good. But the Brits knew who he was, and arranged for certain authorities to leak false landing information to him - and the Germans were fooled into thinking the aiming technology was no good, and gave up precise aiming. Mark Felton can get things wrong. For instance, just like the attacks on the US, attacks on Australia were kept quiet, In another video he claimed that the limited Japanese bombing of Australia produced panic. It did not - because the Australian government slapped a D-notice on it, preventing reporting by news media - we all, except those actually bombed, remained unaware. No Facebook or email back then to spread information around.
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  73. There was one good thing about the silly British post-war rationing. My mother got fed up with it and emigrated in 1950 to Australia. That meant I grew up in a country that had the sense to end rationing as soon as it was evident that Japan was loosing the War, boosting the economy, and we had plenty of cheap food of all kinds, better quality than sold in Britain.
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  74. She is quite well coordinated and stable on her feet at a BAC of 0.24 - a level at which some people couldn't stand up. This indicates she has been a serious alcoholic for some time. The sad part is the kids in her class would have known she was drunk. They would have smelt the booze, they would have noticed her behavior, her speech. They probably noticed it in the previous term. She didn't want to call anybody because she thinks they don't know she's an alcoholic, or have never noticed she's drunk. She's delusional about that.
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  75. Tyler, it is not as mad as a certain Australian state government, who have purchased a fleet of hydrogen powered cars, because hydrogen powered engines are 'net-zero'' as the only engine emission is steam. Of course they need large quantities of hydrogen - this is obtained from specially installed refueling stations that extract hydrogen from water by electrolysis. The electricity authority's distribution could not supply enough power so they installed big diesel-powered generators! Why not just have diesel powered cars?
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  76.  @nedhill1242  Particularly in your second paragraph, you seem to be rambling about unrelated subjects. What have Hispanics got to do with it? The fraction of Jewish people in academia is roughly about the same as the general European population. It's just a that a few famous ones happened to be Jewish. At the time of WW2, the population of the USSR was 2.5 times that of Germany (196 million vs 78 million), and the USSR had a land area 35 times as great as Germany (22,400 thousand sq km vs 633 thousand sq km). For Germany to conquer such a huge area would be next to impossible. And while Hitler was ruthless, he was an amateur compared to Stalin, who wouldn't blink at "scorching the earth" in the path of any German troops. Hitler turned on the USSR in desperation as Germany had insufficient fuel - he was after the USSR's oil wells. Hitler had not a clue on how to manage risk, and gambled on using a blitzkreig approach again to capture the capital and the oil producing region. He gambled that capturing Moscow would put the USSR's command and control out of action, but if necessary Stalin could have re-established his command further east. It proved unnecessary. Hitler's staff planning, such as it was, gambled on capturing Soviet railways intact and putting them to use, but the Soviets blew them up, depriving the Germans of transportation. The number of military servicemen deployed by the USSR was many times that of the USA. Hence, Germany could not win against the USSR, with or without the USA participation.
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  77. At 2:51 the narrator says airlines couldn't understand the need for jets. Not true. By then they were getting pretty sick of the high maintenance costs and frequent failures inherent in a large 4-engine piston engine airliner. E.g., 4 engines each 28 cylinders means 224 spark plugs to fowl up. Given a typical plug MTBF of around 1000 - 2000 hours that means an engine miss-firing and a fire risk every few flights. The USAF had the same problem, driving them to jets. Changing all plugs after every flight was acceptable in wartime, but not in peace time. Also, jets are smoother and quieter. Aircraft are noisy things, but if you have never flown on a large multiengine piston engine aircraft, you don't know what noise is.
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  78. By YouTube standards, Mike is indeed old fashioned, and it's great. Too many YouTube presenters started off well with a great product, got known, made money, and decided to maintain their output by getting more sensationalist, like a third rate newspaper. Mark Felton is an example. But Mike just keeps going with interesting factual data presented clearly with a professional style. This video gives an interesting insight into early ship technology and passenger comfort that I have never seen reported elsewhere.
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  79. I met Anne in about 1970. She seemed quite nice and was an intelligent person. Unlike dopey Charlie. In her younger days she was reasonably pretty.
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  80.  @Th4thWiseman  : You must be a very old engineer. I too am an old engineer (75) and I only saw blue printing used in high school tech drawing class. When I started work early 60's, my employer used the diazo process (had been using it for years), which gives black lines on a greyish white background, and prints that smell of ammonia. Diazo printing is one of the things that came out of the need to do things quicker, better, and cheaper in World War 2, rendering blue printing obsolete. The process was known before WW2 but post war technical drawings were printed by simply feeding the tracing into a machine which produced a diazo print in about the same time and the same ease as a modern photocopier. You are right about the need to fold prints in the correct way, though pre-cad engineering firms used plan cabinets to store drawings up to A0 size hanging flat. One of the less talked about advantages of CAD is that firms no longer need a warehouse full of plan cabinets to store all their drawings. The news media, particularly the US news media, still calls all technical drawings 'blue prints'', even though blue printing has been obsolete for nearly 80 years.
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  81. My father, an Australian, was intensely interested in Japanese culture and language. He spent two years in Japan and was completely fluent in the language. I remember him telling me that Japanese found it hard to believe he could speak Japanese. On meeting someone new he would speak several sentences before they realized. In another video Pearl called it the Glitch In The Matrix.
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  82. "Down 2 cylinders" most likely means the mechanic did a standard compression test. It is quite normal for air cooled VW engines to have little or no compression on test on one or more cylinders due to burnt exhaust valves from overheating. But during driving, the power output is nearly normal, as gas finds it hard to escape through a tiny gap. The main symptoms are not lack of power, they include a lot of popping and banging going down hill, being slightly hard to start, and rough idle.
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  83. Don't you just love the narrator's speaking style? Talking very slowly with lots of pauses so that the dimmest grunt can keep up with it and has time to absorb the points made.
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  84. Pusher propellers and engines behind the centre of drag make for an unstable aircraft, especially for single engine aircraft, a problem not really solved until yaw dampers were invented in the 1950's. If the yaw damper fails or is inoperative, a crash can result, as the Russians found out with one of their T-jet airliners. To see why, try pushing a pencil from one end across a desk, or pulling it. Also, pusher prop configuration has a large fire risk - just ask any B-36 crew members still around. The Germans in WW2 liked to have engines and props as far forward as possible because of the handling advantages.
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  85. Back in the 1960's, concrete was mildly fashionable to make pleasure yachts out of. Cheap, but not very suitable - prone to cracking. There is an obviously deteriorating 20 metre concrete yacht near my engineering workshop, 30 km from water. It has been there for decades. Rumour has it that the owner/builder got cracking on building it when he realised how cheap concrete was, but ran out of puff after 10 or more years of building it and then finding out it would cost a small fortune to get it trucked to the coast and launched.
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  86. Exactly right. In my Australian state, the bus companies were privately owned. They did alright during the depression when people could not afford cars and thus had no option but to commute to work and shops on the buses. But after WW2, a lot of people bought cars - enough to kill the bus companies' profits. So they could not afford to buy new buses, but were still providing about 70-80% of the transport of people. When their old pre-war buses got worn out and broke down a lot, it became an election issue. There was a change in the State Government, and the newly elected government nationalised the various bus companies into one big state owned outfit. The private companies would have had to go to their banker for capital funds, and pay heaps of interest due to the business risk, but a government is its own banker and pays very low interest, as it is practically risk free. For a few years, we still had the rotten worn out busses, but gradually the now government-owned bus company acquired new modern buses without increasing its budget. and with one big centralised maintenance depot, they go economies of scale and kept the busses clean and well maintained yet spend no more than the private firms collectively did. Everything was sweet until about 20 years ago. The buzzword was "privatisation" and all sorts of governments adopted a policy of selling everything off that they could. The State bus company got privatised. Guess what: now the buses aren't as clean, they break down, and there's even been quite a few catch fire and become total write-offs. And because the private owners can't afford to buy new busses as the old ones wear out, the State has had to come in and buy buses for them. The same thing with the phone company, which was government owned. They were going to roll out an optic fibre distribution network to facilitate cable TV and fast internet, to be paid for out of their own revenue, but the government decided that privatisation and competition would lower prices - after all, every one "knows" that private companies are more efficient and competition lowers prices, right? But the various competitors couldn't afford to put in the optic fibre, as they were busy driving each other in a downward spiral of prices. So eventually the government stepped in, created a new GOVERNMENT owned company to install the optic (NBN Co.), which they did, at a much lower performance and three times the planned cost, at taxpayer's expense, and no hope of full cost recovery. Just one of the reasons why I cringe whenever TIK says the solution to every problem is for the State to be hands off and allow free market prices. It frequently just doesn't work that way. State ownership doesn't work in all situations, but private ownership and free market prices don't work in all situations either.
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  87. Ham radio was once an interesting and very rewarding hobby. But not now - being able to call anyone in the word on a cellphone, or send an email, makes it look stupid. But the reasons for its demise as a popular hobby predate cellphones and the internet and are evident in this old 70's film: Store-bought equipment and obsolete technology. While it talks about making your own equipment, almost all the gear shown is store-bought. There's not much fun, and no real gain in knowledge, in being an appliance buyer. When I was in junior high school (early 60's) I decided that ham radio was just the thing - I had been reading electronics magazines and had successfully designed and built a solid state stereo system. In electronics generally, tubes were going out and transistors were coming in. So I built a receiver for a ham band (all solid state) and set about building a 10 watt transmitter, also all solid state. As the licensing authority here in Australia essentially limited novice hams to the VHF bands, this was quite a challenge, but I mastered it. Up to that point, I had not met or spoken to any other hams. But once on the air, the universal response was "You built in yourself? With transistors? Are you nuts? You should have just bought an old tube-type taxi transceiver and changed the crystals." (Lots of these old tube transceivers had been scrapped because the Govt had decided to halve the channel spacing). I was disgusted. I was under a misapprehension - I thought ham radio was about designing and building it yourself, so you could learn the technology, learn some radio engineering, and help advance the state of the art. Silly me - it's not that at all - its about old men having a gossip. After a few weeks I forgot all about ham radio and never went back to it. You'd think they would want to see photos and the circuit. No, they were not interested - they thought it was stupid. Since then, the odd ham has said to me something along the lines of "oh, but we are researching propagation, advancing that field." Well, sorry mate, no way. In the 1950's and 60's the US military did and sponsored a heck of a lot of research into propagation. It's all available in professional journal papers and textbooks - far beyond what any ham would know.
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  88.  @spannaspinna  I was talking about the Cessna 172 popular with farmers. Most would have the Continental engine. I doubt a typical farmer would bother with supplemental type certificates. They are a pretty go-ahead-and-do-it mob who dislike what they see as government red tape and taxes. Last I heard, using car gasoline was just not permitted - an STC is not applicable.
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  89. That's on good day. Mostly it was more like 4 turnin, 1 smoking, 4 out, 1 unaccounted for.
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  90. A not unimportant factor in this is that when Mao went to Moscow, he turned out to be not toilet trained. And his personal hygiene was none too good.
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  91. I imagine it's much like emergency evacuation of a multi-story building, only worse. I was at one time a fire warden on my floor of a 20 story office building. We had a fully developed evac plan which we rehearsed. The first time we announced that there would be a drill in 2 day's time. On the day it went reasonably well, we got the whole building evacuated in 15 minutes. The fire warden team then held a meeting and we discussed lessons learnt. We then, a few weeks later, held another pre-announced drill. It went real smooth, we got everybody out in the target time of 12 minutes. A few months later, we decided to have an unanounced drill. We got the city fire brigade to help make it realistic - they turned up with their truck sirens going. The drill was shambles. Some people panicked. Some people refused to leave their desks. Some cleared out without getting clearance from their warden. It took over 30 minutes to clear the building. And buildings don't tilt or fill with water. Our evac plan involved the phased entry of staff on each floor entering the stair wells so that the maximum number of people could be in the stair wells with gaps between groups of people so that there was no bunch-ups or congestion. It worked perfectly in the pre-announced drills, but not in the unannounced drill. But I've worked in other buildings that made that look really good. In a 7-story building, an evac drill was so badly run that it took 40 minutes to clear the building - wardens trying to control people with load hailers with flat batteries didn't help. In that same building, when a fire alarm was triggered, big fans automatically pressurised the stairwells so that fire on any floor would not enter a stairwell. Trouble was, women found the stairwell doors unexpectedly hard to open due to the pressure and panicked.
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  92. a friend of mine, made redundant from a company, got a job with a shire. He had the same experience - he got told off for completing tasks to quickly and too well. But this isn't confined to government. Another friend decided to work for a year in England, and got a job with Marconi, a defence contractor. He too was criticized for being too productive.
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  93. The answer is pretty much yes. I owned a 1950's D4 and the local dealer had all the parts I needed in stock. Have a look at Squatch's YouTube videos on old Cats. If you local dealer doesn't have whatever you need, another dealer will. Things like engine blocks are difficult, but only a badly abused engine will render a block unusable.
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  94. The inspecting track worker should share some of the blame. One thing I learnt in investigating customer complaints (not in rail) passed to me via a system, is that there will be a fault, but not necessarily where I have been told. If everything looks ok, you need to look further, and not just dismiss it. When the guy found the supposed points ok, he should have asked himself how the message may be been corrupted - maybe its one of the other points? Especially he should have taken the report more seriously, since 100 MPH trains necessarily make faulty points very dangerous.
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  95. Don't get too cocky. You lot lost the war in Vietnam, and for very similar reasons to why Russia is not doing so well in Ukraine: Incompetence of command (eg General Westmoreland - a "rock painting" complete idiot), use of poorly trained conscripts in US Army (including McNamara's Morons) Vietnamese (north and south) thoroughly fed up and just wanted the westerners of any sort out of their country, poor US equipment, America believing its own propaganda; the Vietnam War being fought for American political reasons and totally unnecessary.
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  96.  @valerietaylor9615  Hitler was never going to invade India - India had nothing to interest him - no oil, no rich farm land, no heavy industry. But the Japanese might have - and they were nasty too. I have some Indian friends too. They really have it in for Mountbatten - because of the incompetent way he handled Partition, causing about a million unnecessary peacetime deaths, and leaving us with two countries, India and Pakistan) that hate each other to this day.
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  97.  @texasborn2720  It's documented that JP-2 got confused in ceremonies. Sometimes he would fall asleep, and when a priest woke him up again, he would think he was somewhere else or in some other sort of ceremony. It's well documented that he had advanced Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's shows up first as minor physical infirmity, then a scrambling of long term memory, then loss of short term memory (typically you can have a conversation with a Parkinson's sufferer and they seem quite normal, but if you go out of the room for a couple of minutes - say to make coffee - when you return they have forgotten you were there with them 2 minutes ago, and tell you off crossly for never visiting and/or entering without knocking) and finally major physical weakness and total confusion. Parkinson's can be held at bay for a while with dopamine precursor drugs, but steadily increasing doses are needed due to tolerance and eventually the side effects lead to more confusion. At high doses the drugs give you naughty vivid dreams, which can be distressing for ordinary folk - I would think for a priest they would be extremely unsettling. At least Ratzinger was honest enough and strong enough in character to admit he was wrong at times - thus putting a stop to the ridiculous notion that the pope is infallible - a doctrine actually quite recent in terms of 2000 years of Church history. And good enough to step down and give someone else a go at a difficult job.
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  98. He might have talked some sense in this video, but most of the time he does talk utter nonsense. He's the one who signs orders for people to go back to their office to work, having also signed an order cancelling the lease on the office.
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  99. Dave, you are spot on. What the US politicians never understood was that it wasn't just the North that wanted to unify, the people of the South wanted it too. Both just wanted foreigners out of their country, If that meant going communist in order to get help, that was in their eyes a better option than having the foreigners in control.
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  100. Mr Felton is typically English. You would think from this that the British contribution was of the same order as the US contribution. It certainly was not. For every ton delivered by the British, the Americans delivered 5. The British would have delivered nothing if the US hadn't pressured and shamed them into it.
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  101.  @ZILOGz80VIDEOS  : It mostly not luck. The US had sufficient money to do things right; and they had people like Hyman Rickover to make sure that they did. Post war Britain was the least suitable country in the world to take such a project on, as they had a deeply embedded culture of doing things on the cheap, taking risks, and not thinking ahead to figure out what the risks might be. That's why they had the Windscale fire, the Comet airliner disaster, and trashed their car industry.
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  102.  @HerbertTowers  ; That's a bit unfair. Mike has and does work hard. But he had the flu and stepped outside his area of competence without realising it. He doesn't need to work harder, just smarter. The mistake of a multitude of historians, not just Mike, is that without looking into the technical/engineering aspects, you inevitably get things wrong. I write articles for print magazines. I impose on myself a rule - I master the relevant technology to a level about 10 x deeper than what I'm writing to. That's what a script writer or his research assistants need to do. A writer should get research assistants to walk him thru the subject, and not just take their word for it. Otherwise he ends up using words wrongly without knowing - just as Mike didn't know that superheating has a specific special meaning to steam men. It is all very well saying tell the truth. In history and technology, discovering and recognising the truth is not always easy.
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  103. There's a simple explanation that occurs to me: Officer in charge of organizing the rescue says to enlisted man "Go get some female clothing from the store, include underwear, and put it on the plane." Enlisted man goes to store and says to store clerk, "Gimme nurse uniform, bras, etc..., book it to the rescue" Store clerk goes and looks for bras - he sees boxes labelled:- Brassiere, adjustable size A, US Army Pattern Cotton Plain serial 936-17019A, 12 QTY Brassiere, adjustable size B, US Army Pattern Cotton Plain serial 937-17019B, 12 QTY Brassiere, adjustable size C, US Army Pattern Cotton Plain serial 937-17019C, 12 QTY. He's not authorized to open any boxes. So he grabs one box of each type & gives to the enlisted man. I once worked in a big government depot, and this sort of thing happened all the time. One time, someone needed some Araldite to glue some simple little thing. All he wanted was the usual couple of 10ml tubes. What the storeman came up with was two 5 litre tins.
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  104. Paul - it's simple; money. Australia could not afford it. It's no good having just an aircraft carrier. The Melbourne was allowed to become a clapped out old tub as money to maintain it could not be found. A carrier is a sitting duck if you don't have the destroyer screen to protect it. There is more money expended in one USN carrier task force than our entire navy. The Melbourne, although it didn't arrive until the mid 1950's, was essentially a war-surplus item bought cheap. It was designed for North Atlantic service and was in fact quite unsuitable for service in the Pacific. It didn't have the range needed and so was not a potent force at all.
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  105.  @grahamc887  : Good point - I had forgotten about the environmental aspect, and it is important, thanks to the euro greenies. The trend now in big ships is not to use direct diesel propulsion and instead have an engine room of various size diesel engines turning generators feeding a redundant bus system. with the bus powering electric propulsion motors. When at sea cruising, you run 2 or 3 big diesels to generate the power required, but in port you shut the big diesels down and just run a couple of (relatively - they are still megawatt size) small diesels to provide just enough power for port manoevering speeds - fuel consumption is even better, emissions still lower, and reliability is actually improved. And no compromise on manoeverability. Tied up at the dock and you only need to run one little diesel to provide lights and auxiliaries.
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  106.  @F8Tributo  : At least he's read a few books and mostly regurgitated correctly, while making awful mistakes because he hasn't put it all together in his own mind. The YouTube algorithm has presented to me a few other YouTuber's answers to Veritasium. They include some right crackpots and folk who have no idea at all. None appreciate that the 2 conductors forming a primary transmission line to the left also form a tertiary transmission line with earth, between the battery & switch and the lamp, as do the 2 conductors to the right. These second order or tertiary transmission lines deliver a weak step to the lamp at 1 metre / v1 where v1 is the velocity of propagation in the 2 tertiary lines, v being always less than c. This weak step, of course, being added to by successive steps as reflections arrive from the distant ends of the primary transmission lines, each of which takes 2 x L/v2 where L is the line length and v2 is the velocity of propagation of the balanced lines - about 3 seconds each in his example. These steps get weaker so that the lamp voltage converges on the battery voltage, being substantially equal at many times 3 seconds. Actually, the weak step is actually itself a series of converging weak steps due to reflection at the lamp, as its impedance won't match the tertiary line impedance. But these steps merge into a ramp on his oscilloscope due to scope and probe limitations. Amateur physicists are always good for a laugh when they get on this topic. Rejection of the idea that energy can be transported by electrons at DC and low frequencies has got periodically rejected by the ignorant ever since electrons were discovered and understood. They forget that field theory was thought up well before electrons were understood, by chaps who wanted to explain why high frequency AC causes radiation.
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  107. That's not a worm gear, it's a straight cut pinion.
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  108. Actually, the film illustrated part of why Britain declined after the War. Many of the cars shown have essentially pre-war styling, whereas American cars of the same year were more up to date. Many of the cars are small, with small engines & built down to a price which, since people in export markets were getting increasingly more affluent, spelt the end of British exports.
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  109. Forgotten History has focused on the more titillating aspects of Hoover - e.g., his sexual deviations - which in the grand scheme of things doesn't actually matter much, distateful though they may be. But FH has not even mentioned Hoover's major failing - while he was paranoid about Soviet spies, he & the FBI never looked in the right place. The spies were hiding in plain sight. Stalin set up a special programme in which thousands of Russia's best and brightest young scientists and engineers were sent to the USA and openly enrolled at important American universities. As is normal for advanced university students, they then got internships and jobs in aerospace and military contractors. They then either sent back all they could learn, or returned to the USSR to apply what they had learnt - and I am not talking about what they learnt in university classrooms. If Hoover looked in the right place, the USSR would not have developed advanced technology and the Cold War would not have happened. That's way way more significant than JEH holding some lackey's hand. The USA never learns from its mistakes. They are letting China do the same thing.
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  110. It is very easy to say she should be charged, but what would be the point? She was very clearly way out of her depth in the job and should never have been given it. No criminal intent, just sheer incompetence. The fault lies in the system that made her a candidate and in the person who approved her appointment. That is the person who should face consequences.
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  111. Eden was a hopeless drug addict, who presented his doctor with a classic problem faced by many GP's - prescribe what he wants or he'll get it from a pusher. The doctor in telling him to go to Jamaica and get some tropical sun was probably not about getting tropical sun, it was about getting him separated from his drugs. Eden was a classic case of drug addiction. Having experienced pain from operations, he was prescribed narcotics, and became addicted to them. He was using amphetamines as well, for no good reason. His medical issues at the time depicted in this video were of his own making. Take amphetamines - you initially feel good, then you feel down and depressed, and any minor pain seems like major pain.
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  112. He said its a committee. They met together and jointly decided. But there should be minutes of that meeting recorded.
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  113. @Scott C. : US aggression didn't start until after World War 2. The USSR had a large military and government administration establishment before Germany attacked them.
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  114. Nonsense. The Sperry was designed by carl Norden when he worked for Sperry. But the USAAF didn't like the Sperry as it was an ergonomic disaster - it required both hands to operate it. In a combat bomber being thrown around by flak and pilot's evasive measures, the bombardier needed one hand to hang on to something solid. So Carl Norden was asked to start again and design a bombsight that used the same principles but had all key controls on the right hand side so it could be operated by one hand. changes were also made to make it compatible with USAAF bomber electrical supplies, and use lower precision gyros - the better gyros in the Sperry were ok for Navy use, but rendered pointless in the very long flights undertaken by the USAAF..
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  115. "Just say no to drugs" was a phrase coined by Nancy, Ronald Reagan's cute but dumb wife. To kids on the street it made about as much sense as telling them to eat soil. Back then I was with the YMCA who ran programmes for street kids. Some kids had lives so messed up, with abusive parents, that leaving home and getting into drugs was the most positive thing they had ever done. For others, peer pressure far outweighed any dumb thing a politician or politician's wife could say.
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  116. It is the same as a normal engine.
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  117. Most authorities state that the minimum adult daily need is around 3,000 calories for males. However, depending on what you eat, your body does not necessarily absorb those calories. In healthy people, if they eat more than they need, the calorific value of their poo rises. I once worked out how many calories I eat per day - it was about 5,000 calories. I tried cutting back to 4000, but all I could think of all the time was food. I'm older now, mid 70's but I still eat about 4,000 per day. And, no, I'm not large, I weigh about 130 Lb. If you don't eat meat, you need to eat more. If you do physical work, you need to eat more. If your environment is cold, you need to eat more - and the USSR was a very cold place. 3000 calories per day is the minimum for a sedentary worker in a warm environment.
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  118.  @ohio  : Communism need never have started in Vietnam. And it had nothing to do with the USA and Australia anyway. What happened is this: At the end of World War 2, Mountbatten decided to divide Vietnam into two - North and South, just as he did with Korea. And the Allies decided, without consulting the Vietnamese, to give it back to the pre-war colonial power - France. There's 2 things wrong with this:- a) Mountbatten thought that the North would come under the protection of Ally Chiang Ki Check, and the French would look after the South. b) He didn't take into account the wishes of the Vietnamese. The first thing that happened was that Chiang Kai Sheck was driven out of China mainland by communist Mao Tse Tung. This was inevitable given Chiang's corruption and general incompetence, and Mao being smart and backed by the USSR. The second thing that happened was that Vietnamese leaders asked Western leaders for help in getting the French out, as they had had it up to here with foreign domination, but nobody wanted to know. So they asked China for help. China said yes, we'll help, but you must adopt communism. That incensed American politicians, so they decided to go to war. Realise this, and you should then realise that Vietnam wanting unification and independence via communism was a consequence of Western stupidity. War in Vietnamn was a consequence of Western stupidity. Yes, hindsight can be 20/20, but sometimes foresight is completely lacking. Changing a country's borders against the wishes of the people never works well.
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  119.  @Hawk7886  : No field of engineering is 100% science. Confine yourself to only science and you are a mere technician and cannot invent or innovate, only replicate or copy. Real engineers are creative - just as creative as any artist.
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  120.  @Dave5843-d9m  That would certainly work, but would be more expensive than a V-engine, and not have the other advantages of a V. Where more power is needed than can be provided by 16 cylinders, and high speed is needed, the usual method is to just have two engines (as in electrical power generation - they parallel the electrical output), or have 2 engines side by side feeding a common gearbox with 2 input shafts. X-engines have been tried, but for various reasons were not successful.
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  121.  @stevenleslie8557  : Well, yes, but those who ignore history often repeat it. So it is very worthwhile having a good understanding of history. And that means understanding that what happened in WW2 was NOT due to some flaw unique in the Japanese people. It means understanding that when ever there is a war, there are war crimes committed - by BOTH sides. For example American atrocities in Iraq; Australian war crimes in Afghanistan now getting much media attention. It is worth noting that Japan started the war in the Pacific because they felt cornered by American economic sanctions imposed over China. Now we have American-led economic sanctions against Russia imposed over Ukraine. Will the USA never learn?
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  122. When non-compete agreements were very uncommon, American technology leapt forward and America was very competitive. What used to happen is that researchers working for Company A would have a good idea, but management were for whatever reason not interested. To the boffins with the idea would leave and form their own company, develop their idea, and do very well out of it. But Company A would do well too, because they had been around a while and customers knew they were good. Sometimes Company A would undercover a common product problem, and put their boffins onto solving it, which they did. This would make Company A outcompete Company B, so B would offer A's boffins more money and poach them. So the intellectual property got transferred, and both sets of customers benefited, the two companies kept their market share, and everyone actually is happy. Really, if a company finds it necessary to get its workers to sign non-compete agreements, mostly its a case that they risk workers leaving if they aren't paying enough, or not providing good work conditions, or they have some leverage that prevents people from leaving.
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  123.  @624Dudley  : I bet Homie isn't stupid. I used to chain my dog up out of view when doing hazardous work, but one day I forgot. Didn't matter - he had got well clear. I realised that as soon as I started an arc, my dog ran well away. Same when I was spray painting. Initially I thought I needed to protect my dog from the spray, but it turns out dogs hate the smell of paint.
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  124. Rocketman, the Marshall Plan did not involve the Soviet Union - they rejected it and actively blocked their allies and satellite states from receiving Marshall Plan benefits. In any case, the Marshall Plan was focused on Europe. It dispensed cash and civilian factory machine tools and production equipment. Weaponry was not supplied. Thus it appears you wrote nonsense. Stalin did indeed give equipment to Mao, but it had nothing to do with the Marshal Plan. Incidentally, McCarthy was right to suspect communist agents in the USA, but neither he nor J E Hoover had any idea where to look for them. Stalin had long ago initiated a special plan and action to spy on the US and his spies and agents were hiding in plain sight as graduate university students on internships.
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  125. The Marshall Plan had two purposes: 1) the stated aim of helping Europe recover and modernize its factories, and 2) the unstated aim of enabling US factories to offload war surplus production and obsolete material. A Friend of mine (now deceased) worked in the research lab of a major electronics firm. In about 1930 they had purchased a German toolroom lathe to make custom parts for lab investigations. When WW2 ended, officials of the Marshall Plan showed up and inspected what they had. They said the firm qualified for a new American lathe that would be much better. When the new lathe turned up, it was found to be inferior in terms of precision and operation to the old German lathe, so they kept the German lathe in use and converted the American lathe into a wire coil winder.
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  126. RR also made large engines for industrial use and electricity generation. They were unreliable junk. Not as bad as some other British large engine brands, but nowhere as well designed and built as Cat or Detroit etc. RR had only a tiny share of the market in consequence.
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  127. I thought MGUY would have pointed out that electric busses are NOT net-zero - because the batteries need to be charged - from the power mains - electricity from a power station, typically run on fossil fuel. This is the inconvenient fact that the greenies ignore. If a city wants to have electric busses - the solution is obvious: use 1930's technology - trolley buses powered from overhead cables - works well, no need for troublesome invertor electronics, no big lithium batteries, high efficiency, no down time for charging, unlimited range, no fire risk. Still not net-zero of course. MGUY is wrong about climate change though. He states that the Earth has been around for millions of years. So it has, but in most of that time it has had a climate that modern humans couldn't tolerate. Whether the current warming up is mostly a remnant of coming out of the last little ice age or due to human-caused CO2 emissions remains uncertain. But there IS warming, and we humans have to manage that. Just not with silly battery powered vehicles.
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  128. He was 150 yards away behind the building. Nobody that counted would have heard him. Presumably he used his radio as Ted Cruz said, but apparently nobody has yet asked the FBI if he did. Actually, he should have repeatedly fired his handgun into the roof. The noise might not be heard but probably would, and if so would have triggered the SS agents with Trump to pull him down.
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  129.  @KirelRed  : Good electrical conductors i.e., metals can be used to make a shield, as electric fields do not penetrate perfect conductors - metals are not perfect conductors but in practical situations they are good enough. Ceramic is an electrical insulator and thus cannot constitute a shield. It is however, a dielectric - a substance that intensifies an electric field. The practical effect of putting a dielectric between conductors instead of a vacuum is that the velocity at which electrical energy is transmitted form one end to the other is slowed down - to less than c (velocity of light in vacuum). I hope that helps you. This slow down still leaves the time it takes energy to travel the length of a spark plug really really insignificant compared to spark duration any any other time aspect of engine operation.
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  130. A couple of minor corrections:- Asianomentry said that the engineers thought the salesmen were stupid. That's common to all engineering companies. Certainly it was common in all the companies I worked for. At 14:50 Asianometry said that Tandberg invented the reel-to-reel tape recorder. Certainly not - reel-to-reel recorders were in wide us in the German radio industry during World War 2, long before Tandberg got around to making them. I remember Tandberg's tape recorder advertising - seriously overpriced, nicely built, but having performance no better than Japanese machines.
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  131. If you ask if the TU-144 came about due to espionage, you are asking the wrong question. If you think it was for propaganda reasons, you need to think further. What is the value of being seen as a cheating copycat? Not a lot. A Russian guy gave me an explanation that makes complete sense. In the 1930's, the USSR had put a lot of funds and effort into training their best and brightest as engineers, and spent a lot of scarce cash importing western machine tools and laboratory instruments. But the products of Soviet industry often remained well behind the technology in western factory products. But because their products looked and worked very different to western products, non-technical top officials like Stalin had trouble evaluating whether Soviet designers had done a good job or not - and the reasonable suspicion was that they hadn't. Stalin tried making an example of some designers and programme leaders by sending them to Siberia, but that didn't work. In the late 30's Stalin got fed up and put in place a new policy. Every time the West came up with something new, Stalin and his execs told Soviet industry ""I want something just like that. Not a different product. Something the same." This was Stalin's way of forcing the designers and engineers to catch up and prove that they had caught up. So when they got hold of Studebaker trucks they copied them. When 3 B-29 bombers ran low of fuel over Japan and had to land in the USSR, they copied the B-29. As the USSR was metric and everything in the B-29 non-metric, It would have been cheaper to design their own intercontinental bomber. When Stalin wanted a new limousine, they got hold of a US-built Packard and made one just like it. It would have been cheaper to design their own limo, as the Chinese did for Mao. It didn't matter whether they copied from a sample, or used spies to get copies of drawings, or worked it all out themselves. What was important was that they followed orders and came up with the same thing. It wasn't super important that the USSR had a business case that would stand up. If there was a clear need for something unique, they usually produced something unique, like radios that ran on kerosene for use by nomadic tribes in remote Mongolia. But because radios that ran on kerosene wouldn't sell in the West due to batteries being readily available and kero not used for heating and lighting in one's yurt, it didn't mean anything to Soviet top leadership. Stalin died, but the policy remained in place right up to Gorbachev's time. That's why, when the US came up with the Dynasoar space plane, the USSR built one. When the USA built space shuttles the USSR built a few. Whether they needed them or not. That's why they built the TU-144 - still following the policy set by Stalin that Soviet engineers must continually clearly prove they can do what western engineers can do. The USSR was just a big government department. Government departments the world over, once they set a policy in place, it is awful hard to cancel it. No official wants to take a risk inherent in change. The Russian Dynasoar, the Russian shuttle, and the TU-144 - they were all a waste of money. That didn't matter. What mattered is that they proved to Soviet top leaders that they could do it. That's strategically important. If a Khruschev or a Breshnev sees a Concorde and he sees a Concordski, he's happy, and doesn't need to demote someone. It doesn't much matter if it proves unfit to carry passengers. They can fly on the regular planes.
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  132. All that talk about fire-proofing and not allowing wood - but they built it of aluminium - the one structural metal that burns really good and hot! Building it for the trans-Atlantic run at the beginning of the jumbo airliner era was much like building steam locomotives at the beginning of the diesel electric era. Somebody had more money than brains.
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  133. Britain got the largest share of Marshall Plan aid - the Marshall Plan website shows 26%. They got in the form of factory tooling and cash. They didn't spend the cash wisely though - wasted a lot of it on the NHS.
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  134. I had a woman aquaintance tell me that EVs are reliable because there is no gearbox. So I told her to watch Youtube videos that feature chaps taking apart Tesla gearboxes, of which there is one per motor - three in a Tesla. She then told me there is no coolant to leak out. so I told her to watch those YT videos that show the coolant. Typical female, she changed the subject. It didn't matter, i asked her how long her flat TV lasted - she said 8 years. I then pointed out the power electronics in an EV is far more complex and highly stressed than a TV.
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  135. Yeah, all ha had to do was go practice in another state that the equity company had no interest in. Or move to Canada. People do that al the time.
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  136. ​ @andrewolding8747  : So HE says.
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  137. Trust me: Confirmation bias is a problem with scientists too. They invented the term. Also with engineers and technicians.
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  138. In the 1970's there was a computer game you could play if you had access to a mainframe computer via a video terminal. It was stated that the game accurately modelled lunar gravitation, lander inertia, engine thrust and fuel consumption, etc. It was not easy to successfully land. Most people (mostly university students) needed about 6 to 10 tries to get it right. The reward came when you finally did a successful land - the terminal screen showed wreckage from the crashes you had made.
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  139.  @wcg19891  : Not applicable to the V2 as it was sub-orbital. Von Braun proved that you need a 2- or 3-stage rocket to attain orbital velocity. The V2 was only single stage. All weapon rockets can and are fired in any desired direction - it makes no difference, because they are not intended to put the payload in orbit. Not much point in blowing up a vacuum. The V2 was always fired west, simply because London was west of where Germans had launch sites. While going east helps attain orbit, the main reason for going east of the Kennedy Space centre or if you like, choosing the location to launch from, is that it means going over ocean and not land where people live, so that if there is a malfunction people won't get hurt.
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  140. Exactly right, although Britain's prestige went down hill also because she wanted Dominions to keep buying British manufactured goods, and those goods by post-war standards were of poor quality and delivered late or never due to strikes. Armaments supplied by Britain to Australian forces in North Africa were of poor quality. For instance, British-made tanks broke down far too much, and would loose their tracks on turns. When the Australians had run out of operable tanks, they got American tanks as replacements. In theory these tanks were inferior - they were lighter and had smaller guns. But Australian crews called the "honeys" because they only broke down if a German gun actually got a direct hit. They didn't loose their tracks in the tightest turns, so they could race in, get a few shots off and mess up a few enemy vehicles, then turn around and clear off quick before the enemy gets himself organised and fires back. I used to know Australian aircrew who first flew British aircraft in the War and then changed to American aircraft. They all said the US planes were easier to fly, more reliable, and much easier to fix when they did go wrong. When a British fighter plane was delivered, in its crates, it took several skilled mechanics a couple of days to get it in flying condition. They could have a crated American fighter flying within an hour, using one trained mechanic assisted by a couple of untrained helpers.
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  141. Either the cost of diesel fuel was really cheap then, or grid electricity companies were gouging. Which was it? After all, the power companies could have installed diesel engines too.
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  142. The USA was slow to use diesel fuel in trucks because they taxed gasoline at a low rate, a lot less than on diesel fuel. Thus their tax regime masked the cost saving in using more efficient diesel engines. It should be noted too that the USA is an extremely conservative, change resistant, country. This shows up in many ways, apart from sticking to gasoline:- sticking to 8-track tapes long after the market died elsewhere; 8-bit s-100 CP/M computers selling long after the world changed to 16-bit DOS computers; and refusing to go metric.
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  143. 6 engines x 28 cylinders x 2 plugs per cylinder = 336 plugs. That's one of the factors that led to the B36 being withdrawn very early - it just took too much labour to keep flight ready. See my first post.
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  144. No, they were not. At one stage they were about the 5th. Google and see. However they had developed a method of refining the metal using monstrous vacuum chambers that was cheaper than Western methods.
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  145.  @Enrikr  Whenever Churchill and Stalin met, they go on well with each other. The reason why is that they recognised themselves in each other, and each understood how the other thought - they were both utterly ruthless men not bothered about how many people die on their orders. But Churchill was somewhat constrained by working in a democracy and could be sacked if he earned the ire of the electors.
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  146. One time, I was on a 747 flight from one end of the country to the other - about 3000 km. Boarding etc proceeded normally until the cabin crew closed the doors. Then apparently a woman seated 2 rows behind a door started making a fuss. I was seated just in front of this door, so I could hear everything that was going on. Apparently the woman had a fear of confinement. First, a hostess tried to calm her. It almost worked, but when she was assisted with her seatbelt, she went off again. Then the purser had a go at calming her down. Each time, after much calm words, he asked her if she would like to continue with the flight, she replied something like "Yes, I do, I'm sorry I'm such trouble." But, every time, when asked to put on seat belt, she went off again. After 20-30 minutes of this, the captain came down and he had a go at calming her and getting her to agree to sit down and put on her belt. He spent 15 minutes doing that. I (and I guess most other passengers) got pretty fed up - I was wishing he would just simply kick her off the plane, or give her a vallium or something. Eventually, he gave up and told the cabin crew to open the door and he told her to sit down and belt up now, or get off. He told her that if she did get off, other airlines would be notified and she would never be permitted to fly again. That made her dither at the door for another 5 minutes. Then she announced, "yes, I'm getting off" and out she went. Whereupon 2 young teenagers suddenly got up and left with her, angrily saying "Mum, mum - we are going to miss the wedding!". Then we had to wait another 30 minutes or more for her and her kid's baggage to be unloaded. All up, we were delayed about 2 hours. Mr Mentour, can you do a video on typical airline handing of people who express fear of confinement or fear of flying? I wonder who in this case paid for the wasted fuel keeping the engines idling for 2 hours just because a silly woman couldn't make up her mind.
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  147. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) acquired a war surplus WW2-built British aircraft carrier which they called Melbourne. They kept it operational until 1982. It was mend and make do the whole time. Partly because parts were not available, partly because the RAN couldn't afford to do things right, and partly because it was junk when they first got it. But nothing nasty happened, not due to mend and make do anyway. It did run over and sink a RAN destroyer - but that was because of a signalling code error. It also ran over and sank a USN destroyer but that was because the USN commander was incompetent.
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  148. every time you see a brand name or model number of a machine or tool, it is a western European brand. Given the sanctions this must be giving them some headaches keeping this place running.
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  149. This TV show was speculative fiction - on this segment anyway - the weekly sessions of the PM with the Queen were secret. However, Thatcher as portrayed was dead right. The empire was basically lost. Britain was stuffed, stuffed by World War driving it bankrupt, and stuffed by poor post-war leadership. It was up to Britain to fix its own troubles - the countries of the former empire would not. Further, her opinion that sanctions just don't work is correct. They didn't bring down South Africa, they caused it to strengthen - e.g., making their own gasoline. Current sanctions against Russia are only making it stronger - fixing its technology production issues, fixing its internal supply chain, and looking to China and North Korea to trade with. Pre-war sanctions against Japan not only made it stronger, they induced it to start a war against the USA.
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  150. Generally, important ceremonies are rehearsed, so that silly things that detract don't happen when it matters. Looks like this one was not. Charles was clearly annoyed at 0:02, waving his fingers at the inkpot. He could have just quietly said "hold the pens a moment please" and it would have looked a lot better. Later, at 0:43 he makes a weird grimace baring his teeth at an aide over the pen case. This is a mark of an aspect of Charles that may matter: A normal person would have moved the pen case himself, as the others did when they witnessed the document. A mark of someone born to privilege and servants and unable to function without the most basic things done for him.
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  151. At 1:43, Asianomentry said that India lost the India-Sino War. Huh? What? It was China who lost that one. They suddenly withdrew their troops from territory they had invaded and went home, and agreed the border should stay where it was,. They did that when the US, Britain AND the USSR came in on the side of India, supplying military hardware, and this meant that China a) could not win, and b) they would have been on the nose with virtually the whole world. This is a major error, unusual for Asianometry, and more or less makes the remainder of this video invalid, as he claimed that the impetus to create a domestic computer industry stemmed from loosing the war.
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  152. ScottV, I bet you learned it in a physics subject taught by the Physics Department, but if you did an engineering course, the engineering department taught you far more useful stuff. This reminds me: When I did engineering at uni, we had to do 4 units taught by the Physics department, where the staff were long-time physics academics who had never done any real work. One of the subjects they taught was a theory on how bipolar transistors work. This theory "proved" that the current gain of a transistor could never exceed about 50, and went down as current went DOWN. That more or less matched how the early transistors performed when they went into production in the 1950's. But this was the 1970's and transistors now had current gains as much as 2000, and gain reduced as current went UP. Another theory we got taught by the Physics Department predicted that LED's could only be made to emit red light. In the engineering department we were using the latest thing - commercially available orange and green LED's. (Blue and white were not then available) I disagreed with the prof in class, who dismissed me as silly. So, next class I bought in a battery powered green LED circuit. He was taken aback at first but then asserted that my green LED must be an incandescent light with an internal greed filter! The moral of this is that once physicists think up a theory they like, they just keep on teaching it, long long after commercial R&D proves their theory is wrong or only applies under certain conditions.
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  153. At one time the company I worked for made me responsible for keeping a number of solaris boxes going. It was a nightmare. With any Microsoft OS, if a box crashes, do a cold start and 99.9% of the time it will come up just fine and work normally. Not with Solaris. I quickly learnt that shutting down and rebooting was the worst thing to do. Endless problems with slow response due to zombie processes. Install a supposedly minor patch, and hey presto - the system won't boot anymore. And you have to do a disk re-partition. Windows up to 3.11 was not very stable. But when NT arrived - it was fabulous - dead easy to use and very stable. PC users complained of the "blue screen of death" but NT on a PC was heaven compared to the stability typically offered on minis and mainframes. Asianometry mentioned Daisy. That same company I worked for had a division that designed electronic products. They bought some Daisy systems for EDA - printed circuit design. It cost them $250,000 per workstation. It was no better to use, did nothing much more, and performed no better, than a similar application sold by local company Protel (now Altium) for about $500 - and it ran on an ordinary PC compatible costing $1,000.
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  154.  @lazthegreat10  True, but its a myth anyway. There are lots of anechoic rooms - in large manufactu'er's research & testing facilities, most good universities, etc And large grain farms are just as quiet when there is no wind. People find quiet peaceful. Note that the echo suppression in anechoic rooms only works down to wavelengths that are short compared to the wedges. If the wedges are 2 yards long, then sound below about 500 Hz (B above middle C) is not suppressed.
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  155. He definitely was the man Britain needed. The World, not so much. Churchill had been very keen on pressuring the USA to impose economic sanctions on Japan as punishment for invading China. These sanctions put Japan in a nasty corner facing ruin, and like a cornered rat, they struck out, bombing Pearl Harbour, thereby starting the War in the Pacific. Japan saw that as their only option. Because of the Tripartite Treaty previously signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, this more or less automatically brought the USA into the War in Europe as a fighting force too. Before Pearl Harbour the USA had only been selling equipment to Britain. The Pearl Harbour bombing was the most marvelous news for Churchill - he knew very well the Britain could not win the War against Germany on her own, but with America fighting, backed by its immense population and industrial capacity, winning was assured. Churchill was both ruthless and cunning - it was probably his intention in pressuring for sanctions to get the USA into the war, notwithstanding its neutrality policy. The Japanese were quite aware that all the men Australian could train and equip had been sent to North Africa and so Australia could be assumed to be defenseless. Not true in practice as it turned out, but that was the picture the Japanese had. Thus, without Churchill, there probably would not have been a war in the Pacific, Britain would have lost to Germany, and possibly Germany later would have lost to the USSR. And the USA and the rest of the World would have carried on quite happy, but for the Chinese being enslaved by the Japanese.
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  156. VisioRacer is quite right - inline engines have more of a problem with crankshaft torsional vibration. It wasn't a problem with the old American inline 8 car engines due to low compression design, and low power output. In the 1930's America, a long engine bay on a car was a status symbol. Post-war, long engine bays were considered ugly, and women drivers found long cars hard to park. So engines had to be shorter - hence V8's, not I8's, post war. An additional minor advantage of V-engines is lower friction. For any given cylinder swept volume, you would expect the power lost in friction would be directly proportional to the number of cylinders. However, for any given cylinder size and number of cylinders, the V-formation has less friction than the inline form due to the staggering of peak loads on each crank throw. For a while. I worked as the engineer for a dealer selling large industrial diesel engines. Over a whole range of an engine series, the cylinder size is always the same. One series we sold gave about 50 kW per cylinder, so if you needed 200 kW, you got an inline 4, if you wanted 300 kW, you got an inline 6, if you needed 400 kW, you got a V8, and if you needed 600 kW, you got a V12. And if you needed 800 kW, you got a V16. The V8 got the same size starter motor as the I4. The V12 got the same size starter motor as the I6. Of course the V16 had two starter motors fitted, each the same size as the one fitted to the V8 and I4. This is not the full picture though - for example the I4 cranked a bit faster that the V8. But the friction loads were close enough to allow starter motor standardization. The V engines needed only slightly larger starting batteries too. So, all up, a V8 is cheaper than an I8 for example.
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  157. Ed, just about. And its not even a door - its just the outer skin. Imagine Ford or GM employing old guys to hand panel beat out the defects, as this mob does, when making 300,000 units per year - a typical run that's about 1200 per 8 hour day. Even the floor area required for the panel beaters would cost too much in real estate. It makes you strongly suspect that paying a contract production engineer to re-jig their process would dramatically improve productivity and quality, giving a positive cash flow within a few weeks, even at their very low volume. Someone should replace that squealing worn out drive belt.
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  158.  @Sacto1654  : Utter nonsense. rounded windows had been standard on Boeing pressurised transports for years before the 707 or the Comet disasters. And on the wartime Lockheed Constellation. And the reason is that for sufficient strength the weight is less. There is nothing inherently bad about squared off windows - its a matter of competent engineering. All doors on pressurised airliners are square and they do not fail. This business about Comets and square windows was fluff put out by technically ignorant journalists who figured it was a good story they could sell to equally ignorant public. The Comet 1 had several crashes until permanently grounded for various reasons - faulty engine air intake design, incorrectly specified radio antenna that couldn't take the pressure differential, an inadequate riveting method, etc. All these fatal flaws were due to it being designed and engineered by incompetent inexperienced fools. It wasn't a case of other manufacturers benefitting from the Comet mistakes, it was a case of the Comet designers being too dumb and stupid to use what was already known by others. Finally, there was not A Comet crash investigation, there were about 10 of them (a couple of crashes reinvestigated when more debris was found), with some key findings kept secret until 2015.
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  159. Hardly a huge mistake, as it delivered a payload about the same as half the bomb load of Germany's main heavy bomber the He-111. And coming at you at Mach 3, there was absolutely no defence against it - it was years before the USA developed a way of destroying ICBMs in flight. At a cost of about 50,000 reichmarks each, it was far cheaper than half a He-111 bomber (>400,000 RM) and just as accurate. Hitler and Goering's only mistake was in not allocating more boffins to von Braun's team to get the teething problems solved in a timely way.
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  160. A fair bit of nonsense is given in this film. Strowger did NOT devise a practical switch. He merely thought up the stepping/rotating contact basic concept and explained it to a family member, who decided to set up a company and comercialise the idea. They employed a competent electrical engineer to devise the switch, something the unskilled Strowger could never do. The idea that Strowger was worried that the phone company was connecting potential customers to the opposition undertaker is an old urban myth. At the time, Kansas was a large city with dozens of undertakers, but very few people had a telephone. Business communication was conducted by messenger boys/runners - an early form of courier service. Or if you wanted something, you hailed a horse-drawn cab or walked to the business premises. The narrator claimed multiple times that electronics works at the speed of light. The sort of silicon chips available when this film was made worked at best at a small fraction of the speed of light, and cables carried signals at only a fraction, sometimes a very small fraction, of the speed of light.
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  161. So, Britain, essentially bankrupt after World War 2 and needing to export something, by government meddling came up with a nuclear power station design that nobody would want. Yep, that sounds like Britain all right. They did the same with their lame aircraft industry created by a forced merger of various companies, some ok, some terrible, resulting in such things as the Bristol Brabazon, an airliner for which no market existed, and the BAC TSR-2, which was incapable of performing a mission. They did the same with their telecommunications industry - the government owned BT forcing manufacturers to make a telephone exchange (Highgate Wood type) nobody wanted even if it worked ok, which it didn't. And when their electronics semiconductor industry had trouble competing with the US, their government decided to subsidize - not Mullard, who were the most technology capable, well run, and very nearly could make it on their own, because they were foreign owned (by Philips). They subsidised the ones that had no hope, so money down the drain. The common problem in all this is the British Govt tradition of appointing committees to answer difficult questions. Expert committees are in principle good, because elected politicians cannot be knowledgeable of all things. But what they do in Britain is appoint old university professors and judges to chair and sit on their committees - these are the worst types to get a grip on commercial issues.
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  162. Looks like a typical Japanese factory - a lot of manual labour doing tasks that would be automated elsewhere. Japan was once a major supplier of cheap tools, but not now.
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  163. "our international reputation will grow ....." Not with the obsolete technology of steam, hopelessly fuel inefficient and maintenance intensive compared to diesel it won't.
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  164. Yes, it's not a gear, it's a chain drive sprocket.
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  165. Two things made Japan a great technical manufacturer:_ 1) Cooperation between companies in a way that was considered anti-competitive in the USA; 2) An outcome of World War 2 was that Japan was not to spend tax money on creating & maintaining a military offensive capability.
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  166. Click bait title, and a script riddled with errors.
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  167.  @oldtugs  I googled and checked before posting. Did you? But I forgot to mention that many modern ships have no need of tugs because they have rotatable bow and stern thrusters - they can even go sideways without any forward or reverse motion at all.
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  168. Click bait. Kennedy is not shown dominated. He asked a valid question which stumped the witnesses and they did not give him an answer. Half of this video is not even senate testimony, its unknown women having a rant.
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  169. i had to laugh when curious Droid said the B-29 even flew higher that the Lancaster. Of course it did - the Lanc was a relatively unsophisticated aeroplane that had a ceiling of only 6500 metres, and was really only effective at lower altitudes. Droid repeats some modern urban myths - eg stating that prior to the B-29 flights over Japan, the jet stream was unknown. Clearly that was not the case, as the jet stream height and the B-29 cruise altitude was no different to many other military planes (eg B-17) that had been flying years before. Fuel injection came very late in the B-29 production run, so was in no way essential for good performance.
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  170.  @bornontherimofchaos  They haven't actually said what it is he has, but from what has been reported, he almost certainly has the same cancer I had, which is very common in old men, such as Charlie or me. It's no big deal for most, and easily fixed (as mine was) unless the silly man waited until symptoms were marked before consulting a doctor. All my bits still work, more or less. So should Charlie's bits, though it might be a while yet before they do.
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  171. It's not a weapon, it a testing device for artificially making lightning to test equipment immunity to lightning. Most advanced counties have one or more, though not as huge as this one. It's operating principal is completely different to a Tesla coil.
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  172. Rocketman, the Marshall Plan did not involve the Soviet Union - they rejected it and actively blocked their allies and satellite states from receiving Marshall Plan benefits. In any case, the Marshall Plan was focused on Europe. It dispensed cash and civilian factory machine tools and production equipment. Weaponry was not supplied. Thus it appears you wrote nonsense. Stalin did indeed give equipment to Mao, but it had nothing to do with the Marshal Plan. Incidentally, McCarthy was right to suspect communist agents in the USA, but neither he nor J E Hoover had any idea where to look for them. Stalin had long ago initiated a special plan and action to spy on the US and his spies and agents were hiding in plain sight as graduate university students on internships.
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  173. He shuts his eyes when the arc is occurring. A lot of Pakistani welders do that. Not very safe - splatter could land anywhere on his face. Sometimes he holds his other hand so as to shield his eyes from the arc. With no gloves, skin cancer may be the eventual result.
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  174. It's not as simple as that. It started out as a case of a new neurosurgeon, with special training and experience in USA, able to do operations not until then possible in Australia, and he saved lives - which was indeed embarrassing for older neurosurgeons. He also said in public that certain surgeons had made specific patient outcomes worse by not giving him immediate referrals, which is a big ethical no-no. Its ok to criticize in professional forums, but not on national TV. But over the years Teo lost the plot and started doing operations where even he was unlikely to get a good outcome. In doing that he crossed another line ethically and that gave an opportunity for the other neurosurgeons to object. To keep the peace hospitals would not allow him to operate in their facilities. Then Teo got private investor backing to have his own hospital, which would mean they've lost control over him. So he was then restricted to only operating if permitted in writing by another neurosurgeon - of course none would, and no doctor would write a referral, so any surgery he does is not covered by Medicare and not by private insurance either. Also, neurosurgery requires very good deft of touch and precise work. At 65 he's getting too old to do the work anyway.
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  175. What was known to both Whittle and his engineering team and the Germans was that axial flow enables as a more efficient engine, and it has less front area, so less aircraft drag. That's why the Germans persisted with it, but to get the advantages in practice requires a greater mastery of materials and a greater mastery of compressor blade design. The Germans never really mastered axial flow engine design before the war ended - their engines were not as efficient as they could have been, and their service life was very short. The Russians tried to get it right, starting with captured German engines and engineers, but it was taking too long, so they famously contracted with Rolls Royce to build centrifugal flow Nenes in Russia under license. Meanwhile in war-time Britain, Whittle was able to take advantage of Rolls Royce expertise in piston engine turbochargers, in which compressor design factors are exactly the same as in centrifugal jet engine compressor stages. So, lower stresses on parts plus existing British expertise led to the use of centrifugal flow until post war when Rolls Royce was able to use American axial flow know-how.
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  176. She is used to Australian police, who are firm, do their job, but are nowhere near as scary and inflexibly committed to "process" as US police.
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  177. Newer stuff would indeed by in a film like this, since this is a training film for radar operators - it is not a documentary for your entertainment. The 1949 year given is obviously a mistake. At 0:17 the year is given as 1942.
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  178. I think that would be essential. On each block the two slopes are at slightly different heights. It doesn't matter because both blocks have the exact same error. We are all human, sooner or later they'll get mounted on the milling machine with one block reversed - and the job will be machined out of true.
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  179. Churchill was the right man for the top job at the time. He was the only viable leader available to have a chance at winning the war. That's why the King selected him and overrode democratic selection. But that is as much as the alternatives being weak and defeatist (lacking resolve) as much as Churchill being up for the job. But he was hardly a great man. He had the RAF bomb German civilians indiscriminately, which was a great waste of British resources and did little to win the War. Churchill cared not a fig for what happened in the Pacific, and by leaving a dud commander in charge, caused the loss of Singapore and a vast number of British Commonwealth troops to the Japanese. Churchill and his idiot lackey Mountbatten put in place the post war division of Korea and Vietnam without consulting the people - leading to further unnecessary wars and suffering of vast numbers of people. Churchill did do the one right thing to defeat Germany. By begging, dealing, and trickery, he bought the USA into the war. The USA with its vastly superior industrial capacity, superior technology, and superior military command personnel, won the War for him.
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  180. The Canberra was a good aircraft in its day in a high altitude reconaissance role. As a bomber it was pretty much useless, as it could not carry the bomb load that Soviet and American aircraft could. During the Vietnam War, the Australian Airforce (RAAF) deployed Canberras to routinely bomb the Ho Chi Minh trail, over which munitions from China were trucked into Vietnam. The North Vietnamese never bothered too much about downing the Canberrras. They simply drove their trucks off the road and under the canopy when the Canberras were coming, the Canberras with their little bombs blew craters in the road, and then the Vietnamese got out their shovels and in a couple of hours filled the craters in and resumed their deliveries. The Vietnamese apparently thought that if they destroyed the limitted number of Canberras available, the Americans would take over and use really big bombs and make the road unusable.
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  181.  @tachikomakusanagi3744  : I don't think I missed his point. He specifically said it needs "a CONSTANT flight control effort by the PILOT" - he was talking about pilot work load, not performance. And his perhaps cheeky reply to me somewhat indicates he was embarrassed, and confirms my interpretation of his comment was correct. I agree that trim is a workaround that cannot restore performance to what it could be if there was no asymmetry - say if you had contra-rotating props (which are also a bit of a work-around). However, the extra drag is generally not significant. Check out the trim tabs next time you see an aircraft - they are tiny compared to control surfaces. You need trimming anyway, to counter imperfect and shifting load. Yes, trim needs to be altered whenever flight parameters change, eg change of throttle setting, change of altitude etc, but this is often automatic or semi-automatic. Not during the War though, I don't think. In common light aircraft you need to retrim occaisonally as fuel is consumed, but you do it without thinking. The biggest impact on the pilot of single prop asymmetry in high performance aircraft (as in early Spitfires, Zeroes) is that they tended to want to go sideways off the runway during full power takeoff, requiring the pilot to correct for it. It was just something they had to remember for their first takeoff. Once air speed was sufficient to get airborne (and thus sufficient over tail surfaces), these aircraft were fine.
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  182.  @perrybarton  : Yes, like Lear 8-track tapes, S-100/CP/M computers, and non-metric measurements - only in the USA. Actually, didn't they eventually come up with a design for 45's that had a three-pointed knock-out section, so that you could play on a regular 9/32" spindle turntable, or knock it out and play it on a large spindle turntable?
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  183.  @WestCoastDP  : Certainly 45 RPM singles were very successful - from introduction, up until the introduction of CD's in the 1980's. I bought 45's myself when In was a teenager in the early 60's. But I've only ever seen them with the small hole the same as 33-1/3 LP's. I'm in Australia - perhaps we never bothered with the large hole version and just went straight from 78 RPM singles to 45 RPM singles with small holes. Incidentally, when you bought a 45, you usually got 2 good songs. When I was a teenager 45's cost $1 - 50 cents a song. An LP cost about $5 and you got 8 or 9 songs. You might think 45's were not good value, but many of the songs on most LP's were third rate, or covers of other artiste's songs, so you only really got about $2 worth. Juke boxes had very good sound, but were expensive - as I recall, 10 cents each song play. If you took a girlfriend to a JD's (hamburger place) or to a milk bar, and there weren't many other customers free with their coins, you could go broke pretty quickly - about 30 cents for the milkshakes, another 40 cents or so for food, and up to $2 for the jukebox. A lot of money for a teenager back then - would take me days of part time work to earn it. Just to get a shine in your girl's eyes for an hour.
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  184. No, she doesn't know. A point was made that she is under oath that that restricts her from giving answers without looking it up. But all she had to do was say "I can check for you, but from memory it is about so many percent." She said she didn't know, under oath - we must conclude she simply doesn't know. This means the silly woman doesn't care whether or not the system she controls works - which was the point Sen Kennedy was making.
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  185. That men could outlive the burning of a candle is not as surprising as it might seem. In server (computer) farms, which are installed in windowless secure rooms, they don't typically use normal water sprinkler fire suppression, as water on electronic devices just makes fires worse. Instead they use gas fire suppression. Gas fire suppression relies on the fact that the human body keeps its blood at saturation oxygen levels at all times, therefore breathing depth cannot be controlled from oxygen level. Instead, the body adjusts breathing based on the blood carbon dioxide level, which is normally very low, as is the level of CO2 in the atmosphere - its basically only a trace. This means that you can halve the level of oxygen in the room, and provided you double the concentration of CO2, everybody breathes just fine, though their ability to perform intense exercise would be diminished. But at half oxygen level, most flames go out. I once witnessed a test gas dump in a computer room. I did not have any discomfort, though I did automatically breath a bit deeper. A similar system is used to put out flightdeck electrical fires in aircraft. People have trouble on high mountains where the oxygen pressure is reduced, because the CO2 level is also reduced, so the body exhales CO2 more easily, and thus compensates in the wrong direction and blood oxygen level falls.
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  186. I've never used a Dictaphone. But I remember the days before email. In the company I worked for, we had a typing pool. I would ask for a girl and she would take down my letter, and a short time later a beautifully typed and set out letter with perfect spelling and grammar would land on my desk for my signature. I thought those girls were great. But, for business, email was a vast improvement. So much faster than a letter through the post. Things can be organised in a day that used to take a couple of weeks.
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  187. There was a saying in the USAAF: It doesn't matter how long a runway we build, Convair will make a bomber that needs a longer one.
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  188.  @grandcanyon-d4d  The decision to split it was made in 1945. The split was effectively made when the Japanese forces surrendered: to China in the north, and to British forces in the south. The French assumed they could come back and assume control of most of it, but the Vietnamese fought the French and French plans were defeated. Officially, the French later withdrew and under the Geneva Accord of 1954, the former French Indo-China was formally divided, as far as the Western Powers were concerned , into Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. But the division of Vietnam was already a fact.
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  189. This is something that is known to every electronics technician that got to know intech school classes a mathematical formula known as the Radar Equation, which, given the antenna beam focusing ability (known as gain), the transmitter output power, the receiver sensitivity, and the target radar cross section, gives you the range at which the target can be detected. Clutter, the echos caused by water waves, only reduces the effective range - the radar equation gives you the range under ideal conditions. Using the pulse-echo type radar the British had during WW2, they could not have detected submarines until within 15-20 km, because only the sail and gun was above water and it is a very small target. Later in the War when German subs were equipped with snorkels, only the periscopes were above the surface and radar could not detect them until the aircraft was so close its crew could visually see the sub anyway. Because radar was just about useless for detecting submarines, and totally useless if the sub is submerged, the Americans developed disposable buoys that they dropped from aircraft. These buoys had hydrophones that detected the noises emitted by submarine machinery, and radioed the detected noises to a receiver in the aircraft. YouTuber WWII US Bombers made an excellent video on this system.
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  190.  @robbarton7972  No, Ultra was very useful. It was useful because they intercepted German orders as to where the subs were supposed to get to.
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  191. Blended wing designs are more suited for slower speed aircraft, not jets. You can use a blended design in a higher speed (jet) aircraft if it is also a delta wing, but that brings significant disadvantages in take-off and landing - witness the extreme takeoff & landing angle of the Concorde, requiring the "droop snoot". The advantage of a blended wing design over typical 1930's designs is lower drag. But there are other effective ways of reducing the drag - e,g., the wing/body fairing used in the WW2 Spitfire fighter. Lastly, a blended wing aircraft is not necessarily a large one. The above is why you don't see blended wing designs in civilian service - it was a technology dead end.
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  192. Obviously not. you can drive a car or throw a rock in any direction you please, can't you?
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  193.  @timdunn2257  It is certainly correct that these days equipment is obsolete before it wears out. But Chinese made gear is very good, if purchased from regular dealers. Here in Australia, almost all consumer electronics, apart from TV's and desktop computers, comes from China, and it's all good. But things like portable generators can be rip-offs. For example, 10 years ago I bought a Kipor brand Chinese 2 kW generator from a major hardware chain. When I got it, I put a 2.2 kW load on and it handled it perfectly - exceeded specifications. It has never developed any fault, and still runs perfectly, having done ~6000 hours. But a certain east coast (Queensland) importer buys Loncin brand Chinese 3.5 kW generators and rebrands them as 4 kW. A rip-off, but not by the Chinese maker, by the local importer. Chinese made machine tools usually need some work/adjustment before putting to use. If you buy from Chinese suppliers at a low price, you won't get the same quality product you will if you pay a fair price. I've bought lots of books from Amazon. I find it depends who the actual supplier is. Some books come properly packed and in perfect condition. Some come inadequately packed and damaged. Some, usually from UK suppliers, come smelling of mould.
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  194.  @argadargad9128  : True. When the Russians had a go at Afghanistan, the USA pumped in weapons to help the Afghans get rid of the Russians. Then when the USA had a go, Russia contributed nothing. So it could be argued that the US performed worse than did the USSR. The Afghans drove them both out, but needed no help to beat the Americans
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  195.  @alitn588  Extra tool pot welded on at 1:03. Allen key left in place rattling around at 9:05. If it jumps out and gets in the work the work may be ruined. If you click on times shown in blue, YouTube will jump to those points in the video. In most of it you can hear the chattering (it's the singing noise caused by springyness in the tooling, and you can see the resulting roughness in the turned surface of the workpiece. In this application is doesn't matter much as the hobbing removes the chattered surface, but a competent macninist will not have chattering, by improving rigidity and/or changing rotation speed and/or resharpening the cutting tool.)
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  196. "Have you ever gone to a protest while a judge?" She sits there with her mouth open for a few seconds, desperately trying to think of a way to avoid an answer, then finally comes out with "I do not believe ... " Weasel words. If a defendant in her court answered like that, she wouldn't believe him. And neither would anyone else. Arrogant woman, not very smart: By telling Kennedy that she can't say if he read her words correctly as she doesn't have her writings in front of her, she is more or less stating that Kennedy may be a liar. Which is about as likely as the sun turning green. This is standard Kennedy any time he smells a dud nominee. Don't these idiots bother to come prepared? A supervisor once told me when I was a young lad, "Always tell the truth, don't think about it. Then you don't have to remember what you said." Apparently not something this fool woman understands.
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  197. There's often something odd about these Pakistani small shop videos. In this case, it's an old guy using giant tinsnips to cut straight lines in steel sheet. The place clearly has more complex machines - so why don't they have a guillotine? Even a simple hand operated guillotine would considerably improve productivity. Door skins are far below normal quality - just a single colour coat of paint on untreated mild steel - no rustproofing of any kind. Finished door skin shown at end has a clearly visible blemish.
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  198.  @nainitalism  : Perhaps. But it's certain you do not understand it either. A basic guillotine is not in any way a Volvo or Merc - its a very common basic metalworking tool. I've since watched another video of the same small Pakistani shop, and a guillotine is shown in the background. Perhaps it was broken on the day this video was shot. Or, perhaps some of the workers are too dumb to use it. The economics in any case won't be much different to a Western country. In Pakistan wages are much lower, but materials and tools are also much lower in cost too, so the relative merits of manual labour versus limited automation still stack up. A door that rusts out within a year is going to frustrate a truck owner and cost him in downtime relatively just as much in Pakistan as in any other country. You are totally wrong in claiming the market can't afford original doors. Trucks are made locally in Pakistan by the Hinopak company - they need doors, for a start. Secondly, since Hinopak have been making trucks for 40 years, there must be a substantial market that can afford factory-new trucks. And if any are involved in an accident that ruins a door, at least many of their owners can surely afford a new one. Obviously there must also be a market for shoddy substandard products. That does not mean the products are not shoddy and substandard, nor does it mean that the buyers are not ripping themselves off.
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  199. The modern ships have their passenger decks built of aluminium, a lot lighter than the steel used in pre-WW2 ships, so the extra decks do not raise the centre of gravity so much. The depth of the keel hasn't changed much as they still have to enter harbours. Also, passenger ships since the 1950's have had active stabilisation, so they don't normally roll. This is paddles that stick out the sides, controlled by gyros and act much like the roll controls on an airplane.
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  200.  @markfrost8745  : Quite so. In the military, you follow orders. If it catches fire, execute the fire check list and hope. If you survive, well, you get ordered to fly again. In civilian use, after 2 or three fires reported in the news media no one would fly in the thing. No one wanted to fly in a Comet long after they fixed the design flaws. Anybody who thought it was reasonable to convert the B36 into a civilian airliner must have been smoking really good weed.
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  201.  @valentinuiliqnow6198  The term "small block" has nothing to do with the number of valves or the location of valve gear. Post war, American manufacturers develeoped "big block"" V8's intended for trucks and large luxury cars (eg Cadillac). These engines were designed for high capacity (6 litres and above) and long trouble free life. Subsequently they designed V8's intended for ordinary cars, that is cars in the lower price range (eg Chevrolet). These V8s are smaller in capacity, about 4 to 6 lites, designed to have a service life adequate for lower price cars, and are thus much lighter, cheaper to make and requiring a lighter suspension. Hence they are called ""small block" to distinguish them from the big block engines. The location of the cam shaft makes negligible difference to the overall block size.
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  202. A very similar looking thing to the Welland shown in this video was featured in the British TV show "All Creatures Great and Small" - in one episode Mr Farnham has to put down a sick horse. He was shown loading the gun and discharging it into the horses' forehead. But since this show was set in the 1930's and they generally took care to get it right, I would say that the vet gun was the original, not the Welland. Vet guns including the one showed in the TV show are generally single shot (no magazine) which is all most vet surgeons need, and typically goes a very long time between uses. Sometimes a farmer will need to put down many animals - he will use his normal farm rifle for that. However, the Swiss Brügger & Thomet VP9 vetinary pistol used by government vets, which has a magazine, is said to be based on the Welrod.
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  203.  @CrRodney1  : Australia's population is about 26 million. That's pretty small for an advanced western culture country. China's population is 54 times Australia's. The USA's population is 13 times as big. Their GDP is 16 times as big. The USN spends on just one of its carrier task forces what the RAN spends in its entirety. That's why Australia has no aircraft carrier - we simply can't afford one - we are too small. We can't afford nuclear subs either. The RAN did once have an aircraft carrier - the war surplus and near useless Melbourne sold to us at a war surplus price. It spent 90% of its time in port as there was no money to do better. Australia has a service-based economy, propped up by selling dirt to China. We have no significant manufacturing industry to make available skilled workers and components at a reasonable price.
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  204. : Yes, I've heard that story, but.... And just where were the RAF going to get that extra bomb from?
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  205.  @Arcanthsos  : That's not always the case. In physics, the prevailing theory is often complicated and has noticeable problems. Then someone makes a breakthrough and elucidates what's really the case. The classic example of this was where people sought to explain the movement of planets. Since it was "obvious" we can't feel or sense the Earth moving, they started by assuming it didn't. That forced them to devise the epicyclic system to explain the observed planetary movement. It allowed the positions of planets at any given time reasonably accurately. Then someone else realised all the planets including Earth actually orbited the Sun. That's mathematically much simpler yet more accurate. String theory is a currently fashionable way to explain particle physics. It's probably the particle physics equivalent to the epicyclic theory of planets - its complicated and has serious limitations. Eventually someone might discover some initial error in thinking, take a different tack, and it will become simpler. In Edison's day, electrical engineering calculations were always complicated and lengthy, until an early General Electric engineer realised you could used vector algebra, and such calculations became vastly simpler. Vector algebra is not just a simple abstraction, it accurately describes just what is happening.
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  206. 403: Yes, that is one of my pet hates. As an engineer, I am trained to be very wary of things of unknown consequence - they nearly always rise up to bite you.
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  207.  @richardmaurer9002  : It's the extreme degree of bending. If they hit an immovable rock with the bucket while using the machine with a good cylinder and rod in place, not a lot will happen. I've done it with a bulldozer and it just stopped the hydraulics dead with no damage done. Hydraulics don't move things fast enough to build up much kinetic energy. With an old machine with worn hydraulics you just MIGHT get seal failure / fluid blow-out. To get a massive bend like this, would need something heavy hitting the actual rod side on, as might happen if you are demolishing abuilding with a back-hoe - as (say) the operator crashed the bucket into a brick wall to collapse the wall and a heavy roof beam fell down over the rod - possible but not particularly likely. In use, all the load on hydraulic rods & cylinders is longitudinal - there is no side force to induce bending. So if it bent this bad when they hit a rock, a) it must have been already at least slightly bent, and b) it was weakened for some reason, as would be the case if they heated it as they did in this video.
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  208. The cop was smart enough to realise it was all just an act. As soon as he was out of sight, she most likely reverted to normal and drove away normally (well, normal for her anyway - speeding, no seatbelt, talking on phone.)
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  209. These guys do repairs on items that practically never fail in western countries. Why do they fail in Pakistan? Three reasons: # Terrible roads with pot holes that overstress suspensions; # They overload their trucks; # the parts were locally made from melted scrap metal of unspecified properties. So, in that context, frequent breakdowns and accidents is what they think is normal and has to be endured.
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  210. JP-2 had Parkinson's disease and barely knew what was what for most of his papacy. Doctrine of the Faith is about keeping the Church hierarchy in line, and to not fall to modern ideas, like maybe women are equal to men, or that Mary being a virgin was unlikely, or that maybe other faiths that believe in God might be basically ok. It is a descendent of the infamous Inquisition. Sounds like a good busy office to stick someone you don't actually like, but have forgotten quite why.
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  211. I was surprised that Heaton quickly glossed over Churchill's and Harriss's policy of bombing German cities willy-nilly. In this Churchill was a war criminal, causing death and hardship on a vast scale in Germany, but having negligible impact on Germany's ability to fight and no effect at all on the German leadership's desire to fight. The British area bombing of residential and light commercial areas greatly disappointed US military leadership because strategically it was pointless. When the War in Europe ended, a major independent investigation was commissioned by the US President, and this confirmed that the British bombing had little significance in winning the War. Churchill sacrificed all those RAF men for nearly nothing. You cannot blame Churchill for the RAF bombing at night, however. British bombers could fly only at fairly low altitudes, and were not very nimble in handling. They had to bomb at night to have any chance of getting home or even reaching the target area. American aircraft could fly and bomb accurately at twice the altitude, rendering German anti-aircraft guns much less effective.
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  212.  @IIIuxep  Putin started it all in 2014 by invading Ukraine's Crimea peninsula - that's when Putin sent the troops first - 2014. Zelensky wasn't President back then. He was still a TV executive producer. And it was Putin who sent the troops in again three years ago, remember. By then Zelensky was president, and it was his duty to resist that 2nd invasion.
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  213.  @PsRohrbaugh  Water is NOT much heavier than fuel. The specific gravity of sea water is 1.025. The specific gravity of fuel oil used in ships is 0.95. So only about 7.5% difference. Not enough to matter.
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  214.  @craigstephens93  : You are exactly right - it does depend on the practitioner. And no actual practitioner is 100% one or the other. What does a scientist do? Discovers or deduces some logical principle. How does he decide what possible principle to investigate? By using his imagination - that's art. What does an engineer do? Uses in an application logical principles discovered by scientists. How does he know what logical principle can be used in some useful way? How does he do that? By being creative, using imagination - that's art. Incidentally, I am an engineer who has worked in electronic product research and development. Such people work with "product designers", who are a type or artist, to devise how to make products look attractive and have good ergonomics - just as civil engineers work with architects - the engineer ensuring the building is sound and safe, the architect, a type of artist, ensuring it will look nice and be functional and human-friendly. In both cases, for this team-up to work, each (the engineer and the designer/architect) must have some expertise in the other's field.
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  215.  @EdMcF1  Ah! That makes sense.
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  216.  @Seehart  : You could be suffering from what I call the Beetle Effect. Back in the 1960's when VW Beetles were sold - they were shocking dreadful things - dim headlights, vague gearshift operation, noisy engine, overheating engine, etc. But Beetle owners nearly always reckoned they were the best car. It is a form of what psychologists call confirmation bias. When you have invested a lot of money in something, you only look at the positives (the Beetle did have light direct steering and was easy to park) and not the negatives (such as the Beetle's cheap and nasty 6 volt electrics). A friend of mine was driving his near new Tesla down the freeway at 110 km/hr. A car was in front of him, and a bus was front the car. The bus had advertising on the back, featuring a twice natural size photo of a person. The car changed lanes and when the Tesla got a sight of the bus, it automatically did a full on emergency stop, nearly causing a pile up crash. Really really stupid.
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  217.  @2015dwayne  The Chrysler XNR concept car you directed me to pretty much confirms what I said, doesn't it? The only real asymmetry is the presence of racing-car-like body bulges in front and behind the driver. To make it road licensable the lights are not asymmetric. The chap taking in the video made me laugh - he said "even the engine is asymmetric". Of course it is - it's an inline 6 - all inline 6's are asymmetric. the carby can only go one one side. The slant 6 common to vast numbers of Chrysler cars looks more asymmetric because it is a slant engine with that distinctive intake manifold. Concept cars are often a bit weird. It lets the designers test the reaction at car shows.
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  218. Not only is that market a completely different and primitive 1950's technology, it is a minute market - like a few hundred dollars a year at most.
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  219. I would buy such a shirt.
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  220. Aa rare compliment from Sen. Kennedy to Ms Perry, who answered questions clearly and without hesitation. I presume her answers were correct.
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  221. Most of these Pakistan small outfits use scrap metal. In this case, they probably got a truck load of steel sheet from a surplus dealer at a low price. Buying bigger sheets can cost more than the cost of welding. Also these sheets can be manhandled. Larger sheets would require mechanical handling and attention to work flow, as they are heavy and are subject to crumpling. Also a standard size sheet large enough for the entire roof area is rather too big and would result in a lot of scrap. I've done the same thing for the same reasons. Volume manufacturers needing steel sheet buy it as coils weighing 20 tonnes or more. I'm glad to see that their guy joining the two sheets doesn't do it any better that I do - and I only do this sort of thing on a semi-hobby basis.
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  222. If I ever become a squillionaire or the dictator of a major country, stuff it, I'll just get the biggest most expensive plane my peasants can cough up. Meanwhile, as an ordinary engineer .....
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  223. Wrong. The Lucas Heights facility is NOT a power station. It is for producing isotopes for research and mainly for medical diagnostic uses, analysis of sample materials, and production of special high purity alloys. The isotopes are produced by irradiation and chemical isolation. Its' heat output is miniscule compared to power stations.
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  224. An Australian here. When this video started, with the words '"the millenium drought.... fundamentally changed Australian society'' I thought I was watching an old soviet TV news programme - remember Soviet TV broadcast internationally via satellite in the 1970's? Nice music but their news used to gleefully report things like '"Australian workers are striking again, as they have had enough of the harsh conditions'' and show footage of some protest somewhere that involved a single firm in a single industry, amounting something 0.1% of Australia's workers at most. But without actually telling lies, they would make it sound like the whole country riven with industrial strife. The millenium drought certainly had NO effect on me, and no noticeable effect on our society generally. Farmers were certainly affected, but very few Australians are farmers. it should be noted that poor farming practices contributed to unnecessary dependence on high rainfall. most wheat farmers have recently adopted a different ploughing regime which better retains soil moisture. However, this video went on to be generally good. Asianometry did miss something important - our State governments needed to address water shortage in recent years not because of climate change, and not because of a drought - marked lack of rain periodically has long been understood as a normal part of Australia's climate - but because of considerable population growth. Since the early 1960's the population has exponentially grown from 9 million to 27 million. States ran out of convenient rivers to dam up, and had to turn to desalinating sea water. That's a 3 times increase and naturally the government has had to provide roughly three times as much water. we all drink about the same amount, flush the toilet about the same number of times, water gardens and lawn, etc. Governments don't like to spend money or accept blame, and like governments worldwide, our State governments have blamed the climate - anything other than themselves - when in fact they should have planned for the population growth and built desalination plants and other measures sooner.
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  225.  @vincentmaddux2302  The Nimrod looked like a Comet 1, but was completely re-engineered. The Comet actually went through 4 major revisions but of course the Comet 1 crashes made it unsaleable to the public, and thus only the RAAF could be persuaded to take it.
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  226.  @GreenBlueWalkthrough  : That was the root of all the Comet problems - incorrect rivetting, bad engine air intake design, radio antenna not specified for pressure differential, etc etc, all of which led to the crashes. They were competent to design & engineer unpressurised wooden aircraft, but not large pressurised metal aircraft. It was a bit like someone who built a nice model aircraft out of balsa wood and a 1 cc model engine thinking he now has the experience to build a Cessna 150. One would think that DeHavilland engineers should have had enough ethics to say to management, "Hey, this is above us, you better poach someone from a company that has built pressurised metal aircraft."
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  227. i remember seeing a tv interview of Eduard Shevardnadze, who was soviet foreign minister under Gorbachev. On the collapse of communism, he basically said the same thing - he said that over the years so many Russian scientists had attended international conferences, so many Russians had served at embassies, so many Russians with their support staff had completed in international sports, and all had visited stores, there was just no hiding the fact that Western grocery stores had lots of good quality everything, and that the soviet system just could not match it. So the soviets at all levels lost their morale. I remember Shevardnadze saying he had visited a US grocery store - it was fully stocked and "nobody was buying."
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  228.  @iannordin5250  : I suppose to some extent, it depends on what you define as training, but no, they were not well trained. Japanese troops were intensively trained in 2 key aspects: a) enduring hardship, and b) obeying orders immediately with vigor and without question. (a) in particular didn't help them much when things got tough. Basically, the Japanese senior command thought that which ever side was accustomed to hardship the most would prevail - so they bastardised and abused their troops to an extreme. But it doesn't matter how big a bastard you are if the other side has shot you first. As I said, their standard mode of operation when detecting an enemy patrol was to emit screams and work themselves in to a state. This worked well against a weak enemy such as the Chinese but against Australian troops it was a joke. Their officers were poorly trained too. One of the features of Australian troops was that nobody was critical to mission. If (say) a platoon's radio operator was shot, someone else had enough nous to save the radio and take over. With the Japanese, if the radio operator was shot, then there was no comms - nobody else would imagine that, while they might not be as good, anybody can have a go. The difference was particularly stark in the navy. If an American or Australian ship was hit and a fire broke out, everybody near at hand would pitch in and help get the fire out. If some item of fire-fighting equipment failed, they would improvise or fix it on the spot. So ships got saved to fight another battle, though they might have to limp back to port for repairs. If an IJN ship was hit and caught fire, only the designated fire fighting crew would attempt to put it out. A gunner nearby would remain at his gun, because it wasn't his job to fight fires. If fire fighting equipment broke down, then that was that. So, with the same level of initial damage, IJN ships were lost. Because Japanese training was too rigid, and killed initiative. While in New Guinea, my father was on patrol and came to a clearing in the jungle (native vegetable garden). At the same instant, a Jap soldier popped out on the other side. Both drew their weapons and fired. That was it for the Jap, but my father was completely unharmed. That was a common experience in New Guinea, because Australian troops were trained to be fast accurate shots, and the Japanese were not. So, your statement "by and large the Japanese were well trained ...." is not correct. They were not well trained because their training was not fit for purpose in a large technological war against a modern adversary in any theatre. It was too rigid, too restricted, and killed initiative. You are 100% right in saying the Japanese troops were not prepared for jungle warfare. That's not just poor training, it was a complete lack of training. Our (Australian) troops were not properly prepared either - there wasn't time. But there was some instruction, and it turned out that instruction was important. It was known in Australia that malaria was carried by a mosquito. So troops were instructed to keep covered as much as possible, and a drug was made available to treat it. Malaria was a big problem, a severe problem, but most Australians survived. Jap troops reacted to the heat and humidity by stripping off, giving plenty of skin area for the mosquitos. None were told about malaria and how you get it, and considerable numbers died from it (and lack of food). If an Australian troop was camped at some spot and then had to leave, they mixed with dirt and buried any food they could not carry. The Japs would discover the camp, dig up the food, and eat it - then succumb to food poisoning. Both sides were short of food (for different reasons). Australians short on food would invariably ration it so that it lasted. Japanese would eat until they were full, and then run out - lack of training again.
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  229. The narrator destroyed the credibility of this video when he said at the beginning that the Me-262 had swept wings. Only the leading edge was angled back.
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  230. This reminds me of Project Cybersyn, an utterly flawed and ridiculous attempt by the Marxist Allende government of Chile 1971-73. Cybersyn was supposed to link all factories, mines, and agricultural production to a central control centre. In the centre a group of commanders was supposed to monitor everything via real time computer displays and react to bottlenecks & supply chain issues by issuing immediate directives. They would have needed more computers, links, and computer technicians than were in the world at the time to do that. Plus display technology not available for another 10 years. What was actually built was a few clerks making coloured slides by hand, back projected onto screens so that the commanders could pretend to be managing everything via pretend real time computers. When Allende lost government, Cybersyn was immediately abandoned. Somehow the Allende government sucked themselves into hiring a Stafford Beer to devise Cybersyn. Beer was a nut case English university operational research theorist with no practical computer experience.
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  231.  @christiansouthworth9294  : Jerry Lee Lewis knew how to set a piano on fire.
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  232. She lost me when she suddenly made up that story about a man and woman who supposedly came and murdered Travis while she was present. Why did the cops go through the lengthy interrogation process? It seems like they had conclusive evidence from the site that Travis was murdered, nobody else was there, and she done it. It mattered not a whit whether she confessed or not, she definitely done it. Was it because they realised her lying nature, that she was a bad liar, and decided to give her the opportunity to make up plenty of nonsense so that her credibility was completely gone and nothing she would think up for defense would be accepted?
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  233. We had the same experience with Olivett PC's at the company I worked for at the time. Trouble prone junk. They didn't crash as often as the original Apple Macintosh did though. That was very expensive junk.
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  234. The 3516 is quite an old engine - it began production 1996 or before. the 35xx and 34xx series predate the current C-series.
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  235. There's not much confirmation of the claimed event in this video. Visibility for drivers is extremely poor inside Russian tanks. Drivers run into and over all sorts of things because they simply can't see them. Things get very confusing in a war. Friendly fire was a big problem for US forces in Vietnam.
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  236. Andrew Smith: The only problem with Thalidomide was birth defects, like missing muscles or really short arms. Thalidomide was never intended for pregnant women and was never tested on or for pregnant women. But when it was released, GP's in Australia and the USA mostly prescribed it for pregnant women. It was not the manufacturer or the regulation authorities that was the problem, it was stupid GP's. Incidentally, Thalidomide is still in use today. My cousin is on it. It works quite well at its intended use -stopping nausia. There's no chance of her being pregnant - she's 80 years old, so no risk. GP's are still dumb and stupid when it comes to drugs. My wife was prescribed a new drug for back pain. It's a new type of synthetic narcotic. I said to the GP - is this wise? - by definition a narcotic induces tolerance and is therefore addictive and the patient needs more and more over time to get the same effect. He said, "no, no, its a new type, it won't be addictive, and I won't need to increase the dose." One year later the authorities banned GP's from prescribing it without approval, because it only works well for a while and is very addictive.
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  237. Steam engines came before internal combustion engines. But internal combustion engines rapidly drove steam out of the picture because internal combustion has about half the fuel combustion.
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  238. Ha! Rationing! That's why my mother emigrated from England to Australia in 1950 - to get away from stupid British rationing. Her form of revolt. In Australia, we had rationing during World War 2, but as soon as the government was sure we and the Yanks would win the War, they progressively took rationing off - and the Australian economy took off like a rocket. Rationing is like any government meddling, like another dopey British idea - price control. If governments allow a demand to occur, private enterprise will find a way to meet that demand - if you have free private enterprise. If governments suppress demand, either you get a black market or nobody does anything to solve the problem. In the 1950's we had thousands and thousands of British coming here - the smart ones - they came for the same reason as my mother did.
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  239.  @mytech6779  : Note that China Airlines is not a mainland Chinese airline. It is a Taiwan airline - they have much the same standards as the USA, and conform to international norms. It looks like the captain in this case should not have been flying, but this is not by any means an isolated example of a pilot with 1000's of hours experience turns out to be a dud when something goes wrong. Simulator training can be only so good when you know perfectly well that no matter what, you ain't gonna die.
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  240.  @lizzyfan1986  : My comment above is a very old comment now. It says all that needs to be said. As only a single response has been made - yours - I guess I hit the nail on the head. If any hams can come forward and refute it, well and good. It would be great if there is still a place for ham radio. But none have.
