Youtube comments of J Nagarya (@jnagarya519).

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  624.  @resentfulandvengeful2193  I don't know Peterson, so it is impossible to hate -- or love -- him. I object to his limitations -- which are precisely what his fanboys "love" about him; for whom, that is, it is all politics, even while dumbly buying into the idea that he is a "philosopher". They "love" him for his biases; because he agrees with them, but appears to give legitimacy to those biases by providing elaborate, even verbose, rationales for them. He does the "thinking" for the smug who can't do their own "thinking" on those issues. He, as example, rejects "feminism" without bothering to examine it; instead he simply asserts that it doesn't exist -- the reality that it does is beyond his consideration. He's a political "conservative" who appeals to political "conservatives" -- none of which is philosophy. George Will is another "conservative" who pretends his political ideology -- bias -- is actually "intellectualism," "philosophy". He is a lightweight political ideologue that the untutored in actual philosophy believe is a "philosopher" because he "thinks" "things" they haven't thought of, but which affirm their existing unexamined beliefs; which they mistake for "philosophy". The same goes for his mentor William F. Buckley, defender of the status quo of the wealthy. Peterson has fanboys because of his reactionary defense of traditional WHITE male chauvinism; because he affirms their unexamined assumptions/biases. He does their thinking for them, so they not only needn't think for themselves, but also so they can continue to comfortably avoid the self-examination of questioning their own fundamental assumptions. His elaborate defenses of bad ideas do not transform those bad ideas into "the good," which latter is the "goal" of philosophy. Philosophy is the pursuit of truth, not justification of one's refusal to change as truth discovered requires.
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  1049.  @Pisgahmts  It's either supporting allies, or boots on the ground. Which do you want? Europe expected the US to take the lead dealing with Libya and Khadafi. The Republicans, lead by McCain, were all about jumping in. But President Obama said to Europe: it's your backyard; we'll provide support, but no US boots on the ground. The world is interdependent, and the US supports its allies. NATO has three basic purposes: 1. For mny hundreds of years European countries warred against each other. Twice they started wars that became world wars -- into which the US was sucked. The US established NATO to put an end to those wars, and that has been successful. 2. NATO is a mutual defense pact of European nations against an historically-expansionist Russia. If Russia attacks one of those nations, all others come to its aid. That keeps US boots on the ground OUT of it. "Let THEM fight THEM THERE." 3. NATO is the US's first line of defense against historically-expansionist Russia. "Let THEM fight THEM THERE" -- but this time, though with US support, without US boots on the ground. A young French woman did a video tour of the D-Day cemetery in Normandy, France -- the cemetery Trump refused to visit because the very light rain might mess up his hair. She largely explored the US section -- acre after acre after acre after acre of white crosses and US troops killed during the D-Day landing. The enormous memorials built in tribute and gratitude to the US. It is a powerful lesson in the history. NATO is to prevent that ever happening again.
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  1372. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
    6
  1373. The FOUNDERS CONFISCATING Guns -- ___ Chapter DCCXXIX. An Ordinance Respecting the Arms of Non-Associators. Whereas the non-associators in this state have either refused or neglected to deliver up their arms according to the resolves of the honorable Continental Congress and the assembly of Pennsylvania, and effectual measures have not been taken to carry the said resolves into execution: [Section I.] Be it therefore ordained by the authority of this Convention, That the colonel or next officer in command of every band of militia in this state is hereby authorized, empowered and required to collect, receive and take all the arms in his district or township nearest to such officer which are in the hands of non-associators in the most expeditious and effectual manner in his power, and shall give to the owners receipts for such arms, specifying the amount of the appraisement; and such as can be repaired shall with all possible dispatch be rendered fit for service, and the value according to the appraisement of all such arms, together with the repairs and transportation, shall be paid to the officers by the treasurer on the order of the council of safety for the use of the owners and defraying the charges. [Section II.] And be it further ordained, That the same arms shall be appraised by any three reputable freeholders appointed by the commanding officer; but if the owner of any arms shall neglect or refuse to apply for such money within six months the same shall be applied towards the repairs of the arms; and the colonels are hereby authorized to draw for the necessary sums of money for the purposes aforesaid on the council of safety. [Section III.] And it is further ordained, That the colonels aforesaid shall arm the associators with the said arms and keep an account to whom they are delivered and return the same to the council of safety; and every associator shall be answerable for such arms or the value unless lost or destroyed by some unavoidable accident or in actual service. [Section IV.] And be it further ordained, That in case any arms so collected shall not be worth repairing, the same shall be laid by until such time as may be thought proper by the committee of the county to return them to the owners. ___ Passed July 19, 1776. "Ordinances passed by the Constitutional Convention, June-September, 1776," The Statutes at Large of the State of Pennsylvania from 1682 to 1801, Vol. IX, 1776 to 1779 (Wm. Stanley Ray, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1903), Edited by Commissioners James T. Mitchell and Henry Flanders, at 11.
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  1501.  @Rain-Dirt  One is also free to have NO "religion". If that right didn't exist one wouldn't be able to choose whatever "religion" one wanted from among those one didn't want. The extremist religionuts have been at war against the separation of "religion" and gov't from BEFORE there was a First Amendment. This is from the North Carolina constitition adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." You should use that information -- it is free to copy it: law is always owned by the public -- to back your assertion. But don't grant "religions" the false idea that their BELIEFS are "rights". Rights are defined and secured, as in the above, in non-"religious" LAW.
    6
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  1503. Actually it wasn't. That i why the Militia Law EVOLVED to the point that the weaponry was provided by the gov't. That eliminated a lot of excuses and other problems. What you fail to grasp is that you are not living in the past. That is, you are a law-illiterate who doesn't know what he's talking about. But it isn't that difficult to LEARN; one can, for example, READ the Constitution you've never read, with the knowledge that the entire Constitution is in effect at the same time. These are the first two of the four Militia Clauses in the Constitution: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." In short, the well-regulated -- UNDER LAW -- Militia is LAW ENFORCEMENT -- the OPPOSITE of "taking up arms" against the gov't, which is INSURRECTION, and which the Founders classified as TREASON. "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'T] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS. That "prescription" is in the form of STATUTES -- MILITIA ACTS. That provision also establishes, under the Supremacy Clause, the FEDERAL gov't as the SUPREME authority over the States' well-regulated Militia -- which is ALSO under the STATE constitution and Militia Acts. This succinctly described the purpose of the well-regulated Militia: ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine."
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  1531. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. 2. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
    6
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  1535. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  1577. It isn't questions that don't "suit" him. It is questions based upon the facts -- his own words -- being thrown back at him. Then his response begins with labeling the questions as "gotcha" questions; and if the reporter persists in completing the question/s, while he is attempting to drown out the questioning by RUDELY interrupting and talking over, he labels the question "nasty". And if it REALLY got under his skin, calls the reporter names. He has been transparently a constant bullshitter all along. His methods are not new, or unknown. I learned to crituqe such in high school, during the 1960s. Perhaps you remember the aspirin commercials on TV, where the person is dressed in a white coat -- like a doctor -- and begins with, "Many doctors recommend . . ." The white coat, and the use of the word "doctor" subconsiciously associates the two, and it is intended that the viewer believe that the man in the white coat is actually a doctor, therefore that his word can be trusted. "Many doctors recommend" -- but no doctors who ALLEGEDLY do so are NAMED. So when Trump begins with, "Lots of people say," and of course not NAMING any, he is actually referring only to himself -- while in other instances he will attack the media for relying on "anonymous sources," which is exaclty what HE is doing, even though he is the source, and not anonymous. Trump's only skill is self-promotion; and how he does that was called, when I was a kid, "Overwhelm with bullshit". Break down his statements and they are mostly cent three and four word phrase-fragments, repeated again and again, all of them ultimately meaningless -- when he says, "lots of people," as example, there are no "lots of people".
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  1620.  @dhellis19498  Did you miss the results of the Intelligence Community and Mueller Report? I'll spell it out for you: ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  1645.  @resentfulandvengeful2193  A person who has a degree in philosophy learns not only the history of philosophy, but also the substance of the different schools of philosophy. Oh -- you didn't know that philosophers are professionals at what they do, and understand fundamental approaches to it? Socrates' method was to ask a question; and those in the conversation would provide and answer or two. He then would ask questions about the answers. More answers, and he would ask questions about those answers. (It is called the "Socratic method" and is used in law schools.) Ultimately -- and this can be achieved, though it requires concerted WORK -- Socrates said he "knew nothing". The untutored idea is that philosophy is about "wisdom" as answers. As clever one-liners. About competitive "winning of 'arguments'." Socrates wasn't satisfied with such pretend-knowledge. The purpose of philosophy is pursuit of TRUTH. If the truth is that none of us actually knows anything, then that is the truth of it. The untutored are instead about impressing others with their "knowledge". That is ultimately boring. Having been through all that, and having by my own efforts proven to myself that I know nothing, I have no patience with amateurs. No patience with those who are seeking OUTSIDE THEMSELVES someone to believe in, someone to provide them the "answers". Someone who appears to be able to make an "argument" that the person seeking such answers can't make themselves. And that is always competitive over against something else. So Peterson smears the "far left" -- whatever that is to mean -- as if all the truth is on his side of the divide he creates for himself. That is not philosophy; it is political ideology. That means he is not a great mind because he rejects truths that don't exist in his little box, within his self-limitation; truths that exist outside his narrowness that he rejects.
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  1647.  @LionEagleOx  I have an education in law; you do not. I adhere to law, and you don't know what you're talking about. As example, John Adams was the foremost constitutionalist among the Founders. He researched every instance of democracy back to the Greeks -- which the Greeks founded in keeping with PHILOSOPHY. Adams wrote the Massachusetts Constitution, which was the model for the US Constitution. Also included among the Founders considerations were European Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke. This is an example of the Founders' view, from the 1784 New Hampshire constitution "Bill of Rights": "III. When men enter into a state of society, they surrender up some of their natural rights ["natural rights" being a philosophical concept] to that society, in order to insure the protection of others [AND OF THEMSELVES]". Thus the first responsibility of gov't, which is by definition RULE OF LAW, is protection of public health and safety. You have no idea what philosophy is, and you mistakenly believe the easy way to learn it is to watch youtube videos by a right-winger who IS NOT a philosopher but IS a dogmatic -- dictatorial -- absolutist who rejects out of hand whole areas of PHILOSOPHY based upon right-wing BIGOTRY. All of which means that you believe his bias because it is YOUR bias. Philosophy is the PURSUIT of truth, NOT the "possession" of it; "wisdom" is the byproduct of that pursuit. Peterson believes he POSSESSES truth, which is as arrogant and elitist as it gets, and you buy his crap because you are looking for absolutes. Philosophy "knows" two things: (1) that there are no absolutes, and (2) that ultimately we "know" NOTHING. An actual philosopher is Socrates, who can be read in "Plato's Dialogues". Begin with that. Or begin with "The Story of Philosophy," by Will Durant.
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  1702. ". . . . And also, so that you can understand the wording of the 2nd Amendment as written, pay attention here." Let's play your history- and law-illiterate game -- then SHRED it: 1. When the several states ratified the Constitution, they included with that written statement to Congress a PETITION to be accepted as a member of the Union. 2. Several states also included proposed amendments. 3. James Madison, a Congressman in the House of Representatives, codified the proposed amendments into a "Bill of Rights" resolution, which he then submitted to the House for debate. This is where the history- and law-illiterate claim that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. This is their "history": James Madison was the "Father of the Constitution, AND he wrote the "Bill of Rights"/Second Amendment. If those facts are true then -- The first three words of the Constitution are, "We the people," not, "We the individual". Thus the word "people" -- the "We" makes it PLURAL -- has the same meaning from those first three words to the end of the "Bill of Rights" -- the first Ten Amendments. IN FACT the House debated the resolution as COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE -- i.e., the entire House of Representatives Debated and wrote the "Bill of Rights". AND the Senate ALSO debated and contributed to it. Madison was not a Senator. 4. The "Madison [Second] Amendment" was actually the first DRAFT of that which eventually became the Second Amendment. That an all but the last draft included ONE "individual right" -- which is obvious from its language, and which means the drafts of the amendment included BOTH the words "PEOPLE" -- which is PLURAL -- and "PERSON" -- which is obviously INDIVIDUAL. This is the ONLY "individual right" that was debated: ": but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms, shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY -- one could be DRAFTED into militia DUTY] to render military service [in well-regulated militia]". That was OBVIOUSLY VOTED DOWN before the "Bill of Rights" was ratified. One last fact: Occasionally one or another gun-nut will boldly assert: "The Founders put the Second Amendment after the First Amendment to back up the First Amendment. 1. As submitted to the states for consideration and ratification, the proposed "Bill of Rights" consisted of TWELVE proposed Amendments. The first two were REJECTIED, making the third the First, and the fourth the Second. 2. The First Amendment includes -- "Congress shall make no law . . . abridged . . . the right of the people to PEACEABLY assemble". Thus the First amendment is consistent with "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15: "The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". To "take up arms" against the gov't is INSURRECTION -- which is PROHIBITED. The alternative established by the Founders, and the Constitution and laws, is VOTING.
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  1778.  @dalecrocker3213  The Proud Boys are FASCISTS. And that their "president" is an Afro-Cuban only means that there are people who act against their own interests. There were Jews who collaborated with the Nazis while Jews were being mass-murdered. There were Chinese who collaborated with the Japanese while the Japanese were slaughtering millions of Chinese. There are fools such as you who defend those who reject and overtly attack the Constitution and laws. BE CLEAR: the rights you claim only exist because they are secured in written law. Destroy that written law and those "rights" cease to exist. Yes: the Proud Boys are white supremacists -- and Fascists -- as are the Oath Keepers and their ilk. You don't have to take the word of the REPORTAGE -- NOT OPINION -- of the LEGITIMATE media; you only need to listen to the rhetoric of the Proud Boys and their ilk. They falsely claim, as example, that the Second Amendment establishes a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't, gov't being BY DEFNINTION rule of law. Ask yourself: what LAW would authorize destruction of the RULE OF LAW? The "Bill of Rights" is not the entire Constitution; and the ENTIRE Constitution is in effect at the same time. It incorporates FOUR Militia Clauses, the Second Amendment being nothing more than the fourth of them. This is the firt: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIOS, and repel Invasions". These are the directly relevant portions of the second: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The Congress shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." Thus the well-regulated Militia is ALWAYS GOVERNED AND REGULATED UNDER BOTH US and state constitutions and laws. The armed anti-gov't gangs, such as the Proud Boys ilk, are not "militia"; in fact, they are classified in law, in all 50 states, as "paramilitaries," and PROHIBITED thereby. "Taking up arms" against the gov't is the CRIME of INSURRECTION, which the Founders classified as TREASON. There is NO right to commit insurrection or treason. And what is the motivation of the Proud Boys and their ilk? WHITE SUPREMACISM, and the false fetishization of the so-called "revolution" as a populist fascism.
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  1809.  @american236  I don't skip it: ___ This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right".
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  1910.  @Remo1147  In FACT, locksmith db's law-illiteracy notwithstanding, the Bill of Rights was DEBATED AND WRITTEN by CONGRESS -- both House and Senate. This is how standard adjudication works: If there is a conflicting interpretation of a law, such as a Constitutional provision, and the resolution of the conflict is not in the text of the law at issue, then one refers to the LEGISLATIVE HISTORY - the "paper trail" that resulted in the law. The LEGISLATIVE HISTORY is LEGAL AUTHORITY. That is the obvious approach even to the dumbest. And it has been the adjudicatory standard since forever. As concerns the INTENT of the Second Amendment, one READS THE CONRESS'S DEBATES -- they are readily available -- of the WRITING of the Amendment. From those one learns that the PURPOSE of the Amendment was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the well-regulated Militia. A "militia" is not an individual. And the well-regulated Militia has ALWAYS been BOTH GOVERNED AND REGULATED under BOTH Federal and state constitutions and laws. And subsequent to ratification of the Bill of Rights, and as concerns the Second Amendment, Congress enacted two statutes -- "Militia Acts": May 2, 1792: "An act to provide for calling forth the Militia [of the Second Amendment] to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an UNIFORM MILITIA throughout the United States." I have an education in law and have been focused on researching the issues for more than 30 years. And what the law-illiterate OMITS -- probably because ignorant of the fact, is that there were criticisms across the political spectrum from Constitutional scholars of Scalia's Heller decision for a simple and basic reason: he argued at length that the LEGISLATIVE HISTORY was IRRELEVANT -- which is NOT the adjudicatory standard. It is ONLY by REJECTING the legislative history, in which one finds the ACTUAL INTENT of the Second Amendment, as established by the Congress that DEBATED AND WROTE IT, he was able FALSELY to find an "individual" "right" where none exists. IT IS CLEAR in those Debates that only ONE "individual" "right" was debated -- ": but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated militia] shall be compelled [as in DRAFT -- militia service was a DUTY, not a "right"] to render military service [in well-regulated militia] in person." That -- the right NOT to serve in the militia -- was obviously VOTED DOWN before the PROPOSED Amendment was submitted, along with the other ELEVEN proposed amendments, to the states for consideration and ratification. To refute another false fantasy made up about the Second Amendment -- that the Second Amendment was placed directly after the First in order to enforce the First: As submitted to the states, the PROPOSED Bill of Rights consisted of TWELVE PROPOSED Amendments. The FIRST TWO were REJECTED -- making the 4th the 2nd, and making the 3rd the 1st.
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  2080.  @rhynosouris710  "J Nagarya The issue is settled in DC v Heller: "The Amendment's prefatory clause announces a purpose, but does not limit or expand the scope of the second part, the operative clause. The operative clause's text and history demonstrate that it connotes an individual right to keep and bear arms."" I'm well aware of Scalia's "holding" -- in fact there are TWO in that decision -- AND of the fact that in his "Heller" decision" he argued strenuously that the LEGISLATIVE HISTORY -- the DEBATES of the CONGRESS that WROTE that which became the Second amendment -- are "irrelevant" to the issue. That's why we KNOW that Scalia was an ACTIVIST inserting his own views/the views of the gun industry/right-wing "Christian" rejectors of the Constitutional separation of "religion" and gov't OVER the law: The STANDARD of adjudication -- NOT activist -- when there is a conflicting interpretation of a law, and the resolution isn't found "within the four corners" of the text of the law, a court resorts to the LEGISLATIVE HISTORY, which is LEGAL AUTHORITY, in order to determine the INTENT of the law. The LEGISLATIVE HISTORY -- the DEBATES of the Congress that WROTE the Second Amendment -- PROVES that the INTENT of the Amendment was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the WELL-REGULATED MILITIA. The SUBJECT of the amendment is at the beginning of the Amendment: well-regulated Militia. The phrase "the right of the people to keep and bear arms" was taken from the FOUR STATE constitution Militia Clauses that were the SOURCE of the Amendment, which Clauses distinguished between the well-regulated militia -- "the right of the people," etc. -- and standing armies. FURTHER: Constitutional provisions are IMPLEMENTED by means of STATUTES, in this context termed "Militia Acts". Completion of ratification of the Bill of Rights was on December 15, 1791; in May, 1792 there were two "Militia Acts" enacted. The second of the two is captions: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." As for "Heller": Scalia made TWO holdings: 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual right" -- which is REFUTED by the DEBATES of the WRITERS of the Amendment. 2. The gun control is Constitutional -- for which the evidence, AS LAW from the FOUNDIGS of the several colonies, and as continued through and beyond the 1770s, is OVERWHELMING. And there is this: ___ No law protects private fake "militia": See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886), both of which are available via "Google" search: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  2215. Hillary was investigated by REPUBLICANS. They found NO EVIDENCE for their ALLEGATIONS because it was a FAKE "scandal". Let us know if you ever mature sufficiently that you are able to recognize when you're being PLAYED. But there is this -- ____ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  2451. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. 2. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  2496. They are NOT "militia" -- See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". From _Presser_: "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." That is not a new idea; this law is from October 1658: "Military, [S. 11] . . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., drafting] & raifing of fouldiers for any expedition, fhall be directed to the Committy of militia of the feverall Townes who may execute the fame by the Coftable & the faid Committee are hereby impowred & required to fupprefs all raifing of fouldiers, but fuch as fhall be by the authority of this government." In contemporary English: "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., drafting] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  2604.  @ahmedfarah2930  FDR was a centrist, but his responses to crises were progressive. Biden is a centrist, but his responses to the crises have been progressive. In other words, stop being narrow and inflexible. And be certain you know the meaning of "progressive" before slinging it. Most important is to educate yourself in actual political history -- not the "Leftist" variety. I was a young adult during the 1960s and early 1070s; and 99 per cent of the "history" of the 1960s I hear from the "progressive" "Left" is HORSESHIT -- bias and wishful thinking, NOT FACT. Sam Seder is among the worst of them. It was the "Left" who got Nixon elected, because the "Left's" tactics ALIENATED the moderate middle we needed to reach in order to get the US out of Vietnam. As result, that involvement continued into the mid-1970s. Today it's fashionable to blame LBJ for the escalation, but it was Nixon who EXPANDED that war OUTSIDE Vietnam. See the PBS documentary "The Roosevelts: An Intimate History". REPUBLICAN Teddy Roosevelt was the "father" of Progressivism. He was the first to make the NATIONAL gov't NATIONAL. He established the national parks system (as a conserva-tionist). He was for a national health system. But when he ran for re-election as head of the third-party "Progressive Party" he went off the rails, thus defeating the moderate Republican Taft; elected was the white supremacist Democrat Wilson. Be careful what you wish for -- you might get it. Or as happened in 2016, as result of the arrogant so-called "progressive" political illiterates, their "hero" Sanders helped elect Trump. And some of them wanted to "blow up the system" so voted for Trump. How did that work out not only for "progressives" but also for the rest of us who have progressive ideals and goals -- but are PRAGMATIC?
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  2667. The various "One True Religion" colonists who founded colonies based on "freedom of religion" meant freedom for ONLY THEIR "religion". But that changed with the state constitutions -- see below -- and their eventuation in the First amendment separation of "religion" and gov't; so, no, the United States is not a "Christian" nation -- ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ As said, those provisions and their equivalent in the other state constitutions eventuated in the First amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. And Jefferson was proudest of his "Religious Freedom Act" of Virginia, which did away with a single gov't-sponsored "religion". The LIARS on the point are the "Christians" who ignore the Commandment written by their "God" -- "Thou shalt not lie." And ignore that the Constitution, with the First Amendment separation, is the SUPREME Law of the Land - there is NO law HIGHER than SUPREME. BACK OFF, fake "Christians": you don't get to impose your unsubstantiated subjectivist tyranny on the rest of us.
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  2690.  @olecrowey  As concerns Clarence Thomas? Different classes, races, and individuals have different experiences. What you are saying is that the experience unique to African-Americans in the United States is irrelevant. And you are obviously wrong -- and I suspect you know you are wrong. The many efforts to have Congress adopt an anti-lynching law were not defeated by the fact that lynching was almost exclusively done to African-Americans. They were defeated by racist approval of the lynching of African-Americans. In short: stop accusing others of "racism" by asserting a racist "argument" -- by which you call yourself out as being a racist. Racists have been whining for decades against Affirmative Action because it "benefits" as small minority of minorities. They DON'T whine about the fact that the vast majority "quota" is WHITE. Yes you are racist: you focus on the nominee's skin color, and that is your bogus measure of her "merit". To you she is Black, therefore has NO merit. What "merit" has Amy Coney-Barrett as compared with any of the potential Biden nominees other than skin color? The person most commentors believe will be nominated by Biden has been a judge for years longer than was Coney-Barrett. That potential nominee has also authored decisions of substantial consequential Constitutional merit, whereas Coney-Barrett's written decisions would fill one slim volume. That potential nominee also happens to have been the author of the decision knocking down ex-president Trump's BOGUS assertion of "executive privilege," which the Supreme Court UPHELD 8-1. The only Justice who voted against it was Clarence Thomas, whose wife is instrumental in presenting cases to that very court -- which, were Thomas ETHICAL, would REQUIRE he RECUSE himself from those cases, but he does not because he is not. MERIT INCLUDES ETHICS.
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  2715. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored the the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA thoroughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn _Heller_. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  2856. So you believe every allegation that comes out of a Republican's mouth!? What was the outcome of the 8 or more "investigations" of the "Benghazi" issue, which were conducted by REPUBLICANS for some TWO YEARS? And during which the Republicans were all for subpoenas, and threatening criminal referrals to the DOJ. YESTERDAY Gym Jordan asserted that those "investigations" were because Hillary Clinton lied. That would mean she committed perjury, which the Republicans would CERTAINLY jumped on. So, again, what was the outcome? There were no convictions, no criminal referrals, because the ACTUAL PURPOSE of those "investigations" was stated by Republican Kevin McCarthy ON VIDEO: to "lower Hillary Clinton's poll numbers," on the assumption she would be running for president. So which is it? The "investigations" were because Clinton lied? Or were to lower her poll numbers? And what was the outcome? Nothing, because it was a non-issue. The REPUBLICANS have a LONG history of making up false allegations, slinging them at a Democrat, and then demanding the false allegations be "investigated". And in EVERY instance -- Clinton was repeatedly "investigated" for 30 years -- they find NOTHING, because it is an absolute truth that a false allegation has no basis in reality, no underlying EVIDENCE. No indictments, no criminal referrals, despite all their threats to indict and have prosecuted. The ACTUAL issue for the Republican is that Garland is acting to STOP the violence and death threats against elected officials on such as school boards, and election boards -- and Democrats in Congress. Violence and death threats are not protected speech under the First Amendment. BOTH are CRIMES under BOTH Federal and state laws. The KEY, if you'd LISTEN to what is ACTUALLY being said -- and note that the Republican repeatedly interrupted Garland so that Garland couldn't state the actual facts: that he is acting to STOP the violence and death threats -- was the REPUBLICAN dragging in the First Amendment. The ACTUAL language in the First Amendment is that it protects PEACEABLE assembly. Violent assembly is PROHIBITED, And it is a VIOLATION of Federal and state laws to threaten elected public officials. THIS is in the constitution you whiners have NEVER READ: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia[/National Guard] to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, [and] SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders classified insurrection as TREASON. There is no right to engage in violence. There is no right to issue death threats. There is no right to commit treason. The violence and death threats have the same goal as the January 6 insurrection: to force the elected officials to bend to the will of the mob, and hopefully resign, so the insurrectionists can take over school and election boards and eliminate democracy.
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  2876.  @Kaltwasser45  "Please provide writings from our founders that wanted to limit private ownership." From the Vermont constitution of July 2, 1777: "CHAPTER I. "A Declaration of Rights," etc. -- this is the Militia Clause: "XV. That the people have a right to [no "keep and"] bear arms for the defense of themselves AND ["AND" does not mean "OR"] the State [gov't]; and, as standing armies, in the time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; and that the liberty should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power." "CHAPTER II. -- private ownership of guns. Note that CHAPTER I. and CHAPTER II. are SEPARATE CHAPTERS: "Section XXXIX. That the inhabitants of this State, shall have liberty to hunt and fowl, in seasonable times [this REGULATED by STATUTE/S], on the lands they hold, and on other lands (not enclosed;) . . . under proper regulations, to be hereafter made and provided by the General Assembly." ___ Thus, as shown, the private, individual right to possess guns is SEPARATE from serving Militia DUTY. Further, the constitution expressly stipulates that that right is subject to "regulations . . . made and provide by the General Assembly," which is the LEGISLATIVE branch. Also of note is that the above Militia Clause, with those of three other state constitutions, were the sources for that which become the Second Amendment. And as in EVERY state the commander-in-chief of the militia is the state's governor, it is OBVIOUS that the well-regulated Militia -- there is no other -- is under the regulation and governance of the legislature, and that the state militia is an arm OF gov't, and thus NOT intended to be a THREAT TO gov't, gov't being by definition RULE OF LAW. As reminder, from the US Constitution: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." See "Shays's" and "Whiskey" insurrections: the Founders charged them with, tried them for, and convicted them of, TREASON, and sentenced them to DEATH. There is no "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't/RULE OF LAW.
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  3069.  @olympicfireball  What about the 9th and 10th Amendments -- slapping the faces of those who invoke those in effort to dodge the fact that the subject of the Second Amendment is well-regulated Militia, and its intent to establish a National Defense relying on the Militia as not only the Debates make clear but also the second "Militia Act" of May 8, 1792. Being "secure" in one's papers, subject only to warrant, is certainly about privacy. We also recognize the right of privacy in the various privileges applying to such as lawyer-client and doctor-patient relationships. All of the Bill of Rights bars infringement by gov't, including the Second Amendment guarantee that the state's can keep their well-regulated Militia, while at the same time the Constitution expressly stipulates that the Militia is subject to "organizing, ARMING, and disciplining" and training by Congress's regulation, AND the concomitant regulation and governing of same under the state's constitution and laws. You want to deny, with the 6 "Federalist Society" religioEXTREMISTS that the right of privacy doesn't exist simply because the words "right of privacy" don't exist in the Constitution. Other words that don't appear in the Constitution: "Originalism". "Textualism". "Individual right to own guns. So, being a hypocrite, you are AGAINST the "invisible" right of privacy, but NOT against the "invisible" individual right to own guns". That is obviously INCOHERENT. So was Scalia: in Heller he strenuously argued that the legislative history -- the DEBATES of the writing of the Second Amendment -- are irrelevant. But in his dissent in a subsequent gun case he strenuously argued that the very same legislative history is CRUCIAL. The problem is that you're a law-illiterate, AND intellectually dishonest, so there is no way you can get around the fact that the subject of the Second Amendment is the well-regulated Militia, and that it does not protect an individual right. When will you learn basic logic, and the ethical requirement of being intellectually honest?
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  3085. The law EVOLVED to the point that one DID NOT provide one's own gun. From the Constitution: Art. I. S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." And read the first section of the following -- ___ U.S. Constitution, Art. I., S. 8., C. 16: The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for . . . ARMING . . . the Militia". ___ Chap. LXV.--_An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. Sec. 2. _And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized to cause all or any part of the arms herein directed to be provided and deposited for sale, which shall, at any time, remain unsold, to be delivered to the militia, when called into the service of the United States, proper receipts and security being given for the return of the same. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the monies arising from such sales shall be paid into the treasury of the United States, and the amount received shall be annually reported to Congress. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying this act into effect, the President of the United States shall be, and he is hereby authorized to draw from the treasury of the United States, a [577] sum not exceeding four hundred thousand dollars, to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. Approved, July 6, 1798. ___ The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Arranged in Chronological Order. With References to the Matter of Each Act and to the Subsequent Acts on the Same Subject, and Copious Notes of the Decisions of the Courts of the United States Construing Those Acts, and Upon the Subjects of the Laws. With an Index to the Contents of Each Volume, and a Full General Index to the Whole Work, in the Concluding Volume. Together with the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States; and Also, Tables, in the Last Volume, Containing Lists of the Acts Relating to the Judiciary, Imposts and Tonnage, the Public Lands, Etc., Vol I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters, at 576.
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  3169. These are by the Founders on separation of "religion" and gov't: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature."
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  3193. This is where the Founders put the "religious" subjectivists -- ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't.
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  3222.  @sadienailedit7467  A jumble of right-wing nonsense. But throw in the cord "constitutional" and that makes it sure, eh? First, the essence of democracy is elections, and the Constitution stipulates that there SHALL be elections. Trying to get around DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATION -- that the United States is a REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY -- doesn't cut it. Second, "taxation without representation" was resolved during the 1760s, before the so-called "revolution" (it was actually a civil war). And it was a false slogan, as at the time Benjamin Franklin represented the colonies in Parliament. Further, it was a defense of SMUGGLING -- which was a crime (research the seizure of John Hancock's ship "Liberty"). England lowered the price of East India Company tea below that of the SMUGGLED tea, and the Founders got their panties in a twist and whined about it. In sum: being blind to the warts of US history is not "patriotism"; it is deliberate ignorance. "Most people"? Have you FACTS to back that up? Or is that simply a variation on Trump's always-unevidenced propaganda technique "many people say"? As for Bolton's claim that he was willing to testify at the impeachment IF SUBPOENED: patriotism doesn't require a subpoena. What you dunces NEVER include -- why would you, in view of the fact that you REJECT it? -- is the RULE OF LAW. Many of the issues involved have ALREADY BEEN LITIGATED, and this specific initiative is cognizant of and compliant with the law. And, of course, the hysterical extremist right-wing -- which rejects the rule of law altogether -- will take it to court, and we'll see how that plays out. Paranoia is unhealthy. The cure for the non-clinical variety is EDUCATION.
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  3276.  @twotokes1734  This is ACTUAL law, and it refutes the anti-American crap you and "locksmith db" guzzle: ___ No law protects private "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution and elaboration, and specificity, of law, and at the same time its continued fundamental consistency, over centuries: Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary English): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Between Committee and Colony gov't was a military command structure, in law, which included that the governor was commander-in-chief of the Militia. From the Constitution, ratification completed on June 21, 1788: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., s. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress." From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  3519. Yes, they were given the warrant when it was executed. And that was before the search. It was during the search that the inventory was made. And after the search copy of the inventory was given to Trump's lawyer. The problem with you and your ilk is that you ignore the facts -- including the fact that Trump fires lawyers who won't tell his lies -- and cherry pick which lies to repeat. The lawyer who was talking propagandist on right-wing OAN said BOTH that she was not allowed to be present during the search, so they weren't allowed to see what the FBI was doing, AND that Trump watched the search on CCTV. Both CAN'T be true. The DOJ doesn't comment on ongoing investigations in order to protect the integrity of the investigation, and in order to protect the civil liberties of potential targets -- in this instance TRUMP. That is why the warrant was sealed. But it was TRUMP who made it public -- because HE RECEIVED COPY OF THE WARRANT AND INVENTORY. Then he began demanding that the DOJ release the warrant. So, as Trump made the matter public, AG Garland made his brief statement, including the FACT that TRUMP had every right to release HIS copy of the warrant. But, because Trump didn't actually want the warrant public because it REFUTES his bullshit attacks on the DOJ and FBI, Garland filed motion to unseal the warrant. And the neutral court unsealed the copy of the warrant held by THE COURT. I never knew that so many Americans are dumber than dirt -- as gullible as toddlers -- until Trump showed the world that there are Americans who can be suckered into going to jail for Trump, while he profits FINANCIALLY from their doing so.
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  3528. To say that Sanders is more of a Democrat than Republican Bloomberg doesn't make sense -- which I attribute to you being a newbie to politics. In other words, it is lame if you believe it's a defense of Sanders to change the subject to to attacking someone else. In still other words: Sanders and Trumpp "fans" are exactly the same: criticize the candidate, and they attack the critic -- which isn't a defense of the candidate. WITHOUT your corrupt "reasoning: the FACT is that Sanders IS NOT a Democrat, isn't REGISTERED with the Democratic Party as a Democrat, and is far-Left even of Progressivism. Another FACT Sanders "fans" ignore: during his TWENTY-FIVE YEARS in Congress, Sanders was TOTALLY INEFFECTIVE. So tell us: how, suddenly, will he BECOME effective, while his "fans" are boasting that he's NEVER CHANGED since his earliest years in politics. What that means in REALITY is that he HASN'T LEARNED OR GROWN, for if he had, his views would have CHANGED. Ultimately, Sanders "fans" is defending that which is actually inflexibility and a REFUSAL to COMPROMISE. COMPROMISE is the ESSENCE of DEMOCRACY. And THAT is why he both HASN'T CHANGED, and has for exactly as long been ENTIRELY INEFFECTIVE. Compare that to Warren, who is an Eleanor Roosevelt Progressive, ACCOMPLISHED the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau -- while at the very same time Sanders accomplished NOTHING -- except to vote AGAINST the "Brady Bill" FIVE TIMES, and voting to PROTECT the gun industry, BOTH of which were top priorities of the far-RIGHT ANTI-Socialist terrorist organization NRA.
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  3576.  @emmittmatthews8636  U.S. Constitution, "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for . . . ARMING . . . the Militia".: ___ Chap. LXV.--An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized to cause all or any part of the arms herein directed to be provided and deposited for sale, which shall, at any time, remain unsold, to be delivered to the militia, when called into the service of the United States, proper receipts and security being given for the return of the same. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the monies arising from such sales shall be paid into the treasury of the United States, and the amount received shall be annually reported to Congress. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying this act into effect, the President of the United States shall be, and he is hereby authorized to draw from the treasury of the United States, a [577] sum not exceeding four hundred thousand dollars, to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. Approved, July 6, 1798. ___ The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Arranged in Chronological Order. With References to the Matter of Each Act and to the Subsequent Acts on the Same Subject, and Copious Notes of the Decisions of the Courts of the United States Construing Those Acts, and Upon the Subjects of the Laws. With an Index to the Contents of Each Volume, and a Full General Index to the Whole Work, in the Concluding Volume. Together with the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States; and Also, Tables, in the Last Volume, Containing Lists of the Acts Relating to the Judiciary, Imposts and Tonnage, the Public Lands, Etc., Vol I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters, at 576. ___ Chap. XXIX. An act to enable the Governor to provide a laboratory and proper magazines for the reception of arms, ammunition, and other public stores. 1. Whereas it is expedient that proper magazines for the reception of arms, ammunition, and other public stores, and a laboratory be speedily provided, Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that the Governor with the advice of his Council may, and he is hereby empowered and required to cause such and so many magazines as shall be judged necessary, and a laboratory to immediately be erected at the public expence, at such place or places as they shall think proper; and that reasonable satisfaction may be made to the proprietors of all lands which by virtue of this act may be taken and appropriated to the uses aforesaid, the clerk of the county wherein any such land shall lie, is hereby empowered and required, on requisition from the Governor for the time being, to issue a writ _ad quod dammon_, to be directed to the sheriff of the said county, commanding him to summon and empannel twelve able discreet freeholders of the vicinage, no ways concerned in interest in the said lands, nor related to the owners or proprietors thereof, to meet on the said lands respectively on a certain day to be mentioned in the said writ, not under five, nor more than ten days from the date thereof, of which notice shall be given to the respective proprietors of the said lands, if they be to be found within the county, and if not, then to their respective agents if any there be; which freeholders take nothing on pain of being discharged from the inquest and immediately imprisoned by the sheriff, either of meat or drink from any person whatever, from the time they came to the said place until their inquest sealed, shall be charged by the said sheriff impartially, and to the best of their skill and judgment to value the lands on which the said magazines and laboratory are to be erected, to be laid off by order of the Governor, and not exceeding three acres for each of said buildings; and after such valuation made, the said sheriff shall forthwith return the same under the hands and seals of the said jurors, to the clerk's office of the said county; and the right and property of the said lands so laid off and valued, shall be immediately devested and be transferred to this commonwealth in fee simple; any want of consent or disability to consent in the said owners notwithstanding. The cost of building such magazines and laboratory, the cost of the said inquest, and the several sums at which the rights of the owners are valued, shall be paid by the Treasurer, out of the public money in his hands, to the undertakers of the said magazines and laboratory, to the said proprietors and others respectively entitled, on warrants from the Auditors, countersigned by the Governor. A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the year 1768, as are now in force; With a Table of the Principal Matters (Richmond: Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis, 1785); The First Laws of the State of Virginia (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., "The First Laws of the Original Thirteen States," 1982), Compiled by John D. Cushing, at 129-130. ___ At a General Assembly begun and held at the Public Buildings in the City of Richmond, on Monday the 21st day of October, in the Year of our Lord 1782. Chap. XII. An act for the recovery of arms and accoutrements belonging to the state. I. Whereas sundry arms and accoutrements belonging to the public in the hands of individuals, who have neglected to return them to the proper officers; and it is necessary that such arms and accoutrements should be recovered as speedily as possible: Be it enacted, that the Governor do, on the passing of this act, issue his proclamation, enjoining all persons having in their possession any arms or accoutrements whatsoever, belonging to the state, to deliver them without delay to the Lieutenant or commanding officer of the county for the time being; and the sheriff of each county within this commonwealth, shall cause copies of the said proclamations, which shall be transmitted to him by the Executive, to be fixed up in the most public places in his county, and if after one month from such public notice having been given, any person possessing any such public arms or accoutrements, shall be convicted of having failed to deliver them up as aforesaid, such person shall, upon every such conviction, be liable to the penalty of twenty pounds, to be recovered by action of debt, bill, plaint, or information, in any court of record within this commonwealth, one half of which penalty shall go to the informer, on conviction of the offender, and the other half shall be applied in aid of the county levy where such offender shall reside. And the Lieutenant, or commanding officer of each county, shall make returns from time to time, to the Executive, of all arms and accoutrements so delivered to him, and also deliver them to the order of the Executive, under the penalty, if he fail in all or any part of his duty, of fifty pounds, to be recovered as aforesaid, and applied in diminution of the county levy. Provided always, that where muskets and bayonets have been by order of government placed in any county on eastern or western frontier for defence against incursions of the enemy, it shall be lawful for the Lieutenant or commanding officer to return such muskets and bayonets to the militia, taking a receipt from each person for what shall be so returned. A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the year 1768, as are now in force; With a Table of the Principal Matters (Richmond: Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis, 1785); The First Laws of the State of Virginia (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., "The First Laws of the Original Thirteen States," 1982), Compiled by John D. Cushing, at 176. ___ The central problem with you gun-nuts is that you believe the Founders were as ignorant and stupid as you are. Above all the Founders believed in the rule of law. "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams.
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  3579.  @emmittmatthews8636  " I've defeated your attempt to claim that guns were "public use". False. See the following, and note the dates: ___ Chap. XXIX. An act to enable the Governor to provide a laboratory and proper magazines for the reception of arms, ammunition, and other public stores. 1. Whereas it is expedient that proper magazines for the reception of arms, ammunition, and other public stores, and a laboratory be speedily provided, Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that the Governor with the advice of his Council may, and he is hereby empowered and required to cause such and so many magazines as shall be judged necessary, and a laboratory to immediately be erected at the public expence, at such place or places as they shall think proper; and that reasonable satisfaction may be made to the proprietors of all lands which by virtue of this act may be taken and appropriated to the uses aforesaid, the clerk of the county wherein any such land shall lie, is hereby empowered and required, on requisition from the Governor for the time being, to issue a writ _ad quod dammon_, to be directed to the sheriff of the said county, commanding him to summon and empannel twelve able discreet freeholders of the vicinage, no ways concerned in interest in the said lands, nor related to the owners or proprietors thereof, to meet on the said lands respectively on a certain day to be mentioned in the said writ, not under five, nor more than ten days from the date thereof, of which notice shall be given to the respective proprietors of the said lands, if they be to be found within the county, and if not, then to their respective agents if any there be; which freeholders take nothing on pain of being discharged from the inquest and immediately imprisoned by the sheriff, either of meat or drink from any person whatever, from the time they came to the said place until their inquest sealed, shall be charged by the said sheriff impartially, and to the best of their skill and judgment to value the lands on which the said magazines and laboratory are to be erected, to be laid off by order of the Governor, and not exceeding three acres for each of said buildings; and after such valuation made, the said sheriff shall forthwith return the same under the hands and seals of the said jurors, to the clerk's office of the said county; and the right and property of the said lands so laid off and valued, shall be immediately devested and be transferred to this commonwealth in fee simple; any want of consent or disability to consent in the said owners notwithstanding. The cost of building such magazines and laboratory, the cost of the said inquest, and the several sums at which the rights of the owners are valued, shall be paid by the Treasurer, out of the public money in his hands, to the undertakers of the said magazines and laboratory, to the said proprietors and others respectively entitled, on warrants from the Auditors, countersigned by the Governor. A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the year 1768, as are now in force; With a Table of the Principal Matters (Richmond: Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis, 1785); The First Laws of the State of Virginia (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., "The First Laws of the Original Thirteen States," 1982), Compiled by John D. Cushing, at 129-130. ___ At a General Assembly begun and held at the Public Buildings in the City of Richmond, on Monday the 21st day of October, in the Year of our Lord 1782. Chap. XII. An act for the recovery of arms and accoutrements belonging to the state. I. Whereas sundry arms and accoutrements belonging to the public in the hands of individuals, who have neglected to return them to the proper officers; and it is necessary that such arms and accoutrements should be recovered as speedily as possible: Be it enacted, that the Governor do, on the passing of this act, issue his proclamation, enjoining all persons having in their possession any arms or accoutrements whatsoever, belonging to the state, to deliver them without delay to the Lieutenant or commanding officer of the county for the time being; and the sheriff of each county within this commonwealth, shall cause copies of the said proclamations, which shall be transmitted to him by the Executive, to be fixed up in the most public places in his county, and if after one month from such public notice having been given, any person possessing any such public arms or accoutrements, shall be convicted of having failed to deliver them up as aforesaid, such person shall, upon every such conviction, be liable to the penalty of twenty pounds, to be recovered by action of debt, bill, plaint, or information, in any court of record within this commonwealth, one half of which penalty shall go to the informer, on conviction of the offender, and the other half shall be applied in aid of the county levy where such offender shall reside. And the Lieutenant, or commanding officer of each county, shall make returns from time to time, to the Executive, of all arms and accoutrements so delivered to him, and also deliver them to the order of the Executive, under the penalty, if he fail in all or any part of his duty, of fifty pounds, to be recovered as aforesaid, and applied in diminution of the county levy. Provided always, that where muskets and bayonets have been by order of government placed in any county on eastern or western frontier for defence against incursions of the enemy, it shall be lawful for the Lieutenant or commanding officer to return such muskets and bayonets to the militia, taking a receipt from each person for what shall be so returned. A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the year 1768, as are now in force; With a Table of the Principal Matters (Richmond: Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis, 1785); The First Laws of the State of Virginia (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., "The First Laws of the Original Thirteen States," 1982), Compiled by John D. Cushing, at 176. ___ Those are PUBLIC arms. ___ And despite the rhetoric in The Federalist -- which, again, is NOT LAW -- the Founders in actual reality engaged in every form of gun control including prohibition and confiscation: ___ Chapter DCCXXIX. An Ordinance Respecting the Arms of Non-Associators. Whereas the non-associators in this state have either refused or neglected to deliver up their arms according to the resolves of the honorable Continental Congress and the assembly of Pennsylvania, and effectual measures have not been taken to carry the said resolves into execution: [Section I.] Be it therefore ordained by the authority of this Convention, That the colonel or next officer in command of every band of militia in this state is hereby authorized, empowered and required to collect, receive and take all the arms in his district or township nearest to such officer which are in the hands of non-associators in the most expeditious and effectual manner in his power, and shall give to the owners receipts for such arms, specifying the amount of the appraisement; and such as can be repaired shall with all possible dispatch be rendered fit for service, and the value according to the appraisement of all such arms, together with the repairs and transportation, shall be paid to the officers by the treasurer on the order of the council of safety for the use of the owners and defraying the charges. [Section II.] And be it further ordained, That the same arms shall be appraised by any three reputable freeholders appointed by the commanding officer; but if the owner of any arms shall neglect or refuse to apply for such money within six months the same shall be applied towards the repairs of the arms; and the colonels are hereby authorized to draw for the necessary sums of money for the purposes aforesaid on the council of safety. [Section III.] And it is further ordained, That the colonels aforesaid shall arm the associators with the said arms and keep an account to whom they are delivered and return the same to the council of safety; and every associator shall be answerable for such arms or the value unless lost or destroyed by some unavoidable accident or in actual service. [Section IV.] And be it further ordained, That in case any arms so collected shall not be worth repairing, the same shall be laid by until such time as may be thought proper by the committee of the county to return them to the owners. ___ Passed July 19, 1776. "Ordinances passed by the Constitutional Convention, June-September, 1776," The Statutes at Large of the State of Pennsylvania from 1682 to 1801, Vol. IX, 1776 to 1779 (Wm. Stanley Ray, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1903), Edited by Commissioners James T. Mitchell and Henry Flanders, at 11.
    2
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  3581.  @emmittmatthews8636  There are some excellent videos on youtube by lawyer and law professor Noah Feldman about the Founders. He also wrote a biography of Madison. It is important to know the facts on the ground -- who the individual Founders actually were. As example, Hamilton was a backstabbing snake. During the so-called "revolution," for lack of funds, ordinary soldiers were paid with IOUs. After the war there was a depression, and those veterans were desperate for money but the gov't was broke. Hamilton and his friends went around and bought up the IOUs for pennies on the dollar, then turned them into the gov't for 100 pennies on the dollar. Madison was against a bill of rights before he was for a bill of rights. Feldman provides the facts as to why -- it involved Patrick Henry, who boldly said "Give me liberty or give me death!" while a member of the House of Burgesses and far, far from the battlefield. Henry asked the House of Burgesses to appoint him head of the Virginia militia, but it refused because his colleagues viewed him as unstable. Also: Madison wanted the proposed "bill of rights" interspersed within the body of the Constitution. That didn't happen because he didn't have the only say on ANY matter. And for John Adams -- see the lectures by David McCullough, also on youtube. He was the only Founder to never own slaves, and to vocally oppose slavery. He wrote the Massachusetts constitution, most significantly establishing separation of powers, which was the model for the US Constitution. It was Adams who pushed the "Declaration" through the Congress. But as he was "obnoxious & disliked" (his own words) he knew that a resolution from Massachusetts would have been voted down, so he persuaded Virginia to submit that resolution, and it was accepted. Still, as Adams was the constant sparkplug on the issue, his colleagues figured he should write it. Instead, he had Jefferson appointed to write it because "better at language" (than Adams); actually, giving the southern state of Virginia some glory was likely to bring other Southern states along. AFTER Jefferson wrote it Franklin and Adams went through it and made changes. AFTER that the whole Congress debated it and made changes. See the film "1776," which is largely accurate. In France, while gadfly Jefferson was hobnobbing with the aristocracy and Franklin was whoring ("bedroom diplomacy"?), Adams was in Holland negotiating with the bankers for a loan -- which the US desperately needed to fund the war. During those several years he fell ill and almost died. He established there the first US embassy -- which was essential to other nations' recognizing American independence. If you don't read the McCullough biography of Adams then see the HBO miniseries -- "John Adams" -- based on it, available as DVD and Blu-Ray. The extraordinary length of accomplishments FOR the country by John Adams would leave even skeptics speechless. History has given him short-shrift. And I'll say it again: his cousin Samuel was a propagandist and demagogue, whereas John put rule of law ABOVE politics. In one scene Sam and his violent mob -- the so-called "Liberty Boys" -- are chellenged John to "pick a side". John responds (paraphrase), "The law is my side -- is there another? He did say: "Justice and the Rule of law are to be ABOVE politics. Again: it is essential to know who the Founders were as individuals, and what they were for -- Feldman shows that Madison was "three different" people, sequentially; things he was for he was later against; things he was against he was later for.
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  3826. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  3920.  @russellm2555  Are you referring to the election law changes made by the state REPUBLICAN legislature 18-months before the election -- the constitutionality of which the REPUBLICANS only challenged AFTER the election? Are you paid to be stupid, or are you stupid for free? "Justice and the rule of law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. You're drowning in the sewer of political pornography fed you be anti-Americans who support domestic terrorism. Here's a question for you to answer: In most states where Trump LOST, all the down-ballot elections went to REPUBLICANS on the SAME ballot as Trump. How does election fraud affect only ONE candidate on the ballot when the voter votes once on the ENTIRE ballot? It doesn't. But let's look at the statistically insignificant amount of voter fraud that occurred: five voted illegally -- twice -- in Pennsylvania. All five were REPUBLICANS. There was one instance reported in Ohio: that was a REPUBLICAN elected official. Get the picture yet? -- it's been the same since at latest Reagan: That which REPUBLICANS do REPUBLICANS accuse OTHERS of doing in order to distract from that which REPUBLICANS do. And you fall for the REPUBLICAN LIES on the issue because YOU DON'T KNOW HOW ELECTIONS ACTUALLY WORK. As example, the propagandist leader of "Project Veritas" wanted to prove how easy it is to vote illegally. So he and his camera went to New Hampshire, and while he filmed, his friend tried to vote ILLEGALLY. He was CAUGHT before he got near the ballot box because ELECTION INTEGRITY PROTECTIONS have been built into the system FOR CENTURIES. If you stand for nothing, in terms of morality, you'll fall for the lies of every two-bit con-man who comes along. The question to ask yourself is why you were so easily suckered by so obvious a con-man as career criminal Trump.
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  3964.  Spork Spatula  IN FACT various candidates' supporters DID switch camps in order to make one or another candidate viable -- there were INTERVIEWS with some of them. So, no: the media isn't lying; you just don't like the FACTS being reported. Stating these FACTS about Sanders is only "attack" by the corrupt Sanders' "fans" who HATE THESE FACTS: 1. Sanders 2016 campaign manager -- who was forced to resign when the Sanders campaign got caught hacking the DNC -- was a partner of Paul manafort, and both worked in Ukraine to elect the corrupt pro-Russian president. Is it a coincidence that they became managers of both Sanders and Trump campaigns? 2. During the 2016 primary, Sanders stood shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump with his own serial lying about releasing his tax returns. Clinton released 30 years of hers and Bills the day she announced her candidacy. And no one had to ask her to do so. What was Sanders hiding? 3. Sanders, the far-Left "Socialist" voted to PROTECT the gun industry --- which was a top priority of the far-RIGHT ANTI-"Socialist domestic terrorist organization NRA. 4. Only two candidates during the 2016 campaign had "fans" -- which is from ENTERTAINMENT; all others, recognizing that politics is not entertainment, had supporters. Go ahead: call me names for not suffering the corruption of selective amnesia, calling Sanders critics names because you can't defend him against the facts, practiced by Sanders' "fans". FACE REALITY: With Republican gerrymandering -- affirmed by the Supreme Court, Republican voter-purgings, and Republican invitations to foreignpowers to subvert the election, Democrats need as many votes as they can get. Republicans who don't want a repeat of Trump will vote for Trump before they'd vote for a Socialist. In addition, his "fan" "base" that smears Democrats -- which helps Trump -- and name-calls and insults those who state the facts about Sanders is not a successful means to persuade voters to vote for Sanders. FACE REALITY: Trump would slap Sanders dizzy. And Sanders' writings, from when he was in his 30s, about young children and sex would be blasted all over the media. And what about his writings asserting that sex prevents cancer? Are there women stupid enough to fall for that pick-up line? I've been active in politics for more than 60 years. Older people tend to know stuff that young people haven't learned yet. You obviously haven't learned that insulting people and calling them names isn't a way to make friends or win support for your candidate. So you fall for Sanders' Politics of Paranoia -- he's a millionaire with power; he is NOT a "victim" -- and attack anyone who states the facts about Sanders in effort to keep yourself blind to themm. And that, your behavior, is CORRUPT.
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  3991. They ARE NOT "militia" -- See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". From _Presser_: (115) ". . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." That is not a new idea; this law is from October 1658: "Military, [S. 11] . . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., drafting] & raifing of fouldiers for any expedition, fhall be directed to the Committy of militia of the feverall Townes who may execute the fame by the Coftable & the faid Committee are hereby impowred & required to fupprefs all raifing of fouldiers, but fuch as fhall be by the authority of this government." In contemporary English: "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., drafting] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  4080. This is the typical gun-nut: illiterate in both actual history and law: "you're suggesting that the founders wrote an amendment while the British Army was invading New York and killing colonists that would place arms only in the hands of government forces?" 1. The so-called "revolution" -- it was in fact a civil war; "revolution" is "overthrow of gov't," whereas the Founders "attacked" and "overthrew" ZERO gov'ts because the Founders all along controlled the colony gov'ts. 2. The so-called "revolution" was over when the Founders wrote and ratified the Constitution, completion of which ratification was on: June 21, 1788. The "Bill of Rights" was written by the first Congress under the newly-ratified Constitution. It was submitted to the states for consideration and ratification on: September 25, 1789. It was ratified by the required number of states on December 15, 1791. 3. Per the Debates of the CONGRESS that WROTE the "Bill of Rights," the Second Amendment's purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated militia. The Amendment both established that the states could keep their well-regulated militia -- protection against infringement by the Federal gov't -- and established the authority of the CONGRESS -- see Supremacy Clause -- to subject the state militias to Federal regulation. 4. The ENTIRE Constitution is in effect at the same time, and includes FOUR "Militia Clauses," the FOURTH being the Second Amendment. These are the first two: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide" -- Congress "provides" by MAKING LAWS, LAWS REGULATE -- "for calling forth the Militia[/National Guard] to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." To "take up arms" against the gov't is INSURRECTION. "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia[/National Guard] . . . reserving to the States [GOV'T] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." 5. Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES, in this context, "Militia Acts". On May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted, "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions". On May 8, 1792, the Congress enacted, "An act more effectually to provide for the national defence by establishing an uniform militia throughout the United States". The Congress also enacted subsequent "Militia Acts," including response to the "Whiskey" insurrection in Pennsylvania.
