Youtube comments of vk2ig (@vk2ig).
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The Allies actually had the Germans fooled with some of their radio broadcasts. They had a station called "Atlantic Sender" which the Germans thought was one of theirs. This was part of the Allies Psy Ops. They'd play music, and read announcements (in German) about the hometowns of U-boat sailors, etc, so there would've been a few Germans who were exposed to music from the Allied side.
Apart from that, of course, the German population could've tuned into the BBC or the equivalent to the AFRTS. Even though the very affordable radios available to the public, e.g. Volksempfänger, were a bit deaf (purposely, to keep down costs but the government only wanted the people to listen to German stations) they'd still hear further away after dark with an external antenna. However; listening to foreign stations was a crime in Germany after the war started, so one would've had to be very careful about when to listen, with whom to listen, and to whom to speak about it.
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I did my engineering course (given by the Mathematics department) on DEs a long time ago, and all I remember is the phrase "taking the D operator". Where you take it, I can't remember ... out the front of the equation, I believe. Anyway, it was so unrelated to anything we were doing in the rest of the course that sadly, we never used any of it.
In fact, our electrical engineering lecturers effectively taught us what DE solving we needed to know using other methods. This led to strange anachronisms such as in 3rd year we were taking a mathematics class for solving the wave equation in two dimensions - on the first day I asked the lecturer if we would be looking at three dimensions, because we were already solving DEs in those situations for electromagnetic wave propagation in waveguides.
Looking back on it all, I think we were being taught certain things just so the university administrators could tick an accreditation box somewhere saying "Yes, we've taught them how to solve DEs", but there was little or no thought towards how to teach the subjects in an integrated way (pardon the pun).
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During my career I've had people try the "nothing bad has happened therefore there's no reason to change what we're doing" excuse for not doing anything. My response is "Have you conducted a hazard analysis followed by a risk assessment, and identified if the existing controls mitigate the risk So Far As Reasonably Practicable (SFARP)?", which is the law in my country.
One particular case comes to mind, where the response was "We have 1,000 of these out in the field for five years and no-one's dead yet", to which I asked "OK, how many were actually operating for the full five years, as opposed to sitting in storage or powered down, being rotated through the maintenance pipeline, etc?" They couldn't answer that, which immediately blew a hole in their "no accidents in 5,000 operating years" statistic underpinning their safety argument.
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@vanstry I agree with you regarding the potential for interference by a mobile phone transmitter.
As a professional radiocommunications engineer with a few decades of experience, it used to surprise me that people don't recognise the potential interference issues of mobile phones in aircraft. Nowadays, noting the lack of experience most people in the electronics industry have with anything related to radio (for example, look at how much radio frequency interference pours out of a typical solar panel inverter or a switch-mode power supply), it doesn't surprise me at all. I've seen plenty of engineers come unstuck, and companies and governments lose lots of money, because people didn't understand the mechanisms by which interference from radio transmitters occurs.
Anyway, to further to the points you made:
- Just because a receiver is designed to operate at 117, 330, 1500 MHz or some other frequency doesn't mean a nearby transmitter operating at 800 or 1900 MHz won't cause problems. It depends on how susceptible the receiver is to strong out-of-band signals - there are a number of mechanisms by which receivers can suffer interference from non-co-frequency interferers, e.g. poor front-end bandpass filtering, poor IF image rejection, etc. It also depends on how spectrally "dirty" the mobile phone transmitter is - poor output stage filtering can allow appreciable energy on other frequencies to be "unintentionally" emitted by the phone, and increasing the number of phones in the cabin increases the radio frequency noise on a given frequency.
- Signals emitted by a mobile phone transmitter can couple into cables within an aircraft. Whether the circuits at each end of the cable can operate properly in the presence of such signals is another issue. That depends on whether EMI/EMC principles were employed when designing the circuit - the designers may have operated on the assumption that there would be no strong radio signals inside the aircraft - put one or more mobile phones in the cabin and that assumption doesn't hold. MIL-STD-461 (in whatever revision it currently is - I used "E" last) is a suitable standard.