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  241.  @bill-2018  : That makes you a "proper" ham, and not a mere appliance buyer. Great - but you are in a minority group. I like building things too - but my own designs, not someone else's. That is usually just enough challenge to give me a buzz when it's finished and works. Designing electronic products was my day job for many years. I let my VK license lapse when it came up for renewal at the end of the first year. No point in it when one's right-up-to-date solid state design is viewed with sneering disdain by other hams, who think it a stupid thing to do. Nothing wrong with enjoying valves of course - in fact one of my hobbies is restoring vintage (valve) test equipment - but that sneering disdain made a ham license pretty pointless.
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  242.  @azjmsxhn  : But for all we know, they might have turned out better.
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  243. He implied rigor mortis isn't that strong. You could have fooled me. I grew up on a farm - we had goats. One of our goats died in the middle of summer. I was 14. I had to bury it but father was away and he had hidden the keys to the tractor. I set to work with a pick and shovel, and after 4 hours or so and several litres of water drunk, I had managed to make a deep enough goat sized hole. But its legs and head stuck out in rigor mortis so I couldn't get it in the hole. I couldn't bend its legs and neck so I chopped them off with an axe.
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  244.  @ledoynier3694  : True. Another cause of accidents is companies employing external consultants to write safety training courses and safety procedures. This leads to things being written by people who know nothing about the particulars of the site, but think they do. For instance a company I worked for had some very large UPS systems for their mainframe computers. These had rooms full of lead acid battery banks - 400 volts and capable of supplying 500 kW for several hours. I and a few others were required to complete a battery safety course run by a training contractor. This turkey knew nothing about batteries, but he had gone to a public library and looked up safety aspects of batteries for laptop computers.
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  245. Not necessarily. Before the US military allowed the GPS system to broadcast at full accuracy, many marine authorities in various countries set up shore based radio stations broadcasting a continuous local correction signal. This was one of the reasons why the US military decided to allow full accuracy - they had only been inconveniencing themselves. Small GPS receivers that consumers could buy were too small and too low in cost to use the correction signals but professional grade equipment on ships could use it.
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  246.  @tvgerbil1984  Claiming he saved lives was spurious. Unless you mean saving Japanese lives. If Percival had the gumption to fight, he had way more than sufficient forces and arnaments to win. If he won, those residents would not have been murdered and our forces would not have died as slave labour building railway lines. Percival deserves no thanks at all, he only deserves disgust.
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  247.  @jackspring7709  Apart from Barry, Percival was not considered a psychopath. As for murdering Irishmen, that was what British Army officers did back then. In India they murdered Indians too. Rather , Percival was what American soldiers have a good term for - a "rock painter". It means he was a base administrative type without ability who focused on following regulations and having everything clean, neat, and shipshape, everybody wearing the correct uniform etc. In peacetime, good at keeping the base going. In a battle, totally useless. The term comes from American base commanders making troops sweep paths clean and lining them with stones painted white. It should be noted that British officers of Percivals' generation did not fear being captured. They expected to be treated special and have privileges and servants waiting on them in POW camps just as the Germans did treat them in WW1 and 2. It didn't matter to them how the ordinary grunts were treated, so long as they were treated differently. Unfortunately for Percival and his ilk, the Japanese had other ideas and treated them the same as they treated ordinary grunts.
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  248. Both oars and propellors have an energy transfer efficiency of about 82 to 85 percent, so it would not have made any difference on that basis. Propellors offer simpler transmission from a rotatory engine. One might visualise crew turning a crank shaft, much like turning the sail cranks in a 12 metre yacht. However this means only the arm muscles are used. With oars, using movable seats, you can use both arm and the more powerful leg muscles, so oars are better with human power. In the magazine Scientific American about 40 years ago, there was an article written by some university boffins on the effectiveness of oar-powered triremes - they concluded that with experienced crew of modern sports fitness, they could at a pinch get the vessel up to planing speed. Not for long though.
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  249. Gee, that design of battery charger goes back to the 1930's, except for the use of 1960's style stud rectifiers instead of selenium. Don't these guys know you can now buy potted silicon bridge rectifiers at much lower cost? It looks like they are cutting up regular passivated steel sheet to make the core laminations instead of using proper transformer-type silicon steel - as far as I know transformer steel is only supplied already punched into laminations, bonded into C-cores or toroids, or supplied in bulk in huge coils. Using regular steel would be a lot cheaper, but the energy efficiency will be low, due to considerable hysteresis and low permitted flux density. Efficiency will be lowered more due to burrs left during their guillotining, which will short the laminations. Normally, laminations are punched first and then passivated, which ensures good inter-lamination insulation. They are grouping the laminations instead of 1:1 interleaving, which is normally regarded as poor practice in the transformer industry, but given the above points, and that it is a high leakage reactance design (desirable in a simple battery charger) it may be a good thing.
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  250. Since it is reported that she retained fondness and respect for Churchill (and funny enough, dramatised later in this series) it seems that this scene is a complete fabrication and nothing like it ever took place.
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  251. Did anyone pay attention in making this film? They show us that the truck's engine is actually two engines - two 3512's (V12 engines). Then they show us and engine build facility and they are building a different engine - the 3516 (V16).
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  252.  @AnthemUnanthemed  : You write nonsense. What come out of the exhaust of vehicles contains practically no hydrocarbons, unless the engine is faulty. What comes out is the products of combustion, that is carbon dioxide & water vapour, and the nitrogen from the air. But if you sniff gasoline, you get what's in it straight. In pre-emission controlled days, engine were run slightly rich as that gave better performance with simple carburettors, giving trace amounts of carbon monoxide, which was rapidly oxidised to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. You also get small amount of nitrogen oxides, which are nasty but can't make you high. Not all hydrocarbons are the same. Gasoline is long chain molecules - carbon atoms linked to carbon atoms in a chain with 2 hydrogen atoms per carbon atom hanging off the sides, known as alkanes, octane being the archetype, Toluene has carbon rings instead of chains, and a higher fraction of carbon vs hydrogen as a result. The carbon rings give it very different chemical properties. I did not say aborigines sniffed leaded gasoline now. I said they used to when it was available, but not very much. I said their sniffing ballooned when toluene doped gasoline became available as a substitute for leaded gasoline, so the Australian government arranged for it not to be sold in rural areas where sniffing was common. Rural gasoline suppliers sell '"Opal"" gasoline that does not contain toluene and has mostly fixed the sniffing problem, because they can't get high on it - only sick. Look it up.
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  253. And in the 1930's depression. Rotten British called in their loans to Australia, worsening the depression here.
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  254.  @johnscanlon2598  Not unusual. Here in Australia my father and his associates used surplus military tanks for logging. They removed the turret and the dreadful fuel gobbling unreliable Rolls Royce gasoline engines and replaced them with heavy truck diesel engines - and the result was a really good logging tractor.
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  255.  @judithoconnor6442  : Oon what basis do you state that? He, much to the distress of the Americans, viewed war in terms of punishing the enemy people, and firebombed German residential areas and retail districts, causing great suffering to German civilians who had no say in the War, and having very little effect on German ability to fight - hardly the action of a great man. He never cared a fig about what happened in Asia, abandoning troops in Singapore to the Japanese. He appointed Mountbatten, a known idiot, as Supreme Commander SE Asia, who proceeded to split countries up thereby causing ongoing wars and distress - hardly the work of a great man. Churchill was an effective leader who could get things done. He was the only viable wartime leader available. But that is a reflection of the weakness of the others, not a mark of a great man.
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  256. Veritasium - isn't he the galah that claimed wires don't carry electric current, and other wacky science?
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  257. I went to an airshow over 50 years ago, organised by a glider club. There were lots of gliders, Cessnas, and other small single prop aircraft on display, a helicopter giving rides etc. The local airline based at the capital city 150 km away sent over a Fokker F28 (mid sized T-jet airliner) - a brand new one they had recently purchased. It amazed the crowd - pilot threw it around the sky like a dog-fighting fighter jet, though he didn't quite get it upside down. I remember the commentator saying something like "Captain so and so and his co are enjoying themselves with this one-time opportunity - they can't do this with passengers on board - the passengers would vomit and/or black out."
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  258. Let's be quite clear about something: Truman was right to sack Macarther. Macarther had lost the plot and wanted to nuke North Korea so as to make it permanently uninhabitable.
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  259.  @phonicwheel933  In your first sentence, you've got it in one. FMEA lets you see safety deficiencies BEFORE they cause accidents. Re ADF windows,, I'm speculating here - since I don't have access to DeHavilland records - but since the ADF antenna and it's electrically insulating surround was supplied to DeHavilland by their usual supplier, it would have been the supplier's responsibility to design it to cope with presurisation and largely the supplier's responsibility to test it against presurisation. But DeHavilland didn't tell them it was for a pressurised aircraft - that was the problem. However, DeHavilland should have at least audited the supplier's records to discover and verify whatever testing was done, given any hull penetration is flight critical. I guess they didn't.
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  260. They only got fined 200,000 pounds. That's just about petty cash for a company the size of ICL. Their lawyers probably advised them it would be cheaper to plead guilty and accept the fine that it would be to fight it, even if clever corporate lawyers could get them out of it.
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  261. A diesel engine cannot pre-ignite, as ignition starts when fuel injection starts, so adding a turbo to stuff more air in works really well, significantly adding power output across ALL the RPM range while improving fuel economy. But stuffing air in under pressure is really much the same as increasing the compression ratio which in a gasoline engine makes for pre-ignition. So at low/medium RPM the boost has to be kept low, and the turbo can only be effective at high RPM where increased turbulence in the cylinder causes loss of heat and thus reduces the tendency to pre-ignite. So in a diesel, a turbo is good at the RPM you want in a haulage truck or an industrial application - more power and better fuel consumption. But in a gasoline engine, apart from high RPM racing, a turbo can't do much. With gasoline engines not in racing applications, if you need more power, the best way is just use a bigger displacement engine. It will work just as well and be more durable and reliable.
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  262. The Tizzard mission has been over-rated. Tizzard supposedly relayed the pulse-generating magnetron, essential for airborne radar, but the magnetron was invented in Japan in the 1920's and US companies had been making small ones for microwave research purposes. And to make a successful radar, you have to detect the reflected pulses camming back. The part essential for that was the point contact semiconductor diode, a secret US invention they let Britain know about. The reason why the US was able to develop its own jet engines almost immediately after Tizzard was because General Electric had already been secretly working on it. Britain did not invent a practical proximity fuze. That was entirely a top secret US invention. Tizzard had nothing to do with it. The Marshall Plan too was not quite what you might think. A great benefit to the US economy, it let the US gather up its inventory of obsolete and unwanted war surplus machine tools and dump it in Europe, US industry getting paid for stuff they could not otherwise sell.. A friend of mine, now dead of old age for many years, worked in Philips Reseach Labs in Holland. In about 1930 they bought a German tool room lathe. When Marshall Plan representatives came round after the War, they surveyed what the Labs had and said that the Labs qualified for a nice American lathe. When it turned up, Philips decided to keep using the 20 year old German lathe - it was a better lathe. The new German lathe they converted into a helix coil winder or similar.
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  263.  @masons9541  That's exactly what my friend found. except it wasn't so much apathy in management - the workers had long trained the management to not expect full production.
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  264. In getting small amounts of scrap metal, I have learnt to turn up at fabrication places at 5 PM on Friday - it is often beer o''çlock. Ask nicely, say what I want it for, and often the response is "Yeah mate - scrap bin's over there - help yourself."
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  265. Not everything with multiple legs is to be feared. The ones that can walk and also swim backwards and live in the bottom of water are very delicious to eat.
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  266.  @outdooradventureHungary  : He was indeed an artillery officer early in his career. But blaming that on his rotten performance and his lies to the President, Congress and the press as General Commanding in Vietnam is like rating Gen Macarthur a reconnaisance specialist, or Winston Churchill a horse expert or even just a news reporter. Or rating Paul Keeting, one of the best prime ministers Australia ever had, a mere rock band manager (of some pretty ordinary bands), for that was what he initially was. Or regarding some ivy league university chancellor a mere restaurant waiter, should that have been how he paid his way in his 20's. The fact is, once ANY military officer gets to multi-star general rank, what he did initially is long behind him, and they all had to start somewhere. Pershing and Patton began in cavalry - by the time they were generals they had probably forgotten what a horse looked like. Eisenhower was a football coach - which does not on the face of it explain anything. Westmoreland was a "rock painter" - a general that would severely criticise an officer for not having the correct, neat, and clean uniform and ignore the officer's first hand field report about something urgent. Westmoreland was obsessed with numbers and blind to reality - characteristics which are not inherent in artillery and just as undesirable in artillery. More of a fault acquired later when he was promoted way beyond his ability.
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  267. Well scripted, beautifully crafted and well acted, but probably has no relation to reality. While the Queen and Graham were reported to be friends, would she be likely to seek spiritual guidance from him, instead of her own bishops? I did like the character's guidance though - I couldn't imagine a better answer.
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  268. So Lyons was expected to use his experience and make Leyland better. Well, that didn't work did it? Those XJ Jags looked really nice, they drove nice, but they had an extraordinary high fault rate. Rotten Lucas electrics. Lyons claimed the engine was highly efficient. So how come it did about 20 mpg?
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  269.  @psinclairjr  : No EPA back in the 1930's. There was a tax on electricity?!!! That would be anti-industry.
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  270. I had to laugh when Felton claimed at 0:35 that the Japanese fleet was sunk by American, Dutch, and BRITISH forces. Britain's contribution to the War in the Pacific was negligible, because Churchill wasn't interested in what happened in the Pacific. He was 100% focused on beating Germany. Britain's main contribution to the war with Japan was in appointing an incompetent fool in charge of the defence of Singapore - which led to its loss and the loss of a great number of men to the Japanese - to the surprise of Japanese officers, when they realised after that they were considerably out-numbered. Britain thereby prolonged the war against Japan by loosing an important Pacific base. There was later a "British Pacific Fleet" based in Australia - however the vessels were Australian, New Zealand, and from other countries, and didn't do much until the Japanese fleet was already sunk (by the USN) and the war just about over.
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  271.  @AstralS7orm  : You wrote absolute nonsense. Universities primarily do fundamental research to uncover principles, in areas as far as possible chosen to match the interests of their researchers. Such as almost useless things like studying black holes and quantum computing. Company R&D labs do mainly targeted research and development but this certainly doesn't mean they don't do fundamentals. A classic example in the transistor - the device that rendered the vacuum tube obsolete and led to integrated circuits and computer chips. The transistor is the invention of physicists working at Bell Laboratories - a private research outfit then owned by the Bell Telephone company. These physicists expanded on the early solid state physics devised in universities, uncovering a considerable amount of new fundamental principles that no university had anything to do with. Nor was it paid for by government. Anyone who has worked in advanced R&D as an engineer or physicist knows that the Soviets did a lot of fundamental research on spec. They were not much into targetted R&D - they preferred to copy (by legal means or spying) Western technology. Soviet discoveries and measurements of physical properties continually crop up in scientific literature. Most US government subsidisation of research has been in two ways: (1) More or less targeted funds given for medical research via National Institutes eg National Institute for Cancer. (2) funding ranging from fully targetted to vaguely capability enhancing of research for military capability. In the 1960's and 1970's this was all pervasive, vast, and had many hidden and not so hidden forms: Direct grants, budgeting for industrial advancement, etc. Again, transistors/semiconductors are a good example; There are 2 main reasons why US firms have always led the world in semiconductors - 1) Domestic market size, & 2) subsidisation of semiconductor research by the US Navy and Airforce, after transistors went into mas production.
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  272.  @AstralS7orm  You've got some of that right, eg US semiconductor advancement due to government funding. I said that myself in my earlier post: "In the 1960's and 1970's this was all pervasive, vast, and had many hidden and not so hidden forms: Direct grants, budgeting for industrial advancement, etc..." But on some things, you must have been using some good weed. Bell Labs pioneered the purification of germanium and silicon to make diodes for war-time radar. So, yes their boffins had some pretty good understanding of semiconductors. That was kept secret until the war ended. There was two things that made airborne (and to some extent shipborne) radar practical: The cavity magnetron perfected in England - a compact efficient way to generate very short wavelength radio energy at high power, and the germanium and silicon diodes key to detecting the tiny return echoes. Incidentally, the key purification method was zone refining - where the impurities end up swept to one end of the bar, which is usually discarded. During the War, Western Electric (the manufacturing arm of the Bell system) sold the sawn off rubbish end to British firms, who made their own inferior diodes by probe testing for fortuitous good spots. They never did tweak to what WE was doing. After the war, the Bell Labs boffins knew that junction transistors or perhaps JFETS were the way to go, theoretically, but hadn't mastered the art. They then invented the point contact transistor (physically a double diode that could amplify). They publicly announced a working device intentionally just so that the US military could not impose a secrecy order. THEN, they persevered until they mastered making the superior junction transistor. Recognising that the device - as it then was - would be useless in the telephone industry, and probably not attractive to the US military (they were wrong there), they immediately set about licencing the junction transistor to other manufacturers around the world. For a fee, any company could send production engineers to a Western Electric short training course and learn how to make transistors. It apparently was a pretty intensive course - some went away bewildered. One that was not was an engineer from Sony Japan. That wasn't the smartest move for the US, letting him in. The very competive Japanese transistor and IC industry started with him. Meanwhile, some manufacturers, principally in Britain, got sidetracked and tried to master making point contact transistors, which commercially were a dead loss. There's no way Germany could have led the semiconductor revolution instead of the US. As we both have stated, it was that immense amount of US Govt money via the US military (and really, NASA is part of that, money wise, even though NAS was/is a civilian agency) that paid for advanced semiconductor development.
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  273.  @AstralS7orm  That's the problem - Congress holds the purse strings, but they are just a very large bunch of inexpert politicians with their own agendas. That's why the president needs to be persuasive - to have charisma to win Congress over. And the president does need to smart, in order to realise what Congress needs to be won over on. Kennedy has left us with a good example: He determined that a space race with the Soviet Union was a good thing to do (security, economic progress, etc) and he famously announced to the assembled politicians words something like "We will, before this decade is out, land a man on the moon and bring him safely back to Earth". That setting of a challenge (and it was a real challenge) and a clear target timeframe won Congress and virtually the whole country over, and they then proceeded to give NASA a vast sum of money to do just that. Obama figured out what had gone wrong with US education, and what needed to change. So he had the brains. But that isn't enough - and nothing got done. Countries with a more modern constitution, such as Australia work on a different system. Instead of a president, they have a prime minister who acts more like a company chairman, conducting meetings in Cabinet. The Cabinet is a small group of senior elected ministers, each having a specialist role (eg finance, defence, health, etc) and decisions are by majority vote. The elected specialists may appoint subcommittees of themselves to resolve complex issues. This means the demands on the prime minister are a lot less than the demands on a US president. Really, all he has to know is how to conduct meetings. The voting systems in western countries are generally more robust and transparent than the US systems, which helps. In Australia, we are bemused by the doubts sown over the last US election by Trump. This sort of thing would never get air in Australia, as our voting system is simpler, and run such that trust in it is easy. That helps get the right things decided on and done, because there is not much doubt that the will of the people has been expressed, and the party in power has a mandate. It's not perfect of course, and we love to criticise our politicians. But it is a better system than the US system, which only works well when you get a president who has plenty of both attributes - brains and persuasiveness.
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  274. I love how the boofhead's wife just sits there showing no interest, other than gathering up the torn money - she no doubt knows she can sticky tape matching pieces together and its still good. Her otherwise complete lack of reaction tells me she has seen him acting completely silly many times before.
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  275.  @callmeswivelhips  You mean she got set in her ways as she got old, as most people do when they get old?
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  276. They didn't know it then, but carbon pile reactors are inherently dangerous, due to the Wigner effect - as the British learn the hard way at Windscale - major disaster. Wigner effect prevents a shutdown.
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  277.  @rickglorie  Yes, that's true, and an important factor. Prior to WW2 kings, princes, and prime ministers who wanted to have a war just had to tell their generals and admirals to get on with it, and wait until news came back that a campaign was successful or a failure. Success or failure entirely depended on the merit of those generals and admirals, who at least had years of command experience and had studied strategy, logistics etc at length. But the Germans in WW2 had an impressive array of teleprinter over radio networks, so Hitler could get real time reports from the field. He could even call up generals on the phone. He should have just waited until events unfolded, but he fell into the temptation of meddling. Interestingly, the British had communications nearly as good, but Churchill was a better delegator and had military command experience. He tended to only interfere if a general showed repeated poor performance. Stalin kept his finger on the pulse, but also acted the way a (ruthless) leader should - setting objectives, modifying them if his generals explained why he should, and then just letting them get on with it. The American president confined himself to only very high level stuff - negotiation with Churchill and Stalin, creating offices to coordinate industry war effort, etc.
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  278. Some utter nonsense in this video. # At 5:10 he says that supplying arms to Britain was a violation of neutrality law. It certainly was not - it was a commercial transaction. The Brits submitted their requisitions and paid their money, going broke doing it. if you think selling arms on a cash basis is an act of war, then you must think that your local gun shop is committing murders. # At 15:58 he says Churchill was concerned (before Pearl Harbour) about Japan. He certainly was not, he was totally focused on the war in Europe. Churchill ignored Australian advice that Japan would attack Singapore and refused to improve its defense. Churchill refused to allocate meaningful weapons to Australia and tried his hardest to deny Australia of its own troops, such that Australia had to send recruits who had done only half their basic training to fight the 4 times bigger Japanese force in New Guinea. # At 16:47 he says Hitler was stupid in declaring war on the USA. But due to the Tripartite Pact and Japan attacking Pearl Harbour, neither Germany nor the USA had any choice - they were then automatically at war anyway. Both declared war on each other simultaneously to clear the air and remove any legal doubt. It is well documented that Hitler did not want war with the USA, and had a fit when he heard about Pearl Harbour. He knew he could win against Britain, but not against the USA. # The narrator says that Roosevelt was always itching to get the US into war. if that is so, how come Churchill in his multi-volume history of WW2 explains at length how he had to cajole, con, nag and trick Roosevelt and the USA for some time to get them in. That includes Churchill nagging Roosevelt into maintaining and keeping crippling trade sanctions against Japan, thus turning Japan into a cornered rat that thought they had no option but to attack. # As for Roosevelt supporting Stalin, he didn't have much option. The USSR made the biggest commitment to the War in Europe and was an essential component in winning as soon as it was. At the end, Stalin had the upper hand. # The narrator denigrates Macarthur leaving the Philippines. Sometimes in war you have to make tough decisions. Sometimes you have let troops die or be captured in order to serve a much greater good. This was one such circumstance. The USA pulled Macarthur, who was essentially retired due age, out of the Philippines in order to meet an Australian Government request for a competent 5-star general (Australian generals were British trained and not up to the job) to take over the defense of Australia and its surrounding seas, and to meet the US's own needs in the war in the Pacific. Macarthur was the only one the USA could spare but he turned out to be very good.
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  279. Dig that crazy B-grade cartoon at the start. Apparently General Stewart had a TV set that warmed up about 10 times faster than any other cold-war era TV set in existence.
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  280. They are still stupid. They need a huge surface area to enclose enough gas to lift very little weight. The huge surface area means a lot of drag, so they need a lot of engine power - yet remain at the mercy of the weather. Hydrogen is no good, because it leaks and seeps out of almost anything, and it has the widest flamability concentration. Helium is very expensive. No other gas has enough lifting ability. Australian billionaire Alan Bond took a fancy to airships, and had a blimp constructed. It never went anywhere commercially, due to the problems of handling in weather and minimal carrying capacity. About the most successful use of blimps was by the British in World War 2. They used tethered blimps to create an air obstacle course and foil German bombers.
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  281. Mike evidently used a pointer to pint to things he is describing. But the pointer is almost entirely not visible on my screen, which makes following his description difficult at times.
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  282.  @allangibson8494  Ah, that name rings a bell. That will be the one shown in the TV show, not a Welland look-alike.
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  283. I laughed at 7:34 when the narrator said a guy was a policeman in Australia, and a photo of a chap in a British police uniform was shown. Those archaic helmets were not used in Australia.
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  284.  @ron25-33  He has the intake air from the compressor, which goes through in considerable quantity, pass between the transparent cylinder and the combustion chamber, before entering the combustion chamber via the holes you see - the intake air thus isolates and cools the transparent cylinder. The cylinder is presumably some sort of Pyrex (borosilicate) glass, which has a low coefficient of expansion and can thus take high temperatures anyway.
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  285.  @davidsellars646  In metric, it's even easier. Steel is 7850 kg per cubic metre, i.e. 7.85 gramme per cc. For a cylindrical shape, take the length in cm, multiply that by the diameter in cm, and multiply that by 0.01937 (0,01937 is pi squared /4 X density of steel i.e., 3.1416^2 / 4 X 0.00785.) For most purposes, you can just multiply length x diameter x 0.02. For aluminum use 0.00344 instead of 0.02. Actually, CAD systems give you the mass automatically as can many digital readout panels with a calculator function.
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  286.  @AC-jk8wq  : What modern American standard? The average male needs 3,000 per day - if he is used to that amount and isn't working hard.. You don't necessarily gain weight more if you eat more. Not all calories are digested and put to use. Faeces have a considerable calorie content. Nomadic tribes living in deserts where there is no wood burn their animal's poo to provide heat for cooking and keeping warm at night. In healthy people, the body sheds what it doesn't need. Water soluble things like vitamins get ejected in urine. Fat soluble things get ejected in poo. This is why elderly people gain weight even if they maintain exercise levels - we progressively loose the ability to excrete what we don't need. Few people need to be concerned about getting fat when they are in their 20's to 50''s. Calories that the body does absorb and process go to maintaining body temperature as well as building fat. If you live in a cold climate you need to eat more. And Russia is a very cold place. We all notice an increase in appetite during winter, and a loss of appetite on hot summer days. Adults typically consume about 1300 calories per day just to maintain body temperature. Muscle at rest needs about 50-60 calories per day per kilogramme to stay healthy. Human brains are enormously energy expensive - needing about 300 calories per day just to stay intact. Being alert and thinking needs more. University students notoriously consume sugary foods.
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  287.  @josega6338  : The pulse jet engines, as devised by the Germans for the V-1, were not self-starting - they required launching from a powerful catapult. It would make the thing too complex and costly anyway. The idea was to have a dirt cheap disposable / one-time use machine that could be used by crews with minimal training.
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  288.  @colinpowell4788  : The V-2 was not a ramjet craft, and not a flying bomb. It was a ballistic missile powered by a rocket engine using alcohol (with water to reduce peak combustion temperature to manageble levels) and oxygen stored in onboard tanks. A ramjet would be useless in a V-2 as it flew far too high to get sufficient atmospheric oxygen, and also useless because the V-2 accelerated from rest on the launch pad under its's own power, which a ramjet cannot do.
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  289.  @williamzk9083  : Presumably you meant Walter Kaaden, who had nothing to do with V-1's or V-2's and barely out of college in WW2. He did his thing on 2-stroke piston engines in 1961, long after World War 2 had ended. I would be surprised if Suzuki used any industrial espionage of German innovation in their 2-stroke engines, as they developed their Posi-drive engines in the 1960's, which were disk valved, forced lubricated, used straight gasoline, and were unique. Perhaps you have come across a Facebook myth.
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  290. @Trollwatch : Interesting. Wood flour could be air-injected as was Diesel's original idea, but would not be a clean fuel. The ash would cause severe wear. I take it that it wasn't based on burning wood in an air-starved external combustor, thereby producing carbon monoxide, which burns cleanly and effectively in a spark-ignition engine? This method is unsuitable for aircraft as the wood combustor was very large - typically the size of a large fridge when supplying a car engine. This method was not unusual in sawmills in the 1920's., and widely used to run cars on wood in Australia during World War 2. Gasoline was tightly rationed and effectively not available for non-work related use. Car owners either bolted the combustor on the back or towed it on a trailer. A trailer was preferable as it gave a longer range and the combustors were often home made and sometimes exploded.
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  291.  @PsRohrbaugh  Submarines have been made with tanks open to the sea at the bottom. Submarine range is limited by how much fuel they can carry, and is never really enough. By venting some fuel tank space to sea, the fuel can be blown out by compressed air, which is nice to have if you have been depth charged and nothing works properly and you are otherwise going to sink to the bottom and die. Having valves instead of just holes is not good as they might seize. Or you can just push out some fuel, pushout some floatable junk via the torpedo tubes, and sneak off, hoping the enemy thinks he has holed you hull and you are finished. Note that submarines have always run on regular diesel fuel, which has a specific gravity of 0.875, less than big ship bunker fuel with SG 0.95. So the chance of mixing due to rough weather is a lot less. I don't think surface ships had fuel tanks open to sea. You may be thinking of the World War 2 construction of British warships, particularly aircraft carriers. These were built with a "third skin" outside the armoured hull. The third skin was open to the sea via vent holes at the bottom. The idea is that enemy torpedoes would be detonated on striking the third shin, and relatively harmlessly blow the water out between the third skin and the hull. The space was never used for fuel.
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  292. Engineering Explained guy didn't explain one fundamental reason why the thermal efficiency and thus fuel consumption is so bad. The reason is this: To maximise the conversion of the fuel burn heat into mechanical energy you need to minimize the flow of heat from the burning gases into the engine metal. To do that you need to minimize the surface area of the combustion space - the theoretical best combustion chamber shape is a sphere. A sphere has the least surface area for a given volume. Of course a true sphere cannot be used as that would mean no piston movement. The conventional short stroke piston engine with a hemi head approximates a spherical combustion space quite well, especially if it is a bowl-in-piston design. The Wankel rotary is very far from a spherical combustion chamber, i.e., has a very large surface area for the given volume. Also, in a conventional piston engine, turbulence can be optimized to ensure a virtually complete burn without excessively sweeping gases over the metal surfaces. That means we can get both mimimum heat flow into metal and minimum emissions (except for NOx). The Wankel has too much gas flow right at the metal surfaces. Turbulence cannot be optimized.
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  293. I wonder what Heaton thinks of Trump now, now that Trump is doing Putin's bidding and enriching his billionaire mates.
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  294.  @rock-t3d2k  With typical glacier ice, entrained rock, whether rock/dirt powder or large boulders, is on the bottom of the glacial thickness, which is typically 300 to 2,000 metres. This bottom layer containing entrained matter soon melts off, so by the time the bergs get near ships, there is no entrained/captured rock. Certainly not the growler ice that were the broken up remains of a glacier berg that hit the Explorer. In any case, any entrained rock dust or small boulders would merely abrade a ship's hull and no hole it, as the ice substrate would not hold it in place against the locallised stress. Note that ice is not a true solid. It is a plastic, this means that anything heavy trapped in it slowly migrates to the bottom. Rock is typically 8 times heavier. Thus the rate at which icebergs loose entrained rocks is faster than the rate of melting would suggest, especially the larger the rock size, since mass goes up faster with size than does surface area. The sculpting of landscape by glaciers took place over millions of years.
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  295. The link you provided is to Flight Dojo's video. Don't take any notice of it. He's confused technical accuracy with operational accuracy and made many other serious errors. Technical accuracy is what an aiming system can do under specified conditions. Operation accuracy is what people actually achieve under operational conditions. The technical accuracy of the Norden was excellent. But, doing all that's needed on an actual run when the enemy is shooting at you, the target is obscured by smoke, and/or the enemy has erected decoy target is something else. It's a bit like trying to make a precise measurement with a vernier caliper. The technical accuracy is 0.01 mm. But could you always get that accuracy while on a lurching truck while I am yelling right in your ear?
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  296. They are gasoline engine trucks. A gasoline engine will start, if its electrics are good, no matter how cold it is - the only thing is, you have to turn it over. At really low temperatures, batteries become ineffective, and oil becomes so thick the starter-motor can't turn the engine over even if the battery can deliver enough current. That's why Caterpillar diesel tractors were made with a little rope-start gasoline engine instead of an electric starter motor. No matter how cold it is, you can always get the gasoline engine started (though I can personally vouch by experience that it can take all one's strength due to the oil). The gasoline engine shares its coolant with the diesel engine, so it warms up the diesel engine. When the diesel engine is warm enough, you can engage the pinion and start it.
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  297. I reckon you got it just right.
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  298. How do you bankrupt someone who is already bankrupt?
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  299.  @Afroman29  You have confused intent with effect. It was perhaps morally right to impose sanctions, as the SA regime was indeed racist and discriminative, but as pointed out, sanctions were counter productive. Russia was indeed wrong to invade Ukraine - an illegal act. But, again, that doesn't mean sanctions will work, and they haven't. Putin has carried on regardless. There is absolutely no sign that Putin will cease his illegal action due to sanctions and every sign that he will continue with the war. The sanctions have made Russia stronger: At the start of the Ukraine war, Russian tanks were fitted with French-made sensor and fire control systems. Now the French systems have been replaced by Russian-made systems built with Chinese parts. Before the sanctions, Russian trade with North Korea was negligible. Now it is significant. Russia is buying lots of arms from North Korea. Russia's trade with China has increased. The Russian car & truck industry was heavily dependent on the West for know-how, machine tools and parts. Since that has been cut-off, Russia has turned to China for expertise and car/truck parts, and their car manufacturing is stronger than ever. Did you not see news reports about Fat Kim visiting Putin, and Putin visiting Fat Kim? Did you not see news reports about Putin and Jinping signing treaties recently? Treaty of Friendship (renewed), Treaties for economic cooperation (several signed last year)? Sure, China SHOULDN'T support Russia. But that certainly does NOT mean they WOULDN'T. They are. It might be morally wrong, but it suits them. There's money in it, and its a case of "up yours" to the USA. Looking at the Ukraine War from the Russian viewpoint, it looks far from disastrous. Sure, vast numbers have been killed and injured on both sides. But looking at how much Ukraine territory is Russian controlled today with how much 2 years ago, not much has changed. Putin is in for the long haul. He can afford to be -Russia has 150 million people, Ukraine only 32 million (counted before many left due to the war). Putin is banking on the West becoming tired of supporting the Ukraine - as soon as that happens, Ukraine is finished. The West is banking on Putin becoming tired first. You should understand the big picture: It probably doesn't matter whether Russia wins or looses in the Ukraine. Either way, Putin will likely wait a bit for military lessons to be learnt, then attack another former Iron Curtin country.
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  300.  @Cj-hy8cy  : Oh, so you can't find a Nehru citation - that figures. We must assume then that no Indian PM said India lost the war. What about Wikipedia? The Wikipedia article on the 1962 war says what I said - the war ended when Chow En Lai withdrew Chinese troops and ended it. You ask me for a citation - well I gave you the key citation - Chow En Lai's letter, which Wikipedia in fact quotes. Sure, the Chinese killed Indians and took some prisoners. That's what military forces do. So what? It doesn't mean they won. Did North Korea win against the USA because they took many prisoners? No, the big picture is that the North were driven back north of the predefined border. They couldn't finish what they started - they achieved nothing - they lost. In World War 2, China and the USSR had the most people killed in action, far more than any other nation that was in WW2. Does that mean they lost? Nope - they were on the winning side in that war. Are you Chinese? You seem to share their penchant for trying to rewrite history, cherry picking minor details. The facts are clear: In October 1962 China started a war in an attempt to seize territory that was defined as Indian in 1914. One month later the Chinese threw in the towel and the border stayed where it was. The Chines achieved nothing - they won a battle or two but lost the war.
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  301.  @ceu160193  Not quite. Cameron's computer modelling expert calculated the stress in the hull when the flooding caused the bow to go below sea level. It was a clear maximum between the 2nd and 3rd funnels ie half way along the length of the ship. Which is almost what common sense would say anyway. They then looked for other evidence in the wreckage and found it - there are nearby piles of junk on the bottom which can be fitted into what remains of the hull -these pieces came from between the 2nd and 3rd funnels. I believe their assessment is correct, but i added a sentence on the opposing view because I am not a relevant expert and so can't be 100% sure.
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  302. Willard, you could not be more wrong, although he became deeply flawed later in life. During World War 2, after the Japanese started the War in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbour, it became apparent that Japan was intending to attack and invade Australia. Since Britain refused to help, failed to use our troops effectively in the War in Europe and North Africa, and essentially pretended the War in the Pacific was of no consequence in order to serve Britain's own ends, and available senior military officers in Australia were not up to the task, our Prime Minister asked the USA to help by send us an experienced capable general to take charge. The USA sent Gen Douglas MacArthur, available as he had been ordered out of the Philippines and was then 62 years old and had retired 4 years previously. He performed brilliantly, preventing by his leadership and strategy the Japanese for getting any closer than they already were, half way across New Guinea. He took command of the US and Australian occupation forces in Japan, sent there to get the country back on its feet after all their cities had been carpet bombed, keep the communists out, and make reforms so that Japan could be an effective modern democracy. Again, he performed brilliantly, and Japan quickly became an economic powerhouse directly because of the reforms MacArthur drove them to make. However, he took charge of US forces in Korea in the Korean War. This didn't go well due to huge assistance given to the North by China. MacArthur wanted to use nukes, and when the US President refused to authorise any nuclear bombs, MacArthur proposed to render the North and part of China uninhabitable by spreading nuclear waste around. In this way, MacArthur, now 71, showed that he had lost the plot, was now a dangerous menace, and the US President had to sack him.
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  303. Taiwan was and is easy to govern as it was/is small, its population is only about 20 million now. Chiang was way too corrupt and inept to run a country as large as mainland China with its vastly bigger population.
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  304. There are some errors in this video. For example, at 1:34 the presenter states that "AN (ie one) (Rolls Royce) engine was sold to the Russians who reverse engineered it.." In fact, a number of Nene engines were sold to the Russians, together with a full set of technical drawings and parts specifications. The Russians did not need to reverse engineer an engine, as it was a full technology transfer contract. Its worth noting that at the time it was reasonable deal to do - Britain was bankrupt and needed all the foreign cash it could get, and the Nene was already obsolete. The Mig-15 the Russian-made Nenes were fitted to was successful not because of having a very good engine, it was because the Mig-15 was a very good aircraft design.
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  305. If so, they are smarter than most adults.
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  306. The key to understanding Churchill is to recognize he was absolutely ruthless. Didn't care a fig how many men died in war - his side or the enemy. Churchill met with Stalin several times to coordinate their forces in World War 2. They got on really well with each other, respected each other, and exchanged many letters. This was because each recognised himself in the other. The only difference was that Churchill was more constrained working within a democracy. Churchill thought of the former British colonies as obligated suppliers of cannon fodder to be used exclusively for the defence of Britain and not to be wasted defending their own lands. Churchill thought of war in terms of punishing the enemy's people, whereas the American saw war in terms of strategically wrecking the enemy's ability to fight.
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  307. In really cold conditions, multigrade oils aren't much better than traditional oils. If you plot viscosity versus temperature on a log-of-log chart, mineral oils are a straight line. A multigrade oil such as 10W-30 follows the 10 SAE line beyond a low temperature limit, and the 30 SAE line above a high temperature limit, and have a gradual transition between the two limits. So at really low temperatures, 10W30 just behaves as 30 SAE oil and gets thicker.
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  308.  @causewaykayak ; Yes, I have noticed that in BBC shows repeated on YouTube. For example, on a prgramme about nuclear power, without actually saying so, they implied that power stations operate teeter-totter and can explode like a nuclear bomb. In fact they can melt down, but they cannot explode.
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  309.  @obelic71  : You are not wrong re political interference. The Brabazon prototype reportedly flew quite well but it was an aircraft that no airline wanted, due to it being specified by an incompetent government committee led by politician Lord Brabazon who thought air travel was only for the rich and famous who would pay lots of money for luxury and privilige. All governments must appoint committees from time to time to solve problems or recommend decisions, as elected politicians cannot be everywhere and cannot know everything. But post-war British governments seem to have excelled in appointing unnecessary committees (eg Brabazon - the aircraft makers if left to themselves would no doubt had focused on actual market needs as you alluded to) or stuffing committees with people least likely to understand the issues. However, I disagree that British aircraft engineering was world class. Pre-war aircraft were simple and not very large, so British firms could keep up. But during the war, the US developed advanced very large transports and bombers and this experience and funding gave them immense advantages that only very large firms could leverage. The Comet turned out to be a disaster due to bad design and engineering by an incompetent team, pure and simple. They were like an ordinary nurse suddenly taking on brain surgery. It wasn't a disaster because it was the first jet airliner, it wasn't really a disaster due to bringing to market in haste (though a bit less haste might have helped), it was a disaster because multiple fatal defects were built in from the start through sheer ignorance.
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  310.  @singendertanz5075  I might have used a three-bolt mounting, but Kurtis has some experience and he has his mate check out designs in CAD. If it does resonate, its easily fixed with one or 2 internal braces. Let's wait and see how it goes. I'm more concerned he's going to well exceed the safe speed of grinding wheels.
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  311. I was hoping it would explain the really stupid aspects of the USA - like how come they think that the way to reduce the number of gun murders is by having more guns, or why they won't use the metric system. Or why they think that trade sanctions against other countries will work when it never has. Or why they think that you must be either agreeing with them 100% or are disagreeing 100%.
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  312.  @bigdave6447  : You've missed the point. He's just testing, having the cut easily seen, and no doubt doesn't want to waste too much material or too much time. Later, he's used it on an actual job to machine out some huge long cylinder on which a 2" dia bar couldn't do the job.
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  313. This film presents a very American view of China and surrounding countries. What it conveniently omits is why there was North Korea and South Korea in the first place, because if Korea had not been divided, there would have been no Korean War. And if the US had left the Vietnamese to their own devices, there would have been no protracted Vietnam War. Korea was arbitrarily divided in two by the evil stupid Mountbatten, who thought that the West would look after and control South Korea, and the West's ally Chiang Kai-shek would look after and control the North. Mountbatten didn't foresee the obvious - the communist but willy Mao, backed by the Russians, would rapidly prevail over the much less competent and much more corrupt Chiang Kai-shek. Which inevitably led to the North Koreans trying to take over the South, the US coming in to aid the South, and the Chinese then coming in to aid the North - Mao felt obliged to lend a hand.
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  314.  @erickrobertson7089  : You are pretty right on Vietnam - the US did indeed had no understanding of the situation. Essentially, the Vietnamese were by then pretty fed up with foreigners trying to run their country, and just wanted them all gone. They were prepared to to go to any lengths to get the foreigners out. What I find hard to understand was why the US put Gen Westmoreland in charge - who promptly lived up to his reputation within the US military as an incompetent "rock painter". Was it just some sort of game in which the US WANTED to loose? One can assign various practical aspects as to why the US lost the Vietnam War (lack of political understanding, no attempt to properly encript comms, McNamara's Morons, corruption, etc) but the prime cause was Westmoreland's incompetence. The US in acting as a sort of international policeman often made things worse, due to their culture preventing them from understanding what actually goes on. My motivation in posting was in part to show that Vietnam was an example of this. My main motivation was to remind people of something that this American film does not mention: The Korean War resulted from decisions imposed on them by the West, and Mountbatten in particular. As an expedient, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman divided the world involved in the WW2 into 2 - a part to be controlled by the US (and Britain) and a part to be controlled by the USSR. That was not ideal, but would not necessarily have led to any subsequent war. However, they left it to Mountbatten to divide Indochina. The idiot decided to divide countries up. He split Vietnam along line somewhat naturally along North/hill tribe and South/urban lines. He also split Korea into 2. If he had not done that, there would have been no Korean War. He spilt Korea into 2 because he thought that North Korea could be looked after by Chiang Kai Shev, reducing the burden on the West. Korea was never intended by the West or Mountbatten to be communist, but that should have been an issue for the Koreans. Naturally the USSR and China - especially China were keen so see it go communist, and took political and practical advantage of the split created by Mountbatten.
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  315.  @JBigjake  : It would be bad form to just slag without any factual basis, but my comments about him were factual.
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  316. Did the script writer make this nonsense up as he went along? Dropping bombs on the USSR? Nope, they were not at war with the Soviets Needing a twin tail for low altitude flying? Nope - there is only one reason for twin or triple tails - reducing the height of hangars. Using it as 300-troop invasion transport? Nope - to invade the USA they would need somewhere around a million paratroopers - so 3,000 planes - no possible way could Japan make that many. The G10N only existed on paper as a concept and was just the head honcho of Nakajima smoking too much weed. Flying over thousands of miles of enemy territory, it would be shot down and never reach target. In any case, 3000 planes would require 18,000 engines imported from Germany - fat chance of that happening. The narrator claimed this plane could have worked with wartime German jet engine technology. That's pure fantasy. The German jeet engines consumed far far too much fuel, and couldn't last the duration of an intercontinental flight anyway.
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  317. Souds like a relatively minor reason why the royal family should be abolished. But that is never going to happen unless Britain has a civil war or is conquered by another country, because the reigning monarch has the right to see and have changed any bill that might affect him/her BEFORE it is presented to Parliament, and no new law is law unless the monarch signs it.
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  318. Wasn't the Titanic taken south of its planned course in order to avoid an iceberg field reported by other ships? The iceberg it collided with was further south than expected, though there were a more up to date report from another ships. If Titanic deviated from its planned course, that clearly establishes that they were not trying to arrive early in defiance to prudence.
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  319. Elon is not a good speaker is he? He should go get some coaching.
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  320. Putin drained? Unlikely. He would have been kept informed of developments and probably knew what would happen before the actual fighters knew themselves.
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  321. This video isn't very accurate and contains errors. 1. He says old patents are in the public domain. He doesn't know what a patent is. The whole idea of a patent is that it is in the public domain from the date it is granted by the patent authority. That's so the patent owner has exclusive manufacturing rights for a limited time but all other makers know about it and can devise advancements on it. As soon as a patent is granted, anybody in the world can purchase a printed copy or download it for free. 2. Ryobi is not owned by TTI. It is a Japanese company making stuff in Japan. However, TTI has purchased the right to use the Ryobi name in certain (not all) countries. 3. His definition of OEM is inaccurate. An OEM is a manufacturer chosen by another manufacturer to supply parts for something the second one makes. For example, Mercedes buys fuel systems for the cars it makes from Bosch - Bosch is the OEM of fuel systems in Merc cars. Note that TTI China is unrelated to TTI the American electronic parts companay.
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  322.  @foraustralia2558  : Very true. And a lot cheaper too.
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  323.  @CableWrestler  No, they most certainly DO NOT, as any competent electronics engineer or technician knows.. In a vacuum, electrons can be accelerated by an electric field. Since they have mass, Einstein's E = MC^2 applies - the closer you get them to the speed of light, the greater their effective mass becomes. An electron velocity of the speed of light cannot be attained as then their effective mass would be infinite, requiring an infinite force to achieve. The highest practical speeds are obtained in vacuum devices such as X-ray tubes, where extraordinary voltages are required, hundreds of kilovolts, resulting in speeds a small fraction of the speed of light. In ordinary metallic conductors, where the voltages are small (a few millivolts/inch at most), electron speeds are tiny - a tiny fraction of an inch per second. In semiconductors such as silicon, electron velocity is typically about 1000 times faster, this is still a very tiny tiny fraction of the speed of light. The advent of radio electron tubes (what the British call valves), where electrons are accelerated in a vacuum, and strike a metallic plate called the anode is how electron mass was measured for the first time. Due to their mass, they have kinetic energy, and this energy is converted to heat in the anode, which can be accurately measured. The quantity of electrons is precisely known from the current, and their acceleration known from the anode voltage.
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  324. At 4:58 Mike says R Diesel's new engine got rid of the sparkplugs. Who cares about sparkplugs? What is good about a diesel engine is that it is about double the efficiency of a gasoline engine, ie half the fuel consumption. And it can run on poor quality fuel. Mike also claimed the diesel can run on liquid fuel and doesn't need bulky dirty coal. That's true. But steamships can run on oil too, and after WW1 most did.
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  325.  @aslamnurfikri7640  : That's an old urban myth. Power is torque multiplied by RPM. so if you have an engine that develops a certain power at a certain RPM, that means a certain torque - it matters not whether the engine is diesel, gasoline, steam, or whatever. You see diesels on heavy machinery, trucks and commercial vehicles of all kinds not because of torque, it is purely because they have half the fuel consumption of gasoline engines, and fuel is the biggest cost.
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  326. The officers "quickly decentralized her". What a weird term for wrestling her to the ground. Her brain is so fried on drugs of whatever sort you can barely tell what she is saying.
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  327.  @malcolmmarzo2461  Yes, kerosene. Definitely not diesel fuel, which is intended for compression ignition and a disaster in a spark ignition engine. Kerosene is cheaper fuel to make than gasoline, which is why aircraft jet engines run on kerosene. But kerosene was rendered obsolete for tractors in the early 1950's when high speed diesel engines such as the Perkins became available. Diesel engines use less than half the fuel of kerosene engines, completely changing the economics.
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  328.  @mikeworkman3593  : Cat had been promising dealers a big C-series to replace the 35xx series, including one to compete with MTU's biggest high speed engine (50% more power than the 3516), but it was delayed several years because Cat had supply chain problems. The C175 finally appeared 2008/9 and was common rail, not HUEI.
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  329.  @mikeworkman3593  : Early 3516's were MUEI but they were before my time in the engine business. All the 3516's I dealt with were HUEI and they were good reliable engines but subject to minor oil leaks. If the engine was low idled for a while, it couldn't maintain proper head temperature and thus would fail emission specs, so the engine management computer would completely shut down fuel to half the cylinders, making it sound as though it was running very slow. Which it wasn't as the cylinders fired got a double charge of fuel to keep the temperature and RPM up. After a while it would fire all 16 cylinders then shut down the other half of the cylinders, alternating for as long as it was idled. Customers didn't like that feature, so to keep the peace there was a secret way to disable it via the CANbus. The power output of a 3516 was far from the biggest engine Cat could make either. But the bigger ones were medium speed (3608, 3616, etc) and low speed (monstrous cargo ship propulsion as big as you like). From memory the largest high speed (ie 1500 to 2100 RPM on load) engines from MTU before I retired were the V4000 series - about 50% larger than a 3516. The MTU engines of still greater power output were medium speed (circa 1100 RPM) and low speed which Cat could always compete with. MTU 8000 V20 would be 1100 RPM. The 3516 (and 3520) were in continuous production. Larger engines from Cat were built to order. I assume the same applied to MTU's competitive engines.
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  330. Part of the reason why there is an SS is the same reason why some filthy rich business men and the odd movie star surround themselves with flunkies in dark suits. It's a status thing - it says "I'm filthy rich and can afford flunkies unlike you peasants" and it helps them actually feel more important. US presidents seem to find having body guards and motorcades important, it's not all about protecting them from being shot at. Other major nations in the world don't seem to need an SS, except for the ones led by a dictator. Its why the US President has marines standing to attention about the place - its just a badge of status. Same as old time kings wearing a crown. When US presidents come here to Australia, they bring the US Secret Service and all the specially built limousines with them and request motorcycle outriders, and totally disrupt traffic. It is quite unnecessary on security grounds - our own political leaders don't bother with it and just go about in a chauffer driven Ford Fairlane. Of course, in the USA there is a need for some protection, since the USA has such a big population, so there are lots of nutters - as Trump having his ear shot demonstrates. And the US stupidly allows anyone and everyone to own a gun for no good reason - the only developed nation in the world to do so.
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  331. ​ @joanseiler9236  The lack of facial expression is not due to Parkinson's Disease, it is caused by the traditional treatment for Parkinson's, a drug called L-Dopa. My mother was misdiagnosed with Parkison's and put on L-Dopa. She ended up with no facial expression, but when they realised her dementia was caused by something else they took her off L--Dopa and her facial expression came back. My cousin's husband developed Parkinson's - had all the symptoms - weak voice, shakes, muscle weakness, etc. But he was given a more modern drug and never lost his facial expression.
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  332. This video repeats a common misconception, and completely misses a most important aspect of the Spitfire's wing design. 1. Misconception about who designed the Spitfire: This video states that R J Mitchel designed the Spitfire, a very common misconception that began with wartime British propaganda. Mitchell was dead from cancer by the time the propaganda came out, so there was no longer any issue with making him a target for German agents. Mitchell was, at the time the Spitfire was being designed, Supermarine's Technical Director - a managerial and engineering guidance position, involved in hiring, monitoring, and firing technical/engineering people. Calling Mitchell the Spitfire designer is like saying the hospital director of surgery did your appendix operation, which was actually done by the abdominal specialist surgeon, backed by an anesthetist and theatre nurses. And the director probably never even saw you. The principal designers of the Spitfire was B S Shenstone, an aerodynamicist who designed the shape of the Spitfire and its wings, and R Smith & A Faddy who were responsible for structural design. The design and engineering of even a simple WW2 fighter involved a lot of drawing and calculation - over 200,000 hours went into designing the Spitfire - that is about equal to an average man's entire working life. Shenstone, Smith, & Faddy had dozens of people working under their direction on the Spitfire. Clearly, one man, whether Mitchell or Superman, cannot have done it all. Mitchell was like a hospital director - he was responsible for hiring the right people to get the job done, and monitoring their progress to ensure it got done. 2. The virtue of the Spitfire wing: In an aircraft intended for dogfighting, it is essential that the pilot know just what its limits are, so he can fly it right to the limit. It's no good is stalls happen suddenly without any warning. In turns a sudden stall will kill you, so the only option the pilot has is to not fly near the stall limit. The Spitfire had a graduated stall that by a "mushy" feeling gave the pilot warning he was at the limit. If controls felt firm he knew with 100% confidence he was safe. The Spitfire remained fully controllable in a stall. This was due to the design of the wing and the way the fuselage was faired into the wing. The wing changes from one aerodynamic shape (cross section) to another as you move outward along the wing, and the wing has a slight twist. These features meant the wing begins a stall at a specific location (just where Shenstone designed it to be), and not in front of control surfaces, and unless the pilot is stupid, the stall does not spread from the intended area. A stall means turbulent air - turbulent air over control surfaces means loss of control. This stall characteristic is so important in letting a pilot fly with 100% confidence right to the aircraft's limits, Shenstone actually sacrificed a little bit of performance to achieve that safety. Incidentally, to any problem there is usually more than one solution. So it is with designing wings with safe stalling characteristics. The double elliptic design with a slight twist is not the only way, that's why you don't see many elliptic wing airplanes. In many airliners, the stall is confined by means of stall fences, for example. Probably a key reason why the Spitfire had twisted elliptic wings, is that it was a solution learned by Shenstone when he worked for German aircraft companies before he went to Britain and was hired by Mitchell. The claim is this video that the forward biased elliptic design permitted a straight main spar at the point of maximum lift is clearly nonsense. An infinite number of elliptic and non-elliptic shapes can give centre of lift along a straight line.
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  333. If I was The Boss, faced with a disgusting drug addict whose "medical issues" were of his own making, as Eden at that time was, I would stand judgment and not show sympathy too. As I in fact did when a guy on my team at work got himself addicted and his performance went downhill. I gave him an ultimatum - get off the drugs, you fool, or I'll sack you. It worked - he did give the drugs up and returned to being a valued worker. Sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind. At the time he reckoned I was the biggest prick, but later thanked me for making things clear. Eden at the time depicted was 59 - not particularly old. Certainly not elderly.
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  334. ​ @RobertJarecki  The MG TC was a niche market thing. The Jaguar XK120 open top featured in this old film only sold about 1700 cars - that's a total for all markets, 4 years sales. 1,700 cars is negligible. The only reason it sold at all was because it had a high top speed - 120 MPH claimed. The US car production in 1950 was 8,000,000 cars. The most up to date car in the film, the Morris Minor, sold 130,000 cars in 1950. Jaguar didn't sell well in the USA until the Mark 1, released in 1955, with styling very different to typical US cars, but quite new and quite good. RR has always sold very small numbers in the US due to it being a statement - "Look - I'm filthy rich. I'm got pots of cash to waste." In 1950 Cadillac sold about 100,000 cars. It was a much better car - better styling, better finish, better handling, better mechanically. The entire production of Rolls Royce in 1950 was only 2238 cars, so the sales in the USA must have been just about negligible. If RR had post war styling it could have sold much better. But better styling would have needed a lower radiator height, and that old F-head Rolls engine needed a stupendous amount of cooling. Eventually Rolls Royce obtained a Cadillac V8 OHV engine and copied it, production beginning 1959 - and that let them finally use modern styling and sell well.
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  335. This video contains a somewhat bizarre advertisement for some US gold trader company, mixed with promoting Donald Trump, beginning at 4:28 and ending at 5:39. Forgotten History, if you keep promoting Trump, you are going to loose viewers. YouTube has an international reach. I am well aware that Teflon Trump has a significant fan base within the USA, but those of us in other countries consider him an idiot, who has no idea how to manage international affairs and absolutely no idea how to make America great again. Here in Australia, we recognised what Trump is straight away, because we have our own version in Clive Palmer - another overweight non too bright but rich self-serving dodgy businessman who ran for office. But we didn't vote him in, we are not that silly.
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  336.  @alankemp1970  : You do some research. EV simply does not scale for distance. It does for payload but not for distance. Those Volvo trucks are good for city deliveries only, such as Just-In-time delivery of grocery lines from warehouse to nearby retail shops. It is potentially a worthwhile market but only a small part of the trucking total. I worked for a while for a truck engine dealer. Because of Australia's long distances between centres of population, i was involved in modifying diesel engines with extra oil filters, supplementary oil storage, etc, to triple the service intervals - so truckies could make one decent round trip without the down time of servicing. There is no way an EV can compete with that.
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  337. Nat Semi's analogue chips were great because they were designed by Bob Dobkin, Bob Widlar, and Bob Pease - all clear thinking brilliant men. When Nat Semi turned to things like calculators and microprocessors, these guys were not involved, and the resulting products were junk. For example their calculators were Reverse Polish stack entry, same as the earlier brilliant and very successful Hewlett-Packard calculators. But HP had done a study which showed that a stack level of 4 covered just about any calculation you would want to do. But Nat Semi calculators had only a three-level stack, which made them useless. Another example: Nat Semi brought out a microprocessor, the NSC800, that was in hardware a CMOS Intel 8085 but with a Zilog Z80 instruction set. Brilliant idea - low power, cheaper printed circuit board needed, and the Z80 instruction set was far more powerful than Intel's. But Nat Semi omitted the 8085's serial data ports. Dumb. It meant no-one wanted it. And the main advantage of the 8085 came with using the combined memory/port chips, which Nat Semi couldn't supply. And there was no second source, so nobody risked the NSC800.
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  338.  @biggpicture2930  : Historically, it has been true that the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) has considerable difficulty getting enough people to crew subs. This is partly because it is a very small navy whose vessels mainly stay in port. Compare: The USA (population 333 million) has 628,000 people serving in the USN; Australia (population 26 million) has 15,300 serving in the RAN. To have the same ratio and crew readiness as the USN Australia would need 49,000 serving. Also partly due to low pay and a culture that ignores safety, and probably exacerbated by the Collins subs being duds. Why does Australia have such a small navy? Partly because as a non-manufacturing country it does not have the tax revenue to support a bigger navy, and partly because the government continually makes really stupid purchasing decisions. Also the RAN keeps insisting on customising everything they buy instead of buying standard models off the shelf, thus getting less hardware for more dollars spent. A friend of mine drooled over a new Rover luxury car and bought it. He then discovered he could not afford the gasoline and servicing costs, so he didn't drive it much. The RAN has the same mentality.
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  339. A minor error by Mike: He said the engines were diesels started with petrol. Actually, the design called for compressed air starting, as was common with marine diesels. However the compressed air system was not going to delivered in time for the scheduled flight, so they fitted a small "pony" engine to start each propulsion engine, just as a small 2-cyl engine was used to start Caterpillar tractor engines prior to the 1970's. An electric starter motor system as used in cars, adequate to start the diesels at altitude, would have been much heavier. As with the Caterpillar, the small pony engine was a gasoline unit. Had the R101 not crashed, when the compressed air starting system arrived, the gasoline pony engines would have been removed. Mike erred in using a DC3 as yardstick. The DC3 first flew 6 years after the R101 - due to rapid progress in aircraft technology, really a different era.
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  340. Now I've seen just about everything bad. What a dopey time-wasting inaccurate way to mount the gear blanks for milling! If you can't make a mandrel of correct diameter for the job, shim the shaft you have with cooking foil or even paper. That takes only a minute or 2 and then the gear is accurately centred. Hear that hum during turning the blanks? That's tool chattering due to an incorrectly ground tool, and/or wrong speed, or possibly a ruined spindle bearing. It should be corrected immediately. The interesting thing is - the operator seems to know he's doing something wrong, but can't figure out what, or is just lazy and carries on anyway. The milling cutter is cutting on only some teeth - you can hear it. Not surprising if they "sharpen" them by freehand grinding, but it may be the mandrel is bent. You can see the blank rocking as the teeth are cut - not surprising given the way they treat their tools. The old man seems to have little to do with it, other than displaying the finished product and cleaning the swarf out of the job. Perhaps he's someone's grandfather who has been found a job.
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  341. There are other reasons too. A large museum not too far from where I live caught fire. Everything was lost. If the items, mostly donated, had remained dispersed in private collections, most of them would still exist.
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  342. Poor crocodiles. Can't a guy get some sun in peace? I should bite some runt's leg off, but I am too sleepy.
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  343.  @PJRayment  It you look at Australia's oldest government buildings, it is remarkable how well built they are, yet were designed and constructed by convicts. Convict architects designed them, convict stone masons built the stone work, convict carpenters built the roof trusses, etc. The reason is that the British didn't just randomly pluck people out of their jails and send them to Australia. They picked out people who had useful qualifications and had only committed fairly minor crimes due to falling on hard times when there was no unemployment pension. The First Fleet included quite a number of convict carpenters, blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, bricklayers - trades that would be immediately needed in the new colony. Not after the invasion, with the invasion.
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  344.  @DaBoomDude  Yes, they stopped mass producing them in 1986, then restarted making small numbers 10 years later. They are a good aeroplane for farmers and cattle ranchers, but for hobby flyers they were priced out of the market by ultra lights and other competition.
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  345.  @tonylam-u1t  Indeed, the FAA has no jurisdiction in Australia (obviously), however Australia's equivalent, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) uses the same terminology - we have STC's in Australia too.
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  346.  @tonylam-u1t  Re your post beginning "When you said the engines "...." - on fuel tolerance and knocking - true. Although in Australia there are still plenty of old cars still in use that have no engine management computer and require 98 octane. And, hilariously, there are enough ning-nongs who own modern cars and think that getting an extra 1% power is actually worth the cost to make it worthwhile selling 95 or 98 octane. And apparently, it is a common misconception that higher octane rating means higher quality. The marketing by some fuel companies includes hints that support this misconception. I bought a cheap Chinese-made portable generator. I was surprised and annoyed to discover it needs 98 octane fuel. Pinging is quite noticeable on 91 octane fuel. There is no way to adjust the ignition timing - it is what it is. Incidentally, gasoline marketing in Australia is a funny thing. There are only two refineries, and each of several brands get their gasoline from those two refineries. Each claims its gasoline has some exclusive magic additive, but it really doesn't matter what big sign is on the service station - BP, Caltex, Shell, Ampol etc - it's the exact same juice every time. Until recently BP operated a refinery in WA, and ALL service stations in that State, regardless of branding, got their gasoline from that refinery. There are a couple of independent minor brands who import gasoline from whichever Asian country supplier gives them a good deal from time to time.
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  347.  @tonylam-u1t  Incidentally, some people make more of pre-ignition and valve seat wear from not having lead than is warranted. In Australia prior to the first phase of emissions regulations in 1974, and when retail gasoline had tetraethyl lead and thus coloured red, and most cars were intended to run on 98 octane, there was another kind of gasoline used - government pool gasoline. This was just the same as normal leaded gasoline, but made to a government specification that omitted tetraethyl lead. Supplied by BP or Caltex, it was dyed yellow so you could tell if some guy was running his own car on stolen fuel. I don't know the octane rating as it was not published, but it was probably about 85 - 90. All cars and light trucks owned by government departments ran on it unless based in small rural towns. Some manufacturers, eg Ford, supplied the government with a special low compression head on the engines and they ran perfectly fine. Some GM (known as GM-H in Australia) engines were fitted with two head gaskets to lower the compression a bit, and they were timed differently. Mechanics would forget and set the timing as per the standard engine and these engines would then ping (pre-ignite) a lot on acceleration. When the Holden (GM-H equivalent to Chevy) EK model came out, it had a higher compression bored out version (138 ci) of the engine they had been using - a 132 ci derivative of the old Stovebolt. For government cars they continued to supply the old engine, as it ran fine on pool gasoline and the new engine pinged. Or maybe the government just wanted the small engine and GM-H had some left. Did engines that were run on pool gasoline wear out faster or suffer valve seat problems? Well, no, they didn't. They lasted about as long as the same engines ran on leaded gasoline. A work colleague had a vintage Fiat car. I once asked him if he used the additive to prevent valve seat wear. He said no, his Fiat was designed to run on the cheapest grade Italian gasoline, which was not leaded. At one stage I bought at a government auction a used Holden EK Special that had been a chauferred car. It had, consequently, the low compression low capacity 132 motor and the GM 2-speed auto transmission (same as the Powerglide in the US). It had 100, 000 miles on the clock, was in perfect condition, and ran real sweet. But it sure was gutless.
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  348.  @tonylam-u1t  The difference in rocker height from installing two head gaskets is well within tappet adjustment range. When GM-H increased the bore and compression in about 1960, the increase in compression was achieved by shaving off a few more millimetres from the interface surface - more than a head gasket's thickness. The same part number push rods were retained. A common cheap way to hot up the earlier engine was to fit a head meant for the later engine - you don't have to change anything else. If you buy the later but worn out or damaged engine from the wreckers you get another carby and usually the head is good. Higher compression and twin carbies make for a car nice to drive. The red colour in red gasoline comes from tetraethyl lead. Perfectly good in any gasoline engine but not permitted to be sold in service stations around the World. Australian farmers get their fuel free of excise too, as do mining companies. But they must buy from outlets that cater for them. At one time farmers could get fuel from a service station and then claim a rebate, but I think that was abolished. What is a tappet? A pet dog that makes a tapping noise by hitting the floor wagging his tail while lying on it.
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  349. this may be a dumb question, but how do you know there isn't rust pits on the inside of these booms?
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  350. Minibus inspired by the VW Kombi? It looks more like the English Commer van.
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  351. The pilot in this case was clearly a ningnong that should not have been flying. Why was he flying? - that is the key question here, apparently not addressed by the incident investigation. In 60 years of working life, some of it in big companies, some in small, I have learn this: sometimes ningnongs somehow get employed or promoted beyond their competence, sometime well beyond. It happens. It happens because some favour got done, the guy provided a bulldust CV and they didn't check it, lots of reasons. It doesn't tell me the guy is or was mad - just incompetent, and got away with it until an incident requiring competence occurred. In whatever field we are in, we have all had incompetent teachers. If we are honest lots of us have experienced situations where we did not have the courage to report incompetence in more senior people - such reports usually aren't believed anyway, and they shoot the messenger. Having said all that, I am surprised at what the investigation report said and didn't say. I'm not a pilot, but my background is in another field (electric power generation) where mistakes can kill and/or cost a vast amount of money. I have participated in formal investigations and I have chaired formal investigations. The rule we follow is this: if an incident has occurred, the possible reasons include, and only include:- Deficiency in operating manual(s) Deficiency in training Deficiency in staff recruitment/selection Deficiency in performance monitoring Deficiency in machinery. Thus an investigation report should request the company (and manufacturer if applicable) to have corrective action along these four specific lines. It is no good just blaming the pilot and asking that he be psychiatrically checked, though that may be applicable. If just that is done, then the real problem, manuals, training, selection, monitoring, or machinery (presumably selection in this case) remains, and sooner or later another ningnong will cause another incident. I recall the accidents of the Comet 1, where at first they just blamed the pilots. Only in later investigations did it come to light that all the Comet 1 accidents were almost certainly due to faulty aircraft design and people died needlessly. This led to changes in how airliner accidents get investigated in Britain. somebody has done a wrong thing, or neglected to to do a required thing, the possible reasons include, and only include:- Deficiency in operating manual(s) I would be interested in comments from Mentour Pilot or anybody else from the airline industry on the relevance or otherwise of the above.
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  352. That rounded leg style is standard around the world for these types of 3-phase transformers used by power companies - has been since there have been power companies.
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  353. It could be because they are stuck with it. In British law, all bills that affect the King/Queen, before they are presented to Parliament, must be submitted to the King/Queen, who can request changes. Any bill that abolishes the monarchy is likely to be blocked by the reigning king or queen. Any bill that passes Parliament is not law until the King/Queen signs his/her assent.
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  354.  @bradjohnston8193  : Snipe is actually correct, except for a minor error in floppy size. 1. IBM's German subsidiary DEHOMAG (Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen company) leased punched card equipment and supplied cards to the Nazi government, for the purpose of processing census data, identify jews & others considered undesirable, and track them through deportation and into the concentration camps. DEHOMAG had a monopoly on punch cards and punch card equipment in Germany at the time. 2. Most IBM System 1's used the standard 8 inch floppy disk, however they could also be had for a short time with the Model 341 drive which used 4 inch floppies. These 4 inch floppies were unique to IBM and were a commercial failure and so are not well known.
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  355. I think this is just another bit of nonsense repeated in the video, which is full of errors. These are the facts:- #1, Briain was not metric. For civilian equipment they had stardardised on Whitworth and British Association '(BA). However, experience had taught both the American and British military that the differing standards was right pain in the neck, so by agreement prior to WW2 they both standardised on UNified threads - UNC, UNF, UNEF. These threads became universal in the USA after the war, but Briatin being Britain, reverted back to Whitworth and BA after the War.
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  356.  @Rangefinder02  ; Because this story is fake news. For military equipment, both sides had standardised on unified threads, UNC (coarse thread applications), UNF (fine thread applications), and UNEF (screw - on connectors etc)
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  357. At 0.43 Petter explains that aircraft accident/incident investigations are NEVER about pointing the finger of blame at someone, they are about identifying procedures and systems to reduce the probability of incidents/accidents. This is very important point - if you just blame the person who made a mistake, you have not improved safety, as sooner or later someone else will make the same mistake. Worse, finding someone to blame and sanction may make the investigator feel his job is done, and the process or system fault is left uncovered. Also, witnesses are inhibited from giving a true testimony if they figure it's all about punishing someone. Most witnesses, if they are convinced it is about improving safety, will do the right thing and be and objective and accurate. I have chaired formal incident investigations (not in the airline industry). It sometimes happens though that an incident uncovers someone who is incompetent. As far as the formal investigation is concerned, that is NOT the end of the matter. We look at the company's recruitment, promotion, check-out, and training processes to uncover why an incompetent person was employed in that job. And we share how those processes can and should be improved. But the company then has two things to do: 1) fix their deficient process; and 2) work out what to do with the chap who is incompetent. Maybe he just needs a bit more supervision or training, but sometimes no amount of oversight or training will sufficiently improve him - he's just not up to the job. The words you write in the investigation report may well have a large bearing on that. You need to be careful on what you write. It can be very difficult. In the case of this video, I feel sorry for the lady First Officer. Looks like she made a very human mistake that could have been serious.
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  358.  @mechanicd7562  : Only if they found a really HUGE burned out transformer. A burned out ordinary size transformer would not need cutting up - the laminations are already cut. No, they are doing a shonky - cutting up ordinary passivated mild steel sheet meant for making boxes, cabinets, and the like. Its a lot cheaper and more readily available. It would be far more profitable to rewind a burned out transformer to suit its original application anyway.
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  359.  @mechanicd7562  : I assume you mean heat, not head. I don't think eddy currents will be a problem - the sheets look thin enough. But the magnetic properties of ordinary steel are not very good. Saturation will occur at lower turns per volt, and hysteresis will be much higher, forcing them to use more turns - which in turn mandates using a larger core and/or having more copper loss.
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  360.  @tachikomakusanagi3744  : I should also point out that offsetting the engine/propeller from the aerodynamic centre line as with the BV141 is also a workaround - it's just another form of (fixed) trimming and also drag inducing. The gyroscopic forces of the propeller and its circular airflow impact are still there. The main reason, and very probably the only real reason, for this design is the exceptional aircrew visibility compared to the conventional single engine in front design, while avoiding the yaw instability and fire risks of an engine/prop in the rear configuration, which is the other single engine solution to the visibility problem.
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  361.  @ec7005  : You are essentially correct. There are two bad aspects of propellers: 1) Gyroscopic effects which make an aeroplane turn differently in one direction than the other, and 2) imparting a rotation to the airflow, affecting trim and wasting energy. There are two solutions: a) pairs of contrarotating props, and b) reduce the propeller diameter. To handle the same power, if you reduce diameter, you must add more blades. If you want to handle more power, and not increase the bad aspects, add more blades. That, and the avoidance of longer undercarriage and reduced engine RPM that would be needed if diameter was increased, was why the later versions of the Spitfire, with progressively upgraded engine power, had more blades - starting with the standard 3, progressing to 5, and finally having 2 x 5 in contra-rotation. A heavy bomber, with (say) 4 engines is really an example of having lots of small diameter propeller blades for the power level. That is one reason why Bill Halliwell in his second post is really getting bizarre in suggesting that the BV141 configuration is good for bombers. (what about the lateral weight shift when dropping a bomb - urrghhh) He has a non-solution to a problem that didn't exist. (The reason why the B17 could not carry large bombs was not due to aerodynamic limitations - it was due to the bomb-bay shape used because the designers did not anticipate the advent of large bombs. Neither did the Lancaster designers, but they fortuitously used a longer shape and the British were prepared to seriously overload their aircraft and wear the resulting take-off failures and accidents) A jet engine carries the idea of lots of small diameter blades to an extreme. And the presence of the static blades kills the rotational airflow. So, yes, you are right - the trim effects (already insignificant in multi-engine aircraft anyway) are practically non-existent with jets. Even with high-bypass jets, which are essentially an engine-driven fan in a short pipe. People have incorrectly latched on the trim aspects of the BV141 as a virtue, but the reason for it was to get great visibility with only one engine, not the trim aspects. The trim aspects of the offset engine were not a virtue - the designer's point was that they were not bad as a lay person might think.
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  362.  @TerryWhisk  : What? After raging all this time? I just love Bill Halliwell's nonsense. For example, he wrote " many downsides of the US trying, desperately, to catch up to RAF". He must live in a parallel universe. Australia's RAAF pilots in WW2 were first exposed to British aircraft, then because British industry couldn't deliver, American aircraft. The US aircraft were a revelation in terms of ease of flying, reliability, and ease of maintenance. Even Churchill, in his history of WW2 6-volume set, describes how sending British fighter aircraft to North Africa involves having highly skilled mechanics work on them for a week or more after arrival before they were flyable. This was a disappointment, because, because American fighters came in special crates and took about half a day to assemble by comparatively less trained men. The fact was: Britain was a fairly small country (~40 million), not particularly rich, and so didn't have the resources to produce really good military aircraft, or anything else, eg tanks (the Spitfire was to some extent and exception: luck, as a couple of brilliant men worked on it, and business opportunity - engine knowhow was exchanged for wing design methods with Germany on a commercial basis, before the War. When Hitler came to power and started arming, the British government spent almost nothing on arming, because they couldn't afford it. The US then had ~200 million population, was rich, and did have the resources to go well past Britain. That's why, as Churchill describes in detail in his books, his prime strategy to win the war was to beg, haggle, manipulate, trick, and do everything possible to get the Americans to enter the War and win it for him. Britain had neither the manpower nor the engineering and manufacturing capability to do it - not a hope.
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  363.  @peterpeplinski9923  Well it isn't classy to make statements that are wrong, and it certainly isn't classy to claim to be an expert in something when you are not. "The meek shall inherit the earth" is a well known saying from the Beatitudes (in sermon on the mount) and has different interpretations put on it by different scholars. A common interpretation by committed Christians is essentially "recognise you need the Lord". One possible contextual meaning of "meek" in this Beatitude is "intellectual slave". The fact that British aircraft were inferior to, and technologically behind, American developments is well documented. Even Churchill, pro-British as anybody, reported numerous cases in his 6-volume history of WW2 where he called for inquiries and reports as to why British aircraft (and other equipment) were markedly behind American products.
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  364.  @thecocktailian2091  : I'm not sure whether you are paying a compliment or being cheeky. However, writing a whole book scares me.
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  365.  @polygorg  : It is true that varying the power setting or airspeed affects trim, which requires readjustment of trim. Trim is also affected by COG changes as fuel is consumed. However, an experienced pilot will cope with this without thinking much about it. No doubt you drive a car, Polygorg. Remember your first lesson? It seemed a lot to do didn't it? But by the time you got your license, it was all pretty much automatic and you could talk to your passenger girlfriend without any driving risk or thinking about clutch, brake, accelerator, turn indication, maintaining distance to car ahead etc at all. However, statically balancing out torque by asymmetric aircraft design is no different to doing it just by a mean steady trim tab setting. Clearly, it is just another way of applying asymmetric drag just as the trim tab normally does. BV141 trim will still change with power or airspeed or fuel consumption changing the weight and COG. It can only be inherently balanced at one particular power setting, load, etc. The pilot still needs to readjust trim from time to time. In aircraft with contra-rotating props or multi-engine aircraft with left and right engines rotating oppositely, trim adjustment is still necessary but not so much. In modern aircraft of any significance, of course, trim adjustment with change in throttle, flaps etc is automatic. Take a look at YouTube videos of twin or multi-engine aircraft flight decks during flight. Typically, the engine throttles are in the centre between the pilot and copilot. Just to the left, ie near the pilot's right knee, is a disk, marked with white stripes and/or ridges. Whenever the pilot does something, and from time to time, this disk rotates, seemingly with a mind of its own. This is the automatic trim working. The pilot sets it up initially and then it keeps trim correct for the rest of the flight. All this about trim in the BV141 is just a red herring started by Bill Halliwell. The design was about getting excellent visibility.
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  366.  @polygorg  : Glad we now more or less agree it's design was about getting excellent visibility, and not elimination of trim requirements or reducing pilot workload. Incidentally, the BV141 engine was a radial, not a rotary. Nothing unique about its need for airflow. There's a big difference between rotary (well and truly obsolete by WW2) and radial (not obsolete until the jet age). Radial engines have the cylinders circularly dispersed about the crankshaft, which rotates as it does in an inline of V engine, and have inlet and exhaust valves. Rotary engines have the whole works rotating around a fixed crankshaft, and typically had one valve per cylinder that opened for both intake and exhaust. Generally in aircraft design, the tail is placed so as to avoid wing disturbance to air flow for as many flight conditions as possible. Generally this means the tail surfaces (horiz and vert) are well above the wing and engine centre lines. Control is lost if the aircraft is pitched up sufficiently for wing turbulence to flow over tail surfaces. Looking at the BV141 outline, it seems fairly normal in this regard. The horizontal part of the tail is only on the engine side, but this was stated to give the rear facing gunner the ability to shoot at a following aircraft. What makes you think the wing design gave increased maneuverability?
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  367.  @barrythatcher9349  : Mass unemployment. Things like telephone network, the railways, etc were government owned, and because the Brits cut off the cash, the government stopped spending on infrastructure and buying things in general, so factories and construction companies had a lot less business, creating unemployment, which snowballed into businesses that didn't supply government. If it wasn't for the loans from Britain, Australia would have been insulated from the world wide depression, as it was a big exporter of grain and also was industrialised, almost meeting its entire needs for factory goods.
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  368.  @barrythatcher9349  Yes, times were very tough in Australia during the 1930's. Chaps used to do things like go out to rural areas and trap rabbits, bring them to the suburbs and sell them to families who could not afford meat from a butcher shop. My father and his brother solved their unemployment problem by going bush together, prospecting and living off the land like aborigines. When WW2 came, they enlisted - the Army paid 5 shillings (50 cents) a day and food, uniforms, and a bed all provided, and they thought that was marvelous. Well, until they were sent to New Guinea to fight the Japanese anyway. That was no fun. My father hated banks too, and remained very tight with money until he died in 1968. He was deeply into recycling long before it became fashionable.
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  369.  @xpdnc2u  While SS people are apparently trained to prioritize protecting the VIP, if necessary risking their own lives, ordinary police are trained to prioritize their own lives and live on to arrest more crims. If I was a cop and climbed up a ladder to see what's going on and, when I poked my head over the top, saw a villain pointing a scoped sniper-grade rifle straight at me, I would immediately descend pretty rapidly too. I can't protect Trump with a bullet between my eyes. But hopefully I would then immediately make a radio call. He most likely did - that's what cops are trained to do. Trouble is, the SS were not able to hear cop radios - they were on a different net. You are right - that was a disgrace. There is another aspect. I once worked for a 2-way radio company. We supplied the local cops with a "man down" option. This is meant to alert other cops that a lone cop has been brought down in a fight or has been shot. If the radio is horizontal, it automatically sends out a "man down" signal with his GPS location, received on all other cop radios in the area. Cops by nature are really keen to protect their own, and if their own radios get a man-down code they all WILL react. If I was the cop who had the shooter point at me at the Trump rally, I would hold my radio horizontal, and send an alarm faster than I could talk. It would certain produce an immediate dramatic reaction in any cop field control truck/van, which I would assume was deployed for the Trump rally.
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  370. @Mark T : You seem to be very confused. There is no magnetic field outside a coax cable - since the centre line of both inner and outer conductors is coincident in space (that's what coaxial means) and the currents are equal and opposite, there is full magnetic field cancellation outside the outer i.e., there is no magnetic field outside, There obviously IS a local magnetic field inside the outer conductor and close to the inner, as the inner conductor has measurable inductance, e.g., RG-174 coax has 252 nanohenries per meter. Google inductance if you don't know what it is. A wire cannot have inductance without a magnetic field, therefore there is one within and just outside the inner conductor (where current density is high). But not outside the outer - that's part of the reason why coax is used. You can run 2 or more coax cables side by side and there is no coupling. It's done all the time in telecoms carrier offices. Since Veritasium assumed zero resistance conductors one light-second long and perfectly straight, he's talking theory, so it's ok for me to talk theory by citing diamagnetics, even though there are no known diamagnetic substances good enough for this application in practice. You can indeed block magnetic fields with substances displaying Meisner Effect - look it up. You can block AC magnetic fields with a Faraday cage, for the reason I gave. Look that up as well. Look inside any analogue radio - you'll typically see 4 or 5 little aluminum cans - these are preventing the magnetic fields from the wire coils inside them for interfering with each other. In transistor radios they are typically about 1 cm cubed. In old vacuum tube radios they can be up to 70 or 80 mm high and up to 30 x 30 mm cross section, but they all do the same thing - confine magnetic fields created by wire coils to the inside of each can.
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  371. So the USA started a war with a lie. And decades later went to war against Iraq with another lie - they claimed Iraq had weapons of mass destruction - but none were ever found, and were not very likely to have existed.
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  372. The steam part is not so bad, just very inefficient, but burning coal is the worst thing environmentally there is. More importantly from a railroad point of view is that steam locos are very labour intensive - burning coal is very dirty and steam locos needed more hours having their internals cleaned by teams of men than they spend hauling passengers or freight. Until the development of diesel electric locos, most railway companies, especially government owned ones, designed their locos in-house and either built them in-house or contracted the construction out. They could do that because steam technology is simple to engineer. Diesel engine design is highly specialised, and only major manufacturers could handle it. This led railways to hang on to steam because their in-house engineers could handle it. And if those engineers were honest, and told management to buy diesel, they would loose their jobs.
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  373. I've been thinking about this video. While it appears a few hundred women work in this factory, the speeches we were shown were only spoken to a sub-group of about 20. It was announced they had made 150 garments that day - 7 garments per person. That seems very low productivity. My mother sometimes made her own dresses, in about an hour - but she was an amateur. No wonder they were asked to do better.
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  374.  @jeffj2495  That's right - ships have used turbines. Turbines are efficient, but are not practical in such small sizes as required in a car. Turbines are good if you need thousands of horsepower. The various steam cars have had to use reciprocating engines, which have very poor efficiency. Most ships today though are diesel powered. Diesel engines are more compact than steam plant, giving more room for cargo or passengers.
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  375.  @justinchetham-strode5234  : Yes, of course, disinformation is a perfectly acceptable tactic in wartime. But only if it clearly helps in winning the war, as you have alluded to. The trouble is, there are differences and nuances:- Example A: The Brit's use of disinformation about using supposedly using radar to detect subs in order to fool the Germans - clearly this is a valid and ethical use. It shortened the War, and helped win it. Example B: The suppression of news of Japanese bombing of Australian towns to prevent panic and prevent the Japanese getting a sense of success via reading newspapers - this was a valid and ethical thing too. Example C: The misrepresentation of COVID management in the USA by Trump - especially the claim that New Zealand had a very nasty second wave (they had something like 10 deaths) to make it seem that COVID in the USA wasn't so bad - this is clearly unethical, and stupid, as it weakens the will to implement COVID control measures in the USA. Example D: The continual reporting of success in the Vietnam War by General Westmoreland: This is an interesting one. It is probable that Gen Westmoreland (a "rock painter" as American soldiers use the term for dud officers) actually believed his own bull twang. Even so, it was both greatly unethical and really stupid, as it lead to the death and serious incapacitation of vast numbers of US troops for no good reason - eventually it became clear the War was lost and the Yanks got chased out. And all because the Vietnamese wanted independence after successively being exploited by the French, then the Japanese, then when the Japs lost in WW2, the rotten French came back again, the country having been carved in two (North & South) by the fool Mountbatten. The Vietnamese asked the US for help in getting the French out, but the stupid Yanks wouldn't help, so they asked the Chinese - the Chinese did help. Then the Yanks came in because it was communist help.
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  376. @mandellorian : Reading an old text by Churchill, and also an old interview with German WW2 admiral Doenitz reminded me of another factor which has caused confusion over the years: Radiolocation, i.e., the use of directionally sensitive radio receivers to determine the bearing (ie direction) to a radio transmitter was developed in WW1 and was used in WW2 as well. When a German submarine on patrol reported in by radio, British operators could get lucky and determine the bearings from several locations to the sub, thus locating it. Germany used it in WW2 to locate British ships. When Churchill talked about radar, he called it radiolocation - a simple error any lay person could make. This led some historical authors to assume radiolocation is radar. Some authors consider radar as a subtype of radiolocation. In the interview, Doentiz credited funkstandort (radiolocation) as an important factor in why Britain was able to find u-boats at sea. He meant radiolocation. But it got translated as radar in British reports. When studying history, it is critically important to understand technology before writing about its impact, and critically important tp know how terminology was used at the time. Few historians realise this.
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  377. So, they caught the pretty girl with an earphone. Gee, that's incriminating!
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  378.  @judithoconnor6442  He did not lead the whole empire. Rather, he viewed the empire, at best, as resources to be used up or sacrificed solely to defend Britain. Much of the empire wasn't too pleased about that and there was much friction. Post war they all asserted their independence.
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  379. It's a typical British story, repeated in the car industry, the aircraft industry, TV manufacturing, and the semiconductor industry. First a number of lame duck firms are having trouble competing with the Americans and the Japanese. Left alone, one of them would rise to the top and either go broke or figure out how to succeed, probably in a more specialised market that IBM doesn't bother too much with, as did America's Hewlett Packard, DEC, and Sun Microsystems. But before they have a chance to do that, the government steps in, and meddles. They ignore the one firm who has the sense to get access to American know-how. That guarantees the end of the industry, while wasting a great deal of taxpayer's money as well.
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  380. The only thing amazing about the Comet is the multiple fatal flaws designed into it by a totally incompetent set of designers working in a company with zero relevant experience. Boeing learnt nothing from it - they had heaps of relevant experience to draw upon and used quite different construction methods and design features.
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  381. Dark Skies repeatedly says the G-38 is a blended wing design, but it clearly isn't. An under view is shown at 0.25, and an upper view is shown at 2:02. In both views a very clear delineation between the fuselage and the wings is seen. Just because the thing is so big you can go inside the wings does not make it a blended wing design.