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  4107. The various colonies established on "freedom of religion" tended to mean only THEIR "religion"; Massachusetts-Bay was especially tyrannical on this point. But this is how the Founders put them in their place: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't.
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  4146. "Textualism" doesn't FAIL -- it is a scam by means of which to IGNORE legislative history, where one finds the INTENT of a Constitutional amendment or a statute. It has always been, until the scams of "textualism" and "originalism," that resolving questions about a law that couldn't be resolved solely from the text of the amendment or statute required one to refer to the Congress's paper trail leading to the amendment or statute. As long as they can avoid the intent, they can make up their own pseudo-intent. Thus, as example, the only way to find an "individual right" in the Second Amendment is to ignore the Congressional Debates of those who WROTE the Amendment. ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's ppropaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via is propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviouly voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state laws and constitutions which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  4217. It isn't that simple. Israel isn't the problem -- most Israelis want Netanyahu gone. The problem is Netanyahu and his extreme right-wing gang. But in view of the content of Schumer's speech -- the words "pariah nation" -- Netanyahu can't win this one. He hasn't the power in relation to the US and his DEPENDENCY on the US. Schumer's words can't be written off because he's a Jew who has always supported Israel, but has had enough of Netanyahu's fascism. Schumer's speech is intended, and will, cause an earthquake in Israel The US has the opportunity to finally, after 80 years, to shift the dynamic away from backing everything the Israeli gov't does to imposing conditions on the foreign policy that doesn't jeopardize the US's reputation. Netanyahu supports TRUMP, and is also trying to undermine Biden. You should be SUPPORTING Biden. IN FACT: were that you knew anything about politics beyond the superficial, you'd have HEARD Biden saying, ALL ALONG, that Israel's policies in Gaza are totally indefensible. But foreign policy TAKES TIME; it is not a realm for the impatient unless they want to FAIL or make matters worse. In view of the history of the foreign policy, it takes time to BUILD to the point of making the issue PUBLIC. And it is coordinated. The first PUBLIC comment was made by Vice President Harris. Then it was Biden's "accidental" "hot mic" comment. Next it was other Biden administration lower-level people. Then it was Senator Schumer -- that is the CENTRAL statement -- and then Biden reiterated BACKING Israel, but only as a single isolated statement. Israel, and Netanyahu's gov't, are NOT THE SAME THING. Even when I was 20, and the issue was Vietnam, I was never so politically naive and lacking in understanding that bought the far-Left demand for instant results -- because that isn't how REALITY works. So stop the simpleton's stupidity without regard for unintended consequences.
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  4278. The "phrase" "the right of the people" etc. was drawn from the four STATE constitution Militia Clauses that were the sources of the Second Amendment. Or tell us, law-illiterate, the purpose of "public arms". And in the DRAFTS of that which became the Second Amendment are BOTH the words "people" -- the PLURAL -- and the word "person" -- the INDIVIDUAL. Here's the phrase in which the term "person" -- as distinguished from the plural -- was used: ": but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY -- militia service was a DUTY, NOT a "right"] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." That was the ONLY posited individual "right" -- to NOT serve Militia DUTY -- debated concerning the Amendment, and it was OBVIOUSLY VOTED DOWN BEFORE the Amendment was ratified. THEREFORE there is NO "individual right" ANYWHERE in the Second Amendment. Moreover, that phrase is embedded in a controlling and limiting context, the subject of which is WELL REGULATED MILITIA. Even the "Declaration of Independence" is against you -- yeah, I know: you've never read it, therefore never learned that it includes a list of GRIEVANCES against King George III, these two of which are directly on point -- and they REFUTE your anti-American attacks on the rule of law: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." The legislatures MAKE LAWS REGULATING such as the well-regulated Militia. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." The "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition RULE OF LAW.
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  4287.  @josmotherman591  The FEDERAL Constitution includes the SUPREMACY clause. That means FEDERAL law is SUPREME OVER state law. The FEDERAL gov't has a responsibility, and the authority, to protect citizens from violations of their rights by state gov'ts, or by state gov't NEGLECT to protect their rights. It is ILLEGAL, in BOTH Federal and state law, to commit violence against and or to issue death threats against ELECTED OFFICIALS. If the states won't enforce those laws, then the FEDERAL gov't has the responsibility and authority to do so. It is THAT to which the Republican is objecting -- WHICH IS WHY HE INTERRUPTS GARLAND so Garland can't state what Garland is ACTUALLY doing. THAT is why the Republican drags in the FIRST AMENDMENT. AGAIN, violence and death threats against elected officials are not protected speech --- they are ILLEGAL. The First Amendment is EXXPRESSLY SPECIFIC, protecting PEACEABLE assembly. My "first" inquiry!? I'm probably old enough to be your grandfather. And I have an education in law; you not only don't, but couldn't care less about the rule of law. You SAY that "ALL politicians lie"; if true, that applies ALSO to the Republican you're DEENDING. And HE is defending, by dragging in the First Amendment, acts that are ILLEGAL. Read "Jacobson v. Massachusetts," in which the US Supreme Court UPHELD the state's vaccination mandate -- which was COMPULSORY. There was no "freedom" to endanger PUBLIC health and safety. The fundamental principles stated by the Court in that decision apply across the board: no individual, and no statistical minority -- which the Republican, AND YOU, are defending -- have the right to endanger public health and safety. Period. Full stop. Garland is enforcing the law. The Republican you are both calling a liar, and defending, is defending VIOLATIONS of the law.
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  4314.  @boeing757pilot  See this: ___ The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  4319.  @hanfred  The Warhol fraud is a separate Federal case. He plead guilty and was on house arrest awaiting sentencing. He was involved over some years in extensive fraud while she remained married to him. So apparently she had less concern with the crimes he committed -- perhaps with her participation -- than with the money being made from it. In short: many perceive these situations in simplistic black-and-white terms: women are only ever victims, never perpetrators, and all evil originates with men. No one outside the relationship knows what the image they projected together, the facade, covered up. Manipulators often get involved with manipulators because it is familiar territory; a common language. In circa 2014 she filed a police report alleging that he threatened to kill her and a friend . Was the "friend" male or female? The case was closed when she refused to follow through -- and later married him. Perhaps she was trumping him in a power struggle. In other words, the simplistic view is that the victim is always pure and innocent, and all the responsibility for disfunctions in the relationship are on the perpetrator. It's reported that she hadn't been wearing her wedding ring. He was under confinement in Massachusetts, and she was working 5 days per week in D.C.; she spent a day and a half per week, it's reported, with the kids, then the rest of the week in D.C. In her photos she's flirtatious. It wouldn't surprise if she had hooked up with another guy in D.C., told Bryan that she was "in love" with another man, and would be divorcing him and taking the kids with her to D.C.
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  4370. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  4384.  @Corwin1141  BASIC LAW: There are three primary sources in law: 1. The legislative history -- the DEBATES of the WRITING of the Amendment. 2. The Constitution, all of which is in effect at the same time, and which is deliberately general in order to accommodate the unforeseen. 3. Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES, which are more detailed and specific. This is how the law works: The SOURCES of the Amendment were the Militia Causes from four existing state constitutions. All four distinguished between two military forces: "the right of the people," etc. -- the well-regulated Militia -- and standing armies. The DEBATES of the WRITING of the Amendment show that the INTENT of the Amendment was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the well-regulated Militia. That is the subject of the Amendment: well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act -- STATUTE -- enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States. There was only ONE "individual right" debated in the several drafts of the Amendment: ": but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service in person." That phrase was obviously VOTED DOWN before the Amendment was submitted to the states for consideration and ratification. And note that the first three words of the Constitution are, "We the people" -- not, "We the individual". The Constitution, all of which is in effect at all times, incorporates FOUR Militia Clauses, the Second Amendment being the fourth. This is the first: "Art. I., S. 8., C.15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide" -- which it does by enacting STATUTES -- "for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." This is the second: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power to provide" -- by means of STATUTES -- "for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and te Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." I have an education in law and have been researching these very issues for more than 30 years, which research begins with the laws enacted from the foundings of the several colonies to and through ratifications of state and Federal constitutions. Which means I don't buy the propaganda pumped out by the gun industry -- whose only concern is PROFITS -- and its political front NRA. I adhere exclusively to the law and facts.
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  4390. No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  4406.  @TimSpangler-rd6vs  Mark Levin is a fraud. You are swallowing the contents of that Trump calls "swamp" but is actually the cesspool Trump swims in. Try comparing documented facts with his horseshit -- and adhere to the facts. If Trump doesn't drink, then why is he always drunk on cheap whine? But let's cut to the chase: the H-O-N-E-S-T way to respond to the witnesses would be for TRUMP to take the witness stand -- he might if it were plated with fool's gold -- and testify UNDER OATH. He said affirmatively that he will testify. But when he doesn't, will you finally admit that he's a LIAR? And he WILL NOT testify -- instead he had his lawyers file a motion for an "amendment" to the gag order -- intended to get around it -- to allow him to attack witnesses. ANYTHING but testify UNDER OATH because Trump's ONLY counter to the witnesses who testified under oath, and the DOCUMENTS generated by and obtained from TRUMP'S CRIMINAL ENTRPRISE, is to LIE. And he would be exposed for PERJURY on cross-examination. That's why he bloviates OUTSIDE the court about how "they" are not allowing him to bloviate while he is standing there bloviating -- because he CAN'T testify UNDER OATH WITHOUT lying. But we've heard all his lies before, and he continues to say the same lies during his incoherent bloviations. And what are his lies mostly about? -- the Republican tradition of SMEAR politics. In contrast: "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. Trump consistently LOSES in court because he DEMANDS that his lawyers present his always and only POLITICS in place of actual legal argument. Because he deludes himself that he is a better lawyer than any lawyers. His idea of a lawyer is a corrupt bully like Roy Cohn; Michael Cohen was that for him for 10 years. New York Mafia lawyer Roy Cohn was eventually indicted, prosecuted, convicted, and disbarred. In New York. The LESSON: "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. But Trump has always rejected ALL rules, ALWAYS rejected the rule of law. That is why in a court of law he has no LEGAL leg to stand on.
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  4413. It's obvious that more guns are not the solution to gun violence. ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  4458. Trump supporters are told to ignore mainstream media for made-up reasons, so his supporters don't watch manistream media. So they miss the facts reported, and in that dumb vacuum they try to "figure things out" based on fact-free hogwash. This reports that LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMNT told the Secret Service BEFORE the attempt that they didn't have the resources to cover all the buildings. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3RW-qRCE1Q It was already reported that the Secret Service coordinates with local law enforcement. The Secret Service is specifically charged with protecting the protectee. Local law enforcement is responsible for securing the local area -- the perimeters around the Secret Service responsibility. None of that is rocket science -- it stands to REASON: local law enforcement are the "experts" on the landscape that is their jurisdiction. What broke down? These sorts of appearances typically take at least weeks to arrange to ensure maximum security. In this instance it was rushed by the Trump campaign, who were focused more on planning the convention -- there were more Secret Service in Milwaukee on that date than there were at the location in Pennsylvania. No "staging," no conspiracy: Trump campaign rushed the appearance and arrangement, and local law enforcement lacked sufficient resources, of which they informed the Secret Service before the attack. This is also reported in the mainstream -- competent -- media that Trump supporters and the far-Left ignore as they are told by other know-it-all assholes: There was a Secret Service sniper team on the second floor -- below the roof level -- of an adjacent building. Was this because the Secret Service ASSUMED that the local police -- as was their responsibility -- had the building secured that was used by the gunman? There is more detail in the MAINSTREAM media about how that communications worked when attendees told the local police, and the local police told the Secret Service, about the gunman on the roof. As the Feds -- Secret Service -- are at the top of that hierarchy, they make the command decisions -- central being protecting the protectee. And none of that is on the head of the Secret Service in Washington: that person is not on the ground at whatever location in the US where a protectee is appearing. That responsibility is delegated and on the Secret Service team on the ground at the location. No conspiracy -- just a slew of dunces who ignore legitimate reportage of facts because others tell them to, so they are left with nothing but to make up fact-free nonense.
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  4522.  @bl4ze1t38  "The First Amendment: “Congress shall make no law… abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances”. You can see it uses the word “people” multiple times, pretty clearly referring to each individual person’s right to do all of this stuff." So you insist that the Framers of the Constitution got it wrong when they wrote, "We the people," instead of, "We the individual"? Let's look at the first draft -- the so-called "Madison" draft -- of that which became the Second Amendment, shall we? Note how it uses BOTH the word "people" and the word "person". Do you agree that "person" is not "people," and that "person" is "individual"? Or do you reject the rules of grammar -- of which you have an "odd" grasp -- simply because you "DON'T LIKE" them? Read the following as many times as it takes for it to PENETRATE your error: ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, a public institution, and arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn _Heller_. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  4548.  @teslaandhumanity7383  What matters is that those who don't know how our gov't is to function -- such as Greene -- are not competent to govern, so are not qualified to hold public office. That includes Gym Jordan, Gosar, and other Republican bomb-throwers who only exist to play childish word games and disrupt. They are deliberately destructive. Greene is an illiterate, and her actings-out are not "performance"; she is not an "actress"; her central motive is to prove to those she perceives as her "betters" that she is just as good as they. All she has to do to prove that to herself is to make those around her behave just like her, by getting them down to her level. She doesn't know how gov't is to function, or how to govern, but she isn't there for that purpose; she is there to throw her weight around, "proving" that she's as good as those who are actually qualified to be there. What "triggers" her the most is when the competent won't play into her game with her; that leaves her stuck where she has always been: perceiving the competent as her "betters". Then she throws another tantrum. And note how she has become increasingly marginalized, first being removed from her committee assignments by Republicans, then throwing in her lot with Gaetz, who is also being increasingly marginalized by Republicans. That doesn't mean the Republicans are acting for the good of the country; it means that they recognize that Green and Gaetz, as example, are too obvious about the Republican agenda.
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  4557.  @bluehairedaigaming  If you had knowledge of HISTORY then you'd know that is the history of the world. Often parents made promises that they didn't know they couldn't fulfill, and didn't know that the world didn't intend to. One should take responsibility for one's ignorance, not blame the world for it. I have no idea what "future" you were told you would have; but I do know who is at fault for believing it. Yes: self-pity is avoiding that reality -- it's always someone else's fault. Worse, it is all the fault of an entire specific generation, even though that FANTASY is demolished by actual reality. A more pertinent question is this: How many of the January 6 insurrectionists -- a crime the Founders charged as TREASON, and rendered the sentence for it as DEATH -- were from the poor put-upon generations that was confronted by the same reality as all prior generations but instead of dealing with that reality whines as it wallows in self-pity and put all the blame on the ENTIRE "Boomer" generation. And then they include in that category people who WERE NOT of the "Boomer" generation -- all because of their AGE. The "Boomers" are blamed for US involvement in Vietnam, even though that began BEFORE the "Boomer" generation's first member was born. That is why I continue to attack the STUPIDTY of the morons who smugly declare that education only matters if it's a "jobs program" -- having no awareness that life isn't limited to jobs and money. It is disheartening for those of use who hoped for better than my generation had it, only to see them subsequent generations whine that everything isn't handed to them on a silver platter -- and, beneath all that, ranting AGAINST education. PHILISTIMES and BARBARIANS who haven't the first clue as to the meaning of "citizenship" in a society with other citizens.
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  4577. The Founders disagree. I like how they established the law that eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State.
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  4766.  @olympicfireball  Actually I'm not. In fact I've been researching these very issues for more than 30 years beginning with the foundings of the several colonies. The states adopted and ratified constitutions during 1776-77, and 1780. The "Militia Clauses" from four of those constitutions were the sources for the Second Amendment. Those distinguish between two military forces: 1. "The right of the people," etc. -- which was the well-regulated militia. 2. Standing armies. The inclusion of the phrase, "right of the people," etc., which is a REDUNDANCY for well-regulated militia, shows the continuity in the laws. One of those four "Militia Clauses" is from the Vermont constitution of 1777: "Chapter I.--The Bill of Rights. ""XV. That the people have a right [no "keep and"] bear arms for the defense of themselves AND [not "or"] the State; and, as standing armies, in the time of peace, are dangerous to liberty they ought not to be kept up; and that they military [which includes well-regulated Militia] should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power." SEPARATELY in the SAME constitution: "Chapter II.--The Plan of Government "Section XXXIX. That the inhabitants of this State, shall have liberty to hunt and fowl [private individual right to own guns], in seasonable times, on the lands they hold, and on other lands (not enclosed;) . . . under proper regulations, to be hereafter made and provided by the General Assembly." ___ Note the difference between the comments made by you and your fellow gun-nuts: you make law-illiterate assertions without a shred of ANYTHINBG to back them up. I, in contrast, having an education in law, provide ACTUAL LAW substantiating my statements of the facts. The problem with you and your fellow gun-nuts is that you are functionally illiterate: you have no regard for truth, and certainly no regard for FACTS AND EVIDENCE, in this context, LAW. Also of direct relevance are the DEBATES of the WRITING of that which became the Second Amendment. The INTENT was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being "dangerous to liberty". This is further substantiated by the second of two "Militia Acts" enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States."
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  4921. Four facts and a Massachusetts gun control law: 1. There is an account of Samuel Adams giving a speech at Fauniel Hall, Boston. During the speech muskets were arrayed along the front edge of the stage. After he finished the speech the guns were gathered up and put back into the PUBLIC STORES. 2. He was talking about STATE rights to establish gun control without the Federal gov't, including the Supreme Court, infringing that right. 3. Note that he says "PEACEABLE citizens". 4. His statement is OPINION, NOT LAW. Last but not least, this is a gun control statute enacted in Massachusetts: ___ ACTS Passed at the Session begun and held at Boston, on the Twenty-seventh day of August, A. D. 1746. . . . . CHAPTER 11. AN ACT TO PREVENT THE FIRING OF GUNS CHARGED WITH SHOT[T] OR BALL IN THE TOWN OF BOSTON. Whereas by the indiscreet firing of guns laden with shot[t] and ball within the town and harbour of Boston, the lives and limbs of many persons have been lost, and others have been in great danger, as well as other dammage has been sustained; for the prevention thereof for the future,-- 306 Be it enacted by the Governour, Council and House of Representatives, [Sect. 1.] That no person or persons, from and after the publication of this act, shall presume to discharge or fire off any cannon laden with shot[tl, from any wharf[f]e or vessel in that part of the harbour of said town which is above the castle, on pain of forfeiting the sum of fifteen pounds for each gun so fired or discharged; one moiety of said penalty to be to and for the use of the poor of said town of Boston, and the other moiety to him or them who shall inform, complain and sue for the same, to be recovered by action, bill, plaint or information, before any of his majesty's courts of record within the county of Suffolk; and upon refusal thereof, such person shall suffer three months' imprisonm[en]t without bail or mainprize. And be it further enacted, [Sect. 2.] That no person shall, from and after the publication of this act, discharge any gun or pistol, charged with shot[t] or ball, in the town of Boston (the islands thereto belonging excepted), or in any part of the harbour between the castle and said town, on pain of forfeiting forty shillings [for] each gun or pistol so fired or discharged, to be recovered before one or more of his majesty's justices of the peace for the county of Suffolk, and disposed of in manner as aforesaid; or shall suffer ten days' imprisonment. And for themore effectual conviction of any person or persons so offending, it shall be lawful for any person to seize and take into custody any gun so fired off, and deliver the same to one of the next justices of the peace in said town of Boston, in order to its being produced at time of trial. Provided, nevertheless,-- [Sect. 3.] That this law shall not be so construed or understood as to prevent soldiers, in their common-training days, with the leave and by order of the commission officers of the company to which they belong, or other persons, at other times, with the leave of one or more of the field-officers of the regiment in Boston, from firing at a mark or target[t], for the exercise of their skill and judgment, provided it be done at the lower end of the common; nor from firing at a mark, from the several batteries in the town of Boston, with the leave of the captain-general, and nowhere else. [Sect. 4.] This law to continue and be in force for the space of three years, and no longer. [Passed and published September 13.] . . . . ____________ _The Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay: to Which are Prefixed the Charters of the Province, and Historical and Explanatory Notes, and an Appendix, Published under Chapter 87 of the Resolves of, The General Court of the Commonwealth for the Year 1807, Volume III (Boston: Printed for the Commonwealth by Albert J. Wright, Corner of Milk and Federal Streets, 1878), Edited by Ellis Ames and A. C. Goodell, at 305.
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  4987. @XY8YO_ That one death is a murder, and that is prohibited by law. What you are attempting is to change the subject -- which is intellectually dishonest, dishonesty being immoral -- by generalizing away from the specific toward the specious excuse, "Everybody does it which therefore makes it okay." No one is defending the insurance industry -- in fact Mark Twain suggested that anyone who works in insurance should have fire insurance for after they die. In fact my criticisms also apply to the health "care" side of the equation, and I am basing my criticisms of both on direct first-hand experience. But the effort to claim one form of murder -- domestic terrorism -- is acceptable, whereas another form of alleged "murder" is not, is totally indefensible in terms of anything remotely masquerading as reason or morality. The insurance industry and profit have no place in health care. But the medical industry itself has problems -- and not all of those problems are caused by the insurance industry or for-profit. Massachusetts General Hospital is the "Big Boy" in health care in Boston, Massachusetts. It is non-/not-for-profit. But its administration is mimicking for-profit -- look at the yearly salaries of non-/not-for-profit hospital CEOs. As consequence 300 primary care doctors at that hospital are unionizing to protect their practices and patients against the burnout they are suffering as result of administration policies aimed at increasing profits. My health care facility limits doctor-patient appointments to 30 minutes. What if the patient need 45 minutes? Certainly insurance, and profits -- Google "Steward Health Care" -- should not be involved in health care. But those are not the only sources of the problems in health care.
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  4995. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. 2. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  5038. He's attacking the jury, and the jury isn't saying anything about him. He's attacking the witnesses, and only Cohen is continuing to be an asshole. He is attacking the judge, and the judge will be determining the sentence. What Trump has always done and been is a cry for help -- bullies pretend to be tough as a defense against abuse, such as that Trump suffered as a child from his extremely abusive fascist father. None of that is an excuse, but it explains his attitude and behavior: he can't understand why he can't just ignore the rules, as his father did. And Mary Trump, a psychologist, doesn't have that depth analysis -- and it isn't all that deep: according to social satirists Art Buchwald and Irma Bombech, the source of all humor is anger (I'm not at all saying that Trump is doing "humor"). And early in his career, Mark Twain wrote that the source of all humor is anger -- but late in his career he wrote that the source of all humor is pain. And psychiatrists say that behind anger is pain. I would say that behind anger is not only pain -- and the experience of it -- but the fear of pain. Anger is a response to threatened pain (and a defense against feeling the internalized pain); it is a way to push away the threat, or attempt to overwhelm and subdue it. None of that is, of course, a defense of Trump. But understanding what drives him is the best means to work out strategies to neutralize him. The courts are the ultimate, the last resort, and a blunt instrument -- and in Trump's case earned. But there needs also to be an intelligent disempowering of him -- force against force only perpetuates and potentially escalates the conflict.
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  5060. This is how systemic r*c*sm works -- ____ Disgraceful Persecution of a Boy. By Mark Twain. In San Francisco, the other day, "a well-dressed boy, on his way to Sunday school, was arrested and thrown into the city prison for stoning Chinamen." What a commentary is this upon human justice! What sad prominence it gives to our human disposition to tyrannize over the weak! San Francisco has little right to take credit to herself for her treatment of this poor boy. What had the child's education been? How should he suppose it was wrong to stone a Chinaman? Before we side against him, along with outraged San Francisco, let us give him a chance -- let us hear the testimony for the defence. He was a "well-dressed" boy, and a Sunday-school scholar, and, therefore, the chances are that his parents were intelligent, well-to-do people, with just enough natural villainy in their compositions to make them yearn after the daily papers, and enjoy them; and so this boy had opportunities to learn all through the week how to do right, as well as on Sunday. It was in this way that he found out that the great commonwealth of California imposes an unlawful mining tax upon John the foreigner, and allows Patrick the foreigner to dig gold for nothing --probably because the degraded Mongol is at no expense for whiskey, and the refined Celt cannot exist without it. It was in this way that he found out that a respectable number of the tax-gatherers -- it would be unkind to say all of them -- collect the tax twice, instead of once; and that, inasmuch as they do it solely to discourage Chinese immigration into the mines, it is a thing that is much applauded, and likewise regarded as being singularly facetious. It was in this way that he found out that when a white man robs a sluice-box (by the term white man is meant Spaniards, Mexicans, Portuguese, Irish, Hondurans, Peruvians, Chileans, etc., etc.), they make him leave the camp; and when a Chinaman does that thing, they hang him. It was in this way that he found out that in many districts of the vast Pacific coast, so strong is the wild, free love of justice in the hearts of the people, that whenever any secret and mysterious crime is committed, they say, "Let justice be done, though the heavens fall," and go straightway and swing a Chinaman. It was in this way that he found out that by studying one half of each day's "local items" it would appear that the police of San Francisco were either asleep or dead, and by studying the other half it would seem that the reporters were gone mad with admiration of the energy, the virtue, the high effectiveness, and the dare-devil intrepidity of that very police making exultant mention of how "the Argus-eyed officer So-and-so" captured a wretched knave of a Chinaman who was stealing chickens, and brought him gloriously to the city prison; and how "the gallant officer Such-and-such-a-one" quietly kept an eye on the movements of an "unsuspecting almond-eyed son of Confucius" (your reporter is nothing if not facetious), following him around with that far-off look of vacancy and unconsciousness always so finely affected by that inscrutable being, the forty-dollar policeman, during a waking interval, and captured him at last in the very act of placing his hands in a suspicious manner upon a paper of tacks left by the owner in an exposed situation; and how one officer performed this prodigious thing, and another officer that, and another the other -- and pretty much every one of these performances having for a dazzling central incident a Chinaman guilty of a shilling's worth of crime, an unfortunate whose misdemeanor must be hurrahed into something enormous in order to keep the public from noticing how many really important rascals went uncaptured in the mean time, and how overrated those glorified policemen actually are. It was in this way that the boy found out that the Legislature, being aware that the Constitution has made America an asylum for the poor and the oppressed of all nations, and that therefore the poor and oppressed who fly to our shelter must not be charged a disabling admission fee, made a law that every Chinaman, upon landing, must be vaccinated upon the wharf, and pay to the State's appointed officer ten dollars for the service, when there are plenty of doctors in San Francisco who would be glad enough to do it for him for fifty cents. It was in this way that the boy found out that a Chinaman had no rights that any man was bound to respect; that he had no sorrows that any man was bound to pity; that neither his life nor his liberty was worth the purchase of a penny when a white man needed a scapegoat; that nobody loved Chinamen, nobody befriended them, nobody spared them suffering when it was convenient to inflict it; everybody, individuals, communities, the majesty of the State itself, joined in hating, abusing, and persecuting these humble strangers. And, therefore, what could have been more natural than for this sunny-hearted boy, tripping along to Sunday school, with his mind teeming with freshly-learned incentives to high and virtuous action, to say to himself: "Ah, there goes a Chinaman! God will not love me if I do not stone him." And for this he was arrested and put in the city jail. Everything conspired to teach him that it was a high and holy thing to stone a Chinaman, and yet he no sooner attempts to do his duty than he is punished for it -- he, poor chap, who has been aware all his life that one of the principal recreations of the police, out toward the Gold Refinery, was to look on with tranquil enjoyment while the butchers of Brannan street set their dogs on unoffending Chinamen, and make them flee for their lives.* Keep in mind the tuition in the humanities which the entire "Pacific coast" gives its youth, there is a very sublimity of grotesqueness in the virtuous flourish with which the good city fathers of San Francisco proclaim (as they have lately done) that "The police are positively ordered to arrest all boys, of every description and wherever found, who engage in assaulting Chinamen." Still, let us be truly glad they have made the order, notwithstanding its prominent inconsistency; and let us rest perfectly confident the police are glad, too. Because there is no personal peril in arresting boys, provided they be of the small kind, and the reporters will have to laud their performances just as loyally as ever, or go without items. The new form for local items in San Francisco will now be: "The ever vigilant and efficient officer So-and-So succeeded, yesterday afternoon, in arresting Master Tommy Jones, after a determined resistance," etc., etc., followed by the customary statistics and final hurrah, with its unconscious sarcasm: "We are happy in being able to state that this is the forty-seventh boy arrested by this gallant officer since the new ordinance went into effect. The most extraordinary activity prevails in the police department. Nothing like it has been seen since we can remember." ___________________________________________________________________________ *I have many such memories in my mind, but am thinking just at present of one particular one, where the Brannan street butchers set their dogs on a Chinaman who was quietly passing with a basket of clothes on his head; and while the dogs mutilated his flesh, a butcher increased the hilarity of the occasion by knocking some of the Chinaman's teeth down his throat with half a brick. This incident sticks in my memory with a more malevolent tenacity, perhaps, on account of the fact that I was in the employ of a San Francisco journal at the time, and was not allowed to publish it because it might offend some of the peculiar element that subscribed for the paper.--Mark Twain. ____________ Footnotes First published in "The Galaxy Magazine," May 1870. Proofed against reprint in "Mark Twain on the Damned Human Race," Edited by Janet Smith (full cite below), pp. 77-81. The incident Twain refers to in the footnote occurred during the summer of 1864, when a reporter on the "San Francisco Call". From headnotes to the article in Janet Smith, p. 78: Mark Twain's maiden effort for the Chinese died . . . in the composing room of the "Morning Call", for commercial reasons explained by his editor. . . . He was subsequently fired. Four years later, in New York, as humor editor of "The Galaxy", he wrote "Disgraceful Persecution of a Boy". Twain discovered the story that made his fame, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," while hiding out from the consequences of reporting police corruption in San Francisco. Recommended: "Mark Twain On the Damned Human Race" (NY: Hill & Wang, Paperback, 1962; Hardcover, 1994), Ed. by Janet Smith, Foreword by Maxwell Geismar. In August-September of my seventeenth year, this volume crystalized my pacifism. "Hal Holbrook Performs 'Mark Twain Tonight!'" (Sony BMG Music Entertainment, 2006). 2 CDs Box. "The Best of Hal Holbrook in 'Mark Twain Tonight!'" (Columbia Broadway Masterworks, Columbia/ Legacy, 2002). CD. "Hal Holbrook in the CBS Television Network Special 'Mark Twain Tonight!'" (West Long Branch, NJ: Kultur Video, 2005). DVD. "Mark Twain: A Film Directed by Ken Burns" (PBS, 2005). 2 DVDs.
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  5074.  @jaredarndts6123  1. "A system of Laws, and not of men." -- John Adams. The oath is to the Constitution -- the Rule of Law -- not to any person including the president. 2. per the Constitution, "We the people" are the boss -- the president is not the boss; he is to SERVE "We the people". 3. Separation of Powers: The Congress has oversight authority and responsibility OVER the Executive and Judicial branches. The Executive branch -- the president -- has NO authority over Congress except the choice to veto the laws enacted by Congress. Unless and until you understand the basic structure of gov't, and how it is to function, you'll continue to be sucker for falsehoods about those fundamentals, and will continue to ask questions that make no sense, are irrelevant, and are false: Four separate and independent grand juries of ordinary private citizens -- Trump's peers -- and based on sufficient hard evidence handed down a total 91 indictments against Trump. As example, insurrection is expressly prohibited in the Constitution; there is no "right" to engage in insurrection -- it is a CRIME. There is no "right" to commit crimes. The claim of "absolute immunity" and that a president can "do anything he wants" is REFUTED by the fact of the Impeachment Clause. Asserting baldfaced allegations WITHOUT A SHRED OF EVIDENCE is NOT PROOF. It is dumb, meaningless, and false propaganda. You've obviously avoided the opportunity to LEARN how law works -- there is plenty of opportunity to learn that by listening to those who actually know and explain it: SEASONED PROSECUTORS. Those are NOT found on FOX "news". In the New York financial fraud case, which resulted in the half-billion dollar penalty, the EVIDENCE was the documents generated by and obtained from TRUMP'S OWN CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE -- because that is what his "business" has all along been. That propagandists feed you the words "unlawful prosecution" -- WITHOUT A SHRED OF EVIDENCE to back it up -- DOES NOT make it so. READ THE COURT DECISIONS in the several cases FOR YOURSELF. Last but not least: ALL the witnesses who testified AGAINST TRUMP before the January 6th Committee were ALL TRUMP REPUBLICANS from the TRUMP DOJ, the TRUMP campaign, and THE TRUMP WHITE HOUSE.
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  5174.  @paullowell3342 I have an education in law. And this is the principle distinction you need to grasp: "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- john Adams. The essence of democracy is ELECTIONS. And the US Constitution expressly stipulates that there SHALL be ELECTIONS. The United States is a representative democracy in which representatives, including the president, are democratically elected. Further: legislative process is democracy in action: debate, negotiation, consensus of the majority. As to taxation: These are the first three, and fifth, bills enacted by the first Congress: June 1, 1789. "An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths." That is, oaths of office. July 4, 1789. "An act for laying a duty on goods, wares, and merchandises imported into the United States." TAXATION. July 20, 1789. "An act laying duties on tonnage." TAXATION. . . . .July 31, 1789. "An act to regulate the collection of duties imposed by law on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on goods, wares, and merchandise." TAXATION. There were also various state and local taxes raised for state and local domestic purposes. You are not taxed to death; you simply believe you have the freedom to leech on the community while contributing nothing to it. Taxation funds gov't, and gov't services to "We the people," as required and authorized through democratically-elected representatives by "We the people". As other forms of taxation were seen to be needed, the Constitution was amended by the democratic approval of "We the people".
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  5225.  @Kapk1896  Nope. It's in the first state constitutions: no one should be required to support a "religion" of which they were not an adherent. And paying taxes authorizes one to participate in politics. "Religions" don't want politics interfering in their practices? -- then "religion" agrees to stay out of politics. None of that is speculation or hypothesis -- ___ North Carolina Constitution, Begun November 12, 1776, Completed December 18, 1776. "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ Constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ Constitution of New York, April 20, 1777. XXXVIII. And whereas we are required, by the benevolent principles of rational liberty, not only to expel civil tyranny, but also to guard against that spiritual oppression and intolerance wherewith the bigotry and ambition of weak and wicked priests and princes have scourged mankind, this convention doth further, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, ordain, determine, and declare, that the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever hereafter be allowed, within this State, to all mankind: Provided, That the liberty of conscience, hereby granted, shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this State. XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any presence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times hereafter, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same, may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State.
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  5227.  @CSRaleigh  You know better than the Founders, who actually experienced religious tyranny? ___ North Carolina Constitution, Begun November 12, 1776, Completed December 18, 1776. "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ Constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." . . . . "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ Constitution of New York, April 20, 1777. XXXVIII. And whereas we are required, by the benevolent principles of rational liberty, not only to expel civil tyranny, but also to guard against that spiritual oppression and intolerance wherewith the bigotry and ambition of weak and wicked priests and princes have scourged mankind, this convention doth further, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, ordain, determine, and declare, that the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever hereafter be allowed, within this State, to all mankind: Provided, That the liberty of conscience, hereby granted, shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this State. XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any presence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times hereafter, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same, may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State.
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  5235.  @vigfhfc  As said, you don't know what you're talking about. Taxes are not theft -- remember when Republicans called your kind "freeloaders"? The first statute enacted by the first Congress under the Founders was establishing the oath of loyalty to gov't. The next two statutes were TAXATION. You're a sucker for false myths and propaganda: the FALSE slogan "taxation without representation" -- Benjamin Franklin was the colonies' representation in Parliament -- was resolved during the 1760s -- BEFORE the so-called "revolution". But we get it: the military shouldn't be funded; the troops should be happy to serve for free. And perhaps we can go backwards in time so they have to buy all their equipment for themselves so that selfish dunces such as you can get a free ride on their sacrifices in defense of YOU. AGAIN: you don't know what you're talking about. The gov't exists to meet the needs of "We the people". The Republicans falsely call that "socialism" because they SERVE ONLY THEMSELVES AND THE WEALTHY. Clue: if the Republicans ordered you to cut your own throat they'd require you to buy the knife out of your own pocket. And they do tell you to cut your own throat -- and then you vote for them because you're some sort of self-deceived "rugged individualist" who insists that gov't services, beginning with protection of your health and safety, should be FREE. You're exactly the thing that Republicans condemn -- but only in everyone but themselves and their SOCIALISM for the RICH.
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  5246. No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  5257.  @jlsperling1  This isn't about me, jackass; it's about the rule of law, based on the Constitution you PISS on while LYING when you invoke it. This is in the "Declaration of independence" as a grievance against King George III: "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." There is no "right" to establish private anti-gov't military organizations. There is no "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't/RULE OF LAW. The ENTIRE Constitution is in effect at the same time, which includes these two Militia Clauses: "Art. I., s. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Taking up arms" against the gov't -- based on pseudo-law gibberish and lies -- is INSURRECTION. "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES, in this context MILITA ACTS. The purpose of the Second Amendment, per the Debates of those who WROTE it, was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the well-regulated Militia -- ALWAYS UNDER the control of BOTH US and state constitutions and laws. This is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for a NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." You are not only spewing anti-Americanism; you are your own worst enemy: the rule of law, which you REJECT, secures the very rights you claim to be about defending. You can't BOTH reject the rule of law AND claim its protections. Your cheering on of the fascist right wing has just ELIMINATED the right of privacy. THAT affects YOU.
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  5272.  @raptureready5004  I am 76. My pacifism crystalized in September, 1965 of my 17th year, during the Vietnam era. I was active -- nonviolently -- against that involvement beginning in June, 1965 through until its end 10 years later. I'm against killing of any kind, including murder. I'm one of those "Boomers" you history-illiterates attack. Let's see if you can sustain interest in an issue for longer than five minutes -- you knew nothing and cared not at all about the problems in the health care industry until you "thought" this murder was an opportunity to stir the pot for more violence. Those problems impact mostly the elderly. I've been confronting them directly for more than 10 years. Violence only has one result: more violence. But, ignorant and law-illiterate punk, ours is "A system of Laws, and not of men." -- John Adams. I defend the rule of law because it is the ultimate bulwark against chaos, out of which arises tyranny. Rule of law that too many blindly ignore, reject, and attack. Perhaps you get your defense of murder and domestic terrorism from Trump and the MAGA dregs who LOVE your contribution to their violent chaos and terrorism. "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. Note how Republicans, Trump, and MAGA, substitute politics for rule of law. You are indistinguishable from them. Oh? -- you don't yet see that you have become the very thing you (claim to) rail against? A few more facts that matter: My generation of "Boomers" not only got the US out of Vietnam but also ended the draft. What have YOU don't against killing and war? Defending murder and domestic terrorism is PRO-war. We showed that a Vice-President (Agnew) could be got. We showed that a president (Nixon) could be got. We mainstreamed the environmental movement -- which is why your generation is aware of it. (I learned about Climate change in junior high/middle school science in the early 1960s.) We invented the personal computer. We invented computer bulletin boards, and email communications. We invented the Internet. We invented -- for better and worse -- "social media". What have you done for the world? Accused us "Boomers" of "fucking up the world" because so astonishingly history-illiterate that you don't know that the world has always been fucked up? Compare that with the list above of the few accomplishments of my generation. Instead of hating -- you're "anti-war"? -- on "Boomers" -- we won't be around much longer -- focus on the assholes in YOUR generation; there are plenty, and you're stuck with them. The best you can do is to not be one of them. But you aren't doing well in that concern -- personally attacking me because you haven't a response to the ISSUE: defending murder and domestic violence is immoral and promotes more of the same. If it gets further out of control and there are more shoot-outs in the streets, you'll hopefully take a SERIOUS look at your claim to be "anti-war". ___ From "A Man for All Seasons": In the following, Roper was Thomas More's hot-headed and impulsive son-in-law-- Roper: So now you'd give the Devil benefit of law! More: Yes. What would you do? Cut a great road through the law to get after the Devil? Roper: I'd cut down every law in England to do that! More: Oh? And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned round on you -- where would you hide, Roper, the laws all being flat? This country's planted thick with laws, from coast to coast -- man's laws, not God's -- and if you cut them down -- and you're just the man to do it -- do you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then? Yes, I give the Devil benefit of law, for my own safety's sake.
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  5368.  @arjaygee  Violent attack on the gov't is insurrection. The intent of the insurrection is to overthrow the gov't. The intent to overthrow the gov't is TREASON. It's in the Constitution. Apparently you believe that, in order to call an insurrection "insurrection," and therefore "treason," the Congress must first issue a "just in case" "declaration of war," in advance of an unexpected insurrection -- and only THEN can it be called treason. There was no war, and no war declared, after the so-called "revolution," when "Shays's" rebellion occurred. The same goes for the "Whiskey" insurrection: there was no war, and no war declared. Nonetheless, in both instances, they were insurrections, and the insurrectionists were charged with, tried for, and convicted of TREASON. As said, the themes are consistent from the legal history leading up to and beyond those insurrections. The definitions of the words didn't change from Articles of Confederation to Constitution, and the responses were identical. One of the police officers who testified to to the Select Committee said that one of the insurrections said to him directly: "We are here to overthrow the gov't." Another of those law-illiterate crackpots, as he was walking into the Senate chamber said, "Why don't we set up a gov't while we are here?" There was already a gov't "set up," but the intent was to overthrow the existing gov't. The Constitution address that: "Art. I., S. 8., c. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia[/National Guard] to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, [and] SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS." The Civil War was an insurrection by the seceding states, levying war against the United States, and thus was TREASON.
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  5411. Another Constitutional illiterate. 1. The ENTIRE Constitution is in effect at the same time. That includes ALL FOUR of the "Militia Clauses" -- the Second Amendment being the foruth. 2. The Constitution is the supreme Law of the Land. That means that the Militia is UNDER the law, in keeping with the Founders concern that the military power -- there was ONLY the Militia -- ALWAYS be subordinate to and governed by the civil power -- the GOV'T. It is ALWAYS to be REGULATED UNDER AND BY the rule of law -- not the enemy of it. It's even addressed in the Declaration of Independence as a grievance against England: "He [i.e., King George III] has affected to render the Military indepdent of and superior to the Civil Power." The Founders are against you. Ask yourself: how do you defend the Constitution by opposing it? The commander-in-chief of the states' Militia are the states' GOVERNORS. When Federalized, the Coammnder-in-Chief of the Militia" is the PRESIDENT. 3. The first Militia Clause defines the Constitutional purposes of the Militia: law enforcement, SUPPRESSION OF INSURRECTIONS, and repeling invasions. 4. The seonde Militia Clause stipulates that CONGRESS shall organize, ARM, and discipline the Militia. And both in keeping with the Supremacy Clause, and that Clause, the states' Militia, even when NOT Federalized, is regulated BY CONGRESS. In the event you do know, Congress MAKES THE LAWS, which are REGULATION. All the jabber about Militia you are spouting is directly from law-illiterate anti-American RIGHT-wing crackpots. "Heller" is the outlier: there has never been an "individual right" in the Second Amendment as ratified. The ONLY "individual right" DEBATED by the first Congress that WROTE it was the right to be EXEMPT from Militia DUTY. That was DROPPED prior to ratification of that Militia Clause. There's a lot of irresponsible loose talk from the law-illiterate, and other law-illiterate fools reach for that anti-American gibberish as a fantasy "solution" to the anti-Americanism.
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  5518.  @tedtrash  But we shouldn't call Sanders' "fans," such as yourself, for being a hypocrite on the point. 1. Sanders, who claims to be a Leftist, voted to PROTECT the gun industry -- a top priority for the extreme RIGHT-wing domestic terrorist organization NRA. 2. I used to listen to Sanders every Sunday on "Air America," and liked everything he said. Then I saw him campaign in 2016, beginning with his promise to destroy the Democratic -- not the Republican -- Party. And once granted his "request" to run as a Democrat, he continued to trash the Party, his campaign was caught hacking the DNC, and he continually smeared Clinton with Republican/RIGHT-wing lies. Clinton did not respond in kind because she -- being, unlike Sanders, politically savvy -- didn't want to alienate Sanders voters. In sum, he showed himself to be a vindictive prick -- and he and his CORRUPT "fans' show that they are the flip side of the Trump coin. Sanders/Trump "fans" -- "fans" are of entertainment, not of the serious matter of politics -- are identical in more than one way: A. Criticize the candidate, the "fans" attack the critic -- which is not a defense of the candidate. B. Attack and smear others -- then when called on it for the CORRUPTION it is, proffer the two-year-olds' non-"argument, "They did it first!" Sanders is wealthy -- but to Sanders "fans" everyone who is wealthy is therefore a "corporatist" and therefore "corrupt" -- the sole exception being sloganizer Saint Sanders. 3. During the 2016 campaign, Sanders stood shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump with his own serial lying about releasing his tax returns. And now he is again standing shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump by refusing to release his medial records. 4. During his twenty-five years in Congress, Sanders was totally ineffective as a legislature because he REJECTS the democratic process, which IS the legislative process: debate, negotiate, COMPROMISE, achieve a majority consensus.. And you believe the absurd fantasy that he would "change the world" from OUTSIDE the Congress. Reason is not your strong point. Neither are ethics or morality -- adhering to the facts, and reason -- a concern for you. There are two forms of lying: A. Commission. Telling a known falsehood. Sanders and his "fans" do so constantly. Sanders' current claim to have opposed the Iraq invasion is a misrepresentation of the facts B. Omission. Withholding a known truth. Sanders is refusing to release his medical records? So much for "transparency". You're either a Russian troll or bot, a Trump supporter, or a person so politically naive that you've fallen for old-hat pie-in-the-sky Socialist slogans. FACE REALITY: Since at latest WWII, the US population has been indoctrinated since earliest childhood to fear and hate Communism/Socialism, which in their minds is such as USSR, North Korea, and Cuba. Were sanders the nominee, the ads against him would include VIDEOS of him praising Communist/Socialist Castro, and praising Communist/Socialist Sandinistas against the United States. With Republican gerrymandering (protected by the Supreme Court), Republican voter-purgings, and Republican invitations to foreign powers to subvert the election, the Democrats need as many votes as they can get. Republicans who don't want a repeat of Trump will nonetheless vote for him again before they'd ever vote for a Socialist. Joy Read is not lying; she is reporting FACTS that you don't like. And that is YOUR corruption, which is identical to Trump's and his moronic MAGAots: LIE by calling FACTS you don't like "lies". Sanders is no less a demagogue than Trump.
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  5524.  @wholeNwon  Those who jabber about "jury nullification" don't actually know how legal process works, or the civic DUTY of being a juror. They jury does not, as example, get to admit "evidence" or reject evidence. The introduction of the second knife in the movie "12 Angry Men," as example, would in reality result in a mistrial. The jury instructions given by the court are: apply the law to the facts, the evidence. The evidence as to admissibility is fought over by the two sides in the case. The neutral arbiter -- the judge -- determines what evidence is admitted and what excluded. "Jury nullification" is a "theory" pushed by law-illiterates and those who reject the rule of law. Who pride themselves in their staunch ignorance of the fact that "freedom" does not exist in conflict with law; it exists and is protected BECAUSE SECURED by WRITTEN law. So-called "sovereign citizens" reveal that self-"nullifying" stupidity by BOTH rejecting ALL law -- and then claiming rights that exist in the law they REJECT. Can't have it both ways. But let's go to the real point: defending murder. There is nothing moral in defending murder. Defending that which is, actually, domestic terrorism. Words have consequences. They are foolish and irresponsible. ___ From "A Man for All Seasons": In the following, Roper was Thomas More's hot-headed and impulsive son-in-law-- Roper: So now you'd give the Devil benefit of law! More: Yes. What would you do? Cut a great road through the law to get after the Devil? Roper: I'd cut down every law in England to do that! More: Oh? And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned round on you -- where would you hide, Roper, the laws all being flat? This country's planted thick with laws, from coast to coast -- man's laws, not God's -- and if you cut them down -- and you're just the man to do it -- do you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then? Yes, I give the Devil benefit of law, for my own safety's sake.
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  5576.  @rekcusdoo  Yes, sure, you have a Juris Doctorate, which is why you don't know that the mainstream media interviews veteran prosecutors when the issue is LAW. In addition: ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  5579.  @rekcusdoo  So you're a Trumpeter, claiming to have a "Juris Doctorate," admitting you're not a medical doctor and yet judging medical doctors' informed views. You assert that the veteran prosecutors I've named quoted the law "wrong" -- but don't provide a single example. Because you're an alleged "Juris Doctor" who doesn't know that you are responsible for not only your assertions buts also to back them up. In an early comment you asserted that Watergate was a "nothing burger". Watergate began with a burglary -- which is a CRIME, not a "nothing burger". Judge Sirica, a REPUBLICAN, broke the case opening by hammering them with stiff sentences that persuaded them to talk. Those burglars were also paid "hush money" -- bribery is a crime -- which were tracked to C.R.E.E.P. -- the Committee to Reelect the President -- whose chair was Nixon's Attorney General John Mitchell. Investigation found that he, John Mitchell, approved the hush payments. In other words: he committed a CRIME. And Mitchell was one of at least 42 Nixon administration officials and/convicted for their crimes in behalf of Nixon. You, with your alleged "Juris Doctorate," aren't playing with the typical Trumpeter, who is dumber than dead rocks. I was in my late 20s during Watergate and followed all the fine detail in both print and broadcast media. I wasn't born yesterday and have an education in law. "A system of Laws, and not of men." -- John Adams. "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. Take your rejection of the rule of law to the "FOX" comments section -- if they aren't blocking comments in order to suppress critical alternative views.
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  5596.  connardcyndi1769  I'm jealous of nothing. I have an education in law. But note how Popok made an issue of the fact that Trump had a PAID EXPERT testify for the defense in the civil fraud case. He claims to be a trial lawyer; if so, then he knows that is not controversial; it is the NORM. He also DIDN'T mention that the PROSECUTION ALSO had a PAID witness testify (though they paid significantly less). If he were doing LAW on that point, he might have reported that PAID witnesses testified, on BOTH sides, and that that is the NORM. Instead he was not doing law on that point -- he was doing POLITICS. In contrast: "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. Further: if he and Ben argue that way before juries -- disorganized, and riddled with tangents away from the central issue/s, then they manage only to confuse jurors. KISS: "Keep it simple, stupid." If one wants to make a case to a jury -- or those who are law-illiterate, and all about politics, therefore incapable of distinguishing between the two -- one adheres to the central facts and law, without interjecting all sorts of tangential and irrelevant issues. One keeps it focused and simple. Want a contrast with what Popok and Ben are doing -- to see how PROFESSIONAL presentation of legal arguments WORK? -- then see the many former Federal prosecutors -- on such as MSNBC -- present facts and law arguments without obfuscating and confusing the issues by mishmashing politics and law. If one instead wants to be sloppy, the opposing counsel will exploit it to one's disadvantage. Essentially, they are little different than right-wing media, where "legal" opinions aren't provided by lawyers but instead by Republican politicians who are unknown as to expertise in LAW.
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  5695.  @rudee315  Watch the video so your comments actually deal with the issues: You don't know why she postponed he case EITHER. But we know what you WANT to believe: the lifelong con man and criminal Trump is actually honest, contrary to all the EVIDENCE that PROVES those facts. Trump has lost THREE cases -- all adjudicated so by juries of Trump's peers without their politics being known or relevant. In one of those cases he was adjudicated as being a RAPIST. Judge Canon is a TRUMP appointee, and she came from the "Federalist Society," about which you don't seem to know anything, even that it exists, and is opposed to YOUR interests. So is Alito from the "Federalist Society," who has shown by his actions that he supports the criminals who engaged in the January 6th insurrection. Alito swore an oath to support and defend the Constitution; the Constitution includes the following: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions. Because the Constitution PROHIBITS insurrections. On the panel is a judge. She points to the inexperience and lack of confidence of Judge Canon as ONE reason for her FAILING to actually rule on motions instead of letting them pile up unaddressed while postponing a case of paramount importance and seriousness. Had she sufficient maturity she would ask senior judges for guidance. Or, if honest, would ask to be removed from the case because she is in over her head. But she has also made rulings that favor Trump's FALSEHOODS about the "Presidential Records Act" -- which means the exact opposite of his claim. As for this part of your comment: "so people first do your search then open your mouth, there is a reason for everything." It is YOUR responsibility to do the [re]search to back up YOUR assertions, instead of lazily -- and stupidly -- expecting everyone else to fulfill YOUR responsibility FOR you. The judge on the panel has credibility. You have no credibility.
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  5707.  @bakenbeans420  Trump's term for the "establishment" is "deep state". Those who hate gov't thereby hate rule of law. There's nothing intelligent or clever about it -- and it is the OPPOSITE of the Founders' view; they never declared independence from reason, rule of law, or gov't. And included in the Constitution protection of it against its enemies: ___ No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  5857.  @ANGRYBIRD-8  American national security has established security structures that defend the country. You call it "hegemony". So tell us, history-illiterate: what are the three basic purposes of NATO? And don't leave out Russia's hegemony by being expansionist by, as example, invading Ukraine based on the claim that NATO members are on the other side of the Russian border and therefore a "threat" to Russia. THINK IT THOROUGH: Putin is threatening to invade actual NATO members. What would be the result? NATO members would STILL be on the Russian border, and he would characterize THEM as "threats". NATO is a mutual DEFENSE pact against historically-expansionist -- hegemonic -- Russia, not really different than the the mutual defense pact "Confederation of New England Colonies" of the 1600s. The enemy of stability in the world order is Russia, and North Korea, who are hegemonic, not the United States -- except when the Republicans, like Kissinger and Colin Powell are in charge of foreign policy. For them -- for McCain -- it's never talking diplomacy; it's always go immediately to "Bomb, bomb, bomb." LBJ is attacked for escalating the number of troops in Vietnam -- but those same people DON'T attack Nixon for EXPANDING the war beyond Vietnam into neutral Cambodia and Laos. You need to learn HISTORY -- and not only the far-Left criticism of the US doing anything at all in the world, but also those of the adversaries against which US national defense is structured. NATO is the first line of defense of the UNITED STATES against historically-expansionist Russia. Destroy NATO -- as RUSSIA wants -- and it's UNITED STATES boots on the ground in Europe for a THIRD time. And you can be certain that that would result in YOUR ass being DRAFTED.
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  5968.  @josecoope2211  You are living in the 1950s WHITE SUPREMACIST LIE against the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. These are FACTS, history-illiterate DUPE: DEMOCRATIC President Harry Truman INTEGRATED the US military. He was OPPOSED in doing so by the REPUBLICANS. DEMOCRATIC President JFK submitted Civil Rights and Voting Rights bills to Congress. DEMOCRATIC President LBJ shepherded the 1964 Civil Rights bill through Congress and signed it into law. DEMOCRATIC President LBJ shepherded the 1965 Voting Rights bill through Congress and signed it into law. REPUBLICAN Supreme Court Justice Roberts GUTTED the 1965 Voting Rights Act, and the RACIST REPUBLICAN state legislatures and governors immediately instituted ATTACKS on the voting rights of African-Americans. "Gerrymandering" was invented by ANTI-Federalist/"States Rights" Congressman Elbridge Gerry. The states that seceded and formed the Confederacy and LEVIED WAR against the United States -- defined in the Constitution as TREASON -- did so on the FALSE basis of "STATES RIGHTS" being SUPERIOR to the Federal gov't CONTRARY to the Federal SUPREMACY CAUSE. "STATES RIGHTS" has ALWAYS been CODE for RACIST WHITE SUPREMACISM. GROW UP, learn ACTUAL HISTORY, and based thereon find your way to REALITY: REPUBLCIANS have been engaged in gerrymandering -- SUPPRESSING the votes of ANYONE who votes Democratic -- since at latest REPUBLICAN NIXON and his "Southern Strategy". BECAUSE of that "Strategy" the RACIST Democrats became REPUBLICANS. REPUBLICANS have been on STEROIDS, since the GUTTING of the 1965 Voting rights Act, in their drive to SUPPRESS the voting of those who DO NOT vote REPUBLICAN. Within the week REPUBLICAN Marjorie Tailor Greene called for the DISSOLUTION of the UNION based on HER RACISM AS A REPUBLICAN.
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  5972.  @JohnDoe-cl4oo  "That makes no sense considering a dictatorship requires Government." I didn't say they make sense. "The literal constitution highlights that government was intended to be limited, " Where does it say that? What the Founders wanted was to establish a STRONG CENTRAL FEDERAL gov't SUPREME over the states. And the stipulations that the Constitution can be amended, and stipulates how that is to be done, means the document is progressive, and intended to last be being responsive to changes in reality. And, again, the Federal Constitution is EXPRESSLY the SUPREME Law of the Land. "along with the bill of rights and what the founders actually discussed." Yes: the Bill of Rights constrains GOV'T -- including state gov'ts where the Supreme Court has held so. Thus the Second Amendment prevents the Federal gov't from preventing the states keeping their well-regulated Militia. AT THE SAME TIME the Federal Constitution includes these provisions: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The Congress shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." Shortly after ratifying the Bill of Rights the Congress enacted two Militia Acts: May 2, 1792: "An Act t provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the national defence by establishing an uniform militia throughout the United States." And two years and one day later, in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection -- because the Second Amendment DOES NOT authorize "taking up arms" against the gov't: May 9, 1794: "An act directing a detachment from the militia of the United States." And again: November 29, 1794: An act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of militia in the four western counties of Pennsylvania for a limited time."