- Radiation of signals internal to the mobile phone receiver (e.g. heterodyne oscillator, etc) is "a thing". One of the terms for it is "backwave", which comes from the earlier days of radiocommunications. This too can cause problems with radio receivers and other equipment, although arguably often it's not as impactful as the transmitter signal. (This is the principle underlying how the radiofrequency regulator in the UK can track down people who are using TV sets without a licence ... they can even tell whether it's colour or monochrome receiver due to unintentional radiation of the colour-burst signal.)
With regard to aircraft accidents, it may be that there have been none due to mobile phones. But airline pilots have reported navigation issues when mobile phones have been used by passengers. I guess those who think mobile phones aren't a problem are willing to tolerate that sort of event ... an event which might just be one of the Swiss cheese holes needing to line up one fateful day.
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I think there's a transition period. The UK experienced this, when it got rid of the monarchy (The Civil War) and then brought it back (The Restoration). Then over many, many years the country migrated from being a restored monarchy (albeit with an elected house of government, i.e. parliament, or at least The House Of Commons in the UK) to the democracy it is now. The monarchy still plays an important role for many British people, so it will be around for a while. But the average Briton has a say in how their country is run, e.g. deciding on whether to stay or leave the EU is a recent example.
So other countries need that transition period too, where they retain their monarchy but they become more and more democratic. The trouble is nowadays some countries are transitioned from monarchy (or dictatorship, or single-party rule as in the case of the USSR) into democracy way too quickly, and the people and the country's institutions aren't ready for it. A country's institutions need time to build governance, i.e. the ability to run the country on behalf of a democratically elected government without engaging in nepotism, fraud and other unethical behaviour. It's a long game, but nowadays not many people (i.e. governments of other, interfering countries) have the patience or farsightedness needed for the long game.
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@banditkeef3864 That's an excellent question, and I'd be interested to read an answer which disproves your statement. But I suspect such an answer won't be clear cut.
The Korean War and Vietnam War were fought to stop the spread of communism (and thus the influence of China and the USSR) in the Far East. Some argue that this was to protect the USA, but given no ICBMs were installed in North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia it's arguable that there was no real threat to the USA. (The USSR learnt its lesson from the Cuban Missile Crisis that deploying ICBMs outside its territory was a ticket to a lot of trouble.)
The Invasion of Iraq was dressed up as protecting freedom ("We have to get those WMDs!") but in reality it was to fought to secure the oil supply for the USA - American presidents know that they don't survive long if the cost of filling a SUV's gas tank rises. Securing the oil supply could be construed as protecting the USA's way of life, and (by a somewhat dubious extension of that) its freedom.
Afghanistan was arguably intended to get Osama Bin Laden. But the likelihood of him (and Al Qaeda) being able to launch more attacks on US soil after 9/11 were vanishingly small due to heightened security, awareness, etc. The war achieved the zapping of OBL, but it didn't eliminate Al Qaeda, so that threat - in its post 9/11 context of reduced effectiveness - remains.
Finally; it can be easily and successfully argued that maintaining a standing military force is the means of protecting freedom. However; that force doesn't need to go to war to achieve its aims - it just needs to exist and be demonstrably competent.
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@Tobbe Häggberg Indeed. Only ever been there once, but I was impressed. Husqvarna, Silva, SKF, ABB, Kockums, Bofors, Saab, Volvo, Ericcson, Scania, Assa Abloy, Electrolux, Hasselblad, Atlas Copco, Sandvik ... just to name some of the manufacturers of gear I've bought or used over the years.
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There reason why people want to assume Glenn Miller was wiped out deliberately is because people like to believe in something mysterious.
Recently I read an article in which researchers claimed that humans are wired to believe in the mysterious, which is why we're inclined to be religious. Religions are great mysteries. For an example, look no further than Christianity's book, The Bible. In the earlier part there's a great flood, a burning bush, a pillar of fire, an ark which gets carried around and from which the "Power" or "Voice" of God emanates, a sea that parts and lets people cross to safety, an entire city razed and a woman turned into a pillar of salt, a guy called Ezekiel who describes something akin to an aircraft - "I'll have some of whatever he was having, thanks!" - just to name a few instances. In the latter part it's just as good: there's walking on water, turning water into wine, raising people from the dead, feeding thousands with a few loaves and fishes, driving out demons, transfiguring into three entities, disappearing from a tomb, appearing on the road to Emmaus, tongues of fire, and ascending upstairs.