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  382. Mr Felton begins this video by saying Hirohito announced Japan's surrender on 15 August 1945. This is the date of Hirohito's radio broadcast. Felton sort of contradicts himself later by noting that nowhere in Hirohito's speech does the word "surrender" occur. Let's get the facts straight and perfectly clear:- 1. Hirohito at that time only spoke and understood court Language - a language only understood by the emperor and his court family and court servants, and a handful of scholars. He could not understand standardized Japanese (business and admin language or any of the prominent dialects), nor could the ordinary Japanese understand the emperor. 2. Exactly just what Hirohito said in his speech broadcast 15 August 1945 is not actually known - we have to rely on a translation in standardized Japanese given by his court minions. In English, there are at least 2 versions (see note below), derived from the Court-provided translation. 3. Having in mind Pint 2 above, it seems that the broadcast was not a surrender. No Japanese words that can be translated as the English word "surrender" occur in the speech. 4. The speech is merely a direction to all Japanese to cease fighting and cooperate with the enemy forces. (Some think the direction only applies to the civil government. Remember - in Japan at the time, the civil government and the military were constitutionally both under the direction of the emperor, but each was independent of the other. The civil government constitutionally could not issue orders or direction to the military - though it had at the time as its leader Tojo, who was an army officer.) 5. It was therefore necessary for a surrender ceremony of the civil government - this was the essentially symbolic ceremony held on USS Missouri 2 September 1945 - largely done for and designed for showing in movie theaters around the world, and especially in movie theaters in Japan, and general radio broadcast and coverage in world wide and Japanese newspapers. 6. It was therefore also necessary to have separate surrender ceremonies for each separate military command. For example the surrender of Japanese home forces was conducted and accepted by General Blamey from Australia. Any time you hear or read anything about a Japanese military officer being shocked or dismayed by the Emperor's 15 August radio broadcast, or of hearing it and failing to obey is really nonsense - as they could not understand it, only the translation into standardized Japanese given after by a radio announcer. Japanese officers were completely within their rights, and in fact legally obligated, to carry on fighting unless and until either of two things happened: a) they themselves surrendered, or b) an order to cease fighting came down the chain of command. It was Western wartime propaganda, and in fashion after the war ended, to describe all Japanese military as fanatics. There is some truth in that, but the reality is more nuanced and complex. It is the case that in a war anywhere in the world, that a military officer should indeed keep fighting, if he and his forces can, until a direction comes down the chain of command. Otherwise, he could be tricked by an enemy ruse. Note on Court Language: Court Language was essentially an ancient form of Japanese. My father studied ancient Japanese literature and had a go at translating the Emperor's speech as a university assignment. His version is different to the court-provided translation and different to the translation done in 1945 by a US newspaper. He found it very difficult but was sure it was not a surrender in the way we would think surrender means. By direction of General Macarthur, the emperor (and his successors) was directed to learn standardized Japanese, as you cannot have a democracy if you cannot understand what the head of government is saying - and it leaves a horrendous opportunity for court minions to twist and mislead - in both directions. This is exactly what happened in WW2.
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  383. Post 3: At 21:10, Mentour Now talks about what the aircraft industry owes to the Comet - the good that came out of the Comet disasters. He talked about teaching the industry the need for failsafe systems and robust fatigue testing. Well, the need for failsafe systems was already known, just maybe not in DeHavilland. The formal engineering discipline for achieving fail safe systems in FMEA (Failure Mode Effects Analysis) which was well established in the industry, particularly in the USA. FMEA as a critically important discipline was established during WW2, when aircraft engineers needed to ensure that military aircraft did not crash unless shot at, and that aircraft should survive being shot at to the maximum degree feasible. Metal fatigue was also understood, since all metal aircraft go back to before WW2. Just not well understood within DeHavilland. Here we see the result in poor quality journalism again, originating falsehood just like they did with "square" windows. It was reported early in the Comet crash history that the stress on the Comet skin in places exceeded the limit for the alloy used. However the limit then, which was somewhat of a DeHavilland engineering guesstimate, was actually stricter than later knowledge showed it needed to be. The real benefit of the Comet was two things:- a) it showed the British certification authority that they needed to do more than just rubber-stamp whatever the manufacturers gave them; b) It really shook up British aviation accident investigation authority - showed them forcibly that they needed to lift their game. The purpose of accident/incident investigations is not to lay blame, it is to find a system or process cause so the industry can eliminate that cause so it won't happen again. When a Comet 1 takeoff incident occurred, the Accident Investigation blamed the pilot. When it happened again they again blamed the pilot. Blaming pilots is a cop-out that solves nothing and achieves nothing. Later they realised the incidents occurred due to aerodynamic problems and was not the pilot's fault at all. I have sat on incident inquiry panels myself (not in the aircraft industry). You always ask what could have happened APART from an operator error. Even if you are certain that it was operator error, you have to ask WHY did the operator err? Was it a training deficiency, recruitment failing, instruments misleading, etc. 99/100 there is a reason, and if there isn't, the process tells you what was wrong with the structure or system.
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  384. Given that more than 18% of workers (the exact figure is unknown due lack of documentation) in the US fast food industry are Mexicans and other immigrants that came over the border, Trump may be causing a shortage of workers, thus a higher wages bill, thus greater food costs for poor Americans.
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  385. The presenter doesn't know much, does he? The engine is not a flat twin, it's an inline twin. It's essentially a transverse twin motorcycle engine, and a coil for each plug is not an overkill as the presenter claimed at 4:07, its standard motorcycle practice, as best dynamic balance is obtained in an inline twin with both cylinders firing together. If you had only one coil, one plug would hog all the discharge. Ah! NSU, the company that would spend money building a car more or less right, but make do with a really gutless engine. Then bring out the utterly ridiculous Ro-80 - the expensive luxury car that required an engine rebuild about every 4 to 6 months. The presenter has us believe that it drives like a new one - but he didn't tell us the mileage. Perhaps it has been restored.
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  386. "Worker safety is paramount." And they encouraged smoking. They had tea ladies delivering food/drink to the workers at their machines - that's a big non-no. At places I worked, any machinist caught eating or drinking was called out, because the oil etc on their hands can be injested, as can bits of metal. And the food/drink can get on the job.
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  387. I once owned a car with "white wall" tires. No part of the tire was white - they were standard black rubber tires. The white part was an added disk of white rubber clamped between the wheel rim and the tire, shaped so that its elasticity holds it against the tire. It was purely a decorative thing. It has no strength. The white on Soviet parade vehicles is also purely decorative for the parade, as with all the white painted stripes on the vehicle bodies. On film of Soviet vehicles deployed in action you don't see any white. There's not much point in painting a vehicle in camouflage olive green/brown if you highlight it with white. The enemy would be laughing. I could accept that coating a tire would protect it against sun damage, but only if you coated the WHOLE tire. If you only coat the sides, that's not going to do much. I question where Matsimus got his information - he seems to have taken it out of context.
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  388.  @williampaz2092  Saudi's oil reserves today are about 270 billion barrels- 2nd largest in the World. Vietnam has only about 4 billion barrels - on the world scale, tiny. Vietnam's oil was discovered in 1986 when their government decided to look and see if they had any. LBJ retired in 1969. You do some research instead of making stuff up.
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  389.  @billdoodson4232  Here in Australia, you won't get any freebie scraps from a steel supply business, unless maybe you are a major customer. They all offer a plasma cutting service (some can do water-jet) with no limit on how small a piece you want, but they charge plenty for that service. And their counter jockeys are low paid with little discretion on what they can or can't do. But fabrication shops always have lots of scrap and intelligent chaps like Kurtis.
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  390. Outdoor Adv: It appears so - and that is very unusual for an American general. Perhaps it is because deep down inside, he knew he had no idea how to run a war. He was, after all, a notorious "rock painter" as American soldiers called their dud officers.
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  391.  @gorankatic40000bc  : I'm not sure what your point is here. If you mean that a leader must display confidence, must be committed, you are of course completely right. If you mean that stubbornness will win the day, well, it is most certainly not that simple. Westmoreland was very stubborn. He just kept plugging along until the politicians pulled him out. But he lost the Vietnam War because he was stupid and had no effective plan.
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  392.  @gorankatic40000bc  : Certainly personality matters. Leadership techniques can be taught - I was taught leadership myself, and I found the methods work. But I believe all real leaders of men are born that way - they exude confidence and they inspire others - inspire confidence in others and inspire them to do their very best. Unfortunately that is not me. It is essential in tough situation that the leader exudes confidence - to do that he must have confidence in himself, in his men, and HAVE A DEFINITE WORKABLE PLAN. One of the outstanding WW2 leaders was Churchill, whose methods we studied. Early in the War many of importance in Britain thought Britain would inevitably loose. But Churchill didn't, and he convinced everyone by his own force of character keeping them busy, giving precise instructions and by having a definite plan (the plan essentially being: Make Britain difficult to invade, keep the Germans occupied until Hitler made a mistake, and most importantly, get the Yanks involved.)
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  393. "You can't trust Soviet numbers (production statistics) because they are political". Sounds like top-down command-run government owned enterprises anywhere. For instance here in Australia we have a major investigation into Centrelink - a federal govt department whose mission is to pay the dole to the unemployed. The politicians kept on demanding more and more savings. The administrators didn't want to risk their cushy jobs so they just agreed to the demands. And ended up inventing jobs clients supposedly did and fabricating overpayments so they could demand money back from huge numbers of clients. The millions of dollars they claimed was overpayment due to client fraud never existed.
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  394. 1. Sending a dog got approval from Khruschev because of its propaganda value. A small animal like a mouse would not do - not impressive enough.. 2. The leading animal boffin involved had done a lot of work with dogs and stuck with what he was familiar with. 3. Dogs can tolerate many hours of inactivity, which mice and rabbits cannot do. During launch preparation, the process can be stopped (known in the US as holding the count down) while technicians sort out faults - leading to hours of just sitting in a capsule doing nothing. 4. Dogs are highly trainable. They trained the dog to expect and tolerate high G's during take off followed by weightlessness. A rabbit under such conditions would simple have a heart attack from fright and die. Probably a mouse would too. 5. Small animals even if they survived launch stress wouldn't last long enough to get useful data. A dog could be trained to eat the gel food provided. 6. The ultimate goal was to see if space travel was safe for men. it was thought that there just might be radiation in space that might kill or medically affect men, so an animal close in size and physiology to men was desirable. The Soviets chose a dog and the US chose monkeys.
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  395. To large extent, the arguments presented do not make sense. At 5:13: "Launching lifeboats is dangerous for passengers, so let's not worry about having enough lifeboats." That's replacing risk of death with certain death. Later in the video: Using lifeboats to escape in is dangerous due to weather and sea conditions. So let's just use lifeboats to make multiple trips back and forth between the doomed ship and the rescue ship. Yeah, sure. If it's dangerous to make one trip in a small open boat, it's dangerous to make several trips. Also stated in the video: The Titanic had safety features e.g., watertight compartments, radio, so that it should float long enough for rescue vessels to arrive. That makes some sense, but not a lot. What if it is caught in a heavy storm that delays lifeboat launching? What if it is not operating in a heavily used sea lane? Oceanliner Designs says Harland and Wolfe were not seeking to cut costs and were keen on safety. But what is very clear here is that it is a classic case of legal requirements (lifeboat capacity related to hull size) not keeping place with advances in technology - allowing prvate industry to skimp on what they provide. In a more ideal world, Harland & Wolfe would have said to themselves "We are legally required to provide x lifeboat capacity. But we are building a ship that is outside the passenger capacity parameters anticipated by the Board of Trade. Therefore we should honour the INTENT of the requirement, not just the literal words of the rule." But of course, being a profit making company building for another profit making company, that's just what they did not do. Never mind the excuses. Harland and Wolfe in combination with White Star are at fault, for not providing a means by which everyone could be rescued, even under ideal conditions.
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  396.  @DerpyPossum  : Your last sentence: "They did everything they could ....." is very clearly wrong. It's wrong because the sister ship Olympic underwent a major refit as a result of the Titanic loss. The refit was driven partly by loss of public confidence in the Olympic class, and partly because of crew industrial action. Further, the third ship of the same class, had major design changes during its construction, again because of the Titanic loss. If they could do it after the accident, they could have done it before - the only thing stopping them was competitive pressure and lack of ethics. This is self evident. Asking "what if" in regard to safety is a standard ethical requirement of professional engineers, and has been since before Titanic. As I explained, it is not part of BoT ethics - such boards cannot anticipate technical innovation, such as the advent of 50,000 tonne liners carrying 3,300 people. Your smartphone analogy is not a good analogy because under no circumstances can smartphones be lethal - unless you use one to batter someone to death, and that would clearly be criminal action. A better analogy is airliners. When Boeing started to make jumbo jets, they asked "what if" in a formal process called FMEA (Failure Mode Effects Analysis) and that told them if the flight control cables failed the airplane would crash and all people would die. So their triplicated the control system with separate routing. There was no legal requirement to do so. They did it anyway, because their engineers were professionals. Unfortunately, Douglas only complied with industry norms, and several Douglas plane-loads of people died. Lastly, as I said before, the concept of using lifeboats as ferries between ships on the open sea came from the industry, not the BoT. You are wrong there. The BoT just accepted it, until the Titanic accident showed they could not.
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  397.  @EthanThomson  : Here's the thing - can you list the British carriers that operated in the Pacific DURING the War? I can think of only one - HMS Victorious, which was transferred to the US Navy (renamed "Robin") as a stop gap measure, and in return for some old USN destroyers transferred to the RN. The British carriers were designed for North Atlantic service and were too hot for crew to operate in the much warmer Pacific. The US Navy carriers had wooden flight deck covering which was both a heat insulator allowing personnel to work at full effectiveness underneath, and not heat reflecting, so that flight deck crews could work in hot sun. British carriers did not have the range of US carriers, either, so if operating in the Pacific would have required a lot of at-sea refueling - a dangerous time. The Kamikazes were trained to aim at the elevators, so that the explosive went off in the hanger desk and wrecked everything. If a Kamikaze hit the flight deck the damage was usually easily repairable regardless of whether the deck covering was steel or wood.
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  398. This video purports' to show a line on the hull where the iceberg hit. There is one big problem with this: the bow has been driven into the sea bed, such that the anchors are almost at the sea bed. At the time of impact, the anchors were well above the water. The impact point must now be hidden under the sand. Any fault line or split now visible in the composite photos and digital models must be due to the vertical crushing due to the impact with the sea bed, not the impact with the iceberg. This video says icebergs can damage ships because the ice under a surface layer is very hard. This is no so - the compressive strength of ice is a tiny fraction of that of common materials such as plastics - plastics being typically 100 times stronger and metals even stronger again. The reason why bergs can damage ships is because of the shear mass of ice - the immense inertia of the iceberg means that the ice at and near the ship has nowhere to go. An analogy - the compressive strength of water is zero - that's what defines a liquid. But if you fall from a great height and hit the water at high speed, you will be serious injured by the impact - killed if your initial height is sufficient.
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  399. i would like to know more about Titanic-era potato peeling machines. After I left school (early 1960's), I worked in TV & radio repair. The pay for juniors wasn't enough to live on, so in the evenings I worked as a kitchen hand in a restaurant. The pay was even worse but I got a decent free dinner. My main duties were washing dishes and peeling potatoes. The restaurant had a potato peeling machine but it was very wasteful. And our chef just hated waste, so If I got some free time between washing batches of dishes, I manually peeled potatoes.
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  400.  @questionmaker5666  Quite well known.
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  401.  @somethingfunny6867  Radar, a radio detection system, has absolutely nothing to do with sonar, which is a sound (acoustic) detection system. Passive sonar is just using microphones to pickup noise emitted by other vessels. The technology is completely different. Nothing like active sonar, which involves transmitting a pulse of sound and detecting it when it is reflected back (echoed) by a solid object. Thus passive sonar owes nothing to active sonar or radar. The sonobuoys (not sonarbuoys) deployed in WW2 were microphones and a radio transmitter to transmit the detected sound to overflying aircraft.
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  402. This Engineering Explained guy is hopeless. He did NOT explain the important principles of a turbojet engine. The first important thing you need to know is the combustion increases the gas volume - this causes acceleration of the burnt gases out the exhaust orifice. You learnt (or should have learnt) in high school that F= ma, that is, to accelerate mas, you need a force. So F = ma means that the gasses going out the exhaust causes a back PRESSURE inside the combustion chamber. This pressure of course exists in all directions, including the incoming air. So the compressor MUST raise the pressure of the incoming air to above the combustion pressure. Its not about raising the air velocity as Engineering Explained guy thinks, the critical thing is raising the pressure - otherwise the flame will come out the front as well and render the engine useless. The exhaust is essentially a hole, which therefore cannot transfer any pressure to the airframe as thrust. The action of the compressor in squeezing the air must produce a thrust, via the stator blades (which he didn't mention), which would try to push the aircraft backwards, opposed by a forward thrust on the compressor shaft bearings. However, the forward-facing component of the combustion chamber is always greater in area that the chamber air inlet area (this is allowed due to combustion increasing gas volume) - usually substantially greater. This means the the pressure exerted by the combustion gasses on the forward component of the chamber is a greater force than on the incoming air, producing a net forward thrust which is transferred to the airframe.
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  403.  @TheOzthewiz  : No, the USA put men on the moon using computers. Big, expensive computers. And lots and lots of people using the first generation of programmable electronic calculators, which were desk-top, not pocket size, but in use anyway.
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  404.  @heywoodjablowme8120  Of course you can throw a rock backwards. I exercise my dog by throwing tennis balls for her. As she has learnt to look well ahead in front of me, I sometimes throw the ball backwards over my shoulder to trick her.
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  405. Asianometry implied the 16000 series was Nat Semi's first microprocessor. This is not so. the 16000 series came out after a long line of microprocessors from Nat Semi, beginning with the PACEr, weird toys eg SC/MP, and second sourcing Intel micros such as the 8080. The 16000 series was a brilliant design but failed to sell because a) it came out after Intel and Zilog had captured the market, b) there was no second source - its a big business risk if you base your products on parts you can only get from one supplier - you could, if Intel's factory burnt down or something, get the same thing made under license by NEC or Philips; c) the 16000 chips were full of major bugs.
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  406.  @untitled06  : Not sloppy at all. Leaving "evidence" behind is a standard police method. It doesn't matter if the suspect destroys it - they are only copies. The originals are kept under lock and key. In court, the rules of evidence require that a custody officer must swear that he had control & possession of the evidence (the originals) at all times. Leaving the room and leaving the copies behind gives the interrogating officer a break, time to think out his next moves, and lets the perp study the copies and think at length how his goose is cooked. Pressure on the cop comes off and pressure on the perpetrator increases. If the suspect is innocent, he won't pay much attention to the copies - he knows it isn't evidence against him.
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  407.  @coling3957  Yes, they did use British aircraft and other equipment successfully.- because that's what they had. it does not imply equipment quality. And the Spitfire was somewhat special. It had exceptionally good handling in the air -pilots could push it to its limits, confident that they would survive. My mother bought a Moriis car, because it was easier to park than father's big Chevrolet. But the Morris wore out faster and had a fault rate about double that of the Chev. So the Morris was successfully driven but it sure didn't have the Chev quality. It is true that US Generals including Macarthur did not regard available Australian troops highly. That was because the British blocked the expeditious return of Australian troops from North Africa to fight the Japanese. Macarthur had to send in Australian troops that had just been recruited and had completed only half their basic training. They never the less defeated Japanese troops in New Guinea and won respect for that. Another factor in American attitudes was that Australians were trained on British lines - the star-level officers were all British trained. This caused problems at all levels - at grunt on the ground level, incompatibility of methods, at general officer level, a lack of strategic thinking. The poor quality of officers trained by the British, who were very nearly defeatist, was recognised by the Australian government, who asked the US to send a general to take over. The US sent a spare one that had reached retirement age - Macarthur. Macarthur proved so much better than the British trained officers it was a joke. Your claim that Australians refused to serve abroad needs verifying. In 1939 almost all males of suitable age were recruited and sent to North Africa at British request. However British officers and Churchill never forgave Australia for sending troops to New Guinea and elsewhere to fight the Japanese instead of to the European theatre. Churchill couldn't care less about the Japanese threat - wasn't his problem.
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  408. Nice story, Moja. There is just one problem that ruins your whole concept about any first PC, and destroys your credibility on the rest of your post: The IBM PC was NOT the first PC, in any sensible sense of the word. In 1969 I commenced work (as a technician) in an R&D lab (in Australia). Part of my duties involved doing calculations on a personal computer (that is, a computer designed for personal use by one person). It was the famous DEC PDP-8. It was about 500 mm wide, 800 mm deep, and about 400 mm high, and you operated it via a teleprinter and not a VDU. Too expensive for home use, but common in research labs throughout the West. But a PC it definitely was, and fairly old hat even in 1969. In 1978 I purchased a PC built by US company Exidy. It was microprocessor and DRAM based, had a VDU, and twin disk drives. Fully a modern PC, just not an IBM PC. Good machine too, and I still have it, still working fine. And it had back then in 1978 a multitude of competitors manufacturing in the USA, in Britain, Japan, and here in Australia. IBM was very late entering the PC market, as its top management thought and hoped the home and small business micro computer market was a fad that would go away, like desktop robot arms did. By the way, the lead engineer on the HP-35 was Paul Stoft. France Rode designed the arithmetic and logic sub-circuit and a couple of minor chips, a somewhat minor role under the direction of Paul Stoft, who had 14 other engineers assigned to the project. Ref Hewlett-Packard Journal June 1972. Google Street View's origins lie with a Stanford Uni project sponsored by Google.
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  409.  @mojaslovenija9903  : There's no confusion here. You wrote "... Slovenian informatics developed THE PC before IBM released their PC". If you didn't have the word "the" you would have meant that Slovenian informatics developed a PC before IBM. They might well have, but it is of no relevance or significance, because PC's have bee around a heck of a lot longer than the IBM PC. IBM were about the last to enter the scene before Taiwan started pumping out clones. But you did include the word "the". That implies you think that IBM came up with the first PC (after Slovenia). That's totally wrong. And IBM never claimed to be first - they knew perfectly well that they were entering a market already created by many other firms. I have noticed that many people under 30 think that the IBM PC was the first PC. But it certainly never was. PC's date back decades before. The market exploded in about 1975 when the Intel 8080 and its competitor microprocessors made possible a dramatic price reduction. France Rode may well have been a lead engineer on some project, or even many projects. But not on the HP-35. He was one of 15 reporting to Paul Stoft in the HP-35 project. Read the account in the HP journal. Given that Rode migrated to the USA in 1960 and remained there, I'm surprised that he would be known to people still living in a community in Slovenia. Quite the name dropper, aren't you? I'll check out your YouTube channel when I get a spare moment.
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  410.  @Ajopeli : Hewlett Packard called their 9815, 9825, and 9830 personal computers "calculators" for almost the exact same reason. Their rationale was that if they called them a computer, company IT departments would get to approve or deny the purchase, and probably not approve them because (a) the product could reduce the influence of the IT department, and (b) they would think of it in terms of a mainframe and find it wanting. I used a 9815 to do engineering calculations in 1975. An excellent machine. It was then a new model that was part of the 98xx series of PC's that dates back to 1972. I still had to fight for it though, as company management mindset was that only accountants need calculators, and engineers do not. Yep - like many large companies, senior management came from accounting or legal backgrounds, and didn't understand what engineers did, they just thought we got paid too much and wanted expensive toys. It is utterly ridiculous to claim that because someone bought out a PC (if in fact they did) before IBM did in 1981, that that represents some kind of notable achievement. For years IBM was like those company IT departments in that they didn't want people to have a low cost computer for their own personal use, and only entered the market when other more nimble firms had long created a lasting PC market.
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  411. Post 2: Mr Mentour Now got my attention at 7:07 when he asked why did the Comet 1 have presurisation problems while other aircraft already in service did not. He startled me at 10:01 when he claimed that the higher altitude of the Comet 1 "meant a much higher pressure differential". That's not right. A rule of thumb applies: air pressure halves for each 5000 metres of added altitude. But since it is the pressure difference between inside the cabin and the outside that matters, not the absolute pressure, we should calculate what the difference in precent is, taking the edge of space (zero pressure) as 100%. it is common for aircraft to not be pressurised to sea level pressure - this saves a little bit of weight. Civil aviation rules require a maximum cabin equivalent altitude of 2400 metres, but various aircraft have been designed for 1500 and 2000 metres cabin equivalent altitude. Here is the data for an aircraft pressurised for sea level and for 2000 m:- Altitude metres % difference cabin sea level % difference cabin at 2000 m 0 0% - 5,000 47 31 10,000 (33,000 feet) 75 67 15,000 (49,000 feet) 89 84 20,000 95 94 We see that the airframe stress goes up but certainly not a MUCH greater amount at the Comet's higher altitude - it's a modest approximately 20% more stress. In any case, there was nothing new that the engineers had to figure out or learn to design for that 20% increase - it was merely a matter of doing the established calculations with the correct data. As Mentour Pilot said, pressurised airliners go back 10 years before the Comet. Use a few more rivets, maybe a slightly thicker sheet for the skin. So, the question is: Why did Dehavilland get it wrong? Answer: Because they had no relevant experience in the company. Unlike the other manufacturers, they had no high altitude transport experience - they didn't realise its not sufficient to calculate skin stresses. You have to tell subcontractors things like radio antenna need to be designed for pressurisation too. They didn't. Dehavilland engineers in designing an all-metal high altitude airliner were like a cardiac surgeon doing brain surgery - yeah, he knows the essential basic principles, but he is not likely to get a good result. It has long been established practice in the American aircraft industry - conduct Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) - this is a formal engineering discipline that ensures any likely failure will not be catastrophic or kill people. Essentially, they look at each component, identify how it can fail, and if it does, what that will lead to. As in "suppose the glue on the radio antenna fails? Oh, it will lead to skin rupture - that will cause hull failure. Right, we better fix that." Clearly, Dehavilland's engineers did not do an FMEA on the Comet 1, or if they did, they took shortcuts
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  412. Regarding the test of how long it takes to launch a lifeboat, shown beginning about 20 minutes in: Something I learned when I was a fire warden in an 18 story building: When we moved in, we scheduled a fire drill, and told all the workers in the building what day and time the drill would be. Came the day and we got everyone out of the building in about 24 minutes. We fire wardens (one per floor plus a captain) held a post-mortem meeting and worked out what went well and where we stuffed up. A few weeks later we did another pre-announced drill. It worked well, and we got everyone out within 8 minutes. A very good achievement. A few months later we decided to have a proper drill - that is, we didn't tell anyone there would be a drill. We arranged with the city fire brigade that they would send a couple of fire trucks with sirens going, and they gave us a smoke bomb, to add a bit of realism. The drill was a shambles. Most people suspected it was another drill, but many thought it was real - they thought the building was actually on fire. There was a panic, difficult to control. It took 18 minutes to get everyone out, and some we couldn't account for - they just cleared out. The moral is: You can do tests, you can do drills. But if it is a real emergency, things will go wrong, people won't follow orders, and it will take longer. So yes, on the night on Titanic they did very well. even though not all boats were full.
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  413.  @NomenmihiLegioest  RAN is Royal Australian Navy - not British. But I don't think the RAN had any carriers of any sort at that time. Their first carrier was the Melbourne, a war-surplus tub bought from Britain after the War was over. ANZAC is Australia and New Zealand, again not British.
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  414.  @NomenmihiLegioest  : The RAN had no carriers in WW2. Your grand uncle was misinformed. Given Australia's low population then (7 million), had just come out of a severe economic depression, and buying just one carrier would have been quite a stretch. Britain then had 7 times the population and entered the War with a stronger economy, so could stretch the taxpayers to cough up for a few carriers.
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  415.  @NomenmihiLegioest  Note that the RAN had no carriers then, but certainly had a significant force of smaller ships eg destroyers. There was indeed a riot started by Australian troops concerned about "Yanks stealing our women". Iy was a very sore point here. The trouble was that Australian soldiers, sailors, and airmen were not paid much - other ranks got 50 cents per day. US other ranks got a lot more, were issued with very nice dress uniforms, and had access to "PX" stores in which they could buy presents for girls - such presents not available to Australians. So some Australian girls figured they should go with a Yank. The situation caused other ongoing problems. One of my uncles married in 1947 a girl who had dated an American airman during the War. She was considered a tart for doing so and the other wives in my family would not talk to her. It didn't help that she was exceptionally pretty. This was a not untypical consequence for many women.
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  416.  @geoff4383  : Something wrong with it? Yes, the USSR collapsed and the Russians ran out of money to keep it going. Neither it nor the space shuttle was a particularly smart thing to do anyway, on cost effectiveness grounds. The artificial lightning generator has civilian applications - e.g., testing the lightning immunity of high voltage electric power distribution components. Many countries have such facilities for that reason. As far as developing the "best stuff" is concerned, you could apply that to the USA too.
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  417. This video is a joke. It repeats various urban myths, and contains so many errors of fact and mis-interpretations it is hilarious. For a start, dark Skies claimed it was very secret. Not so. The patents had been filed in the usual way before the War. The training documents and training films were marked "Confidential" - the standard US military classification of just about anything. Dark Skies said the technical details were not released to the public. Why the hell would they be? In WW2 you probably couldn't get the manual for a Jeep in public sources either. Or the manual for an ordinary military rifle. Dark Skies even claimed the USAAF claimed it was so accurate it could hit a pickle barrel for 30,000 feet - an extrapolation of a well known urban myth. They made no such claim. What happened is a cheeky magazine journalist reported asked the CEO of the Norden company "Just how accurate is it?". The CEO was not in a position to answer that (he probably didn't even know) so he fobbed the journo off the silly comment '"you can hit a pickle barrel." This was printed and most people at the time understood it for what it was - much like if you asked me "how hot is it at your place today?" and I answered "Oh, it's boiling.'" Dark Skies claimed the German bombsight was based on reverse engineering the Norden, assisted by drawings illegally obtained via a spy. Well, before the War they could have purchased copies of the patents, same as any person in or outside the USA - and probably did. In fact the German bombsight was developed completely independently. Incidentally, the reason why bombsights were delivered under guard to each aircraft just before a mission was not because of any secrecy or risk of an agent stealing one. It was so that pilots could not claim after takeoff that the bombsight was faulty as an excuse to abort a mission. Any attempt to make such a claim would have to stand up against the maintenance centre that it had been checked and calibrated per procedure. Dark Skies made many other errors, but it would take pages to list and describe them all.
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  418. Kosygin contacted Komarov in space via videophone? In 1967? Seems very unlikely. Especially in a spacecraft critically low in electrical power.
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  419.  @FORGOTTENHISTORYCHANNEL  ; Because in 1967, the only organisation that had a videophone service was the Bell System in the USA, and that was just a trial system involving a handful of users within Bell Laboratories and a few big business Bell customers. The Bell Picturephone as it was known was way way too expensive to implement to be anything other than an engineer's toy, and users found it offered no real advantage over the standard voice-only phone as it did not give eye-to-eye contact. That was due to its low image resolution and camera-screen offset. Not until the advent of high performance personal computers and the development of Skype and its competitors about 15 years ago could video calls become a practical reality. In 1967, the USA had advanced semiconductor manufacturing capability, and could make almost all spacecraft electronics energy efficient solid state. The USSR was in 1967 so far behind in solid state technology they were forced to use vacuum tube technology for almost all spacecraft electronics, and certainly for any video. Vacuum technology is extremely power hungry. Why would they include videophone hardware in a spacecraft back then, anyway? Unless you think their project managers planned to kill cosmonauts and Kosygin would want to make a call. To ask such a question, you must be like my young teenage granddaughter, who on being told that I never had a mobile phone when I was 13, simply did not believe me.
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  420.  @therealvlad505  During the War she was an ambulance driver. In the context of a war that's a pretty minor role - school children should not waste time on it. It would not have mattered one iota if she hadn't been a driver. You should have been taught about how the King saved Britain and the world from a German win by sacking the elected prime minister who had no idea and appointing instead Churchill, who did. That's one of THE most important things that happened, and is the sort of thing why you have a king or queen.
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  421.  @mick-berry5331  : ARPANET, actually. ARPANET linked universities and other organisations doing R&D for the US Department of Defence. It pioneered TCP/IP which is fundamental to fault tolerant data communication over the internet.
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  422. There is no need to apologize for putting out only one video a week. I'm amazed you do that many at such high quality and detail. I tried video documenting one of my projects and it doubled the time to do the project. I've learnt quite a bit from your videos.
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  423.  @stanhalen9807  : The USA lost the war alright. The Vietnamese forced them out of Vietnam. You can talk about why the US gave up, but the fact remains - they gave up. Whatever their objectives were, they failed to achieve them, We were told back then that it was to stop Vietnam going communist. Clearly that failed. You should note that the kill ratios claimed by General Westmoreland (the chap running the war) and his staff were nonsense. One of the reasons why the US Govt eventually got fed up was because Westmoreland kept telling them the war was going well and the enemy would soon run out of men - and both were clearly not true as became more and more obvious as time went on. To understand how and why the kill ratios were nonsense, read Hugh Lunn's book and others.
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  424.  @alexmidence274  : Correct. You cannot assume that because any one particular country lost a certain war, they are weak and will loose any war. Just as the USSR was critical in winning against Germany, the USA which had no hope of winning in Vietnam, absolutely smashed Japan in WW2 even before the 2 nuclear bombs. It's also true that forces fighting on their home ground against an invader are more easily motivated and fight harder.
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  425. The fact that it was not put into production by anybody after the patent expired should tell you something. The fact is - it is a dumb way to make an engine. It solves a problem that isn't a problem, and it can't be made on normal block boring and honing machinery. Any one who has completed the first year of an engineering degree can tell you why. In my first year, we had to do assignments on the losses in gasoline engines. Mechanical friction losses (not counting things like water pumps) account for less than 5% of the total. Most of it is in the bearings - the friction loss between pistons and cylinder walls is just a part of the 5%. So there is not much scope for making a noticeable improvement. There is a rule of thumb with modern car-type gasoline engines: 30% of the fuel energy is converted to mechanical energy available at the flywheel, 30% is lost to atmosphere via the exhaust, 30% is lost to atmosphere via the coolant and radiator (this includes bearing and piston friction loss), and the remaining 10% is lost in the oil pump, water pump, fan, and turning the alternator. The lube oil isn't just for eliminating mechanical rubbing - it is for cooling the pistons as well. Clearly, combustion gasses are in contact with the piston - the piston must get rid of considerable heat somehow. It does so by conducting it to the cylinder walls via the oil film between the piston skirt and the cylinder wall and thus into the coolant. In turbo diesels, that is insufficient, so oil is sprayed upwards onto the underside of the piston as well. So if this turkey thinks he can reduce oil supply to the piston he is deluding himself. Anyone who rebuilds worn engines for a living can tell you that cylinder bore wear is mostly not due to mechanical wear. It is due to sulphur in the fuel being converted to sulphuric acid in the combustion process. It occurs fairly evenly around the cylinder. Since the advent of low sulphur fuels some years ago, cylinder bore wear has been markedly reduced.
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  426. Asianometry at 3:27 said "In 1938 during World War II ....." Oops. For Japan, WW2 commenced on 7 December 1941 when they bombed Pearl Habour. Perhaps he meant the China invasion, which started in 1931, and is not normally considered part of World War II.
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  427. How was your tutor able to teach that with a straight face? Even then the USSR had reversed or abandoned many of the measures Lenin had prescribed. Their beaurocracy was huge. even in the mid-1930's just the NKVD (secret police) was huge - over 30,000 officers. Per head of population, that was 10 to 100 times the fraction other major countries. In his last days even Lenin admitted he had stuffed up.
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  428. Inheritance is American. They are a funny lot who won't update and use the metric system, because it is un-American (or Not Invented Here). Apart from that he's pretty good though. I've learnt a lot from Inheritance, Artisan Makes, and Kurtis. Learnt a lot more from Kurtis though.
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  429. GSTQ - you wrote "The bit I don't understand is why the US and UK didn't offer their nuclear subs years ago while the French, Germans and Japanese were making their tenders". Well, the fact is, Australia could not afford nuclear subs and never wanted them. Population wise, we are a small country, with a correspondingly small tax base to spend on military items. Our population has grown, but we still can't afford nuclear subs - they are just a Dutton thought bubble and won't actually happen. As far as ties are concerned, we are much closer to the USA than to Britain - have been since Britain dudded us in World War 2 and our prime minister had to go cap in hand and ask the USA for help in preventing Japanese invasion. We have defence treaties and arrangements with the USA. The British queen and now king has no relevance whatsoever to what equipment we buy.
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  430. So, special tools were required in the field. That doesn't seem real smart. At 6:30 it tells you to hit a nut, not the bolt. Good advice. But that's not what the actor actually did. He left a couple of mm of bolt protruding.
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  431. Even on a horse you have to obey the law.
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  432.  @callmeswivelhips  Queen or janitor - they are both human. Almost all humans get set in their ways as they get old.
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  433. The workers looked about as excited by the speeches as I was in high school putting up with the principal's Wednesday morning drone.
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  434.  @dougbaker9473  : First, I told you they are not complete doors, and second, what on earth makes you think it is rust proofing? Go back and watch it again - he loaded the paint gun out (8:59) of a tin clearly marked "High Gloss Enamel."
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  435. @lorna blewett and lee : Landrovers are hardly a much of a standard of comparison as far as dents and other defects are concerned. They are notorious for arriving at dealers with defects. However, if you buy a new Landrover and it's got a dent in it, a complaint to the dealer and he'll have it fixed at no cost to you. I wonder if that will work with these Pakistani-made doors? I've never seen poor welds on a Landrover though - had a few as company vehicles. I went to pick up a brand new one from the dealer once. I refused to take it as it had about a 12 degree list. The factory had fitted wrong springs on one side!
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  436. I initially thought that myself - tell a stewardess so she can report to the captain. But then I thought the pilots would know they had no power from that engine at the very least, and should know that no bleed air and electric power was coming from that engine. Rightly or wrongly I might think they would notice a reduction of weight on that wing. They would be extremely busy - I wouldn't want to be a back seat driver and upset their processes. My job as passenger in such a situation would be to sit quiet and let the professionals do their job.
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  437. Mr Felton said Hitler enjoyed micro-managing the War. Hardly. Hitler fell into a common trap that some leaders fall for - when things go wrong they feel their subordinates are not up to the job and thus the leader feels he needs to get involved. Micro-managing is never enjoyable - it is extremely stressful - and we do know that towards the end of the War Hitler showed all the signs of being under stress.
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  438.  @andrewwilson6085  To what end? These events were important in terms of effort and casualties, but Germany had essentially already lost the War by the time these events took place - industrially crippled and insufficient fuel to train pilots and deploy aircraft. These events would not have been different had Typhoons not existed as other aircraft in plentiful numbers could do ground attack. In the Battle of the Bulge, Typhoons played an important ground attack role, basically protecting British troops only, because at that time Typhoons were the best airborne firepower available, but other aircraft could have done the job. Much the same applies with D-Day landings. Can you cite a specific reference and summarise what it says?
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  439. What exactly does this expensive-looking setup do that a conventional dyno and instrument car won't do?
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  440.  @alwaysfreedom9354  ; I guess you are Amercian. Education here in Australia has been continually been going down hill since the 1970's here too. While the start of that coincided with the retirement of WW2 vets, that isn't the cause. The cause here is three main things;- 1. Australia had an independent standards setting system that was scrapped in the 1970's. It used to be that primary and high school syllabuses and certificate exams were set by independent universities. this meant the schools just had to measure up and teach so that a sufficient number of students passed. beginning in 1970 this system was scrapped and the schools themselves became able to set their own standards; 2. Schools adopted what was then new methods of American teaching - eg whole word reading instead of the c-a-t method. these methods proved to be no good. 3. The rise of feminism. Teachers noticed that girls don't do as well as boys in math and science and decided this needed to be corrected. fair enough, but their cure was to dumb math and science down, and take out what needs the student to think. This has caused boys to find math and science boring. A less important reason (some think it a critical factor) is that discipline standards have changed. Until the 1970's a kid being naughty what given a firm NO and smacked. Now they get diagnosed with some nonsense condition like ADHD and given special treatment.
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  441. This is an usually short video for TIK, but it's a good one. Short, sharp, and clearly explained. Dead right too.
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  442. He's tried 1500 cases. Kennedy found about a dozen that were reversed or partially reversed.so the guy got it right about 99.2% of the time - that seems pretty darn good. Kennedy here used his usual technique to see if he could unsettle the guy. Unlike many others who could not stand the heat or started filibustering or lying, this guy remained calm and gave succinct direct and honest answers. I hope he got voted in.
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  443. Pokazuha is in no way confined to the USSR or communist countries. Here in Australia, a visit by Queen Elizabeth usually caused something good to happen, or the appearance of something good happening. Railways here until recent years were government owned, and operated with a sort of benign neglect. On one visit, the Queen wanted to travel by train from the State capital to a regional city 160 km away. The scheduled train used to rattle and shake somewhat, and occasionally break down. For the Queen's trip, they re-aligned the track with welded rails to give a smooth ride, plus they bought a new locomotive and carriages, with a dining car that served drinks and snacks. Passengers benefited for years afterward. Priot to anothe visit by Queen Elizabeth, they were discussing with her plans to live broadcast a "glad to be here" speech by the Queen. She asked if children who were in hospital would be able to see her speech, and there was talk about an "impromptu" hospital visit if her schedule ran well and there was time. So the government hurriedly installed lots of TV's in hospital wards. But after her visit, they took the TV's away again. I attended the opening ceremony, conducted by the Queen, of a big new shopping precinct. Most of the shops were bare concrete as construction was running very late. For a few weeks prior, contractors worked double shifts to paint the concrete, install glass, and make it look like it was finished. Then after the Queen went back to England, they removed the glass etc, cleaned off the paint, and set about installing the finishes the architects specified. It was another 6 or 8 months before it really opened for business. Recently, some newspaper journalists embarrassed the Health Department of Western Australia. The Premier decided to visit a hospital, and the hospital management got staff to volunteer to be pretend patients, getting fake treatment with happy smiles on their faces! Most of the various companies I have worked for ordered cleanups and show-work to be done when government VIP's came.
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  444.  @Tyler_Owen23  ; Oh, quick clean=ups before the Big Boss arrives is very common in industry. It is not Pokazuha. The funny thing is, later in my career I became a head office boss myself, and I could always tell if they had done a special cleanup, or had guys doing make-work to appear busy. They neither fooled nor impressed me. One time I decided to visit a plant, and rang ahead just before leaving my office and told them I was coming, so they only had about 20 minutes notice. Just as I entered the foyer, I heard a faint voice say, "Put that away! Hammleter's here." I wondered what naughty thing was to be hidden from my sight, but hearing it made me smile.
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  445. Biden clearly has dementia. But it doesn't look like Parkinson's. Parkinson's suffers can't raise their voice, eventually they get so quiet you can hardly hear them. There is nothing they can do about it, no matter how hard they try. But Biden can and does raise his voice when sufficiently stirred up. He mumbles a lot but talks at an appropriate loudness. Parkinson's sufferers get the shakes. Biden looks unsteady on his feet but doesn't have the shakes. Parkinson's sufferers loose their memories and loose their sense of time, but can, until they are so bad they can't stand, run a conversation quite well, retaining the context. Biden forgets what he's on about half way through a sentence.
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  446. She did very well, recovered from an initial memory lapse over colateral estoppel, which would not come up in practice very often if ever. Colateral estopel is the principle that you shouldn't try to litigate the same matter twice. you either appeal on the basis of error in procedure by the court, or you accept what the court decided. Colateral estoppel is an archaic, obsolete term - it is usually called these days as issue preclusion.
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  447.  @indyrock8148  : That's ok, I get comments on posts I made a year ago. I myself have a policy to not comment on threads more than 6 months old unless the thread has only one or 2 posts and those posts could seriously mislead someone. Re your first para, it's not quite right. Churchill could have sent things, but he actually denied that the Japanese were a serious threat. Given Churchill was pretty smart and usually well informed, it is unlikely he genuinely believed that - it was just an excuse for sending nothing and retaining Australian troops for his own use in North Africa and Europe. It put Britain on the nose in Australia. It was the last straw destroying government and general loyalty to Britain. Your second paragraph is spot on. Your third para begins with a major error. Immediately post war, the British government implemented measures to create export volume, as they desparately needed the cash. For example, they tightly rationed steel to manufacturers supplying their own internal market, but there was no rationing of steel for manufacturers exporting. This was why Rover, who had minimal export volume, changed to using aluminum bodies. The govt policy led to the infamous "home quality / export quality" phenomenon (in old British trade/industry jourmals you often see reference to models for export supposedly better) - not withstanding that their exports were never-the-less of lower quality than that from the USA and others. This was because they built to pre-war quality, which was no longer good enough. Austin/Morris, who had considerable export volume, were able to use all-steel construction. Your last sentence is spot on - As the post war years rolled on, British exports had to complete with indigenous, US, and Japanese products, all of which were much better quality. My background is electronics engineering. Form this I can give examples of how poor British products, built in a cost-cutting environment, led to some surprising results. For example, when television started in Australia, most local factories had acquired ties with US manufacturers, and put into local production adapted American TV set designs - which were good. However EMI Australia was 100% owned by EMI Britain and had no tie with any US firm. EMI Britain sent out drawings and a few sample British-made TV sets, with the expectation that the Australian factory would just copy it exactly. But the local factory engineers immediately saw that the British design was so bad it would ruin their reputation, so they set about designing their own set from scratch, with help from Philips. The result was the best set on the Australian market.
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  448.  @silverianjannvs5315  : Well, they must have been scrapping the barrel when they made an Indian silver-spoon type the prime minister.
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  449.  @grizzomble  : Remember the American WW2 bomber the B29? Three on Japan bombing missions were forced to land in the USSR. The Soviets seized them. They stripped one down completely, used one to test fly and train on, and the third was used to test Russian made prototype assemblies such as engines. Stalin ordered that B29 copies be put into production. This was done and it involved setting up a complete non-metric manufacturing chain to, for example, make aluminium alloy sheets to US alloy specifications and non-metric gauges. They succeeded in making nearly 900 B-29 copies (as the TU-4). But the setting up of non-metric manufacturing of almost everything, involving about 900 parts factories, must have cost a fortune - it was done on an urgent basis on Stalin's orders but it would have been cheaper and quicker to design and engineer their own high altitude large bomber.
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  450.  @harrishanley8104  : Exactly. And in both chemistry and electronic engineering, when you drill down, you have to understand the behavior of electrons. In some circumstances the darn things behave as waves, and we do calculations based on wavs and get the right answer (that is, and answer that gives the right practical result), but sometimes they behave as tiny little ballistic particles, and we do calculations based on particles and get the right answer. It depends on the circumstances. It doesn't mean that electrons (or other charge-carrying things for that matter) somehow flip between being waves and being particles - it means we didn't actually figure out just exactly what electrons are and what makes them tick, but we have discovered when wave theory works and when particle theory works. And then particle physicists came along and pointed out that electrons captured by a nucleus must be a statistical probability ....
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  451. You are correct. Asianometry has misunderstood a well known review article published by AT&T. Typically, your call would be routed in to what was called a "carrier system". The terminals of the carrier systems used about 25-30 tubes to combine 12 phone calls into one composite signal called a "group" - a carrier terminal at each end that's about 4 tubes per conversation, but 50 - 60 tubes in the system. The method was similar to how various programmes are modulated on to separate "carrier" signals so that you can tune your radio into the one you want. In cross-country call routing, several groups were combined into a "supergroup", needing more tubes, but they were shared for 60 conversations. Supergroups were also combined with other supergroups into a mastergroup - again more tubes, a fair number, but shared between a great number of conversations. Repeaters (ie amplifiers) were needed every 30 miles or so to overcome cable losses. More tubes, but shared between a great number of conversations. When you look at all this infrastructure, its thousands of tubes, but they are handling thousands of calls. If you followed an individual signal from tube to tube end to end, its only dozens of tubes as the other tubes are handling other calls.
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  452. Who knows! These Pakistani small shop videos usually have names that don't match the content. It's a chain drive sprocket, must likely for some factory machine.
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  453. Sergei: The reason why the English version and the Russian version are different is because they were written by different people - each team ignorant of the other. In theory, anyone can work out the editing history of any Wikipedia article. Just click on the article's View History tab, and work your way through the listed versions, right back to the first version. you can see what changes, additions, and deletions were made. In practice this can take you days or weeks. I said in theory. Sometimes edit wars happen - different volunteer editors keep undoing each other's work until either one gets fed up and gives up, or the dominant editor's friends gang up and swamp it. Worse, groups of them decide someone is a Bad Person and just delete everything he/she did, without trace, including the entries in the history list. I used to be a Wikipedia editor (English Wikipedia), but some twit noticed that different editor names had logged in with the same IP address. So him and his friends decided I was pretending to be different people and banned me. Stupid berks did not understand that many, but not all, internet service providers allocate IP addresses dynamically - you get a different address each time you start your computer. Some give you a new IP weekly. So, everything I had done got deleted - without trace. They also banned access to all the IP addresses that they thought I had used - which for me is hilarious, as the probability that my ISP will allocate them to me is very low. I am permanently banned - just because a few idiots don't understand how the internet works. Researchers and authors should always click on the Talk tab of any Wikipedia article. In the talk page you can see all the debates and arguments that went on between editors, and often the reasons why things got changed/added/deleted. Never the less, Wikipedia IS a good place to start to research or learn any subject. Just don't rely on the article text - instead, look up the references given and interpret the references for yourself. If an article claims something without giving a reference, ignore it - it cannot be trusted and is likely to be wrong.
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  454.  @mybluebelly  : It's not as simple as that. In WW2, especially in Britain, aircraft design was not that well engineered. The Lanc was really a delivery platform for about the same weight as the B17. But experiment showed that with overloading it 100%, it could still, JUST, get off the ground and eventually climb, IF the pilot had nerves of steel, made no mistakes, and the engines were in perfect tune. There were a lot of take-off accidents due to the overloading. The Brits were prepared to wear that, the Americans not. And the limits of what a B17 could do were more accurately known.
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  455. I wonder what the North Vietnamese made of any US films they got hold of, or the repeated assurances by General Westmorland (the incompetent fool in command of US forces in Vietnam) that the US was winning and the communists were running out of people to deploy in the fight - they must have thought it hilarious - Abbot & Costello.
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  456. The value of the scene is that the Queen is shown getting up and getting Thatcher a whiskey as requested. And although it is speculative fiction, it is believable that Elizabeth would do that. Would Charles do that? I think not. Even if he had any sympathy, which is doubtful, he would get a servant to poor the whiskey.
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  457.  @paogene1288  Australians invited to Vietnam??!! Conned into Vietnam you mean. The Vietnam War was a totally unnecessary war caused by American stupidity. The Vietnamese, having been subjugated by force by the French, then subjugated by force by the Japanese during WW2, expected to be free when Japan lost the War. But the French came back. The Vietnamese had had enough and asked China to help get the French out because the US refused to help. This upset the Americans who invaded the South. The Americans conned Australian into joining the fight to support American propaganda.
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  458.  @hansnotsolo  : I'm not a doctor, I'm a professional engineer. In engineering, we have peer review meetings - especially where safety of the public could be impacted. In these meetings, the engineer responsible for a project describes his decisions and reasons to a peer group, thus creating an opportunity for other minds to spot things he didn't think of. Also, there is nothing like explaining to others in clarifying one's own thoughts - it works better if they actually lack knowledge. But what to do remains his decision. After all, he is the only one there who is intimately familiar with his case. In business management, however, a thing called 6-sigma became fashionable. In 6-sigma meetings, a consensus opinion is sought - they even take votes on what to do. In business, that works - there is often no clear best option. In engineering, 6-sigma and consensus doesn't work. When you have an expert, the votes of other, inherently less experienced and less informed people only dilute the expert's expertise. This seems to be Charlie Teo's reason for not liking MDT meetings. So, Reeds, tell me honestly, which way do MDT meetings work? Peer review or expert dilution? My wife had cancer. She got an opinion from her oncologist who proposed a treatment protocol we were not expecting, and we said so. We respectfully challenged her, wanting her reasoning. The oncologist then said she had discussed my wife's case with Dr xxxx, who is the city's best expert. We said, ok, but we want an appointment with Dr xxxx and hear it from the horse's mouth. Reluctantly, the oncologist gave us the necessary referral. On seeing Dr xxxx, he confirmed his opinion that he had given. But on carefully going through all the lab results and imaging etc in our presence, which he had not done in the meeting with the oncologist, he radically changed his opinion. So, tell me, Reeds, what went wrong here?
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  459.  @kennethtyree4770  I didn't say the folks on drugs were cute. I said Nancy Reagan was cute. You do know there was a President Reagan in the 1980's?
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  460. Whenever Felton talks about the War in the Pacific and Japan, he gets inaccurate. This video is no exception. 1. Felton implied the US left several cities unscathed from carpet bombing so they could be nuclear targets. That doesn't make sense, as the US only had enough fissionable material to make 3 or perhaps 4 bombs, and they exploded one in their own desert to see if it worked. So there really was only 2 or perhaps 3 bombs to be dropped on Japan. That of course was kept secret at the time. 2. Felton stated that an army was stationed in Hiroshima and thus it was a military target. There was a small wartime army contingent there, but it was a nuclear target purely because it was an immense navy base, with all manner of ship support facilities. Practically the whole city was tied to the navy in some way. An army stuck in home territory is no threat to anyone. Surrounding hills improved the effectiveness of the bomb. 3. Felton stated that today Japan is everywhere in the country very modern and flash. That's true only in the big cities. Rural Japan is like rural anywhere - not very modern at all. My father spent two years in Japan, as did a couple of my wife's cousins - employed as English language teachers in rural schools. They have given me hundreds of photos - its all pretty ordinary. 4. Felton stated that there were many reasons why Japan surrendered - he said the 2 bombs were just one reason. The 2 bombs were the whole and sole reason. The decision was not taken by the military command or government - they wanted to fight on even after the bombs. The decision to stop the fight was taken by the emperor, mostly because he thought himself in grave danger. His directive to stop the fight and cooperate with the US was recorded on 78 rpm disc and secretly transported to the radio broadcast studio, so as to avoid the military command confiscating it and carrying on the war. Once the directive was broadcast and in the public domain, the military had no option, as the emperor was considered a living god who could not be disobeyed.
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  461. This cop is complete idiot. Perhaps the guy was very deaf, maybe has extremely limited English. Ok, he was drunk, which is why he was speeding. But when he eventually figured out he was supposed to stop, he did so. Then a rabid cop comes at him, doesn't ask any question, just goes immediately violent. If he is deaf, and/or has limited English, he doesn't get "get on your stomach", he just sees a violent woman attacking him. So he thinks he's going to die, and with the booze and drugs in him, he does his best to stop her. Note that he didn't attack the cop, except to wrestle the tazer off her and throw it away. Faced with a beserk cop like that, I would too - if I survived the tazer firings. If the stupid cop had of behaved normally, reported in, walked up and asked for id, given the guy a chance to answer questions, probably all that would have happened is a drunk driving charge. Was the cop on drugs?
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  462.  @keithpeterson6108  : This is not apparent in the simulation in this video. As others have posted, piston TDC inherently means the crank pin is positioned to make it so.
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  463.  @keithpeterson6108  : My other post was in response to your post claiming the crank is past "TDC" when the piston is at TDC. Offsetting the cylinder from the crankshaft centre line is sometimes done as it changes the percentage of time the cylinder is in power stroke, but it makes almost negligible difference to engine performance or friction. You have a misconception about how the heat energy in the burnt gases is converted into mechanical energy. It is done by gas expansion as the piston goes down - the fact that the pressure cannot rotate the crankshaft at TDC is of no importance. You might like to look up the "standard air cycle" - a mathematical model taught to engineering students as it explains why raising the compression ratio improves performance. It assumes combustion occurs instantaneously at TDC and that no heat is lost during expansion. Neither is completely true of course, but are both approximately true. The short combustion time (mostly within a few degrees of TDC) is analogous to the "cut off" in a reciprocating steam engine. In a steam engine you get maximum efficiency when the steam valve opening time is kept within a few degrees of TDC, so that power is produced by expansion and not boiler pressure. This is a fact not often known except by engineers, but you can look up "cut-off" for yourself, and if you do, you will understand why arranging for crank leverage at TDC is not a good idea. (Actually, in steam railway engines, the cutoff (ie valve opening time) is made variable. On starting off, the driver lengthens the cutoff - this increases torque for starting due to the extension of time piston sees full boiler pressure, but it considerably reduces efficiency, so as the train builds up speed, the driver shortens the cutoff, reducing steam consumption and thus fuel.)
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  464.  @chronographer  : I don't know how US law works, but here in Australia courts would consider a man's wife as committed to agree with her husband - after all the standard wedding vow is in part "to love and obey"". So if he said he was wearing a seat belt and she said he was wearing a seatbelt, her testimony is not admissable evidence - who is to know if he instructed her to say that. She would of course be breaking her obligation to tell the truth, but in this case they would have no evidence that she did. In effect him and his wife are one party vs 2 cops who could say he wasn't. In such minor cases courts will always believe even a single cop against some boofhead anyway.
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  465. Felton puts a lot of store on the Soviet pathologists not detecting cyanide in the bodies. This means absolutely nothing, because:- 1) he hasn't stated what kind of test the Soviets used - how sensitive or insensitive it was: 2) Cyanide compounds are quite unstable, typically detectable for only about a day or so. After three days they were not usually detectable by the chemical tests available in the 1940's. The bodies were burnt. Combustion heat, which was sufficient to cause skeletal shrinkage at near the maximum amount, would have greatly accelerated the decomposition of cyanide compounds. Felton seems to have looked for sensational technical evidence without bothering to find out whether the circumstances of the evidence allow any reliability. The nature of cyanide decomposition in dead bodies is an obvious question and the answer is readily available. How much of Felton's other evidence is reliable? Witnesses, e.g., Hitler's communications man present in the bunker, never changed their story, not during Soviet interrogation, and not in interviews long after the USSR released them - long after Hitler would have been long dead of old age anyway, if he had not had advanced Parkinson's disease and been pumped up with myriad nasty drugs by the incompetent Morrel. It does not appear that these witnesses had anything to gain by lying.
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  466.  @AC-jk8wq  : We know Americans like to eat at MacDonalds and similar cheap fast food places. I just looked up how many calories in a typical meal. 1 burger, 1 Coke, 1 serve fries, 1 fudge pudding: That's 1400 calories in just one meal. Most people eat 3 meals per day.
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  467.  @freefall0483  : Have you thought this through? We have thousands of kilometres of isolated coast on which to land a force and establish a command. The RAN will only be able to deploy three or 4 subs at any one time. If just one is knocked out by an enemy that pretty much neutralises the whole sub force. Any invasion is likely to be at least supported by airborne forces. China has and will have a sufficiently large air transport fleet and long range missiles they could do the whole thing by air. But they don't need to do anything with military force. If they want to put Australia out of business, all they need to do is order all imports and exports to/from Australia to stop. This AUKUS thing means an expenditure of $16,000 for every person in Australia. I can think of much better ways of making Australia better, eg, just give us all $16,0000; or spend it on hospitals, or raise pensions. Those long range missiles you write about are not confined to launching from a nuclear sub. They launch from a standard torpedo tube, which can be in any sort of sub - large or small, nuclear or non-nuclear. And they can be launched from land vehicles.
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  468.  @williamzk9083  : It didn't actually work at zero speed. Actually, iwhen the fuel was ignited, pulsing would usually start with a lowish fuel flow without any forward movement of the V-1. But it was not proper pulsing and the thrust was minimal, well under that required for the V-1 to fly (well below the thrust required to achieve aerodynamic stall speed). On launch, V-1's were accelerated to over 300 km/hr by a catapult device, essentially a piston in a very long cylinder driven by a huge volume of steam created by reacting hydrogen peroxide with sodium permanganate. At nearly 300 km/hr the pulse jet began to work properly and produced full thrust, continuing the flight. You can watch a German training film on how a V-1 launch works at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJ-dAFQ6Jzo. The catapult system was quite elaborate. The link you provided is not valid.
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  469.  @williamzk9083  : A water/coal slurry will not work in a diesel engine, as atomisation is critical to ignition and burst combustion, which must occur with a few degrees (10 or 15 at most) of top dead centre, or efficiency will be low. For the same reason, particle size would need to be well under 0.1 mm or the engine may not even fire. Remember - combustion is two processes - pyrolysis followed by oxidation. Oxidation cannot occur until pyrolysis has started - in a diesel engine this must be fast, so requiring particle surface area to be large compared to diameter. It should be fine in a turbine though - since combustion is continuous and can occur in as much volume as needed. The L13a (not L13) was meant to be simple and cheap, so pellet by pellet dispensing is no good. It was essentially a pre-loaded fuel cartridge system
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  470.  @JeffreyHornick-ep3si  No. The British made no attempt to bomb infrastructure that supported the German war effort, except for a few special missions, such as the skip-bomb dam busting. Hitler and his generals were the sort that were neve once swayed by the suffering of his people. Churchill thought fighting a war was about punishing the enemy people. In contrast, the American leadership thought that fighting a war was about strategicaly crippling the enemy's ability to fight. The British bombed houses and block of flats, whereas the Americans bombed oil refineries and industrial estates. Hitler gave orders that the Luftwaffe bomb only military targets in Britain. He only changed that order after the British started bombing residential areas willy-nilly.
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  471. In real life Charles didn't want to marry - he famously said so. He only wanted to get his end in. Lust, not love.
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  472.  @ohio  : Why? Vietnam has been communist for 47 years now. They're doing ok. Certainly better than when the French were in charge. USSR/Russia - communism failed. Has it got better since? It doesn't seem so. In Germany, Hitler was democratically elected - how well did that work? The point is, capitalism works well for some, and not for others. Same with communism. Neither is anywhere near perfect. China is communist and is ascendent. The USA is capitalist and is in decline. In any case, what has it got to do with the USA what system Vietnam chose? What right had the USA got, to intervene by starting a war? That's the key question you haven't answered.
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  473.  @stevek8829  : You need to read more widely and with more care. The post-World War 2 history of Vietnam is very complex, but here is an overview, somewhat more detailed than I posted before:- Following WW2. Vietnam was divided into 2 by the silly & ignorant Mountbatten. This naturally led to 3 things: the North going communist in order to get help from China, both the South and the North wanting to unite, and both wanting to fight and get the French out of the South. The South came to be run by the non-communist Diem government, which took over by force and was not legitimate. If free elections had been held, the communist party would have won, leading immediately to unification. The USA decided to send a small number of forces to prop up the Diem government. This didn't work, so they escalated and sent very large forces. They also installed a puppet government - the Thieu government, which had almost no support from the Vietnamese people. Any request to the US from the Thieu government was thus a sham. Both US and Australian forces sent to Vietnam were called "advisors", as were Australian forces sent to Afghanistan. They were called advisors for legal and propaganda reasons - in the case of Australian soldiers, they cannot legally be sent to fight in an overseas war zone unless the government declares war on the opposing participating countries - this involves constitutional difficulties. A declaration of war would obviously have been inadvisable anyway as China was assisting Vietnam. Nobody with any sense believes that the "advisors" were advising and not fighting. Certainly not the Vietnam veterans I know, who all served as privates and got shot at and fired their own guns, seriously risking their lives. Not a single one gave any sort of advice to any Vietnamese - not during the Diem era nor the Thieu era. If you believe they were only advising, at any time, I suggest you watch the available films of them fighting. Nobody with any sense believes that individual Australian and US men went to Vietnam with evil intent - they were forced to go, most as conscripts. That's partly why the Vietnamese are happy to have us visit today. But it WAS evil of the US Government to send their forces and coerce the Australian government to also send conscripted troops. One of the legal fictions/shams that our government in Australia instituted due to not having declared war was that nobody was legally forced to go to Vietnam at all. They were all volunteers. In theory. How it worked was this: Teenagers were conscripted for basic military training as grunts, which was legal under the constitution. Upon completion of training, each was asked to volunteer for service in Vietnam. Anybody that refused was then ear-bashed and shamed by progressively higher officers until he weakened. If that didn't work, he could be referred to an army psychiatrist. Few failed to weaken at that stage, but those that did didn't go to Vietnam.
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  474.  @PaperSkiesAviation  If you meant the Arcadia Conference declaration Jan 42 you should say so. The United Nations did not exist until October 1945. You gave the annexation of Latvia etc as a violation but the Soviet Union did that in 1939 - something that occurred before cannot be a violation. Since 1945, the term "United Nations" has a specific meaning. For things before its creation, you say something like "nations were united in doing such-and-such" but you can't say "the United Nations did such and such". And only one of those B-29's crashed. Incidentally, the damage was minor. Soviet pilots flew all three seized planes to Moscow. Since you hope I'm Russian in a derogatory way, presumably you are not. So what's with the fake Russian accent then?
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  475. Calling the last one built the last of the Nazi Germany fighters is stretching it more than a bit. It's a lot bigger, has a totally different engine, and about the only things common is that it was a single seat single engine fighter with angled wings. Same as the Sabre jet and the Mig.15, both inspired by German war time work.
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  476.  @MarkFeltonProductions : What on earth has the nationality of the test pilots have to do with it? The Argentines merely employed people they could find with the right skills and training, same as everybody else. When GM designs a new model car, they ship pre-production models out to Australia for testing on our rural roads and the GMH proving ground, as do Volvo and a couple of Japanese brands. Does that make these cars even a little bit Australian just because they were tested by Australian drivers in Australia? I don't think so. Neither would any other reasonable person. You might just as well claim the big NASA rockets were Nazi Germany rockets, as von Braun was project leader, and other Germans worked on them. But they were not German rockets, they were American rockets, full of American technology, and completely beyond anything the Nazi leadership could have envisaged. Same with these Argentine fighters. Australia's GAF designed and built military aircraft based on experience assembling British designs and reading up on American knowhow. Does this make things like the Jindivik an early British jet drone? I don't think so, even though it had a British jet engine. You can bet Kurt Tank studies a lot of developments happening in the USA and elsewhere, significantly improving on his war time experience. Your title "Nazi Germany's Last Fighter" is just click bait. Viewers will click on this because they expect to find out about some end of war German aircraft they didn't know about, not some dubious Argentine product of many years later. Your early videos were good, now you are just going for quantity and not quality.
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  477.  @MarkFeltonProductions  : A direct improvement? It sure doesn't look like it. A car with 4 wheels, and engine up front does not make it Ford. Neither does a plane with swept wings and one jet engine make it a Nazi German design. From your own voice over, several models with a considerable number of modifications were gone through before it was acceptable. Nearly all machinery is an evolution or extrapolation from what went before. As I said, the Americans went for swept wings inspired by German research. Do you claim the Sabre Jet or Mig 15 are among the last of the Nazi German planes too?
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  478. A factor in this is that the KLM captain had not flown for 12 weeks prior to this flight. I know from doing complex jobs under pressure myself that such a long break can impair your reaction time and decision making ability, especially as one gets older, as this chap had. If the incident had not happened, on his next flight the captain would probably got his performance back to top standard. I'm not a pilot, so I might be unaware of some factor, but in a circumstance like this, rotten visibility, language issues, wouldn't it have made sense for the KLM crew to ask the tower, or the other aircraft, to specifically confirm the runway is clear, by asking "yes or no"? Because that would depart from procedure or radio etiquette? They were fools if that was the reason. Since clearance for takeoff is critical to safety, why does it depend solely on a single voice communication? Because that's the way it has always been done? Given technology is easy, how about mandating that ATC must dial in a flight number and flick a switch to transmit clearance by radio to the aircraft, which would light a lamp or something in front of the aircrew? If you don't get a green light AND voice approval to take off, OR voice approval repeated in separate transmissions, you don't take off. That is a procedure that is both fail safe and fault tolerant.
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  479. This sounds like a classic case, where too much automation - intended to reduce pilot workload - when it goes outside its limits, actually makes the pilot workload higher, beyond what he can do. I bet if those two galas, if they were flying an old fashioned plane with no automation, they would have landed safely, captain drunk or not. They would have done it on practiced instinct. This is a very important point, because we are constantly being told self-driving cars are possible and will be common within a few years. But the driver must maintain situation awareness and be ready to take over instantly. That is just not going to work.
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  480. The film gives the year at 0:17 as 1942. The SCR-270 radar shown was in use in 1940.
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  481.  @ryanpoulin5144  ; You can forget about Palmer's Titanic II. It was just a lot of hot air. it was designed to help make him well known, get us to play those DVD's he mailed us, and vote his party in power so he could be PM and do a little corruption. But us Aussies were not that stupid. He doesn't need Titanic II now.
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  482. We have the same problem with our schools in Australia. High school graduation exams used to be set by our universities, so the teachers had to ensure that most students measured up to the externallly set standard. In the 1970's they scrapped that and let the school system set its own exams and therefore the syllabus. Standards have been consequently been going down hill ever since. The quality of teachers has dropped because anybody good now works in industry on much better pay. In high school I gave up technical drawing class because I didn't have good hand coordination skills and the teacher kept failing me and making me do drawings again. At the end of term I was so far behind it was ridiculous. 15 years later I began an engineering degree at university and had to do technical drawing. I consistent got my drawings marked 19 out of 20 while the rest of the class, all just graduated from high school, averaged a much lower mark. The bachelor of engineering course used to be a 3 year course. The universities had to add an additional year in front, as students arrived not knowing stuff that used to be taught in high school. My generation usually only did 7 years of primary and 3 years of high school. Now they do 6 years or primary and 6 years of high school and end up knowing less.
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  483.  @2015dwayne  : The XNR/Asimmetrica was of mild interest (and I did quickly read the Wikipedia article you referred me to - Dwayne, I thank you for alerting me to something I didn't know about). Almost all of the asymmetric features you mentioned stem from coordinating the design with the racing car-like bulges before and after the driver. The statement that asymmetric clay models, used by many manufacturers, does not generally imply an intent or possible intent to put asymmetric cars into volume production (and asymmetric lights wouldn't be allowed anyway) as given by me and others, is not invalidated by the XNR/Asimmetrica.
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  484.  @2015dwayne  : Thanks - I had not seen it. Jay having fun as usual. I do enjoy Jay Leno's Garage episodes though. I wouldn't mind his money - I wouldn't mind a tiny fraction of his money to spend on restoring and restomoding old cars. I have a friend who owns a PT Cruiser - he loves it. But he also has a BMW-made Mini which he uses when he's in a more hooning mood and his wife is nowhere in sight. There would be some tension in that family if Chrysler brought out an XNR-style retro car.
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  485. Trump is not suitable to be president, but do not read into things that which is not there. I am the same age as Trump and sometimes bruise very easily. its an age thing - I'm not on any anticoagulant, in fact I am on no drug of any kind. What matters is the health of Trump's brain - unfortunately he's not very bright, and never was. My wife was put on an anticoagulant because she had an episode of atrial fibulation after some surgery - apparently it is one of the side effects of ketamine. She was perfectly healthy, but once you have atrial fibulation doctors insist on an anticoagulant no matter what.
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  486.  @karlharrison2449  : I wasn't commenting on the effect of sanctions generally, I was commenting that the particular factory shown in this video is likely to be having problems, due to its equipment being imported. However, I don't doubt that Russia will AFTER some time be strengthened by the sanctions - history shows that's what long term sanctions do - for example the 1960's and 1970's sanctions against South Africa boosted their industry and caused them to make gasoline from coal. And South Africa is a much smaller country than Russia. However, in the short term it can make things difficult. It takes years to build up technical skills and supply chains to make things that used to be imported. You see this in the Russian airline industry, which is now flying aircraft with parts cannabalized from aircraft taken out of service. Everyone expected the Russian airforce to actively support their ground troops in the Ukraine. That's what they were trained to do after the reforms post Chechnya. However this is not happening much, and one presumes that is because they need to conserve flying hours due to parts shortages until they get their own factories on line. We saw that Russia sent a lot of tanks to Ukraine out of long term storage. These tanks suffered a lot of breakdowns (part of the reason why the initial invasion failed is because tank radios failed, so commanders could not direct their tanks). Russia has learnt from that and has since been sending its' stored tanks back to the factory for overhaul/refurbishment. This is going much slower than Putin and his top brass wanted - again parts supply appears to be the problem. For example they had been importing night gun sights from France. I also agree that sanctions bite the country imposing them as well (eg USA) because they aren't selling what they formerly were selling. But that is not a concern to the factory in this video.
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  487.  @ypaulbrown : You should read some books yourself - including official war-time reports that have now been declassified. Britain made a maximum effort in terms of commitment of forces, putting factories to work on military equipment etc. But its war effort was ill-conceived and achieved very little. WW2 was won by the efforts of the USA and the USSR - both deployed far more troops and equipment, and both directed their efforts to what actually mattered.
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  488. Well, at least the Model 37 wasn't as completely stupid as the British Bristol Brabazon - a monster prop airliner designed by a government committee (who thought that only rich people flew) that no airline was remotely interested in. But .... On of the factors in driving the USAF away from piston engine large bombers like the B36 and on to large jet bombers like the B52 came from when the B36 was deployed to an Alaskan air base. The general commanding the base wrote a blistering report saying it was just about impossible to keep the B36 flight ready. One problem: 6 engines each of 28 cylinders = 336 spark plugs. You could expect at least one random plug failure per flight, as each flight meant a total of over 3000 spark plug hours, and it just took way too long to change them all before each flight. To get the same overall reliability as say a B17, spark plug life would need to be 5 times longer - not possible. Similar reasoning applies to other components. The pusher configuration and misfiring led to serious fires. And it flew too slow to ever get to enemy targets before being shot down anyway. If maintenance cost is too high, and reliability too low, for military use, it is most definitely no good for civilian use. A few fires in the news and nobody would fly in the thing.
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  489. Really a totally different experience, but this reminds Caucasian me of being in Japan - a nation of some of the rudest, racially prejudiced and stupidest people on earth. Sitting in a restaurant with friend who teaches English there, a couple of Japanese ladies at the adjacent table: One says to the other a few derogatory remarks about us, and the other lady says the equivalent of "Yeah, fancy giving birth to THAT" - meaning me. As we got up to go, I said in Japanese to them, "The fish was nice. Did you enjoy your noodles?". Nothing happened for about 3 seconds, then there was a reaction as though I had pulled out a machine gun. Later, my friend told me off, saying that one should never seek to cause embarrassment. I reckon I taught them a lesson they needed to learn.
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  490.  @lucasrem  XLR has been around for decades. Just new to amateur grade equipment that's all. Nothing high tech in a pedal box - even digital types. Germanium diodes go back to the 1940's. High voltage from the 1950's.
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  491.  @BigBoy4004  : that may be so, but the germanium diodes sell for only cents.
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  492. Interesting. Here in Australia, some companies have tried writing such 2 year exclusion clauses into employment contracts. Hardly anyone takes much notice. It could be held as restraint of trade if it went to court. What sometimes happens is that a person who leaves a company with a 2 year clause not to compete, finds a job with another company with a different job title, but doing much the same thing. In highly specialised fields like medicine and engineering, it could cost the first company a lot of expense on legal fees to prove in court it is the same job. So they don't sue, because not only will it cost them, the suit may fail, and the competitor would most likely find another person just as good anyway. Kennedy is right. The doctor was fool enough to sign a contact he didn't like, just so he didn't have to move house and got a bag of money instead. Not really any different to signing a contract to buying an EV car, finding the need to find places to charge it at a damn nuisance, and wanting your money back.
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  493. @Turnipstalk That's true in theory, however aircraft engines of WWII vintage were limited to about 7:1 so that they could use low swirl combustion for efficiency and so they could use supercharging/turbocharging. The Napier engines featured in this video had a 7:1 compression ratio, actually higher than for example the poppet valve Merlin, which had only 6:1. Both required fuel of at least 100 octane rating. In terms of combustion conditions, supercharging is much the same as raising the compression ratio, as is turbocharging, except that turbocharging is a little more efficient as it uses waste heat in the exhaust instead of taking some power from the crankshaft.
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  494.  @Cj-hy8cy  Which Indian PM said exactly what and exactly when? Can you give a reference? The fact is - After a lot of mutual huffing and puffing over a few years, China began the war with attacks on 20 October 1962. On 19 November 1962 China's Chou En Lai ordered Chinese troops to withdraw 20 km back from the existing border and the war was over. He did that because he saw that with both the USA and the USSR aiding India, China could not win. If Fred picks a fight with Bill, it doesn't matter if Bill knocks him out, or two big bruisers come along and side with Bill, and cause Fred to chicken out, well Fred has still lost and Bill has won. It matters not whether Bill is a good fighter or not. Khruschev in particular did not like Mao, and saw the war as Mao's way of forcing Khruschev's hand in driving world communism, but Khruschev turned it around and made it a way to put Mao back in his box. Go read up on the subject, before you post a guess.
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  495.  @MrTheGuitarNerd  It appears the Chinese do. They had another go quite recently, testing the envelope.
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  496.  @Cj-hy8cy  : I notice you haven't been able to come up with a citation to back your claim that an Indian PM said India lost the 1962 war. Since Chou En Lai ordered Chinese troops back 20 km inside China, and stated that the existing border (The "Line of Control" agreed in 1914 and detailed in 1959) still stood - and you can google and read Chou En Lai's 19/11/1962 letter - it means China gave up on its 1962 aggression and won nothing. They failed. They lost. Nehru never actually agreed to the Line Of Control - he wanted to seize territory from China, past the LOC - but that doesn't mean India lost the war or lost anything in the war other than some battles. It may be that India got screwed in the LOC agreement, but that pre-dates the war. Ever since, China has in its own history books, claimed to have secured its borders against Indian encroachment, and claimed to have won the war. the first claim is dubious and the second nonsense. But that's what China does - it declares black is white when it suits it to do so. Just like it tried to claim that COVID originated in the USA.
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  497. The reason why the US Navy liked their water cooled reactor is not because a sub is surrounded by sea water. It is because water is a neutron moderator whose effectiveness is proportional to temperature. This makes the reactor inherently stable and controllable. Pul out control rods a bit and the nuclear reaction increases, raising the temperature, which causes the water to absorb more neutrons, holding the reaction back. Power output becomes proportional to how far the rods are pulled out and is self regulating at all control rod positions.. What Wigner learnt the hard ways was not that water was bad, it was that graphite moderated reactors are bad, due to what became known as the Wigner Effect. Wigner effect is where the graphite, after some time in operation, spontaneously changes phase and increases in temperature and expands, which can cause all sorts of problems.
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  498.  @ceu160193  No. The crew correctly completed standard procedure when a serious collision occurs. The fires in the majority of the furnaces were shut down immediately the bridge ordered engines stopped, and the residual steam was vented. In any case, Cameron had an expert do computer modelling which showed the hull parted between the 2nd and third funnel - the majority of the boilers were forward of that point. Other people have theorised that it split further aft, in which case all boilers were forward of the split.
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  499. That sounds like an urban myth or maybe you made it up. A typical adult dose to make you go is 15 to 20 ml - about one tablespoon. It is quite likely that mechanics with oil on their hands might wipe their mouths and ingest some oil, but it would be nowhere near a spoonful, even if it was 100% castor used. In any case, the digestive system has great powers of automatic adjustment and under regular ingestion will overcome any laxative cause. Those of us old guys who, like Joe Biden, are on a drug esopremazole long term (eg to stop chest pain) know that - it causes diarrhea but only for the first few days. When you stop taking it, you don't go for about a week. In WW1 it was said that pilots ingested castor oil blown back in their faces by the open design radial engines of the period. But considering they had to fly rickety cloth & string biplanes into enemy territory and get shot at, I reckon anyone would get the urge to evacuate regardless of what they did or did not ingest.
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  500.  @sandervanderkammen9230  ; Yes, I should have written "rotary" where i wrote "radial".
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  501.  @terrydepew1252  : My mother told me much the same story as your Dad. If I remember right she said it tasted really foul. It was the foul taste that made her behave more than the trots.
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  502. Wright's book was half what was already reported in newspapers and half just nonsense he made up in his vivid imagination. However, there is somewhat oblique evidence that Hollis was a Russian agent. Hollis spent some time convincing the Australian Government to set up their own civilian agency ASIO. When the then PM agreed, he asked Britain to send out an expert to help set it up. They sent Hollis, who interviewed Australian candidates for ASIO jobs and selected the weakest, least competent ones. As described in ASIO's official history published about 10 years ago, ASIO in its early years was like a bunch of goofing keystone cops.
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  503. i had to laugh at 5:00 - the ship is already listing badly and people are listing at the same angle. People don't list. it's even worse at about 5:32 - people shown at 60 degrees and sliding sideways - the odd movement draws your eye to them.. At 18:13 a lifeboat is shown coming down on top of another, pushing it under water, with the passengers in the boat pushed under remaining upright as though they are stone!
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  504. Suspect this is deliberate BBC propaganda, not reality. They seem very old teenagers. Going to a jazz club in 1955? British jazz was pretty boring then. They should have gone to a skiffle show. But parents and priests, and perhaps the BBC, viewed skiffle as some sort of evil immoral malignancy didn't they? Meanwhile American parents were worried about rock and roll.
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  505. The English didn't normally do precision bombing, partly because their technology was backward, and partly because Churchill and his cronies didn't care. He thought the way to win the War was to kill, maim, and burn as many civilians as possible, and to do that it doesn't much matter where in a big city you drop bombs, so long as you include incendaries mixed with high explosive, which is what the Brits did. Fortunately the Americans did do precision bombing and ruined German war production, as otherwise Hitler would have won. Brits were into punishment. Americans were into strategy. My family and lots of others used to hide in the Opel car factory during American air raids. It ended up every building around it was wrecked, but the Opel plant remained intact - it had been owned by GM since 1929.
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  506.  @markholroyde9412  I may or may not be a nut, but you sure are an ignorant twit. The decision of the British to target civilians willy-nilly is well documented in many books - and also documented in many books that it was ineffective at reducing the German will and ability to fight. The navigation tools and training available to British aircrews meant they were often doing well to merely hit the right city. The American bombers all had the Norden bombsight, developed before the War, which had a demonstrated accuracy in typical weather conditions of 75 feet (~22 metres). The Norden used a mechanical analogue computer to integrate true ground speed, bomber air speed, and wind speed and direction and automatically control the aircraft and drop at the right time. They spent a lot of time using aerial photography, info from spies, and looking up phone books, trade journals etc to select targets. If the Americans wanted to hit a certain factory in Europe, they hit it. If they didn't, they didn't. They weren't so precise in Japan because the weather was a lot rougher, trade upwind monitoring not as good, and less target information was available. The Norden accuracy was so good the USAF could and did attack ships from fairly high altitude. The Brits could only attack ships by diving down to low altitude, with considerable risk of being shot down.
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  507. Post 1: Mentour Now stated that "engine access was said to be satisfactory". All of us engineers and technicians who have worked on British and American equipment know what "satisfactory' means when it is said by a British manufacturer. It means the access is difficult and/or requires the undoing of a stupendous number of bolts and/or disconnection of systems.
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  508.  Hector Hernandez  : Well, duh... obviously! It says so in the above text and in the beginning of the video. My point was that the colourisation operator did not choose the colours intelligently. No computer can know what colours cars came in. It is up to the operator to find out. He didn't bother. As I recall, greens and maroons were popular back then. Reds and maroons render dark in black and white film, especially reds, if orthochromatic film was used. Vivid blues come out almost white on ortho film, however few cars then were blue. Panchromatic film, which gives a balanced black and white image almost identical to a colour TV or computer image with the colour turned right down, wasn't common until after the War. This is another thing an operator must understand and correct for, if he wants to do a good job.
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  509. @Proper : Yes. To get colourisation right, the operator needs to understand that the grey scale in ortho film is not correct, as ortho is blue sensitive and ignores red. With pan film, not widely used until after the war, the grey scale is such that all you need to do is add a likely tint to each object until it and its shadow looks natural. With ortho film that method won't work. Of course, even with pan film, you or the AI need to know or intelligently guess what tint to add. With trees it's obviously green, but with cars it isn't. The sound in this series of old films is pretty sloppy too. In this film of Burbank it isn't too bad, it just sounds like the view point is the back of a low geared truck. But in other films it is laughable - just a sloppy careless mix of sounds from a standard sound effects CD - the films would be better without it.
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  510. In 1977 I attended a public speaking course. We were asked to each choose a topic and speak on it for 40 minutes. I choose to speak on the Turkish Airlines crash and the DC-10. I had made slides of the Boeing door mechanism, the Lockheed door mechanism, and the DC-10 door mechanism, and the routing f control lines, which made it very clear the DC-10 design was defective, and still very much inferior even after the modifications. While I was speaking, I noticed the body language of the teacher indicating she was not happy and getting even more unhappy. This made me think I was doing something wrong, perhaps ignoring something she had taught us, or I was not speaking clearly or something, but all I could do was carry on. I was surprised at the end to be congratulated on an excellent talk. Later, I found out that the teacher had booked a holiday and was flying out 2 days later on a DC-10 - and I had considerably frightened her.
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  511. Radios should not have been a problem in WW2 and the 1950's. Australian electronics company AWA was then the largest electronics manufacturer in the southern hemisphere, with a cross-licensing agreement with Marconi in Britain and RCA in America, giving them access to the latest technology. They could make anything. During WW2, up to date radar systems were made by people you might not expect, such as the NSW Government Railways Workshops, including radars supplied to Macarthur's US forces.
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  512.  @nancybeveridgetaylor3256  : Being a retired electronics engineer myself, I have to say that my wife gets these crazy inappropriate urges to throw good valuable stuff out. It's a woman thing. We men just have to accept it. Strangely, despite keeping a very tidy house, when it comes to personal computers, women fill the hard disk up with all sorts of unsorted rubbish, until their one single folder fills up. However, we electronic engineers make good money. So I bought another house to keep my electronics hoard in, and she isn't permitted entry.
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  513. Kurtis, baby spiral flute taps are available from RS Components Pty Ltd in Sydney. M3.5 is catalog number 152-031.
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  514.  @Th4thWiseman  That's what it means to a layman, but to a draftsman or engineer, blueprinting is a specific obsolete process replaced by diazo printing. Yes, some companies stored heir drawings flat in thin drawers in cabinets designed for the purpose. However, the cabinets that stored drawing hanging vertically were better = much more convenient to sort through and pick out the drawing you want, and more space efficient. I bet the drawing your employer stored where diazo prints (black lines on a greyish white background), not blueprints (white lines on a blue background).
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  515. This is quite a worry. Hino trucks are made in Pakistan by Hinopak Motors. There seems to be a number of these small shops making all sorts of stamped, forged, and cast parts, presumably supplied to Hinopak to assemble into vehicles. Some of these shops seem more dodgy than others. The firm depicted in this video is using new steel sheet and has a clean floor - a good sign. Most use scrap iron from all sorts of sources and have floors inches deep in dirt. If you buy a Hino truck, make sure it wasn't made in Pakistan.
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  516.  @charliebaileyandloganberry7557  : You must be joking. The Far East includes Japan and Taiwan. Taiwan quality is excellent. Japan quality in the 1950's was not so hot, but they were keen and keen to learn, and for decades their quality has been among the best in the world. A lot of what China does is junk, but they are learning too - their electrical goods are as good as anyone's. But not their vehicles, yet.
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  517.  @bebertdattagre9280  : That old nonsense argument has been regurgitated ever since the industrial revolution began in England 200 years ago. It's never turned out right. As for robots - robots have been used in car body production in western countries for over 40 years. What has been the result? As a fraction of yearly salaries, you get a lot more car, a far better car, for much less of your salary. Here in Australia, in 1965 average wage was about $2500 and a car cost $2000. Today average wage is about $120,000 and cars cost ~ $40,000. So we have a lot more money left over to buy a whole house full of consumer goods - stereos, breadmakers, microwave ovens, high definition TV's, etc - so while a lot less folk work in car factories now, vastly more people work making products nobody had heard of before robots. In another Pakistani video, they show the production of hand-made cement mixers. They posted the price - it happens to be approximately the same as an equivalent capacity cement mixer retail price here in Australia, even though wages here are huge compared to in Pakistan. That's why Australia is rich compared to Pakistan - automated production. Factory automation lowers prices - better affordability - money goes further - everyone benefits and employment remains. Back in teh 1970's people were predicting the coming availability of cheap computers and numerical controlled machines would either lead to drastically reduced work hours or widespread employment. Neither happened.
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  518.  @davidmiller9485  Up draft, down draft, or side draft has no relevance to the issue discussed in this video.
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  519.  @ngauruhoezodiac3143  No, the Slant 6 has that manifold because of the need to keep the carby vertical, have a hot box, and retain one of the reasons for having the block tilted - to reduce the engine height. Dyno morse testing proved the long Ford manifold works just as well on these low revving engines. No doubt it would make a slight difference in performance engines. Do you really think major manufacturers would use their long integral cast manifolds if it actually made a difference? If cylinders worked unevenly you would get vibration, and you just don't.
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  520.  @mustang351c4  You mean Wärtsilä. Yes, one of their engines is the 14RT-flex96C - 14 cylinders inline. it is a very large ship propulsion engine with 80 megawatts output. There are 2 key reasons why it can have 14 cylinders inline - it is a slow speed engine limited to a maximum of 120 RPM, and for its size its power output is quite low.. However as far as crankshaft torsional resonance goes, a 2 stroke (as the 14RT-flex96C is) is worse than a 4-stroke in that resonance occurs at half the RPM. Note that the 14RT-flex96C has, in accordance with big ship propulsion practice, a maximum rated Brake Mean Effective Pressure of only 1.96 MPa. A typical heavy truck or industrial engine has a BMEP of around 8 to 9 MPa, so the Wärtsilä is in effect in comparison very seriously down rated. Big ship propulsion engines are, in comparison to truck engines, more or less run at not much more than high idle to secure long life and extreme reliability, as ships loosing power at a bad moment can cost lives and $millions. It is NOT a matter of beefing things up just a bit more.
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  521. update; Youtuber WWII US Bombers this morning released a new video on the Me262, and as is usual for him, it's based on actual wartime data. It shows conclusively that the Me262 was not a war winner, not even close. Pilots in gun-equipped Me262's had to show down to bomber speeds to have much chance of hitting them, and that made them vulnerable to bomber defensive fire. Me262's equipped with the latest air-to-air rockets had about a three-times better kill rate, but it was still too low to win the war even if available much earlier. I said earlier that if the Me262 had been introduced earlier, it would have decimated USAAF bombers. I was wrong. It would have considerably increased the rate at which bombers were shot down, but it could not decimate them. To get a reasonable chance of hitting a USAAF bomber, Me-262 pilots had to slow down to near bomber speeds, and that made them vulnerable to bomber defensive fire.
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  522.  @les3449  : Yes, I understood that. Memories fade and get distorted over time though. Quite possible, too, the first time a gunner, experienced in shooting at BF-109's, saw an Me-262 coming at him, he could get thrown by the speed. and it probably took a bit of experience for Me262 pilots to learn they had to show down to hit a target.