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  5992. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  5994. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  6084.  @koheletsmoger2327  There are victims on BOTH sides. And it was 1,400 Israelis, not 14,000. But so far the killed Palestinians, including women, children, toddlers, and infants, is circa 19,000. LEARN THE HISTORY: since its founding, using the "Bible" they wrote as their "deed," Israel, which calls itself a democratic JEWISH state -- if you aren't Jewish you don't have the same rights -- has been CLEARING THE LAND of those in the region who are NOT Jewish, and then annexing the land to Israel. It is at least as bad in the West Bank, where Jewish settlers kill Palestinians and are not prosecuted by Israel. That's the underlying issue: the far-right -- Herzog and Netanyahu are OPPOSED to the second state solution, which is why NETANYAHU supported and funded HAMAS against the PLO -- because the PLO is FOR a two-state solution, but HAMAS is OPPOSED to it. On BOTH sides there are FANATICS -- Netanyahu's gov't and political party are as fanatical as Hamas. The DIFFERENCE is that Israel has all the modern weapons, but Hamas has the equivalent of rocks and spears. SOME of that is reported WITHING ISRAEL by ISRAELI media. That's where we got the reports that Israel knew about the planned Hamas attack A YEAR AGO but DID NOTHING to prepare for it. Why? Because Israel provokes, or allows such attacks, then exploits them behind the calculated hysteria that is their invocation of the Holocaust. Israel wants all focus to be on October 7 -- and on NOTHING after that date. The world was sympathetic to Israel because of what occurred on that date. But THE WHOLE WORLD IS WATCHING and Israel is LOSING the war. All they are doing is easily predicted: creating MORE terrorists and thus PERPETUATING THE PROBLEM. The ALTERNATIVE is the two state solution.
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  6142. @Will he heck as like To include the competent, such as "Biden" and "H. Clinton" among the incompetents is beyond asinine: it exhibits and ignorance of politics based on not actually paying attention. Doubtless macinnis relies on his ignorance as excuse to not vote, because "superior' to those who do, and then, in circular "reasoning," uses that as excuse to not vote. It's obvious that macinnis rules out both the competent and incompetent as legitimate to govern. So what is his alternative -- chaos? If so, then his candidates are such as MTG and Boebert, etc. Biden spent 36 years in the Senate, and 8 years as vice president. Clinton was wife of a state governor, then in the White House for 8 years, then a Senator -- and voted "Most Popular Woman" for 20 years -- before running for president. They knew and know how to govern. They are competent. So macinnis is opposed also to competence. During all those years Trump was operating his criminal enterprise ripping off banks and the taxpayer. MTG is trailer trash, Gaetz is a sexual predator who targets the underage, and McConnell is all about extreme right-wing power and attacking the social safety net in behalf of the billionaire donor class. Research "The Federalist Society" -- the source of the judges McConnell put on the Supreme Court. They are an extreme right-wing group of lawyers whose goal is to "repeal the 'New Deal,'" and take the country back to before civil rights and FDR. That's why the decisions of such as Alito cite English religiocrackpots as "reason" to overturn progress in the evolution of human rights law.
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  6178.  @seankelly6461  That's exactly what Trump claimed -- and it is a LIE. READ BOTH the 12th Amendment, and the "Electoral Count Act". You know, stick to the LAW, not to your favorite seditious conspiring bloated career criminal traitor. ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  6219. This is how the Founders put the lawless "religion" subjectivists in their place: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't.
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  6237. The majority of the electorate isn't fringe or extreme. That means that the vast majority of the electorate are MODERATE. (Shhhh! Let's not talk about Trump's collusion with Russia.) ____________ "No Collusion"? -- "Russia, if you're listening": Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpists lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  6267. The intent of domestic terrorism is to cause fear. And those who are defending the murderer are promoting domestic terrorism. Some have even attacked McDonald's and the entry-level minimum-wage employee because she called the authorities when he was recognized. McDonald's and the employee didn't commit any crimes. And the backpack manufacturer, who also didn't commit any crime, received death threats -- intended to cause fear -- from aholes who are defending the murderer. What you fools don't understand is that the spread of domestic terrorism, beyond being an assault on the rule of law, results in a breakdown in -- and THEN EVERYONE is a target. It is stunning the blatant immorality claiming to be moral by those who obviously couldn't care less about right and wrong. ___ From "A Man for All Seasons": In the following, Roper was Thomas More's hot-headed and impulsive son-in-law-- Roper: So now you'd give the Devil benefit of law! More: Yes. What would you do? Cut a great road through the law to get after the Devil? Roper: I'd cut down every law in England to do that! More: Oh? And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned round on you -- where would you hide, Roper, the laws all being flat? This country's planted thick with laws, from coast to coast -- man's laws, not God's -- and if you cut them down -- and you're just the man to do it -- do you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then? Yes, I give the Devil benefit of law, for my own safety's sake.
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  6288. Let's dishonestly change the subjet -- that's the typical practice of Sanders "fans"; it is DISHNOEST, and that is CORRUPT. Sanders is a vindictive prick, as he SHOWED in 2016 by, first, promising to DESTROY the Democratic -- NOT REPUBLICAN -- Party. Then, when the Party graciously allowed him to run as a Democrat -- he STILL not a registered Democrat -- he CONTINUED to trash the Party, and contiuously smeared Clinton with REPUBLICN/RIGHT-wing LIES. The Vermont Democratic Party has supported Sanders -- INCLUDING WITH CASH -- thoughout his career. And how does he show his gratitude? By insulting, smearing, and attacking the DEMOCRATIC PARY -- and the Democratic VOTERS. And let's not forget: Devine and Manafort were PARTNERS in Ukraine, helping elet the CORRUPT PRO-Russian president. Next, out of nowhere, Devine and Manafort became -- coincidentally? -- managers of the Sanders and Trump campaigns. Then, shortly thereafter, the SANDERS campaign was CAUGHT hacking the DNC -- and Devine was forced to resign. Can you say CORRUPTION? And throughout the campaign, Sanders stood shoulder-to-shoulder with TRUMP with his own serial lying about releasing his tax returns. Let's be HONEST on the point: when Clinton announced her candidacy, she AT THE SAME TIME released THIRTY YEARS of tax returns. This time around Sandes is standing shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump by refusing to release his medical records. What is he hiding? Not the fact that he considers himself to be superior to everyone else -- an arrogance identical with Trump's. Sanders smeared the hell out of Clinton over the "Crime Bill". But at the time Clinton was the First lady, while Sanders was in the Congress, where HE voted FOR the "Crime Bill". Other than being TOTALLY INEFFECTIVE during his TWENTY-FIVE YEARS in Congress -- he got NONE of his yapping of passe pie-in-the-sky enacted into LAW -- and that is becuase he REJECTS DEMOCRACY. The legislative process is quintessentially DEMOCRACY, and therefore INCLUSIVE, and therefore by NATURE INCREMENTAL. It is based on debate, negotiation, COMPROMISE, in order to arrive at MAJORITY CONSENSUS. Sanders REFUSES to COMPROMISE, because he's ALWAYS RIGHT and NEVER WRONG. And his ANTi-democratic "My way or the hghway" got the proper response from his colleagues: "TAKE A HIKE". What else has Sanders 'accomplished"? He voted AGAINST the "Brady Bill" FIVE TIMES. He voted to PROTECT the gun industry. Those were TOP PRIORITIES of the extremist RIGHT-wing ANTI-Socialist NRA. But let's not look beyond Sanders' passe pie-in-the-sky rhetoric -- else one see who he actually is: a vindictve prick and liar. Trmp would slap him dizzy, and bury him under the stench of his own baggage -- VIDEOS of his praising Communist/Socialist Castro and the Sandinistas; writings, while in his THIRTIES, about sex and very young children. Newbies to politics tend to FAIL to respect wisdom -- if they even recognize it: ACTIONS speak louders than words. All you pay attention to is WORDS -- Sanders is not saying anything that is NEW; he's been jabbering the same things during his entire career -- and getting NONE of it enacted into LAW. And you believe he could get that done, for the first time, from OUTSIDE the Congress, where the laws are made? If you believe that, you define yourslef: political newbie. Yes -- you believe you know it all; but it's the VOTERS who are driving the primary elections, not those Sanders instructs you to HATE based upon HORSESHIT. Last but not least: you are no different than Trump MAGAots: criticize the candidate, you attack the critic -- which is NOT a defense of the candidate. But it is DISHONEST, and therefore it is CORRUPT.
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  6364. The "institution" is the GOV'T, dunce. "We the people" are the gov't -- and WE PAY OUR OWN WAY for the EXPENSES of gov't and therefore the security of rule of law. Don't pay your way, deadbeat, and the gov't will properly, in behalf of all those who DO pay their own way, seize assets you have commensurate with the amount in delinquency. For how it works see the judgment against Trump in the New York fraud case. He ripped off the people of New York -- they were in effect paying HIS taxes FOR him without being apprised of that fact. And it is longstanding LAW in New York state that in order to appeal such judgments -- which cannot be discharged in bankruptcy -- one must post a bond that is equal to the judgment + 20 PER CENT. Trump nonetheless attempted to appeal the decision without posting the bond -- he finally admitted that he doesn't have the "billions" he has for years LIED he has -- and the appellate court denied his appeal, then in effect told him -- Why not ask the banks you defrauded for loans to pay the bond? This is how the BANKS were defrauded: IN ADDITION to it being ILLEGAL to file FRAUDULENT financial applications for loans -- Trump's falsely inflated valuations of his properties on such applications got him FAVORABLE interest rates -- which means the banks were DEFRAUDED out of GREATER profits from the interest than were realized by the FAVORABLE interest rates. Wake up: nothing Trump says is true; therefore nothing he says is to be believed. Period. Full stop. End of story.
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  6366. No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  6463.  @ericschryver73  You leave out the detail that a state must agree to the invocation of the Insurrection Act. And a president CANNOT authorize the use of "any" military force; domestically the law enforcement of that degree falls to the well-regulated Militia/National Guad, per the US Constitution: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia[/National Guard] to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." AND: "Art. I., s. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia[/National Guard] . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia[/National Guard] according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." In other words -- "Posse Comitatus Act" -- the regular military cannot be used domestically. And it's long past due that you amoral anti-Americans stopped the lying about "ANTIFA" -- which is short for ANTI-FASCIST and BLM "riots" that didn't happen. But we know why you hate "ANTIFA": you are PRO-FASCIST. Reminder, history-illiterate: Hitler and Mussolini were FASCISTS. Do yourself a favor: WATCH the January 6 Committee hearings and cry your eyes out when you discover that ALL but two of the witnesses have been TRUMP REPUBLICANS, most of whom WORKED IN THE TRUMP WHITE HOUSE. The FBI investigates -- it does not render judgment on the merits of the evidence it gathers: it turns that over to DOJ prosecutors. And your assertions about the Committee hearings are blown out of the water: the HARD EVIDENCE gathered and presented, and in Federal court rules there are many exceptions to the oversimplified -- dumbed-down -- slinging of the word "hearsay". The testimony of those who stated the substance of their conversations with others is not hearsay; and the only "hearsay" in Hutchinson's testimony was about the altercation in the SUV limousine. But that is corroborated by a police officer who was on that detail, and it was being talked about within the Secret Service for more than a year. But the fundamental mistake you make, in addition to being law-illiterate, is viewing the January 6 Committee hearings as a "trial" -- which is another right-wing Fascist lie: their investigation serves two purposes: one, toward legislating; and two, to inform the American people of the facts discovered by its investigation. You are individually responsible for your decisions: you can choose to stop lying, or you can continue to be an America-hating pro-Fascist insult to reason, facts, and the rule of law.
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  6601.  @donaldspaulding6973  Are you pushing the idea that there is a solution to the "real" threat of the gov't "taking your guns" -- a dumb-assed right-wing paranoia, the "solution" to which based on the lies against the Second Amendment originating with the fascist takeover of the NRA? To see through those lies requires more than an elementary school education and a "functioning" gullibility that is drawn to violence as the simpleton's first and only "solution" to every frustration, including frustrations caused by ignorance of the actual legal history. ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn _Heller_. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  6682.  @mrrey8937  These are what the FOUNDERS thought of your "religious" bullying in effort to assuage your doubts by imposing your "religious" pornography on everyone else -- IN ADDITION to Christ telling you to keep it private and between you and your imagined-up "God": ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ You either respect and conform your behavior to the Constitutional separation of "religion" and gov't, or you make of yourself a hateful domestic enemy of it.
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  6687. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  6688. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  6693.  @lornasmith2247  Garland was nominated for AG by the elected president, and the elected Senate engaged in its Constitutional process of advice and consent. And the Senate approved, by majority vote, his appointment. It was different when Garland was nominated by the elected president, and the Senate, under Republican control, refused to even talk to him in order to keep an SC seat open in hopes a Republican president would nominate an extremist "Federalist Society" political hack. Being elected to public office, including president, is not an exemption from the rule of law. And many an elected official, including Democrats, have been prosecuted and convicted, and even imprisoned, for crimes they committed. The only difference is that Trump is an ex-president. But he is a private citizen, not president, and he has consistently lost in court as a defendant -- in one deposition he pled the 5th hundreds of times -- because, not having a legal leg to stand on, he has as consistently played his legally-irrelevant fake-"victim" politics. From the foremost constitutionalist among the Founders: "A system of Laws, and not of men." -- John Adams. The oath of office is to the Constitution, not to any person, not even to the president. Hitler also demanded loyalty not to the rule of law but to himself. "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. Learn the difference between the two: "A system of Laws, and not of" politics. Your "argument" is transparently false, specious, and falls flat on its ass because it is so obvious you dishonestly omit the facts I provide for not only you -- in refutation of your anti-Constitutional tripe -- but also for the readers of these comments. You have no shame, no decency, and no self-respect. You fail in your endeavor to appear concerned with morality and rule of law because your dishonesty is immoral, and your defense of CONVICTED FELON Trump shreds your "concern" for rule of law. If I were to characterize you as being a lowlife, which would be correct, I'd be insulting lowlives who are only stupid, not both stupid and baselessly hateful and malicious.
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  6750. The anti-gov't law illiterates assert that the National Guard is a "standing army," which is not the fact. The "need" to stipulate IN THE CONSTITUTION the purposes of the Militia/National Guard is expressed in two directly on-point grievances against King George III in the "Declaration of Independence": "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of out Legislatures." "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." The "Declaration" has never been law, and applied exclusively to ENGLAND, but those two provisions found their way into state and then US constitutions. In sum: Civilian control of the military, and no "right" of "revolution"/INSURRECTION: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia/National Guard to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'T] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of disciplining the Militia/National Guard according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." Thus the well-regulated Militia/National Guard is regulated -- Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES -- and governed -- by the CIVIL power -- under BOTH US AND STATE constitutions and laws. You gullibles who repeat non-law and pseudo-law and other such gibberish DON'T KNOW those facts because you DON'T READ the US Constitution, let alone your OWN STATES' constitutions. There is only ONE Militia/National Guard: that well-regulated -- and governed -- under US and state GOV'T. ALL the fake "militia" in ALL 50 states are classified in law as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBITED. But I don't expect law-illiterates to actually READ the ACTUAL law -- your STATE constitution and laws are doubtless available from your state legislature's or secretary of state's website -- so they might have some modicum of appearing to know what they're talking about.
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  6754.  @willmont8258  "There would be no need for the 2nd otherwise, since A1, S8 already gives Congress the power to arm the Militia when in the service of the US." The Congress has been all along arming the well-regulated Militia see Section 1: ___ Chap. LXV.--An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized to cause all or any part of the arms herein directed to be provided and deposited for sale, which shall, at any time, remain unsold, to be delivered to the militia, when called into the service of the United States, proper receipts and security being given for the return of the same. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the monies arising from such sales shall be paid into the treasury of the United States, and the amount received shall be annually reported to Congress. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying this act into effect, the President of the United States shall be, and he is hereby authorized to draw from the treasury of the United States, a [577] sum not exceeding four hundred thousand dollars, to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. Approved, July 6, 1798. ___ The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Arranged in Chronological Order. With References to the Matter of Each Act and to the Subsequent Acts on the Same Subject, and Copious Notes of the Decisions of the Courts of the United States Construing Those Acts, and Upon the Subjects of the Laws. With an Index to the Contents of Each Volume, and a Full General Index to the Whole Work, in the Concluding Volume. Together with the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States; and Also, Tables, in the Last Volume, Containing Lists of the Acts Relating to the Judiciary, Imposts and Tonnage, the Public Lands, Etc., Vol I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters, at 576.
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  6755.  @willmont8258  Tell us who owned the arms in the following -- research "public arms". And note the date of it: ___ At a General Assembly begun and held at the Public Buildings in the City of Richmond, on Monday the 21st day of October, in the Year of our Lord 1782. Chap. XII. An act for the recovery of arms and accoutrements belonging to the state. I. Whereas sundry arms and accoutrements belonging to the public in the hands of individuals, who have neglected to return them to the proper officers; and it is necessary that such arms and accoutrements should be recovered as speedily as possible: Be it enacted, that the Governor do, on the passing of this act, issue his proclamation, enjoining all persons having in their possession any arms or accoutrements whatsoever, belonging to the state, to deliver them without delay to the Lieutenant or commanding officer of the county for the time being; and the sheriff of each county within this commonwealth, shall cause copies of the said proclamations, which shall be transmitted to him by the Executive, to be fixed up in the most public places in his county, and if after one month from such public notice having been given, any person possessing any such public arms or accoutrements, shall be convicted of having failed to deliver them up as aforesaid, such person shall, upon every such conviction, be liable to the penalty of twenty pounds, to be recovered by action of debt, bill, plaint, or information, in any court of record within this commonwealth, one half of which penalty shall go to the informer, on conviction of the offender, and the other half shall be applied in aid of the county levy where such offender shall reside. And the Lieutenant, or commanding officer of each county, shall make returns from time to time, to the Executive, of all arms and accoutrements so delivered to him, and also deliver them to the order of the Executive, under the penalty, if he fail in all or any part of his duty, of fifty pounds, to be recovered as aforesaid, and applied in diminution of the county levy. Provided always, that where muskets and bayonets have been by order of government placed in any county on eastern or western frontier for defence against incursions of the enemy, it shall be lawful for the Lieutenant or commanding officer to return such muskets and bayonets to the militia, taking a receipt from each person for what shall be so returned. "A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the year 1768, as are now in force; With a Table of the Principal Matters" (Richmond: Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis, 1785); "The First Laws of the State of Virginia" (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., "The First Laws of the Original Thirteen States," 1982), Compiled by John D. Cushing, at 176.
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  6756.  @willmont8258  " A1, S8 simply gave Congress certain powers over the Militia of the States," False. In fact, several of the states included with their ratifications of the Constitution both petitions to be accepted into the Union, and proposed Amendments. Federalist Madison codified the proposed amendments as a RESOLUTION which he submitted to Congress for debate. The Bill of Rights was not written by Madison; the House debated and wrote it as COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE, and the Senate -- of which Madison was not a member -- also weighed in on it. The Second Amendment established the right of the states to keep their well-regulated Militia, which were already regulated and governed under the states' constitutions and laws, all of which constitutions were adopted in 1776-77 -- except for Massachusetts, which was submitted to the electorate for approval and ratified in October, 1780. Thus the Militia is regulated under BOTH US and state constitutions and laws. " which were made up of the people armed with their own guns." False. And I posted a Virginia statute which pre-existed the Constitution and which orders the recovery of weapons, etc., which were PUBLIC ARMS. There is also an account of Sam Adams giving a speech at Fauniel Hall with the arms arrayed across the front of the stage. After the speech the arms were gathered up and returned to the PUBLIC STORES. And the FICTION of the "embattled farmers" making up the militia is refuted by the actual history. The New England militia, as example, had been hardened by more than 100 years of near-constant wars with the Indians, and since the earliest days of their foundings the colonies were members of a "mutual aid" Confederation of New England Colonies". Thus there was established a regional military command, and the miliitia were thoroughly trained. And at the time of the so-called "revolution" -- it was a civil war; no gov'ts were "attacked" or "overthrown" -- they had the same guns as the British. And as I've stated, the Founders engaged in every form of gun control, including prohibition and confiscation. As example, they confiscated the guns of those who weren't in the militia and gave them to the militia. There has never been a time that any gov't has allowed armed gangs to shoot at the gov't. The Founders were no different. As provided in the "Declaration": "He has affected to render the Military to independent of and superior to the Civil Power." They established their view and precedents by suppressing "Shays's" and "Whiskey" insurrections.
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  6757.  @willmont8258  The Founders applied the same two "Declaration" principles domestically, as I have shown. See Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. as example: that applies within the United States. See the suppression of "Shays's" insurrection by the state militia, and see suppression of the "Whiskey" insurrection by Federalized state militia. No gov't authorizes armed gangs of law-illiterates high on empty arrogance to shoot at the gov't. The same provisions exist in state law. As said, there is ONE Militia, and it is the National Guard. If you want to deny those are the same, then you're still up against the fact that the commander-in-chief of your state the militia -- there is ONE militia -- is the state's GOVERNOR, not a rag-tag- bunch of malcontented law-illiterates strung out on stubborn law-illiterate stupidity. The first of the following is cognizant of the Supremacy Clause. Those subsequent note that the selection of militia officers is by advice and consent of the legislature, not by crackpot law-illiterates "in the field". ___ SPEECHES of His Excellency the Governor and Messages Transmitted by His Excellency to the General Court During the Legislative Year 1792. __________________ [May Session, 1792.] . . . . GENTLEMEN, I have directed the Secretary to lay before you such Acts & proceedings of the Congress of the United States, as have been forwarded to me: Among them, is an Act for regulating the Militia of the States. That Act appears to me to be quite consonant to the Constitution of the General Government, & I shall, as commander in Chief of the Militia of this State take every measure within my power to render the Militia respectable under it. . . . JOHN HANCOCK. Council Chamber, June 6th, 1792. _________________________________________________________________________________________ _Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives_, The Secretary will lay before you a Letter of Resignation from Major General Titcomb of the second Division of the Militia in this Commonwealth--You will please to take such measures in filling up the vacancy as you shall judge best. JOHN HANCOCK. Council Chamber, June 14th, 1792 _________________________________________________________________________________________ [May Session, 1792.] _Gentlemen of the Senate & Gentlemen of the House of Representatives_, The Secretary will lay before you the Resignation of Major General Newell of the Seventh Division of the Militia in this Commonwealth on account of his ill Health--You will please to take such measures in filling up the Vacancy as you shall judge best. JOHN HANCOCK. Council Chamber, June 15th, 1792 _________________________________________________________________________________________ . . . . [November Session, 1792.] _Gentlemen of the Senate & Gentlemen of the House of Representatives_, The Secretary will lay before you the Pay Roll of a Detachment of the Boston Militia which I found myself obliged to order to Castle Island to supply the place of the Troops on the Island who were under the operation of the Small Pox. I engaged they should receive their pay for the service agreeably to the terms of the Roll & submit it to your consideration. Their Conduct while on duty merits notice, & I doubt not they will meet yours. . . . JOHN HANCOCK. Concord, Novr. 9, 1792. _________________________________________________________________________________________
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  6762.  @casper3130  This is a "Militia Act" from Plymouth Colony, enacted in 1634. The mentioned "Court" is the "General Court -- the GOV'T. There was not as yet separation of powers, so the same "Court" enacted the laws, enforced the laws, and conducted trials of those who violated the laws. The "list" mentioned was the list of those chosen and APPROVED for military DUTY. Note that the law includes PENALTIES against those who violated military DISCIPLINE. So the FANTASY that militia consisted of random gun-nuts "volunteering" is FALSE. And note that those approved for the duty were required to SWEAR AN OATH OF LOYALTY to the GOV'T/RULE OF LAW. Note also that I include the source, which is how LITERATE -- and HONEST -- scholarship works. And that I have BOTH a first edition of this volue, published in 1836, and a reprint of it, in my law library. ___ Appendix 325 Establishment of a Millitary Company. Aug. 29, 1643. The Court hath allowed & established a military discipline to be erected and mayntained by the Towns of Plimouth Duxborrow and Marshfield and have also heard their orders and established them-viz- Orders. 1. That the exercise be alwayes begun and ended with prayer. 2. That there be one procured to preach them a sermon once a yeare, viz at the eleccon of their officers and the first to begin in Septr next. 3. That none shalbe received into this Millitary Company but such as are of honest and good report & freemen not servants, and shalbe well approved by the Officers and the whole Company or the major part. 4. That every person after they have recorded their names in the Millitary List shall from tyme to tyme be subject to the Comaunds and Orders of the Officers of this Millitary Company in their places respectively. 5. That every delinquent shalbe punished at the discretion of the Officers and the Millitary Company or the major part thereof according to the order of Millitary discipline & nature of the offence. 6. That all talking and not keepeing sylence during the time of the exercise jereing quarrelling fighting depting collers wthout lycence or dismission &c or any other misdemeanor, (so adjudged to be by the Officers and the Company or the majr pt thereof) to be accounted misdemeanors to be punished as aforesaid. 7. That every man that shalbe absent (except he be sick or some extrodinary occation or hand of God upon him) shall pay for every such default II_s_. And if he refuse to pay it upon demaund or within one month after then to appear before the Company and be distrayned for it and put out of the list. 8. That if any man shall (upon the dayes appoynted) come wthout his armes or wth defective armes shall forfaite for every trayneing day as followeth-- For want of a musket or a peece approved every time- - - - VI_d_ For want of a sword - - - - - - - - - VI_d_ For want of a vest - - - - - - - - - VI_d_ For want of bandelires- - - - - - - - - VI_d_ Six months tyme given to prvide in. 9. That every man that hath entred himself upon the military list and hath not sufficient armes & doth not or will not prcure them wthin six months next ensuing his name to be put out of the list. 10. That there be but sixteene pikes in the whole company (or at the most for the third pt) viz--VIII for Plimouth VI for Duxborrow and II for Marshfield. 11. That all that are or shalbe elected chiefe Officers in this Millitary Company shall be so titled and forever afterwards be so reputed except he obtayne a higher place. 12. That every man entred into the Millitary list shall pay VI_d_ the quarter to the use of the Company. 13. That when any of this Millitary Company shall dye or depart this life the company upon warneing shall come together with their armes and inter his corpes as a souldier and according to his place and quallytye. 14. That all that shalbe admitted into this Millitary Company shall first take the oath of fydellyty if they have not taken it already or els be not admitted. 15. That all postures of pike and musket, motions rankes and files &c messengers skirmishes seiges batteries watches sentinells &c bee alwayes prformed according to true millitary discipline. 16. That all that will enter themselves upon this Company shalbe propounded one day received the next day if they be approved. ___ "The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the Colony of New Plymouth: Together with the harter of the Council at Plymouth, and An Appendix, Containing the Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England, and Other Valuabe Documents. Published Agreeably to a Resolution, Passed April 5, 1836" (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, Printers to the State, 1836), Under the Suprevision of William Brigham.
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  6923. Why did you not INFORM yourself before ENLISTING and thus KNOWN that Bushit was LYING? I'm fed up with veterans blaming their own failures on others. It is YOUR responsibility to inform yourself -- a responsibility that can['t be shifted onto others. I knew US involvement in Vietnam was a LIE -- I actually READ BOOKS that weren't assigned -- before I graduated high school. And I spoke out about it -- and was called all the dirty names by my peers, who ALSO refused to inform themselves. Few of to this day an admit their own irresponsibility, their own error, their own conformist complicity in the lie. And it appears your generation is doing the same: believing the hype, enlisting, discovering too late that you were lied to -- the evidence was readily available in such as the "NY Times" -- and then looking for somebody else to blame. As for the airhead twit: leadership means making DECISIONS -- and now you hammer Biden as lacking leadership because, with smug 20-20- hindsight, you disapprove of his DECISION. Research Eleanor Roosevelt: THERE you'll learn what a PROGRESSIVE is -- and that you are NOT that. Progressives are pragmatic, as result of which we have such as Social Security; had that been up to you immature purists, we wouldn't have it. BTW: Will you be reporting the FACT that finally, after (more than) 120 years of effort, the House passed an anti-lynching law? Or is it more important to attack Biden -- and thus avoid focusing on Trump, which is the WHOLE issue -- than it is to be aware of that history?
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  6953.  @nityanandapillai8524  US law that has existed for at least 100 years. Let's be clear based on the FACTS of HISTORY: 1. Hitler came to power when he explained to the German aristocracy and industrialists that the alternative to him was the COMMUNISTS. 2. Before he went after the Jews, Hitler targeted for extermination -- A. Communists -- which are far-LEFT politically. B. Socialists -- which are Left of Liberal but to the Right of Communists. Because, the name of his political party notwithstanding, Hitler was not a socialist. He was a FASCIST, which is far-RIGHT. 3. Trade unionists/union organizers. Because organized wealth and dictators want the masses to be DISORGANIZED. 4. Hitler ALSO -- OBVIOUSLY -- hated LIBERALS, who are to the Right of Socialists. Liberals are the MODERATE CENTER. The Western democracies were founded on the ENLIGHTENMENT -- "woke" -- philosophers; LIBERALISM. The United States, specifically, was established during a time when all the gov'ts were "divine right monarchies and dictatorship. But it was established as a SELF-GOVERNED DEMOCRACY, in which "We the people" -- the ELECTORATE, through ELECTED representatives -- is the gov't. By ANY measure that is PROGRESSIVE. And the US Constitution also incorporates the means to AMEND the Constitution in order to accommodate changes in political and legal reality -- which is also PROGRESSIVE. What that means is that the purpose of the US gov't is to serve -- meet the needs of -- "We the people," as determined by "We the people" through elected representation. "We the people" pays its own way for the entirety of that through TAXATION.
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  6996.  @M167A1  The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  7013.  @DissectGibberish  I have an education in law and constitutions are my focus. And it reflects on YOU that you make a baldfaced assertion with nothing to back it up. There are right-wingers who insist that the Founders rejected democracy. The fact is that they didn't trust it. During elections John Hancock was a wealthy "populist" who was all about democracy. Between elections he called democracy "mob rule". So the Founders institutionalized democracy within the Constitutional system -- the Constitution being LAW -- as the House of Representatives; see the raw democracy with such as Boebert and "Moscow Marge". They are willing to abuse power by abusing freedom of speech in their attack on democracy, and are able to do so because the raw democracy that is the substance of the House allows it. But it is contained within Constitutional limits, and the Senate tempers it. George Washington characterized the House as the "cup of hot tea" and the Senate as the "saucer" in which one pours the tea to cool it. What the Founders did concerning democracy was to enact LAWS to CHECK its excesses. The Electoral College is one of those checks. AS SAID: the January 6th insurrection was direct democracy; it was also "mob rule" and also insurrection. I have repeatedly, over the years that individuals have been popping off about abolishing the Electoral College asked them what they would put in its place. They never respond because they have no idea what they are talking about. Now if you have something to BACK UP your uninformed comment, present it. Otherwise, explain to us what you'd replace the Electoral College with in order to prevent direct democracy by a large minority of morons from entirely destroying the rule of law. Or are you one of the fools who actually trusts Trump and his insurrectionists know anything whatsoever about "No one is above the law"? And that law regulates and LIMITS actions that threat public health and safety -- and the rule of law?
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  7016.  @AwkwardPain  What RESEARCH have you done on WHY the Founders established the Electoral College, AND their reasoning? You've done NONE. You don't know, You're just another law-illiterate who jumped on the "easy solution" bandwagon. Adult legal reality, in dealing with actual reality is complex. See the Founder's response to "Shays's" and "Whiskey" insurrections -- those were PROHIBITED "direct democracy". "What you are asking for is a giant report. Something that you don't write in a youtube comment section." I frequently post lengthy substantive comments that not only state a premise but also present the law addressing the premise -- so your cop-out -- your inability -- to present any sort of factual "argument" for your position is exactly my point: you don't know why there is an Electoral College; and you have no idea the consequences of abolishing it. "There have been papers written about this, and the USA is the ONLY democracy to use one." Really? Then why do you not cite to any? Why do YOU not take the responsibility to back up YOUR afactual comment with SUBSTANCE? "So unless you feel every other country is lacking democracy, you should start there and see what you find." I said nothing of the find. But you are apparently unaware that not all democracies are the same. A readily-observable difference is the reality in the Scandinavian countries: monarchy -- which the US does not have, democratically-elected parliament, and socialist economies -- which the US does not have. And yet none of them is a tyranny; and they don't have the lunatic beliefs that "freedom" means "freedom from rule of law," an overwhelming amount of guns, and the false belief that there is a "right of the people" to destroy the Constitution -- the rule of law. In short: not all democracies are the same. I have an education in law, and constitutions -- including world (see above re. Scandinavian countries for an example) -- have been my focus for more than 30 years. Now, either put up your understanding, based on actually doing the research, of WHY the Founders established the Electoral College -- not, it was not "racism" -- as part of the hierarchy of law with a single supreme Federal gov't -- UNION of the disparate now-50 states; and why the Electoral College can be dispensed with without consequences, without repercussions. Either that, or sit down and STFU with your law-illiterate PROPAGANDA against that about which you have no interest in informing yourself. We are in an era where there are broad ongoing dangerous attacks on checks and balances -- see January 6th as a vivid example; listen to Trump's intents -- and you want to eliminate a central CHECK AGAINST those attacks. Stupidity is your profession. We don't give ground to criminality. Yes: youtube is also a place where substantive comments can be posted. But those who know nothing are limited to agglutinations of one-liners, none of which have any basis in reason or established legal history and law.
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  7023.  @edwardl.990  I explained it: The 6 "Federalist Society" religioFREAKS on the Supreme Court DENY that there is a right of privacy -- on which "Griswold" and "Roe" are based -- because the words "right of privacy" don't appear in the Constitution. In contrast, they are pro-gun-nut -- even though "Christians" are commanded to "turn the other cheek" -- even though these words ALSO don't appear in the Constitution: "Individual right to own guns". I'm not the issue, but the Founders were LIBERALS who founded a liberal -- pluralistic -- democracy. And AGAIN: "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. In contrast, you ignore "Justice and the Rule of Law" in order to wallow in POLITICS. Perhaps that's why you don't comprehend LAW when it is put in your face. Here's another opportunity to get used to the idea that, as "Conservative" Judge Luttig said that "the most foundational truth is RULE OF LAW". ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  7048.  @JayTX.  You aren't the only person affected by the services, and therefore not the only person affected by your refusal to accept and act in accordance with the RESPONSIBILITIES of citizenship. Your bogus "argument" has been litigated to death and as ALWAYS LOST. So you don't want the potholes in the streets repaired; everyone else does, and they pay their taxes. And you get the repaired potholes FOR FREE. Or you don't want to pay taxes in support of, as example, the local fire department. So when your house catches fire the fire department doesn't show up and save it. So you lose that asset because you're a freeloading deadbeat. But let's ignore all that in favor of your whining against gov't because you're too stupid to have even the most basic understanding of "community" and "society" and how gov't is structured and functions, and that the first obligation of gov't is to meet the needs of "We the people," which costs MONEY therefore "We the people" PAY OUR OWN WAY through TAXATION, and to protect public health and safety. Gov't is by definition rule of law. When you bash gov't you bash the rule of law. That very rule of law secures and protects the RIGHTS you claim; but every right is inextricably entwined with RESPONSIBILITY. Here's how the Founders put it in the 1784 New Hampshire constitution: "Part I--The Bill of Rights "Article I. . . . . "III. When men enter into a state of society, they surrender up some of their natural rights to that society, in order to insure the protection of others [AND OF THEMSELVES]". There is no "right" to commit crimes -- including non-payment of taxes.
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  7138.  @sparkie996  That's correct: English is not my second language; it is my first, primary, language. Perhaps, pro-Fascist Putin TROLL, you can enlighten us to your idea of "cues that a native English speaker would understand" by identifying a few of such cues -- beyond your personal attack against me as effort to avoid addressing my comment. Until then I'll point out to you that since Putin' began illegally invading sovereign Ukraine a number of Russian oligarchs, in Russia and countries other than Russia, have been killed Russian-gangland style: shot several times in the back of their heads. Russia asserted that they were suicides. And for many years, including the most recent instance, noteworthy Russians -- opponents and critics of Fascist Putin -- have died by falling out of upper-story windows. When Putin has chosen to address those deaths -- a significant number -- he has called them "suicides". What casts the claims that they are suicides with suspicion are the CIRCUMSTANCES: the next-latest was a wealthy oligarch who "fell" out of a HOSPITAL window. Are we to assume that the oligarch went to the hospital to ensure that he was healthy enough to commit suicide? And the latest, a member of Russia's Ministry of Defense, also just happened to 'fall" out of a window to her death. One would assume that members of the Ministry of Defense would be forewarned to stay away from windows. One of the most famous was a lawyer who was imprisoned of false charges, and beaten and tortured -- THEN fell out of a window.
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  7183.  @emmittmatthews8636  That is Federal law. How many times was the Militia Federalized before the "Whiskey" insurrection? And what are the dates of the Virginia statutes establishing PUBLIC ARMS, and also retrieving them, under PENALTY if NOT returned? In 1794 -- AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the Militia was Federalized in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection. Which of those two was well-regulated UNDER the rule of law -- Constitution and statute -- and which was ATTACKING the rule of law? Did the Federal gov't need to arm Militia that was already armed by the states? ___ U.S. Constitution, Art. I., S. 8., C. 16: The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for . . . ARMING . . . the Militia". ___ Chap. LXV.--An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized to cause all or any part of the arms herein directed to be provided and deposited for sale, which shall, at any time, remain unsold, to be delivered to the militia, when called into the service of the United States, proper receipts and security being given for the return of the same. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the monies arising from such sales shall be paid into the treasury of the United States, and the amount received shall be annually reported to Congress. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying this act into effect, the President of the United States shall be, and he is hereby authorized to draw from the treasury of the United States, a [577] sum not exceeding four hundred thousand dollars, to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. Approved, July 6, 1798. ___ The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Arranged in Chronological Order. With References to the Matter of Each Act and to the Subsequent Acts on the Same Subject, and Copious Notes of the Decisions of the Courts of the United States Construing Those Acts, and Upon the Subjects of the Laws. With an Index to the Contents of Each Volume, and a Full General Index to the Whole Work, in the Concluding Volume. Together with the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States; and Also, Tables, in the Last Volume, Containing Lists of the Acts Relating to the Judiciary, Imposts and Tonnage, the Public Lands, Etc., Vol I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters, at 576. ____________ You keep trying to argue that there is a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- against the rule of law -- based upon the FALSE malconstruction of the Second Amendment, and ignorance of the fact that "the right of the people to [keep and] bear arms" IS the well-regulated Militia. As I've shown, the militia was ALWAYS UNDER the rule of law, and there was ALWAYS provision in law to SUPPRESS armed threats to gov't/rule of law. And ignorance of the FACT that the Founders "attacked" and "overthrew" ZERO gov'ts. The well-regulated militia, under the state's governor as commander-in-chief, is an arm OF gov't, NOT intended to be a THREAT to gov't.
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  7184.  @emmittmatthews8636  "you ignore 232 years of text, history, laws, Supreme Court rulings, etc that prove you wrong." I adhere strictly to LAW, which is what I've been posting IN YOUR FACE. You do nothing to address that; instead you engage in stupid-assed name-calling because you CAN'T refute the laws I put IN YOUR FACE. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ____ There is no "right" to "take up arms" against gov't/rule of law.-- which is INSURRECTION, which the FOUNDERS charged, tried, and convicted as being TREASON. See "Shays's" and "Whiskey" insurrections. I have an education in law and have been researching and studying these issues for more than 30 years. That is why, punk, I am able to QUOTE VERBATIM LAW from the foundings of the colonies to and through the so-called "revolution," and to and through ratifications of Constitution and Bill of Rights. The Founders engaged in every form of gun control including confiscation and prohibition -- and what they did is presumptively constitutional. Even Scalia admitted in Heller that gun control is Constitutional -- the EVIDENCE in LAW for that fact is OVERWHELMING, as I've been showing IN YOUR FACE.
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  7185.  @emmittmatthews8636  AGAIN: The Federalist is NOT LAW. And The Federalist "says" things that contradict your wishful thinking. I post STATUTES -- LAW. You don't read them because you're too stupid to recognize what IS law and what isn't. You also claim that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. That's the gun-nut view -- but it is NOT THE REALITY. Madison codified PROPOSED amendments submitted by states with their notices of ratification of the Constitution. He then submitted that as a RESOLUTION for a bill of rights to the House for DEBATE. The House, as a COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE, debated the DETAILS of the resolution -- and the SENATE did the same. Madison was not a Senator. This is the Madison DRAFT of the proposed Amendment, which at that point and throughout most of the debates was the SIXTH. Note how he knew the difference between "people" -- the PLURAL -- and "person" -- the INDIVIDUAL -- ___ This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING.
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  7230.  lboy1990  You are running with a slogan ripped out of its controlling context, which I already explained: JFK was not applying it to the US. He swore the oath to support and defend the Constitution. the Constitution PROHIBITS political violence -- not that you, obviously, care about the Constitution and rule of law. For you uneducated children it's all a video game, entertainment -- until it actually becomes real. INFORM yourself: ___ No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  7232.  @ernwrld  Not in the US if you believe in rule of law. But one can't both believe in the rule of law sometimes and reject it in others. There is no "right" of "revolution". For one, the "Declaration of Independence" does not include the word "revolution," it has never been law, and it applied exclusively to England. For another, this is American and us law on the issue, up to date: ___ No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___ If you're going to apply law to the victim, but not to the murderer -- there was no connection between the two -- then you'll only be able to be a hypocrite spewing irrationalities. And that encourages more domestic violence, and that will inevitably result in the deaths of those even you will consider innocent. You are digging a hole that does not emerge at reason.
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  7250.  @LionEagleOx  Like it of not, law-illiterate, the foundation of Western civilization are drawn from the Greeks and, in the United States, European ENLIGHTENMENT -- "WOKE" -- philosophers. You EALRN that by reading what the Founders actually addressed as their sources. Also, like it or not, law-illiterate, the United States gov't -- by definition rule of law -- is based upon a PHILOSOPHY OF GOV'T. That is why we have LAWS -- and LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PRISONS -- for incoherent irrationalists who reject the rule of law behind a cloud of specious gibberish. As ignorant of law as you are you are at least as ignorant of the actualities of the Founding era. As example, the "Declaration of Independence," which applied EXCLUSIVELY to ENGLAND, has never been law. And, as example, the Founders DID NOT engage in "revolution," which is the OVERTHROW of gov't. They "overthrew" ZERO gov'ts, including that in London, and because they were all along in control of the colony gov'ts. Nor were the Founders -- as should be obvious -- anti-gov't: the evidence is in front of your face as gov'ts and RULE OF LAW. The power of gov't is derived from "We the people" -- yes. But that does not eliminate gov't or the rule of law, or the "niceties" of the purposes of gov't, the first responsibility of which is to protect public health and safety. That is why we have laws, which limit exercise of rights, and law enforcement for the dumb-assed who are ignorant of limits, and prisons for those who refuse to accept the limits. Your notion of reality being fact-free doesn't account for anything beyond your rejection of realities you "don't like". You nonetheless don't have the right to infringe the rights of others -- the word for which is RESPONSIBILITY.
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  7254.  @LionEagleOx  The Founders weren't anti-gov't -- they FOUNDED gov'ts. the Republican Party is ANTI-gov't, and has been since at latest Reagan (who inherited right-wing extremists from the Nixon administration). And, no: the Federal Constitution has the SUPREMACY clause: any law inconsistent with the US Constitution, down to and including state constitutional provisions, is NULL-AND-VOID. The states are SUBORDINATE to the Union. The "states' rights" "argument" is at bottom segregationist/white supremacist. One sees this especially with the militia/National Guard. The purpose of the Second Amendment was twofold: to establish a national defense based on the Militia[/National Guard], and preserve the states' -- GOV'TS -- right to keep its well-regulated militia. Well-regulated meant UNDER constitution and laws. But that means under BOTH US and state constitutions and laws. Art. I., S. 8., C. 15 & 16. The first stipulates the purposes of the Militia[/National Guard], especially law enforcement and suppression of insurrections; the second has the US Congress, among other things, ARMING the Militia[/National Guard]. In the US are two levels of gov't: Federal, and state. A US citizen is a citizen of the United States, and of the state of his/her residence. The CONGRESS enacts legislation, and as required allocates funding under that legislation. The Federal gov't has the authority to withhold funding when a state wants the money without the strings attached -- the legislation tied to the funding. The gov't has been corrupted "for a while"? Gerrymandering is corruption. And it was invented by Founder Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts. Because humans and their creations are imperfect, there is always some degree of corruption. The best that can be done is to expose it and eliminate it where found. ("Fast and Furious" was begun by G. DUI Bushit -- but one wouldn't know that from listening to the Republicans who tried to blame it on Obama, who inherited.) The degree of corruption in gov't is roughly equivalent to the degree of corruption in the electorate. "Justice and the rule of law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. The Republicans have been all politics all the time, in effort to overcome and undermine the rule of law, since at latest Nixon.
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  7411.  @kimobrien.  "The war was began by Kennedy along with Johnson". PBS did a thorough history on US involvement in Vietnam, beginning with WW II. WATCH it and thus INFORM yourself: The US supported the French in Indochina -- the French colonial umbrella combining Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam -- with funding and military materiale from the end of WW II. When the French were blown out at Dien Bien Phu, the REPUBLICAN EISENHOWER began putting "advisors" in South Vietnam. That was for DECADES BEFORE JFK and LBJ. Now let's look at the Republicans you are omitting -- beginning with Eisenhower: for his first term Nixon ran on ending US involvement in Vietnam; he didn't; instead, he ran for RE-election on a "SECRET plan" to end that involvement. SUCKERS voted for him because of a "SECRET plan" that never existed. Instead he had EXPANDED the involvement OUTSIDE Vietnam -- see Kent State. Want to know who the PROTESTERS against that involvement were? "BOOMERS" -- the very generation you are bashing with your ahistorical ideological claptrap. I began, as an high school junior in 1965, speaking out against that involvement. I was the only one in my high school class to do so; but I was a reader, and was reading beyond class assignments. Get it through your bullshit self-bedazzlement: the "Boomer" generation was NOT A MONOLITH. And it was the "BOOMERS" who got the US out of Vietnam. It was the "BOOMERS" who MAINSTREAMED the environmental movement -- I'd learned of Climate Change in junior high science in the early 1960s. And there were all along, in the OLDER generation/s, anti-nuclear and climate change activists -- see Professor Wald of Harvard and pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock as examples. Dr. Spock was also a defendant among the "Boston 5" -- along with Congressman Jamie Raskin's father. RESEARCH what they were doing. They were protesters against the draft. And at the time of that trial I was engaging in "draft counseling". You've bitten off the far-LEFT version of issues; you have that distortion wrong, and it is nowhere near a significant part of ALL that was going on. You remind of those who ONLY look at the MUISC of the time and jabber about how GREAT things were. I was an avid music listener -- and buyer; AND I was at least as much involved with the politics of the time, ESPECIALLY US involvement in Vietnam and the draft. Somehow you have this idea that it was all rosy for the "Boomers". Get an education in the ACTUAL facts and history; come down to EARTH.
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  7418.  @stanleythompson5321  Then you aren't talking about the vast majority of "Boomers". In other words, you basically don't know what you're talking about. You rely on the Internet for your "facts" and get only distortion. AS EXAMPLE, George Soros is a whipping-boy not because he's "in control" -- he is not -- but because he is a JEW, so represents the "Jewish World Conspiracy" FANTASY in the view of ANTI-SEMITES. Stop guzzling the conspiraBUNK and GROW UP. Knowledge of history isn't necessary to "getting a job"; but it DOES put an end to flying BLIND because of total lack of factual perspective. You don't know history, so you put all responsibility for the state of the world onto a single generation -- which is worse than childishly stupid: it is BOGUS, FALSE. A significant percentage of "Boomers" got the US out of Vietnam -- that is the efforts "against" the "war machine". I learned of climate change in junior high -- "middle school" -- during the early 1960s. The "Boomers" MAINSTREAMED the environmental movement, which had been marginalized -- on the LEFT -- during the 1950s. A significant percentage of the "Boomers," along with activists from the 1950s, opposed the use of nuclear with significant success. You don't know anything of substance; you only see the superficial by relying on the junk and distortions on the Internet. Do you even know the difference between, on one hand, fact, and on the other, everything else!? Between, on one hand, NEWS, and on the other, everything else including so-called "independent 'journalism'"?
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  7420.  @stanleythompson5321  "Stanley Thompson J Nagarya if you're not one of these greedy boomers, then you wouldn't understand." But YOU understand because YOU'RE a "greedy boomer"? this is what substitutes for KNOWLEDGE -- conspirabunk for the lazy-assed moron: "These evil boomers, they wants to control the world." And your EVIDENCE is? "Absolute power corrupt absolutely." That is not accurate -- and you might get the accurate quote from Wikipedia. "Powe corrupts, and absolute power TENDS to corrupt absolutely." -- Lord Atkins. "Do you really think that Biden is running America? No, it's his puppet masters." So, greedy boomer, NAME NAMES. "If you still don't know who these evil boomers are, just look who is at war in Ukraine right now. Their goal is nuclear ww3." If you knew anything at all accurate about history, particularly since before, during, and after WW II you wouldn't be pushing Putin's propaganda. I've said nothing about myself because I wanted to see the sorts of responses my statement of facts would get from the generations of those born knowing it all. I was born in 1948 -- do the math. I did time at two universities, the first focused on literature as advanced placement which on my own initiative I made interdisciplinary. The second, law. I opposed every US military action, beginning in high school with Vietnam. I wa the only member of my "Boomer" high school class to speak up against that involvement. BUT knowing history, I support the US action supporting Ukraine against FASCIST Putin. Even YOU know that Putin ILLEGALLY INVADED Ukraine. Sure, you get all your "edumacation" from the Internet -- totally free of the DISIPLINE of learning to distinguish between fact and BULLSHIT. To have you voluntarily moronic generations LECTURE "Boomers" not only ABOUT "Boomers" but also with HGWASH is offensive to reason. And it is baselessly ARROGANT.
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  7470.  @Gretabpooh That's the standard view of those who don't know the actual history of the era. As example, the first state constitution was New Hampshire's, adopted in January, 1776, and it was essentially a declaration of independence. Law is a PROCESS, not an "instance". Between July, 1776 "Declaration" (there are several other relevant dates as concerns the "Declaration") and the Constitution were the "Articles of Confederation". And before all that, during the 1760s was the false propaganda of "Taxation without representations" -- in fact, Benjamin Franklin was the colonies' representative in Parliament. On one hand, Massachusetts-Bay enacted a statute prohibiting criticism of the "Declaration" ("freedom of speech" anyone?), either privately or publicly, the penalty being "mispris[i]on of treason". But after the rabble were sufficiently stirred up (with the help of Thomas Paine), and it was time to reestablish stability, both the "Declaration" and Paine were discarded. Some of us have actually studied that era, especially the legal history. You have not and the constant general claims about it and the "Declaration" are also concocted myth not fact. As example, for at least 40 years the far-right has been waving The Federalist as their "Bible" -- and either ignorant of or ignoring the facts about it: 1. There were more than 50 delegates to the Constitutional Convention. Only three of those more than 50 wrote "Federalist" articles. 2. On the other end of the spectrum of more than 50 were three delegates -- ANTI-Federalists -- who refused to sign the draft Constitution. One was Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, who invented the anti-democratic corruption that is gerrymandering. 3. The source of The Federalist was the NEWSPAPER articles written by the three named -- James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. Those articles and the volume of them are NOT LAW. It was ADMITTEDLY an ADVERTISING campaign intended to SELL the Constitution. It was not always HONEST in addressing the criticisms. And then there is this, in "Federalist No. 84" [Hamilton]: ". . . . I go further, and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and in the extent in which they are contended for, are not only unnecessary in the proposed constitution, but would even be dangerous". (_Federalist_, Cooke, 579). Moreover, the various citations to The Federalist by illiterate gun-nuts and pro-insurrection fake "militia" NEVER include "Federalist 29," which is devoted exclusively to the militia and its regulation -- in fact it totally refutes their claims made for this and that out-of-context claims made for it. 4. The gun-nuts/pro-insurrection morons also gibberish about the "Declaration," in effort to get around the prohibitions in the Constitution. But few if any have ever read it, so never get beyond the false propaganda at its beginning to the grievances against, by name, King George III. These two are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." Legislatures MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." The "Civil Power" is the civilian gov't control of the military. Gov't is by definition RULE OF LAW, which REGULATES. Both US and all state constitutions expressly establish that the Militia is an arm of LAW ENFORCEMENT as an arm OF gov't. Treating the "Declaration" as a stand-alone document is just plain dumb.
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  7475.  @pdoylemi  Law is a process that evolves and yet maintains consistency. Nothing in the "Declaration" was new with the "Declaration". "It was the document that said, "Here is who we are, and what we stand for." Much of that was crafted into state constitutions and the US Constitution." The first state constitution adopted was that of New Hampshire, in January, 1776. And it was largely a declaration of independence -- I know that because I've READ it. And the subsequent state constitutions borrowed from those already adopted -- see _Birth of the Bill of Rights 1776-1791_, by Rutland. When, again, were the several dates on which the "Declaration" was actually signed and published? The "Declaration" was rescued from total loss because after it had served its purpose it was discarded. THAT is the HISTORY. It WAS NOT in its day viewed as if some sort of sacred text. Those who don't know the difference between law and non-law, and who don't know the history, especially the legal history, make a big deal of it. It was a propaganda document used to rile up the population. Even before the war was won there came a time to re-establish stability. And the idea that all of a sudden the contents of the "Declaration" suddenly came to mind is ahistorical nonsense. The colonies had diverged from English law during the 17th century -- Massachusetts being most notorious in that regard. The colony's first Charter was revoked in 1680 because Massachusetts insisted on going its own way. By the time of the so-called "revolution" independence was so established in attitude and even law-making that conflict with England was near constant. That last Royal Governor, General Gage, dissolved the ELECTED Massachusetts legislature because it kept sending him laws to sign that were "radical". The ELECTED legislature simply reformed and resumed making laws contrary to the "opinion" of the Crown. 1680 was long before the "Declaration". Law evolves but is also retains continuity and consistency, therefore law is process, not an "instance".
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  7499.  @daddyaf945  I've been at this for more than 50 years. The vast majority of voters are MODERATE -- er, to quote Sanders "fans, "centrists," which to them is ubiquitous with the word "corrupt". They don't know what they are talking about, though they sure are full of themselves with kowing it all. It's oh-so-easy to spin pie-in-the-sky fantasies when reality is unknown and rejected. It isn't that complicated an equation, suggested "solutions" which do not exist IN REALITY notwithstanding: With Republican gerrymandering -- the Supreme Court held that the Federal gov't can't interene, which removes the Federal gov't from enforcing civil rights against state abrogation of them -- Republican voter-purgings, and Republican invitations to foreign powers to subvert the election, and TONS more money than the Democrats have, the Democrats need all the votes they can get. But Republicans who don't want a repeat of Trump willl vote for Trump before they'll vote for a Socialist. Further: Sanders "fans" are jabbering "oligarphs" as concerns Bloomberg. First, Bloomberg didn't inherit his wealth. Second, he has been a Democrat and a Republican becuase he isn't an ideologue. Third, he didn't run for office in 2017-18, but he did fund Democratic camapgins around the country, and that helped the Democrats win the House. And he has siad: if not the nominee, he will be putting his money into the campaign ANYWAY in suport of Democrats and against Republicans/Trump. The vast majority is moderate. What they want -- I don't think Buttigieg is the key -- is young and moderate. Sure, they are currently divided between voting for issues, and focusing on the most important issue: getting Trum[p and his openly criminal enterprise out of office. Hopefully that will increasingly shift to focusing entirely on the latter. Bloomberg recognizes the danger, the threat, to the rule of law that is the Trump-Barr alliance. That is paramount above all else.