We're so wired for believing the mysterious we can't help ourselves. In this modern age, we're only just starting to eclipse our ancestors as the biggest conspiracy theorists to have ever walked the Earth.
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@bb5242 The problem within democracies is the attack on self-determination ("government of the people, by the people, for the people") is insidious, e.g. it's like the "boiling frog". You mention the USA and Canada. I can't say much about Canada, but the results of the insidious changes in the USA are now noticeable: 99% of the people effectively live to serve the whims of the top 1%.
As for Russia (including its history as a major part of the USSR), there is something about the place which I cannot grasp. Over more than the last 100 years they've had despots or tyrants in charge, whether it be their monarchy, the communists, or the oligarchy. I think the only leader they had who was anywhere near decent was Boris Yeltsin.
There are (and have been) plenty of tyrants and despots in Africa - some are/were non-aligned (Mugabe), but ironically others are there to serve their "colonial" masters - whether that master be Russia, USA, or China.
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We had a Hungarian lecturer at university. He looked like a younger version of Lech Walesa, so we nicknamed him that. He taught statics (an engineering subject) and when he got to the subject of "polar moment of inertia", we jokingly asked if that was like the "Siberian moment of inertia". What we didn't know at that time was these questions were annoying him, and he must've asked the department head what to do about this, who must've replied "Tell the students about your life". So in the next lecture, when he mentioned polar moment of inertia and we asked the same question about Siberia, he wrote "Siberian moment of inertia" on the board in Cyrillic. We asked him about this, and he proceeded to tell us all about his father and grandfather who spent time in the gulag as a guest of the Soviets, how he grew up learning Hungarian and Russian in school, his experiences as a young man studying at university, and how eventually he was booted out of the country. We were absolutely spellbound about this guy's life story. At the end of this fascinating lecture, he said "Now I've told you about the Siberian moment of inertia, we will never need to discuss it ever again, will we!" And we - his students - never, ever mentioned it or asked about it in future lectures.
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@madensmith7014 Per another response in this thread, very little top-of-the-line materiel could be spared by Britain for the Pacific theatre. Part of this was the idea that "White Guns" of Singapore would stop a Japanese sea-borne invasion of British Malaya. The Japanese of course did the "judo thing" and came by land down the Peninsula instead. Their decision to do so, as well as attack Pearl Harbor, the Philippines, etc, within hours of each other, was greatly informed by the British assessment of defences in the region!
This was more evidence of incompetence: this assessment was inadequately secured for transit aboard the SS Automedon which was captured by the German raider Atlantis. Kapitan-Zur-See Rogge, commanding Atlantis, immediately recognised the value of what he had found, and dispatched this via one of his prize vessels to Japan - his officer trusted with this task also discreetly copied the document and accompanied it across Russia (during the time of the Molotov-Von Ribbentrop pact) to Berlin. Needless to say the Japanese were astonished at the information in this assessment, and initially wondered if it was true.
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The Forgotten Soldier is one hell of a book, to say the least. After I read it, I couldn't help but wonder what ever happened to ...
The young German replacement who was left to his own devices wandering across the snow-covered Russian steppe looking for the unit he was supposed to join. Sajer says he, at least one other soldier joining Sajer's unit, and this replacement were behind German lines walking eastwards in the middle of nowhere trying to find their respective units. As dusk approached, some transport arrived that was heading towards Sajer's unit, so all but the replacement jumped on the vehicle and drove away. Sajer says he remembered seeing this young, lone soldier, looking very scared, trudging off into the dusk into the featureless terrain. One can only wonder if he ever did find his unit - Sajer and the others had difficulty finding his own unit as it had moved many times while he was away from it, and kept being given conflicting information regarding its whereabouts.