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  523. "Many considered its design was weak." That is an enormous understatement. It was designed by an incompetent team and had multiple fatal flaws, as shown by eventual ground testing of a Comet donated by an airline.
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  524. MGUY apparently likes gas powered busses. The Western Australian government learnt the hard way that gas is not a good idea. A number of gas powered busses caught fire and were a total loss. They burn about as well as lithium batteries, and often were totally burnt out before the fire brigade got there. One came close to destroying a 10-storey city building. it is true that gas powered bus engines are low emission compared to gasoline, but the normal diesel powered engines are just as low as gas in climate-affecting emission - the CO2.
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  525. You most certainly were missed last week. I guessed you were busy with important paying work.
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  526.  @JD-xd4sy  What the strategy has been is to wear Russia down so that Putin eventually concludes it is just too darn expensive, plus keep the war going long enough so that Ukraine can develop its own means of taking the war deep into Russian territory. If troops from third party countries went to Ukraine and fought on Ukraine's side, that could lead to widespread war - and European countries have been careful to not send troops for that reason. Third party countries cannot launch planes or missiles from outside Ukraine as that would certainly lead to world war - so they have not done that. But if Ukraine finds its own ways to attack targets deep within Russia, Russia has no justification to widen the war to outside Ukraine. Just supplying arms, of course, to the weaker side is unlikely to win a war for them. To win a war you have to take the fight to the enemy's territory. This is what Zelensky understands, European leaders understand , almost certainly what Putin understands, and what Trump does not understand.
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  527. Heaton startled me at 11:40 when he said that Churchill won prime-ministership. "Win" in this context means win in an election, which Churchill did not do. The King appointed him PM as the elected party had no leader who knew how to win the War. Churchill did. Heaton claimed at 16:45 that Lend-Lease supply of equipment was a violation of US strict neutrality laws. This is not so, since an amended Neutrality Act had been passed (the 1939 version), permitting the sale and delivery of equipment of a commercial basis - essentially buy now, pay on easy terms, as TV salesmen used to say. In theory, Germany was free to buy arms from the US as well on a commercial transaction basis. Of course, if Germany did, the British Navy would never have allowed delivery. This is also how Britain got equipment before Lend -Lease came into effect - again a commercial transaction, this time on a cash on the barrel basis. In any case, Lend -Lease was created by the 1941 Lend-Lease Act passed by the US Government - so it was legal anyway. Heaton seems to think Churchill was not heartless. Churchill was certainly ruthless. That's how he got the War won in Europe - get the Yanks in, and forget about British colonies and dominions in the Pacific theater - if they fall to Japan, too bad. However, Australia wisely had other ideas. Churchill and Stalin got on well with each other. That's because each saw himself in the other - both ruthless bastards, prepared to do whatever it takes.
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  528. Over the years I have met many females like that. Even my wife was like that. She took my car for shopping, and came back with a dent in it. Paint and crud stuck to it indicated she had hit a pole. She just refused point blank to accept it was her fault. That's what women do. Only difference is my wife hit a pole and it cost me a few hundred dollars, whereas the female in this video murdered her boyfriend.
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  529. Sounds like a guy who thinks everyone is as stupid as he is. I've met a few like that.
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  530. When governments meddle with an industry, 10:1 it's only going to make things worse. If not it just prolongs the agony. Consider Britain - their government meddling in their aircraft industry pretty much killed it. Same with their car making. In Australia, government meddling in the car making industry killed that.
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  531.  @paul_boddie  : You have it pretty right in all that. Except one should ask what would have happened in the government had not forced the aircraft manufacturers to merge. The weaker ones would have gone broke, but the strongest one or 2 would have got all the domestic market, from that had the strength to compete internationally, and around the world we might by flying in Boeing, and British instead of Being and Airbus. Don't forget that Government meddling led to stupid things like the Bristol Brabazon - a monster luxury piston engine airliner for which there was no market, because the government committee thought that air travel was only for rich big businessmen, but actually air travel largely about tourists and people visiting their families.
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  532. He checked it with a steel rule.
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  533. In Australia we have regions that go far over body temperature and have high humidity as well - so sweating becomes ineffective cooling your body. We just drink lots and lots of water continuously and take salt tablets. You gotta do what you gotta do. Somebody has to do it.
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  534. I was wondering how Kurtis was going to do the welding. It does look uncomfortable, stretching over the job like that. I think it is a case of if you are experienced and highly skilled in comfortable positions, you can adapt and cope with what an ordinary welder could not. I enjoyed watching on Homie cam. Homie has lots of personality and clearly enjoys working at CEE.
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  535. It sounds like a typical murder detective to me. When someone gets shot or killed at home, they take the view that it was their partner that did it, and fit the partner up. It's simpler that way, and they can list the conviction on their CV. Saves much "unnecessary" work trying to ferret out from forensic clues what actually happened. The last thing a detective wants to be is open minded - that needs more brains, more leg work, and doesn't get the case load done. Police training teaches that almost all at-home murders are crimes of passion by the partner, which through confirmation bias is self-proving. A chap that lives in my street came home to find his wife cold and dead. The cops decided that he did it by whacking her on the head with a heavy blunt object, although no such object was found. They arrested him and proceeded to fit him up. But the judge threw the case out due to several anomalies, including that the post mortem showed no evidence of blunt trauma, and that she had been a walking heart attack waiting to happen.
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  536.  @scottbivins4758  So, how would you classify people who were born hermaphrodite? Or are mosaics? (mosaics are people who result from the fusion of two egg cells, one male, one female - they end up with a mix of cells in their body, some chormosomically male, some female. They may present as a person who is male, female, or somewhere in between.)
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  537. I'm not a mobile crane expert, but if there is the slightest misalignment between the crane front chassis and the back chassis, those pins wouldn't want to come out. I would have expected the factory to publish alignment points and distances, so you can jack until there is zero load on the swivel points, chassis level wrt each other and no twist between them, and get the pins out. When that nut only went so far, I would have wound it back up again, inspected the end thread, and cleaned/lubed it. Screwing the nut up and down 2 or three times probably would have cleaned out the thread allowing the nut to come off (with some difficulty) without cutting it up with a torch.
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  538. Who does own the dog? it was clearly trying to protect the nut case in white. It stood between the nutcase's legs - generally dogs will only do that with their owner/master that they trust.
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  539.  @JBigjake  : It's no different to commenting on any other public figure eg a film star in a post on a film, or rubbishing a politician. Certainly no different than comparing this video with any other. I've posted on Felton's videos about the war in the pacific pointing out his errors, so he would be aware of me. This video by "The Font" is better. It is more concise and as far as I can see, contains no errors.
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  540.  @TeaParty1776  : There is some truth that at that time the Japanese leadership thought that individuals should be sacrificed if required to serve the State. But that isn't WHY they started the War in the Pacific, it was merely a factor (one of several) in why they incorrectly thought they could succeed with war. They were not in a position to become wealthy through capitalism as Japan has no natural resources and so capitalism required international trade, which American sanctions cut off. The sanctions were reprisals for Japanese conquest and attrocities in China.
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  541.  @TeaParty1776  : Statism (the opposite of anarchism) is not mutually exclusive of capitalism. Japan had both (and still does). It is often helpful in understanding why things have happened to consider Root Causes, Pre-existing Factors, and Trigger Events. The Root Cause and Trigger Event of Japan starting the War in the Pacific was the realisation that with the American sanctions in place, Japan was headed for economic ruin. They could of course have ceased their atrocities in China and the US would then have stopped the sanctions. But the Japanese Government, dragged along by their military, never considered that option. One might ask what would Japan have done if the US had not imposed sanctions? It is pretty certain that they would have continued to enslave ever larger parts of China, continue to trade with the US and others, and not started the War in the Pacific. So, the US sanctions are clearly the Root Cause of Japan starting the War against the USA. So we can then see the pre-existing factors that caused them to not consider pulling out of China and go for war instead: a) dominance and independence of the military (the civil government had no constitutional or political power over the military) [The civil government were opposed to both invading China and starting a war with the US, but had no say in the matter]; b) the top level of military government (Tojo in particular) thought they could win because the Japanese people were tougher than American people (not true but that's what Tojo thought) and c) there was no common or standard language in Japan until Gen Macarthur made them implement one. The emperor and his court spoke only a unique court language. In theory the military reported to and were directed by the emperor, but they kept him in the dark and did what they wanted. They were able to do this easily as he could not understand business/Admin Japanese nor read newspapers, books, watch movies, etc. These are the practical and real pre-existing factors and root cause of Japan starting the war in the Pacific, not statism, which is not unique to Japan, nor new to Japan at the time. Innovation is another matter. Weakness in innovation persists in capitalist Japan to this day - it is a cultural thing not linked to statism or capitalism. It is fortunate that their culture does not foster innovation - it was a significant factor that led to them loosing the war.
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  542.  @TeaParty1776  : Gee, you like the sound of your own voice don't you? At last at the end we get your conclusion: Japan could have chosen (differently) but doing so was unlikely. You are quite wrong, as the records show. The civil government was opposed to war, but had no say over the military. The military, run by misinformed hot-heads chose war. Thus, if the civil government had power over the military (as in Western Countries) the invasion of China would have been unlikely, and the war in the Pacific certainly would not have happened. Thus this constitutional flaw, combined with an emperor kept in the dark, was a pre-existing factor allowing war. The recorded fact that the civil government was opposed to war demonstrates that "transcendental idealism" etc was not a cause or trigger of the war. As far as philosophy goes, you have not demonstrated any logical thought process nor knowledge of how Showa Japan actually functioned. If in history, A happened and then B happened, one should ask if A is the cause of B. It might not be. But you can test it - consider the case of A not happening. If B will not then result then A is indeed a cause of B. It is well understood in modern democracies that the military must be firmly under the control of the civil government. Either the executive leader has directive power, or advised the head of state who has power over the military. This has nothing to do with statism, shintoism, etc. It is simply human nature to imagine solutions in accordance with how you are trained. All modern societies and countries have statism - they can't function without it. But only some start wars.
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  543.  @TeaParty1776  : What a load of woffle you write. I notice you are unable to refute my specific points. You talk about Japan's foreign policy, but it is a documented fact the policy was against war. The army, being independent, ignored the policy. With only a slight change in wording in their constitution, and an alert knowledgeable emperor, the army would have had to behave themselves. I wonder, do you even know what "statism" means? Indeed, events don't cause themselves. That's why in my previous posts I explained the causes.
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  544.  @TeaParty1776  : I told you the context in previous posts on this thread. The civil government was opposed to invading China but the military ignored that and did it anyway. The civil government was opposed to going to war against the USA (the War in the Pacific) but they had no say over the military and they did it anyway. The emperor was also similarly opposed. However he was a very weak man, and the Army kept him in in the dark, not telling him until each war was already started. And they continued to tell him the war in the pacific was going well, pretty much until the US threatened a series of nuclear bombs after the first two. These are the facts that are critical to war happening, not your theoretical mumbo jumbo about Shintoism etc. Di you even know the emperor could not speak contemporary Japanese or any other language other than the special court language, until Macarthur made him learn modern standardized Japanese? Admit it now - I bet you did not, but it is very important to having a democracy - which is why Macarthur made him learn modern standardized Japanese. This is also a specific fact critical to going to war, not your theoretical mumbo jumbo.
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  545.  @TeaParty1776  : That is hard to answer with surety because the military did not keep much in the way of written records, or if they did, not much came to light at the war crimes trials etc. But it appears they saw invading and subjugating China a way of gaining economic strength and did so against official policy and without the approval of the emperor. [Once the Japanese army was in control in the part of China they focused on, the emperor was presented with a fait accompli.] It was not part of their plan to go to war with the USA or anyone else, but when the US punished them for China by imposing economic sanctions the military and Japan as a whole were faced with ruin. As I said before this caused the military to start a war with USA, again contrary to policy and without informed approval of the emperor. Traditional Japanese culture was pretty much irrelevant to this. Japan was on path of copying the West and industrialising, which the Army supported and was very keen on. They were very keen on being seen as a World Power. To the top Army officers, invading and enslaving China was all very logical, warped and immoral though it was. We need to grow - let's invade China, they are not doing anything useful. There is a strong element of racial prejudice in this Japan Army thinking. The Japanese people at that time were very racially prejudiced. They are not unique in this regard - white America is just about as bad. (At the time Japanese people considered themselves a superior race above all others. They still do, but in modern Japan there is a dichotomy - an internal conflict - while they still think they are superior they do know they lost the War, and they do know that almost all technical innovation came from the West.)
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  546.  @TeaParty1776  : You have written mostly woffle, but I have refuted your main thesis. Go back and read my posts. You have made no attempt to refute mine - you have not refuted the facts I gave.
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  547. It was not very many years later when they dropped the "firm foundation" i.e., chassis, and went for stressed skin unitary construction. I guess there's a lot more to engineering than this simple film suggests.
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  548. Usually they just deport you. Why spend taxpayer's money on housing and feeding them?
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  549.  @liam3284  and that's exactly what an employee should do if they don't like management - leave, go to another firm or start their own. That's the ethical thing to do. For an employer's point of view, they are usually better off without the disgruntled worker anyway - they can replace him with somebody better. For an employer to try and prevent a worker from going to another firm or start one, is restraint of trade - restraint of trade is illegal in most if not all Western countries.
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  550. There are background sounds of someone else working. Kurtis, did you break policy and employ someone?
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  551. It was hardly fireproof if it was made of aluminium. What about the paint?
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  552. How you tie your tie matters - especially if like me you have a large neck. A tie that looks part undone or non-symmetrical ruins the whole idea of wearing a tie. There are different sorts of knots - pick one that works for you. Uniforms with ties have other benefits. I get a different level of respect and service in shops wearing my work uniform than I do wearing my weekend clothes.
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  553. At 6:22 Heaton claims there is "scientific evidence that the brain retains some functions for 90 seconds ..." implying there might be some pain. What evidence? What functions? When the neck is severed, blood pressure in the brain instantly goes to zero, and oxygen transfer virtually stops. So, within less than a second neurons cannot function.
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  554. No. These women think they are smart and have done nothing wrong. She thinks the senator is a fool.
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  555. What is labeled "Bottle Factory" at 2:19 appears to depict the manufacture of a crankshaft of a large engine - possibly the crankshaft of a marine steam engine.
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  556. This is the first machining video where I have seen someone use a micrometer correctly - i.e., winding it in via the clutched knob provided for this and not the barrel.
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  557.  @Boppy-B-B  : Don't confuse aiming error due to British spy skullduggery with the weapon's basic accuracy. Don't forget that German bombers were often sent well off target due to British measures eg using fluent German speakers pretending to be German air controllers, and messing with the German crossed beam navigation system. The specification for the V-2 was a basic target accuracy of 1.5 km (circle 3 km diameter), more than adequate to hit cities. As time went on it was improved. Since it relied on internal gyros and not external radio beams as the He-111's did, the accuracy was reliable. 1.5 km may not sound very good, but He-111's were no better. British bombers were even worse - many times crews could not even find the right city.
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  558. A load of cobblers, probably. I worked for quite a while as an Engineer for a dealer selling engines from a certain well known US manufacturer. Customers ranged from heavy duty & long haul truck operators, to large boats and mining company power stations. I never met a customer/owner who gave a fig about emissions, but they sure as hell all cared about fuel consumption. That's because in all applications of large diesel engines, the cost of fuel is 90% of the cost of ownership over the life of the engine. Dyno testing of dealer-serviced engines is routine - saves a lot of arguments. So I can tell you that a 2% improvement as stated by Engineering Guy would startle the industry - its very nearly a 2% reduction in overall cost and typically about a 20% improvement in profit (10% operating margin). So I don't believe it. Oil companies are always claiming their fuel is best - they've been claiming that for ever since they started selling fuel, 100 years ago. Secret ingredients are a dead giveaway. It's really hilarious where I live. In my country, there's a multitude of brands on sale, but only a couple of oil refineries. In much of the country, all fuel comes from the BP refinery. So it doesn't matter where or who you buy fuel, BP, Shell, Caltex, or whatever, it all comes via tanker trucks from the BP refinery, except for a small number of independent resale outlets importing from Asia. Except for the independents, you get BP fuel whether you like it or not. It doesn't stop the various brands claiming fuel purchased from their outlets has got something extra though. As others have said below, engine efficiency only drops off to anywhere near a measurable degree if it is not properly maintained and used with clean fuel and oil of the correct specification and within its use-by date. And it is ALWAYS cheaper to do the maintenance and do it right. No operator with half a brain is going to operate with fouled injectors.
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  559. Kutis & Karen, can we please have a video or 2 on how you have used 3-D printing for a customer job/
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  560. When asked if she is right for the job, she didn't answer, she answered a different question. This means that even she herself is not certain she is right for the job.
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  561.  @danielgrohl6971  It is a long standing tradition in the adversarial court system (trial with prosecution and defence) that judges pride themselves on bringing no knowledge or opinions to any case they try ("professionally dumb", as a lawyer explained to me), as they are supposed to try cases solely on the evidence presented in court bey the prosecution and defence. This is one of the basic principles of democracy. Senator Kennedy knows this. Has it occurred to you that Kennedy is trying to trick the nominee, and that the correct answer is in fact no answer? How do you know if Kennedy in fact voted for the guy, on the basis that he could not be tricked nor bullied?
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  562. "The golden age of America begins right now." More decline more likely, as the cost of living goes up due to tariffs and expulsion of fast food workers. Trump showed his nature here, ignoring facts:- # he said the Los Angeles fires have been burning for weeks. Actually, its been only 2 weeks. # why does he say he's going to establish an external revenue service? The USA already has a customs and excise department. Does he mean that he's going to tax the overseas operations of American companies? The US cannot tax foreign companies not operating within the USA. # he says Americans will be able to buy American-made things again. Don't hold your breath - it takes decades and decades to create the knowhow and supply chain for manufacturing. That's now in China and Taiwan. # he says it is now American policy that there are only two genders - male and female. That's like when a proposed law arose in Indiana that stated pi is exactly 3. You can't legislate or decree against facts. It is a fact that there isn't just male and female, there are also hermaphrodites and mosaics. # he can call the Gulf of Mexico whatever he likes - it makes no difference to anyone outside the USA. We are not going to print new maps and scarp the old ones. Probably the USA won't either. # he said 38,000 American lives were lost in building the Panama Canal. Actually, it was about 300. # he says he will expand America's territory. What? Is he going to start wars like Putin? # he said America split the atom. Nah - it was England that did that.
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  563. Given that oil is lighter than water (even fresh water, let alone sea water) oil rises to the surface and floats on top of water. So how does poking more holes in a ship and sinking it solve the problem? Better to leave it on the surface and burn I would have thought. This needs to be explained. Maybe it was just a case of the SAAF taking the opportunity to get in some much needed target practice, see what works and what doesn't.
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  564. Rolls Royce always had poor handling and poor brakes. They didn't even have hydraulic brakes until the 1970's, retaining mechanical linkages long after even the cheapest cars for the unwashed changed to hydraulic.
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  565. Who was the ning who added the loud music - loud enough towards the end to drown out the commentary?
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  566.  @OceanlinerDesigns  That is true, it gives you much more space for cargo or passengers, although an oil fired boiler can be designed to take up a lot less space than the old scotch boilers that were common in the coal days, especially when taking into account you don't need an army of stokers, who need workspace, off duty space, and sleeping space.
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  567.  @Cartoonman154  The British Government could have forbidden the sale if it wished, but it was a commercial transaction between a Russian aircraft company and Rolls Royce. Britain was bankrupt and the government was borrowing huge amounts of money from the World Bank. If the government had forbidden the sale there probably would have been questions from the World Bank - "What do you think you are doing, son? You told us you would make every effort to trade out of your mess and repay the loans."
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  568. Why did she shoot him? He was not within knife range of anyone.
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  569.  @adamheywood113  : Perhaps - if he is high on amphetamines. Scaling from his height and the footpath I'd say it was closer to 30 feet. This guy was so far away from her, she missed with the taser. I don't know about US police, but police here in Australia are trained in how to deal with exactly this situation, where a guy has a knife and may be on drugs. Essentially one cop (or 2 or more if available) gets the perp's attention with very loud abuse while another cop gets behind him. Suddenly, the cop behind runs and smashes the perp's knife hand with a stick or big torch thus paralysing the perp's hand, and he drops the knife before he knows it's happened. Then the distracting cop(s) lunge(s) forward and overpowers the perp. Otherwise, they keep him contained until the dog handler shows up. No nutter can beat a big police dog - they are trained to circle around very rapidly, get behind and then bite hard on the wrist of the knife hand.
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  570.  @adamheywood113  : He wasn't sober - if he was he wouldn't be in that fix. But very very few people could lunge that far if sober. Reaction time to fire a gun is about 400 to 500 milliseconds. Cops are trained to anticipate and react to lunges. To cover 25 - 30 feet, ie ~10 metres in half a second, that's an average speed of ~70 km/hr ie 45 miles per hour. Just about nobody can do that, even when high and adrenaline is flowing. Yep, she fired her taser at 0:53 - you hear it at that point. He turned around and laughed at her - she was too far away for the taser wires to reach him. You don't see the wires on him, you don't see him pulling them off. The whole idea of the taser - why cops have them (officially) - is that the wires go far enough so the cops can stay out of lunge distance until the perp's down without shooting him with bullets. If the perp is too far away to taser, he's too far away to hurt the cop. (unofficially, pissed off cops use tasers as a punishment tool.) Sometimes tasers have no effect due to clothing or no darts on the torso. But he had no shirt.
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  571. It's very obvious that she is a quota hire at best and does not have the ability to do the job. Quite apart from investigations into what went wrong that allowed Trump to be shot, there should be a formal investigation into how Cheatle got to short listed and selected for directorship, as clearly that system has badly failed and could fail again.
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  572. One should keep things in perspective. The USAF B-47 jet bomber also had a downward firing ejection seat. This video describes the B-36 as a capable bomber. Hardly. USAAF airbase commanders found it too difficult to keep it flight ready, due to its complexity. It had a marked tendency to catch fire and was so slow it would never have made it to target before being shot down. Dud equipment was never confined to the USSR. You get dud equipment approved and put into production due to "yes-men" - mid-level people who are too afraid to give an all-powerful boss bad news. You also get it when there are too many levels in the chain of command, each watering down the bad news until it becomes good news. Both these factors tend to occur in the military and government departments world wide. From: Analysis Lead to Chief Aerodynamicist: This new engine configuration proposed by Comrade Tupolev can be made to fly but has vices that will kill many pilots. From Chief Aerodynamicist to Director Tupolev: Analysis has shown your engine proposal will fly well but some pilots may find it difficult and have accidents. From Director Tupolev to Minister for Air: Detailed technical investigation of my proposed engine layout has shown good flight characteristics and is likely to have a good accident rate compared to the norm. From Minister for Air to Chairman Khruschev: Careful technical evaluation has shown Tupolev's proposed new aircraft will have excellent flight characteristics and will be an unusually safe aircraft in service.
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  573. Looks like your dog is the same as my old dog - he knew lots of commands perfectly. But if he was excited or hungry he couldn't be bothered. A bit of advice: Your electrical control box has selenium rectifiers (the two finned components under the transformer) - these work with the transformer to produce 24 VDC for controls. Selenium rectifiers slowly degrade over time, getting hotter and hotter. Get them checked or you might find one day there is this most dreadful disgusting brown smell - worse than any brown smell you have ever smelt before. If the machine has not been used much in the last few years, the selenium rectifiers will probably fail completely very soon. Looks like you need a rule: Keep your hand well clear of large handwheel when your other hand is about to push a button.
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  574.  @agt155  : You must be joking. That's exactly what Britain has repeatedly done - ever since WW2. Sometimes they did by cash handout, sometimes by nationalising, and sometimes by State-owned enterprises eg RAF, BPO, awarding propping-up type contracts. They have a habit of subsidizing the most lame, as in the examples I gave in my earlier post. The most famous of the misguided British subsidising of lame industries was the spending of 1.5 billion pounds on developing most of the Concorde airliner. The funniest thing was the Transputer. When all the American semiconductor firms came out with microprocessor chips in the late 1970's, the remaining Britain based manufacturers saw that they had no hope of competing, and their market would die. So the British Govt decided to step in and subsidize. The cash was used to design a computer chip - called the Transputer. It was actually a clever design, but not likely to sell well as it was very different. So the government decided to have it made by contract. The lowest price tender was from an American company. So, British taxpayer's money was used to have a product, that practically nobody wanted, made in the USA - no benefit to Britain at all, except for a handful of boffins.
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  575.  @krashd  :The "processor" you are thinking of is no doubt the ARM. The ARM company is a design house, which sells to chip makers and others the VHDL and instruction set license, essentially they sell the modern computer equivalent of a set of drawings for a mechanical machine. The actual implementations are made by other (non British) manufacturers. The device I typed this on is a Chinese-made laptop, which has an Intel processor and GPU, probably made by TSMC in Taiwan. I could have used my mobile, which has a Korean-made processor that is a not an ARM. The reason why the number of processors using the ARM design is so high, is not because it is used in the PC and personal device field, it is used in embedded controls - for example your bread maker, your coffee machine, microwave oven, washing machine may have an ARM design processor. More likely an Intel derivative though. The existence of the ARM company in Britain, although very successful, provides a minute amount of employment for Britons, whereas their car industry used to employ vast numbers, who paid, collectively, vast amounts of income tax. You know perfectly well Britain lost its' markets. Before WW2 there were ships carrying British made goods of all kinds, cars, planes, electronic parts, knives, forks, plates etc etc to the British Commonwealth countries and returning carrying wheat, wool, cotton, etc etc. Not any more.
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  576. I don't see how it can be. The holes for the pins can be easily drilled out, but how can they separate the two parts? I suspect the machining of this job was programmed up as a demonstration of what the machine can do, and some guy with a sense of humour put a fake universal joint in to make us watch to the end.
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  577.  @Trottelheimer  Well, the machine shown probably cost $500,000 or more. 5-axis machines sell for up to $1,000,000. If you make machines, you have to show potential customers what they can do. There is no evidence the billet was specially cast. They probably just went to a local steel supplier and bought an off cut from some heavy rod to demonstrate the machine with. When the demo was done, they threw it away. My local steel supplier has a cutting service and can supply such a large diameter round bar for less than $200. What weird 4-cylinder engine has a universal joint right on the crankshaft? Universal joints are standard range parts like bolts, nuts, and bearings. Made by the million on special machines for a unit cost well below the cost of using a CNC machining centre.
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  578.  @vk2ig  : Also the metal skin of the aircraft blocks the signal, only a weal portion of it gets through the windows. That's why you can get a good signal on the ground where you intercept the horizontally directed cell tower beam, but at cruising altitude it would be more difficult. You may, however, get some signal (if you were allowed to).
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  579. Re outakes at end: Can Homeless understand pointing? It is usually hopeless trying to get dogs to understand what pointing with one's arm means. I trained my dogs to understand spoken commands, "Hey" - turn left; "Yoop" - turn right, "Dak!" - stop and look. Dogs pick that up very quickly.
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  580. He is slipping. He's used that King Kong saying before.
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  581.  @dalegreer3095  The Edgley Optica may not have a yaw damper, but it isn't a pusher type as normally defined either. Engine is behind the ducted fan, and the duct is centred about the wing. It would appear that the centre of thrust is not behind the centre of lift or centre of drag, which is the stability problem with pusher designs generally, and with the T-jet airliners, requiring yaw-dampers. However it is an innovative design that has the cabin in front of the ducted fan. It is also only a low speed design, which can help stability. I note that of about 20 made, less than 10 Edgely Opticas are in use, and another 10 or so were destroyed in a factory fire. A "modern" (1980's) pusher type is the notorious Vari-Eze, which has a strange backwards design, its wings as far back as possible and the stabiliser in front, and has no yaw damper. But it has its own unique vices. My brother in law bought a crashed Vari-Eze and restored it to air-worthiness (essentially a complete rebuild). It had killed the previous owner, and nearly killed my bother-in-law on his second flight. The problems do not arise from having the prop in a disturbed airstream.
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  582.  @dalegreer3095  : I know nothing about the Seabird Seeker, so I looked it up in Wikipedia. It certainly seems to be a pusher type. Yes, uncommanded yaw is less of a problem in slower, lowered powered aircraft. The Seebird Seeker has about one tenth the power and less than half the speed of the Bv-141. One should allow that a much greater degree of finesse and computer aided design was available in 2014 than in the 1940's. If the tendency to yaw is slight, the pilot can correct it (even without thinking, in a slow light aircraft). You keep saying that yaw damping is no big deal - it doesn't matter how many times you say it, you're wrong - it can be a very big deal indeed. In passenger rear-engine jets, yaw dampers are considered mission critical and must be duplicated. The Russians learnt this the hard way when a pilot attempted to fly an Aeroflot T-jet in which the maintenance engineers had left the yaw dampers inoperative. After takeoff, he was quite unable to control it, and crashed after a very brief wild ride. The reason is very simple - as I said before, if the thrust is in front of the centre of drag and centre of lift, the aircraft is inherently stable - take your hands of the controls and it flies straight. If the thrust is behind the centre of drag or centre of lift, the aircraft is inherently unstable, and there has to be continual pilot effort, or some means to damp out yaw and/or pitching provided. An unexpected pitch-up in a Vari-Eze was what nearly killed my brother-in-law, who is an experienced light aircraft pilot, though not in the Vari-Eze.
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  583. This is hilarious. Almost all the movie clips shown has absolutely nothing to do with the train that crashed, and is not even of the right era. Narrator says "(it happened) ... exactly as shown in the [famous] photograph" - well, of course. Narrator mistook "fireman" (chap who shovels coal into the firebox) for firefighter.
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  584. Kurtis tack welding without his welding helmet on: It was a hot day. I just had to do some tack welds much like Kurtis did. I figured that a visor between my eyes and the MIG torch, same as Kurtis, will protect my eyes - its just a few tacks, I won't bother with all the protective gear. Well, I never ever did that again. I got horribly "sunburnt" from the UV. Being of northern German decent, I do have very white skin that won't tan.
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  585. My dog (not a Husky, a German Shepherd cross) loved being blow-dried. She liked having a cold water shower on a hot day too. I discovered that when I went to water the lawn with a hose.
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  586. What this video tells me is that the DC-10 had a single point of failure - loss of hydraulic fluid on one side - that leads to a crash. Didn't they do an FMEA (a formal discipline standard in aircraft design, and other industries where faults can lead to deaths - Failure Mode Effects Analysis) on the hydraulic system? Ah, I recall that an FMEA was done by a contractor on the DC-10 cargo door mechanism, which predicted total loss - and Douglas just filed the report and did nothing - and hundreds of people on a Turkish Airlines flight died as a result.
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  587. I have flown frequently on my employer's or customer's business. I often saw pilots and cabin crew going thru the same security checks, x-ray etc as I and other passengers do. I always thought it stupid and due to European Community buerocratic nonsense. After listening to Petter, I still think so. Maybe cabin crew should be screened, but not pilots. Because a pilot doesn't need a bomb or anything - he has full authority over the aircraft controls. If he wants to depressurise the aircraft to disable any crew opposition and fly it into a remote deep part of the ocean, as is suspected happened to an Indonesian airliner a couple of years ago, he can. Yes, as Petter says, a pilot might have been "got at" by a terrorist who has seized his wife and children and forced him to carry a bomb or something. That's true. By the same token, the terrorist who has seized the wife and kids might just as well say "Listen, fly this aircraft to this Congo airfield or your kids get it, slowly." Or "belly land in the Congo jungle or some such." It would be far better to instruct pilots to give some secret code gesture to security, or code word to ATC to tell them that they are under duress.
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  588. Actually, membership of the Komsomol was voluntary. She lied in saying membership was automatic. In fact, the Komsomol often had difficulty recruiting enough young women to meet its goals. Most citizens were never members. To join, she had to a) volunteer, and b) get her parent's ok. That may be why Sen Kennedy kept asking her if she had sent a letter of resignation. He probably looked it up, just as I did - or got one of his staff to look it up. Of course, if you were a young lady growing up in the Soviet Union, it was probably a wise career move to play the game and join. But why lie about it? Incidentally, membership of Komsomol was available between ages 14 to 28. It was not school child thing.
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  589. Did Primal Space make a lot of this up? At 4:27 it says that the Concorde's normal white paint was so that it radiated heat better. Actually, to get rid of heat the best you need a black finish. But a black airplane would be hard to market. Painting it blue should have improved heat loss. An advantage of white paint is that the pigment can be titanium dioxide, which will not fade, regardless of time, temperature, and ultraviolet light (which is strong at high altitudes). If the plane was limited in speed, it would be because they used a paint designed to be easily removed (possibly by simple water washing) after filming the commercials - paint that would come off due to friction and/or heat at the normal speed. The SR-71weeped fuel because it was designed for low weight, so the wing skin is also the fuel tank - there is no internal tank or bladder. The tanks/wings were supposed to be sealed with a flexible sealant, but when the sealant deteriorated, the aircraft very slowly oozed fuel. The USAF just didn't think the expense of taking it apart and fixing it was warranted. It didn't leak anywhere near as much as portrayed and it didn't leak for the reason given in this video. I've seen USAF aircraft on the ground, and leaks of various sorts are not uncommon. Why did the SR-71 have a matt black finish? Partly to make it hard to see at its normal high altitude, and partly because it gets rid of heat the best. Incidentally, there are a lot of urban myths about the SR-71, due to its secret nature. The fuel leak due to expansion design is one, the US having to buy titanium from the USSR is another (The biggest ilmenite producer in the world is Australia, which is also a significant producer of rutile).
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  590. A bit of searching on the internet revealed that, subsequent to this incident in Germany, ejection in other Harriers occurred with the plane flying on (eg 22 October 1987). Normally deliberate action is required to eject, but in the Harrier it was possible to eject accidentally by fiddling around with equipment at/near the floor. Seems to me most likely this pilot ejected by mistake/accident, and either he or some other RAF person thought up this nonsense about a bird being cleared by the ejection blast. Later pilots were man enough to admit they goofed. Mr Felton needs to research more thoroughly, and not just rely on one report.
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  591. So his mum went ahead and threw out a lot of his radioactive stuff. Sounds like a typical woman looking at stuff she doesn't understand: "I don't care what it is, it's not staying here!"
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  592.  @typrus6377  : I suspected that was the case, but I was unable to prove it with the Cat literature I have.
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  593. Being an electrical power generation engineer used to mission critical systems where there are not 6 or 10 circuit breakers as in a house, but dozens of circuit breakers feeding lots of complex systems, I am surprised that this incident is even possible. I am surprised because in other industries they have a system whereby the popping of ANY circuit breaker causes a lamp to light (and sometimes a buzzer to sound). So the operators know immediately that a breaker has popped - all the have to do is find which one it is. It is common to have 2 or 3 lights, identified as Urgent, Non-Urgent, or the like. Why the heck don't they have this in airliners? Such a system is dirt cheap to implement, with entirely negligible weight penalty and a cost of 10 cents or so per breaker.
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  594. I've met a few senior US military officers. They were all quite impressive. Not this lady - she seems to have trouble talking.
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  595. She by default admitted morale in the SS is low, but didn't admit that it became low after she became director. That's when staff started leaving in droves.
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  596. It was possible but unlikely that Germany could win against the USSR, even without the material supplied to the USSR by the USA. The USSR just had too big a land mass, which meant German logistics was doomed to fail. And the USSR had a far bigger population, which meant Germany would run out of soldiers well before the USSR. And a big part of the USSR's military success against Germany was due to superior tanks and Stalin Organ (Katyusha) rocket trucks, which were their own developments unrelated to anything supplied by the USA. The supply of armaments from the USA just sped things up. Another critical factor was the leadership on each side. Hitler was a very sick man, suffering from several conditions, treated by an incompetent doctor (Morrel) with dangerous addictive drugs, had advanced Parkinson's disease, and gradually lost the plot while trying to micro-manage the war. By contrast, Stalin, utterly ruthless but highly intelligent, had no serious medical issues apart from a minor heart condition and, while keeping in close touch, did not micro-manage and acted on advice.
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  597.  @lynnwood7205  : Well, the USA remained a super-power, with just its own resources. Britain, already weak, was driven bankrupt by World War 2 and lost its super-power status. The British Empire fell apart as a power block, partly because of general mismanagement by Britain, partly because Britain tried to resurrect pre-war culture, and largely because during the War Britain dudded important Empire members such as Australia, treating them as cannon fodder and taking them for granted. Germany was never likely to win a war against the USSR. The USSR was a vast in territory and population, and Hitler was an incompetent leader due to serious medical problems. His advanced Parkinson's disease would have rendered him totally useless by the end of 1945 anyway. German forces were masters of Blitzkrieg but were hopeless at long range planning. And Hitler surrounded himself with useless yes-men, eg Goering. You know the old saying "When the going gets tough, the tough get going?" With Goering, it was "when the tough gets going, Goering goes off."
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  598. The US lost the Vietnam War in large part because it put a moron in charge - General Westmoreland. The interesting thing is that he was known to be a moron before they put him in charge. So, why did they do it?
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  599. Who added the phony sound effects?
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  600. I enjoyed this. A lot of interesting detail and its rather good. I could imagine myself eating all that food.
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  601. These cars were absolute crap. So you can manage the steering wheel with just finger tips? Big deal - I could do the same with an ordinary Ford Falcon, costing a faction of the price. In my State, the local RAC used to publish each year statistics on breakdown callouts. The Jag XJ's topped the list. The RAC got about as many callouts for XJ12's as they did for Holdens - yet there were about 1000 times as many Holdens than XJ12s on the roads. Not only did XJ's fail to proceed, the power windows only lasted a few years too. Great - drive to work, and you can't lock it up. So fresh air is taken in from just above the headlights? Typical English car - getting air from low down on the very front - so you get exhaust fumes from the car in front. Just like my mother's Morris Major, which also got air from low down in the front grille - but at least the Morris Major was fairly reliable.
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  602. The treatment of mental patients has never been good. There is a fundamental reason - people (in this case the doctor) that have power over other people tend to inflict misery - it is a dark side of human nature. It arises whenever there is a power imbalance - mental hospitals, in gaols, invading armies, etc Look up "Stanford Prison Experiment." In this experiment, university students were recruited to pretend to be prisoners and guards. The experiment had to be stopped early because the "guards" abused and maltreated the "prisoners." In the USA and certain other countries, mental hospitals were often owned by the doctor. It was thus very much in his financial interest to make patients passive and easy to manage, while incapable of living at home - the lobotomies and other nasty things assured the doctor of never ending income with minimal expenses, with patients just sitting quietly vegetative, and eating when given food. Typically, the treatments have no clearly known mechanism for cure or even benefit. First, there were lobotomies. Then when lobotomies got a bad name, in came chlorpromazine - a drug that has no known curative or beneficial mechanism and is nearly as bad as a lobotomy. Then came ECT - electroconvulsive therapy - delivering electric current to the brain strong enough to burn parts of it out. Now that ECT has rightly got a bad name just like lobotomy, they invented trans-cranial magnetic stimulation TMS). Make no mistake, its effect on the brain is the same as ECT - no known curative or beneficial mechanism, it is causing electric current to flow in the brain, wrecking brain cells, same as ECT, but working by transformer action instead of direct connection of electrodes. IMPORTANT NOTE: TMS is also used to treat brain cancers. It is a legitimate treatment for that, as it compromises and/or destroys tissue, and that's just what you want with cancer. But not for mental issues.
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  603. it sounds like Lord Kylsant (Owen Philipps) was an early version of Alan Bond. Bond was a chap who financed his loan repayments by taking out more loans, and moving money around in circles between his companies to create an illusion of things going well. He came unstuck when he ran out of banks to borrow vast sums from. But bond was smarter. Each time he moved money from one of his companies to another one, he charged a commission on the transaction, which he spirited away to where the authorities couldn't find it.
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  604. Strange place to put an IV. Rarely would they put an IV there as it will hurt more, and the flexing of the hand will promote bleeding. I'm the same age as Trump. Physically he's better than I am, though overweight. Us old people bruise in strange places - it doesn't mean much. I'm glad to say that mentally I'm a lot better than Trump.
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  605.  @wizard7314  : Yes, that is a listed possible side effect, which was explained to my cousin. It's the least of her problems if it occurs, and a risk worth taking wrt the benefit. All drugs have side effects which doctors are supposed to be aware of. The problem arises when doctors don't know and/or don't care. Babies born with incomplete or missing arms is another matter, and the GP's who prescribed Thalidomide to pregnant women should have been barred from practicing.
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  606.  @andrewsmith1257  : I'm glad you were unaffected by the Thalidomide your mother took. Glad for your mother's sake too. I once knew a girl (very pretty) who, due to thalidomide, was born with the muscle that raises the forearm missing on one arm, rendering the arm useless. She got very adept at using her feet to do things. Think about how a how a girl puts her bra on though. At about 12-13, she asked to have the elbow joint surgically frozen at a 90 degree angle, so she could put a handbag strap or shopping bag strap over her arm and look almost normal. Her mother was not keen on it but took her to their doctor. The GP, the same useless drip who had prescribed the thalidomide, refused to do anything. At 15 she ran away from home, managed to get a job, found a decent doctor, and got referred to specialists who carried out her wishes and fixed up some other minor muscle problems. It worked out well. She used to look pretty odd because the shoulder muscles and other arm muscles remained small due to lack of load carrying, but after the surgical intervention, they grew to almost normal size. I see you and I agree in much of this. But, as you can imagine, I once read up on thalidomide, and, at least in the US and here in Australia, it wasn't a Big Pharma problem. The problem was GP's using it for something it was not intended for. They call it "off-label use". It still happens. There is some tightening up now - in Australia, some drugs are only listed on the PBS (a govt subsidy scheme to make expensive drugs cheap to the patient) for specific medical cases. However, off-label prescribing is still legal. If you get prescribed a drug for a medical condition off-label (i.e., not a condition listed by the manufacturer), be careful. It's not necessarily bad, but it just might be. Ask questions. I can't offer an opinion on specifics in Great Britain, except to say that with their National Health Service, which has operated since the early 1950's, whereby treatment is free and almost all doctors and dentists work for the government, quite a number of bad things have been happening over the years due to the inevitable "bean-counter" approach. We have the same problems with Medicare - eg Royal Perth Hospital refused for a while certain medical supplies - because it was cheaper to re-use equipment designed for use only once, so they did. And what is not designed to be cleaned and sterilised can't be thoroughly sterilised. Regulatory authorities like the TGA in Australian are constantly being cited by politicians as being thorough, very competent, and independent. But what the TGA does is a desk audit of data supplied by the drug manufacturers. Getting their own data would cost too much i.e., more than the politicians would accept. Hence Big Pharma issues - i.e., selective data supplied. As I understand it, our TGA does contract a limited amount of batch testing if they consider it necessary. Now there are 2 kinds of testing - Validification Testing (checking that it does what it should do, and doesn't do what it should not do) and Verification Testing (checking that the content conforms to the manufacturer's specification and there is no contamination). The only testing done by the TGA, when they test at all, is Verification.
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  607. Mike seemed to represent the 1958 movie A Night To Remember as pretty good. I saw this movie about 45 years ago, and at that time I thought it was good but not that good. Mike caused me to watch it again. It's not that good. There is too much emphasis on the Titanic being supposedly unsinkable - dialog from the owner, the captain, passengers all stating that it can't sink. This unsinkable nonsense arose from newspaper articles tizzed up by second rate journalists. NOBODY in the shipping industry would have believed any ship could be made unsinkable, certainly not the builders and certainly not ship's officers. There are too many obvious bloopers that distract your attention and ruin the intensity of the story. Possibly the movie was badly edited. dining room floors go from level to a 10 degree tilt then back to level again, then back to tilt again in consecutive scenes, then suddenly go to 20 degrees. Some events seem to be out of sequence. A scene showing the Titanic from a distance showing the front going down at about 500 mm per second. That's way WAY too fast. People in lifeboats some distance away from the ship were shown as hearing the band. There was no way that could happen. No amplification back then - the racket of all those people trying to yell their way into the boats would mean they couldn't hear the band either. The movie did not show the ship breaking apart and the stern consequently, having risen up, falling back down then rising up a second time. This is understandable, as it wasn't not conclusively established that that the hull spilt until after the wreck was discovered. Interestingly, when the berg is sighted, the movie has officer of the watch give an order "Full Astern Both" (engines - note that the centre engine was not reversible and would be automatically stopped by an order to reverse both). There has been ongoing differing views as to whether the order was to reverse engines, or was to stop them, including by Ocean Liner Designs - who as I recall thought it was an order to stop. An order to stop both makes absolutely no sense, as the iceberg was too close to stop before hitting it - their only chance was to steer around it. Ordering Stop Both would kill rudder authority and make steering around the berg impossible. Inertia of the ship would simply keep it travelling until it hit the berg head on. We know it almost succeeded in going around the berg. An order to reverse both would not save them, but is understandable as the officer had only a few hours on Titanic and most likely reacted automatically with an order correct for the ship he had last served on - which had no centre turbine. Titanic had only one rudder, so ordering Astern Both would not kill rudder authority but would seriously weaken it.
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  608. Some errors in this video;- 1. The presenter says AC is more efficient than DC. This is not true. The reason why AC was adopted for the power mains is because with the technology of the day back then, there was no means of transforming DC up and down in voltage other than very expensive and not very durable motor-generators, so distribution from large power stations was not possible with DC. Distributing DC also causes a metal in contact with the earth to be eaten away - this caused big problems for buildings and phone companies using buried lead sheath cables when railways elected to use DC for traction. Railways liked DC in the early days because speed control of DC motors was at that time easier. 2. He says the elephant Topsy was killed by electrocution. Certainly the poor beast was caused to collapse by electric shock, but she had already just been given a stiff dose of cyanide, and immediately she collapsed a steam-powered strangulation device was used. It is thus in no way clear that she was killed by electricity, and quite likely wasn't. The whole thing was a disgraceful exercise in titillating the peasants by causing the poor beast as much distress in different ways as possible. 3. It would be virtually impossible to be killed by a telegraph system wire, and completely impossible with an AC telegraph system. The voltage is too low. AC telegraph systems had signal voltages of the order of a fraction of a volt - quite a bit less than a torch cell. The script writer, presumably Colin Heaton, did not take much care at all in his research.
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  609.  @FORGOTTENHISTORYCHANNEL  ; That is not efficiency, that is convenience and cost. You as a historian should be well aware that newspaper reporters use sloppy language at times - and you can't expect a reporter working against print deadlines to understand technology. You, however, have time to research, or ask a technical expert, respect your audience, and get it right. An analogy for you; A diesel engine is more efficient than a gasoline engine - that is, the diesel will require less fuel to give the same power than a gasoline engine will. but it also costs more. DC is not less efficient than AC - it just would have cost a heck of a lot more using the technology available back in the days of Edison and Tesla etc. For example if you supply 1 kW of DC to a room heater, or 1 kW of AC to a room heater, you get exactly the same amount of heat. Except for very small sizes, where the picture is complex, AC and DC electric motors both have about the same very high efficiency, DC distribution as envisaged by Edison requires a voltage conversion for every street, just as AC does. AC allows the use of static transformers. Back in the day, DC would have required genemotors - these had about the same efficiency (>95%), but a genemotor cost a lot more and requires regular maintenance.
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  610. Mike, you've still omitted an important part of Titanic's power plant. At 6:20 you have the water from the condenser returning directly to the boilers via the necessary filters. Pumps were needed to make that happen, but that is obvious, and you mentioned them elsewhere, so we won't fret over that. But you omitted the feed water heaters. These were fed with waste steam exhausted from the electricity generating engines and auxiliary (pumping etc) engines. The water from the condensers was a little above sea temperature (70 F design centre value) and the heaters heated it to about 220 F (ref The Shipbuilder special edition on the Olympic class, June 1911, page 63). The boiler pressure was 215 Lb/in^2. This implies the water was heated to ~ 390 F - that's the boiling point of water at 215 Lb/in^2. The specific heat of liquid H2O is very nearly constant. Thus the saving in coal from employing the feed water heaters was (220 - 70) / (390 - 70) i.e., 46%. A 46% saving in coal is way more significant than having for example the low pressure propulsion turbine which, while it was very efficient compared to a reciprocating engine, reduced the steam reduction possible and thus power output of the reciprocating engines.
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  611. I don't what on earth this is all about, but it sounds like the Russians have their own version of US General Westmoreland - more concerned about correct uniform than about performance.
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  612. He doesn't have think or remember dimensions on a CNC machine - push the start button and its fully automatic from there on. Give him a few years and he'll graduate to abusing an old manual lathe like the best of them.
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  613.  @user-cg8if3eq7d  The Secret Service has a budget of over three billion dollars and employs 8,300 people. And guards maybe 20 to 30 VIP's plus a couple of large buildings. Clearly a lot of it is for show, or the US Government has fallen for some good old fashioned empire building. They have about 300 people per VIP, yet utilize local police on parades and rallies as well. It is certainly not clear that its all necessary. Trump got shot because the morons did not secure a roof, not because they didn't have enough people. J F Kennedy got shot because they didn't bother to check a little-used building overlooking the motorcade route. What has been shown is that their leadership are incompetent.
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  614. The manufacturer, AECL, was a government owned corporation who designed and sold Theracs as a sideline. That explains everything as far as I am concerned. Radiotherapy overdoses are not uncommon though. I saw a report that said it happens to about 10% of patients in North America. It happened to my wife - gave her a permanent injury and loss of function. And it wasn't a Therac.
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  615.  @suekelley2109  ; Re your reply to Zadir: It is not a simple as that. Japan attacked the US because they felt backed into a corner by economic sanctions imposed by the US (not a blockade). The decision to impose sanctions was essentially Roosevelt's, and Churchill spent significant time and effort persuading him to impose sanctions. Both may have assumed Japan would not attack because as Japan was a much weaker country it would have had enough sense not to. They, or at least Roosevelt, didn't realize a cornered rat effect. The warning signs were there. However, the Japanese attack together with the Tripartite Treaty between Germany, Italy, and Japan automatically brought the US into war against all three. This was in the nick of time for Britain, as Churchill had completely expended all funds buying war material commercially from US manufacturers. Without the fighting involvement of the USA, Britain would have lost the War. Churchill was a ruthless cunning bastard and he knew the UK could not win on its own. Hence Roosevelt does have blame for getting the US into the War, even if by mere naivety.
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  616. This video proves 2 things:- 1. The presenter is pretty smart - understands the topic and gives a clear explanation; 2. You can't rely in Wikipedia and like services.
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  617. This is another TIK video where he tells us the Germans lost the war because they partly centrally planned their economy and didn't have free market pricing on critical things. But Britain switched over to a mostly centrally planned economy for the war too. And the Soviets - well, they were communist, which is all about having a totally centrally planned set price economy - and they won the war, with British Commonwealth and American help. In peacetime, centrally planned economies and price controls are not so good - as proved by all the queues for scarce consumer goods in Russia in peacetime. But in all out war, it's the only way. In 1939 my mother worked for a factory near London making tiny electric motors for toy trains. Just before Britain declared war on Germany, some men "from the ministry committee' visited the factory, photographed the machines, interviewed people, got a list of all employees, their qualifications and experience, and took lots of notes. A little later, they came back, and said to the management "As of now, you will NOT make any more toy train motors. You will make small generators to this drawing for the RAF, and we will pay you cost (which we will check) plus a small percentage. We have determined that you can do this with the staff and tools you have. You won't need certain of your employees as are on this list, so you will let them go for service in the Army. You and your other employees are deemed to be in Reserve Occupations." (Story slightly simplified) That's part of how fighting the War worked in Britain. Centrally planned and controlled. And it did work. Resource allocated and price controlled. Kids could go without toy trains. With TIK's free market prices, some kids would still have toy trains, albeit perhaps only the ones who had well to do parents. The RAF would have less generators than they needed, AND the taxpayers would have to pay more for them.
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  618. For a non-electronics engineer, Petter's presentation is fairly good. Some things need clarifying:- This issue is not really about two government agencies fighting with each other. It is about both agencies not having done their job properly before the manure hit the blades. What should have happened is that there should have been a specification on radio altimeters that set allowable limits on cross-modulation and susceptance (or masking as Petter calls it). The FAA and the FCC should have enforced this years ago. Then, when this issue cropped up, a competent engineer could definitively say yes it will be a problem or no it won't. It is the FAA's job to ensure air travel safety - by getting technical where necessary. It is the FCC's job to ensure various radio and non-radio emitting systems of ANY sort are electromagnetically compatible, and anticipating any problem - a job they have actually been doing for the last 90 years or so. For some reason they let this one slip past. It's worth saying that to a radio/electronics engineer, 220 MHz spacing at 4 GHz is actually a VERY wide spacing - trivial to design circuits that cope with it. At a cost of maybe a dollar (retrofitting is another matter). It is a spacing of ~5%. Compare that with FM broadcasting - channel spacing 150 KHz at 100 MHZ - about 0.15%. Or naval HF comms radio, where receivers must operate within 10 KHz of a high power HF transmitter of the same ship - a spacing of 0.00004%. Let's make this perfectly clear: Its not the 5G manufacturers or the phone companies at fault. The blame lies mostly with the FCC, but to some extent with the FAA and perhaps the radio altimeter manufacturers, if they didn't spend the dollar I mentioned above. (this might actually be a non-problem if they did in fact spend the dollar) No way should it take 2 years to do tests to verify the problem. To an electronics engineer, its simple. If it is going to take 2 years, that's because nobody want to spend any money. There are urban myths about why using mobile phones onboard aircraft are not permitted. It's not all about interference to aircraft systems, as the antennas are outside the skin. Mobile phones work this way: The maximum output is about half a watt, but to conserve battery energy they throttle back their output to just that necessary to reach the nearest tower. They do that by measuring the level from the tower. If its low, they send high, if its high they send low. Now an aircraft is a metal cylinder - it blocks radio waves. And it flies at high altitude, away from the cell tower beaming directions (essentially horizontal). If 300 passengers turn on their phones during cruise, 300 phones are going to emit full power to tray and reach a tower, so the collective power is 150 watts. And due to the metal skin, it can't easily get out. So you are all sitting in a rather weak microwave oven for the duration of the flight. (cf typical oven - 500 watts for a minute or so, but only one lump of food to cook). You know, if you read instruction manuals, that you should not operate an oven if the door seal is damaged, as then a tiny bit of energy leaks out.
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  619. Interesting that Hitler thought that an air war with Britain had to happen first, to destroy the RAF and allow an invasion to take place. Churchill didn't think the presences or absence of an effective RAF would make a crucial difference to a large scale invasion. He instead set up a rapid reaction mobile ground force to stop the Germans on whatever beach(s) they decided to land at. This is consistent with the view that if the Germans had proceeded across the Channel when Dunkirk fell, Britain would have been conquered. But Hitler had not prepared for that - he had not expected France to fall so easily. But the film is correct in saying Britain and its allies did not win the war through superior ability - the Germans lost it through making mistakes.
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  620.  @killingtimeitself  Considered what?
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  621.  @gaoxiaen1  : True, but they often aren't. And, often captains will ignore port power anyway, as it is cheaper to run a generator set in the ship. Here in Australia, fuel is heavily taxed, unless it is supplied to a ship. And ships have enough range to fuel up in other countries that subsidize fuel instead of taxing it. Often, port electricity is incompatible with the ship's electrical system. For example, an Asian ship, likely requiring 400 volt 60 Hz may visit Australia, where the power is 415 volt 50 Hz.
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  622. Perhaps a pilot can tell me different, but to me this sounds really really dumb. Situation: both engines are running at normal power, normal RPM, normal EGT etc. That means the engine fuel consumption MUST be normal - that is set by the laws of physics. Isn't there fuel flow meters anyway? But, a fuel tank has gotten low much earlier than expected. The total fuel onboard has got much lower than expected. That NECESSARILY means a large fuel leak - there is no other possibility - the ONLY ways to consume fuel is burnt it in the engines or leak it out. Forget computer driven instruments, check lists that automatically pop up, etc. Basic instruments show engine normal and fuel low, so there MUST be a fuel leak. Therefore, you don't have to be a pilot with 1000's of hours, it is plain that rather than transferring fuel, you should stop any transfers that may happen automatically, until you figure out which tank is loosing the fuel. You can't train for every possible fault condition - that would require trainers better than God, and infinite time. So what you need to do is get three things in balance and each at a minimum spec:- 1. Select the right person - you wouldn't want a low IQ person to be a surgeon, nor should he be an airline pilot. 2. Provide the right documentation/manuals 3. Provide the right training. The pilots in this case were skilled - experienced and trained, and they had the manuals & check lists (but didn't look), but were too dumb to reach what seems to me a simple direct conclusion not requiring any manuals or checklists. Thus they were not the right people. I hope they lost their jobs.
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  623. I'm glad this twerp was not the lecturer teaching me electrical fundamentals all those years ago at university. He is so confused, and confusing, on lots of points, and missed vital steps in reasoning. He's made a lot of mistakes - the biggest being his claim that electrons don't convey energy. Firstly, in his battery and light bulb example, there is NO energy being sent in fields outside the wires - because it is operating at DC. As an earlier poster suggested, you can cover each of the wires with a faraday shield, at as close a spacing as you want, and it will make no difference - the bulb will still light just the same. At the very low frequencies used in electric power distribution, the situation is practically the same as for DC - radiation is minute, and the useful energy is conveyed by the electrons moving in the wires. The early undersea cables only work at slow speeds because of shunt capacitance and series inductance - these involve local fields (electric field in the case of capacitance, magnetic field in the case of inductance) but do not necessarily involve radiation of energy. He claims power transmission lines have the wires in air far apart on high towers because the energy is flowing outside the wires. This is not so. It's done that way, sometimes (only sometimes), because plastic insulation to handle the very high voltages sometimes used is expensive, and so is burying cable in the ground. But most electric power IS distributed in closely spaced wires in underground cables. The fact is, electrons (and other types of charge carrier) have mass - and this means they can exchange electric energy for kinetic energy and back again. In fact, that is how we can calculate the mass of an electron - use an electric field to accelerate some electrons (a few kilovolts will bring them to a good fraction of the speed of light), and slam them into a conductive plate, bringing them almost to a stop. The plate will get heated, as the electron's kinetic energy has to go somewhere - it gets transformed into heat, raising the plate temperature, which we can measure. So, electrons can, and do, carry energy from one place to another - as kinetic energy. The mass of an electron is tiny, but there is a heck of a lot of them. This twerp has made a classic mistake in physics - he's read some books, but only half understood them, because he has not played around with practical examples - and so has not realised that much of electromagnetic theory is just a collection of man-made mathematical fictions that generally does give the right answer, IF you apply it where it DOES apply, and use a different theory when it DOESN'T. In short, a mathematic model is a model, it is not the real thing. It's worth noting that electromagnetic theory, Pointing vectors, Maxwell's equations, etc, was developed well before it was realised that there are such things as electrons, ions, and other sub-atomic things that has mass and charge, ans so can convey energy. Until electrons were known about, it was a complete mystery to those early theorists how DC circuits worked. They went around teaching each other that energy is not carried in wires, but practical electricians had to assume it was, due to things like wires getting hot carrying a current (which doesn't happen in a superconductor), and intimate contact being needed between conductors. Not to mention that a DC and the low frequencies used for power distribution, you can bundle the wires for several circuits together and it works just fine (not at radio frequencies of course). The discovery of electrons was quite an Ahah! moment in electrical engineering.
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  624.  @sandervanderkammen9230  Who is "they"? A typical gasoline car engine is about 25% efficient and coincidentally this means about 25 MPG. A reciprocating steam engine is about 10 to 125 efficient, therefore at best s steam car will get about 12 MPG. Check in any good textbook - look up terms like "Carnot Cycle", "Standard Air Cycle" which tell you the maximum efficiency that can be achieved.. As for steam vehicles being as usable as any modern car or truck, check the videos on YouTube posted by people that have restored old Stanley cars and Doble trucks that require a crew of two to drive. The British Sentinel steam engine road truck burns about 40 kg of coal per 20 km when unloaded. The calorific value of cola is about 2/3 that of gasoline, so if it used gasoline to heat the water, it would need 130 litres per 100 km. A similar weight truck (12 tonnes carrying capacity with a gasoline engine would need only about 35 litres per 100 km.
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  625. Last time I looked, Teslas were not subsidised here in Australia. Instead they are defined as a luxury car and taxed about $7,000 extra.
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  626.  @imuserable  : Because they are bigger than you and can enforce their demands.
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  627. Accidents, horrible as they were, are not the reason why airships are not in use today. All forms of people transport were subject to horrific accidents until experience showed what needed to be done to make them safe. Railways, ocean liners, etc. Airships were a dead end technology, only viable before airliners were developed. What killed off airships was a fundamental fact; the ratio of surface area to lift is very very unfavourable compared to fixed wing aircraft. This makes them too dependent on weather conditions, and requiring excessive fuel consumption for a given speed. Imagine how much land area would be needed to house airships The huge zepelins could only carry about 50 people) if they existed today, carrying as many passengers an as much freight as today's airliners.
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  628. Felton's used a click bait title again. This video isn't about Russia using old museum pieces. After mentioning the well known fact that Russia has pulled tanks out of storage and got them ready for service, without any evidence that museums are being plundered, 95% of this video is about every other nation using old stuff.
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  629. Sukhoi wanted to copy the British TSR-2? Gee, that would have been a BIG mistake. The TSR-2 was essentially a scam that was supposed to be a very low altitude supersonic bomber, but it couldn't be flown at low altitude and had so short a range it could not fly to any conceivable enemy country.
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  630. Note that replicating identical constructions all over the country, without regard to local climate, is not a communist or Soviet thing. It is an owned by government thing. Here in Australia (a very large land area country), I once worked for a federal government department with offices all over the country. In any given decade, they were identical, built to a design set by Head Office. Since Head Office was based in Melbourne, a relatively cold climate city, they had central heating plant and minimal aircon cooling capacity. Right for Melbourne, but not for the much warmer climate in Perth or Brisbane. But they were all built the same.
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  631. this guy is hilarious. He starts of by saying that Triumph had to come up with something to replace the Vanguard, and shows us a picture of the Vanguard 1951 Phase 1 model. What about the later Renown or the ponton Phase II? The Phase 3 and 1960's Ensign? Then he said that the 2 L engine came about by adding 2 cylinders to an 800 cc four. He said the 2.5 PI was "sprightly" with a powerful engine by 1969 standards. Only a Britisher could say that. Most of us in 1969 were driving cars with sixes at least 3 litres and some had V8's up to 5 litres or more. He says the 2.5 PI has a lovely burble to it. That is 100% due to the design of the exhaust system. All straight 6's fundamentally sound the same. If this one burbles, it is because the owner went to an exhaust shop and asked for a burbly exhaust system. 2.5 PI's were made from 1968 to 1977, not just 1969 as the presenter said. However, local assembly in countries such as Australian stopped after 1969 as they were not competitive. For the same price you could in 1969 get an extremely reliable Mercedes with far more refinement. He is right about the poor reliability though, although almost all British cars had poor reliability, electric fuel pumps being a major failure point. That is because they all had crappy Lucus British-made electrics.
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  632. Seems an unusually ignorant vicar. I have cousins who are ministers in the Anglican Church, and they all know that the success of the Christain Church is due to incorporating pagan ideas and ceremonies - eg Christmas is actually the Roman festival Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, repurposed from celebrating the birth of the sun to celebrating the birth of Christ.
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  633. Germans listening to foreign broadcasters? In those days, the standard configuration for domestic radios in the western world was 4 signal valves, plus a rectifier valve to convert AC house current to the DC required by the signal valves. 4 signal valves gives you enough sensitivity to pick up any station strong enough to overcome noise (one extra valve for short wave bands). Radios with only 3 signal valves were quite noticeably lacking and were restricted to local station reception or stations of high power. But 1930's Germany did not have a high standard of income or living overall, and the standard domestic radio was the volks receiver (same concept as the volks wagen - a car made as simple and cheap as possible), which had only 2 signal valves. Thus the ordinary German peasant mostly could pick up only approved local German stations or stations in adjacent German controlled countries. Well-to-do Germans could of course afford 4+1 valve radios of good quality, but as the war progressed, special approval would have been required to buy them or buy parts to keep them going.
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  634.  @HistoryHustle  : In your research, look up "All American Five" radio (4 signal valves plus rectifier). There's nothing especially American about it, radios from Britain and other countries being much the same, but that's what Americans called it, and information about it is readily available. In Australia, the radio industry called it "ABC-Five", meaning 5 valves and as simple as A-B-C. Then lookup the Volksempfanger - the contemporary German radio, typical models VE301 or DKE-38. Even if you know nothing of electronics, you should quickly get a sense that the German radios were crude and strictly local reception only. To cover the better off classes who had good radios bought before the War, the Nazis made it illegal to tune into the BBC shortwave service, but that probably encouraged as many as it discouraged. You are in good company. I find that it is very common for historians to make major mistakes from not checking technology available at the time in question. For instance I have seen lots of books etc that say the Japanese were especially nasty to prisoners of war as they refused antibiotics to the sick and /or injured. The fact was, they had no antibiotics to give. The only antibiotic back then was penicillin, discovered in England and developed to production in an emergency crash programme in the USA for the war effort.
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  635. Unless you can put numbers on it, like how many minutes sun exposure you actually need per day, for given amounts of skin uncovered by clothing, there is no point in teaching it - it's in practice meaningless. Especially when school kids are strongly taught that sun exposure leads to skin cancer and they must be fully covered or covered in UV blocking cream at all times in the sun. How do you expect them to resolve this dilemma when even doctors don't know.
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  636. This video is nonsense. There are plenty of photo about that show Hitler's desks (with or without Hitler) in various locations - New Chancellery, Berghoff, etc. They are all much nicer, and bigger, than the one featured in this video. The presence of Hitler's stationary in the drawers indicates it was not Hitler's desk. You don't find a leader's stationary in his own desk - you find it in his secretary's desk, or in the desk of a mere typiste. Typically the leader dictates to a secretary or typiste who writes in shorthand, then goes away and types it up on the official stationary, then brings the typed document to the leader for him to sign. "Hitler didn't use a coaster when eating his food?" Hitler was the sort of guy who never ate food at a work desk. In any case he had flunkies to keep things nice for him. Marks on desks are signs that the desk was used by someone junior, or perhaps it is damage occurred when in the hands of the victors. Didn't Hitler's desks have buttons he could push to summon flunkies?
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  637. Kurtis, I hope you charged them double for working late Sunday. And item 1 on the invoice would be "pressure-wash the mud off ........$xxx". You'd think your customer would have cleaned it. I would have if it was me.
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  638. You would think these turkeys would come prepared. It is one thing that senators love to ask - "What is the percentage of CO2i the atmosphere?" Because none of them have aby idea. Didn't they do science in high school? I learnt in school that CO2 is a trace element. About 0.04%.
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  639.  @peterdaisleyworrall9458  So Clarke Gable got one car? Bully for him. I couldn't find out how many open-top XK120's sold in the USA but the total production was only 1,700 over 4 years. That's 0.005% of the US market. Doesn't change my point that British cars were out of date one iota.
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  640. News journos often get things wrong. We are used to it. Newspaper editors often write wrong headlines - you read the whole article and at the end you realise the headline doesn't match the story. We are used to that too. To be fair, it can be darn hard to write concisely in words anybody can understand (generally, newspapers are written so that any 12-year old can easily comprehend it) without simplifying to the point of misleading - especially when you have a deadline to meet.
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  641.  @swlmiami6605  : Ha! SWL! Short Wave Listener! Another strange breed I didn't think existed anymore. For the information of those who have never been a ham, ham radio clubs used to issue certificates entitled "Registered Short Wave Listener" supposedly to encourage schoolboys to study and pass the government exam to qualify for a transmitting licence. You kept a list of stations heard for a few weeks and paid a fee - ah that's it - paying money for no good reason to a bunch of old men so their clubhouse tea got paid for. Do clubs still issue SWL certificates? I could never see the point in such a thing. Before the internet, shortwave receivers were very common, and lots of people that had no interest in ham radio at all used them to get news reports and music from the country they or their parents came from, in their own language. Basically, any twit can use a receiver. The internet has rendered shortwave radios obsolete.
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  642.  @stargazer7644  : Yeah, there's other things like attending club meetings to gossip, talking gossip over the air, talking about things you know almost nothing about, gossiping ......
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  643.  @stargazer7644  On paper that is true. But authorities such as the ARRL estimate that only 10 to 20% are actively engaged technically, as distinct for just on-air chit chat. In previous decades the percentage was much higher. in 1935 the percentage was over 80%. In 1955 it was still 50%. Thus between 1955 and today, the real number of technically active hams in the USA has declined from ~160,000 to ~80,000, while the general population has more than doubled. In the USA a license is granted for 10 years. In most other countries it has to be renewed (fee paid) each year. This means that Americans suffer virtually no penalty for retaining a license they are not using, and people who dip their toe in and quickly leave are on the books for 10 years regardless.
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  644.  @stargazer7644  The thing is, if what you do is buy equipment and use it to talk on air (whether voice or packet data or whatever), the novelty is likely to wear off, since you are not doing anything your neighbour can't do with his mobile phone. But if you design, engineer, and build your own gear, you can do something the neighbour can't, and you are much more likely to stick with it and keep up with the technology. Sure it can cost more to build your own than to buy, but just about any hobby costs you money. That just means there is not so much fun in building someone else's design or a design published in a magazine. You get a LOT more out of it if you design and engineer your own. I figured out how to design circuits when I was in primary school and germanium transistors were the latest thing. 70 years later I'm still designing and engineering circuits - its still fun. Not ham radio circuits though. My experience described in the head of this thread is why. Those guys who spend $6,000 on an IC-905 or whatever and be on 10 GHz the same day - are they real hams? No, they are just appliance users. The entry hurdles to get a license are not significant. I did it when I was a 13 year old schoolboy. The requirements are a lot less stringent now. I didn't do a club course - I just bought the ARRL manual and read it. It was more than sufficient to pass the exam (which required candidates to draw circuits and write words explaining how they worked, no silly multiple choice tick the right box jokes.) I own a couple of high performance general coverage receivers - they are quite useful in various ways in a home-based electronics lab, especially since I designed and built them and calibrated the AGC for accurate dB readings. Ham bands are pretty quiet these days. There is more "hash" these days due to the proliferation of computers and switch mode power supplies in consumer equipment, etc, so a signal has to be a few dB stronger than in the 1960's and low cross modulation in receivers is critical. But even allowing for that, the ham bands are pretty quiet compared to what they used to be. Maybe you live in a much larger city than I do, so more transmitters within line of sight for the VHF and higher bands for you. Just as a check for this post I checked the HF ham bands using one of my old general coverage receivers - found only 3 or 4 weak voice signals and some kind of piccolo code - probably an embassy somewhere on a channel they shouldn't be on. I checked with a WinRadio card in one of my PC's for activity up to 2 GHz - no hams on the air this evening. Admittedly the WinRadio noise floor is a bit high. I have no idea how the ARRL has estimated how technically active hams are. I freely admit - how long is a piece of string? Only about 20% of American hams are members of the ARRL (because of the cost??) - did they just estimate for members or hams in general? I do not know. some years ago I trialed a subscription to QEX but the quality of articles was not very good.
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  645.  @FORGOTTENHISTORYCHANNEL : With all the fines (nearly $400 million) and the Trump name having negative value, old moneybags Trump may soon be bankrupt, and criminal charges may put him in prison. The world will have to take its chances with Biden, assuming the old goat stays sufficiently fit to do a second term. He may not.
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  646. That seems to be a matter of designer choice to some extent. Many US large military aircraft, eg B-52, do not have a nose wheel, and instead have a large bogey (ie multi-wheel) system forward of the wings, and another bogey set aft of the wings. But the USAF can afford very long runways and clear zones around them. The main-wheel-under-wings+nose wheel arrangement permits a greater takeoff rotation, increasing wing angle and thus lift, and thus needs less airport land.
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  647. Well, we had some dumb teachers at the high school I went to, but this woman is so stupid she couldn't possibly be a teacher. You need a degree to teach. Perhaps she cleans the school toilets or something. As she is a druggie, its a good thing she sped and got caught - the police record & court appearance should ensure she no longer works for a school. Or perhaps in the USA it won't?
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  648. TIK has overlooked something important:- 1. Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Tripartite Agreement. 2. Later, Japan attacked Pearl Harbour and declared war on the USA. This meant the USA had necessarily to declare war on Japan and retaliate. Due to the Tripartite Agreement, this automatically made the USA at war with Germany and Italy - the declaration of war against Germany being just confirming and clarifying the situation. It is very well documented that the USA was NOT interested in joining the European war. In Churchill's history of WW2, he explains at length how and why spent a lot of thinking time and haggling time manoevering, persuading, and begging the USA to abandon official policy and come and help. He eventually got the USA to supply arms by selling Roosevelt on the concept of explaining it as a freely entered commercial transaction - Churchill even said that the USA was free to enter into similar war material supply contracts with Germany (a la Switzerland & others) should the USA wish. Of course, the British Navy would have sunk any German freighters sent to collect such equipment. Not until the Japanese attack Pearl Harbour did the USA provide any military help to Britain apart from selling arms. At that point it was go go go. As TIK himself has alluded to, but then discounted, one should not confuse German propaganda with what Hitler and his upper echelon actually thought. You should note that when Hitler ranted against the Jews, he was largely being a politician and playing to his audience. There was in the 1930's considerable racist views in the German public (and in other European countries, eg Poland). In Germany there were 3 kinds of Jews: a) Getto Jews - living in virtually closed communities and contributing almost nothing to the German culture or economy. People didn't like that. b) well to do and rich Jews, controlling shops, pawn shops, and banks. This aroused jealousy. c) Jewish university boffins with international repute. Jewish culture encourages study and learning. This was seen as displacing non-Jews and an embarrassment. So when Hitler and the Nazis ranted or took action against Jews, they had considerable public approval. Disclaimer: I am by descent a German Jew. But, like many, my family did not suffer in the Holocaust etc, because 1) they weren't practicing Jews and blended in, with many non-Jew friends, 2) family members served in the German Army, 3) other family members had regular jobs. Something else to note: make of it what you will: Under the Treaty of Versailes, Germany was required to make regular large reparation payments Britain - this they did until Hitler stopped it. Where did Germany get the money, you should ask. They borrowed it from the USA. Thus Britain ended up with huge reserves of US dollars. Britain paid for American war material by using these $ reserves (contributing about 30%, and by lend lease (contributing about 70% & took decades to pay off.)
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  649. It doesn't matter whether it is a big vehicle or a small one, for every technology there is a limit on range and performances. For EV's you can increase battery capacity, and you then increase the weight of the vehicle, until nearly all the total weight is the battery. For current lithium technologies, that means a range of about 1600 km, but of course such a vehicle is useless. That's why the best EV range in EV's you can buy is about 800 km, and the battery weighs about half the total. People talk about EV in freight haulage, but that is never going to work for other than inner city courier service. If you built a diesel vehicle, a 2-person sedan or a heavy haulage truck with fuel capacity half the total weight, the range would exceed something like 20,000 km, taking into account it would get lighter as it goes along.
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  650.  @crashnreset6987  : Good point. But there is an immense need for personal transport. For instance, I need to pick up some consumables from bunnings, then go to my aged mother's home and cut her grass. It is just way to expensive to run train tracks to cover everyone''s personal needs.
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  651. When he checked the bosses for alignment parallel, and it just was aligned perfectly, I was very impressed. I weld on a part time basis - I'm not that good and not ever likely to be.
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  652. This video is garbage. Dogs' perception of time, sound pitches, etc is, as it is for humans, a function of how fast the neurons in the brain process information. The neurons in a dog's brain are essentially higher order mamilian neurons, the same as ours, so they process at the same speed. That some dogs can hear higher pitches than humans is because they have additional hair (sensory) cells in their cochlears, covering these additional pitches. As we get older, we humans loose the ability to hear the higher pitches. This makes absolutely no difference how he perceive pitches or time. We can get back some higher pitch sensitivity with hearing aids. It makes no difference to what you think the pitch of what you hear (eg a friend talking) is.
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  653. That's surprising. She repeatedly tazered the guy, who must have been on amphetamines to keep fighting. Repeated tazering could have killed him, probably will have lasting effects. While he kind of brought it on himself by not immediately pulling over and stopping when she activated the siren, he should be able to sue her.
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  654. I'm sorry, Mike, but you still have this in quite a mess, and added errors that were not in your engines video. 1. You have omitted the presence and important role of the feedwater heaters. They result in considerable coal saving. I have explained feedwater heating in another post to this video. Refer that post or the Shipbuilder Olympic class Special Edition June 1911 page 63. 2. You have re-stated that the steam pressure into the turbine as 9 Lb/in^2 absolute. I showed in another post to this video that a pressure that low could not be employed - it would result in too low a turbine exhaust temperature and thus cause condensation to water in the later blades of the turbine. This would result in loss of power and rapid turbine blade failure and thus would never have been allowed. Refer that post or the US DoE Steam Turbine Calculator. 3. At 5:51 you said that the "[double bottom] ... stood about 5 feet above the keel." This will mislead many if not most people, as the bottom of the double bottom is in contact with the sea - there is no projecting keel as there is in a sailboat. 4. (Minor error) At 6:23 you said feedwater needs to be topped up from the distilling plant due to evaporation and contamination from grease etc. Evaporation is basically what a boiler does - evaporation loss should not occur as nowhere in the system is water in contact with the atmosphere. The main causes of loss of feedwater are:- a) the need to blow down each boiler and clean the fire tubes periodically, b) leaks via imperfect seals; c) operator error in turning valves etc. The need to shut down each boiler in turn to clean it is why more boilers were provided than necessary for the steam consumption of the various engines and auxiliaries. Many ships continually drained off a small amount of feed water and dumped it into the sea to prevent contaminant buildup, instead of doing boiler blow-downs as frequently, but I don't specifically know if the Olympic class did this. 5. At 9:15 thereabouts you stated that condensation in the steam pipes meant a need for steam separators. Separators were required anyway, because the steam from a continuous-flow boiler such as the Scotch boiler used in Titanic can only be wet steam, as there has to be liquid water in the boiler. To get dry steam, you would have to heat the water above the boiling point at the working pressure - that would mean no liquid water could be in the boiler to boil. Steam pipes were lagged (insulated) and condensation in the steam pipes should be minimal. This is why superheating has to be done after the boiler and not within it. 6. At 9:16 you stated that superheating heated the steam "high above the condensation temperature". That's true, in steamships generally, but it is a misleading statement. It misses the point. Superheating is not about adding lots of heat, it is about heating a liquid above the CRITICAL POINT TEMPERATURE (for H2O, 374 C or 705 F). This may or may not be well above the boiler temperature. For a boiler pressure at almost the critical point pressure (3200 Lb/in^2 for H2O) the temperature would be raised only slightly. The critical point of a substance is the the combination of temperature and pressure that determines whther the substance can only exist as a pure gas or not. Raise it above the critical point temperature and it can only be a gas, regardless of how low the pressure is, so long as the pressure is below the critical point pressure. Superheated steam obeys the kinetic gas laws and thereby increases steam engine efficiency. Superheated steam can only be dry steam, as you have realised. 7. In the indicator diagram you showed at 13:24, you shaded the area below 14.7 Lb/in^2 absolute, and it looks like covering 1/3 the graph. You claimed that it means you get 1/3rd the power in the steam by operating below atmospheric pressure. THIS IS NOT SO. That would mean the top of the graph is at 2 atmospheres pressure. It appears from the hard to read numbers that the vertical scale is logarithmic, not linear. So the top of the graph is not 2 atmospheres, it is 10 atmospheres. In any case, Titanic's steam pressure was 14.6 atmospheres. The turbine was able to contribute 1/3 of the total shaft output power not because there was 1/3 the energy still left in the steam, it was because turbines are about 4 times more thermodynamically efficient that reciprocating engines. 8. You claimed at 13:32 that the turbine "would actually assist the main engines by drawing steam through them. Clearly that is ridiculous. If the reciprocating engine exhaust steam went straight to the high vacuum of the condensers, a greater expansion could be designed for in the reciprocating engines and they would both be more efficient AND produce more power. The turbine is an impedance to the recip engines, not an aid. The recip engines without a turbine could produce not as much efficiency and power as the whole hybrid system, but more than they did in Titanic never the less. 9. At 13:50 you state that the condenser vacuum is created by the cooling of the steam. Clearly that is nonsense. A condenser is in essence a pipe through which the steam goes through, with cold water on the outside on the pipe to carry away the heat. In Titanic, the condensers were a very great number of pipes receiving the steam in parallel, but the principle is the same. Whatever is the pressure at one end of the pipe must be pretty much the same as at the other end. What creates the vacuum is the feedwater pumps drawing the condensed water out. Sure, a volume of steam condenses to a much small volume of water, but that isn't what creates the vacuum. If it wasn't for the pumps, the water wouldn't get sucked out and you would have no vacuum. 10. At 14:34 you stated that James Watt's engine ran purely at a vacuum. This is not so. Only the condenser was operated at a vacuum (about 0.1 atmosphere) by spray cooling. Steam pushed the working piston up. (Later Boulton and Watt used double action). Steam pressure in Watt's engines was about 7 to 10 Lbs/in^2 above atmospheric. Possibly you were thinking of Newcomen's engine, in which steam at minimal pressure was admitted to the cylinder, than a jet of cold water condensed the steam within the cylinder, allowing atmospheric pressure on the top of the piston to push the piston down. Newcomen engines were absolutely dreadfully inefficient, partly due to minimal steam pressure and partly because a lot of steam was wasted warming the cylinder up again at every stroke. When I was at university, the technicians had built a Newcomen engine about 1.5 metres high - it had so little power it couldn't overcome it's own friction. 11. At around 16:35 you compare Titanic's coal consumption (600 tones per day) with the roughly similar size Lucitania (1000 tonnes per day), stating that it showed Titanic's power plant was ver efficient. That is not a valid conclusion. Titanic cruised at 21 knots, Lucitania cruised at 24 knots. The power required to overcome drag rises as to the cube of speed, so with all other things equal, we should expect Lucitania to need 600 x (24/21)^3 i.e., 895 tonnes. But all other things might not be equal. It would take a lot of research to get a definitive answer. 12. At 17:23 you stated that Titanic's powerplant was "engineering genius". Hardly. Harland & Wolf tried the hybrid reciprocating/low pressure turbine configuration only once before (in 1909), and never went back to it. No other ship builder tried it. The fact is, a pure turbine installation is FAR more efficient. The reasons why the Olympic class got the hybrid system is that Harland & Wolf had a large skilled and semi-skilled workforce that made reciprocating engines in house and all relevant patents had expired. To use turbines they would have had to purchase them, so using reciprocating engines saved White Star capital expense, and delayed the point at which H&W had to start laying people with obsolete skills off. Titanic's plant was competently designed but very much a compromise imposed by business constraints. The turbine was not used in an optimal way and could only be used when proceeding ahead at full cruising speed or close to it.
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  655. This video did not cover the fall out, what and why, between the Soviets and the Chinese, which was a huge setback for Mao and the Chinese. You can't really understand Mao without understanding the fall out.
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  656. My pilot experience is limited to a couple of lessons in a Cessna decades ago. Recently for my birthday my wife blew about $300 on a 737 simulator experience. The instructor talked me through landing by means of the autopilot pretty much the same as Pete showed in this video, then let me try it a second time with only a couple of reminder points. I found it surprisingly easy, though in real life I would most likely be really stressed out. One difference is that the instructor told me to use manual braking on the ground. I found that surprisingly difficult. The brakes are not as smooth as in a car and the airplane has enormous inertia. I reckon I would have made any passengers sea sick with my braking. Being rather short (160 cm) it was difficult to reach the wheels down lever. Overall, if I, a 77 year old, can learn this in one lesson, it can't be difficult at all - UNLESS something is wrong with the plane, which is likely to be the case if both pilots are gone/dead/incapacitated (think hijacker shot pilots, collision, or pilots sucked out window).
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  657. At 3:09 he said dual circuit brakes was an unnecessary complication. In most countries it was a legal requirement for all new cars.
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  658. Mr Mentour Pilot, you are funny without meaning to be. The point of this video is a) passengers informed on what they need to know, and b) ensure that they see "technical issues" in the context of being safe, rather than as an instance of equipment unreliability. Then at 11:56. you speculate that the electrical surge caused by turning the pump back on too quickly, tripping the pump circuit breaker, blew the PA circuit board out. The whole point in the engineering process of designing power wiring - basic competency if you like - and choosing the size and location of circuit breakers is to ensure that any fault causing a surge is contained in its effect to ONLY the equipment fed from the tripped circuit breaker, and does not spread to other systems. If there is an aircraft where this has not been done, then I sure don't want to fly on it. I have however been around long enough to know that the rare coincidence of two completely unrelated faults does occur.
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  659. Love the ham acting in this old TV show. E.g., at 1:55 the actor lurches about to simulate the sub being shook by a depth charge. He bangs his head on the periscope. In real life if the sub moved that violently, he would be knocked out, seriously injured. "Give it all you've got" says the commander. Well, it sounds suitably dramatic, but he's already ordered All ahead Flank - that's all there is.
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  660. Napolean was not in the slightest bit military conquering or invadist then. He arranged for major scientific investigations wherever his troops went.
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  661.  @ronaldmansfield.6439  did not Napoleon have conquering and invasion on his mind? And willingness to wage war for that purpose? According to you he should have had no scientists in train, none at all. Thus the presence of scientists etc does not in the slightest indicate that war is not a motive. Here is a more modern example: The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, going to war in order to do so. They brought scientists and others with them too. It was thought that Afghanistan had no natural resources to speak of, but the Soviet boffins did a comprehensive geological survey and discovered that Afghanistan is rich in rare earth minerals
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  662.  @ronaldmansfield.6439  You didn't, but after I did, you said ""Cannot compare the two", which can only refer to Napoleon. Cook and his voyage has nothing to do with subject of this video or this thread, other than being spuriously thrown in by you. The British invasion of Australia began with Phillip and the First Fleet.
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  663.  @PJRayment  Yes, I watched this video. It is utter nonsense, and I explained why in another thread. There certainly was an invasion. Before Philip arrived in command of Bristish navy warships and transports, the only people living in Australia were the indigenous people. Within a few decades, most of the inhabitants were English, and the indigenous had absolutely no say in the matter. You must be an ignorant American or something. If you lived in Australia you would not be so ridiculous as to make such a claim as "there was no invasion."
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  664.  @PJRayment  You are being silly. Look up the meaning of invasion and invade in any good dictionary. The dictionary will tell you it is an occupation of a territory against the wishes of the indigenous people, particularly when they are not consulted and/or the rights and privileges the indigenous had are ignored, cancelled or overrode. This is exactly what happened. Your comment "the aborigines settled here, and later the British also settled here" would be valid if they both arrived at the same time or settled in geographically separate areas, but that is not what happened. The aborigines arrived in Australia first, at least 40,000 years prior to the British and occupied the entire land area. There a multitude of books that describe what sort of offences the transported convicts had committed, and you have agreed they did a good job on buildings when they got to Australia. It's pretty much self evident the British took care to send the trades the colony would need, comprising people that weren't too bad in character. To quickly find a thread I started, scroll to the bottom of the comments, then use your browser Find-on-page command to search for my name.
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  665.  @PJRayment  While the aborigines gained some rights and privileges, eventually, they also lost rights and privileges. Particularly the right to live, hunt, and gather food in large areas of the country. And they had absolutely no say in the matter. They also lost the right to settle their own disputes in their traditional way, since under the imposed English law, this was regarded as taking the law into one's own hand and itself is a crime. I'm not saying the aborigines didn't benefit from white settlement/invasion. They did. But it was forced by armed might and was against their wishes. This is sufficient to make it an invasion.
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  666.  @PJRayment  It was a top level comment. YT does sometimes hide things. But more likely you didn't scroll down far enough. Each time you mouse-drag the scroll bar down, you need to wait for the refresh to add the next lot of posts, which can take a second or 2 if you have a slow internet connection. But don't worry about it. I have made the important points in this thread anyway - viz it was an invasion because it was forced and the indigenous had no say in the matter. British law was imposed and they had no say in that either.
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  667. These two coots have little idea of what they are talking about. Mearsheimer claims he has studied German decision making - but what he said proves he hasn't. They said Stalin had no inkling of the pending German attack. Oh yes, he did. His espionage operations told him. Churchill told him. One needs to understand just how ruthless Stalin was. He had the Soviet military command purged at just the right moment to ensure they would fight effectively and follow his directives, and ensure trustworthy senior officers were in command. Mearsheimer claimed Hitler was confident. Actually, he wasn't - he knew attacking the USSR was a huge gamble. But he was very much a gambling man and he knew the war was lost if he didn't attack the USSR, because Germany didn't have near enough oil to keep fighting - he needed the Soviet oil fields, which were out of range of B-17''s and B-25's. Mearsheimer thinks Germany had a chance of winning against the USSR. They had no chance. They had no chance because their logistics was not up to it. They had no chance because the Soviets could muster much greater resources in men and material. Hitler committed 3 million men - all he could muster. The USSR deployed more than twice that number. Hitler and his planners assumed they could capture the Soviet rail transport system intact. They did not realise the Stalin was ruthless enough to have it all wrecked as Germen troops advanced.