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  7512.  @nyneegardner6235  "people need to take personal responsibility," There are forces arrayed AGAINST people taking responsibility WHEN THEY LACK THE MEANS TO DO SO. As for not relying on the gov't: stop being ignorant: the first obligation of gov't is protection of public health and safety. The asinine view that gov't is the problem is OPPOSITE the view of the Founders; but it IS the view of the wealthy who oppose "regulation" -- which is another word for LAW. They want to be EXEMPT from the rules while requiring YOU to comply with the rules. Gov't isn't the enemy -- it is by definition RULE OF LAW. And it is in WRITTEN LAW that one has rights, and vindication of them. But it's EASY to shit on the FANTASY of "squatters". This guy HAS NOT presented ANY EVIDENCE that ANY of the "stories" he repeats from unidentified "theys" are TRUE. Stop being a sucker for political propaganda pumped out by the special interest real estate industry, whose ONLY goal is FINANCIAL PROFIT -- and they will politicize ANYTHING in FOR MONEY. You DON'T KNOW that there's is this sudden "plague" of squatters -- but you ALREADY OPPOSE that which is NOT PROVEN TO EXIST. WHO BENEFITS from those UNPROVEN "stories"? I know people who moved to Florida for the low property taxes. ALL OF A SUDDEN property tax increases are so extreme that homeowners are being DRIVEN OUT. WHO is behind those TAX INCREASES -- "tenants"!? "Squatters"!? Those are DISTRACTIONS AWAY from whomever LOBBIED those tax increases INTO LAW.
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  7562.  @justuseKsharps I never fall for bald-faced assertions without a shred of substantiation. Because I am not that stupid: ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  7563.  @justuseKsharps  George Washington on Well-Regulated Militia . . . . The New Jersey militia had contributed little to the sudden turn of events in favor of the American army. The reluctance of Jerseymen to join the fray had reflected not only a divided population, but also the fear of a supposedly invincible enemy, and the inability of the new State to establish its military command and provide direction. Writing to [Governor] Livingston 24 Jan. 1777, Washington chose to emphasize the latter failure in a heated letter critical of the States lawmakers. "Sir: The irregular and disjointed State of the Militia of this Province, makes it necessary for me to inform you, that, unless a Law is immediately passed by your Legislature, to reduce them to some order, and oblige them to turn out, in a different Manner from what they have hitherto done, we shall bring very few into the Field, and even those few will render little or no Service. Their Officers are generally of the lowest Class of People; and instead of setting a good Example to the Men, are leading them into every Kind of Mischief, one Species of which is, Plundering the Inhabitants, under pretence of their being Tories. A Law should, in my Opinion, be passed, to put a Stop to this kind of lawless Rapine; for, unless there is something done to prevent it, the People will throw themselves, of Choice, into the Hands of the British Troops. But your first object should be a well regulated Militia Law; the People, put under good Officers, would behave in quite another Manner; and not only render real Service as Soldiers, but would protect, instead of distressing, the [10] Inhabitants. What I would wish to have particularly insisted upon, in the New Law, should be, that every Man, capable of bearing Arms, should be obliged to turn out, and not buy off his Service by a trifling fine. We want Men, and not Money." [NB13, _The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources_, 39 vols., ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, 1931-1944), VII, 56-57.] When the Assembly reconvened on 20 Jan. 1777, it waited another two weeks before finally sending to the council a measure which incorporated both exemption fees and the practice of substitutes. The frustrated Governor asked the Assembly to erase these practices from the law and force the people to answer the muster. [NB 14, Votes and Proceedings of the General Assembly of the State of New Jersey {VPS}, 1st session, 94.] The plea went unheeded. On 15 Mar. 1777, the State's first general militia act included the use of substitutes and exemption fees. However, the new code did include one section which was to assume greater importance as the war progressed. Listed last among the various ways whereby the Governor might call out the militia was the following, "with the Advice of the Legislature, when sitting, or in their Recess, with the Advice of the Privy Council." [NB 15, Acts of the General Assembly of the State of New Jersey {Acts}, 1st session, 1st sitting, 13 Mar. 1777.] Combined with his chairmanship of the Council of Safety, created two days after passage of the militia law, Livingston's use of the Privy Council vaulted him into the center of power. Legislative weakness had perhaps left him no other choice. Languid passage of this first major militia law focused attention upon the leadership crisis faced by New Jersey's revolutionary government. Legislative deliberations on the militia bill posed a challenge to the Assembly's constitutionally pre-eminent position. Faced with a military crisis and the need to take action, the Assembly had procrastinated and the impetus for militia reform came from the Governor, not from within the legislature. Moreover, the chief executive's recommendations incorporated new, far-reaching and dramatic changes. The Assembly's response was to back away and return to a status quo which failed to meet the State's needs. Furthermore, Livingston's inability to convince the Assembly of the need for revision of the militia code may have greatly influenced his own assessment of the leadership needs of the State. While the legislature considered the militia bill, the Governor had written to Washington that the lawmakers "are so [11] unduly influenced by the Fear of disobeying the constituents that they dare not exert themselves with the requisite Spirit of the exigencies of the War. [NB 16, Margaret Burnham MacMillan, The War Governors in the American Revolution (New York, 1943), 234-235.] The legislature's failure to extend its authority to confront the Loyalist challenge reinforced Livingston's critical assessment. Thus in March 1777 he moved to assert his leadership. Directing the efforts of the Council of Safety and the Privy Council, the chief executive assumed a dominant role seemingly at odds with the intention of the State Constitution. The basis of the Privy Council's military authority came from the legislature. According to the Constitution the Governor was the commander-in-chief. Nevertheless, the lawmakers chose to inhibit this authority in the March 1777 militia act having the Governor, except in case of surprise invasion, consult with the legislature, or in its absence, the Privy Council before calling out the militia. In effect, the legislature created a military high command. This command, however, chose to exceed its authority by directing militia units while the legislature sat. The result was a high degree of effectiveness lacking during previous military crises. The principal test of the Privy Council's command arose in 1778 during the British march across New Jersey from Philadelphia to New York, culminating in the Battle of Monmouth on 28 June. Between February and June a constant flow of correspondence with military commanders kept the Privy Council abreast of the latest movements of the British forces. With each bit of news, the Privy Council responded accordingly, advising Livingston on deployment of the militia. In preparation for the battle, forces from at least seven counties, from all parts of the State, were moved into position to harass General Henry Clinton's army. Some units were stationed by the council without the approval or disapproval of the legislature. [NB 17, See entries for 23 and 28 Feb. 1778, 63 and 64; and 21 Mar. 1778, 71.] The Jerseymen's raids and attacks are credited with forcing Clinton to halt his march and fight. [NB 18, John Richard Alden, The American Revolution 1775-1783 (New York, 1954), 202.] The battle at Monmouth was indecisive with both sides claiming victory. However, a notable feature of the campaign was the turnout of the Jersey militia. This fact was not [12] lost on General Washington, whose sentiments regarding the militia were in marked contrast to his thoughts of January 1777: ". . . the Militia of this state are also thanked for the noble Spirit which they have shown in opposing the Enemy on their march from Philadelphia and for the Aid which they have given by harassing and impeding their Motions so as to allow the Continental Troops time to come up with them."[NB 19, Fitzpatrick, _Writings of Washington_, XII, 130.] There were, of course, reasons other than the spirited leadership of the Privy Council for the militia turnout. As the State continued to function, more people identified with its existence. Previous military successes by Continental troops, especially the surrender in October 1777 of British forces commanded by General John Burgoyne, gave those loyal to the State the will to fight. Such victories seriously tarnished the British aura of invincibility. Nevertheless, the new infusion of leadership by the Privy Council cannot be discounted. As in the case of the Council of Safety, the legislature recognized the Privy Council's effectiveness and continued to delegate increased military powers to it. When the militia was to be alerted for a possible campaign in conjunction with the Continental Army, the Privy Council was empowered to command the mobilization. [NB 20, Acts, 5th session, 2nd sitting, 27 June 1781.] . . . . Minutes of the Governor's Privy Council 1777-1789, New Jersey Archives, Third Series, Volume I (Trenton, NJ: New Jersey State Library, Archives and History Bureau, 1974), Edited, with an Introduction, and Notes by David A. Bernstein, pp. 10-13.
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  7564.  @justuseKsharps  On the First Amendment -- ___ From the North Carolina, Begun November 12, 1776, Completed December 18, 1776. "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ Constitution of New York, April 20, 1777. XXXVIII. And whereas we are required, by the benevolent principles of rational liberty, not only to expel civil tyranny, but also to guard against that spiritual oppression and intolerance wherewith the bigotry and ambition of weak and wicked priests and princes have scourged mankind, this convention cloth further, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, ordain, determine, and declare, that the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever hereafter be allowed, within this State, to all mankind: Provided, That the liberty of conscience, hereby granted, shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this State. XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any presence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those, and their equivalents in the other states' constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. To be clear as to the most fundamental principle of our Constitutional system of laws: "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. You can sloganize and propagandize by politically slinging the words "Classical Liberals," in pseudo-defense of that you in fact oppose, but you have no grounding in the actual Liberalism of the Founders. One finds that in their system of laws, the US Constitution being the SUPREME Law of the Land. There is no higher, or alternative, law.
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  7619.  @billbillerton6122  This is the FOUNDERS view of the Second Amendment. Are you capable of learning? -- ___ The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  7632.  @thomasbraeking6225  You don't understand either document because you've never read them. Neither document was law when written, and have never been law. And their purposes are not understood by those who haven't bothered to READ them: The "Emancipation Proclamation" applied ONLY to the states that refused to law down their arms. The LATER Civil War Amendments are not the "Proclamation". The "Declaration of Independence" applied EXCLSIVELY to ENGLAND -- its authors were not declaring independence from themselves, or their gov'ts -- the colonists all along controlled the colonial gov'ts. And they were not calling for or asserting a "right" to revolution". Instead, contrary to the false assumptions about it, it is an assertion of the RULE OF LAW as being paramount. Examples from the "GREIVANCES" at its end, against by name King George III, are these: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." Legislatures MAKE LAWS; LAWS REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." The entire legal tradition that eventuated in the Constitution and "Bill of Rights" PROHIBITED, as does the Constitution, any form of "independent" or "private" military force, because such are a threat to GOV'T, which gov't is by definition RULE OF LAW. AGAIN: neither the "Emancipation Proclamation" nor the "Declaration of Independence" have ever been LAW. LAWS are made by LEGISLATURES, with the concurrence of the Executive.
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  7752. The majoirty of Virginia citizens voted for increased gun contriol. Only liars deny that the public brandishing of ASSAULT weapons is intended as a threat to PUBLIC SAFETY. The "Shayss" and "Whiskey" rebels were convicted and sentenced to DEATH by the Founders for doing as Trump encourages. The FOUNDERS engaged in EVERY form of gun control INCLUDING confiscation. This is from VIRGINIA: ____________ Virginia Statute, October 21st, 1782 Chap. XII. An act for the recovery of arms and accoutrements belonging to the state. Whereas sundry arms and accoutrements belonging to the public are in the hands of individuals, who have neglected to return them to the proper officers; and it is necessary that such arms and accoutrements should be recovered as speedily as possible: _Be it enacted_, that the Governor do, on the passing of this act, issue his proclamation, enjoining all persons having in their possession any arms or accoutrments whatsoever, belonging to the state, to deliver them without delay to the Lieutenant or commanding officer of the county for the time being; and the sheriff of each county within this commonwealth, shall cause copies of the said proclamation, which shall be transmitted to him by the Executive, to be fixed up in the most public places in his county, and if after one month from such public notice having been given, any person possessing any such public arms or accoutrements, shall be convicted of having failed to deliver them up as aforesaid, such person shall, upon every such conviction, be liable to the penalty of twenty pounds, to be recovered by action of debt, bill, plaint, or information, in any court of record within this commonwealth, one half of which penalty shall go to the informer, on conviction of the offender, and the other half shall be applied in aid of the county levy where such offender shall reside. And the Lieutenant, or commanding officer of each county, shall make returns from time to time, to the Executive, of all arms and accoutrements so delivered to him, and also deliver them to the order of the Executive, under the penalty, if he fail in all or any part of his duty, of fifty pounds, to be recovered as aforesaid, and applied in diminution of the county levy. _Provided always_, that where muskets and bayonets have been by order of government placed in any county on eastern or western frontier for defence against incursions of the enemy, it shall be lawful for the Lieutenant or commanding officer to return such muskets and bayonets to the militia, taking a receipt from each person for what shall be so returned. First Laws of the State of Virginia, The (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazer, Inc., 1982), Compiled by John D. Cushing, at 176.
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  7785. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. 2. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  7823. Someone using the fake screen name "Chris Cuomo" -- obviously a right-winger who is ignorant and determined to remain ignorant. As example, in the following he strikes out on at least three counts: "who decides what constitutes evidence, and what weight that evidence bears, and what constitutes proof? The rule of law. In the United States, under the US Constitution, "religion" is separated from gov't, and gov't is by definition RULE OF LAW. "Do you decide that for everyone, or does everyone decide for themselves?" You live in a SOCIETY based upon RULE OF LAW that applies to EVERYONE. PROOF is decided by consensus based on OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE. In this context, the alleged murder DECIDED FOR HIMSELF -- which is EXACTLY what YOU are saying should be done. Meanwhile, Christ ALLEGEDLY said to keep one's "religious" practices PRIVATE else they be merely to impress OTHERS. " I bet if i were to ask you "define 'evidence' as it pertains to evidence of God" you couldn't give a definition. atheists don't care about evidence." The ISSUE is whether the alleged "evidence" is CREDIBLE -- whether it withstands objective scrutiny. I would assume that is the FIRST concern of "atheists"; and the FAILURE of such as you to provide CREDIBLE "evidence" for your view. First, the "evidence" that there IS a "God" is thousands of years of "argument" by theologians, based upon alleged assertions made by illiterate sheepherders who apparently heard voices written as a "bible" many decades AFTER Christ was executed. The FLAW in the theologians' "arguments FOR their being a "God" begin with the BIASED PREMISE that there IS a "God" -- leaving out the actual intellectual honesty of being UNBIASED on the question. That is why, when challenged, St. Augustine asserted: "I believe BECAUSE there is no evidence" -- which is as irrational as can be. "I can walk across the street amid the traffic and not be injured by simply BELIEVING that I can do that and not be injured" makes as much sense: NONE. Second, it is EVIDENCE that you're a simpleton that you not only leave out the REALITY of your existing IN A SOCIETY WITH OTHERS, but you also ASSume that anyone who doesn't agree with your belief is therefore an "atheist". There is a moderate position: agnostic. Agnostics acknowledge also that they DON'T know. They DON'T know that there ISN'T a "God" or "afterlife"; but they ALSO know that the "evidence" for such is NOT CREDIBLE. BIGOTS such as you FEAR admitting that YOU DO NOT KNOW that there's a "God" or an "afterlife" -- because you are desperate for them to exist.
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  7825. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  7880.  @gregoryguidry4958  Another name-calling law-illiterate -- The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  7924. The DOJ has repeatedly delegated to special counsels since the Civil War. And the Supreme Court has repeatedly, during the same hundred and more years, upheld the Constitutionality of it. That is how gov't and private corporations and business work: the person in charge delegates tasks to others. It actually isn't complicated: the Attorney General, regardless by which party's president appointed, administers the DOJ; he does not himself handle cases and go to court. The DOJ consists of many different departments, each focused on a specific area of law. The Attorney general signs off on cases to be filed in court, but he himself does not build cases. Merrick Garland is a DOJ veteran -- and was the investigator of the OK City bombing. He then was a judge for some 20 years. And as a judge he was strictly moderate; down the middle. The far-Left, many of whom falsely claim to be to their right -- progressives -- complain because he's a moderate. Reich-wingers/Trump supporters complain about him because he's actually enforcing the laws. He's one of the best attorney general's in history: moderate, objective, and non-partisan. But apparently we're supposed to believe that Biden runs the DOJ -- he does not -- therefore had his own son prosecuted -- a notion which is totally absurd if one knows Biden's familial history, the car accident in which his wife and 18-month-old toddler daughter were killed, and his two very young sons injured and hospitalized. When first elected he was sworn in while in his sons' hospital room. The feral ankle biters that repeat Trump and Reich-Wing nonsense have no sense of morality, no sense of decency. But when they pause to look at themselves, what they are doing, they feel what I identify for them as SHAME; they do not like themselves for what they are doing.
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  7947.  @post-leftluddite  Idjit: grow up and smarten up: if one DOES NOT get elected, one CANNOT do ANYTHING. And learn the first FACT after THAT reality: a candidate can promise anything they want. If it is sufficiently aligned with the MAJORITY -- the MAJORITY is MODERATE -- they can get elected. BUT THEN s/he will meet OPPOSITION -- see the members of "the Squad". IMMEDIATELY they wanted to get rid of Pelosi -- without themselves FIRST learning THE RULES. AND while holding a MINORITY view. They haven't so much as "sold out" as they've been INEFFECTIVE because NOT THE MAJORITY. REAL politics aren't for entitled twits who are owed by the world that their every whine and wince be given priority over all else. The twits who, if they don't get it ALL AT ONCE -- who are confronted with the REALITY that it must be worked for INCH BY INCH, INCREMENTALLY -- will take their ball and go home. Or will vote to "blow up the system" to teach EVERYONE how POWERFUL their STUPIDITY. What does "progressive" mean? It CERTAINLY DOES NOT mean voting for Trump -- as many of these fool REGRESSIVE "progressives" did -- and imposing the MASSIVELY DESTRUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES on EVERYONE ELSE. But that's what the Sanders "progressives" did because they didn't get their MINORITY view imposed on the MAJORITY; instead the got the EXACT OPPOSITE EXTREME. The same jerks, or the next generation of them, continue to falsely deny that supporting Ralph Nader got G. DUI Bushit elected, and Cheney and he gave us 9/11 and the Iraq disaster.
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  7974.  @davidgoldman9820  Ken Starr? You do know, don't you, that he was forced to resign from Baylor University School of Law for covering up sexual assault allegations against the Baylor football team? In other words: Starr has always been a political hack; and like Dershowitz, who claims to be a Liberal Democrat, is asserting now the exact opposite of that which he asserted when Clinton/a Democrat was being impeached. If I want to listen to flat-out lying against the known facts, I'll listen to the defenders of Trump. Let's look at just the issue of ethics: 1. Trump defense lawyer Cippolone was named by Parnas -- WITH DOCUMENTATION -- as a participant in the issue for which Trump has been impeached and is being tried. ETHICALLY one cannot be both a lawyer for a party, and a witness, in the same trial. 2. Parnas -- also WITH DOCUMENTATION -- Parnas named Sekulow as a participant in the issue for which Trump has been impeached and is being tried. ETHICALLY one cannot be both a lawyer for a party, and a witness , in the same trial. It's easy to believe whatever one wants, of course, if one dispenses with Constitution, rule of law, ethics, facts, and truth. We know not only that Trump attempted to shake down Ukraine -- Mulvaney admitted it, as a DIRECT WITNESS, on tape. And we know that Trump has REPEATEDLY invited other foreign powers -- including Russia and China -- to subvert the US election: we have him ON TAPE doing so. It is also STATUTORILY ILLEGAL to accept of solicit foreign help in US elections. If you approve of those ILLEGAL efforts to subvert the election, would you approve if the subversion were to favor the candidate you DON'T want elected? I thought not. And what does that say for YOUR ethics?
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  8003.  @nomore475  Those who oppose gun control are defenders of mass murder. And while they claim a Constitutional "right," they have no actual regard for the rule of law, for what the law actually is -- ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8014.  @chasinglighttoo  "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT. ___ That also applies to Trump's solicitation of election fraud phone calls to Georgia election officials.
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  8080.  @solly119119  Because they are ignorant of the far-Left history of the 1960s -- in which Sanders is stuck. The far-Left in the 1960s, lead by the street "theater" and violence of Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, got NIXON elected. And they continue to LIE about Sanders -- who alienated the largest block of Democratic voters, the "centrists," by calling them "corrupt". So the majority of ACTUAL Democratic voters voted for the ACTUAL Democrat, Hillary Clinton -- who turned out to be exactly right about Trump. And they perpetuated the "thumb on the scale" LIE Sanders made up. But there were other problems with their vehement denials of fact: Manafort had a partner in Ukraine, and they together -- also using hacked emails -- got the pro-Russian president elected there. Manafort became head of Trump's campaign, and his partner head of the Sanders campaign. He was forced to resign when the Sanders campaign got caught hacking the DNC. Sanders, like Trump, smeared Clinton with REPUBLICAN lies. And Sanders stood shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump with his own serial lying about releasing his tax returns. In contrast: on the same day that Hillary declared her candidacy she released 30 YEARS of her tax returns. And then the whiny "Bernie Bros," being immature assholes, vowed to "blow up the system," voted for Sanders' exact opposite extreme -- Trump -- and there went _Roe_. So Sanders, Russia, Comey, Sanders' "fans," helped elect Trump, exactly as the far-Left of Hoffman and Rubin helped elect Nixon. And it was peculiar all along: Hillary had supporters -- which is normal. But both Sanders and Trump had "fans". The term "fans" is derived from the word "fanatic"; and applies to entertainers and celebrities -- not to the deadly serious of politics. And both of the latter responded identically to criticisms of Sanders and Trump -- by sidestepping criticisms and directly attacking the critic. And I note that Sanders has yet to endorse Harris. What is he waiting for?
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  8083.  @solly119119  Just before the pandemic, comments began appearing online that "Boomers" need to be "offed". It was the "Boomers" who -- among other accomplishments -- did the following: Got the US out of Vietnam. Ended the draft. Mainstreamed the environmental movement -- which is why those 20-somethings know of it. (I learned of climate change in junior high science during the late 1950s-early 1960s. Showed that a president -- and vice-president -- could be "got". Sanders' politics are the "New Left" -- FAR-Left -- politics of the 1960s. I was there; I knew Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, and had disagreements with them: my view was and is that humans are social beings; theirs was that humans are political beings. I still point out that politics doesn't happen until humans come together socially. I saw firsthand how they operated: somehow they managed to have the media show up just after they provoked the police into violence -- so the media only saw the cops doing the clubbings. That, and the street chaos they generated, ALIENATED those we needed to end US involvement in Vietnam: the blue-collar voters. As result they voted for NIXON. If you look at the Sanders campaign OBJECCTIVELY you'll see that he attacked Clinton with REPUBLICAN/Right-wing smears -- while she didn't attack Sanders -- essentially double-teaming her with Trump. And you'll see that BOTH Sanders and Trump serially lied about releasing their tax returns, whereas Clinton, on the day she declared her candidacy, released 30 YEARS of her tax returns. Clinton had supporters. Sanders and Trump had "fans". Celebrities, entertainers, have "fans". Sanders sold pie-in-the-sky -- exactly as had Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin. So the politically naive Sanders supports bought into the pie-in-the-sky. And then when Sanders LOST the primary by ALIENATING the largest block of ACTUAL Democrats -- the "Centrists" -- the "Bernie Bros" vowed to "blow up the system" -- and voted for Sanders' exact opposite extremist TRUMP. So Sanders, and his politically-STUPID "fans" elected TRUMP -- and how "progressive" were the results? Roe has been overturned, Chevron has been overturned, and "Project 2025" is on the table. Very simple and obvious answer: Sanders vowed to destroy the DEMOCRATIC Party -- NOT the REPUBLICAN Party. And where are we again with Biden v. Trump? And the far-left political assholes, falsely claiming to be "progressives," joined him in jumping off the cliff. I don't object to them jumping off the cliff -- I've seen it before. I DO object to them pulling all the rest of us off the cliff with them.
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  8112. The Founders on the Second Amendment: The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8127.  @thefreedommovement  It would be the ultimate in self-destruction. The problem on the right, in particular, is that there is a total lack of knowledge of history, and how that teaches the consequences of reality; they fantasize what they'd like to see based on whitewashed mythologizing of history. That is so much easier than the work of learning. What they don't realize is that for which they yearn is death and destruction, with no guarantee as to outcome. The Founders were human, and not always they stirring moral characters as the abstractions of them paint. The reliance on their words without any sense of their embodiment; any sense of their actual actions. Any bullshitter -- the Founders were politicians -- can tell you how their motives are pure and their goals noble. Sam Adams, as example, wasn't actually about "revolution"; he was about "restoring Puritan virtue". And he never missed an opportunity to foment violence and killing. He is one of the most morally repugnant individuals I've ever read about. And John Hancock: extremely popular; during elections he was a populist. Between elections he characterized democracy as "mob rule". And his ego and ambition thoroughly exceeded his intelligence. During the battle for ratification of the Constitution he lead the Anti-Federalist faction opposed to ratification. Then Sam Adams took him aside and said that if the Constitution were ratified, he would ensure that Hancock would be the first president. On the spot Hancock became a Federalist. He was also given the honor of reading to the Convention the proposed amendments that would be included with the Notice of Ratification, and he gave the impression that he wrote them. Actually they were written by conservative merchant and Convention delegate Theophilus Parsons. And then there was the parade in New York in honor of George Washington. For miles there were people six feet deep along the parade route. John Adams and Hancock were in a carriage back in the procession. Hancock thought all those people had turned out to see Hancock.
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  8160. This is how the Founders put religiofreaks in their place: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those state constitution provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" from gov't.
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  8180. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. 2. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8188. "There is a particular group or demographic of folks that are controlling, buying, selling the majority percentage, 40% in fact of all the real estate in America. That group of people are known as the 'baby boomers"." Another ignorant bigot against the "Boomers". Here's a few facts from the ACTUAL history: 1. The "Boomers" are not a monolith -- 2. The "Boomers" got the US out of Vietnam. 3. The "Boomers" got criminals Agnew and Nixon. 4. The "Boomers" ended the draft -- so you didn't have to suffer the Damocles anxiety of being eligible for the draft during wartime, theefore not being free to plan a future. 5. The "Boomers" mainstreamed the ecology/environmental movement. In fact, as a "Boomer," I learned in 8th grade science in the early 1960s about climate change. Look at the frequent flooding of the streets in Miami, Florida: that is the result of CLIMATE CHANGE, which is FACT, NOT "hoax," regardless the LYING by the Republicans. 6. We "Boomers" didn't reject the experience, knowledge, and wisdom of our elders: we were inspired by Pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock, who was opposed to nukes because of the discovery of plutonium in mother's milk during the 1950s. And by Harvard Professor Dr. George Wald, also in his 80s, who was a leader in the ecology/environmental movement. In short: knowledge of the facts of climate change, and of the dangers of pollution, and of the environmental movement, began during the 1950s. Those are a few facts of history. But perhaps before you learn more of those you first learn how to distinguish between fact, on one hand, and on the other, fact-free bullshit. Here's a first clue: an "opinion" has a chance of being true. A falsehood, because false, can't be true, therefore cannot be an "opinion". The freedom to believe "anything you want" is limited by the responsibility to ensure that your beliefs are true, not just any old thing just because you WANT to believe it. A false belief is false regardless how passionately you believe it.
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  8196. The Founders and Gun Control -- ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, more than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8308. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8332.  @FestusParker-sm9gg  Are you qualified to "diagnose" others' metal status? No, you are not: you are throwing out red herrings in effort to continue to avoid, and continue to not answer, the question: What alternative "critique" do you have for those who feel entitled to deliberately violate social norms and laws? Start with individuals such as Marjorie "Jewish Space Lasers" Taylor Greene and Lauren "Hand Job" Boebert. Or focus on Trump, who repeatedly violated the gag order -- which are Constitutional: it is ILLEGAL to intimidate, threaten, and tamper with witnesses and jurors -- when in reality there was a simple and legal way around it: testify in his own defense under oath. I challenge your specious generalization away from the issue in order to avoid such as those specific instances of individuals who flout social norms and laws, while hiding behind bogus claims of being "religious," and specious assertions of "rights" and "law" that are attacks on the rule of law itself, all in defense of indecency against the very "religion" with which they pretend to adhere. The Founders established the legal fundamentals against that kind of subjectivist rejection of objective limitations necessary to civil society: From the 1784 New Hampshire constitution: "Part I.--The Bill of Rights. "III. When men enter into a state of society, they surrender up some of their natural rights to that society, in order to insure the protection of others [AND OF THEMSELVES]". And they put that lawless subjectivism in its place for the benefit of all: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't.
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  8337. Many have short memories: When Hillary Clinton was leading in the polls during the last months of the election, Trump began asserting that if he lost it would be because the election was "rigged". He did the same in 2020. He is doing the same now. It's well beyond due that voters see through that transparently obvious self-serving hogwash. MAGA consists of people who are uneducated and live to be entertained. They were fans of "tough guy" Trump's fake "reality" TeeVee show. They knew nothing of politics and had zero interest in it. They rejected "all that". When he decided to run for president they followed him, instantly imagining themselves experts in politics. They were lied to about the 2016 election, and they believed every word of it -- because they knew then and know now ZERO about how elections actually WORK. As example, in 2016 there were numerous audits and hand-recounts in, as example, Georgia. But they didn't hear about any of that because the right-wing media they guzzle perpetuated Trump's lie instead of educating their viewers to how elections actually work. We saw similar during the 2000 election: Gore's lawyers spoke directly to the Florida elections law; Bushit's lawyers asserted a view directly OPPOSITE that law. And the media let that stand -- so the viewer could "decide" who to believe -- instead of providing the text of the actual law. So the media put politics above the rule of law. "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. Then Scalia unconstitutionally usurped Congress's exclusive authority to resolve election disputes, and that Court voted twice in the same election, which is illegal, and appointed Bushit.
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  8395.  @daviddenson3324  Hillary DID NOT do anything near what Trump did. Clinton was IN GOV'T when she was dealing with classified information. And you HATERS omit the inconvenient facts: 1. At the time Hillary was Sec. of State, the OFFICIAL State Dept. communication channel had been repeatedly hacked and classified information dumped publicly. Her private services was never hacked. The deleted emails were recovered by the FBI, and nothing of consequence was found. The several classified documents on her server had been RECEIVED by her. So yes, you are defending Trump by pretending that dozens of boxes filled with GOV'T PROPERTY, the second batch of which Trump LIED about having turned over when he had not. His lawyer signed a declaration attesting to the fact that Trump had turned over ALL gov't property -- which turned out to be a LIE. 2 Trump STOLE gov't property, which includes classified information. You OMIT the fact that the Presidential Records Act also covers non-classified documents, which were included among the documents seized from MAGA-Lardo. ALL information generated by gov't employees belongs TO THE GOV'T, NOT to the employee. 3. Hillary didn't obstruct justice -- which Trump did by LYING that he'd turned over all the gov't property he STOLE. Hillary didn't operate a system that was insecure, and was still IN GOV'T at the time. Nothing happened to her? Forget the amnesia: Comey re-opening the investigation just before the election -- BEFORE determining that the emails in question were DUPLICATES of emails that had already been investigated -- cost her the election. 4. You are attacking the FBI based on NO EVIDENCE -- you not only, weirdly, defend Comey, but also trash the current DOJ and FBI based on Comey's actions. The problem when one ignores the facts, and thus makes bald-face fact-free assertions, you are not being objective. You are not being honest. The fact is that you are pretending to be objective, but, in fact, you are a Trumper who is attacking the FBI because it's investigation is exposing Trump for what he is and has always been: he has NEVER accepted "NO!" including the "NO!" that is the rule of law.
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  8397.  @daviddenson3324  How it went down? You're "argument" is simply this: One murderer got away with murder, so no other murderers should be prosecuted. Hillary ALLEGEDLY committed "crimes" -- according to Republicans who smeared and "investigated" her for 30 years, and in every instance ACQUITED her because their smears against her were always FAKE "scandals". Hillary sat an answered questions without evasion or equivocation for 11 hours straight. Never once, in all those decades, did she plead the 5th. Trump repeatedly said that only the MOB pleads the 5th -- then in one deposition he pled the 5th hundreds of times. And you want to WHINE that Hillary's ALLEGED "crimes" were as bad as Trumps!? There isn't a single instance in the history of the United States of a Democratic president engineering and directing an attempted overthrow of the gov't. Trump did that. And you want to WHINE that Hillary wasn't "locked up" without evidence, without trial -- without DUE PROCESS? There's no "how" about it; the two cases are in no wise equivalent in fact or degree. A few emails, WHILE Hillary was Sec. of State, on a private server as a non-hacked alternative to the hacked State Dept. system. DOZENS of boxes of GOV'T PROPERTY, including classified information, STOLEN by Trump and brought to his private unsecured residence. Watch the January 6 hearings: all but two of the witnesses who testified are TRUMP REPUBLICANS, and most of those were IN THE WHITE HOUSE. And the HARD evidence -- from REPUBLICAN sources -- shows Trump was planning the overthrow of the gov't from BEFORE the election. And on January 6 he was informed by the Secret Service that the mob he'd brought to Washington was ARMED with handguns, AR-15s -- in violation of D.C. law -- and other weapons. He KNEW they were armed when he sent them to the Capitol to "fight like hell". There is NO equivalent of that anywhere else in US history. You can readily find the hearings -- they are all over youtube as broadcast by all major media outlets. Even FOX broadcast them. And one can see them without commentary by going to the Committee website. Simply Google "January 6th hearings".
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  8398.  @daviddenson3324  I do't twist your words; I cut to the chase -- the underlying "argument" you are asserting, which is bogus. Forget the amnesia: let's look at the 2015-16campaign: 1. The FBI was OPENLY investigating Hillary's STOLEN emails. OPENLY investigating is a violation of DOJ policy. 2. At the same time there was a CONFIDENTIAL investigation -- in keeping with DOJ policy -- of the contacts between the Trump campaign and Russian -- which the Mueller investigation subsequently SUBSTANTIATED occurred. 3. Shortly before the election, IN VIOLATION of DOJ policy, REPUBLCICAN Comey announced reopening the Hillary email investigation because emails were found on Anthony Weiner's laptop -- WITOHUT first determining whether those emails were DUPLICATES of emails the DBI had already reviewed. It turned out they were DUPLICATES, so PUBLICLY announcing the reopening of the investigation was a further breach of investigative protocol. As result, Comey helped elect Trump. And you want to push the nonsense that what Hillary was ALLEGED by REPUBLICANS and Trump did, and Comey's assistance to Trump's campaign, were somehow equivalent!? Or that Trump's THEFT of GOV'T PROPERTY, some of which is classified, AND his refusal to turn them over to the gov't, AND his LYING that he had turned them all over which was LYING TO THE GOV'T, is the equivalent of Hillary's campaign being destroyed by REPUBLICAN Comey's breaches of DOJ policy, for which HILLARY should be prosecuted!? Try backing off and relocating your sense of "How to Be HONEST". Trump is NOT the victim, except of his own REFUSAL to take "NO!" even when the "NO!" IS THE LAW.
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  8440.  @joehalliday6081  I was graduated from high school in the 1967. Not everyone was drafted -- including at least some of those who called me "Communist" and "draft-dodger" for speaking out against US involvement in Vietnam. (It is interesting that my grandparent's generation mostly agreed with my generation on that involvement, but my parent's generation mostly did not. My grandparent's generation were veterans of WW I. My parent's generation were young adults during WW II.) The reason I recommend reading Mark Twain's "Following the Equator" is because he was an anti-imperialist (and a vice-president of the "Anti-Imperialist League"). In fact, he was a lifelong Republican -- until 70, when he publicly resigned from the party over the "Spanish-American War" and its conduct of that war. In that he wrote of his world tour, including stops in such as South Africa and Australia (Europe and British Empire). The 1990s Oxford Edition includes photographs of atrocities. Which war, again, was initiated by a REPUBLICAN president, egged on by the Yellow Journalism of William Randolph Hearst. That war included the United States Marines hunting down Aguinaldo, the Philippine hero who lead the fight against Spain, and killed him. Or see if you can find copy of the book of essays "Mark Twain On the Damned Human Race". I read that in September of my Junior year in high school. No, it was not assigned reading. It was from reading Twain that I understood the underlying "purpose" of US involvement in Vietnam: NATURAL RESOURCES. Ho Chih Minh was not a problem; he was a nationalist attempting to unite a country that was divided by civil war -- that being interfered with by US involvement. Sure, a prominent "defense" of that involvement was that a people "Have a right to determine their own future/gov't." In reality that choice had to be approved by the United States, which had no business making such a decision for another sovereign nation.
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  8456. These crackpots have been waving The Federalist as their "Bible" for decades -- but their project is actually that of the ANTI-Federalists -- they REJECT the US Constitution. First, its provenance, for perspective: Keeping in mind that CONGRESS makes the laws, The Federalist was compiled from newspaper articles, written extra-Congressionally by three of the more than 54 delegates to the Constitutional Convention. On the other end of the spectrum were three ANTI-Federalists who refused to sign the Constitution. One of the latter three was Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts-Bay, who invented gerrymandering, which caused a major scandal. The newspaper articles were, of course, pro-ratification of the Constitution, and were admittedly and advertising campaign intended to SELL the Constitution. But let's dip into The Federalist and see what we find: "The Federalist N. 84 [Hamilton] . . . . "I go further, and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and in the extent in which they are contended for, are not only unnecessary in the proposed constitution, but would even be dangerous." The Federalist (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, Paperback, 1961), Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by Jacob E. Cooke., 579. The First Amendment of the Bill of Rights includes separation of "religion" and gov't, and the right of the people to PEACEABLY assemble. What rights in the Bill of rights does this insurrectionist crackpot intend to eliminate? But there's more from the Founders -- this is how they put these subjectivists, these insurrectionists, these would-be tyrants, in their place: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't.
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  8470.  @kennethmcneil3478  Get your head out of your ass: It wasn't the so-called "establishment" that cleaned Sanders' clock on Super Tuesday: it was the VOTERS, especially the African-American VOTERS. Interesting how Sanders boasted for 30-40 years of being a Socialist -- but the monet he was attacked for being that, he immediately changed his stoy, claiming instead to be a "democratic socialist". If he were in fact NOT a Socialist, but instead a "democratic socialist," he would have said so for those 30-40 years. All that sort of deceit does is create SUSPICION. So, though Sanders, aim is as usual whacked, he is smearing the so-called "establishment" for "fixing" to election, when in fact it was the VOTERS who fixed his little red wagon. It doens't surprise that Sanders' "fans" are as dismissive of African-Amerian voeters as Sanders. As example, Sanders REFUSED to meet with Congressman Clyburn -- whose endorsement of Biden turned the tide -- becuase Clyburn wasn't ALREADY endorsing Sanders. As Sanders doesn't believe in democracy -- debate, negotiation, compromise -- he doesn't believe in persuasion; that leeaves him only DIKTAT, which is exactly the same as we have with Trump. Just watched a 2018 documentary about the "Socialist" "revolution" of the Sandinistas. As is the histry, "revolutions" rarely result in what the "revolutionaries" "intend" or claim. It looked promising: during the "revolution," women were realtively equal to men; in at least one instnace a force that took a major city was lead by a woman. But once they overthrew far-Right military dictator Somoza, women were resuobordinated, and the equality, including the right to speak out, was replaced with a far-LEFT dictatorship. The situation has deteriorated to femicide. "Sexual harrasment" -- a vague term -- has increased, along with rape. "Femicide" is the killing of women becase they are women -- and are demanding equality. That is why the increase in refugees at our southern border: women and young girls, especially, escaping the violence. But I guess Sanders can defend all that by reducing it all to "literacy increased".
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  8502.  @Rain_Reign  I've been working online for the rule of law since before there was an Internet. I've been working specifically for, since the late 1980s and into the 1990s, for gun control. There was one other person doing that, but he and his fiancé transferred to a different university and I lost touch with him. So I continued alone. More than 30 years later the number of people who recognize the NRA's (and Supreme Court's in Heller ) lies about the Second Amendment for what they are has increased. It is interesting how effective one can be across at minimum the US via the Internet: there are people who prefer facts to disinformation and out-and-out junk there is online. This is one I've been posting since 2016ish: ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trump campaign members lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8539.  @willmont8258  "State" = GOV'T. AGAIN: the ENTIRE Constitution is in effect at the same time: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the STATES [GOV'T] the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." As shown by the DEBATES of those who WROTE the amendment, the subject is WELL-REGULATED MILITIA. A Militia is NOT an individual, it is a public institution, and has ALWAYS been an arm OF gov't. The State's militia -- the commander-in-chief of which is the STATE'S GOVERNOR -- is under the REGULATION and governance of BOTH US and state constitutions AT THE SAME TIME. Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES -- "Militia Acts". What have you read OTHERR than gun industry propaganda pumped out by the NRA? NOTHING. There is no other "militia"; we know from the Constitution, and the "Declaration," that the Founders were OPPOSED to armed gangs running around outside and shooting at the gov't. From the "Declaration": "[King George III] has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." I also note the Founders' responses to "Shays's" and Whiskey" insurrections. READ YOUR STATE CONSTITUTION: from that you'll learn that the well-regulated Militia, by the mere fact that it is IN that constitution, is REGULATED AND GOVERNED UNDER LAW. As I've made clear, the INTENT of the Second Amendment was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia. In so doing it BOTH guaranteed that the states -- GOV'T -- could keep their well-regulated Militia, AND that those Militia would ALSO be REGULATED and governed BY THE FEDERAL GOV'T. I also made clear that there was ONE "individual right" Debated -- to NOT bear arms, to NOT render MILITARY SERVICE, in the Militia. That was VOTED DOWN before the proposed amendment was ratified.
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  8541.  @willmont8258  AGAIN, history- and law-illiterate: The DEBATES of the WRITING of the Second Amendment were EXPRESSLY about establishing a National Defense as ALTERNATIVE to a standing army, which latter were views as "dangerous to liberty," which latter was not intended to exist except as necessary. On one hand, the Founders didn't trust democracy, but did not reject it: they institutionalized it as the elected Congress. On the other, they didn't trust standing armies, but did not reject them as an option. Again, from the "Declaration of Independence" -- which, of course, you and your fellow gun-nuts have NEVER READ: "[King George III] has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "[King George III] has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." The Constitution -- the Second Amendment -- is not a suicide pact: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for . . . ARMING . . . the Militia." So tell us all: Where do the "fake" anti-gov't insurrectionist "militia" get their "arms"? You and your fellow gun-nuts have the least knowledge of how law works, or the hierarchy of law. You know nothing of the actual history, legal and otherwise; you're all drunk on whitewashed FICTIONS and fantasies of being manly man macho tough guys shooting at that which is the gov't, per the Constitution: "We the people". You aren't defending gun rights; You are defending mass murder of your fellow citizens.
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  8544. States don't have "rights"? Then why do the white supremacist insurrectionist "conservatives" falsely insist that "states rights" are SUPERIOR to Federal law despite the Supremacy Clause in the Federal Constitution? In addition to rejecting the rule of law you want to believe the nonsense that "rights" exist antagonistically against rule of law. That is the most fundamental CORRUPTION: the Founders were for "Liberty WITHIN the law". In other words, you wouldn't know what "rights" to claim if they weren't secured in WRITING. I recommended to you "A Treatise of Courts Martial and Military Law" (1813) by Isaac Maltby. His "Introduction" begins: "This treatise was originally undertaken, in compliance with the solicitation of military gentlemen; and solely with a view to the militia. In the prosecution of the work, it was frequently necessary to refer to the acts and articles of war of the United States. The State laws and those of the United States_, the duties of the regular soldier and the citizen soldier, were so blended, it was determined to bring the whole subject under consideration. The militia man is indeed deeply interested in _all its details, being liable to the same pains and penalties, and to the same rules and regulations, by the articles of war, as the individual of the regular army. Besides this personal interest_, which every militia officer has at stake, in these discussions, there is also a _public interest involved. He owes certain duties to the public . . . ." Maltby also includes, in his "Appendix," complete copy of the Massachusetts-Bay "An Act for establishing Rules and Articles for governing the troops stationed in forts and garrisons, within this commonwealth; and also the militia, or any part thereof, when called into actual service," enacted October 24, 1786. That also indicates that there were "troops" other than the militia. Thus the "blending": the same rules applying to regular military also applying to militia. And you want to believe that playing militia is a "right" by pretending one has a "right" to act "on behalf of" the gov't. I encourage reading "Presser" to learn why that is FALSE; and why "private" military organizations, paramilitaries, fake "militia," and armed gangs running around outside the law -- all the same thing -- are, under "Presser," prohibited. It is the "discipline" -- Sixty-Two sections, each stipulating an offense, some being prohibitions against swearing and other harsh language, some stipulating the death penalty, all prosecutable by courts martial.
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  8551.  @bryanb3352  Another law-illiterate pops off with disinformation: Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES. An example is the 14th Amendment implemented as the "Ku Klux Klan Act". The SEVERAL Militia Clauses in the Constitution are implemented by means of "Militia Acts". Those who pop off about "the CONSTITUTION!" have invariably NEVER READ IT. THIS is in the Constitution: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." This is also in the Constitution: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." The purpose of the Second Amendment, according to the DEBATES of the first CONGRESS that WROTE it, was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE based on the well-regulated Militia. "Well-regulated" means UNDER the rule of law. And as those two Constitutional provisions SHOW, the well-regulated Militia is ALWAYS UNDER the US Constitutions and laws. And -- this is also beyond your knowledge -- ALSO ALWAYS UNDER state constitution and laws. Last but not least, as to the source of your falsehood: 1. The "Declaration of Independence"" -- which you've ALSO NEVER READ -- has never been LAW. 2. The "Declaration" applied EXCLUSIVELY to ENGLAND. 3. The Founders "took up arms" and "overthrew" this many gov'ts: ZERO. Because the Founders were all along in control of their colony gov'ts.
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  8553.  @bobbunni8722  This will doubtless be over your head: The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8586. Well, yes, but not as it has come to be understood. As example, the Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony were seeking "religious freedom" FOR THEMSELVES. Quakers were so suspect that they had to register with the gov't, and essentially had to have passports in and out of the colony. The Puritans founded Massachusetts-Bay Colony were seeking "religious freedom" but FOR THEMSELVES ONLY. In order to be eligible to run for election, and hold public office, one had not only to own property but also to have the RIGHT "religion -- THEIRS. And they established, in law, that "Papists" -- Catholics -- were PROHIBITED even being IN the colony. And established in law that those with "wrong" "religions," including Quakers, were BANISHED from the Colony, subject to EXECUTION if after banishment one returned to the Colony. See what happened to Quaker Mary Dyer. So the various groups of colonists who were seeking "religious freedom" had no problem with establishing theocracies -- "religious" tyrannies -- so long it was of their respective 'religion," and they were in charge. ___ From "A Man for All Seasons" -- in the following "Roper" was Thomas More's hot-headed and impulsive son-in-law -- ___ Roper: So now you'd give the Devil benefit of law! More: Yes. What would you do? Cut a great road through the law to get after the Devil? Roper: I'd cut down every law in England to do that! More: Oh? And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned round on you -- where would you hide, Roper, the laws all being flat? This country's planted thick with laws, from coast to coast -- man's laws, not God's -- and if you cut them down -- and you're just the man to do it -- do you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then? Yes, I give the Devil benefit of law, for my own safety's sake.
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  8587.  @TheHugeDwarf  Massachusetts-Bay Colony banished "Papists"/Catholics. And in the law if they returned to the colony, they were executed. The same for Quakers. Sam Adams was a tax collector; but he used the taxes collected for his political ends, so when elected to the General Court -- the state legislature -- there was a legal cloud over his head. When the "Boston Massacre" occurred (it was not a "massacre" despite Sam Adams' propaganda seeking blood by calling the thoroughly-outnumbered British troops "murderers) one of the witnesses, a teenager who would die of his wounds, was from France -- he only spoke and read French. Adams had him, on his death bed, sign an affidavit soon determined to have been written by Sam Adams. The problem was that the affidavit, though attributed to the witness, was written in English -- which set Sam Adams up for a charge of perjury. He escaped that by stirring up "religious" hatred against Catholics -- the witness had been a Catholic. It is also said that Sam Adams wasn't actually about "revolution"; he was about re-establishing "Puritan virtue" -- a state "religion". And his history shows that he never missed an opportunity to foment violence in order to achieve that goal. Sam's cousin John Adams wrote the Massachusetts-Bay constitution -- except the section establishing a state "religion": that was written by Sam. Maryland was dominated by "Papists"/Catholics. Jefferson's "Religious Freedom Act" nonetheless established "religious" freedom -- i.e., one didn't have to be Catholic in order to have rights. Roger Williams, a minister banished from Massachusetts-Bay because he gave sermons promoting "freedom of religion" -- not of the practice, but of one's choice of "religion" -- founded "Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations" colony on his idea of religious freedom. So all the talk about how the colonies were founded by people seeking "religious freedom" glosses over the actual facts: Massachusetts-Bay was a theocracy, a "religious" tyranny, for a substantial portion of its history. In its laws one finds its "Capitol Offenses" -- those requiring the death penalty -- were drawn directly from "Deuteronomy" and "Leviticus". And some of those are pure impossible nonsense -- such as the provision prohibiting having sex with animals. And when Henry VIII wanted to divorce one of his wives he conveniently "interpreted" a prohibition in "Leviticus" as "ambiguous" so he could rationalize the divorce.
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  8588.  @thystaff742  Nope: it was about separating the two. It is INFORMATIVE to ACTUALLY READ how the Founders put the "subjectivists" who reject all rules based on their "religious" claims in their place. The following couldn't be ore clear on the point -- ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. "Religions" are neither outside the rule of law, nor equal to or above it; and claiming to be acting in accordance with one's "religion" does not exempt one from the rule of law.
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  8589.  @thystaff742  "Nope, it was about keeping government out of the church." Wrong: it was about keeping "religion" out of gov't as the LAWS established by the FOUNDERS clearly demonstrate -- ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. Let's be clear instead of full of shit: In Massachusetts the priests who engaged in pedophilia were protected by the "religion" but prosecuted, convicted, and imprisoned under SECULAR CRIMINAL law. Or do you want us to believe that a "religion" would have the "right" to practice human sacrifice, and even cannibalism, and the gov't couldn't do anything about it?
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  8649. Only to law-illiterates. 1. The sources of that which became the Second Amendment (it was first the "Sixth," then the IVth) were the lengthy legal history beginning with the establishment of the several colonies, which eventuated in "Militia Clauses" in the state constitutions. 2. The direct sources for the Second amendment were four State constitution "Militia Clauses," which addressed BOTH Militia and standing armies. Of the four the most elegant, and based on reading of all the prior state constitutions, is that in the Massachusetts-By constitution of 1780: "XVII. The people have a right to keep and bear arms [this is the well-regulated Militia] for the common defence. And as, in time of peace, [standing] armies aare dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the onsent of the Legislature; and the military power [which obviously includes the well-regulated Militia as the ONLY CONSTANT military force] SHALL ALWAYS be held in an exact subordination to the Civil authority [GOV'T, which is by definition RULE OF LAW], and be governed by it." Another of the four state Militia Clauses that were the sources of the Second Amendment was from the Vermont constitution of July 8, 1777: "Chapter I. . . . . "XV. That the people have a right to bear arms [as well-regulated, UNDER LAW, Militia] for the defence of themselves AND the State [GOV'T/RULE OF LAW]; and, as standing armies, in the time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; and that the military [which OBVIOUSLY includes Militia] should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power [GOV'T]." The implementing STATUTES are termed "Militia Acts". SEPARATELY, in Chapter II, is THIS: "S. XXXIX. That the inhabitants of this State, shall have liberty to hunt and fowl, in seasonble times [as REGULATED BY LAW], on the lands they hold, and on other lands (not enclosed;) . . . under proper regulations, to be hereafter made and provided by the General Assembly." Only CRIMINALS claim to be exempt from the rule of law.
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  8708.  @glock22357  Then you should be able to refute my alleged "diatribe" with evidence. But you don't because you can't. And you can't because you're of the cult that rejects FACTS and EVIDENCE. There are two forms of lying: commission is telling known falsehoods. Omission is withholding known truths. So you engage in the usal Republican tradition of the Politics of Smear. But tell us how "Liberal" Clint Eastwood is. Or how "Liberal" draft-dodger John Wayne was. Or how "Liberal" Reagan was when it came to union -- organized labor -- busting, which destruction favors organized wealth. As for your troller's fake screen name: ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, more than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8714. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8734.  @derrickburwell7777  Then I guess we don't need "religion" DICTATING o us that the words they insist on putting in OTHERS faces, regardless whether they want it IN THEIR FACES, are the words of a "God" that can't be proven to exist, but is really handy for bullying and attempting to lord it over everyone else. Be honest: tell us how you don't see your ARROGANCE, whereas your "Christ" preached HUMILITY -- and instructed his followers to practice their "religion "IN PRIVATE". What do you NOT understand about the following? -- ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Either you abide by the SECULAR law, which is the SUPREME -- HIGHEST -- Law of the Land or you are not law-abiding.
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  8743. No: he recognized that the bullshit wasn't true, so he DROPPED it and changed the subject to the Second Amendment. That's the usual fallback when the bullshit is REFUTED with FACTS. So then one refutes the LIES about the Second Amendment. They are then stuck with wrestling with those FACTS. ___ The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8781.  @tgray1  "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- john Adams. Learn to separate the two. As for the charges dismissed -- you OMIT that the judge ALSO said that the charges need more information, and then they can be refiled. Presenting only the part of the fact you like, and leaving out the part you don't like, results in you pushing the "public opinion" you WANT to happen. Leaving out part of the whole fact is dishonest. And that is the basis for your bias of pushing the POLITICAL, and to hell with facts and rule of law. I'm beyond fed up with law-illiterates REJECTING the rule of law in the name of a false "freedom". This is the fundamental principle by means of which the Founders refuted that delusion, from the 1784 New Hampshire constitution: "Part I--The Bill of Rights. "Article I. . . . . "III. When men enter into a state of society, they surrender up some of their natural rights, in order to insure the protection of others [AND OF THEMSELVES]". To make that more clear: EVERY right is inextricably entwined with RESPONSIBILITY. EVERYONE has the same rights, equally; therefore EVERYONE has the RESPONSIBILITY to LIMIT the exercise of their rights so as not to violate or infringe the rights of others. That is LAW, not politics. Ignorance of the law is a plague -- but is not an excuse. The Trump smear campaign, in the bogus form of a legal case that he did not win, has nothing whatever to do with the RICO case against him and his co-conspiring fellow criminals.
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  8873. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8878. Two more "victims" of the NRA, the gun industry, and the US Supreme Court. And that's all about MONEY -- ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  8984. That is ignorance of history -- and reason. In fact, during the 1600s and 1700s, Massachusetts-Bay Colony, and then state, used one of its Boston Harbor islands as a quarantine for those who were infected with contagious disease. It wasn't, as you misperceive it, a punishment; it was to both provide treatment for those infected, and to protect the larger uninfected population from becoming infected. Because -- PAY ATTENTION -- the first obligation of gov't is to protect public health and safety. That is, before and after all, a fundamental purpose for the rule of law: public health and safety. And then there is _Jacobson v. Massachusetts_, in which the US Supreme Court UPHELD a MANDATORY vaccination program implemented by the state gov't during a smallpox epidemic. And that MANDATE, unlike the Biden mandate, DID NOT include an alternative, whereas Biden's included the alternative of regular testing. In other words: those you bought your view from are ignorant crackpots, and you managed to voluntarily infect yourself with their DESTRUCTIVE -- SOCIOPATHIC -- ignorance. I suggest you READ Jacobson v. Massachusetts -- "Google" it; it's readily available, and is still good law -- because it will lay out for you, in plain English, the meaning of majority rule in a democracy. The REASON for protecting public health and safety. Simply put: there is no "right" to endanger or threaten public health and safety. Because every RIGHT is inextricably entwined with RESPONSIBILITY, which LIMITS the exercise of the right -- because you do not live in a society of only yourself.
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  9020. First Amendment "Congress shall make no law respecting [supporting] and establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". Jefferson was proudest of his "Religious Freedom" law -- which prohibited any state-established "religion". This is where the Founders were on the issue: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those, and equivalent provisions in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. And Flynn should be honest by revealing that he is walking in the footsteps of the US Army general who ran for president as "America's Hitler".