Paula, the girl Sajer spent leave with in Berlin.
The other young (Soviet?) soldier that Sajer saw through the window. Sajer's unit was moving inside a row of houses, and he looked through a window and saw across the way another young face looking through a window at him. They just looked at each other for a while, and might've even waved.
The girl in the cellar with whom Sajer made love.
Sajer's comrades - they (with Sajer) surrendered to the British and were being held in a POW camp. When Sajer was questioned, the British discovered he was from Alsace so they took him away to another part of the camp. He was treated more as an unfortunate French "draftee" than a former German combatant, so he wasn't able to see his comrades after the interview. (Sajer was repatriated to Alsace, and to "atone" for his crimes had to serve in the French Army for a period, and even had the ironic experience of marching in the victory parade in Paris!) I wonder if Sajer ever reconnected with any of his former comrades?
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Some comments:
1. Very good of you to mention the coordinated attacks on the Far East on 8th December and the attack on Pearl Harbor [US spelling] on the 7th. Many people think the East Indies attacks occurred the day after Pearl Harbor, but they don't realise that the International Date Line separates these two regions - the 8th West of that line and the 7th East of that line are the same day.
2. Singapore was doomed because SS Automedon was captured by the German commerce raider Atlantis (a.k.a HSK 2, Schiff 16, and Raider-C. ) The boarding party of Atlantis were able to get into the Automedon's strong room, and unfortunately for the British the Automedon's crew hadn't destroyed the highly classified material there. This provided incredibly valuable information regarding the disposition of British forces in the Far East - information of which Japan was unaware. Captain Bernhard Rogge, master of Atlantis, recognised the value of this information and sent one of his prizes (captured ship) to Japan with the documents. The Japanese were so surprised by this information that initially they suspected it to be forged.
3. Some years ago the Wikipedia entry on the loss of Repulse and Prince Of Wales carried a quote from a British admiral in London, who upon hearing of the loss, expostulated something akin to "I knew [admiral's name] would make a balls-up of it, and he has!" However; the entry has been edited since then, and there's no mention of this outburst. Unfortunately, I cannot recall which admiral allegedly said this, or to which admiral he referred.
4. I had a great uncle who served with 8th Division 2nd AIF in Malaya and ended up being a "guest" of the Japanese for effectively the duration of the Pacific war. Not much was said about it in my family, but my father did say once that Uncle Bob was awfully thin when he finally returned home.
Edit: grammar and clarity.
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There is a source which says Indian troops were in action fighting the Japanese before the attach on Pearl Harbor.
According to the Second World War Official Histories published by the Australian War Memorial, "Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army", "Volume IV – The Japanese Thrust (1st edition, 1957)", pages 125 & 126 of "Part II - South-East Asia Conquered" (which can be viewed at https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1070100/document/5519429.PDF), at about 12.30 a.m. Malaya time on 8th December 1941, Japanese troops landed at a small river-mouth between the Sabak and Badang beaches held by the 3/17th Dogras of the 8th Indian Brigade, and fierce fighting followed.
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor at about 7.55 a.m. on 7th December 1941 Hawaiian time, which was 1.45 a.m. on 8th December 1941 in Malaya.
PS: pages 129 & 130 of the same source state the following: On this first day of the Japanese onslaught a minor attack was made
on a Pacific outpost manned by a small Australian garrison. At 11.30 a.m. on the 8th [or 2330 UTC on the 7th, which was also 1.30 pm in Hawaii on the 7th] a flying-boat appeared over Ocean Island, circled it and dropped five bombs, which caused no damage . Soon after 1 p.m. that day a flying-boat (believed to be the same) appeared over Nauru, also garrisoned by Australians, circled the island at about 6,000 feet, and disappeared in a north-easterly direction about half an hour later.
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It reminds me of a couple of the kids at school - they were always telling tall tales to impress or scare the rest of us ... still remember "Patrick R" telling us about how a particular sort of lightning bolt would crack the world in two, LOL! And one of the others saying the concrete structure in the middle of the school ground was a WW2 bunker (there used to be a bunker there, but that wasn't it). LOL.