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  668. It seems a dumb way to design an engine. To minimise bearing loads you need to minimise conrod mass. This engine has greater conrod mass. Lubrication of all those rocking points would be interesting. For any given gasoline octane rating, there is an optimum cylinder displacement. For standard gasoline the optimum is about 500 cc. That's why we have 4 cyl 2 litre engines and 6 cyl 3 litre engines. And why 500 cc motorbike engines used to be single cylinder, however 2 cylinders gives a much smoother ride. The engine in this video is way too small to operate 4 cylinders efficiently - note the power output is only 75% of a standard engine.
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  669.  @andrewwallenstein9575  It seems that you have difficulty reading, as well as being completely wrong. Look at the 4th word in my post that started this thread. It is "Australia." In Australia there are 4 kinds of gasoline available: 1. Standard car engine fuel. This is gasoline with toluene added to raise the octane rating. Trace amounts of oil (to lubricate the fuel system) and proprietary substances claimed to reduce wear. 2. Opal car engine fuel. This is the same as standard fuel but has no toluene, because some districts have banned toluene. The octane rating is obtained purely by cracking or blending and/or adding benzene. 3. Avgas. this is gasoline with small amounts of benzene added to raise the octane rating to 100. It is made to higher standards of quality control and purity than car fuel. 4. White spirit. This is pure gasoline not suitable for engines (except the earliest vintage cars) and is used as an industrial cleaning solvent You can verify the above by down loading the Material Safety Datasheets (MSDS) from maker's websites. For instance, BP's MSDS for avgas states on page 1 it contains <0.1% benzene. Their MSDS states in Section 3 on page 2 that 95 octane car fuel contains gasoline plus up to 20% toluene. Gasolene as sold is a mixture of linear chain molecules of carbon and hydrogen. It would contain other things, such as carbon ring compounds and naptha, and sulphur but the refinery takes these things out. Hence the combustion chemistry in engines is the same regardless of fuel type. Though a variety of simultaneous reactions (in theory an almost infinite number, but about 8 are the important ones), the hydrocarbon chains are split up, a range of intermediary compound formed, ending up with carbon dioxide and water vapor. The additives to raise the octane rating, tetraethyl lead, benzene, toluene, affect the relative rates of the competing reactions, but actually have a tiny effect on the process. The red colour in older gasoline is the tetraethyl lead. Gasoline itself is colourless. The red deposits that used to appear in carburettors is tetraethyl lead left behind when the gasoline evaporated.
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  670.  @andrewwallenstein9575  Cessna does NOT make a lot of 172's. Production is typically 100 to 150 per year. Prior to 1986 they mass produced them in the thousands. Look up the number made in 2023 - it was a good year - they made 180. The reason is not hard to see. In its heyday the 172 was cheap and had the market to itself. A new 172 costs about half a million dollars, putting it clear beyond what farmers and cattle ranchers can afford. And if you can afford the cost of a 172, you can get a 2-engine DA42 Twin Star for a bit less, or a Tecnam P2006T for about the same price - both safer and better. In 1968 a Cessna cost about half as much in inflation adjusted dollars. My wife, who was checked out on many piston light aircraft, used to deliver planes from the dealers to the purchasers. She's never seen a post-1996 172.
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  671.  @jayjaynella4539  And it causes cancer in addition to rotting your brain.
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  672.  @tonylam-u1t  "No way" means just that - there is no way to adjust the timing. On the small engines I was talking about the ignition system is sealed in a block of epoxy that bolts next to the flywheel, and has a lead coming out of it that connects to the spark plug. I suppose one could discard it and make up some sort of kettering ignition or magneto and install a set of points for it, but why on earth would I or anyone else bother? Cheaper and simpler to just run it on 98 octane fuel. Or one could completelt strip down the engine, pull out the ignition locating pin, fill the hole and the bolt holes with weld and drill new holes, then put the engine back together, but why would you bother? you would have to be a nut.
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  673.  @tonylam-u1t  You need to read more carefully. I never used the word "impossible." Any sensible person would understand "there is no way to adjust the timing" as meaning "The engine manufacturer did not provide a way to adjust the timing." Actually, have thought of a simpler way to alter the timing. Remove the flywheel and re-machine it so it goes back on slightly rotated by a shim. But, again, no sensible person is going to do that. Not worth the effort.
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  674.  @spannaspinna  In the car engines I was talking about, which were pre-ECM, of course there is the usual timing adjustment. Where i was talking about there being no way to adjust the timing, I was talking about modern small Chinese made engines - a fact that is clear if you read the post where I brought that up. On these engines the entire ignition system is molded in an expoxy block that bolts to the engine block very close to the flywheel, and there is no way to adjust the timing. As the system is electronic and has no points, the Chinese engineers most likely decided there is no need of an adjustment. As far as up to date Western ECM cars go, you don't adjust the timing in the traditional way. You can, if you know how, change the ECM programme parameters. I don't know about the USA, but here in Australia doing so is illegal, as it would affect emissions.
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  675.  @robboardman598  No, tetraethyl lead is red in colour. If you have worked on an old car that has a carburettor, you will know that carbies often used to accumulate a red deposit on various surfaces, whereas they don't now. Mechanics were trained to avoid skin contact with the red deposits because that was oxidised tetraethyl lead, which is poisonous.
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  676.  @robboardman598  Yeah, you said that before. Lead oxide, PbO, has 2 phases, red and yellow) and requires temperature >600 C to form, But no combustion occurs in a carburetor. Therefore the red deposits that occur in carburetors (and sometimes in intake manifolds) cannot be the result of burning tetraethyl lead. However, Lead tetroxide or red lead, Pb3O4, is also red. It is formed artificially in a series of reactions starting with PbO, which as stated cannot form in a carburetor.
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  677. At 6:46: "Thankfully for all concerned, the Germans did not have the blue prints to the Spitfire". Gee, how hard is it to measure and copy a body and wings? How hard is it to assess metallurgy of materials used? Not very. The Russians did exactly that with the vastly larger, more complex, and more sophisticated B-29 bomber, with complete success. It seems most likely that the Germans had a good reason for not copying it, which Mr Felton has not discovered. Lack of resources is the usual reason why Germany didn't do things, but there could be some technical reason. Perhaps fuel consumption. Perhaps the edge in performance congnizant of other factors eg pilot training, command and control (The Battle of Britain proved that the Brits were superb at this), was just not enough. Perhaps because the Spitfire was built to British customary measurements - a miss-mash of decimal inches, fractional inches, Whitworth bolts etc. When Russia (a metric country) copied the B-29, they spent a fortune setting up factories to make sheet metal, fittings, etc, to US customary measurements - decimal inches, AWG wire and sheet gauges, etc - they assessed that selecting the closest metric dimensions was not good enough. So I conclude that even if the Germans DID have the "blue-prints" to the Spitfire (and who is to say they didn't - it was mass-produced and thus spycraft not difficult) they still would not have put it into production.
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  678.  @sakerfrancis4028  : Yes, of course. I should have thought of that. So should have Mr Felton. And if they identified a specific reason why the Spitfire handled a little better, they could have utilised that in other airframes.
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  679.  @V100-e5q  : Exactly right. Whether you call the necessary manpower for planning and setting up, tools, jigs, processes, etc etc resources or logistics, you need a lot of it, and Germany was short of it.
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  680. There's nothing sane about the Cybertruck. The point of this video is not that it failed under a huge static load, the point is that the static test, while easy to do, indicate the Cybertruck will catastrophically fail under a dynamic load that conventional vehicle will only bend a bit. Because the Cybertruck is built by sticking pressure diecast parts together with adhesives, it will be subject to Coffin-Manson failures.- a failure mode well known to aircraft engineers and electronics people, but unknown in the automotive industry because for all intents and purposes Coffin-Manson failure does not exist in conventional steel ladder frames nor in steel unitary construction. (Coffin-Manson failure applies whenever you have rigid materials of different temperature expansion rates bonded together eg by soldering or by adhesive. Over time, temperature cycling, eg from weather, causes cracks to propagate in the bonding. Even when the two bonded materials have the same rate of expansion, Coffin-Manson failure can still occur due the temperatures on either side of the bond being different. As in an external panel exposed to the sun or wind glued to something that isn't.
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  681. You know you are in an English car when the speedo is as far away from you line of sight as they could get - and the tacho reads backwards.
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  682. After World War 2 Britain was bankrupt. So their government implemented an number of measures, including borrowing huge amounts of cash from other countries. And rationing steel. Car manufacturers were not permitted to buy steel unless a large fraction of the steel tonnage was used for export vehicles. So Rover decided to make car bodies out of aluminium. But they retained a steel ladder chassis in these vehicles. This let them get allocated more steel than would otherwise be the case for the number of vehicles exported. But aluminium body panels did not make a lot of difference. If it was safe to make an aluminium chassis as well, they would have. Aluminium is good in aircraft because aircraft are not subject to large sudden localised dynamic loads. Even so, they have a fatigue life that cars do not.
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  683.  @BobPaulson200  ; Yeah - nothing like some good dramatic music to pump up a story - just ask any Hollywood B-grade producer.
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  684.  @dougle03  Yeah, just like that under-qualified fool Schettino didn't run the Costa Concordia onto well-known rocks to impress his girlfriend. It must have impressed her alright - he sank it. And if passenger liners shouldn't hit things, then so cargo vessel shouldn't hit things either, like that ship hit and wrecked the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore a few weeks ago. And if passenger ships shouldn't hit things, then navy ships shouldn't hit things either, as did a Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Ballarat ran aground off Christmas Island a few years ago. You can't make things foolproof - there's always a bigger fool. Either a fool navigating, or a fool looking after the engineering. The average number of ship accidents per year over the last 10 years is about 40. About 2/3rds are due to propulsion machinery failure.
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  685.  @dougle03  at the time of the accident, 1998, GPS has Selective Availability turned on, which produced errors up to 100 metres, except for US military receivers which had a secret way of eliminating the error. Selective Availability was turned off in year 2000, and now accuracy depends on receiver sophistication. For low cost receivers the accuracy became 5 metres.
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  686. McCormick is amazingly idiotic.
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  687. You probably meant "collaborate", not "calibrate". But, in actually, "calibrate", which means to improve accuracy, is appropriate. both Felton and Forgotten History are sloppy with their facts. In this video, FH begins by saying politics and rivalries killed Whittle's opportunity to win accolades. That Whittle engine was rejected by ignorant government officials is well known bit of fake news. The reality is that Whittle's engine was rejected because it was no good, due to woeful fuel consumption. It took Rolls Royce to devise the design changes than made a British jet engine practical. Politics didn't kill Whittle's opportunities, his rotten engine did. FH is wrong in saying the first German jet was an improved Whittle engine. Obain may have been triggered to work on a jet engine by Whittle, but his engine was a completely different design.
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  688.  @FORGOTTENHISTORYCHANNEL ; you have made a basic mistake often made by amateur historians - you didn't go back to original sources and you did not take the trouble to understand the technology, or get advice from someone who does. The trouble with Whittle's design was that combustion temperature has to be kept low otherwise the chambers would soften/melt. This meant the compression ratio had to be kept very low and this in turn meant very excessive fuel consumption. That is why the authorities rejected it - it was not worth putting research into because it was known in advance from basic thermodynamic theory that the engine could never be any good. Later, Rolls Royce invented the air-spaced double wall combustion chamber, thus splitting what needed to take high temperature and what needed to have the strength to cope with the reaction pressure. That allowed an increased compression ratio and fuel consumption that was not a total disaster. Not until bypassed turbofans were devised did fuel consumption come close to competing with piston engines. Ohain's first engine (known as the "garage engine"), which was radially compressed like Whittle's, was purely a trial/demonstration, and never intended to be the basis of a ususable engine. It was hydrogen powered to simplify things, and a cursory look at the cross-section drawings of both engines will show that they are completely different. Because Ohain said he was aware of the Whittle patent, people have been saying he copied Whittle, but it's just not true.
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  689. Why are Telstra's latest job cuts news? They have been making large numbers redundant each year for 40 years. Back when they were run by Moron Mackinnon and Wasteful Ward, they decided they were a retail store and not a technology company, So they saw no value in technology experts, and got rid of all their engineers by 20 years ago..
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  690. i would like to know how long it took to train the astronauts to drive an M113. About 10 minutes I expect, given astronauts are pretty smart. Some years ago in Perth, Australia, an M113 drove around for hours, running over police vehicles and generally having a good time you might say. The police had absolutely no idea how to stop it. The police commissioner phoned the commander of the nearest army base and asked him how to disable the vehicle. Of course the base commander had no idea - it took him a couple of hours to find out. The commissioner also wanted to know the names and history of any soldiers who had mental problems. In this conversation the base commander stated that it had to be a person who had trained on the M113 as it was a 2 year course - there was no way a civilian could figure it out. After some hours, the engine seized and the cops were able to get inside and arrest the hoon. Some time later I inspected an M113. In front of the driver's seat were two large pedals and a small pedal off to he right. A metal rod near to hand had a placard on which was inscribed a large H with the characters R, 1, 2, and 3 at the corners. Gee, I wonder what that means ..... It turned out the hoon was a nutter, just let out the day before from a mental hospital. He had never served in the army. But wandering about the night after they let him out, he walked past the army base, saw some parked M113's and thought it would be fun to steal one. So he jumped over the fence and stole one. He started it up and drove off down the road without anyone noticing.
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  691. All the cars mentioned in this video are stinking rich-man's toys or tiny niche market. Consider: how many new Bentleys sell each year in Australia? Just 2 or 3. Who cares what they do? I personally only know one person who bought a Rolls-Royce. He didn't buy for its big engine. He didn't buy it for its luxury. He bought it because it screams "I'm rich and I am better than you peasants who can only dream about owning it." It wouldn't matter to him what powers it.
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  692. He was probably promoted automatically since Cheatle was forced to resign, so that the position is not left vacant. It doesn't mean his appointment is permanent - they will have to go through a process to select a candidate for Biden (or in fact Harris) to approve.
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  693. Contrary to what Mockler said, Ukraine wanted to be part of Europe because they saw it as an economic benefit. This triggered Russian aggression and that in turn led Ukraine to desire NATO membership, in order to protect themselves. Meanwhile Russia wants at least the eastern part of Ukraine because of its technology capability and because of its mineral resources - and now Trump wants it. Russia also wants it as a buffer state. Mockler has not understood a long held doctrine of both USSR/Russia and the USA (and China) ever since WW2: You never want to find a war on your own territory, Therefore you should create political and military situation where if any dispute escalates into war, you fight it on someone elses' territory. Buffer states fulfill this requirement. That's why the US has supported NATO and why Russia wants satellite states surrounding itself. Trump understands this doctrine too, sort of. But he wants to pull it back to Canada and Greenland. None of this is morally right of course. A country, such as Ukraine, should be free to make its own choices. But if you want to solve a dispute, you first need to understand why there is a dispute.
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  694.  @tvgerbil1984  Certainly trying to fight the Japanese within the streets of the city would have been a very bad idea. but it was unnecessary. Percival had enough men and material to get out and meet the enemy before they got near the city. In any case the Japenese general was determined to avoid street battles as it would be cost Japanese lives. The RAF did not abandon Singapore - rather they had no aircraft left - they and their runways had all been destroyed. And that happened because the useless Percival did not defend airfields properly and did not send spotters out to warn of Japanese aircraft coming. Tanks crossed the Straight because they were allowed to cross.
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  695.  @tvgerbil1984  The British in Malaya had local-range radar for AA gun directing. I don't think they had early warning radar. In Britain they had the Chain Home system - this was not deployed outside of Britain. Short range mobile radar units were deployed at the locations you mentioned. In WW2 you needed plenty of warning - even the Spitfire took over 30 minutes from takeoff to reach useful altitude and have a good chance of shooting enemy fighters down. The Brewster Buffalo took significantly longer to climb. In 30 minutes an enemy aircraft could fly over 70 km. Thus the available radars were better than nothing but deploying spotters with HF radio to communicate back would have been good, and would have increased the ability of the available aircraft to shoot down Japanese aircraft or at least discourage or impede their ability to bomb significant targets.
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  696. Eden was a hopeless drug addict, addicted to narcotics and using amphetamines. His medical issues were mostly of his own making. The Queen was probably aware of this. While the Crown is speculative fiction, her behavior as depicted is what one might expect.
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  697.  @DavisJ-ln6fw  His sickness was largely of his own making. He was a drug addict.
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  698. Sounds typically British: Things are not going well vis-a-vis the Empire, so the government sinks an inadequate but still large amount of taxpayer's money into something that won't meet the specifications and will be obsolete before it goes into routine service, if not never go into routine service. As with Bristol Brabazon, TSR-2, Windscale nuclear reactor, Highgate Wood Exchange, etc etc.
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  699. Those bouts of poor health as the public were told, were the fruits of serious addiction to narcotics and amphetamines - Eden was a disgraceful drug addict. People get prescribed narcotics for pain from operations. When the pain subsides, they don't need the narcotics anymore. But a few get addicted and just continue to want more and more. Eden was one of those loosers, who go doctor shopping if necessary, to get prescriptions for more and more.
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  700. Very old fashioned looking cars with mechanical brakes. The competition had modern styling and hydraulic brakes. But at least RR had come to its senses on the engine, dropped the old F-head six and switched to making a clone of the Cadillac Big Block V8 and to using a GM Hydramatic gearbox. I have worked with large industrial diesel engines. RR engines were just as unreliable as other British engines, and not a patch on American engines from Cat or Cummins or Detroit.
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  701. A friend who is a police officer told me that they get people who have taken street drugs, laced with god knows what impurities, go totally crazy, violent, taking gibberish, then next morning when they are sober, come across as totally normal nice guys. It totally confuses the courts, who never get to see them when they are high.
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  702. This is presidents being unprofessional to the extreme. The tried and tested way is that presidents send their teams of professional negotiators and diplomats to thrash out agreements. When, and only when, agreement is reached do presidents meet and sign documents.
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  703. She answered every question, and answered correctly, except the first one, which was the meaning of an archaic term in common law. She's very good.
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  704.  @MarquisDeSadie  I''m an Aussie. Her accent is not standard east coast Australian but it is very close. Poster AugustThor thinks she is South African, plausible except that her accent is too soft. She does not have any sort of British accent. To me, she on some words sounded like neutral American. I have a couple of friends and a daughter in law who lived and worked in the USA for a year or so, and they came back sounding vaguely American on some words. They quickly reverted back to normal. Regardless of whether she is Australian, South African, or English, if she has only been in the US for a few months, she simply won't be used to the scary, gungho process-driven US police. In Australia, if you are drunk but not staggering, and a bit cheeky, the cops will just tell you to behave and get a taxi home, and give you a ticket if you were driving - they won't put you in a cell unless you hit somebody. They won't take your phone and your handbag etc off you. They won't handcuff you unless they have reasonable belief that you might run away or be violent. Accents are funny things. Prior to Crocodile Dundee, when American film companies made a movie in which a character was supposed to be Australian, They usually got a British actor to play the part. They did that because to their ears we sound sort of British, and to their ears the real Australian accent sounds a bit unpleasant - just as some US drawl accents sound a bit unpleasant to us Aussies.
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  705.  @MarquisDeSadie  Well, I'm not confused - I'm an Aussie and I definitely think she is an Aussie too - that's what I said. Her accent sounds just like some of my Aussie friends except for one or two words. Certainly she is not English. What country are you from?
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  706.  @mathewmolk2089  : The stop , which is a bit of scrap bolted to the drill table in the foreground, probably gives him some false confidence, but the only thing holding the job down is his hand. If the drill grabs, it may wind the job upwards and past the stop before he can react. He's got the drill running at about 300 RPM (5 turns per second), so he has about 1/10 of second to get his hand clear - possible but very risky. The only safe way to drill sheet metal, with drills of diameter larger than the job thickness, is to clamp the job down with dogs and keep your hands well clear - or use a sheet-metal type stepped drill bit, which are not readily available for holes this size.
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  707. This is the same as the Cybertruck. Decades of industry experience and safety knowledge just ignored. When I did management training, we were taught there were 3 kinds of managers:- a) managers who do things the same old way ''because that's how we've always done it.'' These people let the competition win and should be terminated; b) managers change things because they don't know how it was done before they came along. These people are dangerous and cause companies to go broke; c) managers who find out how it is done, think about it, and devise a better way. These people are worth their weight in gold. I guess Tesla as a company is the second kind. They make a lot of noise, get lots of media attention, but have a tiny market share and probably will disappear.
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  708. Surprisingly, this guy is not much better than Cheatle. You would think he would have reviewed all of Cheatle's testimony and come prepared. Sometimes leaders ensure that their next-in-lines have little talent or aptitude, so that they cannot be a threat. Did Cheatle so select him?
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  709. Mike quoted the New York Times: "... has enabled us all to form a clear idea as to where the responsibility ... lies." Evidently not, as people, book authors, and Youtubers have been arguing about it ever since. And after the ship was discovered on the sea bed and pieces of hull brought up and tested by the US National Standards Authority, they found that the rivets were defectively made and installed. This puts an important part of the blame on Harland & Wolf - something that had not been known about before the ship was found. If the rivets had been good by the standard of the day, Titanic most likely would not have sunk.
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  710.  @dovetonsturdee7033  Simple. A vast number of rivets were required in a ship as large as Titanic or Olympic. NIST tested a sample of plates and rivets that had fallen off. Most likely only certain batches of rivets were defective, perhaps only one batch. But that batch was installed in the impact area. Note that due to the size of the project, Harland &Wolf bought the rivets from multiple suppliers, including small foundries that they didn't normally use. Most likely only one supplier supplied faulty rivets. There is no way now to discover which supplier made the rivets in the affected area of the hull.
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  711.  @JedRothwell  You have repeated a claim that has been made since the tests were done. But if you read the actual NIST report, the sulphur level was excessive by the standards of the day. There was a claim that over the decades, the iron could have absorbed sulphur from the sea, but this was shown to be insignificant. However, NIST found that sulphur wasn't the main problem - it was just a contributing factor. The rivets contained really excessive amounts of slag from a bad manufacturing technique, which seriously weakened them. Hence plates parted from the hull from the shock propagating along the hull - plates that the iceberg had not hit. Since NIST is a US agency with a world-wide reputation for scientific expertise and rigor, if NIST says the rivets were defectively made, then as far as I am concerned, the rivets were defectively made. Slag inclusions is a problem that has been known about ever since man has been making cast iron and wrought iron. Long before Titanic. As a competent shipyard, they should have been testing samples of rivets, but evidently didn't or didn't do enough. Harland & Wolf were a bit dodgy back then, focused on saving costs. It has been found in old records that they knowingly put cheap rivets in parts of the hull they thought should see less stress. Which was where the berg hit. You can download the NIST report from their website. See summary at https://www.nist.gov/nist-time-capsule/nist-beneath-waves/nist-reveals-how-tiny-rivets-doomed-titanic-vessel
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  712.  @dovetonsturdee7033  Regarding the source you asked for in your 1st para, see https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/science/15titanic.html. As to whether Titanic's rivets in the affected area, they were most certainly seriously defective, with a strength well below the norm for the time. As I said, this was determined in testing performed by an expert scientist at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly NBS). You can't get a much more authoritive source than that. Further, photos taken around the affected area by submersible showed plates still in position but with rivets not present in the holes meant for them - confirming that the impact shock travelling down the hull caused rivets to pop off beyond the impact zone. The NIST study plus the photo evidence showed that water entered six of the 16 water-tight compartments and this the ship could not cope with. Further, the impact area of the iceberg covered only 4 compartments as most, and the ship was designed to cope with 4 compartments flooded. Therefore, if Harland & Wolf had performed normal rivet testing and ensured that good rivets were used, the ship would almost certainly survived. Your comment on extra strips and replaced rivets etc is rendered unimportant by the NIST and photo evidence. Regarding the documentary "Titanic 100 : Mystery Solved" - I had not known of its existence. I will watch it, and post what I learn from it later. It may be a week or so. I suggest you don't respond to this post until I do.
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  713.  @dovetonsturdee7033  I've now watched the first 15 minutes of Titanic 100 : Mystery Solved, ' I must say it is so far terribly repetitive and boring.
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  714.  @dovetonsturdee7033  If its there, I will get to it when I have time.
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  715.  @dovetonsturdee7033  The conclusions, that the ship was not weak, spoken right at the end of the film "Titanic 100: Mystery Solved" are not supported by established facts, and not even supported by the facts shown within the film. The NIST showed very clearly that the ship had faulty rivets in the area of iceberg damage. The ship was indeed shoddily built and weak. The main trust of the film is about whether the ship broke in two on the surface due to a design or construction flaw, then does not actually answer that. It shows the hull splitting down from the top with the bottom plates hanging on last, proving that the rivets there were good. But, strangely, it doesn't address why the side walls gave way. If the side wall construction, including rivets, was good, the bottom should have failed in compression. Of course, the splitting of the hull has nothing to do with the damage caused by the iceberg, and the ship would have sunk regardless of whether the ship split in 2 or not. The film shows rivets missing from a part of the hull that was not bent, and rivets still in place in parts of the hull horribly bent. This confirms that the rivets used, which came from several suppliers, included good batches and bad batches. some rivets were strong and some were weak. The tests of rivets shown in this film are totally irrelevant because the rivets used were recently manufactured and did not have the slag inclusions that the rivets from the iceberg impact area had. Also the tests were done at room temperature and not at the sea temperature at which steel becomes a lot more brittle. Further, the test was done by slow build up of force until the first rivet failed. Doing this will always make one rivet fail first, since no two rivets will have precisely the same strength and receive precisely the same load. The actual impact with the berg produced a sudden impact over a wide area, causing many rivets to fail simultaneously. Then a shock wave propagated away from the impact area, popping more rivets outside the area of actual impact. The film completely ignores the fact that Harland and Wolf bought rivets from multiple sources - some were good and some were bad. The NIST scientists proved by testing actual rivets recovered from the impact area were bad - very bad. "Titanic 100: Mystery Solved" must be the most repetitive and boring film I've ever seen. It told us at least 30 times a storm is coming. Told us the RUV cable was snagged at least 20 times. Told us about 10 times that the steel they used to make test rivets was 100 years old - that's of no actual significance. Told us about 20 times they are making a map of the debris field. Its heavily padded with unimportant footage. Such as showing us the survey crew pulling up and old anchor weight left by a previous survey. It showed crew pulling up a rope and the spoken commentary implied it could be a Titanic artifact - not likely given it's a modern blue nylon rope. Not recommended.
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  716.  @dovetonsturdee7033  The expert metallurgists employed by NIST clearly established the Titanic was built with at least one bad batch of rivets and that's what caused Titanic to sink. Go read the NIST report - an expert detail written report by expert metallurgists, illustrated by imaging, is far more authoritive than a dodgy experiment by a blacksmith who didn't even bother to replicate the correct temperature. You can easily access the NIST summary by searching [nist titanic rivets]. Titanic was built with rivets purchased from multiple suppliers. Some rivets were good and some were not. Neither NIST nor I have claimed that ALL rivets in Titanic were faulty - just the rivets in the area of impact, where it mattered. There MAY have been bad rivets used elsewhere - that we cannot know. Olympic was never put to the same test - it never hit an iceberg. In any case, Olympic started construction first and was launched 6 months ahead of Titanic, but the construction of the hulls overlapped. Since Harland & Wolf's normal rivet suppliers could not supply enough for both ships, H&W started buying rivets from other, smaller foundries - hence the probability of bad batches of rivets was higher during Titanic construction than it was for Olympic. The fact that empty rivet holes were found in unbent parts of Titanic's hull during expeditions to the bottom (and this was even shown in the film) is very telling that the rivets failed due to shockwaves in the hull and not directly due to local impact with the berg. That is pretty obvious. I said the film is bad, because it is bad. All that ridiculous repetition - we don't all have complete short term memory loss. Testing brand new rivets at room temperature, as they did in the film, is pointless.
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  717.  @magnusatheos7301  : What compressor manufacturers? Name just one that has it in volume production.
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  718.  @PatricioGarcia1973  Parlà di chì?
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  719.  @jackmcslay  : That will work for boring but not honing, and honing requires both rotation and up & down motion of the hone. The hone will have to be a continuous shape-shifter. There's bound to be a way of honing satisfactorily enough by some slow hand process, but not a high volume production process.
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  720.  @Unkl_Bob  You watch it again. And do a bit of googling and check your facts. This view goes on about compressors from 4:43 onwards, but no manufacturer is named until Tausem at 5:06. No other manufacturer is named - only manufacturers who looked at it (and rejected it). Tausem is a small volume Argentine compressor manufacturer, pretty much unknown outside Argentina and represented but not very well known throughout South America. Low oil and oil less compressors are made in volume by major manufacturers such as Atlas Copco, using the diaphram type and other methods depending on requirements. It is not in production as an engine. In an engine, oil is needed for piston cooling. Using oil means the cylinder must be honed. In an oil-less or low oil compressor, especially if multi-stage, there is no need for honing.
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  721. Broadcasting a warning about Japanese minsubs would hardly have affected the almost simultaneous attack on Sydney. In any case the attack on Sydney was a flop, due to the very poor design and execution of the subs. One did manage to sink an old worn out ferry. 21 sailors were killed, but in terms of military significance, a negligible effect.
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  722. D.j.Vander, you can count on it. There was no computer simulation back then, but more than enough big ships had been built and trialed so that estimation of required engine power was pretty accurate. Mike produces videos that are excellent in presentation and content, really splendid, but it is becoming clear he has trouble with engineering concepts. In this video he made a major mistake, he's noted that the diesels were replaced with turbines and taken that as implying the diesels were a bad choice. Lord Kylsant didn't err in choosing diesels, and the engineers erred only slightly in specifying engine size. Saving money and cutting corners was a priority. Kylsant requested a speed of only 18 knots, he didn't anticipate that the later competition would make 22 knots. Kylsant basically wanted a cheap plodding ship to fit within a cash handout he got from the British government. Hence, they had to find a way of upgrading the ship's power, and it was easier to install turbines.
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  723. An Australian here. When my father was a young man, he bought a "ute'' as they have always been known as here. It was made by Essex in Detroit in 1926, in right hand drive form for the Australian market. Which is further proof that that old nonsense about Ford Australia inventing the ute in response to some farmer's letter is just that - nonsense. A farmer did write a letter. He just wanted a cheap alternative to the imported American utes. Many of my father's farmer contemporaries here bought the Ford T or later Ford A in a version sold by Ford under the description coupe/utility. Those old pre-war Ford Australia utes were built from Ford Popular kits sent out from England. My uncle had one. It was an utterly hopeless vehicle due to having a tiny side valve motor that could only reach about 40 MPH unladen. This motor was, by British standards, barely adequate for the Popular sedan, but way too small for a load carrying vehicle on Australia's long roads, where time was money. And it had English made Lucas electrics, which meant that it broke down a lot. My uncle gave up on the starter motor's high failure rate. He just crank-handle started it - as the motor was so tiny with a low compression ratio it was real easy to crank.
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  724. Is this Veritasium guy clueless or just fast with his facts? He makes mistakes at detail level and and overall level. For instance, he is wrong about the development of computing: Analogue computers took off during and after World War 2 as they were found to be effective in solving all sorts of dynamic and control systems (eg missile guidance, auto-pilots) problems. Digital computers essentially began during WW2 (in the USA for ballistic calculations; in Germany for airplane stress calculations) and took off in late 1950's due to accounting, stock control and other business application development. Analogue computers continued until the 1980's, when good applications running on cheap personal computers became available. Neither came significantly before the other. In comparing digital computation with analogue, he's got it very wrong. It's not a case that to add 2 numbers in digital you need 50 transistors and for analogue you just need a wire connection as he claimed. Those of us who have worked on actual analogue computers know that the basic computing unit is a thing called an operational amplifier - which typically needs about 30-50 transistors (early, less accurate analogue computers used vacuum tubes in lower numbers). And just as much power, What killed analogue computers was that with the development of good applications in the 1980's allowing fast problem set-up, digital became much cheaper and easier. He's confused distributed (also termed parallel) processing with analogue processing. They are two different concepts. You can have distributed digital processing or serial processing. You can also have serial (termed cascaded) or distributed analogue processing. Using MOSFETS as simple multipliers as he described is not new. But it is good only in a few niche applications due to two fundamental features of MSOFETS: 1) the current is NOT a simple product of voltage - they are not linear, and 2) it's darn hard to make them consistent - ie each MOSFET giving the same result as another. That's why general purpose analogue computers used those carefully engineered 30-transistor operational amplifiers, and not just one transistor per computing element.
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  725. Re Germans ordering a whole truck just to get new tires. Every country at war had this problem. My father served in WW2 at one stage as a tank unit commander. One of the tanks had a carburettor float fail, rendering the tank useless. He tried requisitioning a new float - an answer came back "not available." He tried requisitioning a whole carburettor - that was accepted but delivery was scheduled for 3 months time (as it had to come from Australia to North Africa.) He tried requisitioning the complete engine with generator, carby, gearbox, everything. It came from local stores the next day. So the mechanics took the float out (worth about 20 cents) and used it to replace the crook one, and threw a whole brand new engine out. Why? Because some planner decided that major engine failures were to be expected, but carby floats should never fail. That planner probably did the best he could in the time available.
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  726. In the 1960's, designers wanted their cars to look unique and be brand recognisable at night as well as during the day. Hence, about as many ways to install lights - singles, or twins, vertical twins, horizontal twins, sloped twins, etc, as it was possible to imagine. Back in the day, I thought those Chrysler cars looked pretty. But I never considered buying one, as they had a lot less room inside than their rivals. And the quality control was not as good. GM cars had better all-round visibility for the driver. The Chrysler styling was not the problem.
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  727. He says the senator doesn't understand him. He might been better understood if he stopped stuttering in embarasment, had the facts at his figure tips (ie prepared for the hearing) and put his points concisely. He ought to resign - he is clearly out of his depth.
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  728. Engineering Explained still gets things wrong. For instance, he said in this video that flat heads are limited in compression ratio. Famous British engineer Harry Ricardo showed a very long time ago that that you can have a high compression ratio flat head - the compression ratio is limited by the onset of pre-ignition, which depends on the fuel octane rating. This limit comes into effect before any limitation imposed by the cylinder head. The onset of pre-ignition is also affected by the amount of gas swirl - the higher the swirl the more resistant the engine is to pre-ignition. Flat head engines tend to have too much swirl.
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  729. The real Mountbatten was a complete ning nong given to kinky sex. Very much one to trifle with. He was in important jobs only because of his family connections - he was pretty incompetent. When he met Stalin at a war planning conference, he told Stalin he was related to the Russian royal family and would like to visit them sometime. Stalin couldn't believe his translator.
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  730. it makes no sense for Murdoch to order all stop and kill rudder authority. But he had a lot of experience on purely reciprocating ships, in which going full reverse did not kill rudder authority. But the Titanic had a single rudder behind the turbines powered prop, which could not be reversed, so ordering reverse would have substantially reduced rudder authority. He probably ordered reverse without thinking.
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  731.  @flagmichael  : In any case, if current flowed when the switch was on, current in a return wire would cancel the magnetic field from the hot wire and you would still have no effect on the compass.
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  732.  @krdiaz8026  You have raised a good question re consequences. That's something that has never been really tested. The closest thing was the Elizabeth's representative in Australia, governor general John Kerr, who sacked the prime minister for incompetence. But only half the Australian population were against it. Kerr resigned not long after, but that was most likely because public drunkenness ruined his stature. Don't forget the British monarch, now King Charles, gets a look at any bill that might affect him, BEFORE it is presented to Parliament. Thus the press may not hear about it, and the public kept in ignorance. For all we know, Elizabeth II may have rejected bills that we don't know about. I think you are correct as far as general bills are concerned. They are all in the public domain, so if the monarch rejects popular bills, or even any bills, there will as you say at least be a big stink. But any bill that abolishes the royal family is most likely to be killed, and killed without our knowing, unless the monarch him/her self desires to bring it to an end, and I don't see that happening. Self interest triumphs over public perception anyway, when your position makes you filthy rich, waited on by flunkies, and gives you tenure. We ordinary joes have to keep the boss and/or customer happy with our job performance or we'll get the sack - King Charlie does not.
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  733. Putin is fluent in English. Why is he hiding behind a translator?
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  734.  @bw1376  : Who said anything about forcing? Certainly not me. The fact is, there are lots of video that show Putin is very comfortable conversing in English, and speaks it very well. Here he is giving an interview with an Westen reporter.
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  735. You do realise he was a very experienced professional actor? Actors can fake compassion or any other emotion on cue.
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  736. The explanation given in this video, essentially that our butts are big because we need a big butt muscle to keep us upright, cannot be any more than part of the story. This is because butt size is clearly a secondary sex characteristic - women have much larger butts than men. Here's an interesting thing: My wife always had a sexy nicely curved butt. At age 60 she was diagnosed with breast cancer. As was standard for breast cancer, she was prescribed an estrogen agonist drug, as the most common forms of breast cancer thrives on estrogen. This caused 2 changes: a) she grew chin whiskers and had to shave, and b) she lost her nicely curved femaley butt - it shrunk down to boy size. Since she maintained her exercise level (her job entailed continually getting up from her desk and walking around her shop), that cannot be due to a reduction in muscle mass - it must be a loss of butt fat. So why do women have big butts compared to men, that is, why is it a secondary sex characteristic? It seems likely because humans have always worn clothes, but only recently on an evolutionary scale has it changed from loose fitting animal skins to form-fitted cloth. Therefore humans evolved at a time when how you could tell who was a woman and who was a boy needed to be a lot more obvious. Here's another thing: after her butt shrunk down, she for the first time found that sitting on a hard bench uncomfortable. Thus the thick adipose fat in both men and women protects the muscle when we sit - another reason for our large butts.
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  737.  @toddcytra  I should have thought of pedals - but pedals only utilize leg muscles, whereas oars can utilize both leg and arm muscles, giving greater power. Propellors are kind of hidden away, but if they had used propellors before the age of guns, a countermeasure immediately suggests itself - a steerable net dragged behind, to snag the enemy's propellor. If a side collision was immanent, I expect that galley captains would have called out "Ship Oars!" (i.e., pull them in), otherwise an awful lot of oarsmen would get broken bones (including smashed ribs) and torn muscles, making the ship a cripple.
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  738. Kurtis: A suggested topic for you to discuss in a future video - what are the merits of the various gasses available for MIG welding (Argoshield, Argoshield heavy, light, etc). How should one choose which gas to use for what sort of job? There are a few YouTubers that give definite opinions, and one or 2 that did comparisons, but they didn't change welder settings etc to optimise for each gas type. I weld on a hobby basis mostly but not always mild steel - I found I can pretty much get the same result regardless of which Argoshield variant, but maybe that's because I have not learnt yet to do high quality work. I suspect that gas suppliers sell gas with a relatively high percentage of CO2 because it is cheaper to make. My local gas supplier only stocks Argoshield Universal for shield gas. Should I push them to stock another gas variant?
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  739.  @thetruthhurts7675  : No, use of the term Limey is pretty much confined to the US military. Other countries have their own terms, eg Australians call Britishers "Poms". French call them Rosbif, Germans call them Inselaffen (means "island monkeys")
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  740. Neither of them addressed the woolly mammoth in the room (to use one of Kennedy's phrases): The USA is in decline. They have, by various ill-thought out government policies and laws, sent manufacturing off shore, mostly to China. And every now and then, the US increases its legal borrowing limit, so it can borrow more money - from China. It may not be long, as China is ascendant, that China calls the tune, not the USA. Far from it being the USA that must ensure the cooperation of China, it will be China that enforces what the USA must do. If the USA does not become carbon neutral on its own volition, China may take steps to ensure that the USA does so or its economy collapses.
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  741.  @jaygee9249  : No good unless you go for the Eels.
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  742.  @mechanicd7562  : And me, most of the time ...
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  743. Rubio is very articulate, a good salesman, but that does not make him right. Rubio said several times that Trump has been making deals all his life. But Trump's deal making has not been very good. Quite a few of his deals have gone sour, and led to him being bankrupt several times. A good deal is a deal that enriches both parties - a fact that Trump does not clearly understand. He also needs to understand that if the war in Ukraine is ended, regardless of the circumstances, Putin will wait a bit, then attack again, either Ukraine or another country - hence Putin must be shown that starting wars just doesn't pay. It is not a matter of meeting Russia's needs and meeting Ukraine's needs as Rubio claimed. It is a matter of meeting Europe's needs.
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  744.  @kiwifruitpoo  The incompetent US General in charge of the US effort in Vietnam, Gen Westmoreland, assigned responsibility for wrecking the Ho Chi Minh trail to the Australians, who used their useless Canberra bombers to churn up the dirt. It would have been difficult for the US to win in Vietnam, given they had no real support from the locals, but why the US put Westmoreland, a known idiot "rock painter" obsessed with statistics, is a bit of a mystery. With him in charge the US had no hope.
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  745. gee, when I was a kid I lived in a street where all the other kids were 2 or 3 years older than I. Didn't matter. I was part of their social group anyway.
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  746.  @polygorg  : Correct. Distance from wings to tail is a compromise. Greater distance gives greater control effect in normal flight (or the same effect with less control column force if tail surfaces are not lead balanced), but makes the aircraft more susceptable to loss of control (and sometimes control effect reversal) when nose up due to wing spillage affecting airflow over the tail. That's why you see heavy aircraft not expected to manoevure sharply eg bombers, with a large distance, and aircraft expected to climb steeply, such as fighters, with a relatively short distance. You would be correct about the cockpit, but I think the advantage rather small. For safe handling, the centre of gravity should be at or a bit behind of the centre of lift and centre of drag. A large tail distance lets you have weight balance with the engine(s) well forward, as it is in the BV141, which in itself makes for an easy manoevurable aircraft to fly.
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  747.  @kungfucommando1642  : It's over 40 years since I flew a Cesna 150/152. Only a preset (adjustable only on the ground) trim tab for rudder? It may or may not need adjusting. Straight & level should need no rudder effort most of the time.
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  748.  @kungfucommando1642  : If not the rudder trim preset, perhaps control cables not adjusted correct, or turn and bank indicator not calibrated correctly, indicating straight & level when you are not.
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  749. The presenter said that the ship's rudder was adequate and the ship quite manoeverable, but this is not true. In the situation where an iceberg or object is detected ahead, Titanic was a lot LESS manoeverable that other large ships of the day. Notwithstanding what other ships could do because they had reversable engines, any ship that cannot turn or reverse to avoid an object in the time available after the object is sighted is NOT a safe and competent design. Witnesses stated that the first officer included a command for full reverse, as well as his steering command. This would have been a correct command if the ship was driven entirely by reciprocating engines - it would both slow the ship down, increasing the time to turn, and maximise the amount of turning by driving water over the rudder regardless of hull velocity. The first officer probably commanded reverse because he lacked experience on turbine ships, and trials on this new class of ship were inadequate and did not include a test of avoiding an object. At the time, most ships had reciprocating engines - turbines were new. Titanic had a turbine for cruising fuel economy, driving the 4-blade centre propellor. With the technology of the day, this turbine could not turn the propellor in reverse. Therefore, for manoevering in harbor, the ship had two smaller 3-blade wing propellors, each driven by reversable reciprocating engines (they also assisted the turbine in driving the ship forward during cruise). Thus, when the order to reverse was given, the turbine was simply just stopped, markedly reducing water flow over the rudder to only that imparted by the ship's slowing motion. If the ship had, instead, two rudders behind the wing propellors, the ship would have been as manoeverable as other reciprocating enegine ships and the iceberg easily bypassed. If a single much larger rudder had been installed, the forward motion of the ship could have meant sufficient water over the rudder to provide enough turning to avoid the iceberg. On that basis, the often stated view that the rudder was of inadequate size is in fact correct, and OceanlinerDesigns is wrong. It has been speculated that if the order to reverse engines had not been given, the dramatically better rudder effect would likely have saved the ship.
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  750.  @DerpyPossum  : The purpose of the trials was to verify the ship met the speed and fuel consumption requirements and establish what the manoeverability was. These days computer simulation will tell you at negligible cost, but back then the only accurate way was to go to sea and try various manoevers out. Titanic's trails were limited to 12 hours and did not include a test for turning to avoid an object dead ahead. measured They performed an emergency stop ("normally all engines full astern - but in Titanic the turbine could not be reversed, as I said) and measured the time distance taken to achieve zero speed (3-1/4 minutes, 780 m) but did not perform an emergency turn test. Who says Olympic's handling was any different? The same test was not performed on Olympic until AFTER the Titanic sunk, in order that the Inquiry board could understand why it hit the iceberg. Changing the rudder would not have been a simple thing to do. It would have cost a lot of money when money was tight. Fitting two rudders would be a major design change. Fitting a bigger rudder would require hull strengthening and a much larger steering motor. Remember that it took over 3 years to build Titanic. Olympic wasn't launched until Titanic construction was already 2/3rds complete. Following Titanic's sinking, Olympic returned to the shipyard for major changes to make it safer, at significant cost. However, the changes were things like improving water-tight compartment integrity, so that the ship would be more likely survive a collision with an iceberg - improving turning was not considered practical. Some people considered the captain an idiot for going at full speed in a known iceberg area. Perhaps there is some truth in that, but if adequate manoevering trials had been done, he would have known an iceberg could not be avoided by turning or stopping and would have ordered a speed reduction. It is inconceivable the captain, and first officer who was actually in charge at the time, both experienced large ship men, would not have done so. It was normal with reciprocating engine ships to go at full speed, as their much better manoeverability und usually lower speed meant they could steer around icebergs. Some say Titanic's centre propellor was 3-bladed, some not. It doesn't really matter. It must have been appropriate in blade area and diameter to match the turbine output. In either case, ordering engine stop or ordering all engines full astern meant low water velocity over the rudder and thus a marked loss of rudder effect. A phenomena unique at the time to the Olympic class of ship and not appreciated by key people at the time. There was some controversy over just what orders the first officer gave, as different survivors said different things. The consensus was that he ordered immediate full astern, and all stop only after the collision. But, immediate full astern or immediate all stop - it doesn't really matter - both orders would result in marked loss of rudder effectiveness, though ordering full astern was clearly the worst thing to do. Modern calculations have shown that keeping the engines at ahead would have given enough rudder effectiveness to probably just clear the iceberg. The time to stop the Olympic class by going full astern was 3-1/4 minutes, as measured in a post-accident test. The time to put the engines full astern was considerably less than this - of the order of 30 seconds - the same time it took to fully turn the rudder.
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  751. So, did Lincoln, and Ford generally, survive despite McNamara? When he became secretary of defense, he was full of really dumb ideas that led to the USA loosing the Vietnam War despite a humongous investment of money, men, and materials that just went on and on for years. For example:- # Recruiting retards into the US Army - "McNamara's Morons". # Putting General Westmoreland in charge of the War. Westmoreland was an incompetent "rock painter" who lived in his own world divorced from reality - but right up McMamara's alley as Westmoreland was a numbers obsessed man.
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  752. Fauci may have been doing the job as best he could, but his testimony leaves a lot to be desired. He said its a physical impossibility for him to check for himself the validity of each proposal' because there are thousand of them. He has to trust his subordinates to get it right. This means the approval process is flawed. He is not accountable because he trusts subordinates. But the subordinates are not accountable either because he has final authority. So nobody is accountable. It is a basic and vital principle in business of any kind that authority must be delegated to match ability. He should have had a number of delegates authorised to sign off on whatever they are expert in. Then they are accountable. Fauci's role should be to monitor these delegates to see that they maintain their expertise and do a good job - and sign off on the paperwork for that.
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  753. I've never seen reference to them doing it, and there's lots of stuff about life and things in Russia in the cold war era now on YouTube. They probably had more common sense. if the Soviets actually had lobbed a nuclear bomb on you, especially if it was one of their enormous hydrogen bombs, getting under a desk was not going to help you much. In other countries, there has long been a persistent rumor that the Cold War was something dreamed up by Truman and Stalin to motivate the workers in both countries to work harder, thinking they had to beat the other side, and not slacken off in reaction to World War 2 ending like the British did. If so, it certainly seems to have worked.
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  754. There are a myriad of inconsequential errors (e.g., dark smoke issuing from the 4th funnel) and major errors in this video. E.g., it says Titanic set off for the US with 1500 passengers - in fact that was the number that died. Titanic had well over 2000 passengers. It says there were 16 lifeboats. In fact that was the number of davit positions. Titanic had 20 lifeboats plus a steam utility boat. It said the purpose of the Board of Trade inquiry was assign blame. In fact the purpose of the inquiry was to find out why the accident happened and thus elucidate regulatory changes as appropriate. Looking for someone to blame never solves anything. And that's just in the first few minutes.... The US media got a lot of facts wrong in the days following the sinking, and they are still getting things wrong.
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  755.  @dovetonsturdee7033  : You are correct. Some of it is just a joke. For instance at 36:24 it says the berg was 100 metres away when it was spotted. If that was true, impact would have been 9 seconds away - about the time it took the lookout to ring the bell and inform the bridge by phone. In fact the berg was spotted when it was at least 300 metres away and probably more. It makes out the lack of binoculars for the lookouts was a factor causing the collision. The fact is, the lack came to light during the inquiry but it wasn't a factor - it was a windless moonless night and binoculars would not have helped.
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  756. If I remember right, about 20 years ago a Russian aircrew took off in a T-jet (i.e., rear-engined) airliner in which the yaw damper system had been removed and not replaced, which left the aircraft directionally unstable. They got airborne and then discovered the aircraft was uncontrollable, and they hurtled around in random directions in the sky until crashing. Peter, can you look into that one?
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  757.  @jovanleon7  Not from 150 yards away, unless the wind was blowing at exactly the right direction and strength to carry his voice. The average human voice isn't that powerful. A neighbour 3 doors away from my house has a Harley Davidson - the sort of bike that just has three feet of pipe for an exhaust system and no mufflers. I only hear it if the wind is blowing from his direction, or he rides it past my house. I guess that cop was not as brave as the SS agents who surrounded Trump.
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  758.  @jovanleon7  You have point about location of SS. But I think part of the problem is that the SS were not spread about as they should have been, only the local cops, and they did not have direct radio contact with the SS. Messages had to be verbally relayed and that took too long. You and I both agree that the whole thing was a disgrace though. The shooter should have been intercepted long before.
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  759. You can't take notice of anything Goering said. He was a lazy waste of space who much of the time didn't know which way was up, and when he did know, he told nonsense anyway. He's the guy who told Hitler and Germany that the other side would never be able to drop bombs on Berlin. Yeah, right. Elon Musk is quite wrong when he said that Goering's praise of Hitler had no bearing on Goering's defence. The primary defence of the Germans at Nuremberg was that they followed orders. This is easier to justify if you claim a "genuine" belief in the person giving the orders (Hitler). If Goering (or any of the others) had said the truth, i.e., Hitler was out of his depth and not mentally fit, the next question from the prosecutors would have been "Well, why didn't you do something about it, then?" Yes, I know Hitler could order someone shot, but if the top Nazis had ganged up on him, he would have had to step down. As I said in a comment on another of TIK's videos, you should not over emphasise Hitler's antagonism and measures against the Jews. He was a politician playing for his audience - the German people who at that time had immense racial prejudice against the Jews. He could claim the allies were being led against Germany by the Jews, but that doesn't mean he believed it. He most likely didn't. But it made good propaganda copy. Why didn't Hitler end the war when it all went downhill? Well, when you are a dictator who started a war, subjected your people to hardship during the war, had lots of propaganda broadcast, and enemy bombs are dropping, if you then say "Uh, sorry, it's no good, I'm going to cease the fight", the people would probably lynch you. You certainly would not be able to retain power - the one most important thing that politicians strive for. And Hitler had Parkinsons' disease and was on nasty drugs anyway. He was fine at the beginning of the war, but was rapidly going mentally down hill and not really able to grasp what was going wrong. And he was partly surrounded by yes-men. This rat-forced-into-a-corner situation for Hitler is a critical thing to understand, because we have a situation now. Western politicians think that by sanctions, diplomacy, and other measures, they can get North Korea to give up ICBM's and nuclear weapons. It's not going to happen. After having for years distorted their economy and caused hardship among the people to prop up their military and develop missiles and nuclear bombs, to give it up now would make the leadership look really stupid and it would cause a revolt.
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  760. The presenter of the video and most of the commenters have apparently not noticed that a ferry capable of taking about 7 cars or a large truck has been replaced by a ferry that can take only three cars and no large truck. Probably because to make a solar powered ferry to take 7 cars / 1 large truck would need far more solar panel than would fit across the inlet. I thought one of our State governments her in Australia was dumb - they decided to get a trail fleet of hydrogen powered cars - there being nothing in the exhaust except pure water and the nitrogen from the air. So they asked the local gas supply company if they could supply hydrogen. Sure, no worries, said the company, who at certain of their depots, set up a huge diesel generator to generate the massive amount of power needed to split water into hydrogen and oxygen - the only known way to get hydrogen in bulk quantities. What with all the conversion losses at each stage in the process, the amount of CO2 injected into the atmosphere by these diesel electrolysis plants is about double the amount of CO2 if all the cars were normal IC cars.
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  761. Most of Mr Felton's footage in his various YouTube videos is just readily available stock, quite unrelated to each story he tells. E.g., a BF-108 was involved - show a clip of a BF-108. Any BF-108 will do, it doesn't have to be the particular example involved in the story. Rommel involved in the story - show a clip of Rommel. About the only thing precisely relevant to this story is the still pic of the 6 crew members, used a few times. This is no different to how TV professionals work.
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  762. Hormonally entirely male? What nonsense this woman talks. The difference hormonally between a male and a female is that there is a difference in the ratio of androgens to estrogens. Having stayed considerable time in gaol, his androgen levels will fall anyway. Studies have shown that androgens rise with the degree of female contact, particularly testosterone, which drives the desire for sex and aggression.
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  763. What's this nonsense about needing to allow the investigation to play out and not unfairly pick on someone? It should take a director no more than a couple of phone calls to find out who was the person in charge of the protection of Trump on the day of the shooting.
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  764. Mr Felton talkd about Hirohito's short height. After Macarthur told Hirohito to get out and about and meet his people, it wasn't so much his short height that shocked the Japanese. He was a rotten public speaker, pausing at the wrong places, and sounded like a mincing homosexual - such people were much despised in Japan. People started calling him "Ten'nō ka sō" or "Emperor Ah So". This is because he could only speak the special court language and didn't learn standard Japanese until Macarthur told him to learn it. As with anyone learning a new language, he fell back on a few simple things, such as when meeting someone, he would ask "Where are you from?" or "What work do you do?" and on getting the reply he would say "ka sō" (I see, or is that so?) and move on to the next person.
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  765.  @chadhaire1711  : Trust me, to Japanese ears in 1946, Hirohito made Biden seem pretty sharp.
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  766. Be sure that it is out of a can or sealed wrapper that you open - so there is no possibility of the cops spiking it with ethanol to dull your wits, or caffeine to make your mind race.
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  767. The Malkara was an Australian designed weapon, designed to meet a specification issued by the British Ministry of Defence. It was designed in Australia as part of a missile development & test agreement between the UK and Australia, mainly about testing British military rockets that were too big and dangerous to be tested in Britain. The Australian Army refused by buy it, because it was just about useless. In Army tests it hardly ever hit a tank-sized target - the claim of an accuracy of a few inches might have been technically possible, but it was too difficult for the operator to guide it successfully. Also, it was pretty dumb because it was too big and heavy to be man portable - it needed a vehicle to bring it within range and launch it. Why not just have a self-propelled gun or tank to hit enemy tanks? God knows why the British Army bought it - political pressure? beaurocratic processes?
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  768. US senate enquiries haven't got any better. To see the low standard, check out the numerous videos on YouTube of senators enquiring into climate change, its cause, and what to do about it. Both senators and witnesses called to appear to seem disgracefully ignorant. A typical exchange boils down to this:- Senator Kennedy: Do you know what fraction of the atmosphere is CO2? Witness (some government department official concerned with climate) : Err, ahh, about 15% I think. Senator Kennedy: It is 0.04%. It has risen from 0.03% since the industrial Revolution. Such a tiny amount can't matter. Witness: I dunno. Kennedy's figures are correct, as a moment's googling will show, but it does not follow that a small amount of anything is negligible in effect. For example, phosgene at 0.05% will kill you. He is right to ridicule a so-called climate expert who doesn't know a thing about CO2 though.
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  769.  @karlylesparents7783  : Just because he CLAIMS it applies to DC doesn't mean it does. He seems to think that current is dragged along the wire because of longitudinal electric field in the wire. But in wires made of superconductors, the is zero resistance and therefore no electric field. Superconductors do of course work perfectly well in transferring energy from source to load. Same with electron jets in vacuum - no resistance, and no longitudinal field. People who don't understand their topic make claims all the time - it doesn't mean they are correct. Some people claim the earth is flat and have dream up all sorts or mumbo-jumbo to "prove" it. But it's not flat, as any navigator knows.
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  770.  @karlylesparents7783  : Ah, but it prevents those inside fields from getting out, too. And since Veritasium presented a theoretical discussion with zero resistance wires 1 light-second long etc, we can also assume the separation between inner and outer conductors in the coax approaches zero but is still insulating. If that doesn't satisfy you, consider an electron jet in vacuum. There is a space charge around it, but if you have a positive ion jet going in the opposite direction, you still have an electric current (being the sum of both) but the electric fields cancel. Or just have a very long electron jet in vacuum. You can replace any or all wire in a circuit with an electron jet in vacuum. It transports energy from source to load just fine without resistance due to electrons having mass and thus inertia. The electric and magnetic fields around conductors in a DC circuit carry no energy because they are not moving/changing as they are with AC. This is something we learn in the first week of any diploma or degree course in electrical engineering.
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  771.  @weblure  Actually, in this video at least, he hasn't actually presented any pseudoscience. What he's done is read a few textbooks and regurgitate bits of the various contents without understanding it in his own mind and so making some whooper errors, and drawing wrong conclusions. He presented a transmission line problem, gave what he thinks is the correct solution, but it isn't. Amazingly, he also (wantonly??) totally miss-understood what the oscilloscope told him, to fit his pre-conceived erroneous view. He claims the lamp is lit at 1 second / v. It isn't, it takes a lot longer, due to reflections on the secondary transmission line formed by his extended conductors, said reflections have to die out in steps each lasting 2 sec / v. He didn't realise that his left transmission line and his right transmission lines together actually form a third, secondary, transmission line, mismatched to his load (the lamp). His explanation of a DC circuit in terms of Poynting vectors etc is just a total mix-up. Veritasium is actually a Dereck Murray according to the link he provided, who claims to have been a science teacher and have a physics degree. That's a horrifying thought, given he "teaches" miss-conceptions. If he does actually have a physics degree, he must have just scraped a pass if this video is anything to go by. If he does.
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  772. @Mark T Not correct. There are two main ways, depending on whether the field is AC or DC. If it is an AC field you can stop it with a continuously surrounding conductor. The magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, which causes a current in it - this current produces its own magnetic field which is in the opposite direction and so cancels out the first magnetic field. This is called a Faraday screen, and is a technique used in virtually all non-digital radio receivers and transmitters, but will work down to as low a frequency as needed. Coaxial cable can be a Faraday screen for wires. No magnetic field penetrates the outer conductor. In electricity distribution, where wires carry electric power down streets, the magnetic field from the wires can cause problems by inducing into telephone lines and other things. Where this is a problem, an extra, earthed, wire is added by the power authority. It works much the same way, induction causes a current in it, which cancels the problem field, If it is a DC (unchanging) magnetic field, there is no induction and so a Faraday screen will not work. Often where this is a problem, a magnetic shunt is used - a material having a high magnetic permeability attracts the filed into itself, leaving not much field strength to go elsewhere. Or, in theory, you can use a diamagnetic material - diamagnetic materials are materials that repel a magnetic field - the opposite of what soft iron does. In practice, only weak diamagnetic materials are known, but the theory is fine. You can also use the Meisner Effect to stop a DC or AC magnetic field. Several good Meisner Effect materials are known.
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  773. @Mark T ; I didn't agree with you, because you were plain wrong. It sure sounds like you are upset to be shown wrong so easily. If you post an opinion that is plain wrong, you should expect someone will point it out. With or without practical examples.
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  774. Did Primal Space make a lot of this up? At 4:27 it says that the Concorde's normal white paint was so that it radiated heat better. Actually, to get rid of heat the best you need a black finish. But a black airplane would be hard to market. Painting it blue should have improved heat loss. An advantage of white paint is that the pigment can be titanium dioxide, which will not fade, regardless of time, temperature, and ultraviolet light (which is strong at high altitudes). If the plane was limited in speed, it would be because they used a paint designed to be easily removed (possibly by simple water washing) after filming the commercials - paint that would come off due to friction and/or heat at the normal speed. The SR-71weeped fuel because it was designed for low weight, so the wing skin is also the fuel tank - there is no internal tank or bladder. The tanks/wings were supposed to be sealed with a flexible sealant, but when the sealant deteriorated, the aircraft very slowly oozed fuel. The USAF just didn't think the expense of taking it apart and fixing it was warranted. It didn't leak anywhere near as much as portrayed and it didn't leak for the reason given in this video. I've seen USAF aircraft on the ground, and leaks of various sorts are not uncommon. Why did the SR-71 have a matt black finish? Partly to make it hard to see at its normal high altitude, and partly because it gets rid of heat the best. Incidentally, there are a lot of urban myths about the SR-71, due to its secret nature. The fuel leak due to expansion design is one, the US having to buy titanium from the USSR is another (The biggest ilmenite producer in the world is Australia, which is also a significant producer of rutile).
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  775. What do you English care about the Chagos? Britain pays for its lease but the US made you an offer you couldn't refuse when you were down and broke in the 1960's and took it over. People born there were deported. Britain no longer has an empire and therefore has no need of Diego Garcia/Chagos. If America wants to keep it, then let America negotiate a new lease and pay rent directly to the owners, now in Mauritius.
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  776. it may be ok that she couldn't identify a constitution section by number - you wouldn't be routinely, if ever, called to identify a constitution question by number in day-t-day legal work. But:- Purposivism is a basic approach in interpreting law - it is about resolving questions by looking at the purpose of the law. If she can't answer that, she is hopeless - its like asking a high school math teacher what addition is. I'm amazed she got nominated.
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  777. Oceanliner Designs must be a city guy. I grew up on a farm , where there was no light pollution from neighbors and street lights. When your eyes are fully dark adapted you do have enough light on moonless nights to see white or light coloured objects. On a farm the Milky Way is visually obvious, but in towns and cities it is invisible. When I was a teenager, I used to walk to and from another farm at night to visit a friend. The only time I needed a torch was when there was heavy cloud. There is another factor, with regard to some saying it broke in two and some said it didn't. It's well known to lawyers and police: Witness accounts are notoriously unreliable, particularly when the witness's attention is focused on something else - such as being intensely cold, or worrying when a rescue ship will come.
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  778.  @rflameng  : True. The RAN is tiny compared to the USN - the purchase of a single DDG probably has the same proportional taxpayer impact as the purchase on an entire carrier group has for the USA. But all the more reason for maintaining what it has and ensuring its' survivability. But the opposite is clearly the case.
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  779.  @leonbgc  What about the hull buckling between the ribs, caused by impact of water during heavy storms. aggravated by corrosion. Corrosion has been a problem in the Australian navy.
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  780.  @Archcrius  Except when tri-state circuits are used - then there is 0, 1, and uncommitted.
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  781. Felton was initially pretty good when covering aspects of the War in Europe. When he got into the War in the Pacific, he got a lot of things wrong. Later, he descended into sensationalism, and now covers trivia such as the recent bomb discovery in England.
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  782. @mandellorian : Where is your hint? You have not posted previously. Never the less, it certainly is possible for pulse echo radar to have a greater effective range if the target is moving, however this requires a circuit technique not invented until after the War. Note that doppler radar can do rather better too with moving targets, but the radar employed by British aircraft in WW2 was not doppler. Note that German subs when surfaced usually travelled at only 15-20km/hr. They could go a lot faster but that used too much fuel. And in snorkelling subs, speed put too much stress on the crew. In a typical Atlantic sea, life in a snorkelling sub was awful, as every time the sea washed over the snork, the diesel engines sucked everyone's eardrums out. Utilising movement cannot do wonders. As radio wave intensity decreases as the square of distance, it rapidly becomes hopeless for small targets regardless of special techniques. Note especially that since "Ultra" monitoring of German military radio traffic was first disclosed in the 1970's, increasing detail has come to light and the fact that the British after a while knew where every German submarine was supposed to be is now well documented.
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  783. So, Hitler blamed Bey, did he? Publicly, that was probably the only option. It seems that German communications was at fault, not just in relaying airborne reconnaissance info as described in this video. Germany had a unit monitoring and decrypting the British convoy coordination radio signals - they generally knew just where each convoy was at any given time. That was a big help to submarines sinking freighters in the Atlantic, but the German military top brass had a marked tendency to ignore the information provided - just as the British top brass distrusted Ultra until Churchill sorted them out.
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  784. Gee this guy Veritasium talks nonsense. He said nuclear power is a knife edge situation, i.e., teetering on going bang. This clearly isn't so. For one, they are operated well below critical mass (There may be enough mass of the right isotope, but it is distributed over a large volume mixed with other stuff), so can't go bang. If you read anything about water moderated reactors, for example, you learn that water absorbs neutrons in proportion to its temperature, this means the reactor power level rises in beautiful proportion to control rod position (control rods are movable neutron absorbers), as increased reaction raises water temperature which slows down the reaction. It is a form of what is called a negative feedback loop. The control rods can typically control the reaction rate smoothly from beyond the design maximum down to a tiny fraction of that, practically zero. He said Einstein claimed nuclear power and bombs are not possible. Just when and where did Einstein say this? In what publication and in what context? I know that at one point he said it couldn't be done YET. Naturally it had to be figured out, which was not easy. Einstein famously wrote a letter to the US president to tell him that nuclear bombs are possible, and he better put resources into design and building one before an enemy does. Thus the Manhattan Project was begun. I have a book on Einstein that includes a reproduction of this letter. But Veritasium is the guy who posted a video claiming that electric energy is not transported in wires, and included a whole lot of mistaken nonsense about propagation in transmission lines, so perhaps his videos are some kind of leg pull.
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  785. Petter did this video in 2017 - 5 years ago. 5 years is a long time with respect to AI progress. I wonder if Petter still has the same view today. At 10:12 cost is mentioned. Cost is ALWAYS critical in any business. There's nothing unique about the air industry in that regard. You find that sometimes robots are used because of superior performance - as in DaVinci robot surgery, but nearly always robots get used as soon as the robot is cheaper than a human. That happened in the car making industry in the 1970's as the decision making is very limited on a production line. At 9:13 Petter said there are no driverless trains. He got that wrong - the monorail commuter train (driverless) in Sydney Australia goes back at least 20 years. I remember riding on it when visiting Sydney 18 years ago. Here in Australia driverless freight trains are ho-hum now. Petter is correct in saying running a train is comparitively simple. Driving a car is very complex, but self driving cars are almost here. I should think that piloting an aircraft is somewhere in between - because airspace is simpler and more regulated than driving on roads. Those Australian self driving railway locomotives are not a new type. They are standard locomotives that have been retrofitted with a computer control system. It will happen the same way in airliners. Existing types will be retrofitted with computers and mechatronics that inferface with the control systems and autopilot just as the present pedals, control column/yoke/joystick, and switches do. Petter thinks robot pilots won't happen within his working life. He doesn't look that old, and it may well do so. Any job that involves decision making on a logical basis - as piloting is - is ripe for take-over by robots. It matters not how frequent decisions have to be made - in fact the more the quantity of decisions per minute, the more a robot can outperform a human. Job that involve creativity and lateral thinking, such as art, engineering, physics, teaching students, are not suitable for robots. In many Mentour Pilot videos, Petter has made the case that accidents have occurred because problems have caused the pilot flying to be mentally overloaded. For an Albert electronic brain, that is merely a matter of installing enough capacity, and is a problem that can be completely eliminated. Industrial psychologists believe that the average human brain can cope with three problems concurrently. Four if you are exceptional. For computers there is no limit.
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  786. Where do they find all these people? One would think the word would get around in Washington - you are going before Sen Kennedy? Be well prepared - he certainly will be.
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  787. This guy has no idea what he is talking about. He's largely made up his story. Carl Norden was born in the Dutch Eat Indies of Dutch parents - he was not Swiss as this scruffy turkey claims. He says bombardiers had to input wind speed into the Norden bombsight. The did not - it in effect works out the wind speed after the bombardier adjusts rate knobs so as to make the target stay fixed in the built in telescope. And so on, with more bull as he carries on.
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  788. It is embarrassing. Painful to watch. The thing is, he uses the helicopter a lot, but is too dumb to put his jacket on before he got off, or just wait until he's walked away from the helicopter. It's like when he first got into office, and had to sign 7 or 8 documents in front of TV cameras. An aide had put the pile on the desk right in front of him. He opened the first folder, tried signing and discovered it was too unsteady being on top of the pile. So he moved it to one side and signed it. Then he opened the next folder, tried signing and discovered it was too unsteady being on top of the pile, So he moved it to one side and signed it. Then he opened the next folder, tried signing and discovered it was too unsteady ....... A normal person, on discovering the pile is unsteady, would have moved the pile, then taken each one off from the top to sign.
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  789. Careful, MGUY. Non-EV buses can burn just as violently. Just ask Transperth WA, who had at least 14 non-EV buses in their fleet of 474 Mercedes buses destroyed by spontaneous fire. They had a marked habit of burning out completely within minutes, usually totally destroyed long before the fire brigade could get there. London's experience of 3 buses out of 380 catching fire is pretty bad and not acceptable, but actually looks pretty good compared to Transperth's non-EV fleet. And, yes, non-EV buses DO burn just as spectacularly as EV buses, because, unlike cars, bus bodies are made of aluminium. Once started, aluminium burns really good. See for example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZhWCjGDFNM
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  790.  @judithoconnor6442  So, you think the ordinary German civilian could simply vote Hitler out at elections? Hitler was a dictator, ruling by decree, having used devices such as the Enabling Law to eliminate checks and balances. Hitler and his military top brass had no mechanism to monitor what the people thought as they never intended to listen. Yes, Hitler had to be stopped -there is no doubt about that. But read up declassified end of war reports - the decision to carpet and firebomb German civilian areas of big cities had little or no effect on German ability to fight, and only spurred Hitler on. The war was not won by the RAF, it was won by the USA and the USSR. RAF aircrew lives were simply wasted. Your comment about the empire not to last is not relevant, except in so far as Churchill's distain helped cause it to disintegrate. Australia had been monitoring Japanese military communications and warned Churchill that Singapore would fall. Churchill ignored the warning, leaving an incompetent in charge. When the Japanese captured Singapore their officers were amazed. They were amazed to find that the British and Commonwealth troops there greatly outnumbered the Japanese troops, and there was no good reason why they should have surrendered as they did. But the known fool Churchill left in charge did surrender, as soon as the bullets began to fly. Yes, people die in war. But Churchill needlessly threw away lives for no good reason.
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  791.  @paulgaskins7713  : The proximity fuze (VT fuze) was far far more important. As this video said, there were alternatives to the cavity magnetron - the klystron and travelling wave tube - it's just that the cavity magnetron was smaller, lighter, and less finicky. Although used in land and ship-borne radar, the cavity magnetron was not as important as it was in airborne applications. In WW2 Australia produced a quite good aircraft detection radar using certain triode valves in a novel way - this radar was even supplied to US troops in the Pacific theatre. Britain had no defence against the V1 flying bomb - none. And V1's were simple things that were made in thousands in basic facilities using slave labour. Churchill arranged for importation of VT-fuze ammunition and radar controlled AA guns from the USA just in time. The US had banned the use of VT-fuze over land, but Churchill got special approval, as without it Britain would have almost certainly lost the war. If Britain had collapsed, Hitler would have regained access to oil and probably would not have needed to subdue the USSR while at the same time been more able to do so. The atomic bomb was not used against Germany, and thus is completely irrelevant to wining in Europe. It was used in Japan, but by the time it was used, Japan had essentially already lost - the atomic bomb was not a war winner, it merely hastened Japanese surrender and avoided the need to invade and fight within Japan.
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  792.  @heikos4264  : It's the same as headlines in tabloid newspapers. Both newspapers and YouTube presenters go for a sensational headline to get clicks/readers. Actually, YouTube videos are like tabloid newspaper articles anyway - tending to report facts in a distorted sensationalist way. It works - YT quality presenters like US WWII Bombers get far less clicks that sensationalist distorters like Mark Felton. People like to be titillated, not informed.
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  793. To Heiko S: You responded to my comment in this thread on sensationalism in YouTube by personally attacking someone whose YT videos I commented on. I never attack the person, I attack what he said. You post was inappropriate.
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  794. Those doors are stupid. Even the Trumps of this world don't have flunkies everywhere at all times to open their door. They are more likely to have chauffer, who in this car can't smartly get himself out to open the door for his master.' There is no safety issue preventing electric opening. Electric, or just a mechanical latch like any other car, it's just the same. And you could have an interlock s the door won't open if the car is moving. It's a BMW gimmick door - not properly thought out like a genuine Rolls Royce.
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  795. most Pakistani small factories have fans and concrete floors - but they never clean them or sweep them out.
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  796. i'm not sure which impresses me more - the excellent words by Mike Brady or the excellent visual animations.
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  797.  @c.c.hiliner1065  It seems you are the one who does not understand. Go look us what happened to USS Belknap. It collided with an Aircraft carrier with negilble damage to the steel hull. However a fire broke out and the Belknap's aluminium superstructure and interior, being built of aluminium, melted and collapsed, caught fire too, resulting in the USN banning aluminium. You should look up the thermite reaction, where burning aluminium in the presence of rusted iron causes heat hot enough to reach 2,500 C. It is well known that jumbo airliners made air travel so cheap the ship travel could not compete and disappeared.
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  798. See the other video where Sen Kennedy has a go. He brought it to light that she is arrogant and absolutely a liar, and not very bright either. And as far as this video goes, she can claim all she wants that the article was about a specific case (and it is surely inappropriate for judge to do so), the fact is the words quoted can be applied generally.
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  799. That's not actually a good question. There was never any chance of De Havilland getting it right first time. They attempted to do something they were not in the least qualified to do, and got many things in the Comet seriously wrong. The Comet 1 had lots of crashes and was finally ordered permanently grounded because it was so bad - the only Western airliner to be so ordered. Even the dreadful DC-10 was allowed to continue flying once the known design flaws were corrected. No other airliner has ever come anywhere near to the Comet's ratio of passengers killed per passenger-kilometer flown. Windows were implicated in only 2 losses. Quite apart from that, the Comet 1 was actually a quite small aircraft (only 40 passengers, but with non-luxury seating perhaps up to 80), designed according the then British concept that only rich people and captains of industry could afford to fly. Boeing realised very early that the way to go was to make very large aircraft and by this means get the cost per passenger-kilometer down so that ordinary tourists could afford to fly. So, even if De Havilland HAD got it right first time, it was a niche market machine and most airlines would have sooner or later gone for a big Boeing or Douglas anyway.
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  800. There is nothing new about low speed pre-ignition, and it is not a quirk of direct injection. Those of us who drove British cars in the 1950's and 60's were used to pre-ignition (due to a long stroke), as were those of us who had to use low quality government pool petrol, until pollution control measures put a stop to it. This engineering guy gets a lot of things wrong. For instance; the main source of intake mixture cooling comes from vaporisation of the fuel (ie latent heat of vaporisation) - for a given quantity of air drawn in, since petrol engines operate stochiometrically that means a given quantity of fuel, and that means the same amount of cooling regardless of whether it happens before or after the intake valve. Certain examples of Chinese-made small engines - eg those used in portable generators - suffer pre-ignition and they are carburettor equipped. They pre-ignite because they filled a market thirst for more power, and the easiest way to get more power need was raise the compression ratio.
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  801. Other have pointed out that an exit wound does not necessarily occur with a pistol shot. Felton claims Hitler could not have shot himself as his hand shook too much. This is not so. Hitler had Parkinson's disease. With Parkinson's disease, there are two phenomena: a) the shaking of hands mainly occurs when the hands are not doing anything. My cousin's husband had advanced parkinson's disease but was still able to use a computer mouse and work on his hobby of making models of tractors. b) when very determined, Parkinson's sufferers can often make their muscles perform properly, even when the disease has progressed to the point where they can't use a knife and fork.
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  802. At 7:18 "The radar equipment ... generated a great deal of static electricity. After three hours of operation every metal part of the fuselage would be so charged that touching it would result in a powerful shock." What utter nonsense - must be an AI written script. Static electricity is DC and cannot build up across different parts of a metal enclosure. Radar operates at high frequency - UHF at a minimum. At these frequencies you cannot feel it. It can burn, and you'll feel the burn, but you cannot feel it as an electric shock. DC or radar frequencies, there is just no possible way for a three hour build-up time. Ice might take 3 hours to melt, but ice is pretty much an electrical insulator. If you can't even get that right, I wonder how much else of this video is just made up nonsense.
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  803.  @kvom01  ; That would be correct. To have almost all the reaction occurring after teh masses have joined, the speed of coming together would have to be much greater than the neutron speed. Neutron speed is over 10,000,000 metres/sec, about 9,000 times the speed of sound in air. No gun that good could fit in an aircraft carrier, let alone a plane.
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  804.  @recoilrob324  ; That is a considerable exaggeration, however the amount of uranium that was converted into nuclear explosive energy in Little Boy was very small - about 0.7 grammes, whereas an average grain of rice is about 0.03 grammes. 0.7 grammes is about 0.001 percent of the total amount of uranium loaded in Little Boy. Given that fact, it is not at all surprising they could not calculate the yield very well (they were about 30% out) and gives lie to those armchair experts who claimed it was dead certain to work because it was simple . Simple is was, but that it did work was amazing.
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  805.  @recoilrob324  ; In such contexts, people usually mean weight/mass, as the quantity is then clear, and independent of sample shape. So, what do you mean by "size"? Length? Volume? You are right, though - it is a minor quibble - the energy contained in a tiny amount of matter is very large.
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  806.  @jameshoran8  ; Firstly, Little Boy was completed and ready first. Secondly, it didn't matter whether the first one dropped was a dud, or it worked and the second one was a dud. Both scenarios would have been disaster. The essence of why the bombs were used is this: first, the Japanese were warned, ""Give up now, or you'll get it with a new terrible bomb." then the first one was dropped. As turned out to be the case, they anticipated that one bomb might not enough to shake Japanese resolve. So they were warned again, "give up or you'll get it again."" That worked - the second bomb caused the Emperor to stop the fight. Thus if the first bomb dropped was a dud, the Japanese would have fought on. If the second one was a dud, the Japanese were still likely to fight on, perhaps more so. If you make a threat and don't carry it out, your influence is gone. Thirdly, Fatman was technically a much better bomb, and a test had shown it would work, but the US needed to get good data of its exact effects under combat conditions, and the USAAF was not quite ready to do that when the first one was dropped.
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  807. The root cause of this debacle was the USA invading Afghanistan 20 years before. Just like Vietnam they didn't bother to understand how the people think, nor bother to understand that the locals just wanted foreigners out of their country. The USA never learns .... Americans, Russians .... all the same evil as far as the locals were concerned. One and the same. The reason why the USA invaded Afghanistan was not because they were honorably trying to destroy the Taliban and free the people. It was because when the Russians were there, they did a comprehensive geological survey - and found the place was rich with mineral resources, especially rare earths critical to modern technology. The USA was scared these resources would be accessed by Iran, which is technologically capable, culturally compatible, and shares a language with Afghanistan. The USA is dead set scared of Iran building its technological capability. The US government wanted a pliant government in Afghanistan, and tried to get US or other US-friendly country mining companies to extract the resources, but no company was fool enough to try, so the US military presence became pointless.
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  808. I kept wanting to reach out and brush the hair away from her eye, so she could see properly. She doesn't seem competent to try any cases. Did she get appointed?
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  809. Very interesting scenery, but hilarious! All car horns were blipped with the exact same rhythm, and all cars are purple, even the (then) old ones. I don't think paint manufacturers mastered making a really good lasting blue or purple paint until after this time period. In fact, Ford (at least in Australia) was still having trouble with purple paint in the early 1970's - my mother bought a purple Ford and it had to be resprayed a few years later.
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  810. I forgot to say that this video has all car horns sounding on the exact same tone and pitch too! And a lot of them would have had klaxons, which sound quite different.
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  811.  @bruceparr1678  You are misled. Two important factors about efficiency:- # Aircraft engines could indeed be quite a bit better than 40% thermodynamic efficiency because they are designed to run at a specific RPM (usually about 2000) - thus turbulence, which is set by cylinder head and valve geometry, can be optimised. A car engine, and to large extent a truck engine, needs to operate over a wide range of RPM, so turbulence is necessarily a compromise. If it is enough at low RPM to prevent pinging, it is too much at high RPM. # Since the amount of heat lost is proportional to cylinder bore, but power is proportional to the cube of bore, it follows that, within reason (considering factors like con-rod mass), the bigger the bore the better. Those turbo-compound aircraft engines had cylinder capacity around 2.5 to 3 litres. Given that for car engines 3 litres is a moderately large size, if a car engine was optimised for highest thermodynamic efficiency, it should have only one cylinder. This would confer totally unacceptable vibration. And it would need to be large and heavy. 4 cylinders is about the minimum number of cylinders for a smooth ride in a car, 6 cylinders is better and that means the bore size has to be well under the optimum for efficiency. V8's were designed for cars, to further reduce vibration, and get more capacity in a short length, but there was, compared to 4 or 6 cylinders with the same total displacement, a fuel consumption penalty. When BMC were doing the initial design of the Mini Minor, they calculated that about 800 to 900 cc would give the performance needed. So they designed and prototyped a 3-cylinder engine in order to not take the bore too far away from the requirements of efficiency. On test they decided that vibration would be too high for market acceptance and stayed with 4 cylinders. You should note that supercharged, turbocharged, and turbo-compound aircraft engines were set up so that at sea level the amount of boost was minimal or non-existent. The system was set up so that a near constant amount of air-fuel mix was pushed into the engine regardless of altitude, i.e., by means of waste gates and other means, the boost increased as altitude lowered atmospheric pressure, so the engine was operating at sea level conditions even at maximum altitude. Note also that with aircraft engines, a couple of factors gave a few more percent efficiency that don't apply to car and truck engines. At altitude, air temperature is much lower. Engines thermodynamically work on the difference between combustion temperature and air temperature, so you gain a bit of efficiency at altitude. Secondly, the exhaust gasses act like a jet engine and impart a bit of thrust to the airframe. It's small but it does count. A typical car engine has a thermodynamic efficiency of around 22 to 26%. If there was a way to easily increase it to 40%, manufacturers would have long since done it, and we would all be getting 40 - 50 miles per gallon. Fact is, there isn't. Except for one thing: If the vehicle is a hybrid, i.e., an engine driving a generator charging a battery, the battery in turn feeding an electric motor driving the wheels, the engine can be optimised for a specific RPM and always operated at that RPM. But would you want a car where the engine is always screaming at high RPM, regardless of how fast or slo you are driving?
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  812. Sounds like typical 1960's British engineering - half solve a problem (in this case window pressure load) with a vast number of bolts, instead of thinking about it and installing the window from the inside as per normal industry practice in other countries. Sounds like a classic case - a largely desk-bound chap who is a boss thought that as he was a boss, he must be smarter than the workers and knew it all. You get these types in all sorts of industries, and they cause a lot of pain with their stuff-ups.
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  813.  @cessnacitation-x  Poor quality penny pinching engineering in 1950's and 1960's Britain was very well known. That's why their manufacturing lost their export markets and then their home markets, eg cars - the demise of British Leyland - their cars with crappy Lucas electrics could not compete against Japanese reliability. Another example: the loss of the British consumer electronics industry - Decca colour TV sets so bad they ended up banned in Australia due to safety concerns. Vickers railway locomotives so unreliable and subject to major catastrophic breakdowns they triggered a royal commission into railway train cancellations; the dreadful Comet 1 airliner - the only Western Airliner to be permanently banned from carrying passengers due to its many catastrophic design faults and sloppy assembly.
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  814. Doctors are like simple computers. If patient has symptoms A, B, and C then prescribe drug Y. The average doctor has little knowledge of drug interactions with other drugs and drug side effects. They just get taught that particular drugs are meant to treat particular diseases. I went to an eye surgeon about my cataracts. He noticed a slight rash on my eyelids, and referred me to skin specialist to get the rash sorted. Skin specialist named the rash and prescribed a drug and off I went to the chemist. After the chemist had the drug ready and had taken my money, he said "Apply this cream to the affected area twice daily. Be sure to keep it away from your eyes,. Be sure to wash your hands immediately after using this drug in case you touch an eyelid for some reason. This cream will dissolve your cornea and you will risk blindness." Needless to say, I never went near that fool of a skin doctor ever again. I may be 80 years old but I'm not that stupid. From what Kurtis said about tampering with valves etc, that forklift mechanic was incompetent on hydraulics and shouldn't have worked on it.
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  815. So why are we to pay 370 billion for 8 subs, when the USN pays only 1.7 billion for each of it's subs?
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  816.  @MGower4465  You are right about the gas coming out cold, but there is not much if any risk of frostbite, as this system is used in rooms containing racks of computers/servers. These both put out lots of heat, typically 1000 watts/sq metre, normally removed by high capacity airconditioning, and comprising lots of metal, about 200 - 500 kg/metre, which acts as heat storage. Usually, some racks house the back up batteries, which have a specific heat about 80% of their volume in water. Also, air normally contains about 80% nitrogen and only 20% oxygen. CO2 is only a trace. To get the oxygen pressure halved, you only need to add inert gas to add about 10% of the total room volume. So the cold is swamped out anyway. Say the gas comes out the vents at 0 C that would lower the room from a typical 25 C to 22.5 C even if the room was empty. The reason why we stayed comfortable was not because it was a sudden dump of gas into the room. It was because human blood is normally saturated with oxygen, and the gas dump includes additional CO2 to make you breath deeper. As we were expecting it, we did notice we breathed deeper, but no discomfort. Human lung capacity is sufficient for vigorous exercise (say walking up an average hill), way greater than needed for just sitting or standing around.
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  817. I have seen a few documentaries on the fall of Singapore and read a few books on it. This video is unusually good and covers the main points well. I do have some minor quibbles though: 1. Since Percival was a known dipstick, much more blame must lie with Churchill, who should have sent someone else; 2. At 6:50 it was said that the British held the view that "The Japanese might be ok in China" but were inferior to British and Australian troops. This, as later events showed, was actually an accurate assessment. The Japanese attempted to invade and capture New Guinea, sending supposedly crack experienced troops for China equipped with machine guns. Australia was forced to send recruits who had completed only half their basic training, equipped with rifles. The Japanese in New Guinea outnumbered the Australians by 4 to 1. Never the less, although it took a while, the Australians won. They won because they were better trained, despite only being half trained. The Japanese were led by a General Hori, who was an inexperienced blathering idiot. The Australians were led by General Blamey, a very experienced British-trained blathering idiot. When you look at these facts, you can see that although perhaps neglected by London, Percival with twice the troops the Japanese had, had plenty more than enough to defend Singapore - a fact that the Japanese general said at the time. Regarding the film Bridge Over River Kwai (an excellent film), the reason why Percival and others objected to it was not that it portrayed the British commander as a collaborator, it didn't, it in fact portrayed him as a worn out fool who had lost the plot. They objected to the film because the film accurately portrayed that the Japanese had no respect for British officers, treating them as ordinary grunts, due to capturing Singapore so easily. What is worse to an old school British Officer than getting captured, is not having their upper classness recognised. The film could give the unwashed some ideas. And to some extent they didn't like the film because while many men died building a bridge as slaves for the Japanese, the film makers had a contactor build a full size bridge for $250,000 (about 8% of the film budget) and did it in half the time using a lot fewer men. It was seen to belittle the effort of the POWs who slaved on the real bridge.
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  818. Mike, each time you mention public address, why do you show a photo of an airconditioning outlet?
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  819.  @CuttingEdgeEngineering  : The teacher we had in Grade 1 primary reckoned I was a retard and made me do Grade 1 twice - so I was old enough to legally leave school after 2 years of high school and get a job. Best thing I ever did. Went to uni later as a mature age student, and became a professional engineer. The only retard in that primary class was the teacher. I reckon there must be quite a few like you and me. Some teachers were so bad they could make sex boring.
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  820.  @Barkiro2010  : Consider this: Both the shipping line and the shipyard were short of cash. Consider this too: rivets were recovered after Titanic was found, and analysed. They were found to be very poorly made, with an abnormally high sulfur content making them brittle. Some whizzos claimed that the sulfur came from the sea after many decades of deep immersion, but when rivets were obtained from another ship that had been sunk for about the same length of time, the sulfur content was found to be much lower and the rivets were sound. That's why Titanic sunk - it was built on the cheap, corners were cut and when it made a glancing blow on the berg, shock burst the rivets and plates fell off.