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  9067. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9081. Shapiro needs to be governor to protect the election -- at which he already has experience from 2020-21. There are too many focused on their own interests, their own middle-/upper-middle class privilege who embrace him as their own, while ignoring the greater good. And that's what makes them exclusionary Republicans who condescend and rail against progressives. Inform yourself, instead of substituting reactionary anti-gov't Republican ideology for actual history -- the "classical liberalism" -- of the Founders: ___ Recommended reading: The Evolution of the Constitution of the United States: Showing that it is a Development of Progressive History and not an Isolated Document Struck Off at a Given Time or an Imitation of English or Dutch Forms of Government. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1897; Delanco, NJ: The Legal Classics Library, 2003), Sydney George Fisher. Fisher [1856-1927] was a prominent historian and lawyer, who was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1883 after legal studies at Harvard University. His Evolution of the Constitution collates for the first time all the various provisions of colonial documents that served as source material for the Constitution. Asserting that the Constitution was neither an imitation nor an invention, Fisher traces every material clause back to its origin. Twenty-nine colonial charters and constitutions, seventeen Revolutionary constitutions, and twenty-three plans of union are the resulting source materials from which Fisher draws his analysis. Abundant quotations from the sixty-nine documents illustrate the evolutionary nature of the Constitution and make this a valuable sourcebook for the reader who desires to find in one volume the Constitution's many and varied origins. "The Lawbook Exchange" edition: https://www.lawbookexchange.com/pages/books/16258/sydney-george-fisher/the-evolution-of-the-constitution-of-the-united-states-showing-that Library of Congress -- Complete volume PDF: https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/evolutionofconst01fish/evolutionofconst01fish.pdf
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  9089.  @seriously6654  Clinton was attempted payback for Nixon, moron. They were attempting, in their own current words, to overturn that election. That was an abuse of power by the House, as a private sexual affair does not subvert the Constitution or threaten the gov't/system of laws. And how CORRUPT was that abuse of power? Henry Hyde, who lead the mob, was at the same time having an extramarital affair with a woman whose marriage he broke up. And at the same time, Gingrich was deposed as House Speaker in part because of his extramarital "dalliances". He was to be replaced by Johnston, but Johnston was Outed" as having an extramarital affair. It wasn't the Democrats who exposed the illegal quid-pro-quo; it was the anonymous whistleblower, who essentially reported that the military aid to Ukraine was being held up. In order for that to have been LEGAL, Trump would have OBEYED THE LAW and informed Congress at minimum as to WHY he was withholding it. He didn't, so violated that LEGAL REQUIREMENT. He also violated the Congressional authorization, which direct the aid to Ukraine, and stipulated when it MUST be delivered, which authorization he signed -- then violated. You Trump supporters are most tiresome because you're all so stupid. You don't know relevant from irrelevant, can't handle a whole fact when you can ignore the parts you don't like. You are supporting an effort to destroy the Constitution -- not that I expect you to understand the enormous consequences of that. If you anti-Americans succeed, prepare yourself for working in a coal mine with no pay.
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  9166.  @Eric-vr8mc  The first thing you do is engage in personal attacks against the messenger in effort to discredit the FACTS he states. That is bias against the facts, and an effort to distract from them. Facts are facts: "stubborn things," as said John Adams. There aren't alternatives to them. You are, therefore, overtly biased against the person stating the facts, and using that deceit to object to the facts. Name one fact? Watch the video again, but this time stop the lying. Let's be clear, overtly dishonest punk: you are attacking truth based on the lie that you are concerned with morality. You are a liar. Lying is immoral. You are going to be shocked to the core when you discover how tariffs actually work, and that those destructive impacts will fall also on YOU. This is characteristic of your confident ignorance: 1. Trumpers voted for Trump. 2. The day AFTER the election this Trumper question spiked on "Google": -- "How do tariffs work?" Should that question have been asked BEFORE you voted for tariffs? And here's another: Trumpers voted for Trump because they wanted "Obamacare" repealed, but they at the same time loved the "Affordable Care Acct". AFTER the election they learned that both are the same thing -- but instead of waking up to the fact that they fucked up, they asked, "Why does it have two different names?" Where were they when the Republicans smeared that "Affordable Care Act" as being "Obamacare"? Where were they when the Republicans and Trump repeatedly attempted to repeal it, when it was repeatedly reported that "Obamacare" was the "Affordable Care act"? Stupidity is your program and profession. And it begins with the irresponsible fantasy that you and your ilk will escape the consequences of your views and beliefs. Trump himself told you to your face when he said to his supporters -- "I don't care about you, I just want your vote." Latins are discovering that: he told them to their faces that he would deport them. They avoided the issue by falsely believing, He doesn't mean ME." But Trump's "Border Czar" Homan is absolutely clear -- that they'll deport "the bad guys" FIRST. And as legal and illegal are irrelevant to them -- it is all about skin color -- their assertion of "illegal" and "bad guy" have no legal or factual basis. When asked how they would avoid "splitting families" -- many Latino, and other, families, have both legal and "illegal" members -- he said it is easy: by deporting the ENTIRE family, both legal and "illegal". That's the anti-Americanism you are defending, which puts you on the wrong side of both history and the Constitution. You voted for and are defending and adjudicated rapist -- because you support rape -- and a convicted criminal -- a felon. Because you support the commission of crime against others. And you want us to pretend that you are "moral" and "in the right" simply because you love your baseless and immoral hatred. In sum: you fool no one, lying bullshitter.
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  9200. @Travel Crawl Sri Lanka is not the US. The following is the short and sweet of the rule of law in the United States: ___ _No law protects private "militia"_: See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". From _Presser_: "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." That is not a new idea; this law is from October 1658: "Military, [S. 11] . . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., drafting] & raifing of fouldiers for any expedition, fhall be directed to the Committy of militia of the feverall Townes who may execute the fame by the Coftable & the faid Committee are hereby impowred & required to fupprefs all raifing of fouldiers, but fuch as fhall be by the authority of this government." In contemporary English: "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., drafting] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  9208.  @davidbybee9930  That illiterate comment is false. First, let's try a little THINKING:: IF it were "legal" for Trump to order Seal Team 6 to assassinate his political opponents, then there WOULDN'T BE an impeachment because he could also have Seal Team 6 assassinate any Congressman who proposed it, and any Senators who acted on the House impeachment resolution. In further fact, the US Supreme Court wouldn't dare rule against him for fear of ALSO being assassinated. Now let's get to the ACTUAL FACTS: Trump has EXPRESSLY SAID, ON VIDEO AND IN COURT THROUGH HIS LAWYERS, that he has ABSOLUTE immunity. His lawyer, in court in DC, FALSELY asserted that one must be impeached and convicted OR one can't be criminally prosecuted. Nixon wasn't impeached. But he was PARDONED against prosecution because the CONSTITUTION says the OPPOSITE of Trump and his lawyer's FALSE assertions: Being impeached and removed DOES NOT protect one from being criminally prosecuted: "US Constitution, Art. I, S. 3, C. 7. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: "BUT the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law." There is no REQUIREMENT that the "Party" be impeached, or impeached and removed, for the "Party" to be criminally prosecuted. Nixon -- a lawyer -- knew that. And Ford and his legal advisors knew that. Nixon was not impeached, therefore there was no Seante trial on the impeachment. That is why Nixon was offered pardon, and he accepted it -- even though the US Supreme Court had already held that ACCEPTING a pardon is an ADMISSIION OF GUILT. And Trump can't pardon himself because it would be both a conflict of interest and a violation of fundamental due process: no person can be both judge and jury over his own case.
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  9227.  Brandon  "What ever" should be "whatever". I adhere to facts and law against which you spew anti-American lawlessness. It remains the LAW -- which New York con-man and career criminal Trump, and his dupes, such as you -- REJECT, because that's what criminals do: ALL information generated by gov't employees, even the non-classified, is owned BY THE GOV'T, NOT by the employee. None of that is new or rocket science. And there is classified gov't secrets that can't be declassified by anyone, including a president, under any circumstances. And this is in the Constitution you fools repudiate: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." To "take up arms" against the gov't is defined in LAW as INSURRECTION, which the Founders classified as TREASON. There is no "right" to commit treason. This is the Supreme Court's response to your law-illiterate NON-law anti-gov't gibberish: ----- From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" -- "private paramilitary organizations" -- as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. One cannot legitimately claim to be defending the Constitution and laws by violating the Constitution and laws. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  9243.  @girlonfire00net  Are you certain that you, unlike all other humans, can predict the future? 22 Republicans are up for re-election. 75 per cent of VOTERS DEMAND witnesses. How many will take their chances twisting in the wind, while the flood of revelations continues? My first hero was Republican Abraham Lincoln. I became a Democrat when JFK ran for election to the presidency. I, with others on the Left, were demanding LBJ be tried for war crimes -- then Nixon declared his candidacy and I said, "Forget LBJ -- let's get this gangster." Though I rue that I wasn't on Nixon's "Enemies List," I console myself with taking credit for getting Nixon. The Republicans have, ever since -- being the party of holding fake grudges -- been out to get even. The Clinton impeachment was an abuse of power by the House -- and an effort to "overturn that election," as they say and reject doing today. Candidate Nixon undermined the LBJ administration. President Nixon's Watergate break-in was about stealing the election. Reagan undermined the Carter administration, in order to "win" the election. Reagan provided missiles to "terrorists," said he didn't believe he did, and the Republicans pretended along with him that he didn't. In 2000, Scalia initiated the SC's usurpation of the Congress' exclusive authority and power to resolve election disputes in order to appoint the loser of the election. In so doing, the SC violated the law by voting twice in the same election. Trump and his criminal gang colluded with Russia -- more than 200 contacts during the campaign -- then lied to cover it up. It began with Lee Atwater's "politics of personal destruction": don't merely defeat one's opponent, but also DESTROY the opponent. That became, "Lock her up!" And Bushit 2's campaign manager, Karl Rove, said that the goal is to establish a "permanent Republican majority" -- a one-party state. A dictatorship. Trump is the eventuation of that effort to overthrow not merely an election but the rule of law, the Constitution, itself.
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  9246.  @bsmith5433  When will you be providing FACTS to EVIDENCE that anti-American smear? Even REPUBLICAN Senators state the FACT that the House Managers PROVED Trump's guilt. Only by LYING can you deny it. And by lying, which is immoral, you prove YOURSELF a hypocrite by pretending to be concerned with morality. You are defending an international criminal enterprise which is attacking the foundation of the United States: the Constitution and rule of law. You are either too young, or too damned stupid, to understand the ramifications. Let's be clear, moron: rights do not exist if they are not written down, as law. Rights do not exist outside of and in conflict with law. It is law the secures them, and laws which protect them, and law which provides remedies to their infringement. You don't get to be free without the rule of law; you get to be a paranoid barbarian always on the defensive. The Founders themselves made this clear: From the New Hampshire constitution of 2784: "Part 1--The Bill of Rights. "Article III. When men enter into a society, they surrender up some of their natural rights to that society" -- such as those of the lawless barbarian, the result being social stability and public safety -- "in order to insure the protection of others" AND OF THEMSELVES. That is sufficiently fundamental, and in easily understood language, that if you pull your head out of the quicksand, you just might grasp it. Reality is not a joke, and it will slap you down if you treat it as such.
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  9292. There is also a national urging to prohibit guns at polling places. My state already did that. There is already precedent -- ____ Delaware Constitution, begun August 27, 1776; adopted September 21, 1776. Art. 28. To prevent any violence or force being used at the said elections, no persons shall come armed to any of them, and no muster of the militia shall be made on that day; nor shall any battalion or company give in their votes immediately succeeding each other, if any other voter, who offers to vote, objects thereto; nor shall any battalion or company, in the pay of the continent, or of this or any other State, be suffered to remain at the time and place of holding the said elections, nor within one mile of the said places respectively, for twenty-four hours before the opening said elections, nor within twenty-four hours after the same are closed, so as in any manner to impede the freely and conveniently carrying on the said election: _Provided always_, That every elector may, in a peaceable and orderly manner, give in his vote on the said day of election. ___ Georgia Constitution, begun October 1, 1776; finished February 5, 1777. Art. X. No officer whatever shall serve any process, or give any other hinderance to any person entitled to vote, either in going to the place of election, or during the time of the said election, or on their returning home from such election; nor shall any military office, or soldier, appear at any election in a military character, to the intent that all elections may be free or open.
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  9305.  @lauraniles5462  Still peddling the horseshit. 1. Clinton was Sec. of State at the time she RECEIVED two or three confidential documents. 2. At the time it was well know that the official State Dept. communication channel had been hacked and information leaked. Clinton's server was never hacked. 3. Clinton didn't need to be subpoenaed. 4. Clinton didn't need to be subjected to a search warrant. 5. Hunter Biden is irrelevant. And it is especially reprehensible to go after the private citizen children of a politician because there's no dirt on the politician. 6. Blaming "both sides" is false and stupid. It is same TODDLER'S "argument, when caught in the wrong, saying: "EVERYBODY DOES IT!" -- which is FALSE. You made the STUPID choice to fall for a transparently malicious New York con-man and career criminal. Stop SMEARING others in effort to avoid your individual responsibility for choosing to be a DUPE. In other words: you whining out the usual right-wing lies like a typical immoral snowflake. This is what matters: Law AND EVIDENCE: ___ _Trump's Solicitation of Crimes from Georgia Election Officials_: THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: 1. Sixty-Seven Minute Taped Conversation with Trump, Georgia Secretary of State Raffensperger, and Others. 2. Taped Conversation with Trump and Georgia Elections Investigator Frances Watson. ___ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT
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  9361.  @bonanimathambo8721  Yeah -- I've noticed for decades the "conservative" attacks on liberals. Attacking liberals for bullshit "reasons" isn't tolerance -- you apparently haven't yet learned to use dictionaries to adhere your use of words to their standard definitions. Or do you view standard definitions as "liberal" therefore to be rejected? If so, then that would explain your incoherence. The fact is that the Founders were Liberals who established a pluralistic democracy. From "Websters": "[A] state of society in which members of diverse ethnic, racial, religious, or social groups maintain an autonomous participation in and development of their traditional culture or special interest within the confines of a common civilization". And, of course, your false claim to tolerance is to split the United States into two factions: "conservatives" and "liberals," and declare that liberals are the enemies of the United States. Your "conservatism" is the lowest form of bigotry: you can't handle, and you hate -- the opposite of tolerance -- anyone who is or believes differently than you. Clarence Thomas gets to express his freedom of speech as LAW -- but let's condemn a law student -- you are a law-illiterate so not qualified to judge -- for having the temerity to criticize Thomas for his backward and extralegal "law"-making. The cure for you is to learn how to mind your own business -- behave in keeping with the "conservative" mantra of individual RESPONSIBILITY -- and get a life worth living so you no longer have time or inclination to bully and attempt to impose your malicious poison on everyone else. There are, of course, reasonable limits to "tolerance" -- such as objecting to the elimination of a right -- the right of privacy -- simply because it underpins Court decisions one opposes on extremist and false "religious" grounds -- a "religion" not everyone shares, and under the First Amendment need not share. FACTS MATTER, against the blatant LYING of the 6 "Federalist Society" religiofreaks on the Court: 1. The 1600s anti-"witch" English judge is misquoted by Alito. That judge in fact held that abortion became illegal at "quickening". And he based that on the "Bible," which says the same thing. "Quickening" is when a fetus begins to move within the womb. That is roughly equivalent to the "viability" which had been established in "Roe" and "Casey". 2. The United States is not under the jurisdiction of English law -- recall the "Declaration of Independence" and the phrase therein "dissolve the bonds". Those "bonds" were English law as nominally applied in the colonies. Only nominally because the several colonies had evolved their laws divergent from England into their own independent systems of law. You don't know the history of anything; you cling to superficial mythologies. Nor is your anti-abortion view informed with cognizance of or account for PROBLEM pregnancies. The state anti-abortion laws being enacted have NO accommodation of the REALITY of problem pregnancies, which can require abortion to save the health and life of the mother. Last but not least, John Adams was the foremost constitutionalists among the Founders. He wrote that Massachusetts constitution, which was the model for the US Constitution. Two of his fundamental principles: "A system of Laws, and not of men." "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." And yet you wallow in politics, lead around by the nose by so-called "conservative" politics which do the opposite of "conserving".
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  9371.  @fishpawnz838  Your stupid name calling marks YOU. "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9386.  @John-je7hi  Why is it that every rime an illiterate extremist right-winger is exposed as a fraud, the illiterate extremist right-wingers defend the fraud by avoiding the issue? FACTS MATTER as concerns one of FRAUD Greene's FALSE assertions: 1. The "Declaration of Independence" has never been LAW. 2. The "Declaration" DOES NOT include the word "overthrow". 3. The "Declaration" applied EXCLUSIVELY to ENGLAND. The authors of it, the Founders, "attacked" and "overthrew" exactly this many gov'ts; ZERO. Because the gov'ts at issue were all along, from their foundings, controlled by the FOUNDERS. 4. We know the "Declaration" applied EXCLUSIVELY to England because (a) that is the only gov't with whom the Founders were at war, and (b) by the list of grievances in the "Declaration" that were directed, BY NAME, at King George III of ENGLAND. These are two of those grievances: "He [KING George III] has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "He [King George III] has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." Those were carried forward into the Constitution AS LAW: Art. I., S. 8, C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the [well-regulated] Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Unions, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the [well-regulated] Militia . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers and the Authority of training the [well-regulated] Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." Whenever you or your fellow FRAUDS "think" to invoke the rule of law, first know what you're talking about. Until then sit down and shut your illiterate rule-of-law-rejecting anti-American yaps.
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  9442.  @nealorr5086  You didn't ask anyone. And if one actually followed the FACTUAL reportage of the trial, one learned the nature of the crimes committed: 1. Falsification of business records proved by DOCUMENTS generated by and obtained from Trump's criminal enterprise. The falsification was the claim that the money paid to Cohn was "legal expenses, when in fact -- and Trump admitted this in a court filing in suit against Stormy Daniels -- it was reimbursement to Cohen for money Cohen paid in behalf of Trump. A. A legitimate business expense is a tax-write-off. An expense falsely characterized as a business expense is tax evasion. B. The amount of money reimbursed to Cohen as part of the fraud of "income" for Cohen included the amount Cohen would have had to pay in income taxes on that amount. Ask yourself: What employer in the US pays the employee not only his income but ALSO the employee's taxes on the income. C. The money Cohen paid was not income -- he took out a mortgage on his home in order to pay Stormy Daniels to shut up. 2. With the intent to cover up or commit another crime. A. Interference in the election, which was testified to clearly and at length ALSO by non-hostile witnesses David Pecker and Hope Hicks. All of this is made clear in what was a DOCUMENTS case -- the DOCUMENTS generated by and obtained from the Trump criminal enterprise, and RECORDING of the discussion of the McDougal payoff by Cohen AND TRUMP. All the witnesses testimony did was fill in the details. So in order to know what the facts and crimes are -- which you are deliberately avoiding in order to spread the TRUMP LIE -- you only need LISTEN to FACTUAL reporting about the trial as it proceeds. FOX isn't going to tell you the truth about any of it; neither, of course, is Trump; nor "NewsMax" or any of the other sewerage you guzzle. The FACT is that you DON'T WANT TO KNOW the facts so you can continue to deny TO YOURSELF that you are a worst class DUPE of Trump the NEW YORK CON MAN and career criminal. In an earlier case Trump LOST he was adjudicated, by a jury of his peers, a RAPIST. Tell us why you believe it is MORAL to defend RAPE.
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  9447.  @k333rl  Senator Rand Paul recently pushed Putin's LIES about Ukraine "always" being a proper part of Russia. Let's look at how that "freedom to believe FALSEHOODS" applies here at home: 1. Alaska belonged to Russia. 2. Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, belonged to Mexico. 3. Louisiana belonged to France. 4. Florida belonged to Spain. 5. The Thirteen Original Colonies belonged to England. No: one does not get to pretend that OBJECTIVE REALITY -- FACTS -- doesn't exist so one can "decide for oneself" between this, that, and the other without any regard for facts and truth. Objective reality is not an "opinion". "[P]eople should be smart enough" -- then what explains the fact that so many -- including you -- aren't? The gov't doesn't teach logic -- so where is one to learn that? By believing horseshit that not only doesn't square with itself but that also NEGATES itself? You fail not only to distinguish between "belief" and "thinking" -- they are not the same thing -- but also push the falsehood that simply believing a falsehood is sufficient to make it a truth. So anyone can believe anything, regardless objective reality and facts and truth, and that's acceptable. So for you any lie is as good as any fact or truth; it's all a matter of "individual choice". How does that work out in the real world when stubborn reality refuses to accommodate your falsehoods? The issue for you and your fellow paranoid freaks is that you are law-illiterate. Indeed, you actually believe the falsehood that "freedom" and "law" are antithetical. CLUE: you wouldn't know what "rights" to claim were they not SECURED IN WRITTEN LAW. In short, you bamboozle yourself, and really don't know what to believe, so you persist in the intellectual laziness of defending the non-existent "right" to reject logic, fact, rule of law -- gov't is by definition rule of law; the Constitution is RULE OF LAW and includes LIMITS, and not only on GOV'T: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union [i.e., LAW ENFORCEMENT], SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." Thus there is NO "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't/rule of law. And the First Amendment is in accord with that: "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." So, yes: the gov't's FIRST obligation being to protect public health and safety, it has the authority to PROHIBIT VIOLENCE. That includes PROHIBITING SPEECH that incites VIOLENCE and INSURRECTION. Get it through you confusion: to attack the gov't -- rule of law -- is to attack YOUR OWN RIGHTS, the exercise of which is LIMITED for the protection of the rights of ALL who are NOT you. Disinformation is FALSEHOOD. Is it SMART to deliberately choose to believe FALSEHOODS? Is that how one pursues truth? Or do you actually believe there is no truth because so sub-literate that you don't even know the basics of logic on which to engage in that pursuit?
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  9456.  @SkaalKesh  "Whatever. I could bring up more like Ruby Ridge," Ruby Ridge was about a WHITE SUPREMACIST/SEPARATIST -- RIGHT-wing -- who sold an ILLEGAL WEAPON and was intent on escaping arrest. He used his family members as a shield. Will you next be defending the RIGHT-wing cause celeb of Waco? And out of that the OK City bombing? Snowden violated the law at the level of TREASON, then instead of standing his "righteous" ground fled to Putin's Russia -- WITH National Security information. Assange, another fake "hero," was on the lam from Sweden where he was facing rape charges. "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9457.  @SkaalKesh  All talk, no EVIDENCE. I have and education in law -- you do not. You're drunk on the smell of someone else's law-illiterate cork. The NRA and gun-nuts are not sources of reliable information -- The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9460.  @SkaalKesh  The person who compiled it is a top-notch investigator. But it was not used by Robert Mueller. Thoughts on pushing Russian propaganda? -- ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9483.  @kurtisengle6256  When civilians "took up arms" against the government during the Founding era, the Founders charged them with, tried them for, and convicted them of, TREASON, and sentenced them to DEATH. See "Shayss" and "Whiskey" insurrections -- the latter of which occurred AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified. Add in this fact: in EVERY state, the commander-in-chief of the Militia is the state's governor. If those protesters are the Militia, then they are engaged in mutiny against their commander-in-chief, which is a courts martial/death penalty offense. If they are not -- and they are not -- the Founders established the precedent of finding them guilty of TREASON, and sentencing them to DEATH. The ONLY way for them to be legitimate as Militia they must either ENLIST in the National Guard, or be DRAFTED into it. Last but not least, the ENTIRE Constitution is in effect at the same time, and includes this provision: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power to provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS." Those ENGAGING in "taking up arms" agsinst the gov't/rule of law are INSURRECTIONISTS. This is also in the Constitution: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia." So where did these fake "militia" get their non-self-defense ASSAULT weapons? The Congress "provides" by enacting LAWS, in this context "Militia Acts," which REGULATE the "well-regulated Militia". These FAKE "militia" are operating OUTSIDE the law -- which was addressed in the "Declaration of Independence" as a COMPLAINT AGAINST King George III: "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power."
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  9485.  @skwisgaar451  Not if we ignore the mainstream media because it doesn't preach Sanders 24/7. Wake up: by attacking the Democratic Party AGAIN -- the largest block of Liberal/Progressive/Left voters -- he is being divisive AGAIN. And what do his "defenders" do? They run with and enhance the divisiveness. The Republicans needn't do anything to divide-and=-conquer the Democrats: Sanders, and his cult followers, -- who are exultant in the fantasy that they know it all -- will do it for them. I saw exactly the same thing on the Left during the 1960s. And what happened to the Left? After the the US was withdrawn from Vietnam, it collapsed because it didn't have a new enemy to oppose. One's view must be based not on externals. One must have an informed moral compass. While I was the only one I knew during high school who was vocal against US involvement in Vietnam, 99 per cent of my peers were either wrapped up in TeeVee as their only source of information, or hanging out on the street corner complaining of being bored, and name-calling me for my position. The reason I knew US involvement in Vietnam was a fraud was because I READ HISTORY, centrally the anti-imperialism of REPUBLICAN Mark Twain. Vietnam was a repeat of the US's actions in the Philippines during the late 19th century. And why did McGovern lose? Not because he was far-Left -- he was not. And far-Left had even less a chance than he. Because Nixon talked of "peace with honor" vis-a-vis Vietnam. I knew there was no honor about any of it -- that the US was involved violated the Geneva Conventions. Sanders is a one-note song; and te only song most of his supporters have ever heard and listened to. He tells you to reject all other views -- AND YOU SHEEPISHLY OBEY THAT ORDER. So you smear imaginary "corporatists/centrists" because you know nothing of the gradations and greys. To hear the media -- including mainstream -- tell it, there are only "Left and Right". The political spectrum has many more degrees than that. And they aren't only Left-Centrist-Right. Liberals are Left of center, but to the Right of Progressive. and the Left, so-called, is to the LEFT of Progressive. The Left that is Sanders has ALWAYS DEMANDED that they get ALL of what they want NOW! And that's why they've never got it: the REFUSE to compromise in order to get AT LEAST SOME of what they want. Social Security is the perfect example: when first enacted it was not extended to African-Americans. Why? Because it needed the votes of Southern racists to pass. It was later AMENDED to correct that defect. The same is true of the Affordable Care Act: it is a BEGINNING, not the whole of what can be built on it. DEAL WITH IT: INCREMENTALISM is how DEMOCRATIC legislative process WORKS. One gets what one can -- compromise gets the votes of those opposed -- and then builds on it. Want "it" ALL NOW? Then prepare to be frustrated, because that ain't gonna happen.
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  9505. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9534.  @Aconitum_napellus  If you are obsessed with guns, you will abstract and distort in effort to defend your obsession. The Founders of the American colonies engaged in every form of gun control including confiscation and prohibition. That was in response to crackpots, loons, and other malcontents engaging in gun violence. the fantasy that lack of registration and licensing -- which minimally exists in the US -- would reduce gun violence makes no sense: the mass murders are being committed by lawful gun owners using legal guns. The parents who were convicted because their sun killed people in school BOUGHT the gun for him -- he was underage -- even though they knew he was having homicidal fantasies. He wasn't licensed and his gun not registered to him but that didn't stop him from committing mass murder. The mass shooting in Maine was by a military reservist who was well known both to be having mental health issues and having an arsenal of weapons -- but no one intervened by at least confiscating his guns. Then a gun-nut responds after the fact with the nonsense that "guns" are being blamed. It is a simple and obvious fact that if he didn't have any guns he couldn't have committed the mass murder with guns. None of the pro-gun rationalizations make sense, let alone reflect any degree of rationality. And it is the itching-to-be-violent who always jabber about "revolution". Even with guns you wouldn't have a chance; better you grow up and learn how the system works and use the existing means to change the situation.
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  9549.  @MAXIMA347  You don't know what you're talking about: "Sex" = anatomy. "gender" = psychosexual identity. The two are not always congruent; that's why there are, as example, heterosexuals and homosexuals. And that is in the nature of things. Beyond that: why is it any of your business what others do in their private lives sexually? What do you go to after that -- those who read books? EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS applies to ALL. There is no exception just because you have an uneducated view stirred to hatred by others. And you don't actually address the FACT, law-illiterate, that regardless the fact that a Black can't change their skin color, they were subjected to slavery AND MURDER BECAUSE they were DIFFERENT. Your mindset is ultimately dead set against the EXISTENCE of ANYONE who has DIFFERENT BELIEFS than you. And -- yeah -- you claim you are defending the Constitution -- except, of course, the First Amendment protections of freedom of conscience, belief, speech, and expression, and freedom to choose "religions" other than YOURS, or even NO "religion". YES: in order to freely choose one's own "religion" one must be free to NOT choose any of the many other "religions". You aren't about freedom; you're about the "freedom" to hate, the consequences of which without question impacts YOU. "Griswold" -- legalizing contraception -- was based on the RIGHT OF PRIVACY. Thereafter "Roe" was based on the RIGHT OF PRIVACY. Do YOU have a right of privacy? -- not according to THIS Supreme Court. Because the right UNDERLYING those two decisions was the RIGHT OF PRIVACY. See what happens? When you deny OTHERS their rights you DENY YOURSELF the SAME rights. THAT, child, is EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW: what OTHERS can't do YOU can't do.
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  9585. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9617. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9623.  @stephenvalastro5678  They "Patriot Front" is a violent Neo-Nazi terrorist gang: not the shields and other weapons in the van. That is documented. The baseless suggestion that they are instead "federal agents" is disinformation by a fake "patriot" using the screen name "thelastminuteman". He is a history-illiterate who knows nothing about the actual Minute Men, and is totally illiterate as to the contents of the Constitution, ALL of which is in effect at the same time -- "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the UNION, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." The exact same structure obtains on the STATE level. Even the "Declaration of Independence" -- which applied BY NAME EXCLUSIVELY to KING GEORGE III, AND ENGLAND -- is AGAINST the crackpot anti-American Neo-Nazis: "He [i.e., King George III] has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our LEGISLATURES." "He [i.e., King George III] has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." The "Civil Power" is the gov't. The gov't is by definition RULE OF LAW. The Minute Men NEVER "attacked" or "overthrew" gov'ts because (1) they were a LAW ENFORCEMENT arm OF gov't, 2) the commander-in-chief of the Militia/Minute Men was the colony's/state's GOVERNOR, and under the REGULATION of the STATE LEGISLATURE, and (3) the gov'ts were all along under the control OF the Founders.
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  9678. The "taboo" against political violence is IN THE CONSTITUTION. ___ No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  9706. To Mike Collins -- ___ No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  9710. Actually not: Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9723.  @koi---  "not right to force injections on people in my opinion". You OMIT the fact that there is another side to the issue: the FIRST obligation of gov't and rule of law is to protect public health and safety from threats thereto. There is a long history, going back to at latest George Washington MANDATING that his troops be vaccinated. And in civilian life a long history of MANDATES to protect public health and safety. In Massachusetts, as example, those who contracted infectious diseases were quarantined on an island in Boston Harbor. That was not to "punish" them but to PROTECT the MAJORITY FROM being infected. READ Jacobson v. Massachusetts -- easily found by Google -- which explains in simple, clear language WHY the majority in a democracy has the RIGHT to be protected from threats by numerical minorities such as anti-vaxxers. And THAT mandate didn't include "exceptions" -- it was ENFORCED. As for the anti-mask lunacy and lies in "defense" of it: I have multiple lung issues; but wearing a mask has no effect whatsoever on my breathing. Add to that fact that no one has the "right" to infect others with their diseases. Science always looks at the downsides, the side effects, of every sort of medication including vaccines. But what is a vaccine? it is simply a trigger of the normal biological immune response but to a new pathogen. That is all vaccines do. You are ignoring all the POSITIVE results of the vaccine in order to spread ONLY a statistically insignificant number as your entire argument, as if that were the whole story. It is an unclever and transparently obvious distortion straight from the anti-vaxxer looney bin. So of course there is data on the miniscule number of negative reactions to any given vaccine. That is not a condemnation of any or all vaccines. And note that Rogan didn't provide ANY EVIDENCE to back up his nonsense claim that young healthy people "suddenly died" because they were vaccinated against COVID. Why is he not making the same claim about ALL vaccines -- I mean, why NOT? Because he is full of shit -- he is not a scientist; he is a meathead disinformation propagandist targeting a particular ignorant segment of the population in a way intended to cause them to part with their money. And YOUR comment is more of the same anti-vaxxer disinformation based on cherry-picking from the actual FULL data: I am elderly and have had every COVIC shot and booster. NO adverse effects, and not dead.
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  9742.  @bl4ckkn1g8t5  The genocide is being committed by Netanyahu, who supports TRUMP. Biden is faced with the slow task of changing 80 years of unconditional support of Israel's genocide and land-grabbing. And if you were actually paying attention, know anything about foreign policy -- Biden's expertise -- and how to LISTEN to public diplomatic statements, then you would know that Biden has put Netanyahu in a box; he has got through to him that -- 1. Israel needs the United States more than the United States needs Israel. 2. The US provides money and weapons to Israel -- not the reverse. At the time VP Harris, Senator Schumer, and others made coordinated statements, Sec. of State Austin let out that the DOJ is evaluating the sorts of weapons the US will be providing to Israel -- the latter a shot across the Netanyahu gang's bow. 3. Weeks ago Netanyahu announced that the IDF was about to invade Gaza's city Rafah. Weeks later, after Biden began with, "That would be a mistake," the IDF HASN'T invaded Rafah. But I guess you presume to be an expert on foreign policy -- and have better judgment on the issue than Biden despite the fact that you have much less information than does Biden. And don't seem to be aware of the current status of the situation and how much Biden has cornered Netanyahu. Politics, diplomacy, democracy, take time; foreign policy, with as many relevant players in the loop as there are, takes time. Instant gratification is for the young -- which is why they are so often wrong.
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  9749.  @WickedMouse  I've yet to hear him tell "stories" about landlords AT ALL; instead he consistently characterizes them as VICTIMS of tenants. Not all tenants are untrustworthy. And humans being human, not all landlords can be trusted. And landlords have the advantage: they can afford lawyers; most tenants cannot. Until you know the REALITIES of landlord-tenant relationships -- and landlord-tenant law -- you'll be a sucker for landlord-generated propaganda about how they are -- typical of right-wing greed-heads -- invariably and without exception "victims". Currently there is a case in Nantucket, Massachusetts, of a right-wing billionaire suing a re-opening restaurant in effort to put it out of business. He flew in from Palm Springs, Florida, where he lives, to file suit -- then flew back to Palm Springs, Florida. He is a landlord. And he regularly funds extremist right-wing Republicans including the brain-damaged Hershel Walker -- any Republican, regardless how stupid or incompetent or corrupt -- the corruption is seen as a plus -- is preferable to an honest politician. It's all about money and power. And it was recently exposed that his lawyer, who is also a landlord, is in violation of basic state building and sanitary codes throughout her properties -- basic stuff that, when they get a chance, landlords -- who have sole responsibility for complying with those laws -- blame tenants. There are real estate trade associations which includes landlords. There are no tenant associations to speak of. It's all about money and power. And this fool -- I followed his videos until it became clear that he is constantly attacking tenants WITHOT A SHRED OF SUBSTANTIATION -- repeating "stories" from anonymous "theys" -- in OTHER STATES -- is HOGWASH, BULLSHIT. It reflects ADVERSELY on HIM: he isn't concerned with facts and truth; he is instead all about spewing propaganda from the powerful against unrepresented tenants. (Should I wait for him to present a DEFENSE of tenants who are exploited and abused by landlords and high rents? That's why Florida is an unlivable hell-hole -- or as Trump should call it, "a shithole state". Elect Republicans, then swallow and regurgitate their pro-wealth propaganda against the poor and powerless.
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  9755.  @yorsan2240  I explained it. You refuse to understand it because you couldn't care less if information is true or false. A mature adult has responsibilities -- one of them is to ensure information they spread is TRUE rather than FALSE -- LIES being the ENEMY of democracy. But tell us, feeble-minded nitwit: how, there being no SOURCES for his "stories," except for alleged anonymous "theys," how does one determine whether the "stories" are TRUE? IN REALITY one CAN'T -- for which reason one cannot believe them true -- there's no PROOF for them -- therefore they are not to be simply believing, unless one is a simpleton who'll believe anything simply because it conforms to your biases. Let's look at a REAL issue that CAN be shown to exist: the extreme increase in property insurance in Florida. That was done by means of LAW enacted by the REPUBLICAN-controlled legislature, and signed into law by REPUBLICAN governor DeSantis. What will be the RESULT of that increase? People will be driven out of their homes -- their homes will be foreclosed/repossessed and sold to others willing to pay the inflated prices. Who BENEFITS from that -- tenants? "Squatters"? Who do you think had the wealth and power to accomplish that goal -- tenants? "Squatters"? I'm simply asking you to THINK, instead of blindly believing FACT-FREE JUNK simply because it conforms to your baseless bigotries. We've seen this same thing happen again and again: while the wealthy and powerful are picking YOUR POCKET your are joining in on beating up on the poor -- who are in no position to pick your pocket. "I fear that in every elected office, members will obtain an influence by noise, not sense. By meanness, not greatness. By ignorance, not learning. By contracted hearts, not large souls. There must be decency and respect.” -- John Adams.
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  9791.  @k333rl  "J Nagarya the interesting thing with rights in the US is that most if not all amendments AFFIRM our rights. they don't give us the rights. from the constitution our rights are not given by the govt. we have them regardless of what govt is in power." Then where do those "rights" originate? And don't try the "God" nonsense: first, it can't be proven that there's a "God"; and, because the Founders had experience with "RELIGIOUS" tyranny -- research the colonial history of "the Bible Commonwealth" -- Massachusetts-Bay -- and the CORRUPT "RELIGIOUS" TYRANNY that burned "witches" -- they SEPARATED "religion" from gov't in the First Amendment. There is ALSO in the Constitution a PROHIBITION AGAINST "religious tests" -- i.e., one cannot discriminate against candidates for public office based on their "religion" because there is NO gov't-established "religion" in the United States. "and you ask where you stand on banning books. should 'mein kampf' be available for students to read?" "Know thine enemy" -- I thought you were all about "freedom of speech" and "freedom of belief". It's obvious you don't know how EDUCATION works. Yes, it should be available for students to read -- IN THE CONTEXT OF HISTORY. That HISTORY INCLUDES the BANNING and BURNING of BOOKS. So your idea that on one hand, disinformation that undermines democracy -- which is founded on the RULE OF LAW -- should be allowed, without any limitations, but on the other hand, books about which you know NOTHING SHOULD BE BANNED -- doesn't work as LOGIC. How about Marx? Should students be able to read Marx -- KNOWING that reading Marx doesn't make one into a "Marxist"? Certainly. As certainly, if one is going to call a thing or person "Marxist" shouldn't one FIRST KNOW what "Marxism" ACTUALLY is? As Lenny Bruce put it: "We have to know about all the BAD, BAD shit in order to be PROTECTED from it." I know you don't read, but perhaps you watch movies: have you seen "Fahrenheit 451"? That is about book-burning. HITLER was BIG on book burning. Those who want to ban books FEAR ANY ideas different than their own -- which is the EXACT OPPOSITE of the First Amendment they simultaneously EXPLOIT by pushing DISINFORMATION.
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  9798.  @waxcutter9813  Law-illiterate gibberish. 1. It can't be proven there's a "God". 2. The First Amendment separates "religion" and gov't. Prior to that the "Declaration of Independence" -- which has never been law -- made claims that were refuted by the existing realities: The "inalienable" -- meaning CAN'T BE TAKEN AWAY -- right to "life" is refuted by the death penalty. The "inalienable" -- meaning CAN'T BE TAKEN AWAY -- right to liberty is refuted by the existence of PRISONS. Last but not least as concerns the "Declaration: it applied EXCLUSIVELY to BRITAIN. I suggest you READ the WHOLE of it, beyond the baseless propaganda at its beginning. I have an education in law -- YOU DO NOT. ALL rights are LIMITED, dunce, because EVERYONE has the SAME rights, therefore their exercise if LIMITED by the FOREMOST RESPONSIBILITY with which they are INEXTRICABLY entwined: NOT to infringe the rights of OTHERS. So, no, EXTREMIST, NO right is absolute. You live in a society with others, and every one of them has the SAME rights AS YOU -- and the same right NOT to have their rights violated by your sociopathic claim that there are "absolute" rights. There cannot be and are no absolute rights. EVERY right is INEXTRICABLY ENTWINED with the RESPONSIBILITY NOT to violate the rights of others. You are being told by the 6 religioextremists on the "Federalist Society" Supreme Court" that there is NO RIGHT OF PRIVACY. Let us know how you feel when it dawns on YOU that YOU have privacy rights that that Court is set on ELIMINATING. Get this basic clue: you wouldn't know what "rights" to claim if they were NOT WRITTEN DOWN IN LAW. If the Founders believed the nonsense that "rights" derive from a "God" that can't be proven to exist they wouldn't have bothered writing ANY rights down.
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  9799.  @unclelumbago5654  Nope. DHS monitors foreign information sources, which as we know often includes the establishment of accounts domestically. If you happened to interact with those foreign sources, then your communications will naturally fall under scrutiny. But your communications are not the target. Thankfully the non-grunt, the non-stupid, are able to distinguish between the two. It is precisely your ignorance that swallowed the lies from Trump about his campaign being "spied on". It was not. What happened was that members of his campaign were communicating with Russians, and they were caught up in the standard monitoring of Russians. Not knowing how that works freaks Trump supporters because they want TrumPutin to defeat US democracy and rule of law. The following isn't so difficult to grasp: ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9811. The electorate has been indoctrinated to fear and hate Communism/Socialism since childhood. In view of the Republican gerrymandering, Republican voter-purgings, and Republican-approved Russian election subversion, the Democrats need as many votes as they can get. But Republicans who don't want Trump before they'll vote for a Socialist. Sanders has a long history of fighting for Social Security? "Fighting" and being effective are not the same thing: during his twenty-five years in Congress he passed three bills -- two of those renaming post offices. He has been totally ineffective; and that is because -- like Trump and the hard right Republicans -- he is opposed to the legislative process, which is DEMOCRATIC: debate, compromise, and majority consensus. You two sound exactly like the Left (I was so far to the Left I was off the political spectrum altogether) of the 1960s. I knew Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin (look them up), sand directly witnessed their actions. They were effective in starting riots. Period. Full stop. And in that they helped Nixon get elected. Sanders is full of old-school Socialist slogans -- pap for "the [faceless] masses". Sanders appeals to the politically -- and,, more important, historically -- naive and uninformed. George McGovern was nowhere near as far-Left as Sanders -- and he is not a Progressive; I voted for him; Nixon won 49 states. Sanders as nominee would be destroyed in a week. Trump and the Republicans don't fear him -- he'd LOVE to run against him. The campaign would be bloody -- overkill, in fact -- and Sanders would be squashed like a bug. Again: republicans who don't want a re-run of Trump would vote for him before they'd vote for a Socialist.
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  9840. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  9883.  @JJ-iq5cv  They believe anything that the fake "reality" TV star Trump says. They are stupid people who reject fact and rule of law because incapable of understanding the consequences. They are repeatedly requested to present EVIDENCE for their allegations. They present ZERO -- NONE -- NADA. When due process is explained to them -- the need for EVIDENCE -- they REFUSE TO LEARN how Constitutional legal process WORKS. They are thoroughly committed to being and remaining stupid -- to preserving the "purity" of their ineducability. Nonetheless, the more they repeat their empty nonsense -- allegations without a shred of evidence in effort to pretend that Biden is as bad as Trump, in their defense of his destructiveness and CRIMINALITY -- and they more they are systematically refuted, and shown how basic due process works, they more that does get stuck in their heads. And in order for that to happen, they must require, by their resistance to and rejection of law, fact, reason, and learning, repeated and consistent beat down. That they have, at least for the moment, their tails are between their legs and they are struggling with the fact that their dumbest of dumb approaches is a loser. The vast majority of Americans aren't buying their nonsense -- they are convincing no one. Their desperation isn't sufficient energy, stamina, to survive the long hall. They've fallen silent because they are trying, though unsuccessfully, to avoid the fact that they are on the destructive path for, as has been the reality since time immemorial, losers. The falsehoods he has fed them and that they have run with do not withstanding informed, critical refutations. ___ From Ambrose Bierce, _The Devil's Dictionary_: Patriot n. One to whom the interests of a part seem superior to those of the whole. The dupe of statesmen and the tool of conquerors. Patriotism n. Combustible rubbish ready to the torch of any one ambitious to illuminate his name. In Dr. Johnson's famous dictionary patriotism is defined as the last resort of a scoundrel. With all due respect to an enlightened but inferior lexicographer I beg to submit it is the first. Patriotism is as fierce as a fever, pitiless as the grave, blind as a stone, and irrational as a headless hen.
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  9910.  @loki2240  One of the problems with US public schools is "social investment" by people morons and bigots who know nothing about education. Those who claim it is "indoctrination" object because they don't indoctrinate as they would have them do. One faction of those bigots want prayer put back in public schools -- the objection that not all students in public schools are "Christian" -- some are Jewish, some are Muslim, etc. -- and their response is from ignoring those facts to engaging in dishonest bullshit in effort to get around them. The idea that 'everyone has the right to express their opinion" ignores the fact that not all opinions are equal. Some are informed, most are not. Legitimate opinion has a chance of being true. Falsehoods elevated to "opinion" are, because false and therefore not true, cannot be legitimate opinion. So the dumbest tend to be the loudest about what is and isn't and should and should be "education". We see it going on with universities at present: alleged anti-Semitism on campus is getting attacked by people outside the universities who have no idea what "university" means. And it is virtually never pointed out that Palestinians are also Semites, and that they are also subjected to anti-Semitism. Add in that the goals of the Republican Party for more than forty years have included eliminating civics education -- they succeeded -- and forcing "history" onto the schools with which white racists are comfortable. So we get Florida's DeSantis asserting that slavery was actually "job training" and therefore positive.
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  9922.  @eoin401  Here's an opportunity to inform yourself of that you most loath -- rule of law, beginning with the Constitution: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. And Christ instructed his followers to keep their "religious" practice PRIVATE -- because the public display of it so easily turns into ego trip, and then to hucksterism for $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
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  9957.  @mengoinggodsway9024  There are special exceptions in law -- you're a law-illiterate who is behind the curve -- for those who can demonstrate a LEGITIMATE need for specific kinds of weapons. Body armor, as example, SHOULD NOT be available to citizens who can't demonstrate a LEGITIMATE purpose for having them. If the Buffalo mass murder doesn't TEACH you taht then you are resisting learning. There is no "self-defense" argument for possessing an OFFENSIVE weapon, which is what an ASSAULT rifle is. There are also laws governing the types and sizes of knives that can be legally possessed. Etc. The problem with you law-illiterates is that instead of dealing with reality -- law -- your indulge fantasies that are typically paranoid and self-justifying without any sense of limits. In Uvalde it is obvious that law enforcement, despite having a shit-ton of assault weapons, were AFRAID of a murderer who had an AR-15. No law protects the non-existent "right" to be able to out-gun law enforcement. From _Presser v. Illinois_: ___ "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ Gun-nuts don't believe in the rule of law, so they don't know what the existing law is. They simply rail against the rule of law on bullshit grounds. IF they knew the law they'd discover that they agree with much of it. Fearing that they avoid learning the law. And then there are the gun-nuts who are stone criminals. The difference/s between the two are not worth consideration because they begin and end in the same place: rejecting the rule of law.
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  10012.  @willmont8258  AGAIN: I have an education in law; you are law-illiterate. AND AGAIN: 1. The DEBATES of the Congress -- both House AND Senate -- that WROTE the Second Amendment prove that the PURPOSE of the Second Amendment was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the MILITIA. That fact is underscored by the May 8, 1792 Militia Act enacted by CONGRESS: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENSE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." 2. Through the several drafts of that which became the Second Amendment there was ONLY ONE "individual right" debated. It read as follows: ": but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms, shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated militia] in person." O-B-V-I-O-U-S-L-Y, MORON, that was VOTED DOWN BEFORE the Amendment was ratified. 3. FURTHER, the 6 "Federalist Society" Supreme Court FANATICS overturned "Roe," which was based on the right of privacy, by DENYING that there is a right of privacy BECAUSE the words "right of privacy" don't appear in the Constitution. OTHER words that don't appear in the Constitution: "Individual right to possess guns". 4. AND AGAIN: the United States consists of two levels or forms of gov't: Federal, and states. That means that every citizen has DUAL citizenship: citizenship in the United States; and citizenship in their state of residence. And the term "states' rights" is nothing new as a term, because that is precisely as the 6 SC FANATICS did with "Roe": kicked the decision back to the states so each state can decide whether it citizens will LOSE that right or KEEP it as a STATE RIGHT. You should embrace the "states' rights" formulation because it has always been tainted by white supremacists in their effort to avoid FEDERAL protections of citizens, under the SUPREMACY Clause, from STATE gov't oppression of its citizens by yelling "STATES' RIGHTS!"
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  10016. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10077. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10111. No, it was not. Were that the fact then every state would have had "Slave Patrols," which did not happen. SOME states used their Militia, or a subset of it, as "Slave Patrols". But that was NOT the purpose of the Second Amendment -- ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10146.  @bjdefilippo447  Our gov't consists of three co-EQUAL branches of gov't. The intent is that any two will prevent any one gaining supremacy over the other two. They are the first checks and balances. The Congress has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. The most recent and visible instance was Congress overturning the Rehnquist Court's Grove College and its progeny. Grove College was a disability discrimination case. A blind woman applied to Grove College to become a nurse. She was refused because blind. Rehnquist deliberately misread the text of the statute -- "Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973" -- in order to hold that it only applied to the financial aid office. That only the financial aid office couldn't discriminate against applicants; that the rest of the college could. The actual explicit text of the law encompassed the entire college. That line of cases was overturned by Congress with the "Americans with Disability Act" -- which was presented publicly by an exceedingly rare joint House and Senate press conference. (Irony: at the same time Robert Bork -- the one who followed Nixon's order to fire the Special Prosecutor -- the "Saturday Night Massacre" of "Watergate"; and who, as a Reagan-appointed judge, out of thin air overturned the Fairness Doctrine, which had been established with the advent of radio -- was bumming a book. His big issue was that the Constitution should be amended to allow the Congress to overturn Supreme Court decisions -- a power that has all along existed. His target, of course, was _Roe._) Why the Congress didn't, when the Democrats had control, didn't overturn Citizens United, is beyond me.
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  10167.  @joelrivard5598  If you knew the history of Russia as traditionally expansionist, and the history of WW II, and why the US established NATO, then you'd understand that the US either support Ukraine, or get sucked into US boots on the ground in Europe for a THIRD time. I'm opposed to war, period. I opposed ever war and military action from Vietnam -- my era -- to Iraq and Afghanistan, and any others after those. But supporting Ukraine is essential -- it is the front line of democracy against Russia attacking NATO, which then brings the US directly into it. NATO was established to put an end to the many hundreds of years of wars between and among Europeans countries -- which twice sucked the US into world wars. See the videos on youtube of the vast US section in the WW II D-Day cemetery at Normandy. And that has been a greater success than could have been predicted. NATO was also established so its members would be a unified DEFENSE against traditional Russian expansionism -- better Europe fight them there, than the US fight them there. And that has been a success. And, last but not least, NATO is the defense, in Europe, of US national security -- again: them fighting there, instead of WE fighting there. There is nothing more stupid than the idea that the DEFENSIVE alliance that is NATO is a "threat" to Russia. Look at reality: Putin claims NATO is a "threat" because on the other side of the Russian border from Russia. If Russia takes Ukraine, then the other side of the Russian border will be a NATO ,member -- which Russia will claim is a "threat". And if he invades and takes that nation in order to remove that "threat" the other side of the Russian border will be another NATO member -- which he will claim is a "threat". There is nothing more stupid, in opposition to war, than to side with the party actually waging war, as if Ukraine is at fault for being INVADED, and the United States engaging in "imperialism" by supporting Ukraine against Putin's ILLEGAL aggression. Timothy Snyder is the expert on that history. Stop listening to those who are pushing PUTIN'S line that DEFENSIVE alliance NATO is the threat: use your eyes: the THREAT is the one doing the ATTACKING, and that is PUTIN.
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  10217. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10254.  @michaelbriganti  I have an education in law. You have an "edumacashun" in misinformation. I'll try to make it really, really, really simple for you: 1. No right is absolute. Every right is inextricably entwined with RESPONSIBILITY, which LIMITS the exercise of rights because one DOES NOT have the right to violate OTHERS' rights. 2. The First Amendment SEPARATES "religion" from gov't. One has the right to choose whatever religion" one wants -- which includes the corollary right to be FREE of "religions" one DOES NOT choose. Thus one ALSO has the right to choose NO "religion". And this is how the Founders established that separation of "religion" and gov't: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. That's how the separation of "religion" and gov't works. Everyone has the same rights -- and the right NOT to have their rights violated by law-illiterate/rejecting bullies.
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  10288.  @avictorbell2835  No: ever since the USSR collapsed the front line has been the border between Russia and Eastern Europe -- as Russia has declared and shown by invading Eastern European nations since WW II. The USSR had been established by VIOLENTLY SUBJUGATING Eastern Europe including Ukraine. NATO -- North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a treaty between the US and Europe, which the US rebuilt after WW II -- was established for three basic reasons: 1. To put an end to the inter-European wars, which had been going on for at least centuries, and had twice become world wars that sucked in the US. 2. To protect Europe against an historically imperialist USSR/Russia. No matter what country borders Russia, Putin will claim that country is a "threat" and therefore he needs to subjugate it to protect Russia. And if he subjugates Ukraine, he will then insist that the next country on his border is a threat. That's how Stalin built the USSR. As part of WW II, Ukraine was invaded by Russia, and then by Nazi Germany. Initially Ukraine, especially in its west, believed Hitler was saving them from Russia, so welcomed them -- but see the film "Come and See". That's where Putin gets the lie that Ukraine is "Nazi". That is the typical rhetoric: Hitler rose to power by "warning" against the Communists -- the far-LEFT. Putin's actions are identical to those of the far-RIGHT Nazis -- so he's smearing those he is attacking as being the "Nazis," which are the extreme opposite of the far-LEFT "Communists". 3. So the US doesn't yet again get pulled into another European war. Better a united Europe fight Russia there, than the US fight Russia there. Better a united Europe defend itself against Russia then the US have to do it for them yet again. And NATO has succeeded as intended. Germany is NOT the issue. The outcome of WW II had the United States returning home -- but the USSR occupying Eastern European nations, including half of Germany, instead of returning to its traditional borders.
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  10290. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10304.  @danjenkins8981  Not at all. The Committee hearing witnesses are all but perhaps two REPUBLICAN TRUMPERS. The evidence the Committee has been presented is "cross-examined" by the prosecutors on staff for veracity and corroboration. Or do you mean the DOJ investigation? First, learn how investigations are conducted, then realize that indictments are tried in court against a defense based on the same evidence. So none of it is "one-sided". During the House impeachment inquiry of "Watergate, the Republicans on the Committee defend Nixon by questioning witnesses and evidence, but in the end the evidence was overwhelming and they voted to impeach. Today's Republican Party -- such as Gym Jordan -- doesn't govern or deal in good faith: we see that when a Committee is holding a hearing on a specific topic, and the Republicans -- Gym Jordan among the worst -- engage in food-fights in effort to subvert the Committee process. In addition, Gym Jordan is a material witness: we do not have the defendant in a proceeding sit as judge on the defendant for reasons that should be obvious. But if you want to erroneously claim that the Committee (or the DOJ) process is "one-sided," then blame REPUBLICAN Kevin McCarthy. He was FOR a commission with equal numbers of Republicans and Democrats, all having equal powers. He had a Republican negotiate that deal with the Democrats -- then, when the deal was agreed McCarthy pulled the rug out from under it. Republican Senator McConnell did the same. So all that was left was to establish a Committee to investigate the insurrection. McCarthy tried to put two material witnesses on the Committee -- Gym Jordan and Banks -- to which Pelosi correctly objected. So McCarthy pulled all the Republicans from the Committee, except Liz Cheney and Kinzinger, because they were known to be OBJECTIVE. Actually, of course, neither the Committee nor the DOJ processes is one-sided: they are functioning as Congressional committees are intended to function: doing the work, instead of turning everything into a circus. And the DOJ is conducting its investigation in keeping with procedures established over hundreds of years.