As I was saying in an earlier comment; recently I read an article in which researchers claimed we humans are wired to believe in the mysterious, which is why we're inclined to be religious. Religions are great mysteries. For an example, look no further than Christianity's book, The Bible. In the earlier part there's a great flood, a burning bush, a pillar of fire, an ark which gets carried around and from which the "Power" or "Voice" of God emanates, a sea that parts and lets people cross to safety, an entire city razed and a woman turned into a pillar of salt, a guy called Ezekiel who describes something akin to an aircraft - "I'll have some of whatever he was having, thanks!" - just to name a few instances. In the latter part it's just as good: there's walking on water, turning water into wine, raising people from the dead, feeding thousands with a few loaves and fishes, driving out demons, transfiguring into three entities (again, "I'll have some of whatever they're having, thanks!"), disappearing from a tomb, appearing on the road to Emmaus, tongues of fire, and ascending upstairs.
We're so wired for believing the mysterious we can't help ourselves!
In this modern age, we're only just starting to eclipse our ancestors as the biggest conspiracy theorists to have ever walked the Earth. What are the latest ones/ Virus escaped from a lab ... or engineered by a rich American philanthropist and a financial speculator to kill most of us off, a vaccine engineered to kill the rest of us off, stolen election and "Fed posting", chemtrails, child-molesting blood-drinking lizard men in human disguise ... they get better and better each day, LOL!
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12:03 ... Eastlund disassociated himself ... Is that like disassociative recombination which is one of the free electron loss mechanisms the ionosphere?
On a more serious note: it's amazing what radio communications and/or research facilities are labelled as HAARP stations on Google Maps, despite these facilities not being in Alaska, and not being associated with HAARP. For example, this one in Townsville, QLD, Australia, -19.237768, 146.722246, which has nothing whatsoever to do with HAARP, but some conspiracy theorist has labelled it as such, LOL.
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Sadly, this could've resulted in an even worse outcome for Germany. Fighting into the second half of 1945, or even into 1946, would've forced the US government's hand. By early in the latter half of 1945, the people of the US saw what it took to end the war in the Pacific quickly. They would've watched the mounting casualty lists from the European theatre, and demanded a similar "quick fix" to that problem so their sons, brothers, husbands, fathers, and uncles could come home safely and soonest. The very thought of what might have happened is fearful, and thankfully it didn't.
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Sadly, this could've resulted in an even worse outcome for Germany. Fighting into the second half of 1945, or even into 1946, would've forced the US government's hand. By early in the latter half of 1945, the people of the US saw what it took to end the war in the Pacific quickly. They would've watched the mounting casualty lists from the European theatre, and demanded a similar "quick fix" to that problem so their sons, brothers, husbands, fathers, and uncles could come home safely and soonest. The very thought of what might have happened is fearful, and thankfully it didn't.
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Sadly, this could've resulted in an even worse outcome for Germany. Fighting into the second half of 1945, or even into 1946, would've forced the US government's hand. By early in the latter half of 1945, the people of the US saw what it took to end the war in the Pacific quickly. They would've watched the mounting casualty lists from the European theatre, and demanded a similar "quick fix" to that problem so their sons, brothers, husbands, fathers, and uncles could come home safely and soonest. The very thought of what might have happened is fearful, and thankfully it didn't.
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@maquettemusic1623 "British culture is at least partly built around the mythos of being the underdog and of doing the right thing in the wrong times." Even in peacetime this is the case, e.g. Robert Falcon Scott. As kids, we were told how heroic his party was, e.g. Titus Oates: "I'm going outside. I may be some time." But looking at that whole expedition critically, it's hard to see how it could've been planned and executed any worse than it was.
Here in Australia, our major underdog moment was the ANZAC landing on the Gallipoli peninsula on 25 April 1915. A complete cock-up, and often blamed on the British (landed on the wrong beaches, incorrectly synchronised watches so coordinated attacks didn't happen, etc, etc). But basically it was a stuff-up of incredible magnitude ... yet we celebrate it. However, we rarely hear of the brilliance of General Monash who was one of the first to use a combined arms attack (aircraft, artillery, tanks and infantry) against the Germans in France during the same war.