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  821.  @Barkiro2010  : I'm no metallurgist or shipbuilder either, but as an engineer I do know some basic facts. Modern mild steel that we frequently encounter has a carbon content 0 to 0.3% and negligible other impurities. This makes it by metal alloy standards fairly soft and very ductile - hit it and it deforms. In contrast, Titanic's hull plates were nominally also mild steel, but with a higher carbon content and lots of metallic impurities - being the standard of the day. This means it was a bit tougher and more springy - hit it and it will bend at bit but also transmits the shock .Titanic's rivets were essentially (by manufacture and the method of installation) wrought iron. This gave them more strength than mild steel but also made them somewhat brittle. Experience of shipbuilders at that time showed that the brittleness was acceptable. However, Titanic's rivets that were recovered were shown by US National Insitute of Standards and Technology to be defective. They had a high sulfur content, a lot of slag from defective manufacture and were excessively brittle. NIST found that rivets had snapped off. I'm no metallurgist, but NIST have work class experts, and if their experts say the rivets were defective, then I certainly accept that. Their reputation is world's best. Tim Foecke was the lead scientist in the rivet analysis. It should be noted that NIST tested rivets from the affected ship's side. It is quite possible that most of Titanic's rivets were sound, and it was bad luck that the berg hit where the rivets were a bad batch. However it is part of NIST's findings that the rivets were defectively brittle because they were incorrectly installed - insufficient control over temperature (the type of rivets required installation while red hot). Titanic is currently disintegrating. It has lasted as long as it has due to great depth where temperature is low and oxygen also low. Plenty of old sunken ships have lasted just as long in less favourable depths. Plenty of large businesses have gone through very tight patches, almost gone broke, but survived many more decades.
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  822. in theory, anyone can work out the editing history of any Wikipedia article. Just click on the article's View History tab, and work your way through the listed versions, right back to the first version. you can see what changes, additions, and deletions were made. In practice this can take you days or weeks. I said in theory. Sometimes edit wars happen - different volunteer editors keep undoing each other's work until either one gets fed up and gives up, or the dominant editor's friends gang up and swamp it. Worse, groups of them decide someone is a Bad Person and just delete everything he/she did, without trace, including the entries in the history list. I used to be a Wikipedia editor (English Wikipedia), but some twit noticed that different editor names had logged in with the same IP address. So him and his friends decided I was pretending to be different people and banned me. Stupid berks did not understand that many, but not all, internet service providers allocate IP addresses dynamically - you get a different address each time you start your computer. Some give you a new IP weekly. So, everything I had done got deleted - without trace. I am permanently banned - just because a few idiots don't understand how the internet works. Researchers and authors should always click on the Talk tab of any Wikipedia article. In the talk page you can see all the debates and arguments that went on between editors, and often the reasons why things got changed/added/deleted. Never the less, Wikipedia IS a good place to start to research or learn any subject. Just don't rely on the article text - instead, look up the references given and interpret the references for yourself. If an article claims something without giving a reference, ignore it - it cannot be trusted and is likely to be wrong. You are correct in saying you don't need an account to edit any article. However, Wikipedia has a vast number of rules for just about everything. The trouble with this is that most editors don't know all the rules. If you don't have an account you are much more likely to have any changes you made reverted - by some twit who thinks not having an account is a sign of evil intent, or is somehow naughty..
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  823.  @joewu294  No, he wanted more drugs - he was a hopeless addict. He was of the sort that present doctors with a problem - either give him what he wants or he'll go to the black market and get contaminated stuff that's worse. A typical addict who consumes narcotics and amphetamines - his pains were largely imaginary, and his stress and depression were the expected come downs from what he was addicted to.
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  824. As I recall, the American DC-10 landed safely after door blow-out in large part because the captain was used to Boeings and wasn't completely happy with the lower levels of control system redundancy and control line routing in the DC-10. But he realised that with one engine mounted in the vertical stabiliser, ie above the center of drag, and 2 engine under wings, ie below centre of drag, you could control the DC-10 by only manipulating the three throttles. So he practiced that in the simulator. Eg to turn left, advance thottle on the right-hand engine. To put nose down, pull throttles back on 1 & 3 and/or advance 2, and so on. When the door blew out and control via control surfaces thereby lost, he put into practice what he had tested in the simulator. The Turkish crew did not have that simulator experience. Also they were ex-military pilots and automatically followed their military orders-are-orders instinct in their old rank order (different to their civilian rank), so that no intelligent discussion of the problem was possible.
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  825.  @nickdanger3802  That begs the question: What were the arrangements made at the Lausanne Conference? The Lausanne Conference in 1932 was about Britain and France reducing the ongoing reparations they required from Germany to one tenth - to a level that Germany's economy could sustain. Since the reparations were essential to Britain's ability to pay its war loans to the USA, the agreements made at Lausanne were made contingent on Britain getting an agreement with the USA to ease Britain's war dept to the USA. No such agreement was obtained - the USA wanted its money back in accordance with the original loan terms. In turn, Britain continued with its impossible demands on Germany, which eventually Hitler decided not to pay. The arrangements made at Lausanne never came into effect. You have implied that Hoover proposed a moratorium on Britain repaying the USA. This is not so - he proposed a moratorium on Germany paying Britain and France
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  826. it looks like the solution is to just treat the presumed bolt as part of the lead screw, machine the end down to say 3/4 diameter, and force-fit a sleave over it. If I understand it correctly, the end is not required to transmit any torque. Perhaps that is how a previous owner repaired it.
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  827. The British didn't do anything to protect us. When the then Australian PM ordered General Blamey and his troops home to defend Australia from the Japanese, British PM Churchill and his British Army generals regarded us as traitors. Churchill was fully committed to the War in Europe and never cared a fig what happened in our side of the world. The British merely saw us as a source of cannon fodder, same as they did when they sent our boys to Gallipoli in WW1. We lost 10% of our Army because it was based in Singapore when Singapore fell to the Japanese, which happened because the British General in charge of Singapore was an incompetent fool, which Churchill knew, and because Churchill ignored warnings that the Japanese were coming. The British did, however, send some loudspeaker vans to Australia, equipped with a recorded announcement, so the police could race around the suburbs, blaring out:- "The Japanese have landed. Stay in your homes. Keep calm. The Japanese have landed ....." That's why our government turned to the USA for help - and they did help.
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  828.  @swaaahtome  Actually, Australia would be a French state - a sort of big New Caledonia. The reason why Britain sent a fleet to colonise Australia at the particular time was to beat the French to it, and they only just did it in time. The French ship L'Astrolabe, turned up a few days after the British arrival, hung around a while and then left. The French however were worse colonisers than the British. But .... The British actually held back Australia's development in the 1930's to 1950's, as they wanted Australia to buy manufactured goods from factories in England in exchange for wool and food. While Australia was officially a sovereign country since 1901, finance was controlled by the Bank of England, and funds for, for example, exploiting the iron ore were not available. During the Depression, Australia with its natural resources should have been largely insulated from it, but suffered badly because the British called in government loans in order to prop up Britain. Would France have done the same thing? Perhaps. Perhaps not. Disclaimer: I was born in Australia but my mother emigrated here from England. So if Australia was never a British dominion, I would not exist. I'm kind of pleased that I do exist.
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  829. Kangaroos are the stupidest of animals - they'll never develop a way of retaliating. They can't kick backwards anyway. But cockatoos are very intelligent. So get a 0,22 air rifle, and when a bitten kangaroo hops away leaving you with a clear shot, shoot the cocky. You'll only need to get 3 or 4 and the rest will get the message. An air rifle is quiet, so it won't startle the roos.
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  830.  @alfascav1754  You must have been at a dodgy university. I am an engineer. Been a competent engineer for decades. I am not a designer - I have practically no design ability. An aspect of this that is well known by the general public is building construction. You need an architect to do the design - that is, devise how the building will look (be attractive), how it will function (don't make the kitchens a thoroughfare ) and you need engineers - electrical, hydraulic, civil, to do the engineering calculations to ensure the building is safe and won't catch fire or fall down. An architect can't do an engineer's job and vice-versa. My university degree is in electronic engineering. That means for example, I can work out the circuit of an amplifier and calculate the specifications of all the parts so it will work efficiently and not break down a lot. But not the design - the exterior styling, making it look up to date vis-a-vis fashion, ergonomics of the user controls, etc. When I went to university, us engineering students mainly used 3 buildings devoted to engineering. About a 100 metres away was the Art and Design building, where the industrial design students did their thing.
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  831.  @paulroberts3639  That would mean leaving an oil slick behind everywhere the ship went, and continually pumping out oil when tied up in port. No way that would be accepted.
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  832. Kennedy is wrong saying its a good thing the shooter was killed. If he was alive, the FBI could interrogate him and find out why he did it, and who put him up to it. But he's dead, so we'll probably never know. Dead men don't talk.
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  833. Don't add stupid music. We don't need it.
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  834. No. Vietnam's oil wasn't discovered until 1975. LBJ was out of office 15 years before then. In fact he was dead. Vietnam's oil reserves are tiny, about 4 billion barrels. Saudi Arabia has 270 billion barrels. LBJ having Kennedy assassinated is a conspiracy theory that has been doing the rounds lately. LBJ had a conflict of interest in owning parts of the aerospace/defense industry, but lets keep it in perspective.
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  835.  @aaabaaab3945  Vietnam's oil was not known about for another 10 years, and has been proven to amount to only a tiny amount compared to Saudis Arabia. William made it up.
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  836. He seems to have put it very well, but are Americans tuning in?
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  837. Ha! The company that did not return Kurti's calls - big mistake. They may have missed out on a plug and demo from a guy with a lot of cred and a substantial YouTube audience.
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  838. Someone I know developed a product. He subcontracted a Chinese factory to make it. it sold well and he took all they could make and was happy. Well, sort of. Turns out they turned out his product for him during the day, and brought in other people and ran an evening shift to make his product for their own distribution under a different brand name.
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  839. There's nothing sinister about the words used in English language new reports. Its just how some journalist, probably using an AI translator, translated the original German report, which clearly stated it was an electric fire truck with lithium batteries and onboard charging, just like any other EV. The German reports focused on the fact that some beaurocrat decided a fire station did not need a fire alarm
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  840.  @EnjoyFirefighting  Read the original German report. As to a fire station not legally needing a fire alarm - that may be permitted under the building code in Germany - I am not familiar with German building codes. It would not be permitted here in Australia. But a fire station without a fire alarm is like a police station that is not locked when the cops go home - sooner or later they WILL regret it - when they get robbed. It both cases it is really the taxpayer who carries the loss, and has an expectation that the State will protect its infrastructure.
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  841.  @EnjoyFirefighting  If, as you say, a fire station is not staffed (or not staffed 24x7), then it definitely needs a fire alarm. Most of the smaller fire stations in Australia are run by volunteers too. They have a system whereby their home or nominated phones are called, and they proceed first to the station to get their vehicles and equipment. A smoke alarm is what a building fire alarm actually is. Depending on the building's size, worth, and purpose, it may be domestic-style ceiling smoke detectors with internal beepers, or sophisticated systems incorporating VESDA (air sucking particle chamber detector) with remote monitoring. Here is Australia, small town police stations are not staffed 24x7 - they may have only one or two policemen, who must have time off to sleep and eat etc, and spend time out and about chasing crime. But it matters not, really, what the staffing levels are. Fire stations and police stations are infrastructure owned by the State, and must be secure. I found several German media reports about their fire-station - they all had the same wording.
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  842. She's hopeless. Asked were the agents assigned to protect 6' 2" Trump tall enough, she uses weasel words "Our agents are trained...." A person of merely average ability would have answered "I don't know", or "Our training and method of working means that agent height is unimportant because ....", or "The videos show they were not and I have asked why", whichever is the correct answer. A straightforward answer is always best because people think "Ok, somebody goofed but we can trust her." With her weasel words she has destroyed her own credibility.
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  843. This is bit odd. On May 20, about 4 weeks before this hearing, Gruenberg said he would step down as soon as Biden nominated a replacement. But googling tells me he is still in the job, having completed an anger management course.
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  844. So Homie doesn't mind the bird? My old dog would not allow any bird to land or approach near me. Of course the magpies figured him out and would swoop from behind him. Crows figured him out too, approached from behind him and dropped twigs and nuts on him.
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  845.  @mrtruth1567  The US would never have won, because they put incompetents in charge (the stupid Westmorland in Vietnam, and the aged, past his use-by date MacArthur in Korea, and the US leadership thought it was all about preventing the spread of communism against the wishes of the locals. It wasn't, it was about the locals wanting foreign domination ended, and their countries united.
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  846.  @grandcanyon-d4d  : I've just explained to you that it was divided, per decision by Mountbatten in 1945. He understood it as actioning the decision to carve up the world taken by Truman, Churchill, and Stalin in their meeting to decide what was to happen when Word War 2 ended. Essentially, the Geneva Accord set out to confirm what Mountbatten had done in 1945, although there was supposed to be an election later so that the people could decide what they wanted. This election plan was thwarted by a corrupt leader that arose in the south. I have explained to you that Vietnam as one single territory was a vision of the French, but they never had control of what happened on the ground - the north a stronghold of Ho Chi Minh and the south occupied with difficulty by the French until the Americans came. This is a somewhat simplified view of it, the machinations of various parties was complicated, but that's the essence of it - it all followed from the action of Mountbatten. If he had any brains he would have realised that Mao would prevail in China as a communist, and accepted the surrender of all Japanese troops in Vietnam, not just in the south. Vietnam was not actually united until the Americans lost their war and were driven out - the communists taking control of all of Vietnam.
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  847.  @jason200912  Read Jung Chang's book. Danny thunder is right in this sense: Chiang and his cohorts sold stuff to warlords, who changed sides and handed over to Mao's lot.
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  848.  @jason200912  Possibly correct - it could be more like simple incompetence, trusting warlords. But he did probably know they could not be trusted and if the money went to him and not the Treasury, then it is corruption. However Chiang was indeed corrupt in other actions, so were his generals, and the warlords also. Alot of material was misappropriated by his generals, which Chiang allowed. Chiang manipulated the Chinese currency in such a way as to line the pockets of himself and his cronies, at the expense of ordinary people and China's economic efficiency. It's a bit like Russian leaders eg Brezhnev and Putin, who know and allow their key government subordinates to be corrupt, so they are not a threat to the corrupt leader, and can be thrown under a bus at any time it suits. But without the lack of ability that was part of Chiang. That tolerance of corruption to protect one's position is also in itself a form of corruption.
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  849. Sergei, contrary to your comment at the end, I found your video interesting, at least to me. I am an Australian, I grew up on my father 's farm. The farm next door was owned by a Ukrainian guy who was a refugee from World War 2. He could barely speak any English - hello, bye, yes, no, how are you was about his limit. His wife had to do the shopping so she spoke English quite a bit better. Him and his wife and kids spoke what I gather was mostly Russian amongst themselves, but since I spent a lot of time with his son and on their farm from a very young age, I picked up a few words - enough to converse with him on simple everyday subjects. He made it very clear that he absolutely HATED Russians. So in the context of the war in Ukraine now I was wondering if inherited hatred was a factor in Ukraine's spirited and deterrmined defence. From your video made before the "Special Military Operation", I gather not - just a typical bit of racial/cultural prejudice existed in recent years.
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  850.  @DerpyPossum  : I did not dispute that H&W etc complied with LEGAL requirements. But they did not comply with MORAL requirements. They were the ones at fault by having poor ethics - they created a ship outside what the rules were written for, and thus should have gone beyond requirements. The concept of using lifeboats as a transfer means between two ships was a commercial excuse and not a Board of Trade idea. But the Board of Trade by 1870, under pressure of ship owners, accepted not having sufficient lifeboats for all passengers and crew in regard to high passenger density steam ferries working between Britain and France. (See Parliamentary Debates, London 1870, page 323.) In open sea in any ocean in the world that an ocean liner may go is quite another thing. It is often the case in the British system of governance that legal requirements usually don't keep up with advances in technology - in fact legal requirements get updated or created when deaths occur making the need very obvious, and such deaths often occurred, as with Titanic, when competitive pressure inhibits engineering thought. It is not reasonable to expect that those who make the laws and rules anticipate future technical developments. They are law makers and not engineers. Thus, while the lifeboat rules were eventually shown by the Titanic to be insufficient, the Board of Trade cannot be held to be at fault. Nor can the entire shipping industry be held at fault over Titanic - that's ridiculous, as most ships were nothing like the Titanic. The Board of Trade, when they set the rules, did not anticipate the construction of 50,000 tonne ships carrying 3,300 people across the Atlantic on a routine basis. When they set the rules, ships had much lower passenger density and nobody would have thought of such a thing. Modern history abounds with hazards, not anticipated by those who make laws and rules, being created by technical innovations. Mostly, though, the design engineers ask themselves "what can go wrong?" and do the right thing and self-implement what needs to be done to make it safe. Nobody but the design engineers have the specialist knowledge and can do this. The Titanic engineers did not ask themselves "what can go wrong?" They were unethical and at fault.
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  851. The biggest flaw of the Wankel engine is not the apex seals - Mazda solved that quite adequately. The biggest flaw is the completely stupid combustion chamber shape - giving low fuel efficiency.
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  852. @mKarsten No. The Mazda seals last quite adequately. Mazda forums indicate life exceeding 100,000 km even in early RX-7's provided they are not hotted up with turbos etc. Mazda has improved the seals further order the years and 200,000 km is now the norm. In principle, the seal issue, which is a durability issue, is solvable, given sufficient ingenuity. But there is NOTHING that can be done about the combustion chamber shape, so the engine is inherently inefficient. Ideally, you want to minimize the combustion surface area for a given combustion volume, as that minimises the loss of combustion heat via the surrounding metal into the coolant. The best possible shape from this point of view is a sphere. You cannot of course have a perfect sphere as the shape must change in order to have compression and expansion. But a hemi head on a piston engine come the closest, closely followed by bowl-in-piston designs. The combustion chamber in a Wankel engine inherently has to be long and thin, giving a very much worse volume to area ratio.
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  853.  @WilhelmKarsten  You sir are not only confused and misinformed, as a check of forums devoted to Madza rotaries will show, you have missed my point that there are two issues:- durability issues - an engine may perform well but have a short life; and fundamental design issues - fundamental principles may prevent an engine from operating efficiently. The first kind are amenable to sufficient ingenuity, the second are not. Mazda or someone else may further improve the life of the apex seals, which are already adequate, but there is NOTHING they can do about the high fuel consumption.
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  854.  @WilhelmKarsten  : As would be clear from various posts I have made on different YouTube videos, and as would be revealed with a bit of elementary googling, I am a professional engineer with years of engine experience, principally for a certain American manufacturer whose corporate colours are black and yellow. A Wankel engine would be no good for aircraft, regardless of any apex seal issue, due to its high fuel consumption - in aircraft, fuel economy is much more critical that it is for cars. So I very much doubt that Mazda, the only Wankel manufacturer since NSU dropped out decades ago, ever bothered to seek airworthiness certification. It is not their market anyway. The Wankel does make some (limitted) sense in a sports car due to its smoothness and ability to rev high. Which raises another point - aircraft propellors work most efficiently at around 2300 RPM or less, which matches piston engines pretty good, but not the high revving Wankel. A question for you kiddo - what are your relevant qualifications or experience? 15 minutes watching YouTube videos? Can you provide evidence of your claim? You can verify what I said about combustion chamber shape by consulting any decent engine engineering text book. You can verify Mazda apex seal life by googling. Can you provide evidence of your claim?
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  855.  @DoktorBayerischeMotorenWerke  You have things backwards and also have some misconceptions. High swirl, because of the reduction and even out of temperature within the combustion space, reduces the tendency to pre-ignite and allow you to increase the compression ratio in gasoline engines - which may increase power output and partly, but not wholly, compensate for the increase heat conduction. high swirl means high heat loss as it thins the boundary ("Carrier") layer - the layer of substantially non-moving gas adhering to surfaces. It is why combustion can reach white heat yet the head doesn't melt even if aluminium. Non-moving gas is a heat insulator. In diesel engines pre-ignition cannot occur, and so bowl-in-piston designs are still dominant. As I said earlier, bowl-in-piston design is an equally performing alternative to hemi-head. But it transfers more heat to the piston instead of the head, so it has only been used in small car engines (eg Ford Cortina) and in turbo engines where the piston needs to spray oil cooled anyway - as in modern diesels. Wedge head designs, along with bathtubs, were a feature of 1950's engines as they similarly reduce pre-ignition and make the engine non--critical in tuning. A pent-roof is essentially a hemi. The modern use of 4 valves as large as possible with only one or 2 camshafts forces the top surfaces to be somewhat flat, and this has led to marketing people calling it pent-roof. The large area devoted to valves improves breathing and thus power output at high RPM but does nothing for efficiency. It is all very well to keep saying apex seals are prone to failure, however it is a fact that Mazda have achieved acceptable seal life.
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  856. These pictures reminded me of the production in Australia of the Leyland P76 car - a huge ugly thing powered by the Buick/Rover alloy V8. Leyland had done an incompetent job of market research on what sort of car people wanted, and designed a car that few would want, and topped it off by building them with rubbish quality. So only a few hundred people bought them. But the factory just kept on turning them out, until the British parent eventually noticed the money going out and none coming in, and shut the factory down. By then there were hundreds and hundreds of acres of P76's rotting away in open air yards across Australia. Much more than the EV's shown in this video. I remember driving past and seeing them. China is not the only place that makes mistakes.
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  857. At 2:25 Mr Manley says that car engine gasoline is at best only 90 octane. Things must be very different in the US, or he has no idea. I suspect the second case. Here in Australia, 98 octane gasoline is available at every service station. The difference between 98 and 100 in terms of engine operation is negligible. The reason why it is 98 and not 100 is historical - that's what retail leaded gasoline was. At least in Australia, toluene is the additive used to achieve 98 octane rating, which is a disgrace, because toluene is far nastier than lead. Because street kids tend to sniff gasolene to get high on the toluene, toluene dosed gasoline is banned from sale in some areas. A 98 octane fuel known as "Opal" is sold instead. The government banned lead in gasoline because it was thought that car engine exhaust fumes was causing high blood lead levels in people. It was not done because of catalytic converters, because they came into use much later. But banning lead made no noticeable difference. It is now known that most lead in blood comes from house paint, and the dust spread about in transporting material from lead mines. A significant amount of lead in the environment comes from buried telephone and power cables. Lead, for about 50 years, was considered the ideal material for cable sheaths, until replaced by nylon in the 1970's. Over decades the lead is lost from the sheaths and ends up evenly spread in the soil. Eliminating lead from gasoline did have a small beneficial effect on blood lead levels in the USA due to their high population density (10 times that of Australia, for example), and their use of gasoline in light trucks and busses, which have always almost been invariably diesel everywhere else in the World. Hence their use of gasoline reckoned on quantity per year per area of land is about 15 times that of Australia
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  858.  @scottmanley  Aha! Australia uses the "Research Octane Number" the same as most countries. RON is determined by using the fuel in a standardized test engine with variable compression - compression is varied to discover the maximum compression that does not show pre-ignition. US retail gasoline stations for some reason display the "Motor Octane Number" in which the point of compression ignition in a standardized engine is determined by retarding the spark until pre-ignition occurs. A 98 RON fuel is approximately the same as a 86 MON fuel.
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  859. This video is more accurate than other videos about the V1 on YouTube. But it still repeats the old nonsense about upsetting the V1 by using a fighter plane to tip the V1's wings. This story originated in war time miss-information. Most V1's never reached the target due to being shot up (as this video says), and this was by radar directed proximity fuzed anti-aircraft guns (the VT fuze). These were supplied by the USA and were secret. A cover story was required to hopefully prevent the Germans from realising there was some way to shoot the V1's and go look for what it could possibly be, as the standard British anti-aircraft guns were not much good against the high speed and small size of the V-1. To approach and tip a V1 flying at 640 km/hr with a fighter flying at 600 km/hr tops was of course something you could only do as a fluke. Another important factor, that prevented the V1's that did get through from doing their worst, was that the British had identified German spies that were supposed to report where the early V-1's hit. So they arranged for these spies to "discover" reports of V-1 damage, which had the correct number and times, but skewed the points of impact by a few tens of miles. This caused the German commanders to think the on-board robot navigation system (actually very accurate) was a dud, and they would be better off without it.
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  860. So, a pistol brace stabilises the pistol - so it makes the pistol more accurate than the shooter would normally achieve. So why would you want it? I can think of only two reasons:- # you are seeking an unfair advantage at a pistol shooting club, or, # you want to be sure to kill the guy you wish to murder. Only in the USA do you hear such nonsense as this senator's speech. He said that pistol braces are for disabled (eg one-armed) people. But the he said millions of Americans own them - so most pistol braces are not owned by disabled people - they are fr outnumbered by able people.
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  861. Orville: A lot of people have wondered why Westmoreland was kept in charge. One theory is that of the various candidate 5-star generals available, none except Westmoreland would accept the job.
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  862. These payments to top German generals, although they may seem large (going on Felton's figures, about three times the income of a US 5-star general, and about three times the income of a British field marshal), are just as easily, if not more, understood as giving reasonable payment for service as much as they could be payments for loyalty. Most of these top ranked Germans - the vons - had extensive family estates and were very rich. Their private incomes swamped out their military income and thus would have had little or no effect on their scruples. Their basic military salary was extremely low by western standards - without the extra payments authorised by Hitler - really just a token payment.
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  863.  @somethingfunny6867  You seem very confused. A microphone is neither a radio transmitter nor a radio receiver . Sound waves and radio waves are completely different things. Completely different technologies used to emit and detect them. To detect sound waves you need a microphone - a device with a diaphragm that is physically moved to and fro by the sound waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic and not detected by microphones - they are detected by stationary wires that sense the wave's electric field, or stationary coils of wire that sense the radio wave magnetic field, or both if the wire is resonant. Radar uses ultra shortwaves, because to detect an object, the wavelength must be short compared to the dimensions of the object. I did an electronics degree - a four year course, 8 to10 2 hours lectures per week plus lab work. Detection of sound, detection of radio waves, and GPS were certainly NOT covered in the same lecture.
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  864.  @jwalster9412  : During World War 2, it took companies such as Disney, Jam Handy, the US Military's own film unit 2 to 3 weeks to turn out live action and animated training films explaining how all manner of military technology worked. Many had detailed art just as good. Young people today, who have never seen anything done without a computer, think that computers are the only way. It's not so, although computers are cheaper and a bit quicker.
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  865.  @jwalster9412  I've been doing technical drawing and illustrating service manuals of and on for decades, originally with pen & ink etc and later with computers. I wouldn't use a phone to do drawing or animation under any circumstances - that's ridiculous. I use a personal computer, for which considerably more powerful software is available, and with a decent screen. In the professional graphic art business, computer screens of about 5 to 10 times the area of ordinary PC's, with higher resolution are used. The average WW2 military training film was around 15 to 25 minutes. There are hundreds that are available now on YouTube. Studios such as Disney, Jam Handy, had VERY talented people working for them. However, a person with experience and talent, is just as advanced with computer tools as one with pen, ink, and airbrush. Both methods need an experienced artist to achieve good visual results and productivity. Service manuals for machinery used to be full of illustrations done on paper with pen, ink, and airbrush that look like photographs - they never took much time to do if you had the experience and skill needed. If you look up how animation at Disney etc was done, they never actually drew much frame by frame. A technique called "multi-plane photography" was used. Typically, three planes were used, and from one frame to the next, there's only a slight change in one plane only. Within that 2 - 3 weeks, the training film makers had to study the product engineering drawings and notes, develop their own understanding of how it worked and write a script and story boards, then do the animation drawings, do the photography and get it developed, have the voice over person rehearse until he gets it right (synchronised with the film), and make production prints. Doing the actual artwork was just a part of it.
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  866. At 3:06 Mr Felton says that unlike US forces, nurses in British services were not officers. That surprises me. My father served in the Australian Army during WW2 and spent time in hospital. He told me that all the nurses were officers automatically as they had civilian diploma level qualifications, just as men entering the forces with any degree or diploma automatically became officers unless they specifically requested other ranks duty. Most nurses were pretty good and caring but some would demand to be saluted all the time as an officer is entitled, even if the men were very sick. Since Australian forces then were trained and run very much on British lines (in fact senior officers WERE British trained), I am surprised that nurses in the British military were not officers. Was that in fact the case? The US forces had "medics" - men who had no civilian qualification at all but trained by the US Army in what was roughly the equivalent of a senior first aid certificate plus how to inject and a few other basic procedures. In the field they were often effectively nurses but of course were not officers.
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  867. I was thinking I would not get my Friday fix and learning on machining today as Kurtis & Giggler will be having a well earned Christmas break. But all those presents for Homie made me smile. More squawky chooks than he knows what to do with. That dog sure has a lovely life. Kurtis did well too - but Karen got only a choccy biscuit?
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  868. Inappropriate work quotas..... Trying to become a leader through copying Ie following .... lack of cooperation between branches of the organisation ... failure to allow teams to get tools they need ... Sounds like government own enterprises the world over, whether communist or not.
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  869. For the draw limitation claimed in this video, EV chargers located near each other would have to communicate with each other, or this is some current monitoring device that sends "throttle back" instructions to the chargers. I've not heard of such a thing, and that is not how electricity generation works. When appliances are installed, there has to be installation of sufficient feed capacity. If you are naughty and exceed the capability of the electricity authority's local substation, a simple thing happens - you trip the overload circuit breaker in that substation and everybody gets nothing. That is essential to protect the substation equipment and for safety. It is no different to installing extra outlets in your house. You can hire an electrician to do that, but he has to calculate the total demand. If the demand exceeds what your switchboard can handle, he has to upgrade that. If somehow you manage to get planning approval and construct high drain commercial premises in a residential street, and the electricity authority's distribution won't handle it, they just say you get nothing until they have time to upgrade. In my street, an old area of single level houses, the council has began approving construction of high rise apartments, thus increasing electrical drain by 2000%. The land developer was required to pay the electricity company to construct new substations to meet that demand on time. Existing home owners don't get their electricity rationed. Why should EV chargers be treated any different? I am not a fan of EV's, but the problem described in this video is a non-problem. Electricity companies have been coping with locallised large increases in demand since electricity distribution began 120 years ago.
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  870. No point in painting individual parts - the welding will destroy the paint. Incidentally the red paint is just for appearance. In use it will soon wear off. The black paint on the inside may be rust convertor/preventative as certain types are black - but it might be just black paint.
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  871. City people will believe all sorts of nonsense. I've worked in fairly remote farming districts. When there is no wind, it is as quite as an anechoic chamber. The land is dead flat and covered in plants eg wheat, so there is no echo or reverb. Your ears do adapt, and you do hear things like your clothing rustling, cars known to be several kilometres away. But its nice and peaceful and doesn't make you feel sick of uncomfortable.
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  872. No crumpets. Britain rationed its food.
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  873. I don't think she was on a dare. I think she was just stupid. Some people are. Some women (and it is always a woman) think they have a sovereign right to do whatever stupid thing they want. In a small shopping centre carpark where it all works well when drivers enter and exit in am anticlockwise direction, which is clearly signed, you occaisonally get some ningnong who tries to leave clockwise. It causes grid lock, because unless and until the ningnong reverses, cars within the lanes cannot back out due to more cars coming in behind. When its a man, when the other drivers or a pedestrian tell him he's trying to go the wrong way in a one-way road, invariably they wake up and reverse back into their bay and the problem is over. But several times it has been a woman and we've had to call the police - they think no one is entitled to tell them what to do and just refuse to back up. Some people are just really really dumb. About once each 2 years or so it get reported in the media that someone has stowed away in the wheel well of an airliner. My mother's third husband insisted on getting off when he saw that the airplane was being fully loaded with a person in every seat - he figured that the airplane could not safely fly with all that weight and would crash at the end of the runway. He's not the only one from what I've read.
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  874.  @garyszewc3339  This is what i have a problem with. I'm in my late 70's. For most of my life the boffins have been telling us the earth has been coming out of the Little Ice Age (16th to 18th centuries). And that when doing that, global temperatures are unstable. Now they never mention the Little Ice Age. But does it much matter whether temperatures are increasing due to man's activities, or increasing due to entirely natural causes? If temperatures increase too much we are in trouble anyway, so we better do something. But not electric vehicles - they are stupid.
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  875. I had to laugh each time Mike was talking about ship stability calculations, and each time put up pictures of some kind of chemistry reaction calculation.
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  876. in 1985 I graduated with a degree in electronics. We had been given major assignments on digital imaging, as at that time Japanese manufacturers were pouring millions into developing digital cameras, it was widely known in the electronics industry that they would be mass-marketing digital cameras within a few years. In 2002 I had a Japanese digital camera at work, which I used to take pictures of work projects. It was only 640 x 480 resolution though.
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  877.  @youarenotme01  Really? As well as my day job, I write articles for print media. All the print media I deal with only accept digital photographs for their illustrations, including full page stuff for which the highest quality is essential. Do you know how full colour magazines are done now? It's digital all the way - from the editor's word processor to the printing press. The press accepts PDF files and specialised digital file formats. If an editor was to decide to include a photo submitted as a colour slide, photographic print made from a negative, or a negative, it would have to be scanned into digital first. So there is no point in professionals using film. Those who still think film photography gives better quality than digital are kin to those losers who claim the vinyl records are better than CD's. However, just as old time record producers understood the limitations of vinyl and used vinyl to best advantage, a good photographer understands film and has learnt to use it to best advantage, even exploiting limitations eg the very good work done with black & white, creating a mood not present in colour. For digital, he has to learn again. I own a Mamiya RB67 and a Mamiya Press 6x7 system camera. Both very good pro-grade cameras I have owned since the 1970's and used to use a lot. But they are just museum pieces now. Even a cheap digital camera eg the wife's little Lumix is as good or better on colour, and nearly as good in resolution. Sometimes though I do wedding photos - the Mamiya Press is good at weddings - not because of image quality but because the wire frame sighting lets you react instantly a special moment happens.
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  878.  @wcg19891  : The thread was about V2 rockets - that's what the original poster asked about, not NASA space missions. However, it is not true that you can only launch west - that's ridiculous. Sub-orbital rockets can go in any direction, for the same reason any mode of transport can go in any direction - it already has rotational inertial before launch. Further, it is not impossible to reach orbital velocity going west (or north or south), just harder, needing more missile complexity and fuel. When Australia at out Woomera station was testing British military missiles, ICBM's, and launching satelites (eg WreSat), they were sent north-westward - for the same reason NASA launches east - to avoid flying over populated areas. Here in Australia, our government is buying ICBM defence systems because North Korea is thought to have developed ICBM's just capable of reaching Australia - these would fly due south - because Australia is south of North Korea.
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  879.  @sgttau977  In this video he said its a committee. His actual words were essentially its a room where people meet. Do you have the YouTube video or other source where he said it is not a committee (which would mean it is one person)?
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  880.  @coling3957  You are clearly totally wrong about Singapore. Singapore was lost because Churchill ignored Australian warnings and left an incompetent general in charge. This fool did not position his forces properly and surrendered way too quickly. It is on record that the Japanese were shocked when they found out how many British and British Commonwealth troops were suddenly their prisoners. The Japanese were clearly outnumbered - the British should have been able to quickly defeat the Japanese and prevent a siege situation - they had three times as many troops and more than adequate guns, transport, and ammunition. Australia had been listening to Japanese radio communications and knew the Japanese were coming, and by what route. This was urgently communicated to Churchill, he had time to react, but he ignored it. When the fight started, Churchill sent a message - "fight to the last man". This told the British officers that no help was coming and demoralised them. British officers as a class then were not keen at putting their own selves at risk.
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  881.  @ijm1963  What? You a Brit who can't face cold hard facts, huh?
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  882.  @Look_What_I_Did  : Welcome to the asylum. Watch out for Nurse Ratchet.
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  883. At 2 minutes in, the Domino Theory is presented - communist progressive takeover in expanding areas in South East Asia. This was used to justify conscription for the Vietnam War. It was a load of nonsense. Mao had enough troubles just getting China under control. The Vietnamese just wanted the foreigners out of their country.
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  884.  @GoGreen1977  The only reason the police were able to pin 82 break & enters and underwear stealing on him is because the stupid idiot documented it all on his computer. It could well be he had done more but a computer he had before broke down or the hard disk crashed.
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  885. Sounds much like Big Daddy Amin, an infamous African dictator, ejecting the Indians, Most likely will have the same effect on USA as ejecting the Indians did in Uganda - ruined the economy by eliminating essential workers.
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  886. I wasn't going to watch this, as it is over an hour long and the title made me think it was yet another real-time computer simulation of the ship going down. If fact it is a very interesting description of the ship's life narrated excellently by Mike. I had to laugh at a few spots though. At a couple of places the ship is shown listing badly with free-hanging hospital curtains listing as well; after the captain had decided to head for an island to beach, the propellers are shown, the left turning and the right stopped as they should be, but with the centre prop going as well. if my understanding of Britannic's unusual hybrid reciprocating + turbine engine configuration is correct, the turbine could only be used if the ship was going all engines ahead at speed; In any case, it would have been better to make the turn quickly with just one engine, then head straight for the island with both recip engines. Mike recycled the footage from "Titanic" engine room, complete with bad bearing knock, which would not have happened in a quite new ship that had been underway for some time.
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  887. Ät 2:10, ""The gun's infrared sight betrays its position - instant death." What about the racket from the tank's engine? Several museums around the world have T55's maintained in running condition. The engines sound like a bucket of bolts - a very loud and characteristic bucket of bolts you can hear a kilometre away.
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  888. Cova, you have a very narrow and uniformed view. The Bible is a book written by men. Not God, not Jesus, it was written by men, and edited and translated by other men. Men who thought alcohol was a good thing and drank themselves. It is a collection of parables, i.e., moral stories - it is not meant to be taken literally. Alcohol or drugs - it is all ok in those who are responsible, and evil in those who are weak of character. The Koran is also a holy book, written by a man. It is the basis of Islam, a religion that has more committed followers than Christianity, and it forbids the consumption of alcohol and any mind affecting drug, because the Prophet saw what evil alcohol and drugs cause, and what a waste of resources its production is.
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  889.  @covahredro8370  ; As you wish. But Mohammed wrote the Koran himself, as he was able to both write and comprehend the subject. But the Bible (new testament) did not come from Jesus, as Jesus was illiterate. The first verses were written down a considerable time after Jesus had been executed for persistent trouble making. The Bible consists of stories that each illustrate a moral - parables as we say, "parable" being a word that means illustration or analogy. Parables were necessary in Jesus's time because almost everyone was illiterate and the stories were oral tradition. In passing oral traditions from generation to generation, individual words and sentences get continually changed (people's memories are never perfect) but the moral in each story remains stable. But what you read in any modern Arabic Koran is word for word what the Prophet himself wrote down - accurately. And thanks to many many scholars, you can get a pretty good English translation. This all shows your blind faith that the words in the Bible, taken out of context as you did with respect to wine, is pretty silly, doesn't it? Along with Biblical stories such as Adam, Methuselah, Seth, etc, living around 950 years. We know from DNA telomeres that that is simply not possible. Human lifespan where no significant disease or accident occurs has an absolute maximum around 150 to 200 years, as by then the telomeres are gone and cell process regulation is ruined.
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  890.  @covahredro8370  : If the Jews disparaged Mohammed, then he is in good company, as the Jews denied Jesus as well, and still do.
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  891. "Hirohito decided to surrender..." Maybe. Maybe not. Hirohito only spoke Court Language. Court language was not understood by ordinary Japanese, and only readily understood those associated with the Court and a few university boffins. Hirohito was also afflicted with some disabling undiagnosed medical conditions - even in Court Language, he spoke very badly, and sounded like a girl. At most meetings with Government ministers, he didn't speak at all - Court officials did the talking. Most likely he just did what he was told to do by the Court officials, as he had been manipulated by them and the Japanese government for a long time. At no point in his radio speech did he actually surrender (as far as we know - a translation into common Japanese was provided by the Court). There is no word equivalent to "surrender" in the speech. He merely directed that Japanese authorities and military cease fighting and this meant accepting American control. So, most likely, not Hirohito's decision, and not strictly a surrender anyway. The Americans used a bit of common sense, and proceeded as though it was an unconditional surrender. All this is well documented in many books and well known, so I am surprised Mr Felton simplified it to the point of error.
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  892. Wasn't it a hybrid IC/electric?
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  893. Only in the USA can you find this sort of thing. Due in large part because the US government legislated in such a way as to discourage investment and drive manufacturing off shore. Now all that manufacturing knowhow is in Taiwan and China. Trump said he would make America great again. He wouldn't have the foggiest idea how. The nearest thing you can find to this abandoned but clearly once better class neighborbood is in Russia where they had major nuclear accidents and irradiated everything in sight.
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  894. At the end you say you have covered everything. Nope. You missed out the most important item of information - just how much sun is needed. Here in Australia at least, doctors are taught that a lack of Vit D is just about impossible, due to our high ultraviolet levels from the sun - that's what they commonly tell patients anyway. But campaigns warning about skin cancer are run all the time. What would be of practical use would be to know just how much sun is needed to get sufficient Vit D. If only your arms are uncovered, how long in the sun do you need to be? If your legs are uncovered, presumably you need less time to make sufficient Vit D due to much greater exposed area. Is this in fact so? What if I spend 5 minutes in the sun, or 10 minutes, or 20 minutes? Is Vit D production directly proportional to exposure time, or is there a law of diminishing returns? Does Vit D production start instantly, or does the process take time to get going? How much time does it take to get going? Does 5 separate periods of 5 minutes in the sun make as much Vit D as one 25 minute session in the sun? Does Vid D production rise linearly with ultraviolet intensity, or is it power or sub-power relationship? Presumably production depends on skin temperature, as most biological reactions double in speed for each 10 C rise in temperature. Is skin temperature in practice a factor? Unless you can answer these questions, talking about getting Vit D from the sun is completely pointless. About as pointless as saying money brings happiness. How long is a piece of string?
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  895. In chip making, a factory tools up once and then turns out chips by the billion. If you make the gear for doing it, you sell maybe one a year. There is profit in it, but minute compared to selling billions of rolls of film.
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  896.  @hebneh  Any two-bit economist will tell you that if you ration something, there's less cash spent so people either don't have jobs or can't be paid properly. So they can't spend either. So the whole economy is suppressed. The government gets less tax revenue, so it can't pay its bills or service its borrowings. The ONLY time mass rationing is justified is DURING and all out war, when you have to divert food, fuel and material to the expanded army, and unemployment and low salaries are not an issue because all the workers that can be spared are in the army. That's why Australia also had rationing during WW2,but as soon as the end was in sight, with our side winning, they stopped the rationing so that the economy could surge forward - which it did.
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  897. A minor detail: At 2:05 Mr Felton quotes Goering as saying "if any bombs fall on the Reich, I'll change my name to Meir." Mr Felton interprets that as meaning "I'll just be a common ordinary man." What Goering actually said (in a radio speech) was "Wenn auch nur ein einziges feindliches Flugzeug über deutschen Boden fliegt, heiße ich Meier! " or in English: "If even a single enemy aircraft flies over German soil, my name is Meier!" "Meier", sometimes quoted incorrectly as "Meyer", was a common German JEWISH name. As the Nazis had been telling the German public for some time that Jews were useless, what Goering actually implied was "If any bombs fall on Germany, I'm a useless Jew" - a far more significant statement at the time. Keit - descended from a German Jewish family.
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  898. Gee, that was a sincere heartfelt apology, wasn't it? Well, no.
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  899. Since the viscosity of water is so much greater than air, I think you could be right.
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  900.  @kensmith5694  Density change of water with depth is very small - negligible in this context.
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  901. Nixon said that Iranians who went to the USA for their education returned to Iran and joined the revolution. But Iranian friends I have, who did go to American universities, have told me that, after the revolution, they could not go home. The mullas considered them corrupted by the USA and could not therefore be allowed to mingle with society in Iran - they would be jailed. Especially the women, who wore miniskirts in the USA and got invited to parties. The Shah was not a legitimate leader. He was backed in forcing an end to democratic government in order to assure continuity of oil supply to Britain. Hence he wasn't much liked and had to be ruthless to stay in power.
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  902. Mr Felton has extrapolated somewhat. Metal detectors made to Kosacki's 2-coil design certainly were important in WW2, but stating that the metal detector was a Polish invention is not right. metal detectors go back to 1928, eg German-American Gerhard Fischer's patent. At 5:59 Felton states that Kosacki's design hardly changed for decades. That's ridiculous. What about the transistorised designs that came out after transistors became available in the 1950's? What about pulse-induction and induction balance types that work on an entirely different principle? Or the concentric coil types as compared to D-coil types? Kosacki's design used copanar coils. The Americans had their own design with orthogonal coils - not as good for small mine detection but still effective. At 5:31 Felton has you believe that Kosacki did not patent his design for altuistic reasons. That fact is, you can't patent a design variation of prior art - you can only patent what is new or novel. There was a lot of metal detector prior art. Metal detectors had been used to locate bullets in people's bodies for decades. That's not to say Kosacki's design wasn't an improvement, and it was indeed a significant improvement. But not novel in the eyes of a patent examiner.
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  903. "The US had no titanium." What do you think is used to make white paint white? Titanium has been an important part of jet engines for nearly as long as jets have been made. A major exporter of titanium then was Australia, a close US ally, so the statement that it was obtained from the USSR without the USSR knowing is garbage.
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  904. This Engineering Explained guy has no idea what he is talking about. Typical diesel engines are designed for lower RPM than typical gasoline engines due to the difference in application. For a given power rating, if RPM is lower, then torque must be higher. In both gasoline engines and diesel, the theoretical best combustion time for maximum thermal/fuel efficiency is instantaneous. However, this isn't practical - for a start it would cause shock loading of parts. In both engine types the substantial combustion time is a few degrees centered on top dead centre. In gasoline engines, combustion time is controlled by the amount of turbulence designed into the engine. In diesel engines, combustion time is controlled by the duration of fuel injection - essentially the fuel burns as it enters the combustion chamber (with a slight delay).
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  905. The presenter repeatedly uses the phrase "Biden crime family". "Crime family" is a term normally used to indicate a Mafia crime boss and his family of mafia organisers. In other words a family of criminals involved in organised crime. Biden does not seem to be a good, effective president, often appears senile, but where is the evidence that he and his family are criminals? If there is, then state the evidence. If not,, don't use that term. Lying about one's academic history is morally wrong, and when done to secure a job position is a form of fraud, but does not make one a criminal in the same league as a Mafia boss.
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  906. [40:39] Australian Tax Office: "You have claimed for multiple sets of pliers this year, We believe that is excessive." CEE Accounting Officer: "That's the rate we find they reach wear-out, as determined by our experienced Safety Officer Homey Bignutz. He applies the industry recognised chew/gnaw test." Australian Tax Office: "Oh, well, we can't argue with a Safety Officer. We'll allow this claim."
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  907.  @AstralS7orm  You live in partly fantasy land. Britain most certainly DID NOT have the funds, nor the technology, to compete with the USA. For a start, the USA had 5 times the population, and a government less inclined to meddle with industry. Following WW2 Britain was broke. Japan is a special case in 2 ways, that led them to be very strong competitors in cars and electronics:- 1) Their constitution allows them to only have a limited defence capability and not an offensive capability. .So their military spending is very low for a country with a huge population - about half that of the US. They tax less and put their tax moneys to industrial use. 2) They indulge in industry cooperation at levels that would be regarded as anti-competitive and illegal in Western countries. However, Japan is not a innovative country. Most of their technology is either imported from the West through licensing or by copying when patents ran out. West Germany had a population only a little above Britain, so also did not have the funds the USA could deploy, However, they were better run, WW2 did not bankrupt them, the USA supported them and so their economy became strong. However, your last paragraphs beginning "That USA took...." is pretty right. It was part a reaction to the perceived Soviet threat, and part a response to the immediate post-WW2 United States Strategic Bombing Survey Committee reports. These reports seem to be almost unknown by the general public these days, but were a major influence on the US Government. To put it simply (at a risk of over-simplifying), this committee said that the USA won the War against Germany and Japan in large part through superior technology, but were somewhat unprepared and had to lift their game, and it said that the USA should never make that mistake again. As you say, we'll see how it goes from now on. The job of the US President is a difficult one, and they seem unable to find someone who is up to it. The USA is in decline and China is ascendant.
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  908.  @AstralS7orm  When have I called you names, and what names did I call you? I did say you were partly in fantasy land - you were if you thought countries like Britain and Germany could have coughed up the taxpayer funds the size that the USA channelled into semiconductor R&D via their military. Japan, Korea, and China didn't what? They are manufacturing successes by using technologies developed in the USA - sometimes legally (eg with US companies setting up manufacture in China), sometimes not entirely legally, and sometimes just waiting for patents to expire. The USA is in decline - there are a multitude of reasons, including:- # a form of government that puts great demands on the president - he must be a clear thinker, and most important, inspire Congress to follow him. Kennedy and others before were up to it, Clinton was pretty good, but the last 3 no good - they either lacked persuasiveness, lacked clear thinking, or both. # They went over the top on OH&S other regulation - driving manufacturing off-shore. # Wars, space exploration, and competing with the USSR no longer inspires the American people.
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  909.  @SolomonSunder  : Oh, our system is better than the US system, alright - because it works with a prime minister that doesn't have the inspirational/charismatic talent that is necessary for a US president to get things done. But our system is not perfect - something which is quite obvious at times. Effectively, the prime minister is the chairman of the cabinet, much as a company chairman of the board conducts the meetings of the board. Really, a PM just has to be good at running meetings. Decisions are made by cabinet vote, and when they vote, that is it. Not like the US where the president has to persuade congress, who may well decide otherwise. But it does of course depend on how good the prime minster and cabinet ministers actually are. Ministers on their own have very little decision making power - they must put up proposals to cabinet, to be voted on. Just as a company board is not involved in day to day running of the company, the cabinet is not involved in day-to-day running of the country - that is the job of the departments - but by their voted decisions they set the parameters and policies that departments must comply with. There is no chaos. One recent example of how the Australian system does work better than the US system is how COVID was dealt with in each country. In Australia the prime minster and state premiers took control, accepted advice from appropriate medical experts, and forthwith acted on that advice. In the USA they had decision paralysis. Result: the number of deaths per head population was miniscule in Australia compared to the USA. But there is also a recent example of the system not working well - the stuff up over submarine purchases - fundamentally because there are too many difficult conflicting requirements that Cabinet can't get its mind around.
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  910. A collapsable buck would have been good - the sort where you remove a centre piece and then the sides can move inward, away from the ABS.
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  911.  @skunklepew6469  : True.
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  912.  @jamessandoval5843  : You view is common among veterans, but it isn't right. Why did America get tired of it? Because they weren't getting anywhere. They fired off a lot of ammunition and dropped an awful lot of bombs, but had no effect of the Vietnamese will to fight. The Tet Offensive, when Vietnamese forces wreaked havoc right in the middle of Saigon showed clearly that the US had no control over the War, and were in fact steadily loosing. I'll give you an analogy: Two kids are fighting in the school grounds. One kid is a bit small but he fights really well and lands lots of blows. The other kid eventually get tired - he's landed blows too but he got a blood nose and lots of bruises, and he's tired. So he stops fighting and runs away. Was the fight won? Yes, definitely, by that small kid who fights with skill. Do you think any of the kids in that school believe otherwise? Not likely. In a real war, the fight isn't necessarily won by deploying armaments. If its won by propaganda or by wearing down the other side until they give up, it's still won. Whatever the US objective was, it was not achieved. They couldn't finish a war they started - they lost. I do sympathise with Vietnam veterans. I know a few myself. The were conscripted and forced to fight in a War for no good reason, and for no good result. The comparison with Ukraine is interesting and very apt. The Ukrainians are fighting really hard because they are fighting for their home ground. That's just what the Vietnamese were doing. It's also what the Afghans were doing. The US lost the war there too. There too, the US were worn down, got tired, and went home, leaving the Taliban the winners.
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  913. Some unusual minor mistakes in Mike's otherwise excellent presentation. E.g, at 11:42, despite talking about gearboxes later, he said that steam turbine drive the propellor shaft directly. Since turbines need to rotate at thousands of RPM for efficiency, they cannot drive the prop shaft directly and must go via a reduction gear box. Propellors good for more than a couple of hundred RPM are not practical in large ships. mike also said that turbines cannot go in reverse. This is true only of the first generation of steam turbines. later, he said that diesels drive a ship by "brute force'. Don't all propulsion systems do that?
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  914.  @williamneale7238  ; No. The Mauretania's turbines were geared down. The Titanic's turbine was also geared down. On YouTube and elsewhere illustrating the Titanic power plant you can see the gearbox. The Titanic was a bit of an odd transition design in that it was basically a two engine triple reduction reciprocating engine system driving 2 propellors directly, with waste steam from these engines being piped to a turbine feeding a third propellor via a reduction gearbox, instead of the waste steam going direct to the condensors. The turbine would have contributed almost nothing to forward speed had it run at propellor RPM. With a gearbox, all three engines contributed about the same power. Only the very earliest, essentially experimental, turbine ships had no reduction gear. Routine use of steam turbines in ships had to wait until suitable gearboxes were developed, but gearbox reliability was not a problem - a reduction gearbox is essentially the simplest and ruggedest of machines. The Titanic's turbine and gearbox combination was built by Harland & Wolf under license from C A Parsons Co. who promoted geared turbines. The main reason for the hybrid reciprocating/turbine system in Titanic was cost, though vibration in Mauretania later known to be due to propellor interaction may have been a factor in their choice. The Mauretania's turbines were Parsons turbines but the reduction gearboxes were made by Beardmore Co..
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  915. when the APC came out, the alternatives were; 1) genuine IBM at a very high price, 2) big name clones eg Olivetti, which were subject to mysterious faults; 3) Asian clones which were cheap, very good compatibility, but assembled very roughly. The NEC APC was mid range in price, fully compatible, and rock solid reliability. We had lots of them in the company I worked for.
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  916. Here in Australia, fridge magnets are extremely popular. Also, businesses and local governments give you fridge magnets in the form of business cards, or little magnet-back pads. So, if for instance the power goes off, you look at your fridge to get the number to call. In the 1960's I was a student. The student accommodation was more basic than in this video - smaller rooms (no room for a fridge), one shower & toilet room per floor, 15 students per floor, no kitchens. We could eat at a canteen run by the university (food disgusting and not really edible), or at a canteen run by the student guild (food quite nice, but twice the cost). But, the building was only 2 years old and in perfect condition. No heating but you don't need it in Australia. Natasha: Was the building in this video originally built for student accommodation, or for worker housing? We have read about shared kitchens being common in Soviet era residential towers, so, relatively speaking, as students you have it quite good.
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  917. I was surprised Kurtis cut threads on this job. I would have interference fitted a couple of radial pins to hold the two parts together. Only the sleeve need be interference fitted.
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  918. Just to make my earlier post simpler and clearer as to what happens, and why Veritasium still hasn't got a correct understanding: In his example of a battery powering a light bulb via two parallel conductors extending outwards from the battery and bulb, the bulb does not fully light after 1m/c seconds - a very short time. The bulb gets a small energisation after 1m/c due to the characteristic impedance of the lines, and THEN, MUCH LATER, full energisation after the energy has stopped reverberating back and forth in the lines due to the end short circuits - a multiple of lv/c where l is the length of the lines in metres, and v is the impulse velocity set by the line's inductance and capacitance, this velocity is always much less than c in real set-ups. He has not made this clear in this video, indeed it appears from his focusing on the initial small step he didn't understand it. He just regurgitated what he read somewhere without having insight. Reflection occurs at the far ends because current is flowing in the end but there is no voltage drop, so the end must be imposing a voltage opposite to the voltage arriving from the battery.
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  919. I had a Cat D4 for doing firebreaks and general work on my hobby farm. It was a very old D4 that had seen a lot of work before I got it. One day I noticed a bad crack in a push arm, so I arc welded the crack. It cracked again. I welded again and it cracked yet again. I gave up and got another push arm from a wrecked D4. I'm an amateur at this sort of thing and maybe I should have sent it to CEE. I'm a long way from the Gold Coast though.
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  920. Whoever wrote the script thinks 2-strokes all work the same way as lawnmower engines. Not so. Large 2-strokes used in railway locomotives, truck & bus engines, and ship main engines all use forced induction by an external blower and don't cycle air or fuel/air mix though the crankcase. The design presented in this video seems a daft way to make an engine to me. Principal defects are the difficulty in accelerating the upper piston down fast enough, considerable cam stress, and, given that a conventional engine has less than ideal volumetric efficiency, due to the increased piston speed, the volumetric efficiency in this engine is going to be exceptionally low. If the upper piston seats just right at the right time on the bottom piston so that the bottom piston's rods take the power stroke load, during warmup that won't be the case, due to thermal expansion/contraction. Depending on various factors, that means full power transmitted via the cam, or the pistons destructively hitting each other, or both. However, some of the stated disadvantages given in the voice over aren't true. Eg it is claimed that oil spray cooling of pistons is mandatory, but truck and large engines all use spray cooling anyway. It isn't needed in car engines because a car engine is never run at full power for more than a few minutes.
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  921. Here in Australia, government workers are relatively low paid, but they have tenure. Tenure means they can negotiate housing loans at better interest rates and long payback times which compensates for the low salary. But if you fire a government worker, you are not likely to get him back at the same salary because you have just shown him that tenure was a theoretical concept. If he is any good, he'll get a better paid job in industry. So if you want to unfire him, you'll have to pay him a much higher alary than before. Is this not how it works in the USA? I got fired once when the company was downsizing. 2 weeks later they tried to hire me back on an hourly rate contract. I told them where to stick their stupid contact. I had a job with another company lined up. In another job, my boss told me he had to let me go. But in 2 more weeks I heard nothing more. I called personnel and they said they had heard nothing either. So I filled out the termination paper work, sent it to personnel and they processed it, just as if my boss had done it. The moral of the story: DO NOT fire or threaten to fire any of your workers unless you really mean it.
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  922.  @befeleme  : China calls itself communist but most certainly isn't. Never has been. It's just a one-party state. China has succeeded very well, and is overtaking the USA. That's because the Chinese are pragmatic, and if something doesn't work, they stop doing it. If they see something works elsewhere, they do it. Like allowing foreign firms to set up factories and make exported profits. One of the problems of communist regimes is that people accumulate money either ""under the bed" or in bank savings accounts. So there is less money to invest in industrial development and innovation. Even in Mao's time the Chinese came to understand that and created a stock exchange - Marx would be rotating at high speed in his grave over that. China has implemented a patent registration system - that's really contrary to Marx's teachings which do not recognise intellectual property as ownable by individuals or corporations.
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  923.  @Feefa99  : Please write your own words and don't copy paste from ChatGPT.
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  924. Note that the reversing turbines are not so much for making the ship go backwards. They are the ship's "brakes" for slowing down and stopping the ship. Note that only the inner 2 propellors had reversing turbines, and they were quite small, so Mauretania's stopping distance was very long, even compared to Titanic.
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  925. This was a surprise to me. I thought starter motors were always series motors, so that they can produce high torque to get the engine turning, then high RPM once it is turning. But this starter motor has a ferrite magnet field, making it like a shunt wound motor that wants to turn at a particular RPM.
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  926.  @alitn588  : That is quite unlikely. A lathe manufacturer would not make a lathe where the carriage traverse will not cover the full turning diameter - it would be like making a small lathe for the cost of a large one. In any case, at 8:12 the video shows them using a different tool post that certainly does reach outside the full work piece diameter. The only reason why anyone would weld a small toolpost on like that would be to use smaller tool sizes they have on hand without using spacers.
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  927.  @alitn588  : No. Early in the video you see that a standard 4-position 8-screw toolpost fitted (but with most of the screws missing). Later they change to a single sided toolpost. As for cutting in small work, use spacers or where required a boring bar - this will give better results.
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  928. @Raul mechanics : Really? That's the same as saying it can't reach the turning diameter - do you really think the lathe manufacturer was that incompetent? In any case at 0:35 and 7:05 you can see the gap is quite narrow and the ways are with cm of the workpiece. At 7:05 you ca clearly see that the carriage can bring the tool post right to the chuck, as is always the case. No, that extra tool post was welded on because some dodgy operator was too darn lazy to get a few spacers to mount a small toolbit, or get or make a proper boring bar for inside turning.
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  929.  @rosewhite---  : You need to watch more of these videos. It seems the quality of these Pakistani small shops varies quite a bit. Some are using modern carbide inserts. Some have immaculate lathes, but some have junk. Some have the floor covered in a few cm of dirt, some don't. If they can afford lathes, they can afford tooling. Your point is thus invalid - their wages may be far below what we get in Western countries, but they pay a lot less for parts, materials, and tools too. The have low taxation, and make a surprising range of things locally. There is another video showing 1/2 inch square drive wrenches being made out of scrap metal. So what would cost me $30 probably costs a Pakistani $3. Or less. The problem that causes the workers in these places to do rough low quality work, and do bodgy things like in this video is 2 things:- 1) a culture of laziness is built in to them, and 2) they don't get to go to trade school or college - they are self taught or taught by father or uncle who was also self taught. Being illiterate or semi-illiterate, they don't get to read industry publications and journals and learn better ways like we do.
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  930.  @rosewhite---  It's not racist - I blamed their culture and lack of education, not the people. Lazyiness and lack of concern about safety is a cultural thing - we were just as bad 100 years ago. And there is a good reason why I live on about $12,500 per month. It has nothing to do with my race. It has everything to do with going to trade school and university, both of which are readily available in my country. Incidentally, a quick bit of googling shows that the average wage in Pakistan is $611/month, not $40-50/month. Perhaps you are the racist one - you are certainly not very well informed, and your opinion of them is much lower than mine. You'll find, if you look, that a dollar (or the rupee) has far more purchasing power in Pakistan, so the ratio in real terms is nothing like as great as 12500:611. Consider: Pakistan makes its own trucks (and all sorts of other gear) - Hinopak Motors is the largest manufacturer. If they only earned $50/month nobody could afford the trucks. The ownership of mobile phones is very widespread.
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  931. Careful, MGUY. Sure, the Cybertruck is ugly and not a good idea. But the VW Beetle was also an ugly little heap of overheating crap. So much so that when it became available as war reparations, various country's car making experts turned it down, saying the Germans can keep it. It sold in millions. Turns out hordes of women and students all over the world thought it cute and they liked not having to check the coolant - it was too cheap & nasty to have coolant. Having said that, it seems to me that Tesla is aiming the Cybertruck at the US redneck market (the ones that dress as cowboys and go to local bars in their F250's), where power and bullet tolerance is a good thing. It is not aimed at tradies. I expect it will never go on sale in Australia. We don't have enough rednecks.
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  932. Well, I had been working on a difficult and tedious engineering job, and I needed a break. It was absolutely fabulous to watch an extra CEE video! But whoever welded up that stand did a nice job, with the top plate flat to within 0.5 mm.
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  933. This is what you get when you promote people based on sex quotas and not on talent. Cheatle has had things go wrong since she was appointed as Director 2 years ago. The Secret Service probably needs a good clean-out, since Cheatle herself set quotas, publicly announcing that she wanted 30% of the SS to be women. It's sad because there ARE women with talent, and they are getting swamped out by the quota hires.
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  934. It was probably locally made from melted down scrap metal of unknown properties anyway.
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  935.  @kriber5154  : "Two weeks" was probably intended as a figure of speech, not to be taken completely literally. But there is no doubt it is a very dodgy repair. On a part that was already dodgy. Broken when the driver in his overloaded truck ran over a deep pothole. This is in Pakistan city, which has hundreds of such small shops, ranging from quite good to extremely dodgy. Their culture seems to include a fatalist belief that things fail all the time anyway, it's all up to Allah, and getting ripped off is normal. Next time, whether it is after 2 weeks or 2 months, it will go to another shop which may or may not be better. Or, after it is the 10th time it has failed, the owner will finally wake up and get a new one, made from melted down scrap by another dodgy shop.
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  936.  @jacktattis  ; Not actually correct. Refer to USAAF manual ""AAF bombing Accuracy"" SC-T-83 1945. Accuracy deceases linearly with altitude, chart on page 18 shows that it degrades from a mean error of 250 feet at 5000 ft altitude to 350 feet at 25,000 feet. Chart on page 25 says the same thing. As common sense would tell us, accuracy degrades progressively with altitude but there is no altitude at which accuracy suddenly changes. Not at 9000 metres (~27,000 feet) or at any other level. Also study the wartime USAAF Bombardier's Information File - the bombardier's bible. Note that the sighting telescope fitted to early Nordens was low power and made sighting targets from above about 20,000 feet difficult, but as soon as the USAAF started using higher altitudes, the Norden sighting telescope was changed to a higher magnification, thus correcting the problem. The USAAF publication "Norden Bombsight Maintenance & Calibration" issued September 1943 is worth careful study. It shows that the Norden was specified, tested, and field calibrated in terms of the accuracy of sighting angle and airplane altitude is thus irrelevant in these senses.
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  937.  @peepachu  That abdication occurred in 1936, when Elizabeth was aged 10. She became queen at age 26. Plenty of time to get used to the idea, plenty of time for those around her to prepare her. In any case, it seems she did a good job.
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  938.  @Mickekzon  You cannot be serious. Charles has from time to time made awful gaffs in speaking, just like his father. All of us of us who were adults in the 1990's remember the tampon recording. That indicated his low IQ in three ways: a) he had not realised that a man subject to the intense interest of the gutter press would mean the press would eavesdrop and report on a conversation conducted over an unencrypted radio link; b) it showed he was unable to express his love for Camilla in a decent literate way; c) it proved that his marriage to Diana was a sham and he was unable to control his urges. Chales said in public in 2014 that Putin was just like Hitler. One might agree with him, but a man who is a prince should realise he is a diplomat and not say such things. It will be reported in the media, and it will affect relations between Russia and Britain for no good reason. When Charles participated in a televised document signing ceremony he showed annoyance over an ink pot in his way on the signing table. A flunky had to move it. That revealed he is a spoiled brat. But a spoiled brat of normal intelligence would have realised that being on TV he should behave himself and move the damn ink pot himself. You can be confident that Elizabeth in the same situation would have moved it herself. There are more examples that show Charles is not very bright. As for the IQ requirements of a monarch, the British Monarch has incredibly powerful reserve powers. They should be exercised sparingly and carefully, but when circumstances require it, the monarch should not shy from acting. This requires much wisdom and integrity - not things that go with a low or unexceptional intelligence.
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  939. @Rich6oul I suspect you may be right - it could have been all an act. Who says his sunglasses are expensive? Only him. It''s theatrical to tear up cash, but match up the pieces and it's still good - he no doubt knows that. It's his normal mode though - shown by his wife's complete lack of surprise or interest. A pointless act - it was never ever going to achieve anything.
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  940. I have been wondering about that myself. Maybe they are all told "if Kennedy looks at you, you are in for it whatever you do. Just tough it out, it only lasts 5 minutes."
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  941. you think after all the trauma of being freezing cold and put into lifeboats, and having your trip runied, they would remember a bit of vibration? Not likely.
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  942.  @Astronist  So would an all-stop. When cruising, and especially as lower spees, the local velocity of water imparted by the props substantially higher than the hull velocity. Therefore ordering all engines stop considerably reduces rudder effectiveness. Assuming the officer wanted to port around the berg, it would have been better to keep the engines at ahead, and not stop or reverse.
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  943. From the very limitted photgraphic (including movie footage), I conclude that:- 1. Eva was very pretty; 2. She had a vivavious personality; 3. She had very good teeth at a time when most ordinary Europeans of similar age were dependent on false teeth. As for the corpse, if it wasn't Eva, who the heck was it? All the other females in the bunker are accounted for. As the 'Hitler Book" (English translation of a detailed report prepared for Stalin) shows, Stalin had two main reasons for ordering the investigation:- a) To understand how Hitler, given what was widely known about him at the time, came to be the supreme ruler of Germany, obtaining the loyalty and faith of people of far greater intelligence and capability; b) To establish without doubt that there was no possibility of Hitler escaping, or if he did, where he went. Stalin, for all his faults, was never known to 'shoot the messenger". Given that, it would seem that Smersh operatives had no reason to fudge the evidence.
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  944. Did ship builders ever believe that ships had to be built of wood because wood floats, and steel does not, as Mike suggests? It seems obvious that it is the contained volume that counts, not the volume of hull material. I've always thought that this old story arose in 19th century popular books, just as a certain book published in 1828 "A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus" by Washington Irving, claimed that Columbus was the first to realise the world was a sphere. Sailors had known it was sphere for at least 1500 years, but like many historians, Irving thought he needed to spice up his book to win sales. Just as another infamous history book claimed Bligh was a nasty martinet, when his record shows he clearly wasn't. When I was in primary school in the 1950's, we were taught all sorts of nonsense, like people thought the earth was flat and Columbus had to fight that, and people wouldn't accept steel hulled ships because steel is heavier than water. The teacher hated me because I always challenged these failings of common sense, and backed it up with evidence, such as Arab trading voyages, and Eratosthenes who accurately calculated the diameter of the Earth in 240 BCE. I was always in trouble at school. If I was a school kid today, I would probably be diagnosed with something and given nasty drugs. And, as Mike went on to say, Archimedes understood floatation around 200 BCE - a fact that was known throughout the Middle Ages.
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  945. Weird that a channel called "Australian Military Aviation History" should cover an aircraft that the RAAF never had. The RAAF could not have afforded even just one B-36. At 6:33 the narrator said the B-36 was reliable. It certainly was not. It would never have reached its targets anyway - it was too slow and the Russkies would have shot down long before it got to a target even if its engines didn't fail one by one.
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  946. The amusing thing is, bad and unethical as Trump is, if I was Trump I wouldn't pay Giuliani either, because in principle you don't need to pay for a defective product. A competent ethical lawyer would have told Trump "Your silly claims won't fly, won't wash." And if Trump couldn't accept that, he was free to get another lawyer.
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  947. Under the terms imposed on Germany for starting WW1 and loosing it, Germany had to pay reparations to Britain. I should think that will be the source of gold bars stamped with German/Nazi markings.
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  948. I vote you stay with one video per week. You deliver quality and quality counts over quantity in videos.
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  949. This "What is Going On" guy has no idea what he's talking about. He makes small errors (Australia doesn't have 30 million people, it has 26 million) to major ones eg claiming Japan surrendered not because of nuclear bombs but because they were starved into submission. Utter rot. The Japanese emperor stopped the fight because the 2 nuclear bombs made him think his own life was in grave danger. For all he knew, the US could drop nuclear bombs from each of their thousands of B-29's and the entire Japanese country destroyed completely. Japan had preparations for a forced invasion by US forces well in hand and had amassed a vast quantity of munitions. Until the emperor ordered fighting stopped, the Jap military had absolutely no intention of giving up. The emperor's "stop fighting" speech was recorded, and had to be delivered to the radio station in secret, lest the Jap Army destroy it. Expecting an Australian submarine force to protect trade routes in ridiculous. It is not likely that they will be able to have more than 3 or 4 nuclear subs deployed any one time. They cannot be everywhere. Just about anything you can buy in Australia that is made in a factory comes from China. Most of Australia's exports go to China. So China blocking trade routes to Australia would be against their own interests. But if China really did want to punish or weaken Australia, all they need to do is order imports and exports to stop. There is nothing a few subs can do about that. Now let's look at why the AUKUS deal has been made: Both Britain and the US are in decline. Both are having trouble paying for their military hardware needs. The deal is to cost ~$400 billion in today's dollars. Only about half is for constructing the actual submarines. The other half is notionally payment for intellectual property and factory capacity. In other words, Australia has been sucked into subsidising the USA and Britain to help them meet their own future needs for submarines. The USA has to plan for loosing Guam in any attack by China or North Korea. Australia looks an attractive alternative base for them. Nobody will know if any subs in and around Australia are Australian or USN subs. Lastly, China has so many subs and other navy craft, that if a war came, Australia's entire fleet at sea if near China would likely be put out of action right at the start. There is another factor though. Australia is also buying a billion dollar's worth of long range cruise missiles that can be launched from a sub's torpedo tubes. Most likely the Australian Navy just expects the subs to cruise around close to Australia and never go near those trade routes. They don't need to go near those trade routes to hit any forseable enemy including China - if war came they can just launch the missiles.
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  950. You would need an immense amount of air pressure. The inertia in the upper piston and its conrod is the major issue with this engine. In normal engines the con rod length is kept as short as possible to minimise bearing loads for this reason.
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  951. Clearly that rookie cop should not have been a cop. Cops have to make instant decisions, and make them the right decisions. This cop was not able to do that. It's a bit much charging the guy with escaping. He didn't escape, he was ejected due to the cop's incompetent driving. After that he probably barely understood what was happening.
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  952. Being made in such small numbers there is no way you could consider this engine a war winner. Despite extreme effort, the whole British airborne effort didn't count for much anyway. World War II was won by the much larger and better designed efforts of the United States and the Soviet Union. The Brits contributed almost zero to the war in the Pacific anyway.
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  953. Are they "house" trained?
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  954. Regarding the Seeandbee, Mike said an advantage of training navy pilots on the Great Lakes was that no escort destroyers were required since no enemy submarines etc could get at it. So, they trained novice pilots without any plane guard? [plane guard refers to the use of smaller craft such as destroyers in training navy pilots. In the event of a pilot messing up a take-off or landing and ending up flying into the sea, the plane guard craft nip in quick and rescue him, since the aircraft carrier can't stop or maneuver - it is too big, and needs to keep heading into wind at full speed for the other pilots.] Perhaps they used requisitioned pleasure craft as plane guard, but would they have sufficient range?
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  955. Only one scene with Homie, instead of the usual two. I'm a bit sad.
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  956. Why is Trump squawking about other countries value added tax - which does not discriminate between what is locally produced and what is imported? The USA has a sales tax levied by States, which because it is a tax on the whole value and not the value added, discriminates against local manufacture. Doesn't Trump understand anything?
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  957.  @GilmerJohn  Out the holes and down along the electrode.
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  958.  @FORGOTTENHISTORYCHANNEL  In answer to your numbered points:- 1. No, shipping the goods was not a violation. It too was a commercial transaction that Britain paid for , no different to you ordering a farm gun and having it shipped to you. It is neither the supplier nor the courier's responsibility if you use the gun against your enemy. 2. Actions speak louder than words. Actions show a politician's true colours. Churchill in his various acts and decisions showed that he was not concerned about what Japan might do, he just wasn't concerned about the colonies and dominions such as Australia. In British tradition he regarded them as sacrificial, unimportant except as a source of troops (cannon fodder is the term) to defend Britain by tying up enemy troops away from Britain. It was the trade embargoes imposed by the USA that really affected Japan and what caused Japan to attack the USA. And in fact in his history of WW2 he included contemporary dialog in which he said he wasn't concerned. For example, if Churchill was concerned for Australia, he would have returned their troops instead of tricking the troops into Greece to tie up Germans on a mission that was certain to fail. 3. No contradiction. As I said, Churchill just wanted to defend Britain, he didn't care about colonies. But he did encourage the US sanctions and if he did that to induce Japan to attack the USA in cornered rat style that is a quite separate thing. Churchill and Stalin got on well with each other and respected each other - probably because they were both ruthless conniving pricks happy to do whatever it takes. Not a lot of trust, but plenty of respect. 4. You may be right here, though it is not clear what your point is. 5. Any lie by Macarthur is incidental to the big picture. He was needed somewhere else and he was needed there good and quick. You have a point on the subs. Getting surface ships away was probably wise, as at that time they didn't know how good or how bad the Japanese were at sea battles. It was only learned later the Japs weren't very good, as their IJN officers were often drunk at critical times, crews poorly trained, and they failed to adapt to changing circumstances.
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  959.  @alwaysfreedom9354  ; Macarthur had been lent to the newly independent Philippine government, to create a Philippine army. He was essentially retired from the US Army but was recalled to duty as a US army general on 26 July 1941. He actively attempted to prepare the Philippines for defense against Japan with US troops but as you say he was ordered to leave and take over Australia''s forces. Macarthur proved very good in Australia, far better than our own generals, who regarded the Japanese as unstoppable and planned to let them invade half the mainland. But in the Korean War he was in his 70's, too old, had lost the plot and wanted to use nuclear weapons against China, and the US president had to sack him. I have his book that he wrote some years after he was sacked. It is a fascinating read, but he was then quite nuts and what he wanted to do in Korea is quite horrifying - would have left much of the country uninhabitable for most life forms, scattered radioactivity in adjacent countries, and would have started world war 3. Uncle Joe got his name from the fact that he helped the USA get through the Depression - an uncomfortable fact that Americans don't like to talk about and conveniently forget. He did that by purchasing huge quantities of machines, machine tools, and tractors from US factories. I worked for the local dealer of a certain large US earth moving machinery and diesel engine manufacturer whose corporate colours are black and yellow. When you work for such companies, they give you presents when you do something good. One time I got an expensively printed corporate history. In that book it describes how they were certain to go bankrupt, but ended up doing quite well during the Depression as the USSR bought so many of their tractors. Of course Stalin didn't do that to be nice. He did it because he needed the goods and thought American goods the best (which they were). But it wouldn't have seemed a good idea for the US govt to p--- him off. However, Roosevelt didn't use the name '"Uncle Joe" much in public until WW2 resulted the USSR being on the same side.
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  960.  @alwaysfreedom9354  : Roosevelt also created a depression era law that prevented mines and factories from employing children. Industrialists began to call him communist and an admirer of Stalin then, pointing out that the USSR had the same law, but so did lots of other western countries.
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  961. At 8:59 while talking about the amount of air going through vs the thrust produced, Warped Perception states "most of the energy comes from the fuel." That's sort of right, as the fuel notionally supplies chemical energy though combustion, but he doesn't say that, and in his context it is misleading and confusing. Jet engines operate stochiomentrically - that is the mass of air consumed must just equal the amount required to completely combust the fuel and no more. For hydrocarbon fuels, the mass of air must be about 15 times the mass of the fuel consumed. (Only the oxygen is used chemically - air is about 80% nitrogen which passes through chemically unchanged. The actual oxygen mass is about 3 times the mass of the fuel.) What produces the net thrust in a jet engine is that combustion raises the volume of air/fuel mix such that the burning gasses can push against a greater area of the forward inside engine surface than the combustion chamber air inlet area. The burning gas pressure in the combustion chamber must be approx equal or a bit less than the incoming air pressure to the chamber as otherwise burning gasses would come out the front. Thus forward thrust is produced as the exhaust orifice, always much larger than the air inlet orifice size, cannot offer much more than surrounding air pressure. Jet engines are most easily understood properly by first considering a ram-jet engine, which has no moving parts. Intake air is compressed by the forward motion forcing the air through a funnel, so reducing the area and raising the pressure. Again, as with a turbojet, the forward part of combustion chamber surface area must be greater than the chamber hole for the incoming air, and is much greater than the exhaust orifice back pressure. Understand all that and you will not only understand that the mass of air is more important than the mass of fuel (both supply the pressure, and there's much more air than fuel), you will also understand that the efficiency of a jet engine (ram or turbo) is proportional to the compression ratio. In World War The British Air Ministry and the Royal Air Force famously took no notice of Frank Whittle and his jet engine, because his design and available materials permitted only a very low compression ratio, and thus they knew the fuel consumption would have to be horrendous without needing to test it. The jet became practical when others (eg at Rolls Royce) redesigned it to have a better compression ratio).
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  962.  @brianb-p6586  : You are correct that efficiency is not DIRECTLY proportional to compression. I didn't include the word "directly." I perhaps should have included clarifying words but my post was already quite long. You are also correct in that the term compression ratio is not used in jet engineering texts, but for the purpose of explaining jets to lay persons, it is clear enough. For that matter, what matters in piston engines is not the volume ratio either but the pressure ratio, which depends on volumetric efficiency, and the sum of compression ratio and external compression, eg turbo charging if used. Thinking about a jet engine in terms of push against surfaces is correct. It works just as a balloon with a hole in it darting about when you let it go without typing off, except that a jet engine can keep going due to continuous intake of air and fuel through small orifices. However, its also correct to analyse in terms of brayton cycle and reaction - both are correct. Its the same with piston engines - you can think about intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes (or more correctly, intake, compression, combustion, expansion, blow down, equalisation) or in terms of something called the "standard air cycle" based on Carnot, as mechanical engineers are taught in university. I've never seen a text book intended for mechanics go into Carnot and the standard air cycle. They need a simpler view without math. Same with jet engines - you can talk about Brayton and reaction but it doesn't help the ordinary person much. Thinking in terms of push against surfaces does, and makes the importance of things like compression quite clear. It's all very good to talk about reaction al la Newton, but just where does the push on the airframe come from? Answer - directly transmitted from the forward surfaces of the combustion chamber? Where does that pressure come from? Answer - from the acceleration of that gas mass out the back. What will happen if you confine the exhaust orifice size? Answer: you will drop efficiency due to back pressure.
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  963.  @WarpedYT  : I understand the need to keep it simple, but the way you put it might lead to viewers thinking more fuel than air is used, even though you previously emphasised air quantity. Keeping explanations simple and without using math, without going astray in translation is hard. I am a part time technical journalist and service manual author, and looking and testing simple explanations is what takes most of my time.
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  964.  @brianb-p6586  Ideally, operation is stoichiometric. In practice, just as with gasoline piston engines, for various minor reasons, they may best operate economically and cleanly somewhat lean., say up to 15% excess air. This is close enough to stoichiometric to estimate the approximate mass ratio air to fuel - which is what I wanted to point out here in order to clarify Warped's otherwise good talk. In the limit as air mass is increased well beyond stochiometric, net thrust must go toward zero.
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  965.  @brianb-p6586  Turns and counter flow of air in practical engines actually makes no difference to the basic principle. Actually, practical jet engines can have an inner chamber where combustion actually takes place, and this chamber has no significant structural strength (thus making and using a high temperature alloy easier) - the strength being in a cooler outer chamber. (See note below) That makes no difference to the basic principle either, as the pressure is transmitted from inner to outer chamber through holes. The basic principle being, as I said, combustion resulting in gas pressure, and this pressure is transferred to a greater area of forward-facing rigid surface than the area of any rear-facing rigid surface, and that pressure equal to or slightly less than the air pressure imparted by the compressor stage. It really doesn't matter where in the combustion chamber the air comes in - the centre of the front surface, from the sides, or even looping around so as to enter from the rear. What matters is the the air inlet orifice is smaller in area than the whole forward facing part of the chamber surface, so that the compressor can overcome the pressure resulting from combustion, but the aggregate force on the forward facing surface is still greater. If the air from the compressor takes one or more turns or even reverses direction, it just means the pressure from the combustion chamber is transmitted back to load the compressor via a path with turns. If you are going to deny gas pressure imparted on the forward facing part of the combustion chamber surface being transmitted to the airframe as the net thrust, then you are going to have to say just where the force pushing the plane forward comes from. It's not sufficient to airily say it's reaction of the gasses coming out the back. I suggest you try walking before you run - that is, simplify the thing down to its basic essentials - a ram jet engine which has no moving parts. It's somewhat like an odd shaped venturi. Obtain and/or draw a longitudinal cross section and think about how it in practice works. Not as overall governing theory about action and reaction, think about just how the force delivered to the airframe arises - how it gets transmitted there, and how come combustion gasses don't come out the front, despite no physical barrier. Once you understand just how a ram jet engine DELIVERS thrust to the airframe, you can then extend the principle to a turbojet, where inner chambers, compressors, turbines and whatnot complicate the engineering but the basic idea is the same. Note: An inner chamber where combustion actually takes place, with holes to communicate the pressure to a structural chamber, so that the inner chamber can run hotter without significant mechanical loading, was an early innovation on the path to make jets practical.
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  966.  @brianb-p6586  : Not at all. You have basically denied where the force applied to the airframe comes from. Nor have you given an explanation of where else it could come from. The only possible place is gas pressure on the forward facing component of the working (combustion) chamber. (The same pressure acts on the sides, but the side loading cancels out.) When you boil it down, your words are analogous to saying "mass is accelerated out the back. So there must be forward thrust - F = ma. " This is correct, but it is not an explanation of how the thrust actually arises. An analogy - you could say "in a clock, energy in the mainspring causes the hands to rotate." So it does, but most of us with enquiring minds interested in clocks would like to know that the spring applies a torque to a gearwheel which turns a gear train. You had better look at drawings of ram jets. You can start with the 2 drawings of ram jets in Wikipedia's article on ram jets. The first one is schematic; the second one is labelled "typical" and is a NACA design. In both diagrams the inlet orifice is very small and the exhaust orifice is about as large as it can possible be. It occurred to me shortly after posting before that you can simplify this even more in order to highlight the essential feature: consider a simple rocket. In its simple form, a rocket has three things: A source of fuel, a source of oxygen (which can be a chemical that releases oxygen when heated, this chemical being mixed with the fuel), and a burning chamber with a rear-facing hole in it. The fuel and oxygen burn, causing pressure in the chamber by forcing the combustion products out the hole. This pressure acts in all directions in the chamber, but SINCE THE HOLE CANNOT TRANSFER THE PRESSURE to the structure, and the FORWARD FACING PART OF THE CHAMBER CAN, there is a net forward force on the airframe. The ram jet has a complication - it gets its oxygen by forcing atmospheric air through a front facing orifice. This orifice must be small, or the combustion pressure load against the forward facing surface will not be greater than the load on the incoming air. Conveniently, it can be arranged that the intake orifice can be a funnel, thus trading air volume for air pressure, so that the combustion doesn't just simply exhaust out both ends. Practical rockets and turbo jets of all kinds usually have an exhaust nozzle of expanding diameter. This is a means of fine tuning so to speak - along the axial length of the nozzle the gas pressure reduces while gas volume increases - this is a means of converting SOME (it cannot be anything like all) heat energy into a pressure drop. It is not essential that the diameter is reduced before it increases, though it is often mechanically convenient.
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  967.  @brianb-p6586  : You're just being silly. Axial loads from compressors are just practical complications that do not invalidate the basic principle. Understanding the basics before considering complications is how we come to understand almost anything. I have not denied the loading from compressors etc - these just mean that the net force delivered to the airframe is a bit less than the force applied by the burning gas to the forward facing component of the combustion chamber. It still that forward component surfaces that furnishes what jets are good for. You still haven't provided an alternative explanation of just where the force on the airframe comes from. You can't, can you? Now, go look at some drawings of ram jets and then come back and explain it.
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  968. I've never heard of testing for cracks with gasoline before. This is not my field, so I may be asking a silly question, but wouldn't it have been better to pressurise the tube slightly with air, submerge it, and look for bubbles? That would find the tiniest crack. Gasoline may evaporate faster than it weeps through a close to closed crack. Another method of crack detection is by pressurising with air mixed with a few drops of a halogen eg chlorine, and searching over the surface with a halogen detector - these can detect parts per million.
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  969.  @kirkjohnson6638  ;Yes, parts for stock like the special electric motors, the motor/traction/braking control computer, model specific parts. No different that what dealers have to spend each time a car maker brings out a new model, regardless of whether its ICE or EV. Model-specific parts need to be stocked, mechanics given update training - it doesn't matter what the new model is. Dealers would have had to spend just as much if not more when they started putting diesel engines in SUV's.
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  970. She is clearly not very bright as evidenced by the answers she gave. Things like "the information we had was known", things like stating that she used her personal phone for secure work purposes, then when told that is illegal, she just boldly said she didn't. She is indeed incompetent, as evidenced by a whole lot of strife with the Secret Service since she was appointed director, including a large fraction of staff quitting.
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  971. The dopey presenter keeps talking about "analogue" cameras. A digital camera is an electronic camera - no film. If it's a camera, and it takes film, it's a film camera. You can have an analogue electronic camera (no film) - that's what analogue TV was. Something that is not digital (ie processes electronically as a set of 1's and 0's) is not necessarily analogue. You can send a message via email - that's digital. You can send a message on paper in an envelope - that's not analogue.
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  972. So, a quite large bird entered one of the two engine intakes, but did not structurally damage the engine and just remained spread out against the first compressor stator blades. Then the ejector seat blast blew it out and clear from the engine, even though the stator blades are over a meter back from the front openings. Right. And the throttle was left set to gentle climb power. Right. And I'm Chuck Yeager. Seems to me the pilot ejected for some fool reason, and the RAF publicity people thought up a daft story they thought would avoid the RAF looking stupid, leaving unmanned fighter jets flying around risking initiating war with the communists. Mark Felton: Plse find out what happened after to the pilot. I wouldn't be surprised if his career as a fighter jock got stalled.
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  973. This scene is almost certainly a complete fabrication and probably nothing like it ever took place. It is curious though, because in real life Philip, while skilled in aircraft handling, turned out to be a bit of a menace as a pilot, e.g., ignoring air traffic control instructions, landing helicopters in inappropriate places.
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  974. Surely if you have a number of instruments showing various engine parameters in front of you, you ought to know what various combinations of readings mean. What's the point of having the instruments if you don't? It seems the copilot had only a bit of a clue. The pilot in command knew nothing. So they crashed. Surely, if you are confronted with something you don't understand, then that is the point where you need to give yourself time to come to an understanding - in this case abort the takeoff, surely?? According to Wikipedia, the pilot Wheaton had previously been suspended for about 4.5 months for multiple instances of unsafe flying. Sounds like he should have been terminated.
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  975.  @Tyler_Owen23  : That's pretty much how it is. Any competent manager is not fooled but uses common sense. Actually part of the art of being a boss is knowing how to handle the difference between what is normal human behavior and what constitutes screwing the company. The worst kind are martinets who try to enforce every rule to the letter. All that does is cost them respect and cause low worker morale. I have an engineering background. Technical guys using company tools. machines, and premises to do private work ("foreign work") can be good for the company, because it expands the skill and experience of the workers. Smart companies actually facilitate a controlled amount of foreign/private work by approving the use of company materials.
