Youtube comments of Sandy Barnes (@sandybarnes887).
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@astrumspace One alternative to Kardashev was suggested by Carl Sagan in Cosmic Connection when he wrote, “But there may be more significant ways to characterize civilizations than by the energy they use…An important criterion of a civilization is the total amount of information that it stores.” He proposed a lettered scale from A — Z where each letter meant an order of magnitude increase in the volume of information a society holds. When he wrote the book in the early 70s, Earth was an ‘H’ on the scale. We are now somewhere around an ‘R,’ and are continuing to move rapidly on down the alphabet due to exponential increases in computer speed, along with data generation and storage technologies. Though in principal not a bad idea, Sagan seems to have underestimated how rapidly we are creating new data, with a projection that the world total could hit 173 zettabytes (a zettabyte is 1 with 23 zeros after it) by 2025. It is also difficult to determine what data should count. For instance, if a million copies of a best-selling book are printed, does every letter in every book only count once, or a million times? Or if a digital picture is shared widely, perhaps as part of a viral meme, does it count once or is every new share a piece of data?
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By the early twentieth century, Krupp armour was rendered obsolete by the development of Krupp cemented armour (also "Krupp cemented steel", "K.C. armor" or "KCA"), an evolved variant of Krupp armour.[2] The manufacturing process remained largely the same, with slight changes in the alloy composition: in % of total – carbon 0.35, nickel 3.90, chromium 2.00, manganese 0.35, silicon 0.07, phosphorus 0.025, sulfur 0.020.[3][4]
KCA retained the hardened face of Krupp armour via the application of carbonized gases but also retained a much greater fibrous elasticity on the rear of the plate. This increased elasticity greatly reduced the incidence of spalling and cracking under incoming fire, a valuable quality during long engagements. Ballistic testing shows that KCA and Krupp armour were roughly equal in other respects.[2]
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@MrLoobu During and after the Revolution, approximately 70,000 United Empire Loyalists fled the United States. Of these, roughly 50,000 Loyalists settled in the British North American colonies, which then consisted of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island (created 1769). The Loyalists who settled in western Nova Scotia wanted political freedom from Halifax, so Britain split off the colony of New Brunswick in 1784. Quebec was also divided into Lower Canada and Upper Canada under the Constitutional Act of 1791, permitting the 8,000 Loyalists who settled in southwestern Quebec (which became Upper Canada) to have a province in which British laws and institutions could be established.
A number of Loyalists that came north after the American Revolution were of African descent including former slaves who had been freed as a result of service to the British and over 2,000 African slaves.[4] In 1793 Upper Canada became the first British jurisdiction to enact legislation to suppress slavery, with the Act Against Slavery being passed allowing for its gradual abolition.
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One alternative to Kardashev was suggested by Carl Sagan in Cosmic Connection when he wrote, “But there may be more significant ways to characterize civilizations than by the energy they use…An important criterion of a civilization is the total amount of information that it stores.” He proposed a lettered scale from A — Z where each letter meant an order of magnitude increase in the volume of information a society holds. When he wrote the book in the early 70s, Earth was an ‘H’ on the scale. We are now somewhere around an ‘R,’ and are continuing to move rapidly on down the alphabet due to exponential increases in computer speed, along with data generation and storage technologies. Though in principal not a bad idea, Sagan seems to have underestimated how rapidly we are creating new data, with a projection that the world total could hit 173 zettabytes (a zettabyte is 1 with 23 zeros after it) by 2025. It is also difficult to determine what data should count. For instance, if a million copies of a best-selling book are printed, does every letter in every book only count once, or a million times? Or if a digital picture is shared widely, perhaps as part of a viral meme, does it count once or is every new share a piece of data?
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@paulawolanski3237 Married to the BlobEdit
In a parody of The Blob, as Homer and Marge make out in the backyard, a meteorite falls nearby, burning off the top of Marge's hair in the process. It cracks open to reveal a green gooey substance that resembles a burning marshmallow. Homer, despite his family's objections (and the goo's attempts to flee), puts it on a stick and devours it. Later that night, his stomach rumbles from hunger, and Homer eats all the available food. He also eats Snowball V and then he attempts to eat Bart, but is stopped by Marge. Homer then becomes obese, and eats a teenager in an attempt to "savor" him from the flames of a barbecue fire. Homer then slowly mutates into a giant blob monster, rampaging through Springfield while eating all the overweight people he can find. Homer snacks on bus passengers as if they were candies and decapitates Ned Flanders. Dr. Phil McGraw shows up with the Simpson family and tells Homer to stop for their sakes. Homer ends his rampaging for fear of losing Marge and vows to use his insatiable appetite for more constructive purposes (he eats Dr. Phil anyway; his last words are "Food does not equal love!" before he digests into nothingness). Mayor Quimby later dedicates a new homeless shelter. The homeless people enter the shelter, only to find themselves inside Homer's stomach.