It seems that the underdogs get remembered the most, especially when they fail for obvious and preventable reasons.
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@BlackEpyon Sounds like you've had some interesting experience with radio frequency devices for networking, and your tale of investigations does credit - it appears that you've looked into it more than the average IT person would have.
A few points in response to your post:
1. Interference to out-of-line-of-sight antennas. Whenever an electromagnetic wave at radio frequencies encounters a conductor (whether it be a good or poor conductor), it will induce currents in the surface of that conductor. (The currents flow just under the surface too, and the depth to which they will flow below the surface is called "skin depth", and is inversely proportional to frequency.) These currents will flow along the surfaces of the conductor, and they will themselves radiate electromagnetic waves. This is what happened when you saw reflection of WiFi signals from metal lockers: the electromagnetic wave induced currents in the surface of the locker door, and those currents caused another electromagnetic wave to be radiated from the surface of the door. (Incidentally, it so happens that for good conductors the electric field component of the radiated wave is anti-phase to that of the incident wave, as the tangential electric field value at the conductor must be zero, so this gives rise to a 180 degree phase shift between the incident and reflected waves.)
If the conductor is curved, e.g. like the outer metal skin of an aircraft, those currents will flow along the surface around the curve. The currents will flow in every direction possible along the surface, radiating as they go. (Obviously the current density drops off as the distance from the incident wave increases.) So it's possible for electromagnetic waves to be radiated by a surface current and affect an antenna which is not line-of-sight to the antenna which gave rise to the incident electromagnetic wave.
A classic example of this effect is a conical horn antenna used at microwave frequencies (and by that I don't mean "microwave oven" frequencies): make the bicone angle too acute and currents will flow on the outside surface of the horn (and electromagnetic waves will be radiated from the outside surface of the horn), even though there is no external electromagnetic wave arriving from elsewhere to excite those currents. (Incidentally, that's not how you want a horn antenna to operate - you want to restrict the currents to the inside surface of the horn so that it launches a plane wave along the axis of the horn.)
2. Frequencies used by mobile phones. These aren't restricted to the 2.5 GHz ISM (or "hash") band where WiFi often operates. Google "LTE frequency bands" and look at all the frequencies!
3. Non-linear effects. With regard to surface currents; to compound matters, if the surface is not continuous, but is made of overlapping sheets (quite typical of aluminium-skinned aircraft), then the thin oxide layer between the sheets acts as an insulator, implementing a form of diode through which these currents will flow. This will give rise to some form of rectification. A basic rule is whenever a waveform is changed non-linearly (e.g. by rectification), then the frequency spectrum of that waveform will also change. So, you can get frequency multiplication, e.g. doubling, tripling, etc; and also intermodulation where two currents at different signals give rise to currents at sum and difference frequencies, or three frequencies give to even more complex sum and difference frequencies, and so on. Some of these spurious frequencies (as they're referred to) could be at the input frequency ranges of certain aircraft radio systems. Consider this in terms of all the LTE frequencies in 2 above, and a number of phones operating on different frequencies inside an aircraft cabin.
4. Is a short circuit always a short circuit? Aircraft metal structures are electrically bonded together, but this is not necessarily effective at radio frequencies. The bonding is mainly for static dissipation. The aircraft accumulates static charge as it moves through the air, and this shouldn't be allowed to build up differentially on separate parts of the aircraft and then discharge suddenly in the form or an arc, causing possible damage or disruption to electrical and electronic systems. Also, bonding helps ensure that lightning currents are passed around sensitive components such as bearings supporting moveable flight surfaces, etc. But the bonding straps have a finite length, and these will not look like electrical short circuits at radio frequencies. Consider a transmission line consisting of two parallel conductors which are not connected to anything at one end and connected to a radio frequency source at the other - if this is an odd multiple of 1/4 wavelength long, then the radio frequency source will see a short circuit, whereas if it is any multiple of 1/2 wavelength long then it will see an open circuit. So similarly with a single wire - the electrical length (in wavelengths) of a bonding wire can make a direct current or low frequency short circuit look like an open circuit at certain radio frequencies. Thus two pieces of metal bonded by a wire strap might actually act as two separate conductors at radio frequencies, i.e one piece of aluminium acts like a patch antenna even though it's part of the aircraft skin.