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  976. Don't be too shocked. Here in Australia when I went to school in the 1950's and 1960's, every school had, out in the open grounds, a row of taps. If you were thirsty, you put your mouth under a tap and turned it on. Often in summer the water flow was weak, so we put our mouths around the tap to get every drop of water. Probably why tooth decay was rife back then. When they invented a vaccine for polio, all kids got the vaccine, then more shots for other diseases as they became available. A government nurse would turn up with three non-disposable syringes and a bottle of vaccine. All the kids in the school got injected with just those three syringes. Usually the nurse would recruit a couple of school girls to rinse the syringes with disinfectant and then with tap water and refill with vaccine before passing the syringe to the nurse to inject the next kid. Once in a while the girls would get a bit mixed up and some kid would be injected with disinfectant and start screaming with pain. Incidentally, polio spread rapidly in our schools until we got the vaccine. It turned out that polio is essentially a disease of the intestines and is passed by transfer by hands not washed properly after going to the toilet, but they didn't know that back then. In our schools in the 1950's the toilets had no hot water or soap or towels, so you couldn't wash your hands.
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  977. Hydrogen as a fuel is being pushed by ignorant politicians. In my State, the State Government decided to run a trial of hydrogen powered cars in government departments. They purchased a fleet of hydrogen powered cars easily enough, at only about 30% more than gasoline powered cars would have cost them. Then they cast around for a contract supplier to supply the hydrogen. The most prominent gas company here, whose main business is supplying welding gases (acetylene, argon, etc) to industry and oxygen to hospitals, said "Yep. we can do it. So many dollars per kg of hydrogen." They then set up at their various depots machinery that produces hydrogen - a big diesel engine powers a generator, whose AC electric output is rectified and used to split water into hydrogen, and oxygen which they vent to atmosphere. It's hilarious - it would be a lot cheaper and emit a heck of a lot less CO2 to just have diesel engine cars. Why are they doing this? Because the stupid politicians expect the price of hydrogen to drop as time goes on. They expect that because they subsidised photovoltaic panels and now the panels are much cheaper - because local production stopped and they now come from China, which has both much lower labour costs and much lower electricity costs, from burning coal. They think some sort of magic will make the cost of hydrogen drop. They haven't realised that to get energy from combining hydrogen with oxygen, you first have to supply energy to separate it - and that energy must always be greater than what you get back, so the price can't drop.
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  978. I wonder if there is an autocue going cheap somewhere so that Kurtis doesn't loose it when he needs to talk on camera.
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  979. Wheen comparing admirals today with admirals in say WW2, Felton should have compared their salaries. In WW2 admirals were paid between 1,000 and 2,000 pounds. On Felton's figures they are now paid roughly 100,000 to 200,000 pounds. From inflation since WW2, their WW2 salaries should have increased to 400,000 to 800,000 pounds today. So admirals today in real terms have had their salaries reduced to a quarter - probably commensurate with reduced responsibilities and accountabilities. Felton says a rear admiral gets just over $100,000 pounds/year. Compared to private industry management that is not very much at all. As a civilian senior engineer I get a lot more and I wouldn't have a fraction of the responsibility or command authority. A clinical professor in a hospital would get far more cash than myself or an admiral.
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  980. What has refrigerators got to do with it? The electricity consumed by a fridge, averaged over 24 hours, is very small. Other things such as ovens and airconditioners use far more. But this turkey is in fantasy land if he thinks electric vehicles are more energy efficient. It doesn't matter whether you burn a fossil fuel in your self in your car, or it has to be burnt in a power station to supply you with electricity for charging a vehicle, the result is the same. Sure electric motors are very efficient, but you still have the conversion of fossil fuel into electricity and that is not an efficient process, regardless of whether you do it or the power company does it.
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  981. Mr Felton claims that the Japanese had to build an ME163 equivalent from just having the (flight?) instruction manual, as the construction drawings and specifications were lost on a submarine that was sunk. This is quite unlikely and considerably stretches credibility. It is quite simple and easy to transmit a drawing by teleprinter, and Germany and Japan in WW2 could of course communicate by both wire and radio teleprinter. I've transmitted simple drawings by phone, before we had the internet and email. Tedious but easy. You use a coding scheme, e.g., you state that the drawing is (say) an A3 sheet, and you measure vertically in mm from the bottom, and across in mm from the left. You can specify the start and end points of a straight line thus (206,377),(306,477) - this specifies a straight line beginning at coordinates 206 mm & 377 mm, 141 mm long at an angle 45 degrees. A circle can be specified as (say) 300,400, 200 - a circle whose centre is at 300 x 400 mm and having a diameter of 200 mm. And so on for other shapes. This is how CAD software for computers stores drawings on your hard disk. This, for any likely technical drawing, makes for an extremely long teleprinter message, taking hours to transmit, but this is not a problem in war time. It is most likely that this or a similar coding scheme was used in WW2 between Germany and Japan, suitably encripted for secrecy, of course.
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  982. An entertaining talk, but Gladwell speculates far too much. I've known several men and one woman well over 6 foot, one man well over 7 foot (he was an electronics technician who had risen to supervisor. He drove a car with the front seat removed) but none had anything wrong with them as far as eyesight, physical ability or intelligence goes. Large size was just in their genes, with other tall people in their families. Gladwell doesn't actually make much sense - if Goliath is as useless due to a brain tumour as he suggests, why would they send him in to be the challenger in a one-on-one combat? As slow and with eyesight as bad as Gladwell claims, he couldn't win against almost anyone. Gladwell also puts way too much emphasis on things like sticks plural vs stick singular. The bible we know today has gone through many successive translations - this sort of detail cannot be relied on. Many scholars believe even the name David as shown in the King James version is wrong. This is why the bible is written in parables - individual words and sentences can be added/deleted/miss-translated over time, but the overall stories stay pretty constant and the moral in each fairly consistently deduced.. The fact that Goliath had an attendant means nothing. Such grunts equipped with expensive body armour and weapons often did.
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  983. Yes, it was smart to ask her to come in like that, but it wouldn't matter if she didn't. In their own time they would go around and arrest her anyway. By asking her to come in next day, the cops got to go home on time and be with their kids etc.
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  984. TIK talks a lot of absolute nonsense. As an engineer I just love economists, because economists always overlook the obvious. Using natural free prices as a basis for decisions can only work if the market is mature and stable. In wartime it never is. Especially in WW2, when the technologies in use at the end were completely different to what was in use at the start eg jets at the end, biplanes still in use at the start. When transistors were first put into production, far sighted companies made them at a loss - they figured with experience over many years they could get prices down and would eventually come out ahead. They took a gamble and it paid off. Same with mobile phones. Phone companies for a while heavily subsidised the cost of phones, figuring that unless they did, mobile phones would never catch on. Some things tend to be government owned, unless in VERY large countries eg USA, and some things never are government owned. The reason is seen in a simplification of unit prices as price = A + Bx where x is the number of units sold. Things like railways and power companies (and hospitals) have been government owned is because the A factor (fixed cost) is very large, and the B-factor (incremental cost) is very low. You build a rail line - it costs the same huge amount regardless of whether it stands unused or whether you shift 1000's of tonnes freight per hour. The cost of fuel and the engine driver wage is quite small. Selling newspapers at a news-stand is the opposite - the A factor is minute and the B factor is large - you need to employ one person for about each 30 newspaper sales per hour. Things that have a high A and a low B (eg power industry) tend naturally to be monopolies and/or government - only these can get money at low interest rates to be viable. Things with a low A and a High B tend naturally to be a large number of competing small businesses, as they can compete on efficient manpower utilisation. Like the newsagent near me - when the lady needs a break, she gets her retired mother to come in and mind the store. Developing military hardware involves immense A and may or may not involve a large B. If airforces were run on a free and natural price basis, megabuck things like the B52 bomber would never have been contemplated. TIK said Australia Post is not as good as couriers. That's true and the reason is simple - AP are a heck of a lot cheaper. You get what you pay for.
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  985. it is naturally the case the local water velocity imparted by the propellor is significantly greater than the hull velocity, reversing the prop does not much reduce rudder effectiveness. But Titanic had a single rudder behind the centre prop. The centre prop was driven by a turbine which could not be reversed, so if the bridge ordered all-reverse, the centre prop just stops, killing rudder effectiveness.
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  986. I generally have no time for Trump - he's just a very dodgy businessman with no idea how to make American great again, but sometimes he says things that are spot on. He said Rudd is nasty - he got that right. Rudd's on record of making a career of being nasty - abusing aircrew for not having his favourite sandwich, emitting 4-letter words to his speech writer for writing words Rudd couldn't pronounce (couldn't he just practice a few times). Trump said Rudd is not the brightest bulb. Trump is right there too. Rudd was the most hopeless prime minister Australia ever had - complete chaos. Unable to delegate. Used to order ministers and staffers to do something "urgent", then when they've done supreme effort to get it done, find Rudd's forgotten he wanted it or why. Most of us Australians can't figure out how Rudd came to be appointed ambassador, unless it is payback for the US forgetting to appoint an ambassador to Australia for a couple of years.
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  987.  @DCFunBud  My mother was English - she was raised in Surrey. I was born and raised in Australia. Presumably due to my mother, I find all British accents of England pleasant to the ear and easy to understand. I don't find American accents pleasant or so easy to understand. Received English is not an invented or artificial accent. It is what arose in certain prestiguous public schools about 100 years ago, and is what naturally resulted from mixing boys of well-to-do parents with university classically educated teachers. Somewhat similar to a university accent I acquired on attending university in Australia (which over the years I have lost) Received English pronunciation was adopted by the BBC as they thought pre-war it was their role to educate and improve the British population, and make their radio stations recognisable from other broadcasters. A somewhat similar view was held by the equivalent ABC in Australia, who broadcast classical music all day that nobody listened to, and taught their presenters to speak a sort of "correct" educated Australian accent. I do agree that Recieved English is a marvelous beautiful accent, and the actress in this video clip speaks it very well. However, in real life the younger Queen spoke a different accent, which comedians made fun of, as did my mother - sometimes saying "Mai husband and eye ....." and "ears" for yes if she thought you were putting on airs.
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  988. Very smart detective. But Willimas must have been real dumb to fall for that boot print vs fingerprint nonsense. How the heck did he get to be a colonel? Did he want to be convicted? That cop's approach is hilarious - I'm your friend, I'm trying to help you. Well no, he's working to break you, and it worked just fine. Don't Canadian military officers get training on how to interrogate, how to resist interrogation? That's a standard thing in most militaries. All Williams did was let his mind race round in circles, and let the cop know it.
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  989. Fauci is not a good witness is he? He had a bet each way - he said a Dr Barack did not do gain of function, but if he did, he did it in the United States.
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  990. It would have been valid for Churchill to wear an aircrew brevet (same as pilot brevet but only one wing) as he flew as part of his duties directing the War and was potentially at risk of having his plane shot at. In the photo used by Mr Felton, you can't tell whether it is a crew brevet or a pilot brevet, as the right wing if present is covered by his coat collar.
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  991.  @mariahoulihan9483  Philip was noted for screwing anything that wore a skirt.
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  992. And also as "peck and hunt".
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  993. And be sure to watch all three videos Leno made on his Doble - so you find out just how much maintenance a steam engine needs, even when it has been restored by an expert team.
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  994. In the intro, Kurtis says the bulldozer operator was not in tune with his machine - causing more damage. Well, perhaps he'll be more so now. I bought a very much used smaller bulldozer for my hobby farm - it displayed the same symptoms - I thought it was pump wear and put up with it until the task at hand was done. There's generally no questioning Kutis's experience and knowhow, and I have learned a heck of a lot from his videos, but he said there's no concern about the cooling down rate of the job because it is a hot day. Heat radiates from an object according to the Stefan-Boltzman Law: P = kEA(To^4 - Ta^4), where P is the rate of heat loss, kE is a constant depending on the object surface type (paint, roughness, etc), A is the surface area, To is the absolute temperature of the object and Ta is the absolute temperature of the surroundings. This means that the object only has to be a little above ambient temperature and heat loss is almost independent of ambient temperature, due to the 4th power terms in the formula. For example, say the object is at 100 C. If the ambient is increased from 20 C (winter where CEE is) to 30 C (summer) then the rate of heat loss reduces by only 9%. Some of the heat will be lost due to convection in the surrounding air. This is proportional to the temperature difference (Grassoff formula) - in the example above convection heat loss will be 13% slower in summer, reduced slightly by the presence of the bench top. Therefore, the rate of cooling is somewhere between 9% and about 13% slower in summer, not enough to matter in practice. If it needs a blanket in winter, it needs it in summer, conversely if it doesn't need it in summer it doesn't need it in winter, since you shouldn't cut it that fine.
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  995. I had a neighbor who was a DS nut. He had his running car and two more in his backyard so he could rat them for parts to keep his good one going. His wife hated it. Typically French - too many weird features that often didn't work properly. Not enough engine power. I have a French-made vacuum cleaner. It would be a beautiful vacuum cleaner - but it is like the DS - a lot of unnecessary complexity and stupid features that don't work. The police here required that all DS's have the moveable headlight feature disabled. One day my neighbor decided to make the moveable headlights work again and discovered why the police required it disabled. He was highway driving at night and went to change lanes. An oncoming driver, confused by seeing the headlights suddenly aim right at him, thought there was going to be a collision and went off the road.
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  996.  @lucasokeefe7935  Churchill was a war criminal, in so far as he ordered indiscriminate carpet bombing of German residential and retail districts. Churchill's idea of waging war was punishing the people. In contrast the American idea was wrecking strategic industrial and military targets.
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  997.  @TerrythePhysicist  : No. V, I, R, P are EXACT solutions - as any engineer knows, and as explained in engineering textbooks, even physics textbooks such as Kittel's Introduction To Solid State - a standard textbook in universities in English-speaking parts of the world. The US National Bureau of Standards has spent over 100 years progressively refining the precision of instruments to measure such quantities. The fact that practical R is always contaminated with a bit of C and L and vice versa does not invalidate this. The field theory from Poynting etc was dreamed up to explain things like Heinrich Hertz discovering that if a resonant circuit near to but not connected to another resonant circuit can receive energy, via radio waves as we now know, before anybody was concerned with DC circuits and long before electrons and other charge carriers were known about. Field theory can be applied to DC circuits in the sense no DC circuit proves the theory wrong (though Veritasium applies it incorrectly), but it doesn't explain how all DC circuits actually work.
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  998.  @roundedges2  : Probably. I have no idea how, but I've seen enough of these Pakistani small shop videos to realise they'll tackle just about anything - probably involving much use of a hammer, oxy-acet cutting and welding, and much dodgy work on a lathe..
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  999. Who is this John Anderson twerp, spouting such utter nonsense? Obviously the arrival of the British was an invasion. They just came and seized possession - indigenous folk had absolutely no say. Jacinta Price may well be right in that modern aborigines have modern medical care etc, but it was still an invasion enabled by force of arms. Is he so naive that he cannot understand the British way of writing nice words so that when the S hits the F, the author can't be blamed? He says that if an indigenous person was attacked, he had rights as a British subject to appeal for redress. Yeah right. How were they supposed to know how and where to do that? Just pick up the phone in 1787 and call their lawyer in London?
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  1000. "Field Sobriety Test" - weird things they do in America. FST must be up there with lie detector machines - a load of nonsense.
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  1001. Some important reasons why the Soviets won against the Germans, which have little or nothing to do with logistics:- # Hitler was a meddler - issuing stupid orders and counter orders instead of leaving the Eastern Front to experienced generals that knew what they were doing. WW2 was the first major war where electronics/radio/telecommunications enabled leaders to keep in close immediate touch with what was happening in the field. Roosevelt was smart enough to not get mixed up at levels he was not qualified for, and stay at high level politics. Churchill was more involved but also much more militarily qualified than Hitler, Roosevelt, or Stalin. Hitler fell for the temptation presented by excellent real time communications and got mixed up in things he should have left to the professionals. Hitler wasn't dumb (before the Parkinson's set in anyway) but he was after all just a corporal as far as leadership experience goes. # Hitler directed - he wasn't good at delegating or consulting. By contrast, Stalin was actually pretty good at delegating and consulting/taking advice from those well qualified. # Hitler had advanced Parkinson's disease, for which there was no effective treatment at the time. Stalin was mentally fit. Hitler's doctor filled Hitler up with drugs and potions that at best did no good, and mostly made Hitler even less mentally fit. The well known example of this is when he ordered Steiner to attack - when Steiner had no forces or equipment to attack with. # The Soviets were first defending their territory and then retaliating. This makes for superior morale. # The Soviets employed behind the line troops to fire upon any of their own troops that deserted, or retreated without authorisation. The Germans tried this eventually, but only to a limited degree. It's a very nasty thing to do, but effective at making troops try their hardest against an enemy. Many times Hitler ordered, for strategic reasons, some outfit to fight to the last and not retreat - and it just didn't work out that way. (Same with Churchill, incidentally). # The Soviets would have won eventually in any case, just by sheer weight of numbers and plenty of territory to prepare in. # Goering was a complete waste of space - completely undependable. A well known saying is "When the going gets tough, the tough get going." Well, with Goering, it was more like "When the going gets tough, Goering just goes."
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  1002. Given the huge elastic modulus of the steel, and teh huge mass of steel compared to the elastic modulus and mass of rubber, I think it would not make the slightest difference.
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  1003. Repaired with tin? That doesn't make sense. Tin plate? Possible. Ordinary mild steel sheet most likely. That's what anybody would use - professional body shop or backyard chap.
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  1004. Youtuber WWII US Bombers this morning release a new video on the Me262, and as is usual for him, based on actual wartime data. It shows conclusively that the Me262 was not a war winner, not even close. Pilots in gun-equipped Me262's had to show down to bomber speeds to have much chance of hitting them, and that made them vulnerable to bomber defensive fire. Me262's equipped with the latest air-to-air rockets had about a three-times better kill rate, but it was still too low to win the war even if available much earlier.
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  1005. American equipment service manuals have always been the best. they need to be, as Amercian technicians get less training than European techs.
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  1006.  @WangBaiTe  : Sounds just like our high schools here in Australia. Here there is another problem: School system leaders noticed that girls do less well than boy do in science. So they dumbed down the science subjects so that more girls pass, but fewer boys do because they find it boring and less satisfying.
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  1007. Did any computer chip makers or personal computer makers get a government subsidy? The answer is NO. Yet in the 1970's personal computers were only in use in a few research labs. Yet by year 2000 pretty much every person in western countries has one. Because until EV's PC's fill a real personal need. Not a theoretical community need, a real personal need.
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  1008.  @aydenpeele747  There are some important points obscured or overlooked in your simple statement:- 1. Most of us believe in democracy, but democracy is an imperfect thing. A vital part of democracy is to have two parties, one in government, and one in opposition. The oppositions' job is to oppose. Continually oppose. Not to obstruct government at every turn, but to keep them on their toes and make them clearly explain their policies. It is true 99.999% of the time that if you can't clearly explain something, its because you don't understand it. If you don't understand it, at best you are acting on faith and that's dangerous. It is quite clear from watching these videos that, actually at this time neither the politicians nor the witnesses understand it. 2. EV's will not do anything much for the environment. All they mean is that instead of pumping out CO2 at every vehicles tailpipe, CO2 is pumped out in about the same aggregate quantity at the power stations - because EV's have to be charged. Think we can eventually have all electricity coming from solar panels? Nope, unless you think covering entire countries with solar panels is a good thing to do. 3. EV''s depend on batteries, and nobody has come up with a safe battery that can be charged quickly and energy efficiently. Owners of high rise buildings are starting to ban EV's from basement carparks, because if a basement carpark is full of EV's and one catches fire, it will spread to all of them, and the result is as bad as a big Russian glide bomb. 4. Lots of city people have to leave their cars parked on the street. How are these to be charged? Cables across the footpath? I personally think that EV's are a silly interim step that won't last long. Similar to when governments in many countries banned incandescent light globes, forcing the people to buy compact fluorescent globes that were more efficient but were expensive and had a short service life. Then a few years later LED lighting arrived and made compact fluorescent lighting look stupid - LED lighting is even more efficient and has a much longer service life, and contains no hazardous materials. Something will come along that makes EV's look pretty stupid, which will make subsidising them a complete waste of money. Possibly it will be a hydrogen economy - using the deserts of the world to utilize solar energy to spilt water into hydrogen and oxygen, and shipping and distributing the hydrogen like we do now with gasoline. Possibly not, we'll see.
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  1009. Whenever a government agency outsources work to a contractor to save time and money, the result is very likely to be underqualified people doing the work, as the right people will cost too much to allow the required savings.
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  1010. Why was the Lanc so "successful"? Well, when it's an all-out war, and the only large 4-engine bombers you have is the Lancaster and the Hallifax, then it jolly well has to be forced successful, doesn't it? How do you define success? If success is lots of missions flown, then the Lanc was successful. If success is crippling the German war effort, the Lanc was nothing like as good as the B-17.
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  1011. @Evan Hodge : I'm Australian. The Australian Army sent large numbers of soldiers to Vietnam to assist the US Army - the Australian government responded to a request to do so from the US government. In order to get the agreed numbers, the Australian government instituted conscription and everybody in Australia knows people who served as conscripts in Vietnam. Like many, if not most, Australians, whether they served or not, I was opposed to the Vietnam War at the time, considered it a stupid mistake and quite unnecessary, and still think that. Vietnam had a detrimental effect on veterans and ruined some. It wouldn't have been so bad if there was any justification for the War and if the US forces conducted themselves in a competent manner, but there wasn't and they didn't. Our government had films shown on TV, shown to conscripts on induction, and shown to high school boys, attempting to justify the war - basically purveying the domino theory - an idea obviously false at the time. The incompetence of Gen Westmoreland has been documented by quite a few authors. He was what is called in the US Military a "rock-painter." (A rock painter is an officer who wants everything neat and tidy, everyone wearing the correct uniform neat and clean, but does not know what is really happening.) But he was obsessed with statistics and standard rules, which would have sat well with MacNamara.
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  1012. @Evan Hodge : See post by "Dave" 9 days ago, beginning "I wonder if .... ". He's exactly right.
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  1013. What's the difference between highly successful people and the ordinary plodders? Not a lot actually. But being in the right place at the right time makes a big difference. Luck at being in the right place at the right time several times really makes a huge difference.
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  1014.  @EvanCarmichael  Yes, certainly. Some people are better at seizing to opportunities than others. Musk is right about the need for hard work. Some people give up too easily. Others aren't smarter or have specific set of power habits, they just have grit and determination. But a big factor is reinforcement: If someone takes a risk and it pays off, that gives him confidence to take on another risk. If that too pays off, he's up and running. But if someone takes a risk and it doesn't pay off, that teaches them to be cautious. The same genetics of the brain that leads some people to be addicted to gambling (from early wins) lets some people be entrepreneurs, of which a few will be extremely successful - lucky.
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  1015. Ät 3:22: "the mast is wood as you don't want metal in contact with the aerial." Well, no you don't. But you really don't want wood in contact either - even seasoned wood has a moisture contact, is made of hydrocarbon, and is very lossy to radio frequency energy. In any case, during bad storms, when you really want the radio to work, masts get coated with conductive salt spray. With the high power (10 kw) transmitters used for world-wide communication, the radio energy can burn the wood, which is very undesirable. From the point of view of radio energy absorption, a metal mast is actually better, as it is a solid conductor and not a lossy thing. Further, for the lightning arrestor at the top of the mast to work, there must be a wire running from it down the mast to the hull, to conduct the lightning current safely away. Electrical insulation for the aerial wire(s) was and is provided by "egg" insulators inserted into the wire a few metres from the supporting mast. Egg insulators are made of glazed porcelain, which is an excellent electrical insulator and rapidly sheds water. Egg insulators are around 100 mm long, too small to show properly on a whole-ship drawing and too small to show in most photographs. But if you look carefully at 2:57 just under the corner of the flag, you can see two little dots, which are the egg insulators. Wood provides a degree of flexibility required in masts, with less weight than using steel. A steel mast would require regular inspection for corrosion, which in the top section is not so easy.
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  1016.  @JeffTaylor-tr7my  that is how Elizabeth II would think, but Charlie is a very different person. We saw that very clearly when he became king - there is that infamous video of him signing a document. An inkwell or pen stand was in his way. He could have simply moved it, but no, he commanded a servant to move it, with an annoyed look on his face because the servant hadn't immediately jumped to it. People remarked on that video, because Elizabeth would have simply moved it herself. Protocol for regular meetings with a PM require that they be utmost confidential - that means no servants or anyone else in the room as you said. With Elizabeth that most likely meant a tea service already in the room, and all Elizabeth had to do was pour - or pour whiskey if appropriate. With Charlie, I just don't see that he would pour, even though there would be nobody else to do it, unless he invites the PM to serve him/her self.
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  1017. This 1951 film is surprisingly accurate. It's much better than the ridiculous "Just Say No" campaign run by our State Governments about 30 years ago. In my country, they send policemen to schools to tell the kids to stay clear of drugs. For some reason these cops think it's a good idea to show kids photographs of a pretty girl aged 14 allegedly caught with pot, and the same girl allegedly caught with heroin 6 months later and looking like 40 and very sick. And tell the kids that one dose and you're hooked. Of course the kids know much better than that. They know perfectly well it's usually not a bad as that, because they know of someone who has been doing drugs. They know it's a risk but think "it won't happen to me, I'll stop before it does." It would be better to give kids accurate information, but every time that's proposed, the do-gooders make a fuss and stop it.
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  1018. This scene sounds unlikely. Back in those days, one phone call would get a D-notice imposed. D-notices were a voluntary news suppression system in the national interest, which is not used now, because too many prime-ministers abused it to hide their failings. This scene has the Queen begging and barganing - I don't think so. Back in those days nobody associated smoking with cancer -they only thought it caused coughing. Even doctors smoked.
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  1019. They did in fact buy the contents that they were interested in when Al-Fayed auctioned if off.
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  1020. i have only this excellent video to go on, but it seems to me that the chap's history of depression is a red herring. The problem was pure and simple - the dumb twit took a hallucinogenic of unknown potency and without experience. He also took it at a location where magic mushrooms do not occur, so his so-called friends had probably bought it from a dealer - which means it had unknown contamination. Many years ago, I was with a community service group that, among other things, offered rehabilitation programmes for druggies. The most difficult to handle of all illicit drugs are the hallucinogens such as psylocibin and LSD. They scramble your brain, sometimes on your first dose. While the effects usually last only hours, sometimes they can last much longer, and after apparently wearing off, recur days or even months later. And when they do recur (flash back) the person's behavior can suddenly be so bizarre that nobody can understand it. I hope his so-called friends got prosecuted.
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  1021. Perhaps the university should have sued the British government - after all it was a decision of the British Government to mis-manage the threat created by Hitler in the 1930's, then declare war on Germany, and subsequently decide to bomb the residential areas of German cities indiscriminately, thus inducing Hitler to change policy and bomb British cities in retaliation. It is well documented that Hitler did not want war with Britain (at least not until Europe was settled under German control), thus the bomb that was exploded in Exeter in 2021 is directly traceable to bad decisions by the British government.
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  1022. ​ @Treaxvour  Back when I was with the YMCA, we found that not all drugged out customers were getting their drugs on the street from a pusher. Some had heard on the street that if you go to a doctor and tell him certain symptoms, that would indicate a lot of pain due to a disease for which there was no blood test and did not show on an X-Ray. So the doctor would prescribe a narcotic, trusting that the patient was honest. These days, such diseases can be detected on CAT scans etc , but not then. These legit medical conditions practically never occur in young people, but they would find a doctor who lacked ethics and would prescribe the drug. Typically these doctors had poor diagnostic skills or some other facet that meant normal patients would steer clear of them. We came to hear about one elderly lady doctor located north of the city centre at this time who over time had quite a large cliental of drugged out kids. She had no receptionist - probably the last one quit in disgust. Kids were going every day and getting prescriptions for morphine under different names. She charged a low fee, relying on volume. When numerous street kids told us about her, we called the police, but they told us they had no power to investigate and arrest a doctor, go tell the AMA. We told the AMA but they told us it wasn't their problem. After some time, I thought of a solution. I called the news desk of a TV station. The news editor said "We''ll get her" and sent a young cadet reporter, dressed scruffy and with a tiny camera hidden in her handbag. She gave a false name, recited the right symptoms, and in one minute walked out with a prescription for morphine. That evening the TV station broadcast the footage and shamed the quack into retiring. This is exactly the situation with Hitler and his Doctor Morell. He had access to other doctors, but he just wanted to get high and made a quack who would give him want he wanted his personal doctor. Hitler was not stupid, he probably was well aware Morell was an unethical quack.
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  1023.  @valerietaylor9615  Nancy was dumb alright. She believed in astrology and continually paid money for horoscopes, and is known to have consulted at last one psychic. She was sucked in by a classic psychic con - claims of having predicted a well known event, the claim made after the event. Ronnie was a good delegator. At least he didn't become senile until AFTER he retired, unlike Bumbling Biden or the Dreadful Donald, neither of whom know which way is up.
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  1024. Kurtis, any time you want to talk about drills and drill comparisons, that's fine by me. I've learnt quite a bit from your videos and I'm sure I'll learn some more.
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  1025. I'm not familiar with American law, so I looked up the meaning of cause-in-fact and proximate-cause. She got cause in fact correct but proximate cause wrong, and it seems that it is a fundamental thing for a judge to know. Sen Kennnedy has thus established she is not competent. Cause in fact: the thing or event that literally caused a physical injury or death. Proximate cause: the thing or event that is the primary cause that led, through a chain of events, to physical injury or death. I've watched a number of these videos featuring Sen Kennedy. His style is intimidatory, but if they knew their job and gave honest answers, they wouldn't have a problem. Consistently, women appearing are hopeless, generally the men have some ability. Are they choosing women because they are women, and not choosing on ability?
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  1026. He thought he was running over his wife's Honda Civic.
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  1027. Last Friday my work was done and time to fire up my browser for my weekly fix - but no, nothing from CEE! Then I thought - oh yeah, a big big storm on the east coast of Australia, that's why. I was hoping Kurtis and Karen were ok, and Homeless was not scared witless by the noise of the storm, as dogs can be.
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  1028.  @jaypatelz  At 7:45 Asianometry said it was a vacuum tube computer. The photograph he used, shows a multi-rack system that is typical of a relay or vacuum tube computer. in 1969 I used a DEC PDP-8 myself. It was a desktop computer about the size of a single-drawer filing cabinet. This was an 8K machine - it could be had as an extended memory machine, taking a maximum 3 file cabinet draws in volume. Why was the TDC-12 so large, if it was transistorised and even vaguely comparable to the PDP-8? The PDP-8 was hardly a marvel of compact construction. Each of its' flip-cards, each about 120 x 60 mm, had enough transistors and diodes etc to make 2 or 3 gates.
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  1029.  @Twiggieh  : Yep. Piston is at TDC when the crank throw (ie a line joining the centre of the main bearing to the centre of the big end) and the conrod are in line - this is the point where the distance between crankshaft centreline and the piston is maximum - always.
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  1030. Amusing video. I was hoping it had more technical detail. @1:14 ""Concorde workers feel the government has let them down." Actually, Concorde was a stupid vanity project that, if the government had any sense, would never have allowed to begin. @4:14 "the droop nose is Concorde's most endearing characteristic." Actually, it made Concorde look like a fat old chicken trying to fly - wings and body tilted right back to try and get enough lift, while having its neck & head stretched out in front to try and get some directional control. Concorde was in some ways the same as the ridiculous 1940's Bristol Brabazon - sponsored by a Government that thought air travel was for rich VIP's who wanted to travel in luxury and cost was jut a means of showing how important they were. Meanwhile, the American industry had understood that the big profits would come from making air travel so cheap anybody could fly - hence high seat numbers and a focus on fuel efficiency - neither of which the Concorde could have. Hilarious that the expected a second generation of SST in the 1990's, when they could only sell 14 Concordes, even with huge government subsidies.
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  1031.  @poppyland74  ; Concorde did not fly very well - it barely had enough power to get airborne. That's a fact - illustrated all too clearly when one crashed after takeoff from Charles de Gaule airport due to being forced to takeoff slightly below critical speed due to a minor undercarriage maintenance fault (incorrectly attributed early on to a wheel kicking up a part that had fallen from a DC-10. It didn't help that the crew kept pumping fuel into a tank ruptured by the DC-10 part, feeding a fire, but if it was able to climb the crew would undoubtedly have realised and corrected their error). This crash so obviously showed Concorde's marginal flying and inherent unsafeness that it never flew in service again. One could hardly describe Concorde as fat, given its narrow cabin. I guess few people, other than those associated with free-range chicken farming, have seen a mature hen try to fly. However, if you have seen a chicken try to fly, as I have on my father's chicken farm, the resemblance to a Concorde taking off is very obvious - both use an extreme bank angle with the head/droop-snoot stretched out in front, as both struggle to get enough lift at full power. Don't forget Concorde's ridiculously high fuel consumption, even during high altitude cruise. To an engineer like me, there is nothing beautiful about the Concorde - it is a reverse proof of the old engineering adage that something is only right if it looks right. Concorde looked wrong and it was wrong.
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  1032. At 4:55 Mike states that steel is lighter than iron. So it is, but the difference is negligible. Pure iron has a density of 7.874 tonnes/m3. Mild steel has a density of 7.83 tonnes/m3. By "iron" Mike would be referring to wrought iron, which is around 7.75 tonnes/m3. The greater the carbon content the closer the density is to pure iron. It is the properties that matter - for some things steel is better, for other thing wrought iron is better. For a ship's hull, you want some elasticity to cope with wave-driven hogging and sagging, and with wave pounding, Steel is better in this regard.
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  1033. You can read too much into these sorts of reports. Soldiers have always whinged - in armies in the West and the East. It's what soldiers do. Petraeus wouldn't know - his career has been in the very upper echelons. In Vietnam, some US conscripts shot their own officers. In the fight between Japanese and Australian troops in New Guinea in WW2, both sides suffered starvation due to bad logistical planning. It's war, manure happens. US Army troops invented the acronym SNAFU - Situation Normal, All stuffed Up.
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  1034. I'm not a commercial pilot, but I am an engineer. I am surprised that the vibration indication is an uncalibrated 0 to 5 display, given that engine vibration due to a dislodged fan blade may be life threatening. In any engineering field where 1) not taking action may result in further major machinery damage, and/or not taking action may result in person injured or killed, it is well know that the relevant trouble indication shall be a) clear as to its significance, and b) have only just sufficient resolution. For fuel tank capacity, you want lots of resolution, so you can calculate remaining endurance. But for lots of things, they have only 3 possible indications, eg Normal, Abnormal - action required, Danger - take immediate action, or, as in some fields, Normal, Non-Urgent, and Urgent. An indication of 0-10 is rarely if ever used - that level of precision just gives more decision uncertainty and a longer time for the humans to comprehend. In this case, what is the difference between Vibration 4 and Vibration 5? Does 5 require immediate shutdown and 4 does not? What should the pilot do if it's 2 or 3? Take action or just note it for the engineers to look into after landing? Does vibration 5 mean the engine must be shutdown no matter what and vibration 4 means best shut it down unless the other engine has failed completely? It should clearly say so. Perhaps this is covered in training, but that was not and could not be of benefit to the poor pilots in the case of Midland Flight 92.
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  1035. Mentour now said the magneto switches are in the up-high position so they can be seen by crew outside on the ground, so they know an engine cannot fire while they are manually swinging the props. That seems a good idea. But - Other piston engine airliners had the mag switches in the same place (eg DC6) or in other places (eg Ford Trimotor), and the switches are not easily seen by ground crew (in DC6, cabin too high and switches are tiny, Trimotor has mag switches below windows). But this pattern always seems to hold: Engine controls normally used during flight (eg throttles, mixtures, prop pitch) are grouped in one place and easy to hand, and any engine controls normally used on the ground (eg mag switches, generator switches) are grouped in a place well away from in-flight controls - and thus necessarily in a less convenient to hand place. In flight engine controls have distinctive shapes and also move forward/back, but controls used on the ground move left/right or up/down. That all seems very sensible - makes for an easy to fly aircraft - and very unlikely a pilot would accidentally, say, turn off magnetos when he meant to alter mixtures - which would be rather a nuisance and upset the passengers.
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  1036.  @chronographer  : Despite your opening sentence, it seems that you and I actually believe a similar thing - a judge would discount her supporting testimony, if he could get her to testify. But I may have erred in saying her testimony is outright inadmissable. Here in Australia, a ticket for not wearing a seatbelt wouldn't be tried by a judge anyway - if boofhead simply doesn't pay the fine by the due date, these days they will just set the dept collection agency on to him - and the agency will add their costs onto his fine until he does pay. If he elects to actually have the case heard, it will just go to a magistrate - who won't waste time on silly argument - the cop's word will be taken as fact. I suppose he can then appeal to a higher court, but the costs against him will really go up. That's if he gets leave (approval) to appeal - which would be pretty unlikely.
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  1037.  @langdalepaul  He's posted other videos in which he gets things horribly wrong. He's the type of guy who reads a text book and thinks he understands the subject, but he doesn't have the training and experience. He recites, badly, old theories. A bit like a street cleaner reading a old book on brain surgery he found in the public library, and attempting to explain how its done without knowing medical knowledge has changed.
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  1038.  @1over137  : It's very very difficult actually. Look at how long it took the boffins in the Manhattan Project to figure it out. The trouble is, with just two subcritical masses, at best you only get a few hundfed tonnes TNT equivalent, not the 20-30 thousand tonnes equivalent that the Manhattan Project produced for Japan, as it only converts a tiny fracttion of the uranium into energy. Much more likely is that you don't get the trigger explosion and timing just right, enough heat is generated to vaporise some of the uranium and the gas blows the masses apart again, and you just get a lot of radioactivity scattered about without the big bang. and the 2 bits of enriched uranium will put out enough neutrons to kill you. People think that nuclear bombs are 2 equal chunks of uranium forced together in a strong tube to get critical mass, not realising that was a decoy story published by the US just after the bombs were dropped on Japan - they had to give the public something. The real way uranium bombs worked (using a multitude of uranium pieces) remained secret until about 1980.
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  1039. I'm surprised that the cargo area smoke detection did not give an early warning, which could well have led to a much better outcome. Since the 1980's computer rooms have utilised aspirating smoke detectors (VESDA) that are so sensitive they will often detect a single cigarette in a very large room.
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  1040.  @infernalstan886  The skull wasn't complete, so you can't say that. In any case, since cyanide was unlikely to be detected due to decomposition of cyanide compounds before the Soviets had a chance to analyze tissues, it is possible that cyanide did kill Hitler, and he fired his pistol in his dying seconds - thus people heard the shot, but he missed. The simplest scenario is always the most likely. It probably was Hitler's body.
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  1041. It looks like they are using Britool torque wrenches - spare no expense!
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  1042. If that is the plan, then Norh Korea must have leaked it or broadcast it, and you can be sure of three things:- 1) When NK is ready, they will execute a quite different plan; 2) The South Koreans and the US have an effective mitigation plan ready; 3) The South Koreans and the US forces have worked out all the options available to NK and have a mitigation strategy for each. It is not sufficient to just look at a possible mode of action. You need to do proper risk management, and proper risk management (in armies or businesses) comprises 5 things;- a) identify the risks; b) quantify them in terms of probability and impact if no counter action is taken; c) put in place a detection system to predict or detect early if each risk is coming about; d) define a mitigation strategy for each risk to be triggered when each risk is detected; e) estimate the residual risk after the mitigation strategy has been implemented. You can be sure the US military top brass has done all five things, and maintains them up to date as required. This is what professional military forces in every country does - some better than others of course.
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  1043.  @deborahdean8867  : Where did you get that data? You are very precise about a soldier's needs - 4 figures - that's nonsense. How much a soldier (or anyone) needs depends on how hard they are physically working, how much stress they are under, and their environment. And how much they weigh: a large chap, say 183 cm and 150 kg, will need twice the calories of a short chap, say 165 cm and 60 kg, just to maintain their bodies. In airconditioning design, we take the heat load of the occupants as 300 watts per person at 24 C. If you raise the environment to 38 C (body temperature), the heat shed by live bodies shrinks to almost nothing. So they need to eat less calories. Take their environment down to 0 C and they'll need to eat more. When I was in my late teens. I was a skinny guy, so I decided to do weight lifting. In a short time I doubled the weight I could lift, but my appetite shot up so much I couldn't afford to continue. in intensive weight training, you need to double your calorie intake, or your muscles will not build up. You are dead right about vegans though..
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  1044. This video is a lot of ill-informed speculative nonsense. Note that the average lifespan of the nobility in England in Elizabeth's time was about 60 years. Elizabeth I lived 69 years - exceptionally long. Clearly her makeup didn't do her too much harm. Note that the nobility's average lifespan in Elizabethan times is sometimes quoted as 42 years, but this figure is skewed by the then high rate of death in early childhood and in giving birth. Once noble women got through childhood and birthing they average about 60, dying from diseases for which there was then no known cure.
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  1045. originalforgery: except that his jet was not in the least bit practical. That was why it was rejected. It took the like of Rolls Royce and GE to devise the change needed to make it practical.
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  1046. In the English language, "Master" is the valid and correct honorific for a male person aged less than 21.
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  1047.  @feez357 : There is a bug in YouTube that makes some posts invisible. I've had my posts dissappear, posted again and my original post reappeared, making it look like I posted the same thing twice. If you post and go into YT again, it lists your post at or near the top. but it you make multiple posts on the same video, it randomly distributes them in the list, making them hard to find. Youtube recognises your computer or device that you post with. If you go into Youtube with a different computer or device, it will randomly list your post, making it hard to find. if you click on the bell at top right corner to jump to a listed post, YT may hide other posts you made. They will reappear if you go to the video using search. People who upload videos get notified of all posts and they can delete any they don't like. The sensible ones don't delete, as all posts, even very critical ones, increase their YT earnings. But some do delete, mostly people who teach at schools or universities, who cannot tolerate anything who might affect their reputation or cause their students to think for themselves. I don't think ForgottenHistory deletes posts he doesn't like. I've been very critical of him at times, and he's left my posts intact. Lastly, i have discovered very long posts get automatically deleted. I repeatedly made a 900 word post to a YT video and it was almost immediately deleted every time. It was a detailed explanation of why the video author was completely wrong in most of his video. So i emailed the video uploader and asked him if he deleted my post - he promptly replied and said he did not delete posts, so I split it into a 400 word post and a separate 500 word post, with no change in wording. Both posts remained intact. There may be a watch list, but over the years I have made thousands of posts, often very critical of the video or another poster, and have not triggerred any watch. But I do try to criticise in a respectful way and don't use gutter words. If you have posts dissappear within a minute or 2, it is most likely a YT bug. If it dissappears an hour or more later, it is most likely the video uploader didn't like it and deleted it.
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  1048.  @1chuck23  : Very true. It extends to countries as well. The people of the USA are about as well educated as any western country, but the USA keeps doing dumb things and doesn't seem to learn from its mistakes. We have dumb politicians and corrupt politicians in Australia too, but it just astounds us how Trump or Biden could get elected to the highest office. And we run elections in such a way that any significant doubt or challenge is extremely unlikely. Our nearest equivalent to Trump is a clown by the name of Clive Palmer - a squiliionaire who got his squillions by dodgy business manoevering. He ran for office but got nowhere.
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  1049. As an Australian, I used to buy (online) quite a bit from US suppliers, but not any more. The rates changed by the USPS are outrageous.
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  1050. Homey looks like he's a staffy. They usually live about 12 to 13 years. So at 10 he looks in great shape - happy dog that loves life with Kurtis and Karen.
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  1051. Hardly anything in this video is correct. In about 1968 the Australian weekly magazine "Post" printed an interview with a retired Ford Australia engineer, (Brandt) who still had a copy of the factory drawings for the first Ford Australia ute, which was adapted by Brandt from the Ford Popular sedan and assembled from knock-down kits sent out from Britain. Somehow from this story of Australia inventing the ute got momentum after this story in Post - I am surprised that any non Australian assigns any credit to it. Sure, a farmer did write to Ford Australia, not because utes didn't exist, just that they were imported from America and were too expensive. My uncle had one of these Popular based utes. It had a tiny sidevalve engine, 30 BHP or so, so gutless that with the slightest incline or load, top gear was unusable. But it was cheap. My father owned an an Essex ute - yes, a 2-door vehicle with a rear cargo space, based on a sedan. It was made in Detroit in 1926. US Ford even made a ute version of the enclosed style Model T, after they noticed a lot of dealers had been converting T's into utes. They even called it the Ford Coupe Utility. The reason why sales of utes went way down in Australia was the introduction of Japanese vans, such as the Toyota Hi-Ace, Mitsubishi L300, and the like. Better durability, much lower fuel consumption, and way more cargo capacity - both in volume and in weight. Before these, the only alternative to a ute for light tradesman use was the VW Combi, an unsafe gutless heap of junk, or the imported English Commer van, which was a very fault prone gutless heap of junk. Most of us in Australia are mystified by the popularity of the Ford 250 in the USA. It's really just a big fuel-gobbling car, built to car standards of toughness - i.e., it doesn't have the toughness for light truck work.
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  1052. This is definitely not one of TIK's best efforts. I've wondered why Germany didn't ramp up coal to liquid conversion. So I watched this video. I still don't know why. Yes I understand the process is expensive, because it took 22 tonnes of coal to make 1 tonne of gasoline. But the Germans were throwing money around on lots of things. The reason why it is expensive is because the process needs a lot of energy. Energy came from coal-fired power stations - so build some more. It's no good TIK saying repeatedly it was too expensive - what were the actual technical/engineering/decision factors? So, the Nazis made only half the fuel they needed by coal conversion. An achievement that indicates mastery of the process. But why only half? What fraction of the total expenditure of funds preparing for war was the cost to make that half-requirement? Was that fraction significant? TIK doesn't address that. Were the conversion plants competing for resources for steel or restricted availability metals for catalysts or something? TIK doesn't address that. I don't know whether or not these two factors were important, but they are obvious things to follow up on. I suspect it was the same problem that caused Germany to develop no heavy bombers, jet fighters far too late, rockets too late, etc - bad planning / bad risk management. Hitler didn't like to commit funds and resources to big projects if they looked like taking more than a couple of years or so as he thought the war would be over within that time - he never planned on it lasting until 1945. Hitler did not understand risk management - that is, identify potential issues and their impact and have a strategy for dealing with them should they come to pass. He just gambled. Like a gambler playing pokie machines, he could win once or twice, but in the long haul gambling doesn't work. A lot of the big picture planning was done by Goering, who was a waste of space.
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  1053.  @williamzk9083  : I'll rely on the original German training films and manuals. They say that the engine cannot accelerate a V-1 from rest and make it fly. They ought to know. If the engine was good at zero speed as you claim, why on earth did they need the expensive catapult running on a very dangerous but dramatically effective propellant? Incidentally, in the metric system, jet engine thrust is measured in newtons. Thrust is a force, not a mass. The V-1 engine had maximum output of 3.53 kN at 750 km/hr, equivalent to 360 kgf. However, V-1's had a speed regulator that throttled the engine so as to run the craft at 550 to 600 km/hr air speed. It so happens that the speed achieved by the catapult was 320 km/hr. Did you mis-read your reference?
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  1054.  @williamzk9083  : I told you - the link you provided is invalid. Provide a working link to a valid webpage and I may then be able to view it. Kaaden worked as some kind of assistant to the designer of the Hs-293 glide bomb, and later was flight engineer during testing the Hs-293. The Hs-293 was a radio controlled glider bomb, not a missile. Kaaden never had anything to do with missiles, and certainly had nothing to do with the V-1. It's no good you, without any backup, just repeating your implausible and unlikely claim that Suzuki copied or used industrial espionage to design their engines. What is your source? I note that Suzuki was by no means the only 2-stroke motor cycle manufacturer to use rotary disc valves in the 1960's. E.g., Kawasaki's 2-stroke was also disc valved. Same with Bridgestone. But Suzuki's motorcycle engine was unique in its lubrication system. It was also high revving with (by 2-stroke standards) a wide power band. It was unlike a tuned racing engine that really only functioned well within a narrow rev range - it was designed to compete with the Honda 4-strokes. Kaaden didn't invent rotary disc valves - Daniel Zimmerman did. Nor was Kaaden the first to think of or understand resonant exhaust tuning - an Erich Rolfe did that for m/c 2-strokes, 10 years before Kaaden worked on it. So, basically, rotary disc valves and exhaust tuning was just something the Kaaden and lots of others were working on in the 1960's - refining it, not devising it. You claim is implausible.
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  1055.  @bradywomack9751  : I agree with you, although what the Germans were trying to do was significantly eased by intending it for a one-time use for a very short flight time. All the early workers in jets had their biggest difficulties with combustion temperatures too high for the available engine construction materials, causing rapid failure, or using ways of keeping teemperature so low efficiency was so low as to be useless. This problem does not occur to anywhere near the same degree in a piston engine because combustion is not continuous - it only occurs within a few degrees of top dead centre every second crank turn. The other 700-odd degrees of crank turn are available for heat to flow out of the cylinder head walls etc. If the P13a engine came apart from heat after 15-20 minutes it would not have mattered - its' job was done. Solving the heat problem in jets for Britain was Rolls-Royce's brilliant innovation, having an inner and outer combustion chamber with holes in the inner where the air goes in. This meant the inner chamber could be made of an alloy that withstands heat but needs no mechanical strength, while the outer chamber needs an alloy with strength to withstand combustion pressure, but is not subjected to heat. I think this thread was on the question "Could a coal fueled jet engine have worked?" The answer is clearly yes. On the question "Could it have been useful for normal aviation?" I very much doubt it. There is one very good reason why nobody has made a coal powered rocket engine - in most applications of rockets (as distinct from applications of jets), the weight of fuel at launch is the limiting factor. The energy content per unit mass of coal is much less than other fuels such as kerosene, hydrogen, etc. Coal could work but not very well.
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  1056.  @Thinkle911  : I think you have overlooked a couple of things:- 1. The P13a engine design called for the coal to be in the form of small granules. How small is small? Unfortunately I don't know. 2. The design separated the locations of pyrolysis and combustion. The coal granules were to be heated in an air-starved "basket" thus producing carbon monoxide. Additional air was to be downstream mixed with the carbon monoxide and burnt. By separating pyrolysis and combustion in this way, the pyrolysis part does not require much air and can be a "slow" process in a large volume. This is essentially the same idea that enabled people to run cars on wood during World War 2. According to Wikipedia, a preliminary design was built and tested, and found to work but not very well. A better pyrolyser design involving a rotating basket was proposed as a result. However, no reference is given, so the Wiki author might be wrong.
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  1057.  @Thinkle911  The wood burning gas generators used for cars were roughly about the size of a kitchen fridge. But there was no need to think of ways to make them small. One of the reasons for the size was so the driver didn't have to stop extra times just to stoke it with more wood. The energy density by volume of wood depends on the wood but for hard woods it is usually about 0.5 to 0.75 of the energy density of coal. So it seems feasible that a gas generator fueled by coal could be half the size or less, perhaps quite a bit smaller. The power output of a car engine running on carbon monoxide was reduced to about 70% of that with gasoline. Overall, I still think a coal fueled airplane for a short flight is doable, but it wouldn't be very good. I think you are right in believing it a gigantic waste of material. Only for if you are desperate, which in the later part of the War the Germans certainly were. They would have needed to get the thing good and hot before a flight. This could take sufficiently long such that the Allies could have defeated it by randomising their bomb run directions and times. The various sorts of Messerschmitts could be scrambled in a few minutes, as could Spitfires etc.
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  1058.  @josega6338  : A model constructed in 1993 has no relevance to what the V-1 engine could do. It indicates self-take-off is possible in a light aircraft with 2 engines, but it wasn't in the case of the V-1 fully loaded with explosive (~2 tonnes total mass), even though the V-1 flew pretty fast for its' day. The video does clearly show that engine operation at zero airspeed is problematic - he had a lot of trouble getting the engines to pulse, although this could have been due to some fault in his set-up or design. The main purpose of the V-1 catapult was to accelerate the V-1 to a speed at which the pulse jet engine could operate properly and develop enough thrust to take over and continue the flight. That's what the original German training materials state. A secondary but still important function of the catapult/ramp was to point the V-1 towards the target (London), as the onboard flight control (compass and autopilot) was designed for a simple straight line flight. According to the German documentation, the stall speed of the loaded V-1 was 240 km/hr. The catapult accelerated it to 320 km/hr, considerably above the stall speed but sufficient for the engine to be certain to develop enough power to maintain the speed and accelerate as fuel mass was consumed. All types of jet engines, including pulse jets, essentially produce a thrust that increases with aircraft airspeed, as with increased airspeed, a given mass of air is forced in in less time, permitting a greater fuel flow for stochiometric operation. (In practice, modern jets may be restricted at high speed by the engine management computer in order to stay withing design stress limits at high speed but retain good take-off performance.) But with pulse jets there is an additional problem - at low speeds the pressure and flow conditions are not right for proper resonance, and while it may pulse, it won't pulse properly. You can watch a German training film on how a V-1 launch works at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJ-dAFQ6Jzo. The catapult system was quite elaborate.
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  1059.  @josega6338  : Actually, I'm none too good at following spoken German either, despite German parentage - not enough practice. But I can read German ok. You've got an extra f in stuffung. Aircraft carrier catapults are primarily for getting enough airspeed to be above stall in a short distance, and the relatively heavy weight of typical fighter planes (eg Crusader 15 tonnes take off mass) or observation planes requires an impressive catapult, even with propellers, which work just as good at zero airspeed. But the V-1 catapult was designed to impart a much greater speed to 2-tonnes of V-1 + fuel + warhead to get the pulse jet engine up to flying thrust, well above stall as I described.
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  1060.  @josega6338  : You have ignored the point I made (true, repeatedly) - yes, the engine RUNS at zero airspeed, but it doesn't generate enough thrust for flight at zero airspeed. It has to be accelerated to near 320 km/hr before it can develop enough thrust to sustain flight. Unlike a normal airplane, a V-1 could not take off on its' own. It could not accelerate from a standing start to a speed sufficient for take-off, no matter what sort of runway was provided. or how long it might be.
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  1061.  @josega6338  : I told you - how a modern day light weight model, probably 50 kg or so, with 2 engines of unknown design performs has absolutely nothing to do with how a wartime single engine that had to shift 2 tonnes performs. The original German training materials for the V-1 state that the aircraft has to be accelerated WELL OVER the stall speed in order for the engine to take over - they should know. Modern fighter jets can reach Mach 2 routine. By your reasoning that means any jet fighter can reach Mach 2, including the wartime Me-262 (which could barely reach Mach 0.8).
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  1062.  @josega6338  : You claimed in your last post that the Me-328 model contradicts me. It does nothing of the kind, so I responded explaining why. You are being silly now. You can go imagine a MiG-25 with an engine from the Enterprise NX-01 if you like. Should get a speed of Warp 10, whatever that may mean. A pulse jet is the last choice you would want for a take-off engine. I told you, go back and read it again - jets of all kinds inherently produce thrust that increases with airspeed, so they are relatively weak at take-off, unlike propellors driven by piston engines or turbines. In addition to that basic weakness of all jets, pulse jets have an additional problem - as they are a resonant system (tuned for cruise airspeed), the pressure and flow conditions at zero airspeed are not as designed, and thrust is even weaker still - in fact they can be difficult to start, tending to blow flame instead of pulsing. A rough analogy is a racing bike 2-stroke engine - they are also a tuned i.e., resonant system and at RPM lower than intended produce little power and run audibly very rough, erratically misfiring.
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  1063. Nice footage, very interesting. But the added in sounds effects, obviously from a standard sound effects CD, are a bit bizare in places. The horse sound is a constant speed clip-clop regardless of how fast the horse is going, or even stopped. All drivers in 1940's New York do the same horn rhythm farp-farp...farp-frap.. farrrrrp apparently.
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  1064. Japan sold us cars with better quality, but due to Japan's city densities, their vehicles were always small. The drop in sales of US-based station wagon designs caused by the competition has led to no station wagons available now. For me that is a great pity. I had a Ford Falon XC (1977) wagon, and it was a most practical and useful vehicle. The comfort of a large sedan. The cargo area to carry the luggage of my whole family on camping trips. Big enough in the back with the rear seats down to carry standard size plywood and sheet metal for my various hobbies. And that 2-way drop-down/swing out tailgate made it real easy to load heavy objects, lawn mowers, gensets, etc. Tradesmen these days buy vans such as the Toyota, but these are nowhere near quiet and comfortable enough to do duty as a sedan to go shopping to a restaurant in.
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  1065. Nice girl - I could take her home to meet Mummy. Maybe not.
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  1066. Why does Blue Suit talk like a horse's hoof? He doesn't sound American. Is he a token divergent hire?
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  1067. Another great instructive video of Kurtis. But you didn't show us the painting. This blade clearly needs more than a spray can of Cat Yellow. Did you send it out for painting? Or did your customer say he would arrange for painting?
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  1068.  @JeffreyHornick-ep3si  By Hitler's direction, the Germans only attacked military targets in Britain until the RAF started their carpet bombing of German residential areas. Hitler THEN ordered civilian targets in England to be bombed in retaliation. So there was no justification for the British attacks. They started it.
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  1069.  @JohnM-sw4sc  Yes, but they are just allocated a desk somewhere in that different office. If you have to work surrounded by people you don't know and working on completely different things, you might as well stay working from home as they were doing. Having been a boss myself, I know that the benefit of having you team around you is that you can keep abreast of what they are doing without effort, and without requiring them to write weekly reports of what they have done - such reports being a big waste of time of both workers and boss.
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  1070.  @anasmaaz5731  Some politician are corrupt. Some are dumb. Some do try to do their best. But almost all are grounded in reality. Trump has no idea what reality is. But he IS a politician, and he IS as corrupt as any.
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  1071.  @IIIuxep  You read too much Putin propaganda and extrapolate for that. The Crimea was by treaty part of Ukraine. In 2014 Russia seized possession of it with troops. In order to support Putin's nonsense that it was a local uprising the troops did not wear Russian army uniforms but they were Putin's troops none the less. There was no actual war because unlike Zelensky, the Ukraine government at the time did not feel up to resisting the Russians. The election in the Crimea was a sham, with an outcome determined by Moscow's force. There was no peace for Zelensky to tear up in 2022 - because the Russians had invaded Ukraine. It was the Russians who tore up the peace treaty. They acted first. Of course Zelensky opened fire - he was shooting at the Russian occupying forces. No different to Britain bombing German troops occupying France in WW2. Putin's propaganda changes over time. He's now claiming its all Zelensky's fault, but back in 2022 Putin stated that he (Putin) started it because he wanted to get rid of "Nazis". Trump took it further and claimed Zelensky started the war - something that not even Putin claimed.
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  1072. Mike omitted an important factor with regard to vibration: Whenever you have 2 or more propellors, you get propellor beating - pressure changes in the water as a blade of one propellor sweeps past/near a blade of the other propellor. There are three ways of addressing this: 1) separate the propellors laterally - there is limited scope for this on a big ship, especially if there are three or more propellors; 2) separate the propellors longitudinally (ie at different distances from the stern) - this reduces hull volume at the rear of the ship, which is not a good thing; 3) fit different numbers of blades, eg 3 on the outboard props and 4 on the inboard. I gather that Mike's conclusion that Titanic had a three-bladed centre prop is really solely based on a single digit in some engineer's personal notebook. This is not good research - it could be just an error by that engineer, we have no way of knowing. Mike said that the H&W engineers could have been doing a comparison experiment with the two sister ships but this does not make much commercial sense. An engineer would seek to come up with the best configuration he can, and that won't change until one of the ships completes sufficient voyages to show up a problem. An engineer would be risking his job if he was seen to intentionally make one ship inferior to the other, as must be the case if they are different. Sure, ships got their props changed back then (in pleasure boats today they still occasionally do) but in response to an encountered problem that needed addressing, not on speculation
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  1073.  @journeyman_philosopher  I certainly did watch Mike's video. I did not say he's definitely wrong , I said that he drew conclusions on very thin ice. The only reference I could find that Titanic had a three-blade centre prop is the same one Mike quoted - that engineer's notebook. The only reference I could find that H&W were experimenting 4-blades vs 3 blades is a discussion on a Reddit forum about Titanic - hardly a reliable reference. I think you are misunderstanding the engineering of propellor specifications as it was back then. Sure, it was rule of thumb methods rather than finite element fluid dynamics, but they weren't stupid. Considerable experience with propellor applications had been built up. I've worked for a marine engine dealer - we used much the same methods to match props to hulls and engines - and got it pretty right nearly every time if the hull people got their bit (hull drag) right. (Props are like gears in a car - you must have the right prop blade angle etc for the ship's speed through the water, just as you need the right gear for the speed you are doing in a car.) But sometimes the hull guys got it wrong, and they sometimes did back in Titanic's day too. When that happened, propellors got changed. Incidentally, be aware of why professional engineers keep personal notebooks. These are the main reasons (then and now):- 1. Professional associations require the production of notebooks as proof of experience when granting corporate memberships;. 2. Source material for updating one's CV and job applications;. 3. In the event of a patent dispute or getting sued for infringement, a notebook can be presented in court as evidence of prior art; A high level of accuracy is not required; indeed, some young chaps don't bother with a notebook until they have to produce it, and then spend a couple of evenings writing one, trying to remember what they did in their earlier years.
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  1074.  @gokulgopan4397  But back then there was only 2 kinds of test they could do: a) try a configuration out in a ship, which may need several or many voyages to get enough data on various sailing conditions; or b) tank testing. Tank testing has serious limitations, due to the need to scale the dimensions and velocities, coupled with the effects of Reynolds Number being non-linear. All this means that for any given ship, they could get things a bit wrong, realise it from either excessive fuel consumption, excessive or too low engine RPM for a given hull velocity, or excessive vibration, or any combination of these three. If so, they could decide to try a different propellor, making an informed guesstimate as to what difference(s) the new prop should have. If the new ship is very different to what the shipyard had built before (eg twice the displacement through increased length) there is obviously more scope to get it wrong. But to launch two identical ships into commercial service with different propellors in order see which one works best - I don't accept that. Its just not a way to get the company manager's respect. You do your calculations (rule of thumb) and the answer is the answer - the best you can do, uncertainty notwithstanding. If you launch the two ships with different propellors - you know that there is 100% certainty you are going to have to dry dock one of them early at huge expense and loss of revenue. If you launch 2 ships with your best idea of what the props should be, it will more than likely never be any need to early drydock one of them.
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  1075.  @journeyman_philosopher  Mike provided only one example of two identical new hulls getting different propellors as an experiment to find out which prop was better - the Titanic and Olympic, which might or might not be truth. What is known beyond doubt is the photos showing a 4-blade prop are of Olympic or Olympic's prop. There are no known photos of Titanic's prop, so we just don't know. Olympic got dry docked and a shaft intended for Titanic fitted due to collision damage, and also had a propeller change due to having lost a blade. Can you give a reference that states they were experimenting, as distinct from fitting what was quickly available and through that fortuitously discovering that 4 blades on the centre prop was better (which of course confirms they got it right the first time)? From ordering to delivery, the time taken to obtain a large ship propeller was around two months or more. Leaving a damaged ship out of revenue service that long just for a propeller is something not to be countenanced. Use what you have if it is roughly right. Order the correct propeller and fit it when it arrives - that takes only a day or so. Can you give an example of two identical ships (other than Olympic Class) launched with different propeller specs for test purposes? I think not.
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  1076.  @journeyman_philosopher  No, I don't know the answer. Nobody alive does. That's my point. The centre prop might have been 4-bladed, it might have been 3-bladed. Thorough digging turns up lots of leads - books, YouTube videos etc, but they all lead back to that infamous engineer's notebook. Take that dubious source away and you are left with pure speculation.
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  1077.  @priscillajimenez27  Precisely.
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  1078.  @NadleyIsaacs  Charlie taking a turn with Anne? I know upper class British are supposed to be into kinky things behind closed doors, but with his sister? Doesn't seem likely.
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  1079.  @glen7318  In his younger years, Charles expressed hesitation about marriage, believing a man should marry when he could no longer "chase girls" (a sentiment often attributed to him). In 1969, when he was 21, in a BBC interview he said as much. Later he said that for him marriage meant marriage to a suitable woman which meant something to be endured, not for love, and needed careful thought and not until necessary.
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  1080.  @PeterNgola  : There are indeed American operated facilities here in Australia. There are also Australian bases at which US forces train and contribute towards operations. I don't like it. It makes us a nuclear target in a possible future war that some country may start with the USA. However, World War 2 led to Australia signing the ANZUS mutual defence treaty with the USA and New Zealand. Also, in World War 2 Britain basically abandoned Australia to Japanese attack, whereas the USA came to our assistance. So, Australians, including me, feel we owe something to the USA, but we owe nothing to the treacherous British. There are no British bases in Australia, and never have been since Australia became a country. If I were the leader of the government, I would pass a law preventing foreign military personnel (whether US or not) from operating facilities or training here, noting that the USA does not permit foreign bases on its soil. Exchange assignments (both ways) of trained personnel has to be allowed, as must joint exercises. However, I am not in the government, so I just have to put up with it like everybody else.
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  1081.  @stevek8829  : Which specific errors did I make? Unless you can identify specific errors, your ambit claim means nothing. If the USA had let Japan take Australia, world history since then could have been somewhat different. At least the war in the Pacific could well have lasted longer. Given that Japan's war effort was severely restricted by not having any oil resources, and minimal iron and coal resources, Australia's geographical position at the end of a chain of islands, very large land mass, and Australia having immense resources of all kinds, plus considerable industry, taking Australia would have helped Japan immensely. That's why Japan wanted to take Australia. And one reason why the USA was keen to see that they didn't. The War in the Pacific ended when the USA dropped two nuclear bombs on Japan. Much has been written about the horror and destructiveness of nuclear bombs, but don't overlook that for Japan it was much of a straw that broke their back - they had already had practically all their cities carpet bombed by the USAAF, and that was possible because the Japanese navy had insufficient fuel, as well as incompetent senior officers. And Australian industry supplied US forces with quite a lot of electronic equipment and food.
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  1082.  @stevek8829  : I was born well before the Vietnam War - as you may see if you google my name or check my other posts in YouTube. I'm 75. I remember listening to Radio Peking during the Vietnam War - it was very entertaining. At one point they claimed North Vietnam had sunk an Australian Navy aircraft carrier. We had only one - a worn out World War 2 surplus British carrier (HMAS Melbourne), and it was tied up at its base at the time, and hardly ever went anywhere (until it was sold to China). It later was revealed that Radio Peking had nobody that spoke English other than the foreign-born English programme announcer, and he was deliberately undermining them by making ridiculous claims. When they found out he was in very deep poo. I was called up for service in Vietnam, but got a deferment to complete my 5-year trade training. Thanks for shooting your own argument. If a guy is not non-combatant, then he is combatant, and if he is combatant then his mission is to kill and destroy and be shot at himself. Australians sent to Vietnam were also called "advisors" as this was a legal loophole that meant the government didn't have to declare war on Vietnam and China, but nobody involved thought they were anything but fighting combatants. Any other point you think I got wrong? We Australians actually very much appreciated US help in WW2. The US came because our government realised Britain couldn't care less, and their generals were pretty hopeless anyway - so our government requested the loan of an American general to take charge of Australian forces. The US sent a retired Gen MacArthur, who was a very considerable improvement over the average British general, and Australian generals too, as they were all British trained and selected by written examination, not ability. But we had much to offer the US too - it was win-win for both.
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  1083.  @stevek8829  : Grunts, NCO's, officers - it makes no difference. Many "advisors" were grunts that were trained and employed as specialists - eg communications, mechanics, supply clerks. Makes no difference, as they were providing their specialities to troops of their own country, not providing or training Vietnamese personnel without regard for which side they were on. The government that "invited" the US in was not legitimate because it had not won power through free elections, as I pointed out before. A third country, such as USA, cannot under such a situation morally decide to accept such an "invitation" just because it means fighting communists. It's on record that China was not interested in imperialistic expansion to the south. Mao and his leadership had enough on their hands getting China organised, and securing places they had some claim to, eg Tibet. The domino theory advanced by both the US and Australian governments as justification was a load of nonsense. However, North Vietnam asked China for help getting the Americans out, and Mao decided to make some sacrifice of resources and help out. The help from China was not entirely right either, but at least as legit as the USA sending forces. Other governments in the region were also not entirely legitimate but that does not alter things. Just because Bill killed Fred, it does not make John any less guilty of killing or wounding Martin. Putin invading Ukraine is an interesting situation - he has some justification arising from old agreements between Stalin, Churchill, and Truman. On balance I consider he is very much in the wrong, because Ukrainians never had any say in these agreements, and were held down by USSR might, while it lasted. So, it is wrong, but again a wrong here does not make a wrong in Vietnam right. There is indeed a long history of nations sending armed forces as advisors or combatants to other countries. So what? How does that make the USA starting a war in Vietnam a right thing to do? History shows that humans are pretty warlike - they have been conducting wars ever since there were tribes. Countries or primitive tribes - there has always been strong groups forcing their way over weaker groups - or thinking they are strong and trying to. It doesn't make it right.
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  1084.  @LanNguyen-gz6ov  : It seems an awful lot did. If NO Vietnamese wanted reunification, how come they've been happily remaining unified ever since? Vietnam is pretty fiercely independent though. If NO Vietnamese in the south wanted reunification, how come the Tet Offensive was on such a large country-wide scale, occurred within cities including Saigon, to the surprise of American forces? One of the remarkable things about Vietnam, in contrast to other communist forced takeovers was there was no purge of senior administrators and leaders - they remained in their jobs. Australians who served as soldiers in Vietnam have revisited since peace occurred, looked up Vietnamese they knew, and discovered they were during the war agents of the north. Many Vietnamese after the war ended emigrated to Australia - I know quite a few. They are quite a shopkeeper and bread & cake factory force here. The reason why they left Vietnam was that they are committed Catholics - communism has a problem with that. Also, many are the illigitimate children of US soldiers.
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  1085.  @stevek8829  : The ones that didn't like it, or were likely to be downgraded because they were Catholic etc, left. Lots came here to Australia, some went to the USA. The bulk stayed in their own country. A friend of mine is Vietnamese and has been back several times to see her parents. They have been here too - I've met them. There certainly doesn't seem to be any problem. Her story is pretty typical. You remind me of an old but very well known joke. Like all good jokes, it's funny because it is based on reality:- A chap asked a home owner "how many people does it take to change a light globe? He was answered "Just one." A chap asked a government employee "how many people does it take to change a light globe?" He was answered "Four - one to write the procedure, one to supervise, you need a safety officer, and oh, someone to change the globe." A chap asked a unionist "how many people does it take to change a light globe?" He was answered "I don't know - it's not my job to change globes." A chap asked a Vietnam veteran "How many people does it take to change a light globe?" He was answered "YOU WOULDN"T KNOW, WOULD YOU? YOU WEREN'T THERE!" Steve K, khi bạn ở Việt Nam, nếu bạn thực sự ở đó, bạn có dành thời gian để học bất kỳ ngôn ngữ địa phương nào và làm quen với người dân không? Hay bạn chỉ đi đến các quán bar nữ tính?
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  1086.  @stevek8829  : The point behind the joke is that a) Vietnam vets are often emotional - understandable because they were conscripted into an unnecessary and pointless war, witnessed and/or sufferred horror, and when they returned home, they were not welcomed as heroes like World War 2 vets were; and b) Vietnam vets often have very little understanding of the big picture of the Vietnam war, unless they researched it well after they got home. Is abuse the best you can do? It confirms you cannot put forward any detail or logic behind your claim I got everything wrong.
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  1087. ​ @stevek8829  : Greece has nothing to do with Vietnam. Separate part of the world, separate issues. The USA had a lot more justification to be in Korea, but the Korean War too was a war that didn't need to happen. Same as Vietnam, it came about because the fool Mountbatten, when supreme commander of the whole area, decided to split Korea in two, without consulting the locals and without bothering to look into what would happen. Mountbatten seemed not to understand what communism was or why it was a force to be reckoned with. He expected Chiang Kai-shek to run China and have influence and political control over North Korea and North Vietnam, and of course Chiang didn't - Mao drove him out and limitted Chiang to Taiwan Island. Mountbatten thought Chiang Kai-shek, Churchill, Truman, and Stalin were all good, benign, capable, and legitimate leaders, and of course Chiang wasn't - he wasn't anywhere near the same league. (Stalin was hardly benign, and legitimacy was doubtful, but at least he was capable). Mountbatten was fully aware that Stalin, Churchill, and Truman agreed to carve the world up into three political influence spheres - he was there at the conference. If Mountbattern had not split Korea, it's probable that the communists, not having re-unification as an excuse/justification, would not have got anywhere, just as MacArthur was able to easily deal with them in Japan. In Vietnam, 're-education' was applied to those who sided with the American forces. You can hardly blame them - the USA was the invading enemy. In Western countries, traitors were traditionally executed. Korea was somewhat different. But terror has never been confined to communists. Look at the area bombing of residential areas of German cities in WW2 by Britain. Whenever people trained to make war and kill get control, there tends to be some that go beyond what's reasonable and terrorise civilians/non-combatants. It happened in WW2 Europe (all sides), it happened in Afghanistan (Australian war crimes very much in the news), and it's happening in Ukraine - probably by both sides, but certainly be the non-communist Russians.
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  1088.  @stevek8829  : I see you have not grasped a very simple and fundamental reason why Greece was different. The principle is this:- Both Vietnam and Korea were arbitarily split in two by a decision of a British supreme commander without any regard for what the Vietnamese and Koreans wanted, and without any regard to regional affairs. Greece was not so split. In the case of Vietnam, the south was given back to France, a pre-World War 2 colonial power there. The Vietnamese, north and south, wanted 2 things: 1) the French driven out, and 2) unification. They sought and obtained assistance of China to achieve that, as the USA refused to help. This resulted in a war between North Korea and the USA with the South just wishing the Americans would just go and let them re-unify. The USA installed a puppet government (Thieu government) to do their bidding. Hence it wasn't a pure civil war - it was a war between Vietnam and USA (with foolish Australia coming in on the American side). Korea was a bit different - both North and South wanted to re-unify (they both still do - it is official with both governments) but the South wanted to be in charge and run Korea under their system, and the North wanted to be in charge and run it with their system. The result was a civil war and the USA blundered in to help the South. Greek history is very complicated, but the Third Civil War, that occurred just after WW2, was essentially a pure civil war - Greeks fighting Greeks, albeit one side supported politically principally by Britain, and the other side politically supported by the USSR. The USA kept its military nose out of it. But subsequent to the Greeks sorting themselves out and aligning with NATO, the USA gave economic aid under the Marshal Plan, which was a much better idea. It's a pity the USA has not treated other countries the same way - that is, let them sort themselves out, and when they've done that, give economic help. The USA itself had a civil war with much killing and horror. The country sorted itself out and became an industrial powerhouse. How do you think it would have gone, if say there was another powerful country that had decided to come in and fight on one side or the other? I suggest it would have just caused more trouble and strife, for a longer period. It would not have helped solve the problem.
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  1089.  @stevek8829  : No, Pol Pot is NOT a hero to me. Why on earth would he be? But, I don't know much about Pol Pot and Cambodia - just the general awareness that most people here have. On Vietnam, I have over the years read quite a bit about it, because:- 1. I was a young adult during the Vietnam War (aged 15 went the first Australian troops went to Vietnam - those "advisors" that fought, and aged 28 when the War ended.) 2. The USA asked Australia to send troops and the Australian government immediately agreed. This was EXTREMELY controversial at the time and led to very large protests around the country. 3. I witnessed some of those mass protests. 4. To make up the numbers the USA asked for, the Australian Government implemented conscription. I was called up. About 50,000 Australian men served in Vietnam, far beyond the capability of our normal peacetime military strength. 50,000 is pretty tiny compared to the US commitment of 2.7 million men, but we were certainly there - shooting and getting shot at. 5. I have several Vietnam Vets as friends and sometimes discuss the Vietnam War with them. 6. I have many Vietnamese as friends and work colleagues, as many Vietnamese have emigrated here. 7. The US forces lost the War. This was unexpected at the time, as US forces were highly effective in World War 2. However even a cursory read of the available literature shows that the US military effort in Vietnam was shambolic - which led me to try and find out why. I have now a fairly good idea on that, but I won't go into it now as this post is long enough. Basically, as I said, after WW2 was over, the French tried to control Vietnam again. The Vietnamese had had enough of foreigners controlling their country by force - in the modern age, the French, then the Japanese, then the French again. They asked the US for help expelling the French, didn't get it, so they turned to China. Mao said. yep, we'll help, but you must go communist. Ho Chi Min was happy with that deal. Vietnamese generally were not so happy, but considered communism an acceptable price to get unified and independent. The USA didn't like Vietnam going communist and intervened. You said the US intervention was not of evil intent. No it wasn't - the US Government thought it was doing a fair thing. But intent and reality are two different things. The result was evil. The US action was immoral - because what style of government any country adopts is none of the USA's business. It is perhaps understandable that the US would not help in getting the French out, which likely would have resulted in no war and no communist government, as the US was having enough trouble trying to have good relations with de Gaule at the time. There is a subtlety behind all this. As I also said in this thread, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman met together and carved up the world between them, allocating spheres of influence. Sort of negotiating world peace in return for allowing limited Soviet expansion. Some people believe that the US government thought that Vietnam was a communist expansion beyond what was agreed, and thus they needed to show the Russian/Chinese block they were not going to stand for breaking the agreed limits, The root of the trouble was the incompetence of Mountbatten in doing these North/South divisions. Incidentally he stuffed up in partitioning India as well - caused unnecessary death of millions, and leaving us with another possible cause of a nuclear war. I take it, since you claim to have done some reading, that you were aware of Mountbatten and his stuff-up?
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  1090.  @sixstringedthing : You got it. As I recall, the Japanese automotive industry, a bit before Mazda committed to Wankel implementation, expected to eventually move to engines with ceramic engine blocks & combustion-exposed surfaces. Since ceramics are thermal insulators, this would dramatically reduce heat lost to coolant. The overall improvement in fuel efficiency over a conventional cast iron or alloy piston engine would not be as great as you might think, however. But, the thermal stress on exhaust valves in a ceramic piston engine would be extreme, but just not a problem in a ceramic Wankel. So, in theory a ceramic Wankel could compete thermodynamically with a piston engine. The Mazda Wankel rotary implementation was to be a stepping stone to gain experience and earn money on the way, to pay for research. What the Japanese industry and Mazda in particular did not realise, was that authorities in most countries would insist on not just lowering emissions generally, but they mandated dramatic reduction in NOx emission as well. But you are right - Mazda engineers must have been on a substance when they decided to give it a go.
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  1091.  @Initial_Gopnik  Ladas are licensed built copies of Fiats. So, use Fiat parts to fix a Lada. But that fact also makes owning a Lada in the West pointless - because you can have a genuine Fiat, built with better quality. A dealer network for Lada was set up in Australia in the 1970's, taking advantage of Fiat deciding to withdraw from the market. They even boasted that the cars were really Fiats. The Lada dealers didn't last long, and the Soviets had made minor changes, always for the worst.
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  1092. I think she is now unemployable in any capacity that has oversight of other people. She can wash dishes at some hotel.
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  1093. This report sounds a bit sus to me. Some chap nobody has heard of before prattling on with out playing any more than 2 seconds of garbled transmission, no transcript or translation, it could be anything from anywhere.
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  1094. To kill the tuning-fork style resonance, just bolt a piece of steel plate, say 8 to 12 mm thick and sufficient width to cover the tines, across the tines to join them, using the existing bolt holes. I can't see it making any difference to the turning finish, but it will be a lot easier on yours and Homie's ears. Tuning fork resonance works by the tines moving apart and towards each other, apart and toward each other, at the singing rate. The plate bolted on will prevent that.
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  1095. This History Guy repeats a bit of nonsense. Eg when he says at 4:34 and 7:01 that the Brits used radar to detect submarines. Submarines could NOT be detected with the radar technology of WW2. What happened is that Bletchley Park was decoding German radio traffic and from that knew where each German submarine was supposed to be. However, if the Germans had realised that that was the reason Coastal Command kept intercepting submarines, they would have changed their encryption and that would have been a disaster for the Brits. So the Brits "leaked" a cover story - they let it be leaked out a fake story that they could detect submarines with radar, knowing that the Germans knew quite a bit about radar, but not as much as the Brits. This fake news story has been repeated in history books ever since (aided by the eaves dropping being kept a state secret until the 1970's), but that doesn't make it right. At electronics courses at technical schools in the 1970's, we got taught the "radar equation" - a formula that applies to the pulse radar technique used by the Brits and predicts how far away you can detect an object of a given size. It was amusing to apply it and realise that the Brits could not have detected subs unless they were so close they could detect them visually. Anybody who doesn't have command of math can look up the Marconi Review for July 1950. Page 104 gives a graph of range plotted against target size. For clear weather, it shows that a 45,000 ton ship can be detected at 30 km, but a tug boat can only be detected at only 7.5 km. If a tug can only be detected at 7.5 km, detecting a submarine conning tower must be a lot less, and if it its only showing a periscope, detecting it by radar is hopeless. It gets much worse if there is rain. The Marconi graph shows rain typically halves the range. I just love it when professional historians get things horribly wrong because they just read other historians' missives or old newspapers and don't bother with finding out just what the technology of the day could and could not do.
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  1096. She's honest but not very bright. How did she get to be a professor?
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  1097. I am surprised that he could tear money up. With the plastic money we have, you would need the strength of 10 gorillas to tear it. Does the USA still use the old fashioned paper money?
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  1098. Mr Mentour Pilot - you seem to have messed this one up. Where did you get these drawings from, which have a blue-print-like appearance? They cannot be genuine Douglas or NTSB drawings as they are shown with metric dimensions. I ask this because your explanation does not make any sense. As shown in your drawing at 4:47, there is NO reason why the vent torque tube should be become bent, as it has virtually no load on it - only the vent plug. And, as far as assuring C-latch safety is concerned, it would not matter if it did become bent. Note that the door mechanism went through more than one redesign. The cargo doors originally did not even have vent plugs You may have been confused with a text description of a different DC-10 door design in which the vertical jack-shaft is operated by the torque tube to the left of the vent plug (as viewed on your drawing) instead of right at the handle as shown in your drawing. In this case the strength and confinement of the torque tube is more important, but the system is still safe, because if the C-latch have not gone fully home, the vent plug will remain open not matter how much force the ground crew applies. The corporate negligence that lead to this incident and the Turkish Airlines crash is much more serious than you have presented. At the DC-10 design stage, major parts of construction were contracted to be farmed out. As part of this, contractor General Dynamics were responsible for FMEA (Failure Mode Effects Analysis - a standard process long used in American aerospace engineering/design) but not the actual door design, which remained with Douglas. GD's FMEA on the door identified that the door design was faulty, door blow-out likely, and the result would bmodee total aircraft loss. This was sent to Douglas long before the Applegate memo in June 1972 (to the same effect) and was not acted on. Apparently it was merely filed along with all the other routine FMEA's. Later, when pressure testing Hull No. 1 on the ground, the door blew out, the floor collapsed, and controls wrecked. Even then Douglas management blamed the chap who closed the door, had repairs done, but did not evaluate the failure mode or take corrective action. When they had Hull 2 tested, its' door failed too, so Douglas added the vent plug to the design. EVEN AFTER THESE FOUR (4) CONFIRMATIONS OF A SERIOUS DESIGN FAULT, DOUGLAS STILL DID NOT EVALUATE THIS FAILURE MODE LEADING TO LOSS OF IN-FLIGHT CONTROL OR TAKE EFECTIVE CORRECTIVE ACTION!!! Between 1973 and 1977, DC-10's suffered 180 cargo door faults, though obviously most did not result in major in-flight incidents. As of 1977, Boeing airliners (much more common that DC-10) had only 17 door faults, with none causing in-flight hazard.
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  1099.  @bazza2540  : Deadly to its' own side perhaps, but the accidents were not due to any failure of its equipment and not the fault of any of its officers and crew.
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  1100. It's sad when someone is in truth very good at what he does, tells bull dust about what he did and how good he was. Wozniak did indeed work in a minor technician role. He claims to have designed HP's scientific calculators that drove out the slide role. The engineers that did that are documented in the HP Journal. They are people such as Tom Whitney, Chung Tang, David Cochran, Ed Lilljenwall and others. Not Wozniak.
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  1101.  @stargazer5784  It was definitely an AC-style hum they added in. MIG welding with DC is a pulsating process and therefore makes a buzzing or humming sound, but it is a quite different sound, more erratic, lower in frequency. MIG welding is a pulsating process because the machine continually pushes out a thin wire (about 1 square mm cross section per 100 amps) - when the wire end contacts the job the current melts a tiny bit off the end, which cuts the current until more wire emerges and contacts the job again. But it is difficult to imagine how this would arise in a submarine battery room. There's nothing to steadily push out more wire. Stick welding with DC just makes a hissing sound as it is a continuous process.
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  1102. It is a low volume plant. The expense of modern automation probably cannot be justified, as it would be in a Western plant turning quantities 1000 times greater.. Locally competitive due to cheap labour perhaps.
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  1103.  @ryanpoulin5144  : Gee, I don't know how to answer that. I find them all fascinating. If someone offered me a job on one, I would go for it, just for the experience - maybe not a boiler room job though.
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  1104. By his accent and appearance, the border patrol officer is not of the USA. He might get deported too, when Elon's whiz-kids look up his personnel file.
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  1105. I had to smile every time Mike said the passengers were asleep in their bunks. Every time he said that, a digitally created image of the ship is shown, with every passenger cabin light ablaze. At 19:13: "urgent radio calls to the engine room ... " Huh? Wot? You can't radio inside a ship - the steel acts as a Faraday screen. Why not use the telephone system? At 26:42 Mile said the ship sunk to a depth of 600 metres. The British Royal Navy later located the wreck at a depth of 1130 metres.
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  1106. The narrator said "they can only see up to 100 feet". What? How can that be? If an eye can focus to 5 feet, it's pretty much good for infinity - same as a camera, depending on how wide thee aperture is. There cannot be a hard limit anyway. I cannot see a pea-sized object 50 feet away, but I can a car miles away, and see stars that are billions of miles away - because they are big. Anatomical studies indicate that rhino eyes are good enough to see an average small animal 600 feet away.
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  1107.  @hobo1704  The market in Australia isn't typical or stable. Government departments have been buying EV's to trial. When each trial ends, they sell off the EV's. There was an item in the news media yesterday that said that car dealers expect the market to be flooded next year as government departments have significant numbers of EV's coming up for their scheduled sale time.
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  1108.  @hobo1704  That's what the news item said. But purchasers will need to invest $15 - 18 K in a new battery fairly soon as these ex-govt fleet vehicles will have seen a lot of use.
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  1109.  @vincenzodigrande2070  : Teslas are not sold by dealers here. You order one on their website and,, eventually,, a car turns up. Dealers buying cars themselves and registering them doesn't seem a thing that a dealer would want to do, as it straightaway incurs around 30% depreciation. And there is a precedent. Years ago in Australia, a local manufacturer bought out a car called the Leyland P76. Designed by an incompetent marketing team, It was a big ugly thing powered by a motor nobody wanted, and assembled with poor quality and without any care. So the public refused to buy it. The factory kept churning them out and shipping them to dealers who parked them in nearby vacant lots. Dealers did not buy or register them - they just dumped them in vacant lots. this kept going for months, until a Leyland senior executive flew out from the parent company, shut the whole factory down and sold all the parked unregistered cars as scrap. I remember driving past a dealer and there were hundred and hundreds of unplated P76's quietly rusting away in a nearby lot - and then a few weeks later they were all gone. There is a lot of conflicting information on EV's. The RAC group, which is one of the biggest car insurers, is actively promoting EV's. Either they don't think fires are much of a problem, or they are secretly planning to raise premiums enormously and make a big profit. Their magazine arrived in my mailbox yesterday. It has statistics on car sales and ownership. It says EV's still only account for 0.4% of cars owned and registered. Looks like, even after several years of sales, EV's are only being bought by early adopters - the famous marketing term for people who will buy anything as long it is new and different.
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  1110. You can never write a policy or protocol that covers every situation. Sooner or later there will arise situations the policy/protocol author(s) hadn't thought of. A wise manager keeps the written out stuff to an absolute minimum. A wise manager or leader creates a situation/work environment where subordinate feel that if they have to make a decision on the spot outside of policy, their supervisor will support that decision, but if they make a wrong call, they better have good excuse. This is easier said than done, and is why organisations pay a lot of money to managers that can create such an environment. Not everyone can do it. Clearly Cheatle could not. It can't be done by having extra words in written policies and protocols. It is done by personal interaction and demonstrated behavior. In commercial business, we say that at every level, authority must match accountability. It seems to be a thing world wide that government organisations write lots and lots of policy and procedure documents to cover everything they can think of, so that nobody is truely accountable for anything and nobody gets fired. It seems to be the case world-wide that in private industry, very little policy and procedure stuff gets written. Instead, managers get to know their staff, and if someone turns out get things right as often as can be expected, their job is safe, but if they get things wrong too often or too seriously, they get fired.