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  10310. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10446.  @90evilideas  You were obviously asleep during the 2016 campaign. Sam Seder, right now, is smugly arguing that "it can't happen here" -- while it IS happening here. The obsessive CORRUPT focus is so aimed at DESTROYING the DEMOCRATIC Party, based on Sanders' UNEVIDENCED SMEARS, that the actions of Putin-Trump-Barr are being IGNORED. Sanders began his 2016 campaign promising to destroy the DEMOCRATIC -- NOT REPUBLICAN -- Party, thus all the crackpot smears about NOT being an extremist confabulater, being anything at all centrist -- is "corrupt". So Sanders and his pundit propagandists, and his "fans," are saying NOTHING about the openly-corrupt Trump criminal enterprise, while telling the 75 per cent of Democrats to go to hell. And Sanders, et al., expect that 75 per cent to kiss his saintly ass!? If Sanders were the nominee, Trump would slap him dizzy, and he'd be destroyed in a week. And Sanders would have succeeded in destroying the Democratic Party -- the only power remaining being the Republican Party, which IS engaged in MAKING IT HAPPEN HERE. Thus REPUBLICAN Karl Rove's statement of the goal would have been achieved: establishment of a "permanent Republican majority". A Republican DICTATOR is NOW -- it IS happening here -- directing the DOJ -- Barr -- to both protect Trump's/Republican friends, and investigate and prosecute their political opponents. Sam Seder is comforting himself and his hangers-on that it CAN'T happen here, while it IS HAPPENING, and is happening PUBLICLY. Ask yourself: What if the DOJ opens an investigation -- which requires the PERSONAL signature of Barr himself, who established the policy -- of the Democratic nominee in order to ensure Trump's re-election? Would you only see that it IS happening here if the nominee were Sanders? Or would you suddenly wake up and realize that we are ALL in this together -- that NO ONE is safe? Your ilk is so blinded by a corrupt self-righteous false "moral superiority" that you can't see straight -- you've yet to show the least spark of independent THOUGHT, of being able to THINK FOR YOURSELVES, let alone think straight. Sanders is the flip side of the Trump coin: a demagogue spouting pie-in-the-sky that would require a MAJORITY in CONGRESS -- and HE DOES NOT HAVE A MAJORITY OF VOTERS: add up all those who support OTHER candidates. The SANE electorate, which IS the majority, recognize that the foremost concern is STOPPING TRUMP. ALL the issues are at best SECONDARY. The MAJORITY will take a chance on "old," but they want MODERATION after all the EXTREMIST CHAOS of Trump, and instead of the EXTREMIST CHAOS Sanders promises. I don't listen to the pundits; I only glance at the polls. I base my views on direct hands-on experience: in both 1968 and 1972, the far Left -- which is to the LEFT of Progressive -- had great fun throwing its tantrum, and attacking DEMOCRATIC "war-mongers" -- and BOTH times got NIXON elected, which was the OPPOSITE of their declared goal. That is the fact: the far-LEFT is EXCELLENT at getting RIGHT-wing extremists re-/elected. You have a choice: talk only to those who agree with you -- there's no challenge in that egocentrism. Or open your mind and "inclusiveness" to views you are TOLD to hate and reject --which is dangerous because that is where lie learning and growth.
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  10450.  @devinstanley3272  I've attended two universities. It depends on the area of study. It is difficult to share "opinion" in the hard sciences. In the arts it is pretty much required. And in philosophy, at least as a major, one must inevitably have and express opinions. It also depends on the professor. As result of a confluence, during my first year at university I dove in to pursuing creative writing in a Humanities seminar. And the more creative I got -- always adhering to the basics of the course -- the more As I was given. (My focus was on the writing -- though I did "include" the curricula. All in all, it's how much one can produce, and get away with in doing that.) Many who have the most to say critically about the value of college/university education have never actually been to either. The Republicans began their attack on higher education in the 1980s, and that propaganda spread mostly to those who feel inadequate in relation to education. I've been reading "You Must Revise Your Life," by the late poet William Stafford. In it are several brief essays about how he taught college classes. Though he doesn't say it directly, most students have by then been brought up following the rules, always figuratively buying the teachers favor by giving them apples, and therefore expecting guidance. I've had professors who lectured; and I've had professors who allowed the students to lead. There was always assigned reading, but that didn't mean one necessarily read all that, so long as any required writing was focused on one, and substantive, and included at least a quote or two from it. It wasn't that long (writing beyond and outside the norms is arduous work) before I was getting As with a single footnote. The substance was not only showing that I absorbed and understood the material, but also my critical evaluation of it. I both included and went beyond it.
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  10468.  @henryroman5415  The state constitution is the supreme law of the state. The "permanent rules," which are to implement the constitution, are subordinate to the constitution and must be consistent therewith or are null-and-void. And so "permanent" that they often change. From the Tennessee constitution (as of 2014), Art. II., Legislative Department: Section 27. Any member of either House of the General Assembly shall have liberty to dissent from and protest against, any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the public or to any individual, and to have the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals. The white majority, in the state where the KKK originated, told two uppity Blacks to sit down and shut up. Following the lead of the people, wherein the power of the legislature originates, the two Blacks protested the largesse that defends the "right" to commit mass murder over the illegality of committing mass murder, are then expelled from their elected position in order to silence their and the people's right to dissent, protest, and have that made a matter of the record. Instead the two legislators were punished for dissenting and protesting. In addition, state law is subordinate to the US Constitution per the Supremacy Clause, and thus the First Amendment rights of the two legislators were violated. The Supreme Court already settled this issue, 9 to 0, when Julian Bond was refused his seat because he had spoken out against US involvement in Vietnam. There is no requirement that ANY US citizen MUST either support gov't policy or STFU.
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  10472.  @cathywethington5913  You really miss the point -- perhaps deliberately. Republicans are currently on a rampage accusing others of pedophilia -- without a shred of EVIDENCE for it. Then we learn about the long list of PROVEN pedophiles who are REPUBLICANS. Republicans, including Mark Meadows, have been pushing Trump's big lie about election fraud for more than a year. And now we learn that Mark Meadows engaged in voter fraud. Other WHITE MALE REPUBLICANS who knowingly committed voter fraud got at worst probation, but a Black woman who submitted a provisional ballot, which WAS NOT COUNTED, after her probation department informed her, in writing, that she could vote, was sentenced to FIVE YEARS IN JAIL. Republicans have for many decades been bellicose in their pro-military stance. But then when one compares Congressmen as to who actually SERVED in the military, the majority of DEMOCRATS did, and next to zero Republicans did so. Certainly you don't actually miss the point I am making: Republicans have a long, long, long history of accusing others of the very things Republicans are doing. Currently they are accusing all sorts of other people -- not, of course, Republicans -- of being pedophiles. That's why I dispense with the complicated psychological phenomenon of "projection," which is usually not conscious, and cut to the chase of calling it "confession": When a Republican accuses others of something heinous, WITHOUT A SHRED OF EVIDENCE, I focus on why they -- out of nowhere -- have such heinous things on THEIR minds. That's why I wonder how many pedophiles are hiding behind the Republican OBSESSION with pedophilia. Yeah, I know: they present that OBSESSION as being "OPPOSITION" to pedophilia. But we also have them vocally "opposing" "voter fraud" while at the same time COMMITTING voter fraud.
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  10492.  @casper3130  Gun control law has existed since the advent of guns. This is a familiar law -- note the date it was enacted: ___ AT A COUNCIL Held at Boston, March 28, 1678. Whereas many Complaints have been made, that feveral Persons have been killed by such as have pretended to have fhot at Fowle, birds &c. and that in or near Highwayes; and many take the boldnefs upon them, Youths and grown Perfons, too frequently to fhoot within the Limits of Towns, Orchards, Gardens, &c. with bullets, greater or fmaller fhot, on pretence of fhooting at Marks, Birds, Fowle &c. whereby Perfons are endangered to be killed in their Gardens, Orchards, or adjacent Commons; To prevent fuch inconveniences and mifcheifs for the future, It is hereby Declared and Ordered, That all or any Perfon or Perfons of what age or Condition foever, that fhall henceforth prefume to fhoot off any Gun or Guns, charged with Bullet or Bullets, Swan, Goofe, or other fhot towards any Mark or place that the Militia in fuch Town or Towns have not appointed; or fo near or into any Houfe, Barn, Garden, Orchards or Highwayes in any town or towns of this Jurifdiction, whereby any perfon or perfons fhall or may be killed, wounded, or otherwife damaged, fuch perfon or perfons fo offending fhall be proceeded againft either as Murtherers, of fuch as have wounded or damaged any perfon or perfons in fuch place or places, fhall be liable to anfwer it, and to make full fatiffaction in all refpects to fuch perfon or perfons both for cure and damage; and be alfo liable to fuch further punifhment as the Authority of the place that hath Cognizance of the offence fhall appoint : And where either they be Servants or Youths under their Parents or Mafters and fhall not be able to make fuch fatifaction, fuch Parents or mafters fhall be liable to make full and due fatifaction in all respects : And the Select men of each town are hereby appointed to fee that this be put in execut[ion.] By the Council. Edward Rawson Secr' ____________ William Whitmore, "The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts-Bay. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, with the Supplements Through 1686" (Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 349. ___ And as law evolves, I have numerous other subsequent and more extensive gun control laws extending to and through the 1700s and into the 1800s. ALL enacted by the Founders.
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  10494.  @billbillerton6122  This is gun control, and a familiar law. Not the date it was enacted: ___ AT A COUNCIL Held at Boston, March 28, 1678. Whereas many Complaints have been made, that feveral Persons have been killed by such as have pretended to have fhot at Fowle, birds &c. and that in or near Highwayes; and many take the boldnefs upon them, Youths and grown Perfons, too frequently to fhoot within the Limits of Towns, Orchards, Gardens, &c. with bullets, greater or fmaller fhot, on pretence of fhooting at Marks, Birds, Fowle &c. whereby Perfons are endangered to be killed in their Gardens, Orchards, or adjacent Commons; To prevent fuch inconveniences and mifcheifs for the future, It is hereby Declared and Ordered, That all or any Perfon or Perfons of what age or Condition foever, that fhall henceforth prefume to fhoot off any Gun or Guns, charged with Bullet or Bullets, Swan, Goofe, or other fhot towards any Mark or place that the Militia in fuch Town or Towns have not appointed; or fo near or into any Houfe, Barn, Garden, Orchards or Highwayes in any town or towns of this Jurifdiction, whereby any perfon or perfons fhall or may be killed, wounded, or otherwife damaged, fuch perfon or perfons fo offending fhall be proceeded againft either as Murtherers, of fuch as have wounded or damaged any perfon or perfons in fuch place or places, fhall be liable to anfwer it, and to make full fatiffaction in all refpects to fuch perfon or perfons both for cure and damage; and be alfo liable to fuch further punifhment as the Authority of the place that hath Cognizance of the offence fhall appoint : And where either they be Servants or Youths under their Parents or Mafters and fhall not be able to make fuch fatifaction, fuch Parents or mafters fhall be liable to make full and due fatifaction in all respects : And the Select men of each town are hereby appointed to fee that this be put in execut[ion.] By the Council. Edward Rawson Secr' ____________ William Whitmore, "The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts-Bay. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, with the Supplements Through 1686" (Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 349.
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  10501.  @petitedoll1  The Founders were Liberals -- and it doesn't surprise that you're all about childish name-calling, COMRADE. Hitler also hated Liberals. So does Putin. "Justice and the Rule of Law are to ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. Your political wallowing and political name-calling is refusal to learn how to deal with law and justice. Here is some actual law, from the Founders themselves: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ One difference between you and I is that I have an education in law, and you don't begin to know what you're talking about -- you're all name-calling, buzz words and smears -- no law, no facts. I asked you how you are okay with Trump facing 91 FELONIES. You ignore that instead of addressing it because that's what you fruit-fringers do: you ignore facts you don't like. You make allegations without a shred of EVIDENCE to back them up, which doesn't surprise because you reject not only the EVIDENCE on which are based those 91 FELONIES, but also reject the rule of law under which Trump is indicted and being prosecuted. And you're obviously okay with the fact that Trump is a rapist. I hope you don't ever have a problem pregnancy that can only be resolved by the medical procedure called "abortion".
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  10502.  @petitedoll1  FACTS: Trump has been indicted by grand juries of his peers with 91 FELONIES based on HARD EVIDENCE. FACT: Trump was found by a jury of his peers to have RAPED E. Jean Carroll. And then assessed for more than 5 million dollars for defamation. And when he continued to defame her, and he was sued again, he continued to defame her even while sitting in the court room. And again a jury of his peers found him liable for 83.3 million dollars. Trump has yet to post the required bond in order to appeal that verdict because he doesn't have the money that he has all along been lying he has. He is not a billionaire, and believing his lies that he is won't make YOU a billionaire. And in the New York fraud trial, based on HARD EVIDENCE in he form of DOCUMENTS generated and obtained from Trump's criminal enterprise, he was assed with more than a half-billion dollars as fine. He hasn't posted the required bond in order to appeal in that case either -- because he is NOT the billionaire he has constantly lied that he is. Ignoring the law on the point. he attempted to appeal it anyway; the judge told him he must pay the bond in order to appeal. And then suggested in effect: "Perhaps you should ask the banks you defrauded for a loan." The difference between you and I is that I have a education in law, and adhere strictly to law and facts. But you can't back up any of your assertions, including thee smears against Biden, with EVIDENCE; and you can't because there is no such evidence. It isn't complicated for an adult to understand if they are ethical, moral, and not therefore a liar: an assertion without evidence is not evidence. It is not a fact. And it certainly isn't law. All you are doing is repeating baseless -- totally lacking in evidence -- LIES. That means you have no ethics, no morals, no integrity. You are simply and foolishly drunk on whine.
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  10526.  @WolfRaven-jm1cm  The Supreme Court does not have the authority to ignore parts of the Constitution, or to write in parts that are not there. that is what this Court is doing with the "immunity" decision. Ordering the assassination of a political opponent in a DEMOCRACY is not an "official act"; it is MURDER, which is a crime regardless who commits it. Nor is it proper to rule beyond the scope of the instance case -- to invent "answers" to questions not posed by the instant case. And, no: the Constitution does not give the Supreme Court the authority to interpret the Constitution; it gives the Court the authority to interpret the facts of cases in relation to Congressional statutes. See _Grove Hall_, in which the Rehnquist Court ignored the actual text of the relevant statute -- "Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, As Amended," in order to hold against the scope of that statute as expressly stated in the statute. And, as Congress is a co-EQUAL branch to the Court, that decision and its progeny were OVERTURNED with the "Americans with Disabilities Act". The difference between you and I is this fundamental principle -- I adhere to it, and you are ignorant of it and of its meaning: "Justice and the Rule of Laws are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. Another difference is that I have an education in law, and you are law-illiterate: Trump is a law-illiterate criminal who DOES NOT get to determine the law -- but you believe him anyway because too stupid to know the difference between law and politics, between rule of law and CONVICTED CRIMINAL. ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trump campaign members lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10531.  @jaobidan2358  Falsifying the business records is the underlying crime -- which you omit. Business expenses are a tax write-off; falsified business records are not. The falsification was to pretend that Cohen wasn't the passthrough paying off the porn star. Following the "Hollywood Access" tape, that revelation would be even more devastating. And McDougal was shopping her affair with Trump around. If that came out, in addition to the tape and porn star, it would certainly have been the end of the Trump campaign. Pecker also testified that it was all about protecting the campaign, and he detailed how that was done. The entire scheme was intended to be election interference. The problem with you dishonest Trumpers is that you always omit several of the facts. But let's look at REALITY, and how LAW works, in place of your dumb rejections of it: The DOCUMENTATION used to PROVE the MASSIVE FRAUD in the BUSINESS FRAUD trial was GENERATED BY TRUMP'S BUSINESS and OBTAINED FROM TRUMP'S BUSINESS. Got that? The FRAUD was committed BY TRUMP AND HIS ORGANIZATION -- not by anyone else. And as New York is the center of economic business in the United States, exactly the same sorts of business fraud is prosecuted ALL THE TIME. TRUMP is only "unique" in that he is both a celebrity AND A CONSTANT LIAR; that is why you have your girlie panties in a twist: you see the world as ENTERTAINMENT; you don't know how NOT to view everything as silly. Trump "loves" the uneducated because you are so easy to bullshit -- and to separate from your MONEY.
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  10534.  @anthonygranziol7957  It is aimed at the Court overturning the 1960s Court decision prohibiting prayer in public schools, which had been the norm. The problem is that the prayers were "Christian," but not all students are "Christian". Add in that that prayer is not a substitute for education; the purpose of schools is education, and that includes the Constitution, which in the First Amendment is SEPARATION of "religion" and gov't. Public schools are funded by the taxpayers, through the gov't. The more fundamental prohibition is against taxpayers funding someone else's "religion". It is not a new idea -- these were established by the Founders during the "revolutionary " era: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't.
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  10543. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10600.  @IberianWolf-v3u  1. The entire Constitution is in effect at the same time -- not only the part/s you like. 2. ALSO in the Constitution are these clauses: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invsions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States respective, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." 3. The PURPOSE of the Second Amendment -- one LEARNS this by READING THE DEBATES of the first Congress that WROTE it -- was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the Militia, because they didn't trust STANDING ARMIES. 4. The SOURCES of the Second Amendment were four Militia Clauses from already-existing STATE constitutions. 5. The state Militia Clauses distinguished between "the right of the people," etc., -- which was the WELL-REGULATED MILITIA -- and standing armies, which, "in times of peace, are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be kept up without the consent of the legislature". And the final stipulation of those clauses was that the military power be governed by and subordinate to the CIVIL power -- CIVILIAN rule over the military. 6. And, no, I do not leave out the word "people" -- IN FACT, the several drafts of that which became the Second Amendment included BOTH "people" and "person" -- the difference between the two the LITERATE FOUNDERS understood. The FINAL clause of those drafts was the ONLY INDIVIDUAL right debated: ": but no PERSON [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in WELL-REGULATED MILITIA] shall not be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in WELL-REGULATED MILITIA] in person". 7. As for the word PEOPLE: James Madison is said to be the "Father of the Constitution," and gun-nuts love to insist that he wrote the Bill of Rights. If that is true, then the word "PEOPLE" means the same thing from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first ten Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are: "We the people"; NOT, "We the individual".
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  10609.  @Derpyderp597  You are totally ignorant of American history and law -- including the Constitution itself, ALL of which is in effect at the same time. First, the Founders "attacked" and "overthrew" this many gov'ts: ZERO. Because the gov'ts in question were controlled all along by the FOUNDERS. Second, the Constitution is AGAINT your guzzled anti-American crackpottery: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for ORGANIZING, ARMING, AND DISCIPLINING, THE MILITIA . . . reserving to the States [GOV'T] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." ___ And this is an example of the Congress arming the states' Militia: Chap. LXV.--An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized to cause all or any part of the arms herein directed to be provided and deposited for sale, which shall, at any time, remain unsold, to be delivered to the militia, when called into the service of the United States, proper receipts and security being given for the return of the same. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the monies arising from such sales shall be paid into the treasury of the United States, and the amount received shall be annually reported to Congress. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying this act into effect, the President of the United States shall be, and he is hereby authorized to draw from the treasury of the United States, a [577] sum not exceeding four hundred thousand dollars, to be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. Approved, July 6, 1798. ___ The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Arranged in Chronological Order. With References to the Matter of Each Act and to the Subsequent Acts on the Same Subject, and Copious Notes of the Decisions of the Courts of the United States Construing Those Acts, and Upon the Subjects of the Laws. With an Index to the Contents of Each Volume, and a Full General Index to the Whole Work, in the Concluding Volume. Together with the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States; and Also, Tables, in the Last Volume, Containing Lists of the Acts Relating to the Judiciary, Imposts and Tonnage, the Public Lands, Etc., Vol I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters, at 576. ____________ Thus the Militia -- the National Guard -- is ALWAYS UNDER BOTH US and State constitutions and laws. And see Presser v. Illinois which provides point-by-point rebuttal of your position AND was cited AFFIRMATIVELY in _Heller_.
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  10614.  @samizdat113  None of that is true or coherent. The DEBATES of the WRITING of the Amendment by the first Congress is incontrovertible substantiation that the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the well-regulated Militia because standing armies were distrusted. WELL-REGULATED meant then and means now UNDER LAW -- not armed gangs outside the law attacking the rule of law. The Founders "attacked" and "overthrew ZERO gov'ts because the gov'ts in question were all along UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE FOUNDERS. Repeating ahistorical- and law-illiterate pseudo-law fantasies you got at fifteenth hand on the Internet will not make those ahistorical- and law-illiterate pseudo-law fantasies true. READ the ACTUAL LAW -- ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, more than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10615.  @TheWorldsprayer  FALSE, law-illiterate anti-American. Here's are the first clues, from the Constitution itself, which is LAW, ALL of which is in effect ALWAYS, and which you CLAIM to be for but in fact REJECT: "Art. I., S. 8., S. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers [by the State's governor/ commander-in-chief and legislature] and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." AND: "Art. 2., S. 1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the . . . Militia of the several States". The President is also the chief Federal law enforcement officer. AND: "Art. VI., S. 2. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof [by CONGRESS] . . . under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land . . . any thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. This is how it works -- basic law 101: 1. Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES. STATUTES REGULATE, in this context "Militia Acts". 2. Statutes REGULATE. 3. Your baldfaced, unsubstantiated assertion has nothing to back it up but law-illiteracy and MOUTH. I have an education in law, and have been immersed in these issues for more than 30 years. LEARN from my NEXT comment, in which I SUBSTANTIATE the ACTUAL law on the matter, and which is consistent from 1658 through to the present: the gov't -- which is by definition RULE OF LAW -- has ALWAYS governed and regulated EVERY form of Military, EVEN WHEN THERE WAS ONLY MILITIA.
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  10626.  @BonRain8734  This is where your self-righteous fact-free ignorance breaks down: There are right-wingers who swear by The Federalist, which they've never actually read, for their rejection of rule of law. And about which they actually know nothing. These are the facts: 1. CONGRESS makes the laws. Writings from OUTSIDE Congress, regardless by whom, are NOT LAW. 2. The Federalist papers were NEWSPAPER articles, and an admitted ADVERTISING campaign having the EXPRESS purpose of SELLING the Constitution. 3. There were 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention. THREE of them -- a very small minority -- wrote the Federalist articles. On the OPPOSITE end of the 55 delegates were THREE ANTI-Federalists who REJECTED, and REFUSED TO SIGN, the Constitution. One of the three was Massachusetts Congressman Elbridge Gerry -- who invented "gerrymandering," which was a huge scandal in Massachusetts. So The Federalist turns out to NOT be LAW, and was authored by THREE out of 55 delegates. And as the Constitution was ratified, the ANTI-Federalists LOST the argument. You're suggesting there are "more" "corrupt" politicians but "forget" who they are, therefore we can conclude that your "more" don't exist. Because EVIDENCE matters. But, of course, you want to change the subject AWAY from the very specific fact that TRUMP is now a CONVICTED FELON -- a unanimous verdict based on EVIDENCE. And that dishonest effort to change the subject is one short step short of the usual "they all do it" -- EVIDENCE for which is never produced. Remember all the claims made by, as examples, Trump and Giuliani, that there are and they have MOUNTAINS of EVIDENCE that the election was stolen? And remember how they kept saying that over and over and over and over again -- and yet they have NEVER PROVIDED the "EVIDENCE" they so often CLAIMED to have? NO ONE was PREVENTING them providing their "EVIDENCE" -- but they haven't provided ANY. And why is that? Because THEY DIDN'T AND DON'T have ANY EVIDENCE to back up that we know has all along been the LIE that the election was stolen. Isn't it about time you fools, you DUPES, STOPPED repeating the "stolen election" LIE?
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  10641.  @ScrapKnight2005  How you operate your motor vehicle is regulated because you are not the only member of society. It is regulated in order to protect PUBLIC SAFETY. What you law-rejecting law-0llitertes refuse to accept is that OTHERS ALSO HAVE RIGHTS. PAT ATTENTION, FOOL: Laws prohibiting MURDER LIMIT how you can use your firearm. Is that your idea of "infringement"? Those who know these issues have long recognized that you are beyond defending putative "gun rights" to defending mass murder. And that makes you a SOCIOPATH. In reality EVERY right is inextricably entwined with RESPONSIBILITY. You DO NOT have the right to be an asshole when being that you INFRINGE THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS. You REJECT that reality because you're an ineducable PUNK. ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn _Heller_. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10681.  @NotReally-rm6nd  He wasn't talking about the US because he knew the Constitution. THIS is the LAW -- ___ No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  10699. This is systemic r-c-sm -- note author and date. And that it is as true today as it was then --- ___ Disgraceful Persecution of a Boy. By Mark Twain. In San Francisco, the other day, "a well-dressed boy, on his way to Sunday school, was arrested and thrown into the city prison for stoning Chinamen." What a commentary is this upon human justice! What sad prominence it gives to our human disposition to tyrannize over the weak! San Francisco has little right to take credit to herself for her treatment of this poor boy. What had the child's education been? How should he suppose it was wrong to stone a Chinaman? Before we side against him, along with outraged San Francisco, let us give him a chance -- let us hear the testimony for the defence. He was a "well-dressed" boy, and a Sunday-school scholar, and, therefore, the chances are that his parents were intelligent, well-to-do people, with just enough natural villany in their compositions to make them yearn after the daily papers, and enjoy them; and so this boy had opportunities to learn all through the week how to do right, as well as on Sunday. It was in this way that he found out that the great commonwealth of California imposes an unlawful mining tax upon John the foreigner, and allows Patrick the foreigner to dig gold for nothing --probably because the degraded Mongol is at no expense for whiskey, and the refined Celt cannot exist without it. It was in this way that he found out that a respectable number of the tax-gatherers -- it would be unkind to say all of them -- collect the tax twice, instead of once; and that, inasmuch as they do it solely to discourage Chinese immigration into the mines, it is a thing that is much applauded, and likewise regarded as being singularly facetious. It was in this way that he found out that when a white man robs a sluice-box (by the term white man is meant Spaniards, Mexicans, Portuguese, Irish, Hondurans, Peruvians, Chileans, etc., etc.), they make him leave the camp; and when a Chinaman does that thing, they hang him. It was in this way that he found out that in many districts of the vast Pacific coast, so strong is the wild, free love of justice in the hearts of the people, that whenever any secret and mysterious crime is committed, they say, "Let justice be done, though the heavens fall," and go straightway and swing a Chinaman. It was in this way that he found out that by studying one half of each day's "local items" it would appear that the police of San Francisco were either asleep or dead, and by studying the other half it would seem that the reporters were gone mad with admiration of the energy, the virtue, the high effectiveness, and the dare-devil intrepidity of that very police making exultant mention of how "the Argus-eyed officer So-and-so" captured a wretched knave of a Chinaman who was stealing chickens, and brought him gloriously to the city prison; and how "the gallant officer Such-and-such-a-one" quietly kept an eye on the movements of an "unsuspecting almond-eyed son of Confucius" (your reporter is nothing if not facetious), following him around with that far-off look of vacancy and unconsciousness always so finely affected by that inscrutable being, the forty-dollar policeman, during a waking interval, and captured him at last in the very act of placing his hands in a suspicious manner upon a paper of tacks left by the owner in an exposed situation; and how one officer performed this prodigious thing, and another officer that, and another the other -- and pretty much every one of these performances having for a dazzling central incident a Chinaman guilty of a shilling's worth of crime, an unfortunate whose misdemeanor must be hurrahed into something enormous in order to keep the public from noticing how many really important rascals went uncaptured in the mean time, and how overrated those glorified policemen actually are. It was in this way that the boy found out that the Legislature, being aware that the Constitution has made America an asylum for the poor and the oppressed of all nations, and that therefore the poor and oppressed who fly to our shelter must not be charged a disabling admission fee, made a law that every Chinaman, upon landing, must be vaccinated upon the wharf, and pay to the State's appointed officer ten dollars for the service, when there are plenty of doctors in San Francisco who would be glad enough to do it for him for fifty cents. It was in this way that the boy found out that a Chinaman had no rights that any man was bound to respect; that he had no sorrows that any man was bound to pity; that neither his life nor his liberty was worth the purchase of a penny when a white man needed a scapegoat; that nobody loved Chinamen, nobody befriended them, nobody spared them suffering when it was convenient to inflict it; everybody, individuals, communities, the majesty of the State itself, joined in hating, abusing, and persecuting these humble strangers. And, therefore, what could have been more natural than for this sunny-hearted boy, tripping along to Sunday school, with his mind teeming with freshly-learned incentives to high and virtuous action, to say to himself: "Ah, there goes a Chinaman! God will not love me if I do not stone him." And for this he was arrested and put in the city jail. Everything conspired to teach him that it was a high and holy thing to stone a Chinaman, and yet he no sooner attempts to do his duty than he is punished for it -- he, poor chap, who has been aware all his life that one of the principal recreations of the police, out toward the Gold Refinery, was to look on with tranquil enjoyment while the butchers of Brannan street set their dogs on unoffending Chinamen, and make them flee for their lives.* Keep in mind the tuition in the humanities which the entire "Pacific coast" gives its youth, there is a very sublimity of grotesqueness in the virtuous flourish with which the good city fathers of San Francisco proclaim (as they have lately done) that "The police are positively ordered to arrest all boys, of every description and wherever found, who engage in assaulting Chinamen." Still, let us be truly glad they have made the order, notwithstanding its prominent inconsistency; and let us rest perfectly confident the police are glad, too. Because there is no personal peril in arresting boys, provided they be of the small kind, and the reporters will have to laud their performances just as loyally as ever, or go without items. The new form for local items in San Francisco will now be: "The ever vigilant and efficient officer So-and-So succeeded, yesterday afternoon, in arresting Master Tommy Jones, after a determined resistance," etc., etc., followed by the customary statistics and final hurrah, with its unconscious sarcasm: "We are happy in being able to state that this is the forty-seventh boy arrested by this gallant officer since the new ordinance went into effect. The most extraordinary activity prevails in the police department. Nothing like it has been seen since we can remember." ___________________________________________________________________________ *I have many such memories in my mind, but am thinking just at present of one particular one, where the Brannan street butchers set their dogs on a Chinaman who was quietly passing with a basket of clothes on his head; and while the dogs mutilated his flesh, a butcher increased the hilarity of the occasion by knocking some of the Chinaman's teeth down his throat with half a brick. This incident sticks in my memory with a more malevolent tenacity, perhaps, on account of the fact that I was in the employ of a San Francisco journal at the time, and was not allowed to publish it because it might offend some of the peculiar element that subscribed for the paper.--Mark Twain. ____________ Footnotes First published in "The Galaxy Magazine," May 1870. Proofed against reprint in "Mark Twain on the Damned Human Race," Edited by Janet Smith (full cite below), pp. 77-81. The incident Twain refers to in the footnote occurred during the summer of 1864, when a reporter on the "San Francisco Call". From headnotes to the article in Janet Smith, p. 78: Mark Twain's maiden effort for the Chinese died . . . in the composing room of the "Morning Call", for commercial reasons explained by his editor. . . . He was subsequently fired. Four years later, in New York, as humor editor of "The Galaxy", he wrote "Disgraceful Persecution of a Boy". Twain discovered the story that made his fame, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," while hiding out from the consequences of reporting police corruption in San Francisco. Recommended: "Mark Twain On the Damned Human Race" (NY: Hill & Wang, Paperback, 1962; Special Edition, Hardcover, 1994), Ed. by Janet Smith, Foreword by Maxwell Geismar. "Hal Holbrook Performs 'Mark Twain Tonight!'" (Sony BMG Music Entertainment, 2006). 2 CDs Box. "The Best of Hal Holbrook in 'Mark Twain Tonight!'" (Columbia Broadway Masterworks, Columbia/ Legacy, 2002). CD. "Hal Holbrook in the CBS Television Network Special 'Mark Twain Tonight!'" (West Long Branch, NJ: Kultur Video, 2005). DVD. "Mark Twain: A Film Directed by Ken Burns" (PBS, 2005). 2 DVDs. ___________________________________________________________________________
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  10705.  @adlucem9845  The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10713.  @thelapander  You mean Bill Maher? You mean when she was still silenced by the NDA, REQUIRED by Trump, so she denied the facts in order to comply with the NDA? Guess who else lies -- constantly: DONALD TRUMP. Why are you okay with Donald Trump's constant lying? Is it because you are a morally bankrupt hypocrite who is only "morally" concerned when (1) it is someone else lying about Trump -- which Michael Cohen did in DEFENSE of Trump, or (2) it is someone else telling the TRUTH about Trump? Your position is bogus as it requires you to defend Trump EVEN AGAINST THE RULE OF LAW and the KNOWN FACTS. "HANG MIKE PENCE!" -- Trump's MAGA "tourists". Clue, lying punk: not only because of the COVID pandemic, but also because it was the peaceful transfer of power ceremony, tourism was SUSPENDED at the Capital. What we are watching in New York's criminal trial is -- as seasoned lawyers and prosecutors have repeatedly pointed out, is a MOB trial. The witnesses for the prosecution are typically not people who attend the "Christian" Sunday mass that YOU don't attend either. They are mostly, themselves, WITNESSES to the crimes about which they are testifying BECAUSE they were perpetrators of the crimes. THIS is how LEGAL REALITY WORKS, law-illiterate liar: whatever the witnesses testify to UNDER OATH is CORROBORATED by HARD EVIDENCE. The New York criminal trial is a DOCUMENTS case. The DOCUMENTS were generated by and obtained from the Trump criminal enterprise, and other WITNESSES including TRUMP ALLIES who testified UNDER OATH to FACTS that prove the PROSECUTION'S case. And we know why you choose to be ignorant, to be stupid, to NOT KNOW the FACTS: because you HATE it being put in your face that "celebrity" Trump is a morally bankrupt degenerate pig who puts on an ACT that you fell for. He is a third-generation NEW YORK con man and career criminal. Trump is a SERIAL adulterer -- "Thou shalt not commit adultery" -- "God". And constant liar -- "Thou shalt not lie." -- "God. And constant defamer -- "Thou shalt not lie against others." -- "God". That's why, based on TRUMP'S LIES about it, you DID NOT watch the January 6th Committee hearings -- to which testified, UNDER OATH, ONLY TRUMP REPUBLICANS from Trump's White House, DOJ, and campaign. THEY provided the first extensive evidence to the public of Trump's CONSTANT COMMISSION OF CRIMES. And you want to call Stormy Daniels a liar for COMPLYING with Trump's REQUIRED NDA!? Trump doesn't comply with the RULE OF LAW, BEGINNING with the Constitution. AND he has promised to CANCEL the Constitution. CLUE: what happens to YOUR rights as secured in the Constitution if TRUMP CANCELS them? THEY NO LONGER EXIST. Stop the lying. More important: Stop the stupid, which is the equivalent of you cutting your own throat for a degenerate thief who couldn't care LESS about you.
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  10808.  @Corwin1141  The SUBJECT of the amendment is "well regulated Militia". The "Bill of Rights" was written by the fist Congress -- BOTH Senate and House -- under the newly-ratified Constitution. The purpose of the Second Amendment (which was originally, as proposed, the fourth) was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the well-regulated Militia. That is underscored by the second Militia Act -- Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES -- enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." In short: as constitutions are deliberately general in order to accommodate the unforeseen, Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES, which are specific. One doesn't "get" from only the Constitution that the well-regulated Militia is REGULATED UNDER law -- it is not the "general population," or a subset of the general population. And from the Constitution -- it incorporates FOUR Militia Clauses, the Second Amendment the FOURTH in that scheme -- one also learns that the well-regulated Militia is an arm OF gov't, for the DEFENSE of gov't -- which is by definition RULE OF LAW. This is the FIRST of the four: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for" -- by means of STATUTES -- "calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." INSURRECTIONS are violent attacks AGAINST GOV'T. It isn't complicated IF one knows HOW the law is structured: there are three primary sources: legislative history -- in this instance the DEBATES of the WRITING of the "Bill of Rights"/Second Amendment, the Constitution, and the STATUTES IMPLEMENTING Constitutional provisions. One finds an excellent summary of the distinction between the general "right of the people" and the actual well-regulated Militia in _Presser v. Illinois_, from which this is the holding: ___ (115) ". . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine."
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  10812.  @SuperMutant2099  According to Trump, the stolen emails he received and possessed were from RUSSIA. And you believe Trump would never lie because he has you SNOWED, snowflake. ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10896. This is the history Trump doesn't know -- ___ No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  10920.  @X862go  SOME of us actually PAY ATTENTION to EVIDENCE. YOU IGNORE it because you're simply SILLY. 1. The video to which you are "responding" is not about "Russia," dunce. 2. This REFUTES the LIE you are repeating: ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trump campaign members lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  10955.  @DaTooch_e  Inform yourself -- ___ No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  11004.  @spearfisherman308  THESE FACTS: ___ The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  11009. @Alex Alex "the problem with liberals is that they only listen what they want to hear, if someone says a contradicting point of view they will insult him not listen". Do you confuse that name-calling as being something other than insult, in view of the fact that you view the word "liberal" as a dirty word and insult? Do you confuse your name-calling for "proving" something beyond the fact that you wallow in name-calling? I mean, have you a point to communicate, or have you not yet been graduated from elementary schoolyard name-calling? This is in the Constitution, which is LAW: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia, . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." What "contradicting point of view" exists in LAW? FACTS MATTER: 1. The Constitution is LAW. Law REGULATES. 2. Congress "provides" by MAKING LAW. 3. I'll simplify that Constitutional provision for you: "reserving to the States . . . the Authority of training" -- which "training" is done by the STATE -- the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." The Founders didn't trust democracy -- but didn't reject it. They also didn't trust militaries -- but recognized their necessity. Democracy was institutionalized as the Congress. The military was placed under the regulation and governance of BOTH Congress and state constitutions and laws. In short, the Founders were nut beer-gut cornpone "philosophers" preaching gibberish to slack-jawed gullibles who had to periodically remind themselves to breathe.
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  11117. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  11158. Recommended reading: The Evolution of the Constitution of the United States: Showing that it is a Development of Progressive History and not an Isolated Document Struck Off at a Given Time or an Imitation of English or Dutch Forms of Government. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1897; Union, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 1997; Delanco, NJ: The Legal Classics Library, 2003), Sydney George Fisher. Fisher [1856-1927] was a prominent historian and lawyer, who was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1883 after legal studies at Harvard University. His Evolution of the Constitution collates for the first time all the various provisions of colonial documents that served as source material for the Constitution. Asserting that the Constitution was neither an imitation nor an invention, Fisher traces every material clause back to its origin. Twenty-nine colonial charters and constitutions, seventeen Revolutionary constitutions, and twenty-three plans of union are the resulting source materials from which Fisher draws his analysis. Abundant quotations from the sixty-nine documents illustrate the evolutionary nature of the Constitution and make this a valuable sourcebook for the reader who desires to find in one volume the Constitution's many and varied origins. "The Lawbook Exchange" edition: https://www.lawbookexchange.com/pages/books/16258/sydney-george-fisher/the-evolution-of-the-constitution-of-the-united-states-showing-that Library of Congress PDF: https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/evolutionofconst01fish/evolutionofconst01fish.pdf
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  11170. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  11171. This is how the Founders put the subjectivist objectivity-rejecting "religious" seditionists in their place: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't.
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  11395. So you are insisting that the first three words of the Constitution are, "We the individual"? In the first and subsequent drafts of the Second Amendment Madison and the Congress -- both House and Senate -- distinguished between "people" and "person because, most being LAWYERS, they knew the difference between "collective" and individual. One even finds IN LAW as a frequent use the words "person" and "persons". Those are individualisms. "A well regulated Militia" is the subject of the Amendment because, as the Amendment says, "NECESSARY". "The right of the people," etc., phrase, was drawn from four STATE constitution Militia Clauses, and it is the WELL-REGULATED MILITIA. Those same Clauses distinguish between well-regulated Militia -- "the right of the people," etc. -- and standing armies. What you law-illiterates don't know is the actual history -- especially the laws at the time; and that constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES. In those Militia Acts one finds the details NOT in the general Amendment. Yes: Constitutions are deliberately general in order to accommodate the unforeseen; statutes are more specific and detailed. The ONLY "individual right" in the preliminary drafts was this: ": but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY, as in DRAFT] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia]". That being OBVIOUSLY voted down, there is no "individual right" in the Second Amendment. And just for the fun of it, let's look at everything to do with "militia" in this state constitution, and two subsequent statutes from the same state -- ___ Note specifically the dates of the following. The first are the Militia Clauses from the Virginia constitution which was adopted on June 12, 1776: ___ "Virginia Bill of Rights--1776 . . . . "Sec. I3. That a well-regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defence of a free State; that standing armies, in time of peace, should be avoided, as dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power." Note these words: "defence of a free State". "State is gov't, and gov't is by definition rule of law. To continue: "Constitution of Virginia--1776 . . . . "The present militia officers shall be continued, and vacancies supplied by appointment of the Governor, with the advice of the Privy-Council, on recommendations from the respective County Courts; but the Governor and Council shall have a power of suspending any officer, and ordering a Court Martial, on complaint of misbehavior or inability, or to supply vacancies of officers, happening when in actual service. "The Governor may embody the militia, with the advice of the Privy-Council; and when embodied, shall alone have the direction of the militia, under the laws of the country." See that? -- the State's Governor is the commander-in-chief of the Militia. There is no other "militia" that is legal, because the purpose of the militia is defense of gov't, AS AN ARM OF gov't. ___ The following statute establishes what were and are also called "armories" for the storage of public arms, etc., with which the well-regulated Militia are to be armed (rendered in current English): At a General Assembly begun and held at the Public Buildings in the Town of Richmond, on Monday the Ist day of May, in the Year of the Lord 1780. Chap. XXIX. An act to enable the Governor to provide a laboratory and proper magazines for the reception of arms, ammunition, and other public stores. 1. Whereas it is expedient that proper magazines for the reception of arms, ammunition, and other public stores, and a laboratory be speedily provided, Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that the Governor with the advice of his Council may, and he is hereby empowered and required to cause such and so many magazines as shall be judged necessary, and a laboratory to immediately be erected at the public expence, at such place or places as they shall think proper; and that reasonable satisfaction may be made to the proprietors of all lands which by virtue of this act may be taken and appropriated to the uses aforesaid, the clerk of the county wherein any such land shall lie, is hereby empowered and required, on requisition from the Governor for the time being, to issue a writ ad quod dammon, to be directed to the sheriff of the said county, commanding him to summon and empannel twelve able discreet freeholders of the vicinage, no ways concerned in interest in the said lands, nor related to the owners or proprietors thereof, to meet on the said lands respectively on a certain day to gbe mentioned in the said writ, not under five, nor more than ten days from the date thereof, of which notice shall be given to the respectie proprietors of the said lands, if they be to to be found within the county, and if not, then to their respective agents if any there be; which freeholders take nothing on pain of being discharged from the inquest and immediately imprisoned by the sheriff, either of meat or drink from any person whatever, from the time they came to the said place until their inquest sealed, shall be charged by the said sheriff impartially, and to the best of their skill and judgment to value the lands on which the said magazines and laboratory are to be erected, to be laid off by order of the Governor, and not exceeding three acres for each of said buildings; and after such valuation made, the said sheriff shall forthwith return the same under the hands and seals of the said jurors, to the clerk's office of the said county; and the right and property of the said lands so laid off and valued, shall be immediately devested and be transferred to this commonwealth in fee simple; any want of consent or disabilty to consent in the said owners notwithstanding. The cost of building such magazines and laboratory, the cost of the said inquest, and the several sums at which the rights of the owners are valued, shall be paid by the Treasurer, out of the public money in his hands, to the undertakers of the said magazines and laboratory, to the said proprietors and others respectively entitled, on warrants from the Auditors, countersigned by the Governor. A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the year 1768, as are now in force; With a Table of the Principal Matters (Richmond: Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis, 1785); The First Laws of the State of Virginia (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., "The First Laws of the Original Thirteen States," 1982), Compiled by John D. Cushing, at 129-130. ___ The following statute orders the recovery of public arms from the well-regulated militia: At a General Assembly begun and held at the Public Buildings in the City of Richmond, on Monday the 21st day of October, in the Year of our Lord 1782. Chap. XII. An act for the recovery of arms and accoutrements belonging to the state. I. Whereas sundry arms and accoutrements belonging to the public in the hands of individuals, who have neglected to return them to the proper officers; and it is necessary that such arms and accoutrements should be recovered as speedily as possible: Be it enacted, that the Governor do, on the passing of this act, issue his proclamation, enjoining all persons having in their possession any arms or accoutrements whatsoever, belonging to the state, to deliver them without delay to the Lieutenant or commanding officer of the county for the time being; and the sheriff of each county within this commonwealth, shall cause copies of the said proclamations, which shall be transmitted to him by the Executive, to be fixed up in the most public places in his county, and if after one month from such public notice having been given, any person possessing any such public arms or accoutrements, shall be convicted of having failed to deliver them up as aforesaid, such person shall, upon every such conviction, be liable to the penalty of twenty pounds, to be recovered by action of debt, bill, plaint, or information, in any court of record within this commonwealth, one half of which penalty shall go to the informer, on conviction of the offender, and the other half shall be applied in aid of the county levy where such offender shall reside. And the Lieutenant, or commanding officer of each county, shall make returns from time to time, to the Executive, of all arms and accoutrements so delivered to him, and also deliver them to the order of the Executive, under the penalty, if he fail in all or any part of his duty, of fifty pounds, to be recovered as aforesaid, and applied in diminution of the county levy. Provided always, that where muskets and bayonets have been by order of government placed in any county on eastern or western frontier for defence against incursions of the enemy, it shall be lawful for the Lieutenant or commanding officer to return such muskets and bayonets to the militia, taking a receipt from each person for what shall be so returned. A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, etc., at 176. You and your ilk show how easy it is to be enthusiastically wrong.
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  11396.  @jacobew2000  Law-illiterate: I have an education in law, and I've been researching these issues for more than 30 years. The experts governing the Militia came directly from the -- READ THE DATE -- 1776 Virginia constitution. Jefferson CERTAINLY had input to it. And I provided the source of the two statutes. IF you knew how to read you'd understand that. And it's obvious you don't know how to READ that which is directly in front of your face. Quoting from your comment with EMPHASIS of that you overlook: "The Constitution shall never be construed to prevent the people of the United States who are PEACEABLE citizens from keeping their own arms." And you illiteracy in law is glaring: gadfly Jefferson no part in framing the US Constitution, and no part in writing the Bill of Rights. And LETTERS are NOT LAW. Neither, dunce, is The Federalist law. There were more than 50 delegates to the Constitutional Convention. The tiny minority of THREE wrote extra-Congressional newspaper articles under fake names; they were "Federalists" who were admittedly engaged in an ADVERTISING campaign -- propaganda -- designed to SELL the Constitution. And you've not READ it; in "The Federalist No. 84" is this: "I go further, and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and in the extent in which they are contended for, are not only unnecessary in the proposed constitution, but would even be dangerous." The Federalist (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, Paperback, 1961), Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by Jacob E. Cooke, at 579. That is the definitive edition of The Federalist -- it includes the original articles, which were edited and in some places rewritten in the first edition, of which all other editions are copies. Again, the Federalist is NOT LAW. And, on the other end of the spectrum was an equal number -- THREE -- who refused to sign the Constitution. One of those was Massachusetts-Bay Congressman Elbridge Gerry, who invented gerrymandering, which was a huge scandal. And the US Constitution, which IS law, and ALL of which is in effect at the same time, and which is the SUPREME Law of the Land, is against you: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS [which makes the laws] shall have Power To provide for [by making laws] calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions. To "take up arms" against gov't is INSURRECTION -- which the Founders charged, prosecuted, and convicted as TREASON, and sentenced the insurrectionists to DEATH. See "Shays's" and "Whiskey" insurrections, the latter having been suppressed AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, by well-regulated Militia. Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." Art. IV., S., 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion [and] domestic Violence." First Amendment: Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people [NOT "individual"] PEACEABLY to assemble." Last but not least, from the "Declaration of Independence," which you can't be bothered to actually READ, and more than you care to READ the Constitution your ilk so frequently invoke, else you'd learn that it too is against you, as detailed in the grievances against King George III, these two being directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." The LEGISLATURES MAKE LAWS REGULATING MILITIA -- reread the excerpts from the 1776 Virginia constitution -- and determines WHETHER to establish a standing army when the Militia isn't sufficient to address violence directed at the gov't. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." The "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition RULE OF LAW. Read YOUR state constitution -- it without doubt has one or more Militia Clauses. From it you'll learn that your state's GOVERNOR is the commander-in-chief of the state Militia -- now National Guard. In sum: there is no individual right in the Second Amendment, as I already made clear. And there is no right to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which, again, is insurrection, and which, again, the Founders classified as TREASON, with DEATH the penalty.
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  11397. 1
  11398.  @jacobew2000  Actually not. All the colonies were administered from London -- except for Massachusetts-Bay, which somehow managed to bring the management, in their written Charter, to the colony, and that was its gov't. The colonies had to deal with exigencies that didn't exist in England -- indigenous peoples, as example; so the colonies enacted laws "foreign" to England. Pursuant to Crown Review, laws enacted in Massachusetts-Bay, their "Body of Liberties" of 1641, as example, were often struck down, and not to be enforced. Massachusetts-Bay responded, "Oh, okay" -- then went ahead and enforced them anyway. Their first Charted was eventually revoked. Governor Sewell took a trip to England to negotiate a new Charter (the "William & Mary" Charter). When he arrived back at the colony with the Charter under his arm he found himself in the middle of the Salem Witch hysteria. The reality is that over time the colonies' laws and systems deviated from English law; they were effectively "independent" before they realized it. And there is this fact: "The first question that confronts the investigator [of the legal history] concerns the influence upon our system of the English common law [court decisions; "judge-made law"; not statutory law], that complex body of principles and rules, contained, t the early colonial period, in the Year Books, Reports, and the standard law treatises of quasi-judicial authority. Statutory law-making had been but sparingly used up to this time in England, and the law of property and personal security, criminal law, and procedure, found their norms in a long series of judicial precedents. The transfer of this system to the colonies, its amalgamation with new forms there originated, its adaptation to novel conditions, constitutes a subject of rare interest. There is an hierarchy of law: Constitutions -- mandatory law; constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes -- mandatory law; court opinions/"judge-made law" -- persuasive authority. My state can be persuaded by court opinions from, as example, your state. Or my state an ignore those same opinions. "The accepted legal theory of this transfer is well known. It is clearly stated by [Joseph] Story in Van Ness v. Packard, 2 Peters, 144: 'The common law [i.e., court decisions/"judge-made law"] of England is not to be taken in all respects to be that of America. Our ancestors brought with them its general principles, and claimed it as their birth-right; but they brought with them and adopted only that portion which was applicable to their condition.' This theory is universally adopted by our courts, and it has given them the important power of judging of the applicability of the principles of the common law to American conditions. According to this view, the common law was from the first looked upon by the colonists as a system of positive and subsidiary law, applying where not replaced by colonial enactments [these being statutes] or by special custom suited to new conditions. And Massachusetts-Bay colony, known as "The BIBLE Commonwealth" based its laws, first, on the "Bible". Its Capital Laws were drawn directly from Deuteronomy and Leviticus. "While this legal theory [as Story put it] is adopted as an eminently satisfactory explanation of the jurisprudence of today, it is not complete enough to afford an adequate synthesis of colonial legal facts for the historian. It contains, of course, the great legal truth that men cannot all at once cut themselves loose from a system of thought or action under which they have lived . . . . Thus, of course, the more simple, popular, general parts of the English common law were from the first of great influence on colonial legal relations. This, however, is very far from declaring the common law of England a subsidiary system in actual force from the beginning of colonization. On the contrary, we find from the very first, originality in legal conceptions, departing widely from the most settled theories of the common law, and even a total denial of the subsidiary character of English jurisprudence. . . . English Common Law in the Early American Colonies (Madison, WI: October, 1899/NY: Gordon Press, 1977), Paul Samuel Reinsch, at 6-7. Continued.
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  11399.  @jacobew2000  Continuing: "According to the accepted legal theory, the American colonists claimed the English common law as their birthright, brought with them its general principles and adopted so much of it as was applicable to their condition. Although this theory is universally adopted by the courts, a close study of the subject reveals among the early colonists a far different attitude toward the common law from that which is usually attributed to them. In none of the colonies, perhaps, was this more marked than in Massachusetts. Here the binding force of English law was denied, and a legal system largely different came into use. . . ." Legal Development in Colonial Massachusetts 1630-1686 (NY: Columbia University; Longmans, Green & Co., Agents, 1910Clark, NJ: The Lawbook exchange, 2005), Charles J. Hilkey, at 5. The first stable colony was Plymouth Colony, founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. But it was a poor relation to Massachusetts-Bay, founded in 1629, which became an economic powerhouse that eventually absorbed Plymouth Colony. The laws of Massachusetts-Bay permeated the colonies a far as at least the middle colonies. And it lead the so-called "revolution" while the Southern colonies were bashing the "rebels" in Massachusetts as "traitors," defending slavery, and extending "olive branches" to King George III. Lexington & Concord and Bunker Hill had occurred and the South was still avoiding the reality: the original colonists essentially rejected England and its laws as those laws had "persecuted" them. They planted the seeds in all the particulars except in their conscious awareness; until the 1770s. The United States stopped being under English law almost from the beginning. With the "Declaration" they made it objective fact. Ask yourself: in a conflict of laws situation between English and US law, which law would prevail in the United States?
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  11404.  @jacobew2000  This is a Militia Act, at random. It is of interest because it refutes the hogwash that the Militia was composed of males who came and went on their own whims. You know, all that "freedom" and "liberty" stuff without any regulation or limitations. Without any penalties for refusing to comply with the rule of law More specifically, it refutes the "voluntary" nature of the Militia as being a gang of armed gun-nuts who gather together and build their paunches by drinking beer while bullshitting about "freedom" and "liberty" and how the Founders were as armed as the cowboys in LIBERAL Hollowood movie fictions, in which there were no laws, and especially no laws regulating gun possession -- all based on FICTIONS promulgated by dime novelists who'd never been east of the publishing center of the United States located in New York City. ___ Here's the statute (rendered in contemporary English; e.g., "long s" changed to modern "s"): ___ At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May, 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed as a Souldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Souldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrent to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person agrieved, and just reason alledged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. ___ If one goes to one's state law library, or a good law school library (look for a Federal Depository library, which by law are accessible to the public), and asks a librarian for help finding Militia Acts, and one sits down with any one or more of the relevant volumes of statutes, one will be overwhelmed with the sheer number of Militia Acts that have been enacted.
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  11442.  @blacklung8433  It isn't sophism to point to the fact that the Founders established the legal precedent, under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, that "insurrection" is "treason". Yes, law evolves, and elaborates. Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes. The 14th Amendment, as example, is implemented by means of the 1871 "Ku Klux Klan" Act. Nor do you point to anything in my comments as being "sophism". (Sophistry? Your first comment was that there can't be treason without war -- the Founders certainly didn't believe that -- but provided no EVIDENCE for that assertion.) Here, at random, is a statute which refutes current claims about the purpose of "militia" being properly anti-gov't -- to "take up arms" against "tyranny" -- which is, in law, the crime of insurrection; and which the Founders classified as treason; and which has no actual basis in the legal history: I haven't "translated" it into current English, so you'll have to work your way through the "long s"; but note the word "Impreffed" -- for which the modern terms are "conscription" and "draft". The "General Court" was the gov't/legislature: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Bofton the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Confideration the great Diffappointment the Countrey hath fuffred by reafon of non-appearance of Souldiers Impreffed for feveral expeditions: Do judge meet that every perfon Impreffed as a Souldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every fuch Foot Souldier fhall pay the fum of four Pounds, and every Trooper fhall pay the fum of fix Pounds: and if their neglects or refufal be accompanied with Refractorinefs, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, fuch perfon fhall be punished with Death, or fome other Grievous punifhment. And the Committee of Militia in the feveral Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all fuch as fhall be Delinquents as is above expreffed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrent to the Conftable to levy the faid fines, which faid fines fhall be improved to purchafe Arms for the Towns ufe; Provided it fhall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any perfon agrieved, and juft reafon alleadged and proved to make abatement of the faid fines as in their wifdome and difcretion they fhall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cafes aforefaid, be fent to the Committee of Militia in the feveral Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the ftrict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. "The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686." (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. In sum: the fantasy that the militia is to operate OUTSIDE the law as a "check" against "tyranny" has always been FALSE.
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  11453. FACTS: When the proposed "Bill of Rights" was submitted to the states for consideration and ratification, it consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments. The first two were REJECTED, making the 3rd the First and the 4th the Second. And the intent of the Second Amendment was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia; it had nothing to do with defending freedom of speech. And it certainly did not establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is INSURRECTION, and which is PROHIBITED by Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. in the body of the Constitution. This is the actual context and legal history -- ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  11560.  @stanleythompson5321  Again, you are IGNORANT OF HISTORY: US involvement WITH Vietnam BEGAN with supporting the French in Indochina -- the French colonial "umbrella" incorporating Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam -- immediately after WW II. Then, when the French were blown out at Dien Bien Phu, REPUBLICAN PRESIDENT EISENHOWER -- NOT a "Boomer" -- began putting "advisors" into South Vietnam. NONE of those were of the "Boomer" generation. I WAS THERE, jackass: the "Hippies" WERE OF THE "BOOMER" GENERATION. And it WAS NOT the "Hippies" alone -- in fact they were APOLITICAL; wanted NOTHING to do with gov't and "all that"; they were "tune in, turn on, and DROP OUT" -- who got the US out of Vietnam. It was COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS -- you know, those who "didn't need college to get a job" because college/university IS NOT A JOBS PROGRAM. There is more to learn about the vast wide world than simply how to feed one's profoundly shallow GREED. More to learn about what it means to be human than how to maximize one's income -- that's the CORRUPTION against which you are willy-nilly railing. What those students DID learn in college/university was HISTORY, and POLITICAL SCIENCE -- which are NOT about "getting jobs," but which ARE about KNOWING WHAT THE FUCK YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT. Since you morons don't "learn" anything that requires actual books and study, WATCH THE PBS DOCUMENTARY about the HISTORY of US involvement in Vietnam, titled: "The Vietnam War". It actually BEGINS with an OSS officer ("OSS" was precursor to CIA) warning that the US NOT get involved in Vietnam. Even the French president warned the US NOT to get involved in Vietnam. NONE of those were "Boomers". Here's a significant fact, just at random: The US got directly involved in WW II in 1941 with the attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent declaration of war against the US by Nazi Germany. But that same war began in Asia with the invasion by Japan of China in 1937. Research "Rape of Nanking". Other VIDEOS to watch: "The Roosevelts: An Intimate History" (PBS); "The First World War" (Image); "The World at War" ("A&E" -- this is MASSIVE); "Carlos" (Criterion); "Che" (Criterion). You have NO IDEA what was going on in the world AT THE SAME TIME as US involvement in Vietnam (see "Carlos" and "Che"; READ Paulo Freire), and the "Boomers" OPPOSING that involvement, so have NO perspective on ANY of it. You're full of baseless grudge, baseless self-pity, and REFUSE TO LISTEN thereby REFUSING TO LEARN.