5. Out of band response of radio receivers. Yes, aircraft electronics are not designed to receive energy from mobile devices (operating at any of the LTE frequencies discussed in 2 above). But how good is the front-end filtering of the receivers based on the designer's assumptions of the proximity of nearby transmitters operating on other frequencies? Here are some examples I've seen:
- 14 GHz transmitter completely "flattening" a 12 GHz receiver. This was due out-of-band emissions from the transmitter being high enough in level to swamp the input circuits of the receiver. Solution: install a bandpass filter on the transmitter output which limited the signals at 12 GHz.
- A receiver designed for 7 GHz kept failing when a nearby 8 GHz transmitter was operated. The receiver had a very good lowpass filter at its front end designed to reject the 8 GHz signal. The problem was that the 8 GHz transmitter generated some broadband, very low level, spurious emissions all the way down to below 6 GHz. And the receiver designers hadn't counted on energy at that level down to 6 GHz and below coupling into the receiver - their lowpass filter was completely ineffective at 6 GHz. Solution: install bandpass filters (for the respective operating frequencies) on both transmitter output and receiver inputs.
- Transmitter on an orbiting satellite caused surface currents to flow in one of the metal panels forming the skin of the satellite body. The joint in the panel caused frequency multiplication which overloaded a receiver operating at a frequency five times higher than the transmitter output frequency! That's a very expensive mistake to make ...
None of these transmitters were bad transmitters - all transmitters generate some form of out-of-band spurious emissions, and often the transmitter designer has no control over the nearby environment (e.g. metal structures featuring joints). And the filters on consumer grade electronics are designed to be just good enough to meet the specification ... if the filters are over-designed, then that costs more money, increases the required transmitter power or level of the minimum received signal (all filters exhibit loss, and tighter filters are lossier), etc.
In summary, getting into trouble with radio frequency interference is pretty easy to do if all factors aren't considered - especially in multi-transmitter and multi-receiver environments.
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@capusvacans "[Religious adherents] are free to think whatever you want, as long as it doesn't diminish the freedom of others."
And herein lies the danger to many in society from those who claim the moral high ground based on their religion. Look at what's happening in the USA nowadays as an example.
I have trod a similar path to yours. And I cannot reconcile the professed faith of many members of a Church whose daily actions appear not to reflect the worldly actions of the deity they worship (as recorded some 2,000 years ago).
My observations over the years have led me to two conclusions:
1. If Jesus Christ came to Earth today, many Christians wouldn't recognise him - and would reject him outright as a false prophet. Why? Because many Christians - especially in the West - live privileged lives and don't mix with the sort of people Mr. J. Christ would mix with. Christ mixed with the sinners and outcasts of his day, viz. prostitutes, tax collectors, etc - not the privileged, the Romans, Pharisees and Sadducees, etc.
2. The only differences between Western Christians and other theocrats such as the Taliban are their God, their Book, their language, and dress code. (And the weaponry I guess - M4 Carbine vs AK-47.) Otherwise, they share the common goal of a burning desire (no pun intended) to tell other people what to do based on their "enlightened", guided-by-God interpretations of the readings from their particular Book. And both groups seem quite happy with subjugating women, minorities, and adherents of other religions.
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Apart from the face-to-face meetings with many WW2 vets during my younger years (as Dr. Felton said, they were everywhere at that time), I met many on-the-air during my early days on amateur radio. Many of them were elderly gentlemen in the USA who would answer my CQ calls on morse code during my evenings ... and typically explain that they woke up in the night, couldn't sleep, didn't want to wake the wife, so they went to the radio "shack", plugged in the headphones, and tuned around to see who was about.