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  1111. Found and Explained said that the Soviet Bison jet bomber was thought in the US to be able to bomb at supersonic speed. Highly unlikely - the Soviets would have to defy the laws of physics to achieve that. Perhaps he confused it with the much later M-50 Bounder, which could fly supersonically but most likely had to drop below Mach 1 to drop bombs (and never entered service except as a test bed).
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  1112.  @2015dwayne  : Agreed.
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  1113.  @2015dwayne  : Check out https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv8ffn8NpsY at 1:10. Those visible rear leaf springs - ugh!
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  1114. Re the out-takes: I won't feel as stupid now each time I forget to attach the earth clamp. Clearly Homeless has hips in perfect condition.
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  1115. What exactly is this video meant to show? The chap was told he was ok. He looks about the same age as me (about 80), has clearly gone down hill, but the questions are dead easy. He woffles. He couldn't spell d-l-R-o-w. He was given several runs at remembering the three things and got one wrong - a light became a table. With that many runs the three things should be burned into his brain. Reminds me of when my mother had a stroke which caused dementia. Medical types asked the same darn questions multiple times over several days until she got fed up with them. "What day is it? .... Please count backwards from 99? .... Who is the prime minister? etc". Always the same questions asked in the same order. Made me think the doctors were the silly ones, not my mother, who got a near perfect score but 5 minutes normal conversation revealed things were badly wrong. She thought I was my father, who died 40 years before. On being asked how she was going to get home form hospital, she replied "I'll get a taxi, it's not far." Then named the town she originally came from, in another country. Two aspects the stupid doctors didn't pick up, because they were just focused on their form questions and getting to the next patient.
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  1116.  @Batfan166  Huh? Wot?
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  1117.  @Batfan166  I am definitely human. I know I am a live human because I have cracked a tooth and it hurts when I brush. I have no way of deleting the posts of others, however the uploader can delete any post they don't like. I have had posts dissappear on other threads. YouTube seems to automatically delete for the following reasons:- You repeated very closely a post already deleted. Posts may be deleted if YT thinks it is too long. Somewhere around half a screen full. Posts may be deleted if they contain swear words; Posts may be deleted if they include links to other websites. Posts may be deleted if they contain personal information that a scammer might use. YouTube also has a bug that hides posts, which sometimes re-appear later. If you want to reply to me and you didn't violate the above criteria, try starting a new thread and include my name, so I can find it - I'll look for it tomorrow. I notice YT is now not displaying your reply that I responded with "Huh? Wot", which is just plain silly - must be a bug.
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  1118. As far as Chinese made power tools are concerned, they are all crap. In 1970 I bought a US-made Black and Decker hand held electric drill. It took me until about 1998 to wear it out. Electric rills made in China branded Makita last about 5 years. Chinese chucks are terrible the chuck keys don't fit properly and the chucks chew out the drill bit shafts. Neve had those problems with the old Black & Decker, even though it was a cheap consumer grade tool when it was sold.
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  1119.  @dlewis9760  Oops! I typed it on an old Dell laptop with a faulty keyboard. I catch most things but not all.
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  1120.  @karlharrison2449  Why not?
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  1121. Drach: I've enjoyed your informative Rum Ration videos. I have some comments on this one:- 1. In the Human Factors section at 8:52 you state that anyone can use a spanner or wrench. Don't discount this factor. My generation of males (1940's born) and the previous generation. in western countries, were familiar with spanners and tools and our primary interest as children was in mechanical things, just as today's youth are interested in computers. When I was at university doing engineering, there were a few girls on the course. The girls were smart, just as good as us males in math and physics etc, but their lack of familiarity with hand tools slowed them down considerably in lab and workshop tasks. We also had some central African chaps studying under some international aid scholarship programme - they had been plucked from native villages and sent over. They were really smart guys, the village swots, but again, their lack of familiarity with hand tools made getting the lab work done and passing some subjects difficult. Some lab setups I could get set up in under a minute could take them half an hour, simply because they had never used tools before. 2. I think you need more emphasis on Japanese culture. There is something about Japanese culture that inhibits innovation and learning from experience, and this permeates everything they did. It persists today. Every technical and management breakthough in Japanese industry has been imported - quality management, electronics, nuclear power, whatever. In WW2 this meant that they started the war with 1930's technology and military strategy, and they ended it with the same strategy. As you said, the US learnt from their experience - but in all aspects, not just damage control. 3. Just as important, if not more important, was the American way of doing intensive civilian research to find better and better ways, just because of the principle that there must be a better way, if only we go look for it. Don't wait for a problem in the field, go do research anyway. The Japanese never even thought about looking. Apart form nuclear weapons, the most notable and well known consequence of this was radar: The British thought that if only they had a compact way of generating huge amounts of pulsed ultra-high radio frequency power, they could have decent radar, and they found it in the cavity magnetron - a 1920's Japanese university invention. Which the Japanese military and military contractors remained totally ignorant of, even at the end of the war. No doubt this difference in thinking influenced damage control technology and process as well. 4. The Japanese were absurbly bad planners, in all aspects requiring planning. That's why they started a war they could not win. It's why their experienced (supposedly crack units from China) troops and officers, outnumbering the Australians by more than 4:1, most of whom had only completed half their basic training, lost in New Guinea. Because of totally incompetent planning, the Japs had no appropriate logistics and starved, were unprepared for jungle diseases, and even had death and serious illness from eating poisonous food, because their officers were too stupid to tell them not to eat it. And that sort of bad planning will have affected damage control. 5. As early post-war books such as "Destroyer Captain" by Tameichi Hara made clear, stupid at-sea drinking customs and alcoholism amongst Japanese navy officers was a serious problem. You can't expect to make immediate decisive and correct orders if you are drunk on sake or suffering from a serious hangover. Especially when an enemy is making holes in your ship and things are going rapidly bad. (In WW2 Japanese navy, a junior officer could at any time propose a toast to his superior. The superior had to accept (you and him drinking a cup of sake) and make a counter toast, or he would loose face/respect. This meant that the higher in rank a Japanese officer rose, the more alcohol he consumed each day. And if as a junior officer, you are not in the good books, what better way to avoid punishment than to arrange for you and your friends to keep making toasts and get the old so-and-so legless.)
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  1122. So, the RN blamed the British public for a particularly silly mistake. Sounds worse than the RAN, who seems to have a logical policy:- 1. If possible, blame someone who died in the accident (eg blaming the captain of Voyager for a collision with Melbourne, which was due to bad signalling code design, when he wasn't even on duty) 2. If not possible to blame a dead officer, blame a civilian supplier (eg blaming a hose pipe shop for the Westralia fire, in which they used plastic hose as high pressure fuel lines - much like going to a supermarket, buying a drinking water bottle and filling it with gasoline - then blaming the supermarket for the ensuing fire). 3. If not possible to blame a civilian, blame the lowest ranking sailor possible, even though he had no option but to follow orders.
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  1123.  @Spookieham  : Presumably you are referring to the fact that the USA was not involved militarily until December 1941. The fact is, until then the War was not a World War and had nothing to do with the USA, no more than for any other neutral on non-involved country. Britain had declared war on Germany in 1939, which was a bit like an arrogant kid in the schoolyard giving cheek to the school bully, who of course said "Want to have a go, do you? Right ho then." The other kids in the yard did not get involved, which is as it should be. Due to the pre-existing Tripartite Pact between Germany, Italy, and Japan, when Japan bombed Pearl Harbour in December 1941, that made the USA at war with all three by default. To clear the air and provide their soldier with a legal basis, the USA and Germany promptly declared war on each other simultaneously.
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  1124. Churchill was the only one available who could conceivably win the war against Germany - which is why the King sacked thee elected prime minister and put Churchill in charge. And in cajoling, persuading and tricking the USA into the War, he did win it. But Britain's greatest man? No. Absolutely not. He was a ruthless bastard who dudded the Commonwealth, particularly Australia. He developed a personal relationship with the US president, convincing the president to impose sanctions against Japan for invading China. Sanctions never seem to work but in this case the Japanese felt backed into a corner, and like a cornered rat fights hard, they started the War in the Pacific. Churchill couldn't care less, refused to arrange a proper defence of Singapore, and would not release Australian forces to defend their own country against Japan. They had to send in new recruits who had completed only half their basic training. Churchill was quite happy to allocate the Supreme Commander SE Asia job to the idiot Mountbatten, who proceeded to divide up countries - leading to the Korean and Vietnam wars, before going on to cause a vast number of deaths in India by mismanaging the partition of that country. Churchill would have known that Mountbatten was an idiot - and hence must be held responsible for the troubles Mountbatten caused. Churchill met with Stalin and the US president in the closing moments of the War and the three of them agreed to divide the world up, allocating countries between the three of them - without bothering to consult the countries and people affected. Which is why we have had so many wars since, up to and including the Ukraine war today. Churchill was a war criminal, having Bomber Harris carpet and firebomb residential and commercial areas of Germany, having little effect on Germany's willingness or capability to fight, but causing the extreme distress and death to vast numbers of civilians who had no say in the war.
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  1125. There likely never will be all the answers - because the silly nongs shot and killed the villain. If they had investigated when he appeared, they would have been able to interrogate him as to why he had gun and a range-finder, and find out why, and who supported him.
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  1126. The title is "How Castles Were Built". What we got in this video is WHY they were built - rich princes seeking to dominate their lands and protect themselves from other princes. Not a word, for example, how they decided on what foundations were required, or how well they set structural requirements to support live and dead loads.
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  1127. Finally! Cars are not all purple, and the sky (except between the telephone poles) is blue! Still got the daft repetitive sound though.
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  1128. The fact that Biden slipped on air-stairs is of no importance - lots of us have slipped at odd times. What IS significant here is that Biden did it several times - this is a clear indication of severe dementia, as a normal person would take measures to ensure it didn't happen again - better shoes, request that the stairs be given non-slip surfaces, take more care in climbing, whatever. I fell on the stairs at home at age 75 as I was distracted by something. I can assure you that NOTHING will distract mee on stairs ever again.
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  1129. A cop I know told me that part of the trouble is by the time they get to court they have come down off the drugs, are sober, and come across as quite nice and respectful. The court thinks "how can this nice lady be as bad as the say?" So if there is no criminal charge and only the resisting arrest charge and the like, they get let off.
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  1130.  @_Majoras  I seems that at least some courts are. Also, courts are overloaded with work, and may not take the time to view bodycam evidence. Also, in a lot of cases, it is actually hard to tell from bodycams just what actually happened and why. In this video you can't actually see anything that required the cop to force her on the floor. There doesn't seem any eye to eye contact, and the cop said he never got to see her face. If someone, who I was aware of but didn't look at, came up fast behind me and gabbed my arm in an underground carpark, I would react pretty violently too, as I would think he was a mugger. The cop just called out "stop"". He should have called, "Stop! Police." The cop alleged she tried to kick him, but the video doesn't show that either. Given the woman's overall behavior and record, I believe she should have been detained. And the probability is she knew he was a cop all along. Most likely she did try to kick. But her initial reaction is not necessarily proven resisting arrest and trying to kick just going on this video.
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  1131. This video is amusing. It mentioned the use of centrifugal and vacuum advance as though they were special features of VW. By the time VW production started, centrif and vacuum advance had been standard in almost all makes for years. I recall the Porsche engine had only centrif advance. The VW engine was a shocking thing, absolute rubbish. It may have been alright in 985 cc form in a little Beetle in relatively cold Germany. Here in Australia, made in 1200 cc form and larger, hot climate, they all overheated. Due to burnt valves, when Beetles were common you would hear them running rough, and when going down hills, continually popping and banging due to unburnt fuel/air mix being pumped into the exhaust. A large company I worked for bought a fleet of 1600 cc Kombis. We typically loaded them to approaching the certified weight limit, as any business would. The result of this commercial service at Australian speed limits was engines ruined in as short as one year. I remember visiting the service garage we had a contract with. Down one side of the shop they had a row of about 20 partly dissassembled VW engines - all showing clear signs of overheating. Because of the boxer layout, the engines when new were very smooth. Drivers used to think they were ok at low revs, and use too high a gear, causing bearing damage. If you kept the revs up high, it would be very noisy, but the engines would last longer. Until about 5-10 years ago you still saw Kombis occaisonally. Survival of the fittest - they all had large external forward-facing air scoops the owners fitted to get more air flow over the engine, to try and keep it a bit cooler. VW scrimped on wiring. It was quite normal to see Beetles at night with one headlight much dimmer than the other. Other 6 volt cars did not show this trouble.
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  1132. I have watched Cameron's Titanic; the Final Word. It is very interesting. But nowhere in the 99 minute show is there any claim that the hull imploded. The only time the word "imploded" is used is when one of the experts featured thought that one or more rooms might have imploded. In fact, the theory on the rear section presented in Cameron's film is that the water streaming past the hull tore of bits of it, and when the rear section hit the bottom, the dynamic pressure from the inertia of the water in the rear section's wake finished the rear section off by blowing off the sides. Mike, you have made a straw-man argument. Shame on you.
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  1133. He's a lot better in this video than he was in the first one - but he still says things that are wrong. Getting roughly the right answer doesn't necessarily mean you have a full and correct understanding of the details. Ordinary electrical tradesmen routinely apply Ohm's Law, though very very few could explain or derive it, just as anyone can competently drive a car without knowing engine thermodynamics. He's getting closer to understanding that in a DC or low frequency AC circuit the fields outside the wires have nothing to do with conveyance of energy from battery to bulb. But he still said things like the current propagates at the speed of light. No it doesn't, because any wire has inductance and capacitance to something, which he seems to have sort of appreciated later in the video. He's gone down a rabbit hole in saying that the electrons in a conductor are driven along by an internal field in a conductor, which is correct. The internal field is possible because practical conductors have resistance. But you can, with a bit of cooling, have a superconductor - there is no resistance and no internal field then. But those electrons, having kinetic energy, still can convey energy from a source to a load, just the same - if the source is a DC source (and in practice a low frequency AC source). He's glossed over that the rise on voltage across his resistor was not just a simple step to the final (steady state) value - there was a an early small step due to the parallel line's characteristic impedance that he seems to have focused on. Actually, there will be a series of steps converging on the final full voltage, due to energy reflected at the short circuits at the ends of his two transmission lines, so a packet of energy goes back and forth until losses absorb it - its just that his experimental method does not resolve all the steps. He goes on about wireless charging of battery powered devices - but this has absolutely nothing to do with whether of not energy in a simple circuit is conveyed by the electrons or not, it is merely an example of a specialised power transformer. Current (which MUST be AC) forced to flow in one winding sets up an oscillating magnetic field inducing a voltage in another winding. Here is a thought experiment for you: Imagine a vacuum, and inside it a hot cathode, which emits electrons in all directions (thermionic emission), as electrons in a conductor have an average speed that increases with temperature, but with a statistical distribution of speed, so some of the faster electrons have enough kinetic energy to escape the positive electric field from the atom nuclei. Once these electrons escape, they keep on going. Now, imagine a sphere nearby with a small hole in it, surrounding the cathode. Electrons that happen by chance to to leave the cathode in the direction of the hole pass right through it. Connect the plate via a return wire to the cathode, otherwise other electrons hitting the sphere will build up a charge on it. Now, back to the electrons passing through the hole. They are now not subject to any applied electric field, but they will keep on going, as they have mass and inertia. Does this flow of electrons constitute a current? Yep, it sure does. Can it deliver energy to a remote conductor? Yep - it sure can. Even if the mean distance between electrons is sufficient to make inter-electron electric field interaction negligible. Because each electron carries a little bit of kinetic energy (obtained from the heat applied to the cathode in this case), as it has mass and velocity.
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  1134.  @robertnicholson7733  ; I can only speculate, though with some certainty. The Pennine and the Exe are really the same engine in different sizes. Intended for commercial heavy transport use they were air cooled to reduce maintenance costs. Maintaining closely to a design operating temperature is more difficult than with liquid cooling - possibly some engineer decided to pay safe and use sleeve valves. The Eagle series of engines originated back before sodium filled poppet valves became available. Design on the Exe started in the mid 1930's - when the industry was in transition from plain stellite poppets to sodium filled poppets. Basic features eg inline, V, X, etc type of cooling, type of valves get set early in the design process as once decided, changing basically means starting all over again. No more aircraft engines with poppets or sleeves came from Rolls Royce after these because Rolls Royce changed to making jet engines. The Merlin & Griffin were as good as is possible - so close to the theoretical maximum thermodynamic efficiency you couldn't make a better piston aircraft engine to run on 100 octane juice now.
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  1135. Basically a story typical of Britain: Wasting a vast amount of taxpayer money at a contractor not up to the job resulting in a useless product. And people wonder why the Government finally woke up and essentially canned the British aircraft industry. From the Comet to the TSR-2 the Govt had had enough. Up to WW2, it was the wood and piston driven propeller age and any competent engineer could come up with progressively evolved aircraft with not much cost. But in the jet supersonic age only superpower countries - the USA and USSR - had the money and brainpower to do the breakthrough job required. And even they had problems and set backs.
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  1136.  @toonmag50  : Ah, the Concorde - one of the silliest, money burning projects ever. A dangerous aeroplane that cost 30 times per seat mile than anything else. Although the Concorde wasn't ready for service until the mid-1970's, it dates back to a design began in 1954 - the same year as the Bristol 188. Linking up with the French to make it created some political inertia to keep the project going, as the flagship project (almost the only project) of BAC, the company the resulted from all the forced mergers of the various lame duck British aerospace manufacturers. A sort of political "none of these turkeys can do any good, so let's force them all into one big goose outfit" government decision.
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  1137.  @toonmag50  Explanation as requested: Actually, I'm Australian, father German descendant, mother immigrant from England. You are right - I do have a negative attitude to British firms like most Australians. That comes from experience. We put up with shoddy British goods until the arrival of Japanese goods in the 1960's. The quality was a revelation, considering the low price and on-time delivery. However, the disgraceful waste of tax payer funds by the British Govt on a whole succession of aerospace projects that never met any practical purpose is a separate issue very well known and written up, even in Britain. That includes things like the Brue Streak missile, sent out to Australia for testing in our desert. The only part of it that worked well was the engine, built by Rolls Royce exactly to drawings purchased from an American firm. The abandoned huge concrete launch pad is still out there in our desert. British incompetence includes things like the Bristol Brabazon (a monstrous slow noisy propeller airliner, obsolete before it was even drawn, designed and built to a completely pointless British Govt specification. Not a single one sold. It includes things like the Comet - designed and built by a firm without any competence in jet transports - lots of crashes due to things failing under presurisation and rapidly withdrawn form service. You said Britain had the technology and interest. The interest perhaps, although inertia and foolhardiness is a more accurate term. But technology they did NOT have. The Comet was a clear example: DeHaviland engineers, not having any experience, thought that making a pressurised airliner was just a matter of calculating enough strength in the hull. But, as the Americans had known for years and years, that's not by any means the full story. You have to make things like radio antennae that penetrate the hull strong enough too. They didn't, and Comets crashed because of it.
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  1138.  @toonmag50  : That's quite true, and I alluded to it in my original comment. The difference is, as I said, the Americans (and the Russians) were big enough to spend what it took and get it eventually right. Britain did not, and shouldn't have tried. Here is an oft-repeated humorous story that has a great deal of truth in it: At the end of World War 2, Germany was overrun by Russian troops for the east, and American troops from the west. Britain kind of tagged along no doing much. The upshot was that the Yanks captured the German aerospace design engineers and boffins. The Russians captured the technicians and manufacturing experts. Britain didn't get anybody. Hence the Russians were able to quickly get a successful jet age and rocket industry up and running. The Yanks, with all the boffins, got off to a slow start but with the German brains were able to get ahead. Britain, with no boffins, and no technicians, got nowhere.
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  1139.  @toonmag50  : Wrong again, sport! A few Germans (as with other Europeans) came over as refugees immediately post-war, but West Germany soon rose up economically, and not many came out then. Most Australians of German heritage, as am I on father's side, are 4th generation Australians - great grandparents came out here 1870's - 1890's. But we have vast numbers of immigrant Poms. Huge numbers came out in the 1960's. British goods = shoddy, delivered late. That's why the British aircraft industry is pretty much gone (how many BAC aircraft do you see in service? Only a few. Boeing etc everywhere), British car industry gone, British electronics industry gone, Textile industry gone. All gone due to shoddy goods delivered late. And its a crime. During WW2, British industry learnt, by necessity, to improve quality, as did every other country involved. When the War was over, businesses said, well great, we can use our wartime experience to make better products. Old jobs went but new ones were created. But not Britain. Britain was unique. The British said, great the War's over, we can relax and resume our old ways and give Fred his job back. Go and read old industry magazines and professional journals and you'll see this. That's why, pre-war, Britain was a huge exporter, but not for long after.
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  1140. The old gut on the right says that things got worse for poor people due to welfare reforms in America - which seems to be true. He quoted an indicator: hearing gun shots and riots. He says the same thing happened in Britain, where race is not an issue as they have poor whites - which seems to be true. But we have welfare laws in Australia and haven't had these problems. No gunshots, no riots. Same with Sweden and many other countries. The USA is a special case due to three things, most important first: 1. No gun control - adhering to the nonsensical position that every one has the right to own and carry a gun; 2) drugs uncontrolled; 3) a high level of racism. Britain is a special case because it is economically depressed.
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  1141. So, it seems from this video that Mr Felton thinks that Britain stopping a war crime trial of Gerd von Rundstedt, who was in it up his neck in killing Jewish people because he thought it a good idea, is ok, but in Mr Felton's other recent video, he thought MacArthur's blocking of a war crime trial of Hirohito, who didn't know which way was up and only knew what court officials told him, was not ok. Oh, I see, Hirohito was Japanese - that makes him evil and guilty. Incidentally, "von" is German for "of" or "from". So Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt, or his father, etc is from the estate or district of Rundstedt. Continually calling him "von Rundstedt" is much like calling Mark Felton "from Colchester" without his name (should Colchester be the correct location). The guy featured should only be cited as his full name, or "Gerd von Rundstedt".
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  1142.  @fugslayernominee1397  : Which news article? It means nothing unless you give the publication title and date, so I and anyone else can verify it.
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  1143. Mike gives the Asturia's engine power as 10.000 hp each. they were actually 7500 BHP or shaft horsepower, and is the figure that should be used when estimating speed or comparing with turbine. The 10,000 figure is the INDICATED power ie the power delivered to the pistons. Mike states that Lord Kylsant erred in choosing diesel engines. This is not the case, he erred in requiring a low speed (18 knots), not anticipating competition. The engineers could have designed in and installed three diesel engines instead of two. And/or installed more cylinders. Note that power required for any given hull rises as to the third power of speed, so the power required to achieve 22 knots would be 2 x 7500 x (22 /18)^3 ie 27,300 shaft HP., almost a doubling.
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  1144.  @OceanlinerDesigns  Accoding to the references I consulted, eg Nicol's book, Kylsant only wanted 18 knots. in any case it is still true that he could have had more speed with diesels, PROVIDED he told the engineers, who would then have allocated space for a third engine, or more cylinders on 2 engines. if Shipbuilder said the engines were 10,000 IHP, then Shipbuilder was correct, But you used that figure incorrectly wrt your context. As i said, when comparing diesels with steam turbine, you need to compare apples with apples, which is shaft horsepower - which is termed brake horsepower by internal combustion men. Asturia's diesels were 7500 shaft horsepower. As you said in your video, once a ship is designed and built, it is very hard to change engine room configuration. We may presume they found it easier to put turbines in rather than a third diesel, which would need a third shaft and prop, a new stern etc.
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  1145.  @Inferno-Dante  Why would you think that? The Queen decided early on that her children should get a regular education rather than tutors as royalty had always had before. Charles was sent to Timbertop school in Australia instead of a high school in Britain. There are two particular attributes of Timbertop as it was at the time: 1) it was isolated, preventing the press from keeping an eye on Charles; 2) it was the sort of discipline school that rich folk sent their dumb kids, too dumb to succeed at college, to so that they could learn a degree of independence and leadership, ready to take over the family firm under advice from a comprador/right hand man. Over the years since, Charles has spoken on various subjects, often saying stupid things.
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  1146.  @kamillugha893  : When I was doing a bachelor of engineering course at university, I tutored an African student who was doing a diploma course in electronics technology at a trade school. He was forced to learn some worthless topics for which the only available text book was one written by the trade school teacher. At least at my university, teaching staff specifying or using textbooks they had themselves written was considered unethical. Not one of the 50 or so specified books were locally written. Some of the staff had written books but if they were specified in a course, it was a course not taught at that university.
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  1147.  @weightlifting_socialist  : Fair enough. Though, as an engineer, I recognise that we engineers follow in the trails blazed by the physicists, but the physicists don't seem to acknowledge that we engineers have more talents.
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  1148. The US authorities had to have a go at VW, because they had already jumped on US engine maker Caterpillar. If they hadn't, the US industry would have screamed blue murder. For those that don't know, certain Cat engines could not meet emission requirements when idling, as combustion temperatures were too low. So they programmed the engine management computer to shut down half the cylinders during idle, so that the operating cylinders worked harder and got up to temperature. The engines cycled in and out of this mode. After getting approval and selling the engines, owners complained about what they thought was misfiring, so Cat quietly instructed its dealers on how to defeat the cylinder shutdown. This of course meant the engines no longer met emissions standards. This was a very minor breach compared to what VW did.
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  1149. She keeps scratching and playing with her hair. Signs of not just being drunk, she's in withdrawal from some nasty drug. Halucinating insects in the hair is pretty common with druggies. Or perhaps she hasn't had a bath or shower for a month. She's so addled she can't talk, but seems aware of what's happening.
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  1150. Its ratings winning stupidity, but as for conducting themselves professionally, it is a disgrace. Zelensky, who has right on his side, allowed himself to be outmaneuvered and bullied by Trump and did not get his points home. Trump just showed how to be a bully and made reaching an end to the war in an equitable what harder. Presidents should allow their professional negotiators to thrash thing out behind closed doors and only meet to sign whatever has already been settled.
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  1151. The situation is different now. One of the reasons for European union was to make a trading block to complete against a flood of cheap Japanese imports - and now, cheap Chinese imports. Britain is in the same boat. It didn't work that well, though.
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  1152.  @throwback19841  You must have been a very bad boy.
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  1153. Basically, the Dymaxion is a Ford Model A being driven backwards. The engine is in the back facing the back and driving the standard Model A differential & rear axle assembly installed upside down in the front to drive the front wheels. To have the front wheels steer you would have to completely redesign the car.
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  1154.  @jackalenterprisesofohio  It's quite unlikely we would be speaking Japanese, because a major factor in the US imposing crippling trade sanctions on Japan was Churchill's campaigning for US sanctions. It was these sanctions that caused Japan to start the War in the Pacific. Further, without being heavily committed to fighting in Europe, if Japan had attacked, she would have been crushed much more quickly. Without US support, Hitler would have conquered Britain. But that may not have been the end of it as Hitler had always planned to attack the USSR, and the USSR then had a policy of world domination by force. The USSR would have won against Germany - after all its contribution in WW2 far outweighed the US. So today we might all be speaking Russian.
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  1155. That crocodile has stood the test of time! Several episodes now and Homeless still hasn't de-squeaked it.
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  1156.  @willarddevoe5893  : You remain very wrong. Ford was in Australia long before WW2 and MacArthur, beginning assembly of cars and trucks in 1925. Philco has never had a presence nor marketed in Australia. Boeing airplanes became common in Australia after WW2 and MacArthur gone - and they have been very good airplanes. Martin pretty much unknown in Australia. GM commenced manufacturing cars and trucks in Australia in 1948, after MacArthur long gone, and at the invitation and enticement by the Australian government, and quickly became the most popular brand due to their comfort, reliability, and low cost. As I and others has posted, MacArthur was not perfect, especially in Korea when he was quite old. But he was in fact a very very good commander. He had a sense of his own destiny (or as might be put, a swelled head), but his strategy for fighting the Japanese (leap frogging), and the post war reconstruction of Japan and reform of its government and recasting of the emperor was brilliant. And, by the way, done against the opinions of senior generals in the US and Australian forces, and politicians in US and Australia. He proved them all wrong. He suppressed the communists in Japan and kept the Russians out. Yes, America's might would have prevailed in WW2 without MacArthur - after all he was in command of only an area allocated to him - a fraction of the Pacific region. But he ran that area very well.
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  1157.  @willarddevoe5893  : Will do. I was not aware of this book. I've just done a bit of googling on it and it has excellent reviews.
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  1158. So why were the glands much easier to undo than Kurtis expected? Because the other guy, the incompetent mechanic, undid them to see if any metal shavings were inside. But he only just looked at the ends and didn't take the piston rod out like Kurtis did. So he put the glands back on and buggered off, hoping he won't get called back.
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  1159. This Engineering Explained guy has no idea what he is talking about. Why is he talking about things he is NOT competent on? The main reason why a diesel engine is dramatically better in thermodynamic efficiency is because as the fuel is not injected until combustion start (just before TDC), pre-ignition/pinging is not possible and it can have a much higher compression ratio. Its also more efficient because the air is not throttled as it must be in a spark ignition engine, which operates stochiometrically (fuel and air in chemical balance). Diesel is even more efficient because high degree of turbo boost can be used - again because pre-ignition is not possible. Turbocharging doesn't just give you more power - it gives better fuel efficiency because it recovers energy from the exhaust and returns it to the intake air. That's why all modern diesel engines are turbo boosted (except for certain applications eg fire pumps and where sudden large increases in load occur) but spark ignitions are seldom turbo boosted, and when they are, either the turbo is effectively disabled a lot of the time, or the compression ratio is made low, or both. In gasoline engines, compression ratio is limited by the onset of pinging, but in a diesel there is no real limit. But there is an optimum in diesel engines - above about 15:1 to 16:1 you get friction losses and especially heat lost to coolant rising progressively faster. Now, in a HCCI engine, you can have somewhat high compression cf traditional gasoline engines if fuel and other factors permit, but you still have throttled air intake and limited ability to turbo boost. Hence its efficiency may be better than a spark ignition engine, but can't be as good as a diesel. Modern turbo diesel engines are so close to the maximum theoretical efficiency for any piston engine, taking into account heat lost to exhaust and coolant, plus friction, running ancillaries such as oil and coolant pumps, there is virtually no scope for useful improvement. (theory about 54%, practical about 49-51% except for very small engines.) But there's more: While a spark ignition engine is only about half as efficient as a diesel at full power, in most applications (especially car & light truck), most of the time the engine operates at a fraction of full output. A diesel retains high efficiency at low power settings, but a spark ignition engine does not. A HCCI engine will share this disadvantage of spark ignition. If combustion occurs simultaneously throughout the combustion space, then there is little opportunity for turbulence to increase the conduction of heat into the metal surfaces. So, this implies a small increase in efficiency, but it also means an increase in peak temperatures, not less as this guy claimed. I could cite even more, but you get the picture - this guy just doesn't know the subject.
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  1160.  @royale7620  Says who on which point? That Taiwan is a tiny nation compared to China? Even 10-year-old schoolboys know that is true. That Chiang was corrupt? That's has been written in a vast number of books, including Jung Chang's very detailed book on modern Chinese history "Mao" - which is anti-Mao, but shows how Mao outwitted Chiang at every turn.. Extremely corrupt leaders like Chiang can't run large countries or provinces for any length of time because their corruption turns them into dictators as they have to suppress objectors to their corruption, unless they are really cunning like Mao, who was corrupt too, but nowhere near as corrupt as Chiang, or absolutely ruthless like Hitler - and he came unstuck didn't he? Sure Chiang had an entourage. Almost any tin pot rich guy does. Ordinary millionaire businessmen do - their flunkies and yes-men. The reason why Staiin decided to back Mao - and he never liked Mao, as Mao thought for himself and loyal only to himself - was because Stalin's advisors informed Stalin that Chiang was an idiot, and that Mao was cunning enough and strong enough to eventually prevail anyway - might as well have some influence on the side most likely to win.
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  1161. this reminds me of my wife. she was given ketamine in hospital to reduce pain from her operation. She didn't like ketamine at all. It made her feel sick. But street kids buy it from crooked vetinary surgeons. It is a mystery why.
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  1162. Hardly a Brexit. Brexit imposed profound economic effects and weakened both Britain and Europe vis-a-vis Russia. This vieo is not very factual, hardly surprising given it uses Sky News as a reference. For example, contrary to what this video said, the Yes Vote was highest in areas where aboriginals made up the greater fraction of population.
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  1163. Mr Mentour thinks jumbos solved an airport congestion problem. I guess he must be referring to runway timeslot allocation. At the airport near me, every time an A380 and a 747 land, the streets around are just about grid-locked for an hour. Its a real pain to spend a few hours in a cramped aircraft and then find that when you have got off and collected your baggage, and you are tired, you can't leave the airport for an hour. More flights in smaller aircraft would allow the ground flow to operate much more efficiently even with the same number or more of bums on seats per day. I don't think it is correct to say Boeing read the market and THEN designed the 747 to fill the market need. Like other Boeing aircraft, the original 747 design and engineering work was done to fill a USAF requirement, on a USAF design contract. They didn't get the production contract, but they still had a design that could be easily amended to be a civil airliner.
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  1164. I hope that's a 6-pole motor, 1,500 RPM, not 3,000 RPM, or the grinding wheel will be driven well in excess of it's safe speed. A three-horse motor seems excessive for this application. After some practice, I have found it easy to do nice continuous welds on 1.6 mm sheet mild steel with no fear of burn-throughs. I use 0.6 mm dia MIG wire and Argoshield Light. Welder is a Transmig 185 invertor type.
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  1165.  @OnTheRoadAgain-S  Not much of an electrical engineer then. 4-pole 1500 RPM would be a single phase motor - single phase induction motors being actually 2 phase, with a capacitor to shift the timing of one phase Kurtis said it is a three-phase motor. Three phase 1500 RPM motors have 6 poles as 2 poles per phase are needed.
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  1166.  @Paul-FrancisB  The rule is 3,000/speed per phase. This is a 3-phase motor, so 3,000/1500 x 3 = 6 poles. (or for American viewers with 60Hz power, 1,800 RPM 3 phase requires 6 poles.)
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  1167.  @Paul-FrancisB  Well, instead of posting well outside your area of competence, go read a book on induction motors first. Half speed needs 2 poles per phase. Look up what "capacitor run" means, which will help you understand why single phase motors are actually constructed as 2 phase and thus need 4 poles to turn at half speed. Induction motors work because the field (stator) windings produce a rotating magnetic field which drags the rotor around. To get the magnetic field to rotate at half speed, you need double the number of field windings, ie poles.
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  1168.  @OnTheRoadAgain-S  A single phase induction motor for the class of service here (ie not low power shaded pole types for instance), has 2 run windings, not a main winding and a start winding. That is, both windings, .i.e., both internal phases, are energised the whole time the motor is running. A capacitor, termed a RUN capacitor, is used to offset the phase of one of the windings so as to produce a rotating field. However the phase offset is not usually made ideal, since it doesn't need to be. For applications requiring a higher starting torque, an additional capacitor, the START capacitor is switched in and taken out by a centrifugal switch once the motor is nearly up to speed. Readers of this thread can make their own mind up as to who has relevant experience and who doesn't. On the internet, anybody can claim to be anything.
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  1169.  @Paul-FrancisB  Oh stop it. You know perfectly well that I equated windings with poles, since each pole must have a winding. As to your question - you can't. So what. This thread should close. I don't think it helps Kurtis any, or anyone inspired by Kurtis to make a similar tool post grinder, beyond a warning that he may be about to operate a grinding wheel well beyond it's safe speed if the motor is a nominal circa 3,000 RPM type. The sort of wheel shown in his video typically has a maximum permitted speed around 4,000 RPM and he has a speed increase in his pulleys.
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  1170.  @Paul-FrancisB  You make things up. At no time did I ever mention slots, thus there was never presented any confusion between slots and poles or windings. I'm well aware Kurtis proposes to use a VFD to get user variable speed. But there is always a risk of human error or an accidental setting to maximum speed - then turning on could result in bits of grinding wheel flying through the air at great speed. There are ways of mitigating this risk. Most likely Kurtis has this in hand - meanwhile there is nothing wrong with a warning, as others have done in other threads. A belt-change system instead of a VFD would not mitigate this risk - one might forget to change the belt pulleys before turning on. Note too that others, who don't have Kurtis's experience, may be inspired to copy his design, probably in a smaller version but still potentially hazardous. Its like the chuck key risk - you would have to be a complete retard to not know that starting a lathe with the chuck key in place can severely injure or kill you, or damage the lathe. Never the less, it can and has happened, so most people have a mitigation strategy, usually a receptacle for the chuck key with a microswitch that locks out the power if the key is not stowed. (Modern lathes now come with an interlock shield. that can't be closed with the key in the chuck, but most of us don't like them and replace them with key stowage interlocks.)
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  1171.  @OnTheRoadAgain-S  I haven't changed the subject - that's what you and Paul Francis did. I started this thread with a warning to Kurtis, and others who may duplicate his design, that if his motor is a nominal 3,000 RPM type (actual rotation is slightly less than synchronous speed of course, about 2900 RPM on load is typical), his installation is unsafe due to accidental overspeed of the grinding wheel, noting of course that if his motor has more poles, it may be a 1,500 RPM type, and then the hazard is markedly reduced. It could be a nominal 1,000 or 750 RPM type, but such motors are quite rare outside specialist applications. Nothing that has been said in this thread shows this warning to be invalid. Your second last sentence seems to indicate you are confused or made a typing error. An induction motor can of course have as many magnetic poles as desired - in order to get a low rotation speed without the expense of a gear box. Sure, this thread can end. That's up to you.
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  1172.  @OnTheRoadAgain-S  This thread is about whether Kurtis is doing something unsafe. You are thee one who changes the subject, and changed it again by mentioning asynchronous motors. which are a quite different sort that I never mentioned in this thread. All this arguing about poles and things I never mentioned eg slots has little to with the safety of Kurtis's shop-made tool post grinder, except that the more poles his motor has, the lower the maximum possible RPM and the safer it will be. Any one who is interested need not take any notice of me, you, or anyone else who posts - and really they shouldn't since they don't know who we are or what our bona fides are - any twit can post. With or without assistance from AI. What they should do is consult a book on electric motors. I can recommend D V Richardson's book "Rotating Electric Machinery and Transformer Technology" 1978, which was a standard first year text when I went to University. Discussion on polyphase induction motors is in chapters 18 & 19. There are no doubt a wealth of later authoritive books just as clear. I see little point in continuing to argue about poles etc in this thread as it is little help to Kurtis and other machinists. I agree this silly argument should stop.
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  1173. Sen Kennedy had probably done his pre-hearing digging and decided they had never said or done anything bad, and had done good work, except the one who got grilled.
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  1174.  @peterbrongers  Mountbatten was given those high status jobs because he was royal or if you like because of his connections. The real Elizabeth was apparently very fond of him, but he was certainly not highly respected, in part because of incompetence and in part because of his sexual perversions and his wife's sexual carrying on with different people, which he did nothing about. He was in fact not very bright, and generally went about those high status jobs in an incompetent way. Mountbatten was responsible for a vast number of deaths in India because of the terrible way he handled partition. As SAC SE Asia, he split Korea and Vietnam each into two, thus setting them up for the Korean and Vietnam wars later. A clear indication of how dim-witted Mountbatten was, was that on meeting Stalin at a war coordination conference, he told Stalin that he (Mountbatten) was a distant cousin of the Russian royal family and would like to visit them when the war is over. As you can imagine, Stalin's reaction was "interesting". In case you don't know, Stalin's predecessor had the Russian royals all shot, so they could never cause trouble. His dimness did have one benefit though. In the 1920's he was put in charge of the Royal Navy school for radio technicians (then known as wireless telegraphy and telephony). He was unable to understand the textbooks, and made the instructors write new ones in simple language so that he could. These became known as the Admiralty Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony and three generations of military and civilian radio techs were raised on it. I have a copy - it is indeed easy to understand for such a highly technical subject. Churchill always regarded Asia as unimportant. Making Mountbatten SAC SE Asia was Churchill's way of keeping Mountbatten away from anything important while keeping face with the royal family. Pretty much the same strategy as when Churchill sent the incompetent general in charge of forces in North Africa to command India instead. The strategy means you don't have to affect public morale in letting them see that the men in charge have been fools. Britain seems to have had a habit of appointing upper class fools as First Sea Lord and hoping they don't meddle too much. The wartime Dudley Pound comes to mind.
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  1175. Mr Felton says that the Japanese were afraid that the US would bomb Japan just like they were bombing Germany. They had every reason to be. The bombing of Germany had two parts: a) more or less random bombing at night by the British, which caused the German population a great deal of inconvenience but had little effect on Germany's ability or will to fight, and b) daylight strategic bombing by the US. This crippled Germany's ability to fight, because the bombing was targetted and precise. The US could do this because they had the Norden precision computing bombsight, and they knew where the significant targets were - they had input from this like looking up the German phone books through to active spies. With Japan, the US had no in place spies, not phone books, etc, so they just carpet bombed everything. They totally wrecked the place. Much has been said about the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, but other cities were just about as much wrecked by conventional bombing.
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  1176.  @mikemines2931  : So the wind .... True. It is well documented that Hitler initially directed that the Luftwaffe hit military targets only. However, when it became obvious that the British were hitting just about anything, he changed his direction and allowed reprisals. The Germans started the war very confident and chivalrous. Their confidence was justified, except that Hitler was incompetent as a leader. Once the Americans joined the fight in Dec 1941, Germany had no hope of winning. I've said that Britain's willy-nilly bombing of German civilian targets had no great effect on Germany ability and will to wage war. The same applied to Germany's attack on civilian targets in Britain - inflicted much suffering but had not much effect on Britain's ability to fight but tended to increase their will to fight. War is nasty. It gets really nasty when the participants get desperate. Incidentally, my mother was a Londoner, but my father was of German heritage - my uncles fought on the German side, but my father fought as an Australian soldier against the Italians and the Japanese. After it was over, he assisted in war crime evidence gathering, then participated in the occupation of Japan. So I've heard about WW2 from from all sorts of perspectives. When I was about 12, my father said to me "Do you know what a war-crime is? Something the loosing side did." Meaning that the loosers get tried and punished, but the winners just get things covered up. Over the years and much reading, I've come to realise how true that is.
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  1177. "The free medical care is free of care." Bad food. Sharing a room with people you don't know. Sounds just like the free Medicare system here in Australia - except he didn't mention the long wait times (you can wait a year or more for an operation) that we have. Sounds like the Soviet system is pretty good. Of course we have the option of paying for it, termed "private care", in which case you get much better care and no waiting.
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  1178. A turbine input of 9 Lb/in^2 absolute cannot be correct. It is not the absolute bit that’s wrong, it’s the amount. It is likely a reporter’s error in the reference Mike cited. I show why below. An engineer would get an accurate picture by consulting standard steam tables and a lot of math too complex to show in a YouTube post. However there are some online steam plant calculators based on accurate math that we can use. The best and easiest to use is the US Department of Energy’s Steam System Modular Tool Steam Turbine Calculator. To use this calculator we need to enter:- # the steam mass flow rate, # turbine input steam pressure and temperature, and # the outlet pressure. # the turbine thermodynamic (isentropic ie assume no heat or mass loss) efficiency. The DoE calculator calculates the power output and the temperature of the steam at the turbine outlet. The DoE calculator also electrical generator efficiency as in input, because these days the main application of steam turbines is power stations. Since we only want shaft power, set this to 100%. Harland & Wolf never disclosed the mass flow. However www.titanicology.com shows how it can be calculated from the published reciprocating input pressure, HP cylinder volume and RPM – 6200 Lb/min, i.e., 372 kLb/hr. [Note, Titanic’s boiler capacity, 260 Lb/min per boiler, exceeded this by about 17% – due to the need to clean boilers while underway and to feed electricity generators and auxiliaries. So Titanicology’s estimate is reasonable. A reasonable value for a large low pressure turbine thermodynamic efficiency is 80%. The outlet pressure is no problem, it is 1 Lb/in^2 absolute i.e., -13.7 PSIG , an entirely typical condenser operating point at that time. We are told by The Shipbuilder special edition that the input pressure is 9 PSIA i.e., -5.7 PSIG but it gave no temperature. This doesn't matter, we can just try progressively higher temperatures until no condensation occurs in the turbine. Steam condensing within a turbine would cause serious problems – blade erosion, loss of efficiency, vibration due to unsteady flow conditions. It cannot be allowed. The DoE calculator shows that 385 F just avoids condensation with 9 Lb/in^2 absolute input, producing a shaft output of 14 megawatts i.e., 18,800 HP. It can’t of course be as high as 385 F as that is close to boiler temperature. We need to change another parameter. There is little scope for changing the output pressure, increasing it to 2 Lb/in^2 absolute only drops the required input temperature to 319 F – still way too high. Let’s try an input of +9 PSIG, with all other values unchanged. This time we get a warning that there must be water in the inlet, for all temperatures up to 238 F. We can’t accept that, as it would hydraulic lock the reciprocating engines and wreck them. So +9 PSIG cannot be right. And 238 F is still too high to allow the reciprocating engines to work at proper reduction. Trying a turbine input of -2.8 PSIG (11.9 PSIA) in the DoE calculator, with 202 F, we don’t get condensation in the turbine or reciprocating engines. The calculator then gives us 12.0 MW i.e., 16,100 HP. Say 16,000 HP allowing for friction etc. Conclusion: - # A turbine input of 9 Lb/in^2 absolute is possible but not in Titanic as it requires a steam temperature almost as high as the boiler output. # Neither can 9 Lb/in^2 gauge be right, as that would mean heavy condensation in the reciprocating engines, causing rapid catastrophic damage. # A turbine input of 11.9 Lb/in^2 at 202 F is compatible with Titanic’s plant, does not give condensation in either the turbine or the reciprocating engines, and produces a turbine shaft output of 16,000 HP, which is correct. In practice, we would want a safety margin against condensation, operate the turbine with an input of 204 F. Perhaps the reporter for The Shipbuilder magazine wrote down 9 when he should have wrote 11.9.
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  1179. Only an American would give the weight of something as "two SUV's", rather than just say the elephant weighs 5 to 6 tonnes. Only Americans are frightened of the metric system. Only Americans buy SUV's big enough to weigh 3 tonnes each. Only an American would state the rhino horn is 5 feet long when the whole animal is only 6 feet tall at most.
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  1180. Why are nearly all cars purple? I don't think that would have been the case. If you were to compare a typical suburban street in Australia of the same time period, you would see that Australia was very poor, third world, in comparison. Nice street in Burbank, lots of trees, various house styles that look nice, lots of garages for cars. When I was a child in Australia (1950's), our house had no electricity, as was the case with most in the street. Only one house in our area had a phone - when someone took sick, a kid was sent to run to the house with a phone to ask them to ring for a doctor or ambulance (which took 30 minutes to come). Gravel roads everywhere, only 30 km from a capital city. Now, Australia has caught up, we have everything, and our road surfaces (bitumen) are much better maintained than the roads in this video. America has not improved.
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  1181.  Hector Hernandez  : Yes it was - it shows you what the place was like back then. I assume from the poor roads this was not a particularly well to do town, just middle income, but the houses and trees are very nice.
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  1182.  Hector Hernandez  : Yes it was - it shows you what the place was like back then. I assume from the poor roads this was not a particularly well to do town, just middle income, but the houses and trees are very nice.
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  1183. I should have pointed out that the washed out smoky appearance of the sky indicates that ortho film was used. Of course, it could have been an overcast day.
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  1184. I meant to add: .. but its not overcast , because the shadows are distinct.
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  1185. Who is the twerp in this video? He talks utter nonsense. He seems to think that because large numbers of white children in Britain were taken from their mothers and transported to orphanages in Australia, that makes it right that aboriginal children were taken. But neither was the right thing to do, both were very wrong things to do. Children so taken. white and black, were supposed to be given a white standard education - but they were given very substandard education. Any two-bit developmental psychologist will tell you that we learn how to take care of our children from how our parents took care of us - and the mass transfer of children took away that link, so that their children are severely disadvantaged. My mother worked for many years in an orphanage dedicated to kids who for whatever reason had no living parents. It was run on traditional dormitory lines, boys in boy dormitory buildings and girls in girl dormitory buildings, and a common large kitchen. Fights and general bad behavior was the norm, and the orphanage kids never mixed with kids outside, never finished high school, only got menial jobs. Around 1975 the orphanage board decided to scrap the dormitories and common kitchen, and changed to a system of more or less normal size houses, each run by a husband and wife. Typically the husband had a job outside. Each house was allocated 4 or 5 children, of mixed ages and both sexes. The improvement in behavior was huge. The kids mixed with other kids from normal families, finished high school, some went to higher education, and they got a mix of jobs just as any young people do. Ad when they got married, they knew how to raise their own kids.
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  1186.  @GWAYGWAY1  The thing about Kurtis is he knows how to do a top quality job with the right gear and the right processes - he also knows when to tell the customer the item is not suitable for repair. And his customers know not to bring him parts unsuitable for repair anyway.
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  1187. Cannibalism certainly happened. It happened in New Guinea, because it was a matter of eat each other or starve to death. But it was not a factor in loosing the war, because for these troops the war was already lost.
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  1188.  @Hattonbank  : I gave the facts. Look it up, under the Russian designation RD-45. The British prime minister Atlee approved the sale, upon recommendation by Minister for Trade Stafford Cripps. The contract, negotiated by Soviet engine leader Vladimir Klimov with Rolls Royce, was a technology transfer contract, sample engines plus all technical drawings and parts specifications. You haven't realised that such drawings and specifications have in themselves considerable value and were part of the price the USSR agreed to. The contract also required the USSR to pay a royalty fee on each engine they made. All up it meant Rolls Royce stood to gain a LOT of money. It happened that the Russians had some initial trouble making some parts - it took them a while to master certain metallurgical specifications, and ended up buying a total of 40 Nenes in order to meet their aircraft deadlines. It was subsequently discovered that the Russians ended up making perfomance improvements to the Nene/RD-45 and claimed this was a new model (VK-1 and VK-1F with afterburner) and thus no royalty need be paid. Worse (in a commercial sense), they did a similar technology transfer of the Nene design to China, who also put it into volume production, paying royalties to the USSR. All up, Rolls Royce estimated they were cheated out of 207 million pounds and tried to sue for it. They never got the money, only the amount specified in the contract for the sample Nenes, the drawings and specifications, and the royalties on the production of the initial RD-45's. It was the higher thrust VK-1's that ended up in volume production for fighters, not the Nene copies. You also need to realise that, at the time at any rate, the British Government didn't think it was selling jewels at all, and that judgment is probably valid. The Nene was at that time obsolete, offering a not very good performance with excessive fuel consumption. The Soviets were working on their own jet engine design after acquiring WW2 German knowhow, but were having trouble with it. It was cheaper to buy British knowhow, and they held Rolls Royce in high regard. As far as Rolls Royce was concerned, it was money for jam - a large bag of money for an engine they were otherwise unlikely to sell much of. If the British Government had blocked the sale, the Russians would have pushed ahead with their own design anyway, solved the problems, and ended up with a better engine. Don't forget, too, the the USSR had in operation a vast covert operation to pinch as much American aerospace drawings and specs as they could. Without the Nenes, they might have leapfrogged ahead with stolen American designs.
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  1189.  @rcha2024  That's not accurate - you have mis-interpreted the facts. The German action that led to the Dunkirk fiasco stared 10 May 1940 - the very same day the King appointed Churchill prime minister and in effect British commander-in-chief. Thus the near loss of the British Army was something Churchill inherited, not created. In any case, the fiasco came about largely due to a useless French command - they didn't do what they were supposed to do - coordinate with the British and defend their country. In regard to the Americans, Churchill was always well aware that Britain could not win against Germany. It wasn't Churchill who declared war on Germany, it was the idiot who was prime minister before him. Churchill's strategy all along was to use, persuasion, trickery, and any strategy possible to get around the US policy of not taking sides and get them into the War. Britain could not win against Germany, but the USA certainly could. The USSR being on the same side certainly helped - helped a lot, but the USA would have prevailed anyway - possibly less than a year later. Thus Churchill was the man who won the War, by the strategy he adopted, he deliberately got someone else to fight for Britain - it didn't just happen. Britain never suffered anywhere near the level of destruction that was heaped on Germany - a fact that came about due to the very smart fast response way the RAF controlled its fighter aircraft, Goering's incompetence, and Churchill's unique support for the Bletchley Park team decoding German radio communications. British military officers typically didn't believe in eavesdropping the enemy communications, but Churchill did, made available all the resources needed, and disciplined generals who ignored the information gained.
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  1190.  @evolutionist6654  No, he's right. While it was a very stupid view, the British navy officer class did indeed have the view that the Japanese navy did not amount to much. Just as the British Army thought the Japanese could not take Singapore by coming down over land. And we know how well that turned out. My father served in WW2 in the Army. They were continually told they had nothing much to fear from Japanese soldiers because they only had light weight civilian grade rifles. But if you are shot in the head or chest it doesn't matter what the gun was, you are dead anyway.
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  1191. ​ @tonyblakemore3843  On YouTube you can watch old interviews of crew that survived the sinking of Royal Navy ships sunk by the Japanese Navy. A common view they had was that the RN senior officer class thought there was not much danger as the Japanese navy was inferior. Repulse and Prince of Wales actively sort out the Japanese to fight them, whereas it would have been more prudent to keep away until a carrier was available or more forces could be brought to the fight. In this way crew thought they had been dudded by stupid senior officers. There is a difference between having the courage to attack, and attacking in ignorance.
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  1192.  @lvjinbin28  As far as enlisted men ("other ranks" in British terminology, "grunts" in Australian slang) are concerned, you are completely correct. But the further up the chain of command in the officer ranks you go, it becomes complicated. The more experience the better. But adapting to changing circumstances matters too. The reason the British navy lost so readily to the Japanese navy was overconfidence. But the Japanese navy lost badly against the United States navy - same reason - overconfidence. Looking at it another way, the Japanese navy experience was experience in obsolete concepts. The US Navy had not then fought in a major war, but its highly trained officer core had been rehearsing and trying out new ideas for decades. Until the USAAF destroyed Germany's ability to wage war be destroying oil refineries, etc, Germany did really well in waging war in WW2 - because their officer class was very experienced and because they had plenty of time to absorb new technology and think & test about how modern war should be conducted (eg the use of blitzkreig strategy).
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  1193.  @GrandaddyO-E14  Well, the perceived needs were determined by Churchill, who just couldn't care what happened in the Pacific Rim. But the important thing was that an aircraft carrier allocated to accompany the Repulse and Renown had, through incompetence, ran aground and had to return to Britain for repairs. Much reduced? I would say - it was reduced to zero when the two ships sent were sunk by the Japanese.
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  1194. An IQ of only 75 is not normal range. Only 3% of the population are that low. It is said he worked as a civil servant. Probably in a government department where promotion is in order of seniority, and performance assessment is scored as either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. In such departments all you have to do is keep your nose clean - don't take risks and do as little as possible.
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  1195. It's no different to Vietnam. Back then, our boys were conscripted, and taken to Vietnam to get shot at and blown up by the locals, in a totally unnecessary, pointless and stupid war, our forces being run by incompetent idiots eg Gen Westmoreland. Note: the locals won that one - our lot lost and were driven out. But we folks back home (and theirs) didn't have computer screens - but we watched it on television news.
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  1196.  @sancharino4672  What makes you think it was running at half the normal RPM? If it was, there could not be ANY power output increase, only a decrease because of reduced volumetric efficiency, and more loads on more bearing surfaces.
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  1197. A minor quibble unimportant to the main story: Mike's math is a bit wonky. He said the pressure at the bottom of the sea can be up to 1,000 atmospheres, That would require a depth of 10,000 metres. Depths go a bit further than that, eg the Marianus Trench is 11,000 metres. Mike said the pressure at 1,000 atmospheres is equivalent to two SUV's per square inch. He must have an awfully big SUV. A typical larger SUV is about 4,500Lb, 1,000 atmospheres is 14,700 Lb, not 9,000 Lb. Titanic lies at a depth of only 3,700 metres.
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  1198. Contrary to what Grande says, the cops had only tenuous evidence against him until he began to confess when he was interviewed. In the interview he doesn't seem very bright, and Grande says he didn't have friends. Sounds like high functioning autism to me. Seems like he wanted to be caught and put away too. He knew perfectly well he was doing bad things and gave in during the interview quite easily. If he was as half as intelligent as some people assumed, he should have known immediately the tire prints would match hundreds if not thousands of vehicles in the area. The boot tread meant nothing more than another clue - it was a bluff put over by the detective. It probably would have reduced the number of possible vehicles from hundreds down to low tens, but as evidence wouldn't last a minute in court. Unlike what Grande seems to think, being married means nothing. Women are attracted to military men. How do we know it was a happy marriage? A member of my family was considerably autistic, had no friends and couldn't care less what people thought or what their feeling were. He was married (she was a pen-pal), and successful in marriage for 30 years until a heart attack killed him.
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  1199. He said "in the outback, most Australians say they have crossed a crocodile or two ..." Ignorant dopey Yank. The outback is mostly dry desert. No crocs. Crocs are marine animals. Very few Australians have seen a croc outside of a zoo.
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  1200. or the rapid advance of technology.
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  1201. I feel that our friend Mike missed a trick on this. The Enquiry looked into such things as the correctness of orders given by Murdoch once the iceberg was sighted, and the construction of the ship, but politicians are not competent to do that. We know that Murdoch's order was to turn to left and most likely was to put all engines to reverse, to go around the berg as there was insufficient time to stop. The order to turn was correct and but the order to reverse was not, and Murdoch probably gave it because he was new to Titanic and, having no time to think, gave an order appropriate on his previous non-turbine equipped ships. (Some people believe he ordered Stop All Engines, but that makes no sense at all - no experienced officer would give such an order.) If the enquiry had appropriate marine experts asking the questions, instead of ignorant politicians, Murdoch's error might have come to light. If the enquiry had appropriate marine experts asking the questions, they might have brought to light shortcomings in the construction, such as Harland & Wolf using rivets of unknown quality, but this is unlikely. Note that while nobody in the industry would have believed that newspaper nonsense about Titanic being unsinkable, it was entirely reasonable to believe the ship could survive reasonably likely iceberg collisions. It didn't (it was known that it struck the berg in such a glancing blow that there was no hull buckling and its speed was unaffected), so it was reasonable, even back then, that a competent enquiry would seek answers as to why it didn't survive, and dig down until they found the answers.
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  1202. Didn't the rift between China and the USSR start on the USSR side - because Mao wouldn't follow orders? Stalin decided to support Mao when Cash-My-Cheque was the Chinese leader, because he saw Mao as the strongest and most likely to succeed (he was right there) but Mao got too big and made his own decisions. A not insignificant fact was that when Stalin invited Mao to Moscow, Mao, although very intelligent, turned out to be very poor on personal hygiene and wasn't toilet trained. Relations were never the same after that.
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  1203.  @toasterhavingabath6980  : I have no argument with that. Also, one inevitably writes something wrong if one just writes enough. But in stepping outside his area of competence, Mike made a lot or errors, and serious ones. And having set a high standard in his previous videos, he is compelled to maintain a high standard.
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  1204.  @bebertdattagre9280  : Where did you get your figures from? I suspect you did not read your source properly. The average salary (2021 data) for Australian males is $120,943/year; for females it is $102,965. The average personal income is about $60,000 - this includes people on unemployment benefit (which is only ~$16,000/year - below the poverty line, and about what I spend on food), disability pensions, and default age pensions ($23,155/year). We have considerable numbers on the default age pension. I retired 15 years ago as a full time senior professional engineer due to age. My salary at that time was $150,000/year. I only work part time now as a consultant, and still, due to inflation, earn about $150,000/year. Many trades people earn quite a bit more as there is a shortage of trades people. I don't know much about France, but in Australia (population about 25 million), unemployment usually runs at, and still is, about 4 to 5%. There is however a significant underemployment problem - that is quite a few people are not working in jobs that their qualifications should lead to. Never the less, average salary here is still around $120,000/year as I said. We also lost our car manufacturing, due a combination of Chinese and Korean competition and government meddling, but it made hardly a blip on unemployment statistics - jobs in other industries were created. Note that I was quoting in Australian dollars. The US dollar is worth quite a bit more. You have confused two very different factors: a) automation/use of robots, and b) transfer of manufacturing to cheaper countries. Automation improves productivity and creates wealth and thus jobs. But transfer of manufacturing to lower cost countries is having a serious impact on western counties. This is in almost all cases not due to these cheaper countries using automation or robots, as western counties have been using automation & robots in major industries for decades. It is due to several other factors, e.g.:- # The USA have priced themselves out of business by over-the-top regulations about safety and pollution; # The low cost countries generally don't worry about safety; # We for example work an 8-hour day in Australia. In China they work a 12 hour day. # The low cost countries find ways to support industry, such as low tax special regions; # Countries such as the US, Australia, UK, sometimes inject subsidies when they detect a problem, then the them away again. The low cost countries generally decide on a policy and STICK to it.
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  1205.  @oo0Spyder0oo  : Your points on robots are completely valid. Re salaries of who you know, it depends on who you are and who you know. All my friends except one are professionals, and no professional would be on less than $150K/year. Most engineers would be well over. The one that isn't is a police sergeant - a sergeant's salary is about $101k/year, but he gets a lot of overtime and special allowances. But my wife was an office manager (typing/filing/admin) - allowing for inflation (she retired) she would get about $75K/year. My mother (long retired now) was a hotel counter lunch cook - they get $60K/year. All her friends in the hotel industry would be similar. Since my wife died, I acquired a girl friend who is a registered nurse with extensive experience and special endorsements. She gets $97K/year and works a 4-day week. Entry salary for RN's just qualified is $74K/year. My wife's chemo oncologist was in the paper recently - an announcement that she was appointed by a government hospital at $440k/year - and she sees private patients and thus gets additional income. She works darn hard though. School teachers are about the lowest paid folk with uni degrees. According to the South Aust Educ Department website, an experienced ordinary teacher only gets $106K/year. It's well known that low salaries is why schools have difficulty getting and keeping good teachers. All this data is before tax. I was buying some bread the other day from a local bread & cake shop. It's owned by a husband and wife, and they have 7 or 8 part time employees. I got talking to her and she moaned that her car broke down. I asked what her car was - it was BMW 5-series. The bread and cake business must pay well - I can't afford a BMW 5-series. A lot of professionals would be like me: One you get to a salary level of $150K/year, your daily living costs are covered and you have money left over to invest (the 3 basic types being shares, real estate, and interest paying schemes). So our actual income ends up being well over what our day-job salaries are.
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  1206.  @ngauruhoezodiac3143  : I would like to see such an engine - it must look really strange, and wouldn't fit any car. If uneven fuel distribution is not much of a problem in an I6, it is certainly not going to be a problem in a V8 in which the ports are much closer together. On V8's, the carby is central between the banks. The induction paths are short and there is just no room to have anything like the slant-6 intake manifold. If they reversed the gas flow and had the intake ports on the outside of the banks, it still wouldn't fit any car. And that, besides requiring 2 carbies, would mandate a central exhaust manifold - no designer with a sense would accept that. The Chrysler V8's I have seen, such as the A and hemi have distinctly visible channels in the casting but were nothing like the long paths in the Slant-6 manifold. incidentally, that long path manifold on the Slant-6 had a significant disadvantage - the engine pig-rooted badly during warm-up due gasoline condensation and pooling in the manifold. One would go to take off, get the car moving, and the cold engine would appear to stall, only to surge forward again a half second or so later. All the US-designed pre-emission controlled I6 engines did this to some extent but the Slant-6 was really bad for it.
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  1207.  @ngauruhoezodiac3143  That sounds like someone's imagination. Your imagination, presumably. Normal manifolds to fit two carbs to V8's are and always have been available - one carb in front of the other, between the cylinder heads. To do it as you suggest would mean having very long induction paths that go up then down. The engine would run extremely erratically until thoroughly warmed up, as such paths would promote considerable gasoline condensation. The Slant 6 was bad enough in this regard. There is just no reason to do it that way. Googling <chrysler "dual power'"> returned only an EV/gasoline hybrid system - a sure sign there is no such thing as you claimed.
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  1208.  @ngauruhoezodiac3143  : Well, searching for <chrysler dual power> on YouTube returns nothing. Unless you can give the url, I'm not going to believe you. Neither is anybody else who has any knowledge of engines. There's plenty of room between the heads. Putting carbs outboard of the rocker covers, on the opposite side of the inlet ports, is completely stupid.
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  1209.  @immikeurnot  : I actually said no designer with any sense would accept a central exhaust manifold, and I was talking about carburetted car engines, though it would apply to fuel injected gasoline car engines as well. The Ford 6.7 power stroke is a turbo diesel truck engine with a single turbo. Once you have single turbo you are committed to essentially having the turbo above the block, both intake and exhaust manifolds must go to the turbo, and in a truck you have more engine bay height. Since there are no carburettors, the width of the engine is not affected, nor is long intake passages going to cause ''pig-root/surge'' problems. A central exhaust manifold is quite normal in large industrial and marine diesel engines, since the height of engines matters not a whit in such cases. Also, the exhaust manifold is usually lagged, so a lot of heat radiated at the top won't happen. F1 cars are limited to about 1 m height but the engines are quite small - 1.6 litres (formerly 2.6 L). so similar reasoning applies, plus other special factors not applicable to mass-produced car engines.
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  1210.  @mrspandel5737  ; You are right1 Searching [chrysler cross ram] turns up a few videos. Apparently it is an extremely rare thing - I'm not surprised. In one video, the owner states ''what were they thinking?'" - that aspect is clear. It does have two monstrous 4-barrel carbs, seems they were trying to get as much power without a turbo as possible. But it must be a terrible engine during warm-up. Unfortunately none of the videos I checked show warm up. It would be a horrible expensive car to maintain and keep running evenly, due to the ridiculously long intakes and things like plugs covered up.
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  1211. This video is largely nonsense. I'll tell you why, but first an easy thing, from an ex Fintail Mercedes owner. The 4 cylinder 220D's were very nice smooth good handling cars with a very long range, but they were gutless. The lack of power was the biggest reason why people would buy an upmarket American car and put up with the excessive rolling and wallowing. The easiest and cheapest way for Mercedes to improve power by 20% and match the 4 cyl gasoline version was to add a 5th cylinder on, and not get the weight penalty of a six. The reason why this video is largely nonsense is as follows: When I was doing my engineering degree at university, the uni had various carburettor engines permanently mounted in dyno stands so we students could do various tests and learn how engines really work. We had a slant-six Chrysler engine with that bolt-on long path, one path for each cylinder, intake manifold, various GM inline 6's, and a Ford inline 6. The Ford engine had the usual Ford integral cast head and intake manifold, rough surface inside, a long straight pipe with 90 degree sharp bends into each valve - you would think it was the worst possible way to make an intake manifold. The path for the end 2 cylinders was MUCH longer than that for the middle 2 cylinders. Not so. We had to do Morse tests - this test lets you estimate friction by measuring the power output with all cylinders firing, and the power output with each cylinder in turn having its spark plug shorted. You add all the power drops and you get a total that is larger than the output with all cylinders firing. The difference is what's a constant power loss - that due to friction and pumping losses. The key thing here was our measurement accuracy was within 1%, and within that, the power drop for each of all cylinders was IDENTICAL - for all three makes of engine. The presenter says 5 cylinder gasoline engines ar ok if fuel injected (because presumably all 5 injectors inject the same amount of fuel). But if the air/fuel mass in a carby engine cannot be the same for all cylinders, then the air mass delivered in a fuel injected engine cannot be the same either - leading to some cylinders running rich and some lean. This problem does not arise in practice. His arguments would arise in three cylinder engines too. But Daihatsu made three cyl single carby engines that work just fine. Surely the best firing sequence for 5 cylinders would be 1-3-5-2-4.
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  1212. This video is in part poorly researched. It is more than a bit rich to credit the collapse of the USSR to Reagan. The SDI was a minor factor. The collapse was almost entirely of the Soviets own making. The Soviet's oil revenue was seriously down, and corruption throughout the Brezhnev era was rampant - the Moscow Loop as Russians called it. Gorbachev proved unable to fix it and in the end gave up. The collapse was due to things such as the AGAT. After decades following the policy, set in place by Stalin, of copying as best they could all sorts of American technology, they saw that America was producing personal computers (8-bit CP/M at that time) cheap enough to deploy to all schools and small businesses. The Russians realised that this could put them way behind in productivity and education, having until then implemented a very good education system. So they began a project to produce their own PC - a functional clone of the Apple II called the AGAT. It cost an immense sum to develop and cost several times per unit what an Apple II cost. Then, as large scale production of the AGAT, began, Apple launched the radically far better Macintosh. Kind of like struggling to produce a Model T Ford only to realise everybody else has the latest Toyota. Completely demoralising. It was things like this: As their foreign minister Shevardnadze put it in a TV interview, the USSR had accumulated a sizable fraction of their population that had been in the West, as diplomats, scientists on international conferences, engineers doing post-grad courses in western universities (Shumovsky Programme), touring performing arts, etc etc - all spreading the word that life in the West really is better. Thus much of the population, from the top down, lost faith in communism. They had been fed for decades stories that the USSR would catch up and pass the USA, but eventually all knew it was just never going to happen.
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  1213. Battery safety: When disconnecting vehicle batteries, disconnect the earth lead first. Then disconnect the hot lead (positive in a negative earth vehicle). If you put a spanner on the hot terminals with the earth still connected, and you slip and bridge the hot terminal to chassis via the spanner, you can get an arc and a big surprise. But if you do the same with the earth terminal, nothing can happen. Then with the earth disconnected first, a slip when disconnecting the hot side can't do anything. i was taught this in technician training.
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  1214.  @2000freefuel  True, more or less. It also depends on your perception of how well the other side can fund it and defend themselves. i wouldn't take on a major national or international company, but I might very well take on a 2-men-in-a-rented-office importer. Having said that, a friend, who has just 3 employees, sent a cease-and-desist letter to a large corporation and it worked, because the facts of the case were very clear.
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  1215.  @2000freefuel  Unfortunately, very true. But not every time.
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  1216. Never the less, USAAF combat records show that an Me-262 had a 1 in 9 chance of being shot down. If the Me-262 had been deployed earlier in sufficient numbers, it would have decimated the USAAF bomber force. But to win an all-out war, you have to take the fight to the enemy land - that was something the Me-262 could not do. It did not have the range. It could be destroyed by the American Navy's radar controlled VT-fuzed anti-aircraft gun, as was the V-1.
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  1217. My cousin, who was an experienced teacher in Australia, spent 2 years teaching English in a Japanese high school. Her experience was very different to Pearl's. She loved her job, though once or twice cultural clashes led to her being told off by the principal. She spoke English in the classroom and Japanese out of the classroom. It seems to me form this video that Pearl was treating 12 year olds as 6 year olds - that is not a way to earn respect - in any country. My father spent two years in Japan after becoming deeply interested in Japanese culture and classical literature. He found that Japanese all have this idea that foreigners cannot master the Japanese language, and on meeting will often be so fixed in this view they will not show understanding when spoken to in fluent Japanese. But after the ice is broken and it dawns on them you can speak the language, they become firm friends.
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  1218.  @lookitskazzy  Or maybe the rules vary from school to school. School teachers just LOVE rules. They do in Australia anyway. I sometimes say that school teachers and politicians are kin - they both think you can solve all problems by passing more and more laws. I left school after only 2 years of high school, because I had had enough of their silly rules for just about anything. Like no boy was permitted to approach with 2 metres of any girl - presumably because the principal didn't want any hanky-panky. Classes were segregated - boys on the left, girls on the right. We all sat mixed up and next to each other on the school bus though. Question: How do you communicate with your students before they have attained conversational English, if you are not permitted to speak Japanese? Surely you would start off with something like: Ohaya! Eigode wa Good Morning to iimasu (おはよう！ 英語ではGood Morningと言います.) Then gradually speaking less and less Japanese until your class has acquired enough vocabulary to proceed entirely in English. From what my cousin and my father said, both of whom were fluent in Japanese, there is this cultural thing - it just isn't easily accepted by Japanese that a westerner can be fluent in Japanese. It is not a rule, its just how they think. I used to work for a big company who signed a deal with a Japanese electronics manufacturer. One of my workmates was assigned to fly to Japan and work with the factory over technical details. He did a crash course in Japanese at a TAFE college to prepare. He needn't have bothered - the factory staff all pretended to not understand a word he said.
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  1219. usually the reversing turbine and the forward turbine are on a common shaft without any clutches. It is just a matter of opening and closing steam valves and there is no need to wait for the shaft to stop turning. And it won't, as long as the ship has headway - water flowing over the prop will turn it.
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  1220. Interesting video in a number of ways. When the silly woman restarted her car and tried to take off, the cop reacted real quick but dropped his 2-way radio on the road. Here in Australia that would automatically trigger the radio into "man-down" mode (automatic coded signal) - the police control centre would interpret that as the cop having been attacked and down, probably in immediate serious danger. It would trigger cop cars coming from all directions - sirens, guns, everything. A civilian helping a cop restrain a person would leave himself open to being sued by the arrested person, should they be able to prove in court that physical restraint was unjustified. Unlikely perhaps, the woman in this case definitely did need to be restrained, but definitely possible.
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  1221. In blooper section - Mrs Kurtis can't tell pliers from side cutters.... Typical female - they are quite smart and think faster than us males - but refuse to learn the names of things. Been there, done that... "Hand me the wrench, please." My missus picks up a pry bar.
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  1222.  @obelic71  Bad rivetting was not the only problem. They ordered things like radio antennae from the usual supplier but didn't think to specify that they had to withstand pressurisation. So they didn't withstand pressurisation. Two Comets were lost because defective engine air intake design caused unexpected sudden loss of power on climb out.
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  1223.  @alexander1485  : Much the same thing as far as stresses go - in fact stress is a little bit higher with sides different length to top and bottom. The term "square" in engineering means "at right angles" or "squared up in shape", not always "all sides straight and equal length.".
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  1224.  @77ice11  : The second part of which of my various posts here? You are repeating a urban myth started by sloppy British journalists writing before all the various reports into the various Comet accidents were made publicly available. I suggest you read up on each of the Comet 1 accidents - each was due to a different cause. Of the 13 Comet 1 accidents, metal fatigue was identified as a factor in only 2. If you check the various large pressurised transports that Boeing and other US manufacturers had sold and were in use before the first Comet was even built, you should quickly realise you have it completely wrong. This urban myth that Boeing learnt from the Comet is based in part that the 707 came several years after the Comet. However, Boeing had pressurised all-metal experience going back to the B-29 bomber, in service during WW2, and with pressurised all metal large airliners in service before the Comet. Boeing did put out marketing that wing-root mounted engines was a bad idea (and it is, from both a structural failure mode and air intake points of view, but has handling advantages), but since they had never ever done such a thing, that in no way implies Boeing learnt from the Comet. Fatal Comet accidents include ADF antenna not specified for pressure and blew out in flight, sudden unexpected loss of power during climb out due to faulty engine air intake design.
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  1225. I certainly do not work for Boeing. I am a retired large diesel engine dealer engineer, and before that an electronics engineer based in Australia
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  1226.  @77ice11  : Your descent into personal terms shows that you are incapable of contributing relevant facts. This was never about British people, nor about British engineers in general. My posts are about specific design flaws in the Comet, and the fact there were multiple and different fatal flaws in the Comet is proof that the particular engineers involved were incompetent. You cannot argue that they were breaking new ground in these flaws, as most related to pressurisation, and pressurisation was not new. ADF antenna (which necessarily must penetrate the hull = they ordered them from their usual supplier but didn't think to specify that they were for a pressurised aircraft; a riveting process unsuitable for a pressurised aircraft was used. Etc etc. Rather than being a case of other manufacturers benefiting from Comet experience, it was a case of the specific Comet designers being ignorant of what was by then well known in the industry, as the company had until then only made unpressurised wooden aircraft, even though such aircraft were by then standard elsewhere. Apart from the lessons learnt by British investigation authorities to lift their game (later investigations changed the findings of the first investigations), there is another important lesson in the Comet for all engineers, British and others - it is unethical to take on a task for which you have no relevant qualifications or experience. people can die if you do.
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  1227.  @77ice11  It's not disputed that Boeing slipped up badly on 737 MAX - a failure of FMEA. However even the 737 MAX looks very safe compared to the Comet. There have been only 2 fatal losses of 737 MAX compared to 13 fatal losses of the Comet 1. The 737 MAX had a single fatal flaw. The Comet had multiple fatal flaws. The 737 MAX was grounded temporarily and then cleared for further use, and is to continue manufacture, as only a very minor change to airspeed detection was required - the aircraft structure is fundamentally safe. The Comet 1 was ordered permanently grounded and manufacture ceased, as the structure and fittings were not safe - the aircraft needed a complete redesign and a major change in manufacturing process. I don't doubt that less Boeings will be sold to airlines now, as Boeing have damaged their reputation, but that is another issue. You are the one with bad manners and the first and only one to descend into personal terms in this thread. You continue to imply that the Comet designers had no prior knowhow available to them - that was the case only within De Haviland. Your comment about CAD/CAM is irrelevant, as even where it was identified that metal was overstressed in the Comet, it was found to be stressed well beyond limits accepted as standard in the British aircraft industry at the time the Comet was designed. In other words, they failed to correctly apply what was already known. The ADF antenna blow out is not in any way imaginable to be due to not having CAD/CAM, or even someone counting on their fingers. It was simply due to someone in De Haviland ordering antennas from their usual supplier without telling the supplier it was for a pressurised aircraft. If De Haviland had requested pressure withstand capability, their supplier would no doubt have supplied a compliant antenna (probably at extra cost), or informed De Haviland they should go to someone who can. Pressurised aircraft were nothing new at the time.
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  1228.  @77ice11  : If I am so unconvincing, why are you so upset about it? You can't give facts and just make stuff up. An interesting comparison between the Comet 1 and the 707:- Comet 1: 12 placed in service averaging 40 seats each and killed 411 people. Boeing 707: 865 built averaging 170 seats and killed 3039 people, Thus a seat the Comet 1 was likely to kill 0.85 people. A seat on a 707 was likely to kill 0.02 people. The Comet 1 was41 times as lethal. Actually, its much worse, because each Comet 1 was in service for only a year or 2. Boeing 707's remained in service for up to 20 years or more. No wonder the Comet 1 was the ONLY airliner type to be ordered permanently grounded. With each different Comet crash due to a different cause (one was lost due to tail spar failure, nothing to do with windows, metal fatigue) it is abundently clear the designers were incompetent.
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  1229.  @77ice11  Of course there were more 707 incidents/accidents. THERE WERE VASTLY MORE 707's IN USE. You are like saying a GM Chevrolet car is mare dangerous than the Rambler, because there are far more Chevys in accidents, ignoring that Chevys outnumber Ramblers by huge numbers. The B707 WAS a far better plane. Another factor is that 707's lasted long enough to be operated by less ideal airlines as second and third hand planes. The Comet 1 operation life was so short and in so few numbers is was never anything than a new aircraft operated by premium airlines with an otherwise excellent safety record. If you are a potential passenger, what matters too you is the probability of the aircraft you fly on killing you, not how many others get killed in the same accident. So what matters to you is deaths per passenger kilometer. On that basis, the lethality of the Comet is stark - it stands alone. If the Comet 1 was any good, any good at all, how come the British government (which had a vested interest in keeping it flying) permanently banned it from passenger service? The Comet 1 is the only western airliner so banned, ever. Even the Douglas DC-10 was allowed to fly after the doors and a couple of minor issues were fixed. As far as I know, there was only one other airliner banned forever from passenger service - that was the Russian "Concordski" TU-144, though it was allowed to operate as a freighter for urgent freight, and it was apparently regarded as too expensive to operate in passenger service anyway, limiting its passenger application to heads of state and top government officials.
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  1230.  @77ice11  : You are the one who just doesn't get the point. You talk about public data, but you don't understand the data. Sure, various western airliners have been grounded - until the problems were identified and corrected. Then they were cleared to fly again. Of all western airliners, only the Comet 1 was permanently grounded. For instance the Concorde, although another British design aircraft with safety standards well below things like Boeing 747, is not permanently grounded - but it doesn't fly because the 2 airlines that flew it no longer see it as profitable. The Yak-42 was indeed grounded due to a single flaw, but later returned to service. The problems with 737 MAX are clearly embarrassing for Boeing as it is a clear failure of FMEA as I previously wrote, but only one fatal flaw has been identified - that is far and away better than the Comet 1's multiple fatal flaws. The Comet 2, 3, and 4 don't count as no airline put them into wide use, and they had a lot of changes wrt Comet 1. The Nimrod doesn't count - it is a military plane (actually a Comet 4), and the military do lots of things that are necessary but too risky for airlines. It's choice was influenced by political considerations, and using up Comet 4 hulls that could not be sold to any airline. The 737 Deamliner doesn't count because no hull losses or fatalities occurred. This idea that other manufacturers learnt from the Comet 1 mistakes is an urban myth, propagated by sloppy journalism. For the facts, go back and read my previous posts. Boeing 737MAX - returned to service 9 December 2020. Boeing 787 - no fatalities and no losses. The 787's problem were batteries and engines supplied by others - nothing made by Boeing was defective. production limited by the impact of COVID. Concorde - cleared to fly again in 2003 but the operators decided to retire it for commercial reasons. Yak-42 - cleared to fly again October 1984. Still in service. Most Yak-42 incidents not due to any defect in the plane. DC-10 - cleared to flay again 1980, production continued until 1989. DC-6 - grounded 1947 but cleared to fly again 4 months later. Remained in service in small numbers until 1990! Constellation - cleared to fly again, in widespread airline use from 1949 and production continued until 1958. Made obsolete by the 707. It is worth noting that the Constellation, designed in 1943 and used as a military transport during WW2, was the first high altitude (and thus fully pressurised) airliner - giving lie to the urban myth that the much later Comet 1 provided new knowledge against American knowhow.
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  1231.  @77ice11  : It would be difficult for me to be interviewed for a job at DeHavilland, given I was born in Australia, and have remained there ever since. You live in fantasy land. Various Comet 1's crashed for different reasons: Incorrect radio antenna not designed for pressurisation, engine air intake design faulty leading to sudden unexpected loss of power, faulty riveting, etc. etc. Look it up. None of these design errors have anything to do with American practice before or since. You can't even get your facts right. Comet 4 came out in 1958. The B707 first flew 1957 and its design goes back to 1954. The permanent grounding of the Comet 1 by the British Govt is important - it signifies they had no faith in it. No faith that there were not other as yet undiscovered faults in this aircraft clearly produced by a company incompetent to do so. And they had a huge political and financial incentive to give it every chance they could. Britain was broke then, they were desperate to get export income. Your equating the safety of the 707 with the Comet is utterly ridiculous. In a sense, the Comet 1 was a lesson in how to make a better aircraft - in the limited sense that it told the British authorities that jet transports were beyond DeHavilland and they needed to be watched VERY carefully. More importantly, it taught the British accident investigation authority that they needed to get far more thorough and professional than they were. Indeed, they initially blamed a couple of Comet crashed on pilot error, and later were forced to realise it was not pilot error at all. Claiming pilot error was a cop-out that never solved anything. The forced improvement in British accident investigation, and the lesson taken on in other countries, is the single important lesson from the Comet 1 disaster, applicable to all aircraft types. Perhaps this distinction between poor aircraft and poor accident investigation is too subtle for you. I suggest you thoroughly read and seen to understand sources before you post again. You have plenty of sources and search terms in my previous posts.
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  1232. This video says that Mao was keen to impose communism on other countries. That has been an American representation for as long as my memory goes, and that is over 60 years. But is it right? Mao had enough trouble just running China, let alone other territories. He aided considerably Vietnam in getting the Americans out, but that was at Vietnamese request, and involved significant sacrifice to Mao's plans for China. To justify the Vietnam War, the USA thought up the Domino Theory - which said that communism had to be prevented from taking over in Vietnam because it was just a stepping stone. We were even told this nonsense in high school in Australia by Army recruiters. Even then I didn't believe it, as China did not have the transportation and communications to make it work. Hilariously, while we in the USA and Australia were being fed the domino nonsense, at the same time in China, their government were telling their own people a domino theory in reverse - that the Americans had to be driven out of Vietnam otherwise if they won they would take on other small Asian countries in turn and then do China. Hilarious, because both stories were just propaganda crap.
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  1233. That is called a "sea anchor" and was and is common on sailboats. It would be quite an engineering feat to implement on a modern huge tanker.
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  1234. What needs to be emphasized is that the USA thinks it has authority over people who are not US citizens, were not within the borders of the USA, and performed no action within the USA. How is it that the UK and Australia tolerated that? They spitefully went after Assange because he exposed war crimes by American forces. It should have been those forces that were prosecuted.
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  1235. And, later, the Americans went to Afghanistan. They never learn.
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  1236. "hormonally entirely a female". All that means is that his androgen levels were a bit low. After 30 years in prison they probably would be, even without hormonal sex conversion therapy. It's not relevant anyway, because he has a record of violence, is physically imposing, and likes sex with anything that is alive, regardless of his victim's gender.
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  1237.  @TheGuzeinbuick  The thing is, Putin won't stop with just the eastern part of Ukraine. Sooner or later he will launch an armed invasion of another territory, in Ukraine or in another Eastern European country. So just letting him have what he has seized is not a good idea. He has to be shown forcibly that if he seizes territory, he just won't be allowed to keep it.
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  1238.  @themagiclamp7208  Ah, but unlike Finland, Ukraine has something worth having:- 1. Good food growing area; 2. Valuable scarce minerals; 3. An educated workforce that has a better record of successful industrial innovation than Russia; 4. A useful area as a buffer state. Something that the USSR/Russia has understood ever since they learnt it the had way in WW2 is that a state should endevour to create a situation where if you have etc fight a war, the fighting occurs in tehe buffer state and not your own territory. It is something that the USA understood too. - it suited both the USA and the USSR that their military posturing & troop deplyment happend in Europe with a clear dividing line between buffer states. Neither of the two could attack the other with bombers without first flying over a buffer state, where they could be shot down.
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  1239. ​ @yanikashanty7436  You must be kin to Trump with his ridiculous claim that the war is Ukraine's fault. NATO not directed at Russia? That is the whole reason for NATO. Words mean nothing. Actions do. Of course Ukraine is being as aggressive as it can - Donbas is their territory and they are fighting back in a war that Russia started by invading Ukraine. No different to you defending your home against some punk who broke in to steal off you. Perhaps you would think that the punk is in the right. You appear to be ignorant about Cuba. The USSR set up a missile base on Cuba because the US set up a missile base in Turkey, right on the border with the USSR. After some diplomatic squawking, the USRR said if you Americans remove your missiles on our border, we will remove our missiles from Cuba - and it was done. The Cuba missile thing confirms what I said - that both the USSR/Russi and the USA each need buffer states to guard against bomber aircraft, and as places where if push comes to shove, there is somewhere for fighting to occur without risk to own territory.
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  1240.  @FORGOTTENHISTORYCHANNEL  : You are utterly wrong. Illegal under exactly which laws (name of act and date)? In your Part 2 on FDR you made the same claim, I posted there explaining why it was not illegal in a little more detail than I did above. You then posted in reply that it was illegal but did not explain why. Just making an unsubstantiated claim is no good - you need to back it up. The US 1939 Neutrality Act is known as the "Cash and Carry" act simply because it permitted US firms to sell arms and equipment to belligerent nations on a normal commercial transaction basis provided it was on a cash on the barrel basis and the goods were shipped by normal commercial means, which they were. When Lend Lease came into effect in 1941, it allowed time payment and allowed the US government to provide the credit. Nothing illegal about it. In Churchill's 6-volume history of World War 2 he explained that he had to have British firms place normal commercial purchase orders or contracts directly on US firms and pay cash up front in order to conform with US neutrality law then in place. This is what sent Britain bankrupt - stumping up the cash. The cash and carry provision of the Act was never tested in court. If there was any possibility that selling arms to Britain was illegal in some way (usually laws are illegal if they violate the Constitution), one would expect it to reach court. There was objection raised in Congress, with some opposing members claiming the Act was illegal, but that is what opposition members do all the time. That's how democracy works - the party in power presents laws and policies, and the opposition objects, causing debate, which teases out any real problems. Then they all vote on it, and if its passed, it's legal..
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  1241. It looks like it has the worst visibility of any vehicle ever made. in the 1920's the SAE standardized the position and types of vehicle controls so that ANY person with a driver''s licence can get into any vehicle and immediately drive away safely. This dopey vehicle throws that concept away.
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  1242. So, what was the purpose of sending such a small Spanish contingent to Vietnam? We know why the USA requested Australian participation - it was certainly not because the US felt they needed any fighting help - it was because the USA thought a multinational fighting participation would lend an air of legitimacy to the US intervention. That can't be the case with the Spanish, because a) they were not fighters, and b) it was kept quiet. Felton claims it was because President Johnson requested it ("appealed" even!), thereby legitimizing Felton''s sensationalist gutter press style title. The fact is, several nations sent medical teams on a humanitarian basis. None of it, and not the Spanish team, was in any way secret (check the signage shown in the video), it just didn't make daily headlines in the world's press.
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  1243. The commentator said inter-operability confers a big advantage. Well, a big advantage to the USA anyway. Why do we need missile capable subs able to attack China? China is our biggest trading partner. Just about anything factory made you can buy retail in Australia comes from China. If China wants to attack Australia and ruin us, all it has to do is turn off exports and imports at its own ports - and you cannot launch missiles to fix that.
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