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  11587. Bullshit. Get a clue: when a person claims they have "proof" -- but never produces it -- they don't have proof. The Boston University School of Medicine did a forensic analysis of the PRIMARY evidence, of which VIDEO was made and broadcast on PBS. The PRIMARY evidence they examined and showed were the photographs and x-rays of JFK's skull. The entry and exit wounds, and the damage to the skull, are exactly as reported by the Warren Commission. Same goes for Governor Connolly's shirt with the bullet that hit sideways and, because hot, burned the fabric. Also run was a test of the Italian Mannlicher-Carnero rifle which was purposely designed so that after a given distance from the barrel the bullet "tumbles'. This the bullet scorch on Connolly's shirt showing that the bullet hit sideways. There is nothing "illegal" in the gov't withholding information to protect national security. But what MATTERS are the claims about documents that cannot, based on the claims being made about them, be known to exist -- but which are nonetheless CLAIMED to exist. And beyond that: the presumed contents of documents which cannot be proven to exist let alone known as to imagined contents. There is one FBI document -- it was publicly released in 1976 -- that the incompetent conspiracy nuts make claims about, but the contents of which REFUTE. It is an FBI memo written on 11/22/1963 at the Dallas FBI office. It memorializes a phone call from George H. W. Bush with his theory of who the assassin was. The conspiracy nuts claim that document PROVES that George H. W. Bush was in Dallas on that date and therefore had a role in the assassination. But if one actually READS the document one learns that the phone all by George H. W. Bush originated in MIDLAND Texas, NOT in Dallas. The same kind of deceit was done with the warrant for arrest of David Koresh of the "Branch Davidians" in the 1990s. It was posted online by Atty. Linda Thompson, and she made claims about it that were DISPROVEN by the actual contents of the warrant. But those who wanted to believe her the anti-gov't hogwash believed what she said of the warrant but DID NOT READ THE WARRANT. I was 14 when the assassination occurred; and through the decades I read numerous books on the assassination, and went back and forth about it. Remember Marr's Crossfire -- in which he claims there were 4 shooters? Horseshit: the head and skull photos and ex-rays show there was one assassin, from behind, and all bullets entered from behind. Only one hit the skull -- at the top rear -- and blew out through the right temple. All the bullshit began with readers who are illiterate in how to read written materials -- foremost being Mark Lane's Rush to Judgment. Lane claimed, whether true or not, that he was Oswald's lawyer, and his book was the DEFENSE BRIEF. A BRIEF in a court case IS NOT OBJECTIVE -- it is ONE-SIDED. As a defense lawyer, it was Lane's JOB to declare Oswald innocent, point fingers away from Oswald, and challenge the evidence. Lane's theory of the case never got tested -- OR PROVEN -- because the case never went to trial. But those who WANT to believe there was a conspiracy, and know nothing about legal process, will swallow what he asserted as if the absolute totally object fact. Except for the numerous hucksters exploiting the assassination -- and the conspiracy nuts -- for $$$$$$$, the fake conspiracies come out of GRIEF, as attempts to understand that which makes no sense. It makes no sense because we don't know why. We do know, though, that very shortly after the assassination, Oswald left the area, and on the way to wherever he was going, he murdered Officer Tippett, which was WITNESSED. And when he was caught in the movie theater -- why was he not returning to finish his workday at the depository? -- he had that gun. Are those the actions of a guy who was innocent?
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  11588. The polls are ARTIFICIALLY "close" because some aggregators include the junk Republican "polls" which are intended to make it appear close so when Trump is blown out -- I've been saying for months that this is building to a landslide for Harris/Walz -- he will whine that the election was "stolen". The official state voting data is in stark contrast to the polls: see "The TEC Show" on youtube. In Michigan, as example, women are outvoting men 57 to 43. And the Harris-Cheney town halls in Republican areas revealed that the breaking points for sane Republicans are the January 6th insurrection and the Dobbs decision. And that includes men. And there is an additional significant "silent bloc" of Republicans not saying who they're voting but it is Harris/Walz. Last but not least, see the extraordinary, brutally beautiful speech delivered by Michelle Obama in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Barack has the warmth and humor and that smile, but her speech at the DNC topped him, and this speech tops that. I've been saying since December of last year that women, instead of getting tricked into debating abortion for 5 decades, should have responded by teaching the rest of us -- most opponents have been men -- about problem pregnancies. Because that is the issue: problem pregnancies. Michelle Obama speaks to that -- women's reproductive experiences are the central substance. And it is directed at male voters. The whole speech is a powerful and factual barnburner -- you will be riveted: Michelle Obama Speech in Kalamazoo, MI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtQqGOOLh8o
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  11591.  @stevnated  No, I did not mention any specific president, because we know from what point of extremity on the political spectrum from which that off-topic comment comes. And the specific and false assumptions and "criticisms" -- read: attacks -- and specific president to which those are applied. And as I didn't name any specific president we can conclude that you assume a specific president. All i did was respond with the FACTS: because of the extreme mishandling of the COVID pandemic, supply chain disruptions were caused, which resulted in demands for fewer goods therefore increases in costs for those goods, and thus inflation. The inflation is, therefore, WORLDWIDE, therefore beyond the control, outside domestically, of any US president. I won't pretend with the ignorant bigoted crackpots that isolationism is the reality or even possible: we no longer live in the 17th century -- when, in fact, isolationism didn't exist, which necessitated the 18th century "Declaration of Independence" against England -- but which was shortly followed by the peace treaty with England. Therefore I will not join the stupidity-based hate that falsely insists that the current president is responsible for the current inflation, and that it is limited to the domestic economy -- neither of which is the reality. Meanwhile, the video is about the murder by Brian Walshe of Ana Walshe, therefore the comment to which I responded and refuted was off topic. It is typical of MAGA trolls to deposit their deficatory detritus where it does not belong because they have no sense of morality, responsibility, or honesty; psychologically they are elementary schoolers who believe shitting on the classroom floor is somehow "funny" or an expression of "freedom". What they are, as said, is stupid.
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  11608.  @trekmontana77  Still lying against the facts: 1.Sanders and Trump had "fans". And they responded in exactly the same way to criticis of their "idols": by avoiding the criticism and attacking the critic. 2. Sanders smeared Hillary with RIGHT-WING lies -- but Hillary did not attack Sanders so as not to alienate his "fans". 3. Sanders continuously trashed the DEMOCRATIC Party -- even after the Party graciously acceded to his request to run as a Democrat. 4. Sanders ALLIENTATED BOTH actual Democratic voters, and "centrists" by smearing "centrists" as "corrupt". THAT is how he lost the primary. 5. But let's dig in: Paul Manafort and a partner successfully supported the pro-Russian candidate in Ukraine. That campaign included hacked emails. Paul Manafort's next campaign was Trump's. His partner's next campaign was Sanders'. Shortly into the Sanders campaign it was busted for hacking the DNC, and Manafort's partner resigned. 6. And as noted before: Sanders stood shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump with his own serial lying about releasing his tax returns. Hillary's taxes were never an issue: the same day she announced her candidacy she released THIRTY YEARS of tax returns. And still you assholes avoid the facts about Sanders' BLOWING his own campaign -- even after LOSING he refused to concede and CONTINUED to trash the Party and Hillary -- by blaming everyone but Sanders for his own fuckings up. Perhaps someday you'll grow up and quit making excuses for being so politically illiterate that you ignored those known facts in order to help TRUMP get elected. Yes, neophyte: many Sanders "fans" turned around and voted for the opposite EXTREM: TRUMP. There was nothing "progressive" about Sanders' campaign -- or in voting against electing the first woman president -- which WOULD have been progressive.
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  11634.  @savagetwinky2606  None of that makes sense in view of the actual facts. Trump did not ask Ukraine about the DOJ. He asked Ukraine to ANNOUNCE an "investigation" -- no ACTUAL "investigation" required -- so he could use that LIE to SMEAR Biden. And in effort to FORCE Ukraine to do so he threatened to withhold CONGRESSIONALLY-AUTHORIZED military aid to Ukraine. That is the CRIME of EXTORTION/BLACKMAIL. It is ALSO a violation of the CONSTITUTION: CONGRESS makes the law; the President is to FAITHFULLY ENFORCE the law AS WRITTEN. when Congress authorizes monies to be spent by the Executive branch -- the president -- it designates HOW it will be spent by means of WRITTEN LAW. The president DOES NOT have the authority to change the terms of the authorization -- the LAW -- or to reallocate the use of the monies for other purposes or his own personal political benefit -- but that is what Trump was doing vis-a-vis Ukraine. His lacky Clarke at the DOJ did exactly the same, as ordered by Trump, re. the Georgia election: to ANNOUNCE an "investigation" -- which the Republicans in Congress would then run with, even though Congress has NO JURISDICTION over or in STATE election processes. Turley has been a REPUBLICAN in his positions since the 2000 election theft -- which is what YOU want, but which is NOT the practice of LAW. In a word Turley is a FRAUD. There are NO FACTS to ANY of what the Republican freak show is doing. It is all and only about SMEARING BIDEN, which is a repeat of what they did to Hillary -- and fools like you fall for it because you don't understand that FACTS MATTER. "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams.
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  11635. Bernie is NOT a Progressive -- he is to the LEFT of Progressiviesm. The history: The "father" of Progressivesm was REPUBLICAN Teddy Roosevelt. He doted on his favorite niece, Eleanor Roosevelt. Eleanor GOT THINGS DONE -- which is the difference between Progressives and those to their Left, which latter DEMAND it ALL, RIGHT NOW, and ALWAYS end up NOTHING, and for that blaming the rest of the world for their REFUSAL to engage in the DEMOCRACY of COMPROMISE. Eleanor Roosevelt authored the CONTENT of the "New Deal". She also got the "United Nations Declaration of Human Rights" through the contentious founding of the United Nations. Hillary Clinton's first job out of college was with the Childrens' Defense Fund -- a PROGRESSIVE organization. At the time disabled kids weren't allowed to attend public schools. Her work eventuated in the Federal "Disabled Education Act". Her central issue throughout her career has been Childrens's issues. She is an Eleanor Roosevelt Progressive. She accomplished more during her 8 years in the Senate that Sanders accomplished during his 25. Elizabeth Warren is also an Eleanor Roosevelt Progressive. As a newbie to politics to initiated as idea, formed necessary coalitions -- with which latter Sanders couldn't be bothered -- and established the Consumer Protection Bureau. And what was Sanders "accomplishing" during his years? He voted FOR the "Crime Bill, voted AGAINST the "Brady Bill" FIVE TIMES, and voted to PROTECT the gun industry -- all of which were top priorities for the far-RIGHT wing ANTI-Socialist NRA. Progressives actually get things done. In understand all the attacks on the so-called "establishment": they are desperate efforts to distract from the FACTS about who Sanders actually is: an inflexible "My way or the highway" opponent of DEMOCRACY, which is the ESSENCE of the legislative process -- debate, negotiation, compromise, all to reach a MAJORITY CONSENSUS -- in response to which his colleagues said, "Take a hike." He is always right, and never wrong, and anyone who believes differently is dismissed out-of-hand. Which reminds me of Trump.
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  11702.  @chrischew5457  Go to a state's Sec. of State and look at the elections data. Some state's post the number of mail-in ballots and early votes received by percentages of Democrats and Republicans, Women and Men, etc. That's how one knows that the polls are ARTIFICIALLY "close". See "The TEC Show" on youtube. The contrast between official state voting data and the polls is stark. In Michigan, as example, the percentage of women's votes cast compared to men's is 57 to 43. When ballots are received at the elections headquarters they are documented based on the information on the outer ballot enveloped as compared with the information in the voter registration database. That is how they know how many Democrats and Republicans, and how many women and men. Wake up: elections are a transparent process -- nothing is hidden about how they work. One even sees the built-in means to catch fraud. It isn't actually rocket science. Watch any of the press conferences by elections officials when there is an attempt at fraud, as with the fraudulent voter registrations -- not ballots -- in Pennsylvania. Those were caught and contained by matching signatures with voter's signatures on file, and cross-matching with addresses. In addition, voters requesting mail-in ballots are notified by email when the ballot is sent, and notified with an email when the ballot is received. If there is a problem in between -- the voter receives email that the ballot was received at elections headquarters, but the voter hadn't received it, the voter then contacts the elections officials about that fact. That's in part how the fraud was detected. Some states put scans of the mail-in ballots -- outer envelopes -- online so the voter can go online and see the ballot they sent in. Trump is only able to get away with his lie that the election was "stolen" because of ignorance of voters about how elections actually work -- and their failure to inform themselves.
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  11731.  @uonecar  Actually I'm opposed to all war. But I'm also sufficiently realistic to recognize that sovereign Ukraine is being illegally invaded by Russia -- and you history-illiterates are defending Russia. LEARN: 1. For at least hundreds of years there were constant wars between western and Eastern European nations -- primarily, in Western Europe, between Britain, France, and Germany -- typically any two of them were allied against the third. 2. Twice such wars became world wars, and sucked the United States into their wars. (Do a search on youtube for "FrenchTastic" and "Normandy" for a video tour of the AMERICAN section of the D-Day cemetery in Normandy -- the cemetery Trump refused to visit because he didn't want his hair mussed by the very light rain). The AMERICAN section is acre after acre after acre after acre of white crosses -- each the grave of an AMERICAN service member -- Trump said that those who died for the country are "suckers" and "losers". The alternatives to those deaths was Hitlerian fascism. 3. NATO was established by the United States -- it is a treaty, which in keeping with the Constitution is part of the US Law of the Land; which means no president can withdraw from it -- for three basic reasons: A. To put a stop to the many hundreds of years of wars among Western and Eastern European nations -- and it has been a spectacular SUCCESS at that. B. To PREVENT the US being sucked into another world war a THIRD time. That too has been a success -- and it is US NATIONAL SECURITY. C. To established a mutual defense pact against historically-imperialist/expansive Russia. How in hell do you think Russia became the USSR!? It did so by FORCEFULLY SUBJUGATING the Baltic and Eastern European nations, including Ukraine. Now pay attention to the actual meaning of Putin's LIE that a NATO member being on the opposite side of the border from Russia is a "threat," which is his excuse for intending to invade, as example, Poland -- to eliminate the so-called "threat". And where would Russia be if it invaded, as example, Poland? It would have, on the opposite side of that border, a NATO member -- which he would claim is a "threat". So rinse and repeat the invasion excuse. As said, I'm opposed to all war. But I'm not stupid -- I know the history. Better to defend democracy by providing Ukraine military aid (the US provided RUSSIA military aid against Hitler) than see Ukraine again subjugated, and NATO attacked, and therefore AMERICAN BOOTS ON THE GROUND IN EUROPE A THIRD TIME.
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  11732.  @uonecar  Let's be clear -- unlike your sucking down the Republican lies: the money allocated for the defense of Ukraine is not sent to Ukraine. It is used to replenish the WEAPONRY that the US is providing to Ukraine. And stop the stupid and bullshitting: there is no way the Republican Party -- see Iraq, Afghanistan -- and its constant upping the budget for the defense industry, and its working with the NRA/gun industry and its implementation of DOMESTIC mayhem -- is an anti-war party. Iraq, especially, was an ILLEGAL invasion based on FALSIFICATIONS against Saddam Hussein: HISTORY: Jimmy Carter put Iraq on the "Rogue State" list, and refused to provide it any war-making materials. Reagan, having a hyped-up grudge against Iran, took Iraq off that list so he could supply Saddam Hussein weapons to use against Iran. The "Iran gassing their own people" was a lie: the gas used was produced by Britain and the US, and provided by Reagan, and Hussein used it against Iran. I'm an idealist -- I oppose all war. But that is tempered by my knowledge of history. Trump is a DOMESTIC enemy who REJECTS the rule of law. And you want to defend him as because he LIES about getting out of wars!? Look what Trump did in Syria: the Kurds were the US's allies, and doing the actual fighting and dying, while the US backed them with military hardware and logistics. Trump pulled out the troops and left the Kurds to fend for themselves, and they were slaughtered. Tell us how making enemies, and making promises that can't be trusted, creates friends and allies instead of enemies.
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  11801. @Budiono Widodo In short, you like being enslaved to bigotry. And you obviously haven't a clue what a dictator is. Stalin, Hitler, and Putin were and are dictators, and are identical in their genocides against the Ukrainian people. How do you survive being so vacuous? ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  11822.  @jasons73  Those aren't facts. Those are Trump lies. This is how it works, MORON: US intelligence monitors FOREIGN actors, Russians included. If an American wonders into that monitoring -- by, as example, having a phone conversation with a FOREIGN actor, then that is noted, and if necessary investigated. That's what happened to Michael Flynn: intelligence was monitoring the Russian actor, and Flynn called that Russian actor. No phone taps, no spying. And let's look at some more facts, sub-literate anti-American: Trump and his campaign denied having ANY contacts with Russians -- well, there was Michael Flynn who had contact with a Russian agent. The Mueller investigation FORCED the Trump campaign and others around con-man and career criminal Trump to ADMIT they'd had contact with Russian -- after having LIED about it. In the end it was found that there were more than 200 contacts BY the Trump campaign WITH Russian agents. In addition, the Mueller investigation DOCUMENTED at least half half-dozen instances of OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE -- which is a CRIME. But instead of DISHONESTLY avoiding the issue by spewing gibberish let's deal with the PRESENT: Trump STOLE gov't property, some of which is classified. And he has told a changing series of LIES about since the warrant for search found MORE boxes of STOLEN gov't property AFTER he lied that he'd turned over all he had. READ the warrant -- or watch CREDIBLE news media -- and the meanings of the three CRIMINAL statutes Trump violated will be explained to you by veteran prosecutors. Or you can continue to be a law-illiterate anti-American defending a con-man and career criminal who wouldn't give you the time of day even while he sucks your wallet dry.
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  11872.  @BluehourPhotography  We have Trump om video stating that he wants to be a dictator, and answering a question about that statement, "Just on day 1." And we have this on video: ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trump campaign members lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  11890.  @CybershamanX  DURING THE PRIMARY, moron, Sanders REPEATEDLY trashed NOT ONLY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, but also Clinton with REPUBLICAN SMEARS that were ALL ALONG FALSE. Ask yourself, Mr. Amnesia: is it COINCIDEMCE, that the two men who elected the corrupt pro-Russian president of Ukraine BOTH ended up in charge of Sanders' and Trumps campaign? That that Ukraine election included computer hacking? That at the beginning of the primary, the Sanders campaign hacked the DNC -- which forced the resignation of that campaign manager? That of all the candidates during the 2016 campaign, only two had not "suporters" but "fans" -- Sanders and Trump? Starry-eyed "fans" belong in ENTERTAINMENT, not in life-or-death politics. IS it COINCIDENCE that Sanders stoiod shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump with his own serial lying about releasing his tax returns? AFTER losing the primary, Sanders DID NOT WITHDRAW -- there was all the LYING about "thuimb on the scale": FOOL: elections are conducted by STATE GOV'TS, NOT by the parties. And EVERY candidate -- INCLUDING SANDERS -- MONITORS the primary process FIRST-HAND, from beginning to end. So: NO "RIGGING". Instead, he CONTINUED to trash the Party, and Clinton, with the "thumb on the scale LIE -- which can ony be believed by the know-it-all Sanders' "fans" who are IGNORANT of how primaries and elections are conducted, or the deliberately dishonest. All of that high profile NOISE negates any of his capaigning "for" Clinton AFTER all his trashings of her. "Shaman"? In other words, you live in a world of speculation without too much concern with facts. Facts are stubborn things. So is REALITY: with Republican gerrymandering protected by the Supreme Court from Federal intervention, Republican voter-purgings, and Republican invitations to foreign powers to subvert the election, the Democrats need as many votes as they can get. Republicans who don't want a repeat of Trump will vote for Trump before they'd vote for a Socialist. Trump would slap Sanders dizzy; he'd be destroyed in a week. That is especially underscored when Sanders' writings, when he was in his 30s, about young children and sex are blasted all over the media. You don't know Sanders. What you "know" is what you read into his old-school Socialist slogans. Those slogans didn't work in the "radical" 1960s: they got NIXONG elected. They are all sizzle, no substance. Last but not least -- in addition to the fact that Sanders voted to PROTECT the gun industry -- a top priority of the extremist RIGHT-wing anti-"Socialist" domestic terrorist organization NRA, yet another collaborator with Putin -- during his twenty-five years in Congress, Sanders passed three bills, two of those renaming post offices. That HISTORY is the result of the fact that he is a know-it-all; he is inflexible; he is "my way or the highway" no compromise. In some, entirely ineffective in getting ANY of his SLOGANS enacted into law because he REFUSES to compromise. The legislative process is DEMOCRATIC: it is debate, negotation, compromise, arriving at a majority consensus. Do you ACTUALLY believe that, being wholly ineffective while IN the legislative process, he'd be actually effective from OUTSIDE the legislative process? Old maxim: "The president PROPOSES, the congress DISPOSES." Instead of denying and "forgetting" the vindictive prick that Sanders was during the 2016 primary, WAKE UP: he is the far-Left -- "Progressivism" is to his RIGHT -- equivalent to extreme right-wing demoaguge Trump.
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  11893.  @jamesparlane9289  The main point is that there are numerous law-illiterates pushing the Second Amendment lies -- that any old armed anti-gov't gang is a "militia" just cuz they say so, and therefore there is no difference between rule of law -- the well-regulated Militia is UNDER the rule of law AND its purpose LAW ENFORCEMENT -- and attacking the rule of law based upon NOT bothering to read the "inspiring" "Declaration of Independence," which includes these two directly on point GRIEVANCES AGAINST King George III: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAWS. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." The "Civil Power" is GOV'T, which is by definition RULE OF LAW. And the head of state is the commander-in-chief of the Militia. Compare the FACT that the well-regulated Militia is an arm OF gov't with the claims made of it by those slavishly addicted to the Second Amendment LIES. Really, geez, it's okay to butcher literate English -- to claim that "We the people" actually means "We the individual". So we can avoid the plain language of the Amendment, that the subject of it is "A well regulated Militia" because, as the Amendment states, "NECESSARY". It never fails that there's a crime committed with a gun, and some damned law-illiterate pseudo-"patriot" will drag in the malconstrued Second Amendment in order to keep the anti-gov't/rule of law/SANITY propaganda about it going. It doesn't even matter anymore that the gun-nuts are ACTUAL children, instead of chronological adults who REFUSE to grow up.
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  11895.  @jamesparlane9289  "The kid pulled the trigger. You are talking about the issue of "remoteness". No, jackass: I am talking about a society which is permeated with gun-nuttism including LYING about the intent of the Second Amendment. That includes the FALSE belief that the purpose of the Amendment is to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- thus the January 6th INSURRECTION, which is EXPRESSLY PROHIBITED in the Constitution. Instead of educating themselves gun-nuts constantly spread that LYING -- and, like you, pretend that the LYING has nothing whatever to do with gun violence, which includes mass murders with a weapon designed for COMBAT. The Bill of Rights was written by the first Congress -- BOTH House and Senate -- under the newly-ratified Constitution. The DEBATES of those writings are readily available. they show that the PURPOSE of the Second Amendment was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the WELL-REGULATED MILITIA. A Militia is not an individual. From the establishment of the colonies there was always a SEPARATION of the MILITARY from private individuals. Want to service in the Militia? -- then ENLIST; and the first requirement thereafter is the OATH to support and defend the Constitution and laws -- and, no, you don't get to "interpret" the Constitution YOU HAVE NEVER READ in accordance with your sociopathic fantasies. Smarten up: READ "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15 & 16" -- because the ENTIRE Constitution is in effect AT ALL TIMES. And see "Art. IV, S. 4. "The United States shall guarantee to every State [GOV'T] in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion [and] domestic Violence." Ratification of the Bill of Rights was completed on December 15, 1792. In 1794, two years later, the well-regulated Militia of the Second Amendment, Federalized, and lead by George Wahington, SUPPRESSED the "Whiskey" insurrection. In sum: the Constitution, and REASON, is AGAINST your extremist pretense that the gun-nut "culture" has no impact on individual decision-making. Or the pretense that Trump calling his brainwashed law-illiterate supporters to Washington had nothing to do with them showing up in Washington. Or that his violent rhetoric had nothing to do with their violent insurrectionist actions against the Congress.
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  11896.  @jamesparlane9289  The Second Amendment DOES NOT protect an individual right -- right-wing crackpot Scalia's outlier _Heller_, and its progeny, notwithstanding -- ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn _Heller_. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  11898.  @einnAnnie  "Defending oneself against a TYRANNICAL government isn't the same thing as an insurgent instigating an insurrection against a NON-OPPRESSIVE government." You have it wrong: What we have in Trump and his LAW-ILLITERATE DUPES is REJECTION of the RULE OF LAW based on calling the RULE OF LAW "tyranny". I'd ask you to provide us all with the LAW that authorizes "talking up arms" against the gov't -- which is by definition RULE OF LAW -- but there is no such authorization. First, a little HISTORY: The Founders "took up arms" and "attacked" and "overthrew" exactly this many gov'ts: ZERO. Because, history-illiterate, they were all along in control of those gov'ts. Have you READ the "Declaration of Independence"? No, you have not, else you'd know it applied EXCLUSIVELY to ENGLAND. we know that because it includes a catalog of "Grievances" against, BY NAME, King George III. These two of those grievances are directly on point -- and OPPOSITE your illiteracy: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAWS. LAWS REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." The "Civil Power" is the GOV'T, which is by definition RULE OF LAW. Additional FACT: Completion of ratification of the Bill of Rights -- the Second Amendment -- was on December 15, 1791. On May 2, 1792, Congress enacted -- "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel invasions." On May 8, 1792, Congress enacted -- "An Act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." The purpose of the Second Amendment was to protect the states -- GOV'TS -- right to keep its already existing WELL-REGULATED Militia, AND to establish that National Defense against all enemies foreign AND DOMESTIC. More than two years later, on November 29, 1794, Congress enacted -- "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." Thus well-regulated states' Militia were, pursuant to Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, were FEDERALIZED, and, lead by GEORGE WASHINGTON, empowered by Constitution and Congress, to SUPPRESS the "Whiskey" insurrection. There is NO 'right" to "take up arms" against the RULE OF LAW regardless how one chooses to characterize the RULE OF LAW as "tyranny" simply because you DON'T LIKE the fact that there ARE laws.
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  11901.  @jamesparlane9289  I look at their psychology, their rhetoric, and the law. I have an education in law, and have been researching the LAW on the issue for more than 30 years. You are simply repeating the responsibility-avoidant rhetoric of gun-nuts, who, in fact, REJECT the RULE OF LAW ITSELF -- they SAY as much. They'll rationalize any excuse to justify their extreme individualist claims to BOTH be exempt from the rule of law AND to be protected by the "rights" -- these a distortion -- secured in the very rule of law they REJECT. Watch a few videos about "sovereign citizens" and you'll see their position: claiming RIGHTS and rejecting RESPONSIBILITY -- the rule of law includes BOTH. Most of the so-called "respectful firearm owners" you jabber about are bullshitters like you. A six-year-old shoots his teacher and you change the subject away from that, AND ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT, in order to jabber about "respectful firearm owners". As if the six-year-old thought up his violent behavior, and shooting the teacher, in a vacuum. The GUN-NUTS you defend make claims about the Founders' views on guns THAT ARE BOTH FALSE AND REFUTED BY THE LAWS ENACTED BY THE FOUNDERS. Is there something "respectful" about REFUSING TO LEARN because they simply DON'T CARE that they are full of shit? Respectful of WHAT -- the rule of law? -- the rights of OTHERS not to be subjected to their ARMED BULLYING? The REAL enemy is GUN-NUTS who are filled with FALSEHOODS and REFUSE NOT TO BE -- regardless whether they are cops or asshole CIVILIAN GUN-NUTS claiming "rights" that since the beginning are not "rights" but authorities belonging EXCLUSIVELY to the MILITARY. I'll be "respectful" by assuming that you simply don't know what you're talking about, even as you make excuses which ignore RESPONSIBILITY.
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  11952. The Founders on the Second Amendment: The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  11984. The polls are ARTIFICIALLY "close" because some aggregators include the junk Republican "polls" which are intended to make it appear close so when Trump is blown out -- I've been saying for months that this is building to a landslide for Harris/Walz -- he will whine that the election was "stolen". The official state voting data is in stark contrast to the polls: see "The TEC Show" on youtube. In Michigan, as example, women are outvoting men 57 to 43. And the Harris-Cheney town halls in Republican areas revealed that the breaking points for sane Republicans are the January 6th insurrection and the Dobbs decision. And that includes men. And there is an additional significant "silent bloc" of Republicans not saying who they're voting but it is Harris/Walz. Last but not least, see the extraordinary, brutally beautiful speech delivered by Michelle Obama in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Barack has the warmth and humor and that smile, but her speech at the DNC topped him, and this speech tops that. I've been saying since December of last year that women, instead of getting tricked into debating abortion for 5 decades, should have responded by teaching the rest of us -- most opponents have been men -- about problem pregnancies. Because that is the issue: problem pregnancies. Michelle Obama speaks to that -- women's reproductive experiences are the central substance. And it is directed at male voters. The whole speech is a powerful and factual barnburner -- you will be riveted: Michelle Obama Speech in Kalamazoo, MI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtQqGOOLh8o
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  12024.  @antimediaman9354  Oversimplifier: Research Bain Capital. Better, research the current disaster that is Steward Health Care -- to which your sort of blind economic illiteracy applies. A few facts about it: 1. A woman bled to death after giving birth because the treating facility didn't have the device that could have saved her life. They didn't have the device because it had been repossessed by the vendor. It was repossessed because Steward was stiffing its the vendors. 2. Because Steward neglected maintenance at another of their hospitals water pooled on its roof. During a heavy rainstorm the roof caved in. The damage was so extensive that the hospital needs to be rebuilt. The skeleton of the new hospital exists, but the construction has stopped because the construction companies are not being paid. 3. Steward has brought its part in the health care system to the verge of collapse and public health emergency. It is claiming "financial difficulties," and seeking a TAXPAYER bailout. It is Extortion/Blackmail 101: "We see that you have citizens needing health care. It would be a shame if something happened to them." The state is demanding they prove their claims of "financial difficulties," but Steward is in court, paying top-dollar law firms, fighting the state law that REQUIRES that financial disclosure. 4. Steward has 16,000 employees and 200,000 patients. If their hospitals close, 16,000 jobs will be lost, and other hospitals will be overwhelmed. It is claiming "financial difficulties," and seeking a TAXPAYER bailout. In the alternative it is offering to sell some of its hospitals -- for PROFIT; but they are so burdened with debt that no one will buy them. It is Extortion/Blackmail 101: "We see that you have citizens needing health care. It would be a shame if something happened to them." 5. Meanwhile, in keeping with your ignorance: Steward's CEO owns two yachts -- one costing $40,000,000, and the other specially built for fishing" at $15,000,000.00. And two top-level planes. THAT is where the money intended to pay for health care and maintenance -- in at minimum the hundreds of millions of dollars, including taxpayer Medicare and Medicaid, has gone: into the pockets of sociopathic greed. Again, research "private-equity" -- in these instances -- and it isn't only Steward doing it; research Romney's "Bain Capital" -- which means; Buying thriving businesses, taking all the money out of them, and destroying the businesses and jobs. Destroying lives and communities. But you won't defend communities and society because that risks being "socialism" -- while you blithely defend sociopathic greed. We're talking about non-taxed non-profit hospitals which are doing well, doing marginally, or struggling, made into for-profit, therefore taxation being added to their budgets. And then the selling of the lands and buildings to a landlord who then charges rents -- that also being added to their budgets. The CEO and other investors -- the "innovative" "entrepreneurs" -- making billions by means of wealth extraction, and the hospitals being destroyed, which damages and kills patients, and ruins entire communities. Unless, that is, the TAXPAYER buys them out -- all of which process is entirely and only about PROFITS -- the SOCIALISM is the destruction imposed on not only the communities but also on the overall economy. And I'll bet you also oppose the taxation that gets sucked out by these private for-profit private-equity profiteers. THAT is what you are ignoring and defending with your right-wing ideological defense of capitalism as LAWLESSNESS. YOU TOO are paying the price for that corruption. You are DEFENDING having your own pockets picked.
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  12061. The SUBJECT of the Amendment is "well regulated Militia," because "NECESSARY. There were two ways to serve in the Militia -- which was a DUTY: 1. Enlist -- "the "volunteer Militia," exactly as today's military is "voluntary". 2. If sufficient warm bodies didn't enlist, then a DRAFT was implemented. The very next thing the person enlisting or drafted was REQUIRED to do was to SWEAR THE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE -- to support and defend the Constitution and laws. SWEARING that oath is NOT the equivalent of an education in law. Nor is it license to take one's law-illiterate notion of "law" into one's own hands. READ your STATE constitution -- which is LAW that REGULATES -- for the specifics in the law governing and regulating your state's Militia. THOSE provisions were and are implemented by means of STATUTES. When you search your state's STATUTES for Militia Acts you'll find that they have been numerous and frequent. Start with the earliest law you can find, whether colony or state, and pursue that research chronologically. READ the Acts -- keeping in mind that the ENTIRE law applies, not only out-of-context snippets you LIKE. As example, from time to time, law-illiterate gun-nuts will assert that the "officers" of the Militia are elected by the troops. They like the idea of predetermined election results by "electing" equally law-illiterate gun-nuts from among themselves. What they OMIT, because they are self-bullshitted law-illiterates -- amid their frequent and tiresome invocations of "CONSTITUTION!" THEY HAVE NEVER READ -- is the state CONSTITUTION provisions regarding such as Militia officers; IF the troops elect their immediate officers, the TOP officers are typically nominated by the state's GOVERNOR, and approved, or not, by the state's legislature. We see it all the time; some gun-nut nitwit will post "something" allegedly from a court decision, without source, and entirely divorced from SUPERIOR legal context; or a snippet of a maybe-statute -- no source given -- divorced from ITS context. The problem for and with stupid people is that they tend to not know they are stupid.
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  12064.  @prodbysaucy30  "The 2nd amendment is not to be interpreted as anything other that what it was intended to protect." And we're to believe the SELF-SERVING "interpretation" by law-illiterates such as you -- EVEN WHEN THE CONSTITUTION YOU CLAIM TO BE PROTECTING REFUTES YOUR INTERPRETATION? Pay attention to these dates, clown: June 21, 1788: Ratification of Constitution completed. The Constitution includes four Militia Clauses -- "Art. I. S. 8. C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] to Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." To "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is RULE OF LAW -- is INSURRECTION. The second Militia Clause begins: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia." The Militia is UNDER the rule of law NOT IN SPITE OF IT. September 25, 1789: PROPOSED Bill of Rights, consisting of TWELVE PROPOSED amendments, submitted to states for consideration and ratification. December 15, 1791: Ratification of Bill of Rights completed. The FIRST TWO of the PROPOSED amendments were REJECTED, making the Third the First, and making the Fourth the Second. Congress subsequently enacted these two statutes -- which REGULATE the Militia: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defence by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Bill of Rights/Second Amendment was ratified the Congress enacted this statute: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." Those Militia, lead by George Washington, SUPPRESSED the "Whiskey" insurrection, and the insurrectionists were charged with TREASON, prosecuted, and convicted, and SENTENCED TO DEATH. Also REFUTING your "interpretation" is the "Declaration of Independence," which you've ALSO never bothered to READ, and which includes a list of GRIEVANCES, these two of which are directly on point: "He [i.e., King George III] has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "He [i.e., King George III] has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power."
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  12066.  @swa_peeters  Are you suggesting that the AUTHORS of the Amendment got it wrong? That they didn't know their original intent? Or are you unaware of the fact that the further away from the actual intent one gets the easier it is to LIE about the intent? The ENTIRE Constitution is in effect at ALL TIMES -- and it REFUTES the right-wing anti-American extremists' LIE against the Constitution. ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  12067. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  12070.  @thinkharder9332  I have an education in law, and have been researching these issues for more than 30 years. You're a law-illiterate repeating disinformation from other anti-American law-illiterates. Scalia was EXCORIATED by Constitutional law experts ACROSS THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM for his ACTIVISM -- his REJECTION of the adjudicatory standard that -- When one can't find in the text of the law the resolution of a conflicting interpretation of the law, then one resorts to the LEGISLATIVE HISTORY of the law. THERE one finds the INTENT of those who WROTE the law. Scalia was ONLY able to arrive at his FALSE "individual right" interpretation of the Secon Amendment by IGNORING the LEGISLATIVE HISTORY which makes clear that the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the well-regulated Militia. NONE of that has anything whatever to do with "individual ANYTHING. AND AGAIN, law-illiterate: LOOK IN YOUR STATE CONSTITUTION: its Militia Clause distinguishes between "the right of the people" -- the well-regulated Militia, which is NOT AN INDIVDUAL -- and standing armies. The Militia Clauses of the state constitutions of Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Vermont, and Massachusetts. ALL FOUR distinguish between "the right of the people" -- the Militia GOVERNED AND REGULATED under the STATE constitution AND LAWS, and were the SOURCES for the second Amendment. The "right of the people" phrase in the Second Amendment is a carryover from those STATE clauses, and is a redundancy for "well-regulated Militia". The first three words of the Constitution -- Constitutions are DELIBERATELY GENERAL to accommodate the unforeseen -- are "We the people". The word "people" is therefore consistent with that throughout the Constitution. "People" is not "individual". ALSO in your STATE constitution is the fact that the commander-in-chief of the Militia is your state's GOVERNOR -- THEREFORE the well-regulated Militia is an arm OF THE STATE -- more specifically, LAW ENFORCEMENT. There has NEVER been a right, or a law, that authorizes "taking up arms" against the RULE OF LAW. READ the "Declaration of Independence" -- ALL of it. The Founders "attacked" and "overthrew" exactly this many govt's: ZERO. BECAUSE ALL the gov'ts at issue were all along under the control OF THE FOUNDERS. That is why the state Militia, supplemented by the legislature with a DRAFT, and directed by the governor, CRUSHED "Shays's" insurrection and the insurrectionists were tried for TREASON and sentenced to DEATH. And the "Whiskey" insurrection was crushed by FEDERALIZED state Militia, pursuant to Congressional legislation, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists tried for TREASON and sentenced to DEATH. The subject of the DEBATES -- the LEGISLATIVE HISTORY -- of the WRITING of the Second Amendment was NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the well-regulated Militia. The subject of the Amendment is well-regulated Militia; the "right of the people," etc., IS the well-regulated Militia. I'll put it in your face AGAIN until it PENETRATES: The ONLY "individual right" included in the various drafts of the Second Amendment and debated was THIS: ": put no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST [bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." That is NOT in the Second Amendment because it was VOTED DOWN BEFORE the Amendment was finalized, submitted to the states for consideration and ratification, and ratified. PAY ATTENTION, DUNCE: The several drafts of the Second Amendment included BOTH words: "people" and "person". OBVIOUSLY, nitwit, both words do not mean the same thing; and the Founders, EDUCATED in law, KNEW THE DIFFERENCE.
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  12073.  @Tink70  I'm "impressed" with your literacy. This is a familiar law. Note the date it was enacted: ___ At a GENERAL COURT Held at Bofton the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Confideration the great Diffappointment the Countrey hath fuffred by reafon of non-appearance of Souldiers Impreffed for feveral expeditions: Do judge meet that every perfon Impreffed as a Souldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every fuch Foot Souldier fhall pay the fum of four Pounds, and every Trooper fhall pay the fum of fix Pounds: and if their neglects or refufal be accompanied with Refractorinefs, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, fuch perfon fhall be punished with Death, or fome other Grievous punifhment. And the Committee of Militia in the feveral Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all fuch as fhall be Delinquents as is above expreffed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrent to the Conftable to levy the faid fines, which faid fines fhall be improved to purchafe Arms for the Towns ufe; Provided it fhall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any perfon agrieved, and juft reafon alleadged and proved to make abatement of the faid fines as in their wifdome and difcretion they fhall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cafes aforefaid, be fent to the Committee of Militia in the feveral Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the ftrict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. "The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686." (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. ___ FYI: ___ No law protects private fake "militia": See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886), both of which are available via "Google" search: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  12077.  @stephenbermingham6554  A "right" to possess guns does not include committing crimes with them. This is George Washington on how to deal with these fake "militia" that are NOT authorized to take the law into their own hands -- _George Washington and Militia _ . . . . The New Jersey militia had contributed little to the sudden turn of events in favor of the American army. The reluctance of Jerseymen to join the fray had reflected not only a divided population, but also the fear of a supposedly invincible enemy, and the inability of the new State to establish its military command and provide direction. Writing to [Governor] Livingston 24 Jan. 1777, Washington chose to emphasize the latter failure in a heated letter critical of the States lawmakers. "Sir: The irregular and disjointed State of the Militia of this Province, makes it necessary for me to inform you, that, unless a Law is immediately passed by your Legislature, to reduce them to some order, and oblige them to turn out, in a different Manner from what they have hitherto done, we shall bring very few into the Field, and even those few will render little or no Service. Their Officers are generally of the lowest Class of People; and instead of setting a good Example to the Men, are leading them into every Kind of Mischief, one Species of which is, Plundering the Inhabitants, under pretence of their being Tories. A Law should, in my Opinion, be passed, to put a Stop to this kind of lawless Rapine; for, unless there is something done to prevent it, the People will throw themselves, of Choice, into the Hands of the British Troops. But your first object should be a well regulated Militia Law; the People, put under good Officers, would behave in quite another Manner; and not only render real Service as Soldiers, but would protect, instead of distressing, the [10] Inhabitants. What I would wish to have particularly insisted upon, in the New Law, should be, that every Man, capable of bearing Arms, should be obliged to turn out, and not buy off his Service by a trifling fine. We want Men, and not Money." [FN 13, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 39 vols., ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, 1931-1944), VII, 56-57.] When the Assembly reconvened on 20 Jan. 1777, it waited another two weeks before finally sending to the council a measure which incorporated both exemption fees and the practice of substitutes. The frustrated Governor asked the Assembly to erase these practices from the law and force the people to answer the muster.[FN 14, Votes and Proceedings of the General Assembly of the State of New Jersey {VPS}, 1st session, 94.] The plea went unheeded. On 15 Mar. 1777, the State's first general militia act included the use of substitutes and exemption fees. However, the new code did include one section which was to assume greater importance as the war progressed. Listed last among the various ways whereby the Governor might call out the militia was the following, "with the Advice of the Legislature, when sitting, or in their Recess, with the Advice of the Privy Council."[FN 15, Acts of the General Assembly of the State of New Jersey {Acts}, 1st session, 1st sitting, 13 Mar. 1777.] Combined with his chairmanship of the Council of Safety, created two days after passage of the militia law, Livingston's use of the Privy Council vaulted him into the center of power. Legislative weakness had perhaps left him no other choice. Languid passage of this first major militia law focused attention upon the leadership crisis faced by New Jersey's revolutionary government. Legislative deliberations on the militia bill posed a challenge to the Assembly's constitutionally pre-eminent position. Faced with a military crisis and the need to take action, the Assembly had procrastinated and the impetus for militia reform came from the Governor, not from within the legislature. Moreover, the chief executive's recommendations incorporated new, far-reaching and dramatic changes. The Assembly's response was to back away and return to a status quo which failed to meet the State's needs. Furthermore, Livingston's inability to convince the Assembly of the need for revision of the militia code may have greatly influenced his own assessment of the leadership needs of the State. While the legislature considered the militia bill, the Governor had written to Washington that the lawmakers "are so [11] unduly influenced by the Fear of disobeying the constituents that they dare not exert themselves with the requisite Spirit of the exigencies of the War.[FN 16, Margart Burnham MacMillan, The War Governors in the American Revolution (New York, 1943), 234-235.] The legislature's failure to extend its authority to confront the Loyalist challenge reinforced Livingston's critical assessment. Thus in March 1777 he moved to assert his leadership. Directing the efforts of the Council of Safety and the Privy Council, the chief executive assumed a dominant role seemingly at odds with the intention of the State Constitution. The basis of the Privy Council's military authority came from the legislature. According to the Constitution the Governor was the commander-in-chief. Nevertheless, the lawmakers chose to inhibit this authority in the March 1777 militia act having the Governor, except in case of surprise invasion, consult with the legislature, or in its absence, the Privy Council before calling out the militia. In effect, the legislature created a military high command. This command, however, chose to exceed its authority by directing militia units while the legislature sat. The result was a high degreee of effectiveness lacking during previous military crises. The principal test of the Privy Council's command arose in 1778 during the British march across New Jersey from Philadelphia to New York, culminating in the Battle of Monmouth on 28 June. Between February and June a constant flow of correspondence with military commanders kept the Privy Council abreast of the latest movements of the British forces. With each bit of news, the Privy Council responded accordingly, advising Livingston on deployment of the militia. In preparation for the battle, forces from at least seven counties, from all parts of the State, were moved into position to harass General Henry Clinton's army. Some units were stationed by the council without the approval or disapproval of the legislature.[FN 17, See entries for 23 and 28 Feb. 1778, 63 and 64; and 21 Mar. 1778, 71.] The Jerseymen's raids and attacks are credited with forcing Clinton to halt his march and fight.[FN 18, John Richard Alden, The American Revolution 1775-1783 (New York, 1954), 202.] The battle at Monmouth was indecisive with both sides claiming victory. However, a notable feature of the campaign was the turnout of the Jersey militia. This fact was not [12] lost on General Washington, whose sentiments regarding the militia were in marked contrast to his thoughts of January 1777: ". . . the Militia of this state are also thanked for the noble Spirit which they have shown in opposing the Enemy on their march from Philadelphia and for the Aid which they have given by harassing and impeding their Motions so as to allow the Continental Troops time to come up with them."[FN 19, Fitzpatrick, Writings of Washington, XII, 130.] There were, of course, reasons other than the spirited leadership of the Privy Council for the militia turnout. As the State continued to function, more people identified with its existence. Previous military successes by Continental troops, especially the surrender in October 1777 of British forces commanded by General John Burgoyne, gave those loyal to the State the will to fight. Such victories seriously tarnished the British aura of invincibility. Nevertheless, the new infusion of leadership by the Privy Council cannot be discounted. As in the case of the Council of Safety, the legislature recognized the Privy Council's effectiveness and continued to delegate increased military powers to it. When the militia was to be alerted for a possible campaign in conjunction with the Continental Army, the Privy Council was empowered to command the mobilization.[FN 20, Acts, 5th session, 2nd sitting, 27 June 1781.] . . . . Minutes of the Governor's Privy Council 1777-1789, New Jersey Archives, Third series, Volume I (Trenton, NJ: New Jersey State Library, Archives and History Bureau, 1974), Edited, with an Introduction, and Notes by David A. Bernstein, pp. 10-13.
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  12129. _The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies _ The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  12181. _No law protects private "militia"_: See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". From _Presser_: (115) ". . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." That is not a new idea; this law is from October 1658: "Military, [S. 11] . . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., drafting] & raifing of fouldiers for any expedition, fhall be directed to the Committy of militia of the feverall Townes who may execute the fame by the Coftable & the faid Committee are hereby impowred & required to fupprefs all raifing of fouldiers, but fuch as fhall be by the authority of this government." In contemporary English: "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., drafting] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  12190.  Luis Monsanto  When were you born? Yesterday? You're a Sanders 'fan" who believes everyone is corrupt -- except Sanders and his "fans". The only way you get away with yourself with that is to ignore your corruption be flatly ignoring the facts, or indulging a false amnesia: Is it a coincidence that the two partners -- one being Paul Manafort -- who elected the corrupt pro-Russian president of Ukraine -- ended up running the campaigns of Sanders and Trump? Were you paying attention, or are you deliberately ignoring the fact that early in the 2016 capaign, the Sanders campaign was caught hacking the DNC -- which forced his Manafort-partner/campaign manager to resign? Sanders stood shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump with his own serial lying about releasing his tax returns. Is it a coincidence that the only two candidates who have "fans" -- which are about ENTERTAINMENT -- instead of supporters -- POLITICs is NOT ENTERTAINMENT; it is LIFE-AND-DEATH -- are Sanders and Trump? If Sanders is the nominee, Trump will slap him dizzy. He'd be destroyed in a week, esepcially when his writings, when in his THIRTIES, about young children and sex are blasted across the media. The far-Left and Sanders were talking the same old-school Socialist rehetoic, and engaging in their political disruptions in the 1960s and into the 1970s. They ALIENATED those we needed to elect McGovern -- the working and middle clases -- who was not far-LEFT. Nixon won 49 states. I was there. Were your PARENTS born yet?
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  12210.  @badger1296  I have an education in law and have been researching and dealing with these issues for more than 30 years. ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by the Militia Act enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution, an arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn _Heller_. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  12266. The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  12314. Another law-illiterate heard from -- The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  12423.  @garybryson1900  The Federal gov't is a system of laws; gov't is by definition rule of law. And the Constitution is the SUPREME Law of the Land. But of course you wouldn't know what's in the Constitution because you can't be bothered to actually READ that which you reject. And the Confederacy -- despite all the LYING by the south's FAKE "historians," was about preserving SLAVERY. So that's what you are defending by rejecting the Constitution. Where in the Constitution is secession prohibited? "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The Congress shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States respectively the Appointment of the Officers [state constitutions stipulate that the governor is the commander-in-chief and shall appoint or nominate the officers with the consent of the state legislature], and the Authority of training the Militia in accordance with the discipline prescribed [IN Federal Militia Acts] BY CONGRESS. Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes. Here are two of those: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." Thus the Constitution provides the United States gov't, the Union, the authority to protect the United States, the Union, against political violence such as the insurrection committed against the Union by the seceding states/Confederacy. And read the Treason Clause: "Art. III, S. 3., C. 1. Treason against the United States [i.e., the Union], shall consist only in levying War against them ["them" being the United States], or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort." The Southern states seceded -- their Senators made speeches on the Senate floor declaring why: to preserve slavery. And those states formed the Confederacy, which levied War against the United States. Art. IV. S. 3, C. I. New States be admitted by the Congress [for secession to be Constitutional it would have to be the reverse of that process: authorized by Congress] into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned AS WELL AS OF THE CONGRESS." The status of states in relation to the Union is under the jurisdiction of Congress; and the Constitution is SUPREME over the states. S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence. "Art. VI., S. 2. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof . . . shall be the supreme Law of the Land . . . any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding." And the First Amendment: "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." Thus Congress has the authority, as made clear in multiple places in the Constitution, to make laws prohibiting violence, and to enforce the laws by suppressing violence by use of whatever force is necessary to do so.
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  12489.  @markclipsham9199  Not even a college student. For hundreds of years there were wars among western European nations -- typically England, France, and Germany -- usually two would side against the third. Twice those resulted in world wars that sucked the United State in. On the United States' initiative, NATO was estalished to put a stop to those wars -- and that has been a success. NATO was also established to crate a mutual DEFENSE pact for western Europe -- and East Block members -- against traditionally imperialist Russia. That is why it is a Putin lie that NATO is a "threat" to Russia; NATO is strictly defensive. And, as the United States put boots on the ground in Europe when sucked into those two world wars, and it resulted in great loss in treasure and troops, NATO is also the first line of defense of the United States against expansionist Russia. Better "they" fight 'them" "there" than the US yet again save Europe's ass from Russia. President Obama understood that vis-a-vis Libya: Europe expected the US to take the lead -- why not? Republicans had given them that expectation by sidestepping diplomacy in order to start shooting wars. But Obama pointed out that Libya is EUROPE'S front yard, not the US's, but that the US would supply air support -- NO US boots on the ground. Certainly the US is a treaty member of NATO -- READ the US Constitution: treatises are a part of the Constitution; a president cannot withdraw from the Constitution. And therefore the US owes NATO dues also. Trump -- who has been proven in court not to pay his bills -- is falsifying the relationship: the US does not fund NATO. And the amounts each NATO member is required to spend is for their DOMESTIC self-defense. The total amount for each member differs because the members aren't all the same size in land mass and population. Withdraw from NATO and the US is US boots on the ground again. Opposed to war? -- then defend NATO. And while at it, provide Ukraine the assistance it needs -- other NATO members are doing so -- in defense of democracy against Russia's illegal invasion based on the LIE that NATO being on Russia's border is a "treat" -- which is used as an excuse to threaten to invade, as example, Poland -- the result of which would be NATO on Russia's border, again according to Russia's LIE a "threat".
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  12498.  @AberdolphLinklr  I hear your racism as substitute for knowing what you're talking about. 1. Mexican and Central American criminals are buying guns in Texas and bringing them back to their own countries. 2. I'm not your "friend": I adhere to facts, law and reason. REPUBLICAN Texass Gov. Abbott signed laws eliminating background checks, thereby making it legal for criminals to buy guns legally. 3. Non-criminals will "always" have guns until they kill someone thus making themselves into criminals. 4. The illegal guns in Chicago are trafficked in from lax-gun control REPUBLICAN-controlled Indiana. Illegal guns are trafficked into New York state from Vermont and other states with lax-gun control The solution is FEDERAL law to interdict that illegal inter-state trafficking in order to protect STATES' RIGHTS. I don't do propaganda, law-illiterate; I do LAW: ___ No law protects private fake "militia": See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886), both of which are available via "Google" search: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___ And this is a familiar law -- gun control law has existed since the advent of guns. Note its date of enactment: ___ AT A COUNCIL Held at Boston, March 28, 1678. Whereas many Complaints have been made, that feveral Persons have been killed by such as have pretended to have fhot at Fowle, birds &c. and that in or near Highwayes; and many take the boldnefs upon them, Youths and grown Perfons, too frequently to fhoot within the Limits of Towns, Orchards, Gardens, &c. with bullets, greater or fmaller fhot, on pretence of fhooting at Marks, Birds, Fowle &c. whereby Perfons are endangered to be killed in their Gardens, Orchards, or adjacent Commons; To prevent fuch inconveniences and mifcheifs for the future, It is hereby Declared and Ordered, That all or any Perfon or Perfons of what age or Condition foever, that fhall henceforth prefume to fhoot off any Gun or Guns, charged with Bullet or Bullets, Swan, Goofe, or other fhot towards any Mark or place that the Militia in fuch Town or Towns have not appointed; or fo near or into any Houfe, Barn, Garden, Orchards or Highwayes in any town or towns of this Jurifdiction, whereby any perfon or perfons fhall or may be killed, wounded, or otherwife damaged, fuch perfon or perfons fo offending fhall be proceeded againft either as Murtherers, of fuch as have wounded or damaged any perfon or perfons in fuch place or places, fhall be liable to anfwer it, and to make full fatiffaction in all refpects to fuch perfon or perfons both for cure and damage; and be alfo liable to fuch further punifhment as the Authority of the place that hath Cognizance of the offence fhall appoint : And where either they be Servants or Youths under their Parents or Mafters and fhall not be able to make fuch fatifaction, fuch Parents or mafters fhall be liable to make full and due fatifaction in all respects : And the Select men of each town are hereby appointed to fee that this be put in execut[ion.] By the Council. Edward Rawson Secr' ____________ William Whitmore, "The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts-Bay. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, with the Supplements Through 1686" (Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 349.