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@paulawolanski3237 oh. You mean, Thanksgiving of Horror. The Last Thanksgiving/The First Blarg-sgivingEdit
In a parody of The Blob, Alien and Life,[3] while on a spaceship years after the Earth's destruction, the kids are awoken from hibernation to do some work before landing on their new planet. Bart and Milhouse try to create a Thanksgiving dinner, but they can only find one can of cranberry sauce, which Bart tries to replicate and accidentally brings to life. The creature, being made of gelatin, eats bones, and soon kills every child except Bart, Lisa, Milhouse and Martin, the latter of whom betrays the others before allowing himself to be killed. Milhouse decides to befriend the monster, but is thrown aside by it instead, prompting Bart and Lisa to trick it into releasing Milhouse and launching itself into a large can. The two release the can into space, but it resists and damages the ship, causing it to crash on a nearby planet. Bart and Lisa reunite with Homer, Marge, Maggie and Santa's Little Helper, but not Snowball II, who died after her cryopod malfunctioned long ago, only for the creature to arrive on their new planet. Thankfully, the humans are aided by some native aliens, who make the monster into food, ending with an extraterrestrial version of the first Thanksgiving. Lisa then narrates that the monster happily found its true purpose: being fed to others, as the title card is renamed to "The First Blarg-sgiving".
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@jollipetdrive3660 The Fog Test To Determining If Your Diamond Is Real
A quick and easy way to tell if your diamond is real or not — put the stone in front of your mouth and fog it up with your breath. If it clears up after a second or two, then it's real, but if karat stays fogged for three seconds or more, then you're looking at a fake. The reason for this is that diamonds disperse heat instantaneously, making it impossible to fog up. Before trying this test, make sure that your diamond is clean without any oils present.
Water testing your diamond
This is probably one of the easiest ways to determine whether your diamond is real or not, however, it is not conclusive. Get a glass full of water and simply drop your diamond into the glass. If the diamond is real, it will drop to the bottom of the glass due to the high density of the stone. If it's a fake, it will float on the surface of the water. Unfortunately, not all fake diamonds float in water, so you might want to use another one of the techniques here.
How to tell if your diamond is real using a magnifying glass
Using a magnifying glass, hold up your diamond and look for imperfections within the stone. If you're unable to find any, then it is most likely fake — a majority of real diamonds will have flaws, which are referred to as inclusions. While there are flawless diamonds out there, they are either very pricey or lab-created. That being said, don’t throw away the stone after this because you may have a flawless, very valuable diamond on your hands.
Using a black light to see if your diamond is real
For this one, you'll need a black light. Once you get it, turn off the lights in your home and place the diamond under the UV light. Wait for its reaction and observe the color it reveals; most diamonds will emit a blue-colored glow but not all of them — some diamonds don't glow under UV light. If instead, you see a slight green, gray or yellow fluorescence, then this usually means that the gem is not a diamond. Keep in mind though that this is not a conclusive test and not all diamonds will reveal a blue color, so it's best to have a diamond expert to use their advanced equipment to test the stone.
How to tell if your diamonds real using a loupe
A loupe is a small magnification device used by jewelers to see minute details up close. Most jewelers use loupes to inspect diamonds for their class and clarity. If you don't have one then you're in luck, as Amazon has a huge selection of loupes at reasonable prices. Alternatively, a diamond professional will have access to a loupe, which they will then use to look for blemishes and imperfections within your diamond. While a fake diamond can be perfectly structured, a real diamond has some qualities that can't be faked — a diamond will have small imperfections called inclusions.
Check your diamonds mount
If your diamond is already placed in a ring, check the type of mount that's been used. It should only be set in high-quality jewelry such as platinum, white gold, yellow gold, pave or halo setting, and side-stone setting rings. To determine if the setting is truly as it is described, look inside the ring for markings. The markings PT and karat refer to platinum, while notes such as 10K, 14K, and 18K indicate the type of gold used. If you see numbers such as 585, 770, 900, and 950, this indicates that platinum or gold was used. If you see a "C.Z" marking, however, the gemstone used is actually cubic zirconia and not a real diamond. And if you see the markings for silver such as .925 or the Argentium Silver marketing, it's most likely fake.
Perform the scratch test to determine if your diamonds real
Once a widely used technique to determine the hardness of a gem's mineral, the scratch test involved scraping the loose gemstone along a mirror to see if it would scratch the stone or the mirror. And while diamond is made from extremely strong materials, fakes such as moissanite, cubic zirconia, and even black spinel are also scratch-resistant and durable. It is because of these gems that the scratch test is no longer accurate. It's better to look at other techniques such as having the diamond inspected with a loupe.