These people had some fascinating stories. One was in the Marines and his LST spent a few days tied up alongside in my home city, but they weren't allowed to disembark before they were sent north to Milne Bay in Papua New Guinea ... and he never got to visit my city again. Another had built radio installations for airfields across the Pacific, and he told how they built one in record time but it never got used because the war moved on as the Allies captured island after island ... I still remember that conversation: I had my map spread out over the table and we were chatting back and forth across the Pacific via morse code.
Those guys aren't there anymore, and it's quite noticeable in the discussions one has on-the-air these days. It's not better, and it's not worse - it's just different. I'm glad I got to meet those men, even if it was "virtually".
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@Player_Review Lots of people confuse the epidemiological effects of non-ionising and ionising radiation. There are plenty of conspiracy theories about this - and they make as much sense as Flat Earth, Faked Moon Landings, the world's politicians all being lizard creatures from outer space ... just to name a few.
Photons (energy packets) of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies don't carry enough energy to break covalent bonds, i.e. they cannot knock electrons off atoms or molecules and create ions. Damage from radio waves is somewhat frequency-dependent, and includes body heating, deep tissue burns and surface burns.
But higher frequency radiation such as ultraviolet, extreme UV, x-rays, etc, is ionising, and that's a different matter altogether.
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@NicolaW72 I recommend that you don't fly on anything anywhere, as there are plenty of "single switches that would kill everyone" on every modern airliner. That's why there's pilot training, checklists, an annunciator that indicates the pressurisation system is operating in manual mode, and then a warning sound that operates when the cabin altitude exceeds the danger level.
Let's say you redesigned the aircraft and took this switch away ... how would you have the maintenance personnel conduct pressurisation runs on the ground to check for leaks? Note that these are done after maintenance work on any door (including cargo doors) and emergency exit, and whenever faults are reported, e.g. cabin leaks - so these activities cannot be eliminated if you want the aircraft to be maintained. There would need to be some other "manual" intervention required which allows the outflow valve(s) to be manually operated on the ground ... a different "single switch that would kill everyone" somewhere in the aircraft, maybe this time in the E&E bay where it can't be accessed in flight, so the crew know the switch is there but can't do anything with it during an emergency - that emergency might be failure of the pressurisation controller (i.e. the controller fails, or the sensors feeding it fail, or the wiring connected to the controller fails, etc), which means the aircraft lands pressurised and no-one can open the doors. On one occasion I remember that happening, the crew conducted an emergency landing due to a fire, but the rescue teams couldn't open the doors - the "single switch that would kill everyone" could have been moved to the alleged "kill everyone" position which would've dumped the cabin air back to ambient and - ironically - saved lives.
I'd really be interested to know how you would design the aircraft to operate differently so that it can be flown - with and without pressurisation controller faults (faults which can occur while in the air) - as well as maintained on the ground.
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Lots of interesting comments.
I know something of the views of many Ukrainians towards the Soviets, and Russians in particular, especially during WW2 (a.k.a The Great Patriotic War), having heard some first hand experiences related to me years ago by Ukrainians in exile.
But perhaps the Ukraine nationalists (as opposed to those who want to be part of Russia) don't understand the view of Nazism by many in the West. Anywhere in the formerly Occupied Europe or the British Commonwealth won't look on Nazi symbolism favourably. Likewise the USA, especially where the Republicans paint the Nazis as Leftists (unbelievable, but that's what they're saying) in an attempt to link the Democratic Party with Nazism; and are saying they more closely align with Putin's purported Christian beliefs, thus questioning why the West isn't supporting the Russians instead of sanctioning them.
Zelensky is busy running around the world (albeit virtually) trying to drum up support for his cause. He runs the very real risk of the US Democrats not holding the presidency in 2024, and the future US President reversing the USA's position on Russia (especially if the Orange Man returns to become the 47th president of the USA), and thus worldwide support crumbling.
It will be an uphill battle retaining US and Western support if Nazi symbology is being used, even if there is no Nazism intended ... but I suspect it's too late, and this particular public relations battle may have already been lost.
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