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  12531.  dadfud4869  I have a resume of at least 6 pages of achievements in community work. What have you done but sit on your ass engaging in childish personal attacks in "defense" of that which you can't defend, so you attack those who criticize the Sanders deficiencies based upon the actual facts. What I'm telling you, punk, is that I've been active in politics since at least third grade, when I first learned of Lincoln and his principle, "Everybody equal before the law." That was during the 1950s. Even before being graduated from high school I knew US involvement in Vietnam was a fraud, and was vocal against it. At the time those vocally opposed could be counted on less than one hand. I knew Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin personally during the height of my activism against US involvement in Vietnam. I directly witnesses their "tactics": the only thing the seemed able to do was start riots, and get the media to blame those they provoked for starting it. They were assholes. Despite all their "anti-capitalist"" rhetoric, Rubin became a stockbroker. I not only have more than 60 years of political awareness, my political activism is more than 50 years. and you're going to tell me what a tired 1960s radical named Sanders is? I've seen and heard his rhetoric for decades. And I've seen his contrary ACTIONS. His slinging of RIGHT-wing smears -- FaLSE smears -- at Clinton showed who he is: an opportunistic liar. The same goes for his standing shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump with his own serially lying about releasing his tax returns. Clinton, by contrast, had released THIRTY YEARS of her's and Bill's tax returns at the same time that she announced her campaign. So what does Trump do? Destroy. And what has Sanders promised yet again? Destruction. They are both demagogues promising with word one thing, and DOING something else. We;ve had enough of the destruction -- we are on the brink of losing the rule of law altogether, and the Sanders CULT, it's self-flattering head petulantly stuck in the quicksand, are willing to finish Trump's destruction for a fantasy. Like it or not, Hillary is correct in her statement that nobody liked Sanders. The actual evidence speaks for itself: he passed three bills during TWENTY-FIVE YEARS because "my way or the highway" inflexibility. He couldn't recruit allies because he would not compromise. And you believe as president, OUTSIDE the Congress, he would be MORE effective with Congress? Dream on. Just leave the seasoned out of your backs-to-reality circle jerk.
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  12532.  @amandabell6356  So you didn't follow the 2016 campaign. IN FACT, the Sanders campign DID hack the DNC computer, as result of which his campaign manager resigned. It subsequently came out that his campaign manager worked with Paul Manaforti n Ukraine electing the pro-Russian, which latter was run out of office by the Ukrainian people, whereas he fled to Russia. Those were well known facts at the time; so either you weren't following the FACTS then, or you are simply denying the facts because your cult leader is more important than the FACTS. It is also the FACT that during the 2016 primary Sanders repeatedly said he'd release his tax returns -- so did Trump -- but neither did so, In short: BOTH of them LIED. And now he is being divisive again by again attacking the largest percentage of Liberal and Progressive voters: the Democratic Party. That was one of the several reasons he lost the primary to Clinton: he wasn't a Democrat, he promised to destroy the Democratic Party, and then AFTER being allowed to run as a Democrat, he worked to destroy both the Party and Clinton. He, and Comey, and the Russians, helped elect Trump. That's your "cure" for the division and destruction wrought by Trump -- more division and destruction? The far Left has a theory that by helping elect the far-RIGHT, the ppression that will result would, the next time around, result in victory for the Left. The fatal flaw in that theory is that the far right, once in power, will do whatever is necessary to eliminate any threat from the Left. See Chile under Pinochet. See Argentina under right-wing dictatorship.
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  12565. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  12600.  @sairassiili  yes, I am certain. I made a point of listening to Sanders every Sunday on "Air America," and I liked nearly everything he said. But then in 2016 I saw him campaig. He began by promising to destroy the Democratic -- but not the Republican? -- Party. Then, when the Party graciously allowed him to run as a Democrat, he continued trashing the Party -- shitting on the Party's living room rug -- and constnatly trashed Clinton with REPUBLICAN/RIGHT-wing SMEARS. Sanders "fans," of course, LOVED the feces-slinging, failing to see through the smears to who Clinton has actually always been. Right of of college, she worked for the Childrens' Defense Fund -- which is PROGRESSIVE, but not far-LEFt, like the totally ineffective legislator Sanders -- in New Bedford, MA. Clinton is an Eleanor Roosevelt Progressive -- about whom Sanders "fans" know NOTHING: it was Eleanor Roosevelt who provided the CONTENT of the "New Deal". At the time disabled kids weren't allowed a public education, so she went around collecting their stories. That eventuated in the Federal "Disabled Education Act". Clinton's entire career has been focused on the interests of CHILDREN, and therfore by extension the intersts of MOTHERS and FAMILIES. Quick and obvious clue: when a candiate attacks his opponent, the attacks deserve critical scrutiny, because in politics they tend to be LIES. And while Sanders had a field day slinging REPUBLICAN/RIGHT-wing smears at Clinton, she did not respond in kind. Yet his sucker "fans" BELIEVE all that horseshit because Saint Sanders can do no worng. Is Clinton corruupt, as Sanders asserted -- using REPUBLICAN/RIGHT-wing smears? Let's look at the FACTS, babykins: For 30 years, the Republicans -- who HATE the Clinton's gguts -- invented FAKE "scandals," slung tem at the clintons, and then DEMANDED they be investigated. So when the Republicans controlled Congress, they "investigated" their fake "scandals" -- and IN EVERY INSTANCE campe up EMPTY, which was PREDICTABLE in advance. As for the Clinton impeachment: if Ken Starr had found ANY corruption, we never would have heard of Lewinski. During the 2016 primary -- the ACTUAL Democrat got more votes than he; that's all there is to it -- Sanders revealed himself to be a vindictive prick. Even when he LOST the primary he didn't withjdraw, which would have been the mature, responsible thing to do; instead he continued to trash the Party -- the only one of the two major parties with which he'd had a chance -- and Clinton. As for his attacks on "special interests": he voted to PROTECT the gun industry, which was a top priority of the extremist RIGHT-wing ANTI-"Socialist domestic terrorist organization NRA. Protecting the gun industry is protecting a "special interest"; and that let's it off the hoof to continue to be an overt threat to public safety by creating bloody mayhem. Only one other interest had such legal protections in US history: big tobacco. If you hadn't noticed, tobacco and guns are DEADLY.
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  12629.  @DeRocco21  Yes, the Second Amendment is law. No one said otherwise. But the LIES about its intent from the gun industry through it's political front NRA are LIES: ___ The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  12636.  @olympicfireball  "you are ignoring the right of the people part of the second amendment". I absolutely am not ignoring it. I've REPEATEDLY made clear that that was adopted from the FOUR STATE Militia Clauses that used that phrase as the WELL-REGULATED MILITIA. Your problem -- which you don't recognize -- is that you don't know what you're talking about,, but I do. And you don't want to accept the fact that those state constitution MILITIA Clauses distinguished between the MILITIA -- "the right of the people," etc, and standing armies, and that that phrase in the Second Amendment was adopted to establish continuity in the law, and is a REDUNDANCY for the SUBJECT of the Amendment: well-regulated Militia. That is why simply reading a constitution -- and especially a phrase ripped out of its controlling and limiting context -- isn't sufficient. Read the STATUTES that existed before, during, and after the adopting of any constitution and you'll find that the constitution is essentially a codification of EXISTING law. The "Declaration of Independence" -- which has never been law, and which applied EXCLUSIVELY to ENGLAND -- includes a list of grievances against, by name, King George III. These two are directly on point as illustrative of the Founders position: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislature." That was adopted into the state constitution Militia Clauses, when distinguishing between well-regulated Militia -- "the right of the people," etc. -- and standing armies. The most elegant instance, and one of the four Militia Clauses that were the sources of the Second Amendment, is that from Massachusetts' constitution (written by John Adams, the foremost constitutionalist among the Founders), and ratified in 1780. There is an account from years before, during the so-called "revolution," of Sam Adams giving a speech at Fauniel Hall in Boston. Arrayed across the front edge of the stage were guns. After the speech the guns were gathered up and returned to the PUBLIC STORES -- they were not "private guns" possessed by "the right of the people": "XVII. The people have a right to keep and bear arms [well-regulated Militia provided PUBLIC arms as needed and necessary] for the common defence. And as, in times of peace, [standing] armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the legislature; and the military power [including well-regulated Militia] shall always be held in an exact subordination to the Civil authority, and be governed by it." The second on-point grievance in the "Declaration": He [i.e. King George III] has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." Thus there is no legitimate "military" "independent of and superior to" the military UNDER the Constitution and laws. ___ No law protects private fake "militia": See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886), both of which are available via "Google" search: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  12638.  @bl4ze1t38  "The implied right of privacy is not the main concern in roe v Wade, it’s the fact that it directly results in the death of children, and murder is not protected in the constitution whatsoever." Nope. But it's obvious YOU are opposed to abortion as "murder" because you know ZERO about pregnancy. What of problem pregnancies -- they do occur, despite your wholly idealized and unreal fantasies about it. Research "ectopic pregnancy". But you won't do that because you couldn't care less for facts. Miscarriage, still-birth -- you know noting about problem pregnancies, and don't care to know: as far as you're concerned there are no problem pregnancies; there is only "abortion" and non-abortion. That isn't what the 6 "Federalist Society" religioEXTREMISTS on the Court say. They assert that the words "right of privacy" don't appear in the Constitution, therefore there is no such right. That's why those who actually understand law and how courts adjudicate, and "judicial philosophies," etc., operate, and thus point to the fact that erasing the right of privacy underpinning "Roe" also erases the foundations of other SC decisions, including "Griswold," which preceded "Roe" in being based on the right of privacy. "Griswold," in the likelihood you don't know, established the right to use contraception. The 6 religioFREAKS on the Court ALSO oppose contraception. This is what overturning both "Griswold: and "Roe" would do for MEN: State-enforced CHILD SUPPORT. Are you for that? Or are you an "INCEL"?
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  12641.  @johnmullholand2044  These are in the Constitution you've never read: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." Congress provides implementation of Constitutional provides in the form of STATUTES, in this context, "Militia Acts," such as that enacted on May 2, 1792: "An act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." This is also in the Constitution: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BBY CONGRESS." Thus the Militia is ALWAYS UNDER BOTH US and state constitutions and STATUTES -- "Militia Acts". And as the DEBATES of the WRITING of the Second Amendment abundantly shows the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the Militia. This is underscored by a second "Militia Act" enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENSE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States. As ever, you post irrelevant and false, and unsourced, garbage. And I SUBSTANTIATE with ACTUAL LAW. Last but not least: ___ No law protects private fake "militia": See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886), both of which are available via "Google" search: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  12642.  @johnmullholand2044  Interesting how you make claims about the Second Amendment, ratification of which was completed December 15, 1791, based on 1600s ENGLISH law. And this is nonsensical on its face: "Explain this then: without an INDIVIDUAL right to own and carry Arms, how will you have an effective "militia"?" Logically a "militia" is not an individual -- correct? Also, as a matter of LAW, the commander-in-chief is the state's governor, who is an elected PUBLIC official, and the Militia is an arm OF gov't, its purposes being law ENFORCEMENT. Private citizens have no authority to take the law into their own hands as putative "law enforcement". As for this: "There were several regulations that REQUIRED the People to Keep (own) a proper firearm (in common use of the time)," etc. There is an account of "revolutionary" Samuel Adams giving a speech, during the so-called "revolution," at Faneuil Hall, in Boston. During the speech guns were arrayed across the front edge of the stage. After the speech the guns were gathered up and returned to the PUBLIC STORES. And note the date of this STATUTE: ___ At a General Assembly begun and held at the Public Buildings in the City of Richmond, on Monday the 21st day of October, in the Year of our Lord 1782. Chap. XII. An act for the recovery of arms and accoutrements belonging to the state. I. Whereas sundry arms and accoutrements belonging to the public in the hands of individuals, who have neglected to return them to the proper officers; and it is necessary that such arms and accoutrements should be recovered as speedily as possible: Be it enacted, that the Governor do, on the passing of this act, issue his proclamation, enjoining all persons having in their possession any arms or accoutrements whatsoever, belonging to the state, to deliver them without delay to the Lieutenant or commanding officer of the county for the time being; and the sheriff of each county within this commonwealth, shall cause copies of the said proclamations, which shall be transmitted to him by the Executive, to be fixed up in the most public places in his county, and if after one month from such public notice having been given, any person possessing any such public arms or accoutrements, shall be convicted of having failed to deliver them up as aforesaid, such person shall, upon every such conviction, be liable to the penalty of twenty pounds, to be recovered by action of debt, bill, plaint, or information, in any court of record within this commonwealth, one half of which penalty shall go to the informer, on conviction of the offender, and the other half shall be applied in aid of the county levy where such offender shall reside. And the Lieutenant, or commanding officer of each county, shall make returns from time to time, to the Executive, of all arms and accoutrements so delivered to him, and also deliver them to the order of the Executive, under the penalty, if he fail in all or any part of his duty, of fifty pounds, to be recovered as aforesaid, and applied in diminution of the county levy. Provided always, that where muskets and bayonets have been by order of government placed in any county on eastern or western frontier for defence against incursions of the enemy, it shall be lawful for the Lieutenant or commanding officer to return such muskets and bayonets to the militia, taking a receipt from each person for what shall be so returned. "A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the year 1768, as are now in force; With a Table of the Principal Matters" (Richmond: Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis, 1785); "The First Laws of the State of Virginia" (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., "The First Laws of the Original Thirteen States," 1982), Compiled by John D. Cushing, at 176. ___ To emphasize: "arms . . . belonging to the state". ALSO in the US Constitution is this provision: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." AGAIN: governance of the well-regulated Militia is ALWAYS UNDER BOTH US Constitution and STATUTES, AND state constitution and STATUTES.
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  12644.  @emmittmatthews8636  Nope, false: Madison did not write the Second Amendment. It was written by the first Congress under the newly-ratified Constitution sitting as "Committee of the Whole". And the Senate also debated the writing of the Amendment; Madison was not a Senator. These are the basics: ___ Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, a public institution, and arm OF gov't, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously voted down before the proposed Amendment was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS". The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" inaurrection was suppressed by the state's well-regulated Militia, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn _Heller_. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  12645.  @emmittmatthews8636  The first three words of the Constitution are, "We the people" -- not, "We the individual". If Madison was the "Father of the Constitution," and if he wrote the ""Bill of Rights," as the NRA and gun-nuts insist, then "people" means the same thing from those first three words in the Constitution to the end of the First 10 Amendments. " You have an agenda and you refuse to see truth." I have an education in law; you do not. The sources of the Second Amendment were four STATE constitution Militia Clauses. Those Clauses distinguished between two military force: the "right of the people," etc., which was the state's well-regulated Militia, and standing armies. That phrase was included in the Second Amendment to establish continuity in the laws, and is a redundancy for WELL-REGULATED MILITIA, which is the subject of the Amendment -- which we know from reading the DEBATES of the WRITING of the Amendment. Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES. If you go to those four states' STATUTES you'll find, before, and at the same time, and after, "Militia Acts" governing and regulating the Militia. You'll also find that serving in the Militia was not a "right" but a DUTY, and one could be DRAFTED into that service. But let's look at two Constitutional provisions -- ALL of the Constitution being in effect at the same time -- which ALSO govern the well-regulated Militia: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." That was implemented by means of STATUTE enacted May 2, 1792: "An act to provide for calling forth the MILITIA to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And this: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS. And, as the DEBATES of the WRITING of the Second Amendment abundantly show, the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a NATIONAL DEFENSE relying on the well-regulated Militia. That fact is underscored by a "Militia Act" enacted on May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." Thus thee well-regulated Militia is ALWAYS UNDER the governance and regulation of BOTH US and state constitutions -- and "Militia Acts". Last but not least: ___ No law protects private -fake - "militia": See _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008), citing _Pressor v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886), both of which are available via "Google" search: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as paramilitary organizations and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/
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  12646.  @emmittmatthews8636  "PA state constitution says "the Right of citizens to keep and bear arms in defense of THEMSELVES and their state shall not be questioned." See the words "AND the state"? And AGAIN: constitutional provisions are implemented by means of STATUTES -- in this context "Militia Acts". Those included PENALTIES for violating the REQUIREMENTS OF THE LAW. This is also from Pennsylvania -- all the states enacted the equivalent: ___ In this the non-associators -- those who were DISARMED by the Founders, were those who "refused or neglected" to SIGN the "oath of loyalty" enacted by the Pennsylvania legislature. Chapter DCCXXIX. An Ordinance Respecting the Arms of Non-Associators. Whereas the non-associators in this state have either refused or neglected to deliver up their arms according to the resolves of the honorable Continental Congress and the assembly of Pennsylvania, and effectual measures have not been taken to carry the said resolves into execution: [Section I.] Be it therefore ordained by the authority of this Convention, That the colonel or next officer in command of every band of militia in this state is hereby authorized, empowered and required to collect, receive and take all the arms in his district or township nearest to such officer which are in the hands of non-associators in the most expeditious and effectual manner in his power, and shall give to the owners receipts for such arms, specifying the amount of the appraisement; and such as can be repaired shall with all possible dispatch be rendered fit for service, and the value according to the appraisement of all such arms, together with the repairs and transportation, shall be paid to the officers by the treasurer on the order of the council of safety for the use of the owners and defraying the charges. [Section II.] And be it further ordained, That the same arms shall be appraised by any three reputable freeholders appointed by the commanding officer; but if the owner of any arms shall neglect or refuse to apply for such money within six months the same shall be applied towards the repairs of the arms; and the colonels are hereby authorized to draw for the necessary sums of money for the purposes aforesaid on the council of safety. [Section III.] And it is further ordained, That the colonels aforesaid shall arm the associators with the said arms and keep an account to whom they are delivered and return the same to the council of safety; and every associator shall be answerable for such arms or the value unless lost or destroyed by some unavoidable accident or in actual service. [Section IV.] And be it further ordained, That in case any arms so collected shall not be worth repairing, the same shall be laid by until such time as may be thought proper by the committee of the county to return them to the owners. ___ Passed July 19, 1776. "Ordinances passed by the Constitutional Convention, June-September, 1776," The Statutes at Large of the State of Pennsylvania from 1682 to 1801, Vol. IX, 1776 to 1779 (Wm. Stanley Ray, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1903), Edited by Commissioners James T. Mitchell and Henry Flanders, at 11. ___ Because a primary purpose of the state's well-regulated Militia is LAW ENFORCEMENT. I recommend you see what the Founders did to the "Whiskey" insurrectionists; I'll help you out: The Founders did not call the insurrectionists "patriots"; they called them "common criminals," and they were charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death.
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  12780.  @drewski1441  In short, you can't refute what he says, so you smear him. YOUR CORRUPTION is showing. Clinton won the popular vote by just short of 3 million. That's how that worked out, moron. How did the Russian subversion of the election work out? It was successful. How did the Comey letter work out -- NO CORRUPTION was ultimately found in her emails, moron. The letter was successful. How is the criminal Trump Ukranian shake-down working out? Immediately after the vote to "acquit," two Republican Senators asked the Treasury/IRS for tax information on Hunter Biden, and it was immediately provided. Meanwhile, Trump/Barr have been arguing in court that the effort to get Trump's tax returns, in keeping with the law, is UNCONSTITUIONAL. IN ADDITION, Barr released a "policy" statement that no US Atty. can open any investigation into a delcared candidate for president, House, or Senate, or illegal campaign activities, without Barr's personal permission. As you SHOULD know by now, Barr is implementing in "law" Trump's criminal enterprise directives. We -- YOU -- are right now, in the present, and going forwward, are faced with a CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER: Trump and the Republicans. Why are you NOT focused on the much wealthier Republican ESTABLISHMENT!? Because either you're a Russian, or you're making the ame mistake Sanders made in 2016: bash and smear the Democrats so the Republicans are let off the hook. Your off in a corner masturbating over pie-in-the-sky FANTASIES that have NO chance against the Trump/Republican juggernaut. What's the "best" you can do? -- smear the ONLY THING between that juggernaught and the Constitution. You're either a Russian, or a died-in-the-wool FOOL. YOUR CORRUPTION is showing.
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  12813. Pay attention to reality -- the COURTS are telling you the nature of the crimes. And here is what you voted for -- against the Constitution based on a right that began in the Colonies: ___ Wong Kim Ark and Birthright Citizenship April 9, 1866: First US Civil Rights Act: defined citizenship: All persons born in the US, and not subject to any foreign power, are citizens of the US. July 9, 1868: 14th Amendment ratified. All persons born or naturalized in the US, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the US and of the State wherein they reside." May 6, 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act: First major US law to restrict immigration based on nationality. Banned Chinese laborers from entering US for 10 years, required Chinese travelers to carry certificate identifying status, prohibited Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens, and called for deportation of Chinese who arrived after 1880. March 28, 1898: US Supreme Court decision: United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 US 649. Facts of the case Wong Kim Ark was born in San Francisco to parents who were both Chinese citizens who resided in the US at the time. At age 21, he returned to China to visit his parents who had previously resided in the US for 20 years. When he returned to the US he was denied entry on the ground that he was not a citizen. Question Is a child born in the US to Chinese-citizen parents who are lawful permanent residents of the US a US citizen under the 14th Amendment Citizenship Clause? Conclusion Because Wong was born in the US and his parents were not "employed in any diplomatic or official capacity under the Emperor of China," the 14th Amendment Citizenship Clause automatically makes him a US citizen. Justice Horace Gray authored the opinion on behalf of a 6-2 majority.
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  12904.  @joevelte4252  This is the LAW on this issue: Trump's THEFT of gov't property is not limited to classified information. ALL information generated by gov't employees is owned BY THE GOV'T. That has been the law since the first Supreme Court ruling on the question in the 18th century. Let's be more particular by presenting the FACTS, oblivious and duped Trumpeter: 1. Several of Trump's WHITE HOUSE lawyers have testified under oath that Trump said of the STOLEN GOV'T PROPERTY, "It's mine, it's not theirs." 2. Because Trump refused to cooperate by handing over the GOV'T PROPERTY he STOLE to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), NARA referred the issue to DOJ. 3. After the first 15 boxes were retrieved, and the DOJ and FBI learned that those were not all of the GOV'T PROPERTY Trump STOLE and was ILLEGALLY WITHHOLDING, the DOJ and FBI bent over backwards in effort to cooperate in the retrieval of the rest of the STOLEN GOV'T PROPERTY. Trump instead engaged in what he called "negotiation" over the issue. Does law enforcement cooperate with a bank robber who wants to "negotiate" over "whether," "how much," and "when" the robber will return the stolen money? 4. Trump denied having additional STOLEN GOV'T PROPERTY so the DOJ/FBI subpoenaed the remainder. Trump provided a few -- proving that his claim to have no mare was FALSE -- and at least one of his lawyers signed a declaration attesting to the "fact" that there were no more STOLEN GOV'T PROPERTY to turn over. 5. Finally, because Trump TALKED about "cooperating" but did not do so, the DOJ/FBI got a warrant for search and retrieved even more boxes of STOLEN GOV'T PROPERTY, in total to date more than two dozen. It wouldn't have been an issue if Trump had simply turned over all the documents at the outset. Instead, the PAPER TRAIL of the effort documents Trump LYING, and blowing off a subpoena. And then his lawyer BOBB publicly stated that she was kept from the premises and didn't receive the warrant. IN FACT, as the unsealed warrant/inventory show, BOBB SIGNED the warrant/affidavit as the RECIPIENT of them. Trump has NEVER accepted "NO!" even when the "NO!" is the LAW. So you are arrogantly and stupidly defending CRIME. Question: Is TRUMP above the law?
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  12912.  @nycatlady2314  "but they have said if a grown man is with a teenager it’s not rape if he makes a commitment to marry". In Massachusetts there was a relatively recent case of a man seeking to end child support payments. These were the underlying facts of the case: His girlfriend told him she was pregnant and that it was his. He married her and supported the family. Seven years in she told him the kid wasn't his. He had DNA testing done and found it wasn't his -- in other words, she had lied in order to induce him to marry her. He divorced, and filed suit to cease paying child support. He lost in all the lower courts, and then lost in the state's highest court. The WOMAN chief justice authored the opinion holding that he had to continue paying child support because he "committed" to doing so. Ignored was that fact that he was fraudulently induced into the marriage. Marriage is a contract. If a party to a contract is found to have induced the other party to join the contract by means of fraud, the contract is void. I'm 76 and have been watching the politics all along. In the early 1970s with the beginning of the women's movement, one of its inherited-wealth leaders said: "Sisters, if you want to be independent, then get off his wallet." That was quickly REJECTED by most of the movement. This is the basic unchanged paradigm (except for the recent Dobbs decision): If a couple gets pregnant and both want it, she has it. If a couple gets pregnant and neither want it, she doesn't have it. If a couple gets pregnant and he wants it but she doesn't, she doesn't have it. If a couple gets pregnant and he doesn't want it but she does, she has it -- and his wallet. And that last is still enforceable by law.
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  12937. You nail it. Is there any escape from capitalism's commodification of everything, even death, as entertainment to be sold by any means necessary to consumers. Where did Travis Scott's fans get the idea that violence at his concerts is "entertainment"? And then there's the escape from that fact by blaming not Scott but "God" or "Satan," with all sorts of irrational, nihilistic defenses of that "view". Note the "escape clause" in the last verse of the following -- ____ Who Killed Davey Moore? WRITTEN BY: BOB DYLAN Who killed Davey Moore Why an’ what’s the reason for? “Not I,” says the referee “Don’t point your finger at me I could’ve stopped it in the eighth An’ maybe kept him from his fate But the crowd would’ve booed, I’m sure At not gettin’ their money’s worth It’s too bad he had to go But there was a pressure on me too, you know It wasn’t me that made him fall No, you can’t blame me at all” Who killed Davey Moore Why an’ what’s the reason for? “Not us,” says the angry crowd Whose screams filled the arena loud “It’s too bad he died that night But we just like to see a fight We didn’t mean for him t’ meet his death We just meant to see some sweat There ain’t nothing wrong in that It wasn’t us that made him fall No, you can’t blame us at all” Who killed Davey Moore Why an’ what’s the reason for? “Not me,” says his manager Puffing on a big cigar “It’s hard to say, it’s hard to tell I always thought that he was well It’s too bad for his wife an’ kids he’s dead But if he was sick, he should’ve said It wasn’t me that made him fall No, you can’t blame me at all” Who killed Davey Moore Why an’ what’s the reason for? “Not me,” says the gambling man With his ticket stub still in his hand “It wasn’t me that knocked him down My hands never touched him none I didn’t commit no ugly sin Anyway, I put money on him to win It wasn’t me that made him fall No, you can’t blame me at all” Who killed Davey Moore Why an’ what’s the reason for? “Not me,” says the boxing writer Pounding print on his old typewriter Sayin’, “Boxing ain’t to blame There’s just as much danger in a football game” Sayin’, “Fistfighting is here to stay It’s just the old American way It wasn’t me that made him fall No, you can’t blame me at all” Who killed Davey Moore Why an’ what’s the reason for? “Not me,” says the man whose fists Laid him low in a cloud of mist Who came here from Cuba’s door Where boxing ain’t allowed no more “I hit him, yes, it’s true But that’s what I am paid to do Don’t say ‘murder,’ don’t say ‘kill’ It was destiny, it was God’s will” Who killed Davey Moore Why an’ what’s the reason for? Copyright © 1964, 1965 by Warner Bros. Inc.; renewed 1992, 1993 by Special Rider Music
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  12939.  @shadowfox9490  If one adheres to fact and law, the objective, then the conclusions cannot be only "one's own". If those who have objective information -- fact and law -- provide it, then they are not indoctrinating or preaching. There is truth and actual information that can be relied upon. "I hope you practice what you preach" -- can one blow off other's "opinion" if that opinion is founded on objective fact and law? This is an example of the work I've been doing, for more than 30 years, as a person with an education in law: ___ No law protects private/fake "militia" This chronology illustrates both the evolution, elaboration, and increasing specificity of law, and its continued consistency over centuries: ____ Militia Act from October 1658 (rendered in contemporary spelling): "Military, [S.] 11. . . . It is Further Ordered, that henceforth all warrants for impressing [e.g., DRAFTING] & raising of soldiers for any expedition, shall be directed to the Committee of militia of the several Towns who may execute the same by the Constable & the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to suppress all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." For emphasis: "the said Committee are hereby impowered & required to SUPPRESS all raising of soldiers, but such as shall be by the authority of this government." The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Containing Also, the Body of Liberties of 1641. (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, City Printers, Published by Order of the City Council of Boston, 1889), William H. Whitmore, Record Commissioner, at 179. In the above, "Committee of Militia" is part of the town gov't. Above the town gov't and "Committee" was a military command structure, in law, which included, at the top, the governor as commander-in-chief of the Militia. The governor was not going to "take up arms" against the gov't/himself. ___ Rendered in contemporary spelling: At a GENERAL COURT Held at Boston the 3d of May 1676. This COURT taking into Consideration the great Disappointment the Country hath suffered by reason of non-appearance of Soldiers Impressed [DRAFTED] for several expeditions: Do judge meet that every person Impressed [DRAFTED] as a Soldier for the Service of the Country, and neglecting to make his appearance according to Order: every such Foot Soldier shall pay the sum of four Pounds, and every Trooper shall pay the sum of six Pounds: and if their neglects or refusal be accompanied with Refractoriness, Reflection or Contempt upon Authority, such person shall be punished with Death, or some other Grievous punishment. And the Committee of Militia in the several Towns where the offence is committed are hereby impowered and required to call before them all such as shall be Delinquents as is above expressed, and on Conviction of their neglect to give Warrant to the Constable to levy the said fines, which said fines shall be improved to purchase Arms for the Towns use; Provided it shall be in the power of the Council upon Petition of any person aggrieved, and just reason alleged and proved to make abatement of the said fines as in their wisdom and discretion they shall judge meet. And it is hereby Ordered that the return of all neglects and defects in the cases aforesaid, be sent to the Committee of Militia in the several Towns, who are hereby required to take care for the strict Execution hereof. By the COURT Edward Rawson Secr. The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1672, With the Supplements Through 1686. (Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1890), Edited by William H. Whitmore, at 343. Law REGULATES -- which includes imposition of PENALTIES. ___ The "Declaration of Independence," which applied exclusively to England, includes a list of grievances against King George III, these two of which are directly on point: "He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures." "Legislatures" MAKE LAW, which REGULATE. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power." "Civil Power" is the gov't, which is by definition rule of law. As John Adams, who participated in writing the "Declaration," and authored the Massachusetts constitution, said: "A system of Laws, and not of men." ___ June 21, 1788: Ratification of the US Constitution completed: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions." "Art. I., S. 8., C. 16. The CONGRESS shall have Power To provide for organizing, ARMING, and disciplining, the Militia . . . reserving to the States [GOV'TS] respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed BY CONGRESS." "Art. 4, S. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and . . . against domestic Violence." "Amendment I. Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people PEACEABLY to assemble." "Amendment XIV., S. 3. No person . . . who, having previously taken an oath . . . to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", shall be eligible for any US or state gov't office, civil or military. ___ The first Congress, both House and Senate, under the newly-ratified Constitution, debated and wrote the proposed Bill of Rights. The Debates of that which became the Second Amendment show its purpose was to establish a National Defense relying on the well-regulated Militia -- standing armies being feared. September 28, 1789: Proposed Bill of Rights submitted to the states for consideration and ratification consisted of TWELVE proposed amendments; the first two were rejected, making the 3rd the 1st, and making the 4th the 2nd. December 15, 1791: Ratification of remaining Ten Amendments completed. ___ Constitutional provisions are implemented by means of statutes: May 2, 1792: "An Act to provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." May 8, 1792: "An Act more effectually to provide for the National Defense by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States." More than two years AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, Congress enacted a Militia Act in response to the "Whiskey" insurrection: November 29, 1794: "An Act to authorize the President to call out and station a corps of Militia, in the four western Counties of Pennsylvania, for a limited time." And this is how, per Art. I., S. 8., C. 16, the Militia is ARMED: July 6, 1798: "An Act providing Arms for the Militia throughout the United States. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be provided, at the charge and expense of the government of the United States, thirty thousand stand of arms, which shall be deposited by order of the President of the United States, at suitable places, for the purpose of being sold to the governments of the respective States, or the militia thereof, under such regulations, and at such prices as the President of the United States shall prescribe. . . . ___ Source of all US statutes above: The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 2, 1845. Vol. I. (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), By Authority of Congress, Edited by Richard Peters. ___ From Supreme Court decision _Presser v. Illinois_, 116 U.S. 252 (1886): "(115) . . . . It cannot be successfully questioned that the state governments, unless restrained by their own constitutions . . . have . . . the power to control and regulate the organization, drilling, and parading of military bodies and associations . . . . (116) The exercise of this power by the states is necessary to the public peace, safety, and good order. To deny the power would be to deny the right of the state to disperse assemblages organized for sedition and treason, and the right to suppress armed mobs bent on riot and rapine." ___ From _District of Columbia v. Heller_, 554 U.S. 570, 621 (2008) citing _Presser_: The Second Amendment "does not prevent the prohibition of private paramilitary organizations". ___ In fact, all 50 states classify such fake "militia" as "paramilitaries" and PROHIBIT them. Pick your state: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/our-work/addressing-the-rise-of-unlawful-private-paramilitaries/state-fact-sheets/ ___
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  12947.  @seanmccartney5177  And the "missing" is what? When the issue is law, it makes sense to LEARN from those who have expertise in law. It makes sense also to learn from those who have expertise in the RELEVANT area of law. When the issue is Federal law, MSNBC provides actual former seasoned Federal prosecutors who have prosecuted under the RELEVANT FEDERAL laws being discussed. CNN does a little of that. There is another purported "network" on youtube -- Meides -- which consists to two CIVIL practice lawyers, who have NEVER been CRIMINAL law prosecutors, along with several other non-lawyer political commentators. One of them -- Ben -- slings the same bigot's slurs and name-callings at Trump, and such as Judge Cannon, as the right-wing does, but is apparently either too stupid to look at how he is identical to the malefactors in doing that, or lives the same bigotries. Or he is deliberately using an exceedingly cheap -- and destructive -- means to produce panderer's click-bait. So he perpetuates the same crude discourse that is the problem. The more mature lawyer of the two -- Popok -- posts "Hot Takes" that are so poorly prepared that they are a garbled mix of "clarification" of law and politics, and undifferentiated tangents, that one can't make sense of either, except that his politics are ostensibly "liberal". MSNBC's seasoned prosecutors are exceedingly careful and clear by adhering strictly to the law, including caveats. They DO NOT mix in their or anyone else's political views and thus corrupt and bury their message. I make those distinctions based on the fact that I have an education in law, so wonder what sort of presentations these lawyers make to juries that are successful at anything other than confusing them. "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams.
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  12988.  @edwardbaker1331  A belief that is false exists; but that it exists does not make it true. And this isn't about "animosity," simpleton: it is about REASON. Let's see if your are not so profoundly shallow that you can grasp reason: Not five minutes ago "God" talked to me. And "He" said that he has never, in the entire endless history of infinity, talked to any other human. Well, yeah -- I can't prove that, but you can't disprove it. That's why reason requires EVIDENCE. And why Christ instructed that one practice one's "religion" IN PRIVATE -- because the public showing off of one's "piety" is egotism based on being judgmental of others as inferior because you run for necessary doubt and can't stand others believing differently than you. I love the way the FOUNDERS put you bullying cranks in your place: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State.
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  12993.  @tonimartine370  It can't be proven there's a "God" -- therefore it can't be proven that illiterate sheep herders were talked to by anyone let alone a "God". Reason requires more EVIDENCE than mere word from finite and imperfect humans who are prone to error and lying. This is how the Founders put your subjectivist rejection of fact and reason in its place: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those, and equivalent provisions in the other states constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. The US Constitution, by its own express terms, is the SUPREME Law of the Land. There is NO "higher law".
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  12994.  @SherryHill-k5y  You've actually STUDIED "all past societies"? Including their level of education, illiteracy, and critical thinking? Because ignorance is the basic tradition, your assertion is meaningless. It is also meaningless and also ignorant is this fact: Most societies believed in MULTIPLE "Gods" -- not a single "supreme being"; see as examples Greek mythology and Indian Hinduism. It is only with the pre-Christian era that all those "Gods" were consolidated into a single "God"(though Catholicism posits a "father, son, AND "holy ghost") -- and the "God" of the "Old Testament" is a mass-murder-ordering TYRANT who blames and punishes the IMPERFECT humans "He" created, instead of taking responsibility for making them IMPERFECT and therefore bound to screw up. You're also wrong to believe that "believing" a thing makes the thing believed true -- or makes it actually exist. Can you imagine flying without having an airplane? -- yes. Can you IN REALITY fly without an airplane? NO! Can you "BELIEVE" the FALSE FANTASY that you can fly without an airplane? Certainly -- but that belief, being a false fantasy, would be FALSE. That's why THINKING is an ACTIVE process, whereas "belief" is a resting point. CRITICAL THINKING evaluates the BELIEF to determine whether it is true OR FALSE. Or, neutrally, not proven. What the claims about a "supreme being" are about is FEAR OF DEATH. NO ONE knows what occurs when one dies. But the alternative to the fear is "hope" -- and generated fantasies about it. So "religion" provides made-up "answers" to questions that have no answer. Believing a thing DOES NOT automagically also make it true. How can an imperfect, finite human comprehend infinitude and perfection? S/he cannot; one can "believe" that infinity and perfection exist, but the finite, imperfect human cannot KNOW they do.
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  12995.  @marciamariethompson6463  None of that proves there's a "God" that, according to finite imperfect human speculation, is beyond the conception of finite imperfect humans. You're a subjectivist who rejects facts and reason -- including the fact that illiterates in a "Bible" that claimed the "whole world" was flooded -- before it was proven the world is round, and before there was any knowledge of any "world" outside the Middle East desert -- and who claimed they heard voices, and that the "voices" were "God," provided a shred of proof for any of that. This is how the Founders put you subjectivists in your place: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those state constitution provisions, and their equivalents in other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. Gov't is by definition RULE OF LAW. Your rejection of the rule of law is ANTI-AMERICAN. Last but not least: Christ instructed his adherents to practice their "religion IN PRIVATE -- not to bullyingly push your lawless crap into others faces in arrogant pretense that you're holier-than-though. Christianity is compassion and decency. Learn at least to respect others by learning to be decent in both word and action. Else you'll continue to get put back in your place by the rule of law.
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  13081. The US has been in a Constitutional crisis since Trump colluded with Russia to steal the election. For those who CONTINUE to deny the reality -- ____ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  13099. This is how the Founders put them in their place -- ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in the other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't.
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  13134.  @billy909420  He was pushing a "narrative": a defense of Clarence Thomas. I suggest you look at the decisions targeted by Clarence Thomas for overturning based on his and his fellow extremist Justices denial that there is a right of privacy. Get the clue: underlying "Roe" and all the decisions targeted is the RIGHT OF PRIVACY, which Thomas and his cohorts DENY EXISTS because the words "right of privacy" do not appear in the Constitution. That denial applies across the board, not only to those decisions. It was stunning that one commenter who views the mainstream media as "biased" stated that he'd heard this media outlet is "biased," but then discovered it is "conservative" -- meaning NO "biased". Apparently "conservatives" don't recognize that, whereas facts are neutral, like them or not -- "conservative" is a BIAS. Again: legitimate journalism reports the facts, regardless whether "liked". Picking a fight with an interviewee in order to defend a "conservative" Justice is not journalism; it is politicized "opinion" infotainment for those who don't know the difference between journalism and propaganda. Who prefer propaganda to facts they don't like. The mainstream media conforms to a standard that has existed in print journalism for many, many decades: there is the news -- facts -- and, as a SEPARATE SECTION, "Opinion". FOX obliterated the line by mixing the two, and then leaving out the facts altogether. That is what "conservative" media has become: full-on propaganda presented as "fact".
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  13150.  @bigverybadtom Trump "University" was a FRAUD. To commit a FRAUD is to LIE. The Trump "charitable" foundation was a FRAUD. To commit a FRAUD is to LIE. He was found LIABLE for MASSIVE fraud in the valuations and devaluations of his properties. FRAUD is LYING. He was CONVICTED of the CRIME of FALSIFYING BUSINESS RECORDS in order to FALSELY influence the election. FALSIFYING is LYING. When asked if he would take the stand and testify under oath at his CRIMINAL trail, he responded, "ABSOLUTELY." Then when weaseling out of doing so he first asserted that the "gag" order prevented him doing so. In FACT AND LAW there was a simple and legal way around the gag order: To testify UNDER OATH. But he REFUSED to do so because he knew he had only two options: Either admit to the facts PROVEN by the DOCUMENTS which were generated by and obtained from the TRUMP organization, some of which had been personally signed, on his personal bank account, by TRUMP. OR commit perjury in the fact of the OVERWHELMING evidence from his own hand. EVERYTHING he said about the falsification of business records was and is PROVEN to be LIES BY HIS OWN ORGANIZATION RECORDS INCLUDING THOSE HE PERSONALLY SIGNED. But let's go back to the Big Lie: that the election was stolen. In Georgia, AS EXAMPLE, there were three post-election audits which found no significant fraud. We have the TAPE RECORDING/S, made by REPUBLICAN state officials, of his STATE LAW PROHITED effort to EXTORT based on LIES about the election. He filed more than 60 lawsuits in multiple states alleging the election was stolen. ALL were dismissed for LACK OF EVIDENCE. Are we to believe his lawyers DIDN'T KNOW the suits were bogus? You don't get to pretend that there are no FACTS simply by LYING that there are no "facts" based on doing everything you can to AVOID the facts. You Trump Derangement Syndrome DUPES are not clever; you are COWARDS. you DON'T DARE WATCH the January 6th Congressional Committee hearings in which the WITNESSES -- ALL of them TRUMP SUPPORTERS from the White House, the DOJ, and the Trump Campaign -- exposed Trump for what he is. As example, directly from one of the Trump White House inner circle, is the FACT that Trump was TOLD by the Secret Service that many of his supporters at the "really" WERE ARMED WITH GUNS. Further, there is VIDEO footage of some of them in trees with guns, and police radio traffic of them being armed. Yet Trump to this days denies it. If Trump says anything it is a LIE.
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  13351.  @aceplaysgamesnetwork9566  "De zero made a bunch of baseless claims." Your name calling says everything about you and nothing about DeNiro. And, hypocrite, isn't that what you are complaining about that DeNiro is doing? FACTS MATTER: Trump is a constant liar, so calling him a liar is a statement of FACT. Trump is an adjudicated rapist. Trump is a convicted criminal felon. All of those are facts. Further: "He’s completely unhinged and very ignorant about the facts." That's exactly what Trump does: smear other people -- by means of which you fail to cite a single "fact". "The truth is the side that paid him" Have you EVIDENCE that he was paid? No, of course you don't -- you defend Trump's calling people names and attacking them personally while avoiding mention of that FACT in order to attack DeNiro for doing the same thing to Trump. The difference is that DeNiro is stating facts: Trump is a loud-mouthed bully and a constant liar. Everything DeNiro said about Trump is true -- which even YOU know. " to act like he’s concerned about the future of democracy and America is the same side that wants to destroy both." Enforcing the rule of law against CAREER CRIMINAL Trump is a DEFENSE of democracy and the rule of law on which it is founded. Now go back and READ what you posted: NONE of it deals with ANY facts. Rather, it attacks DeNiro personally -- which is exactly what Trump does, and exactly what DeNiro is pointing to. You are doing exactly what Trump does, while avoiding the fact that that is exactly what Trump does -- and it is that for which DeNiro is calling out Trump.
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  13352.  @lvmy57  You aren't paying attention. Here's an example of how reality works contrary to your lying against it: During the New York criminal trial Trump constantly smeared not only the judge but also the judges daughter -- who never said a thing about him. And he constantly smeared the jury -- who said nothing about him (until rendering their verdict). And that's the simplest of it, because he was attacking the justice system and the rule of law itself, including the ludicrous allegation that President Biden was attacking him in that trial. The reality is that the President is a FEDERRAL official, and has no jurisdiction in STATE courts. Meanwhile, when asked if he would testify in his defense, he answered: "Absolutely." Because he was engaging in contempt of court, he was severally fined for doing so. But there was actually a simple and LEGAL way for him to spew his rants: testify, under oath, in his own defense. But he knew that that would give him two options: either confess to the crimes that were PROVEN by DOCUMENTS generated by and obtained from the Trump organization, or commit perjury. So despite saying he'd "Absolutely" testify, he chickened out and didn't testify at all. Instead he ranted and raved and lied by attacking the judicial system and the rule of law. None of those he attacked and name-called and smeared and lied about had, at any point, attacked him. That is the trial in which he was convicted of 34 felonies. You have a choice: you can continue to lie, or you can grow up and conduct yourself with the morality of decency -- which is to say, honestly. Until then you are in the gutter, morally degenerate, and defending rape and felonious criminality against the United States, which is, as John Adams stated, "A system of Laws, and not of men." "Justice and the Rule of Law are to be ABOVE politics." -- John Adams. The reason Trump consistently LOSES in court is because (1) he never has a legal leg to stand on, and (2) he always engages in politics, which is not the proper way to conduct oneself in a court of L-A-W. Trump is not a victim -- he is the perpetrator, and a bully, who, when called out, falsely whines that he's the victim. A professed billionaire with a football stadium full of lawyers and he's a victim!? Smarten up.
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  13378. The Founders on the Second Amendment: The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  13391.  @danielviets4427  I was born in 1948: DO THE MATH. I have an education in law -- you do not. What NO ONE needs is bullshit "arguments" about this or that or another "right" being "absolute". A single exception to an "absolute" DEMOLISHES the "absolute". But there are more than one exceptions to the FALSE argument that freedom of speech is "absolute"": first, the laws penalizing speech that incites violence; second, anti-defamation law. Because YOU are incapable of distinguishing between lies and truth does not mean those who can are "censors". Such determinations -- as I've repeated more than once -- is not a subjective determination made in a vacuum. There are FACTS against which to compare statements. And there are "opinions" which are FALSE, therefore NOT OPINIONS. There are also LEGAL STANDARDS WHICH ALREADY EXIST IN LAW. You are FILING in two basic ways: 1. You are pushing a RIGHT-WING LIE that the issue is about "censoring" "free speech" -- as if no one can determine falsehood from facts OBJECTIVELY. You are, in short, DEFENDING disinformation. 2. You are engaging in politics while falsely presuming that everyone else is as stupid -- so stupid as not only not able to distinguish between politics and law, but also to ignore the rule of law altogether. The foremost constitutionalist among the Founders was John Adams -- "Justice and the Rule of LAW are to be ABOVE politics." You are REFUSING to bother with the rule of law -- AGAIN: the Supreme Court has held that LYING is "protected speech" -- and REFUSING to be reasonable while defending the irrational and destructive. In short, you REJECT EXISTING OBJECTIVE STANDARDS in defense of deliberate destructive chaos that has been and is undermining the rule of law. There is no room in your position for reason or responsibility. That is NOT the scope of the First Amendment protection of freedom of speech. During the first world war Congress enacted a "Sedition Act" aimed at speech which promoted the overthrow of the gov't. That was UPHELD by the Supreme Court.
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  13392.  @danielviets4427  "I’m sorry that you hate freedom of speech. But that’s a foundation of our country. It’s the first amendment for a reason." Thank you for further substantiating your law-illiteracy, in this instance with a favorite FALSE gun-nut defense of the NRA's Second Amendment lies. FACTS MATTER: As submitted to the states for consideration and ratification the proposed "Bill of Rights" consisted of TWELVE proposed Amendments. The FIRST TWO were REJECTED making the Third the First and the Fourth the Second. Think about the rights of others -- such as those who are smeared with disinformation? I've been a civil rights advocated since third grade, when 9-10 years old. When you reject the necessary limits on the exercise of rights to promote lawless bullying. This is an on-point example of how that is properly curtailed: In LAW pointing an UNLOADED gun at another is the CRIME of "Assault with a Deadly Weapon". The element CENTRAL to the crime is the UNLOADED GUN. Why? Because BOTH there are LIMITS on the exercise of rights AND OTHERS ALSO have rights. FACTS MATTER: ___ The NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry political front NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's "Heller" decision is an outlier. In "Heller" he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The subject of the Amendment is well regulated Militia, and its purpose to establish a National Defense, relying on that Militia. The Militia is not an individual, and is a public institution, regulated under both Federal and state constitutions and laws; thus the Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry/NRA claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which became the Second Amendment, which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [Here I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" Congress debated was that last clause -- "but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service" -- and it was obviously dropped from the proposed Amendment before it was ratified. Thus the Second Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring the legislative history -- Congress' Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS. The Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" rebellion was suppressed by the state's legitimate well-regulated Militia, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. And under the Constitution, AFTER the Second Amendment was ratified, the "Whiskey" rebellion was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the rebels charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn "Heller". PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  13394.  @danielviets4427  1. It can't be proven that there's a "creator". 2. The First Amendment separates "religion" and gov't. 3. You wouldn't know what rights to claim if they weren't secured IN WRITTEN LAW. Again, I have an education in law -- and you are a law-illiterate who REJECTS the rule of law and the Constitutionally-established LIMITS on their exercise.-- which, ironically, rejects WITH THE LAW the very rights you like to claim. ___ "No Collusion"? Trump's July 27, 2016 Solicitation of Crime with Russia. This is Webster's definition of "collusion": "Secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose". How many Trumpeters lied about their contacts with Russians during the Trump-Putin COLLUSION? THIS IS THE LAW: The Model Penal Code defines solicitation as commanding, encouraging, or requesting another person to engage in conduct that constitutes a crime or an attempt to commit a crime (with the intent that the crime be committed). Model Penal Code S. 5.02(1) (1962). Generally the code provides that solicitation be as punishable as the crime solicited. Id. at S. 5.05(1). Law Dictionary, Giffis, at 446. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE: We have Trump on video, in broad daylight, soliciting Russia: "Russia, if you're listening, I hope you're able to find the 30,000 emails that are missing." To "find" those emails required computer hacking. Computer hacking is a felony. In fact, he solicited a series of felonies, beginning with computer hacking and stealing private property, through to receiving and possessing that stolen property. And we know that on the same day as Trump's solicitation, within hours thereafter, Russia hacked computers and stole the emails. That made Trump a co-conspirator with Russia. That conspiracy is an additional felony. ____________ PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  13396.  @JayPlateFaceVideos  No, they did not. It was the politics that drowned out the media. The "New York Times" reported from the nuclear scientists that the "aluminum tubes" could not be used for nuclear purposes as the G. DUI Bushit/Cheney administration were claiming. You don't know that because you wallow in far-Left sloganizing. During the 1960s as a full-time "anti"war activist I saw the "New Left" ALIENATE the MODERATES we needed to reach in order to get the US out of Vietnam. And by causing that alienation they got NIXON elected, and that prolonged the war into the mid-1970s. You fools ignored the facts -- as example, he stood shoulder-to-shoulder with Trump doing his own serial lying about releasing his tax records -- and bought into Sanders' demagoguery, he being the exact opposite extreme of Trump. And when he lost, having smeared the majority of MODERATE "centrists" as "corrupt," thus ALIENATING THEM, because the Democrats voted for the ACTUAL Democrat, you decided to "blow up the system" -- and now "Roe" and a series of other decisions based on the RIGHT OF PRIVACY, which the Trump court has ERASED, are GONE. Ask yourself how you narrow-minded pseudo-"progressive" know-it-alls succeeded in causing such radical REGRESSION. Look at the damage done, and continuing, and ask yourself how your childish simpleton's rants about buzz-phrases has IMPROVED the situation. I opposed every US military action beginning with Vietnam, while I was in high school. I was the only member of my class to do so and took the heat. But the support of Ukraine is exactly right, and the first time the US has been right on an issue of military action, since WW II and Korea. I learned of climate change in junior high science in the early 1960s. My "Boomer" generation, and our elders, established "Earth Day" in 1970, and we established the ecology movement. But what do we get now? -- younger generations who are ignorant of HISTORY -- which is not slogans -- bashing THEIR elders as having fucked up the world. The world is fucked up because humans are imperfect. And look at the cluster fuck YOUR generation has caused: instead of bashing your elders based on age discrimination, focus on the assholes in YOUR generation -- those are who you will have to live with after we are gone.
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  13436. Refuting the NRA's Two Second Amendment Lies The gun industry's propaganda arm NRA tells two lies about the intent of the Second Amendment. 1. That the Second Amendment protects an "individual" "right" to possess guns. Comparison with the several prior Supreme Court decisions, and the legislative history -- the Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment, which are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- shows that Scalia's Heller decision is an outlier. In Heller he falsely held that the Amendment protects an individual right -- for which he was excoriated by legal experts across the political spectrum for ignoring this adjudicatory standard: When a conflict over the interpretation of a law cannot be resolved within the text of the law, one reverts to the legislative history of the law -- in this instance Congress's Debates of the writing of the Amendment. The facts from those Debates: The purpose of the Amendment was to establish a National Defense, relying on the well-regulated Militia, as substantiated by the Militia Act of May 8, 1792: "An act more effectually to provide for the NATIONAL DEFENCE by establishing an uniform MILITIA throughout the United States." The Militia is not an individual; it is a public institution and an arm OF gov't, regulated and governed under both Federal and state constitutions and laws. The Amendment is irrelevant to the issue of private, individual gun ownership: James Madison is called "the father of the Constitution," and the gun industry, via its propaganda front NRA, claims that Madison wrote the Second Amendment. If both of those are facts, then the word "people" is consistent in meaning from the beginning of the Constitution to the end of the first 10 Amendments. The first three words of the Constitution are "We the people," not, "We the individual". This is the first draft of that which the gun industry/NRA calls the "Madison" Amendment, which became the Second Amendment -- but which it never quotes. [In brackets I clarify it for the logic-impaired]: "The right of the people [PLURAL] to keep and bear arms [this phrase is the well-regulated Militia, and was drawn from four state constitution Militia Clauses] shall not be infringed; a well armed, and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person [INDIVIDUAL] religiously scrupulous of [AGAINST] bearing arms [in well-regulated Militia] shall be compelled [INVOLUNTARY] to render military service [in well-regulated Militia] in person." Source: Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Paperback, 1991), Edited by Helen E Veit, et al., at 12. (This volume is readily available from Amazon.) Note the word "compelled": Militia service was a DUTY -- not a "right". And note the words "people" and "person": if a person -- individual -- claimed "religious" exemption from that DUTY, his case was scrutinized individually. The only "individual" "right" debated regarding the amendment was the last clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- That clause is clarified by this provision in the New York constitution adopted on April 20, 1777: "XL. And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it; this convention therefore, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State, doth ordain, determine, and declare that the militia of this State, at all times here-after, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service. That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to the bearing of arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature; and do pay to the State such sums of money, in lieu of their personal service, as the same may, in the judgment of the legislature, be worth.[FN 13] And that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, be, forever hereafter, at the expense of this State, and by acts of the legislature, established, maintained, and continued in every county in this State. "FN 13. This exemption-fee was fixed at £10 per annum by the act of April 3, 1778, organizing the militia of the State." And that clause -- ": but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." -- was obviously voted down before the proposed amendment was submitted to the states for consideration. Thus the Amendment obviously does not protect "individual" ANYTHING. Only by ignoring not only the existing state constitutions and laws which eventuated in the US Constitution, and the Congress's own legislative history -- the Debates of the writing of the Amendment are LEGAL AUTHORITY -- could Scalia falsely hold that the Amendment protects an "individual" "right". 2. That the purpose of the Second Amendment was to establish a "right" to "take up arms" against the gov't -- which is refuted by the Constitution itself: "Art. I., S. 8., C. 15. The Congress shall have Power To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute [ENFORCE] the Laws of the Union, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, and repel Invasions". And on May 2, 1792, the Congress enacted this Militia Act: "An act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." And the Founders themselves twice established the precedent on the point: Under the Articles of Confederation, "Shays's" insurrection was suppressed by the state's Militia, reinforced by a DRAFT, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. Under the Constitution -- more than two years AFTER the Amendment was ratified -- the "Whiskey" insurrection was suppressed by Federalized Militia, lead by George Washington, and the insurrectionists charged with, tried for, and convicted of, TREASON, and sentenced to death. The Congress, as a co-equal branch of gov't, has the authority and power to overturn Supreme Court decisions. Overturn outlier Heller and its progeny. PLEASE CIRCULATE INTACT.
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  13444.  @SuperOdyss  Either inform yourself of where the FOUNDERS put you subjectivists, or admit that you reject the rule of law: ___ From the North Carolina constitution adopted on December 18, 1776: "XXXI. That no clergyman, or preacher of the gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the Senate, House of Commons, or Council of State, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. . . . . "XXXIV. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this State, in preference to any other; neither shall any person, on any pretence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to pay, for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship:--_Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachers of treasonous or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment." ___ From the constitution of Georgia adopted on February 5, 1777: "Art. LVI. All persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion; provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the State; and shall not, unless by consent, support any teacher or teachers except those of their own profession." "Art. LXII. No clergyman of any denomination shall be allowed a seat in the legislature." ___ From New York constitution adopted on April 20. 1777: XXXIX. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their function; therefore, no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding, any civil or military office or place within this State. ___ Those provisions, and their equivalents in other state constitutions, eventuated in the First Amendment separation of "religion" and gov't. That the Constitution is EXPRESSLY_ the SUPREME Law of the Land - there is no other law equal to or higher than that.
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