Check your diamonds transparency
Before performing this test, make sure that your diamond is clean . To test the diamond's refractivity, place the stone on its flat side onto a piece of newspaper with lots of lettering. Make sure to use bright lighting and that no objects are casting a shadow on your diamond. If you can read the letters from the newspaper — whether they appear blurry or not — then the diamond is fake. But if the diamond is real, its facets will refract light in multiple directions instead of a straight line. Because of this, you won't be able to see through the diamond to make out the letters on the paper.
Using fire to test your diamond
Another method to determine if your diamond is real or fake is to use a lighter to light the stone for about 30 to 40 seconds before dropping it in cold water. If it's a fake diamond, it will shatter to pieces but a real diamond won't have a reaction to it. This is because weaker materials will not be able to handle the rate at which it expands and then contracts due to the heat of the fire. Real diamonds, however, have been formed under intense pressure and heat underground from billions of years ago. While this is a more accurate way to test a stone's authenticity, it can be dangerous to use fire, so be sure to use proper safety measures and use heat-resistant gloves when handling the diamond.
Using a diamond scale
While not everyone has access to a diamond scale, you can be sure that your local diamond jeweler will. If the diamond is fake, it will weigh more than a real diamond of the same shape and carat. This is because cubic zirconia weighs about 55% more than an actual diamond. To perform this test, you'll need to have two stones with you; one diamond and one fake that has the same shape and carat.
Observing your diamonds sparkle to determine if it’s real
A sparkle test is quick and easy to do since all you need are your eyes. Simply hold your diamond under a normal lamp and observe the bright shimmers of light bouncing off the diamond. A real diamond provides an exceptional sparkle since it reflects white light extremely well. In addition, diamonds can also reflect fire or colored light in a beautiful display. Compared to a stone like Cubic Zirconia, you'll be able to see a huge difference in the white and colored light sparkle. A Cubic Zirconia gives off a notable rainbow of light. However, it is advised that you don't use this as your only testing method, so try and use the other methods highlighted here.
Tips for how to know if your diamond is real
Many of the tests outlined here, such as the fire test and the fog test can help to confirm whether your diamond is real or not. But because of the complexity of synthetic gemstones, we highly recommend combining a few of these tests together to really get an answer to your burning question of whether you have a real diamond or not.
If you're still unsure, it's best to see a jeweler or diamond expert to review the pieces you have. These experts are highly trained to be able to discern a fake diamond from a real one. Thankfully, any diamond you purchase will come with a legitimate AGS or GIA certificate , so all you need to do is to make sure that the diamond matches the certificate. You can also ask for a grading report when purchasing your diamond, so you can put your mind at ease, at least until you decide to pop the question.
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@narutobullock How to Identify the Gender of Your Tree
We may be surrounded by trees in the Pacific Northwest, but they didn’t just spring up like magic. In fact, genders are not just for humans and animals. As any Portland arborist can tell you, there are indeed male and female trees.
Granted, the terms “male” and “female” are incredibly awkward when being used in the context of trees. This is because while flowers of trees need to be fertilized with pollen to produce fruit, plant sexuality is nowhere near as rigid as it is in humans and animals.
But if that’s the case, how exactly can one tell the difference between a male and female tree?
Here are some things to consider when trying to differentiate between the two:
Ovaries
Trees can have either male or female parts. It is easier to see this if the tree has flowers because female flowers have ovaries that can be turned into fruit and male flowers contain pollen that can be used to fertilize those female flowers.
This can get tricky when it comes to trees because some trees have only male or female flowers, which means the tree’s gender would match the gender of the flowers. And if that was all there was to it, the identification of tree gender would be easy. However, there are many trees that contain flowers that feature both male and female genders.
In addition, there are also trees that do not contain any flowers at all, making it even harder to figure out the tree’s gender.
Dioecious Trees
If a tree is dioecious it only has male or female parts, not both. If a tree is male and contains flowers, then it has male flowers and produces pollen. Meanwhile, if a tree is female and contains flowers, then it has female flowers and produces fruit. There are a lot of fairly common trees that serve as examples of dioecious trees including white ash (Fraxinus americana), ginkgo, and boxelder.
Monoecious Tree
If a tree is monoecious, that means it is harder to discern a male tree from a female tree. To be clear: A monoecious tree has both male and female parts. Thus, if it contains flowers, it could have male flowers and produce pollen, as well as female flowers and produce fruit.
A common example of a monoecious tree is an Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). A pine tree has the ability to make pine cones on its own without any help from other members of its species, though admittedly, self-fertilization is not ideal for a monoecious tree or any tree for that matter.
With this being the case, generally, monoecious trees have ways of making self-fertilization difficult. Among the ways self-fertilization becomes difficult includes physical separation, with the male flowers on top and the female flowers on the bottom, resulting in fairly easy fertilization.
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