Youtube comments of Iain Mc (@iainmc9859).

  1. There's a simpler answer to the bare feet. Shoes were still relatively expensive for the working classes. If you were 'at home' the familiar ground would already be trodden down and flattened, thus no need for shoes; consider if you have a garden then going barefoot into it isn't likely to result in injured feet. If you were going into 'town' then the shoes would be worn as you were walking further on a surface you'd be less sure off. There's also probably a matter of pride at not going un-shod amongst strangers. Although I'd agree that a 'well heeled' photographer could have possibly chosen bare feet to ruralize the sitters. The truth is that men also tended to get the 'shoe money' before the women, and the women before the children. Children may not have gotten a proper pair of shoes until their feet stopped growing.
    29
  2.  @thedripkingofangmar6778  Hey, most people who follow this channel will probably know that ... but people who have just watched movies may not, its worth point it out. Sounds like a case of Hubris on your part.
    28
  3. I sometime glibly criticise the Yanks, 'Over paid, over sexed and over here' etc but when you come up with the Real McCoy, like this gentleman then you realise how invaluable they were to finishing the war. Looking forwards to the next story of this everyday hero.
    25
  4. Nein, nein, nein, I am from Tipperary, to be sure, Ja !
    23
  5. Funny how Niklas mentioned it but I bought a 1970's (the decade that fashion forgot - or is just too ashamed to remember) safari jacket two years ago to go with some cream trousers and light brown oxfords but haven't had the chance to really wear it yet due to lockdowns and generally avoiding places with other people about. Women's fashion is more varied and is in more constant change than men's. This can be a positive or a negative. A man can wear a 1960's tie and not be noticed or 1910's shoes. Its only when he wears the full look he draws attention. Women can be more adventurous, even in the business setting, without drawing comment.
    23
  6. I think they'd simply leaned a stiff lesson in Caledonia. If it ain't got towns it ain't going to pay taxes. Britannia was already holding down more Roman military manpower than any other province. The Empire, being generally pragmatic, simply decided invading Hibernia would have required more effort than it was worth ... there's advantages to being the last landmass before you disappear off the edge of the world.
    23
  7. Imagine 20,000 people owning the same square foot of land. Somehow I don't think The Lord Lyon King of Arms (not that Lion King) is going to put his signature to any of these bits of worthless paper. Anybody want to buy a certificate making you a official Minister in the Church of Holy Crap ..... just let me know 😉 I think I may just unsubscribe.
    21
  8. Remember to turn your pattern over to do the other half ! When you've made two left hand gloves before noticing the slight technical hitch ...... and despite years of experience of having two opposite hands, and using both of these opposite hands in making the said gloves. My only excuse was I had made one on one day and the other on the following and forgotten to turn my card pattern over. Unfortunately no extra soft thin (expensive) grey leather ......... cut, snip, trim, reverse ..... more seams than on a corset, half hidden by all the gold embroidery applied afterwards. Not my most successful personal project. I can laugh now, sort of 😢
    19
  9.  @harag9  Ssssh, the first rule of Assassins Guild is not to talk about Assassins Guild !
    19
  10. That was extremely concise and clear, an excellent starting point for someone just starting to take an interest in Chinese clothing. This is turning into a fantastic series of videos.
    18
  11. Thanks for all this research. You are doing an incredible job. It just proves that it is early days for DNA studies and as soon as we stick a label on any 'culture' we discover there's far more admixture than our tidy minds would like to make of it. I'm sure I've see that Yamnaya guy sitting in the Clutha Bar down the Broomielaw of a Friday night 😁
    18
  12. I think the lack of research on hazel eyes is simply because they are defined by what they are not (blue, grey, green, brown) rather than what they are. They also have a greater ability to look different in different levels of light due to iris size; so they are just more difficult to nail down. To be honest I think the difference between amber and hazel is just semantic rather than melanin relative.
    18
  13. I know that the traditional reason given for Breton 'Celticness' is the Saxon advance westward through, what is now, England, but I think it is no coincidence that Brittany is the furthest peninsular from the Frankish advance through northern Gaul; however I'm still with Groundskeeper Willie's opinion on our Gallic cousins.
    16
  14. Have a look at traditional japanese trousers (hakama); they are effectively exactly the same, other than the drawstring. All made out of rectangles with the same baggy crotch. I made a pair for Aikido. Supposedly they were made out of relatively narrow rectangles because Japan did not have wide looms until they opened up to western trade after the Shogun era.
    15
  15. I've heard that the haplogroup R1D2 tends to result in a rather stunted appearance with three legs and a high pitched voice😊
    13
  16. I've always read that the Gundestrop Caulfron reflected the Celtic idea of a magic cauldron that you put dead warriors in and they came back to life ... never considered it as cannibalisation. Pre-curser to a Valhalla concept.
    13
  17. I took a deep dive into any photo's on the internet of Ireland between the 1880's and 1930's specifically looking at shoes. Frustrating how often from the knee down is just out of shot or hidden under a skirt. Here's an overview - Everyone that could afford a laundered shirt/blouse shod. If its a paved street - everyone shod (apart from one wee tyke). Unpaved lane or rural - all males shod (apart from one sitting outside a cottage). Women shod in 70% of cases. Boys over ten shod, boys under ten about 50% of the time, indoors or out. Women shod 80% of the time. Young women under 20 about 50% of the time. Girls under ten barefoot 80% of the time. Boys under five barefoot 80% of the time. The most obviously rural poor the percentages for barefoot increased by about 25%. Over time the incident of wearing shoes increased until by the 1930's everyone baring the youngest children were shod. I discounted any photo's that looked over-romantised or anything that involved getting wet feet, eg collecting water or at the sea-shore. I'm sure its not exhaustive and each observation is merely very general, more of a straw poll than a scientific study:
    13
  18. There is a medical reason as well. It puts a bung in diarrhoea. Just thought you might like to know that 😊
    13
  19. Fascinating. There are certain crafts/livelihoods that have a level of commitment and intricacy that deserve more recognition, lace making, dry stone walling, miniature painting to name but a few. Tying my own laces is a mental stretch for me some mornings 🤔
    12
  20. Its down to all of us just to stop buying new crap we don't need. Give the planet a break. I love my clothes and shoes but the last new clothing I bought was three white shirts five years ago, and that was only to replace a couple that I'd been wearing for work for the previous decade. At least over a decade since I bought new shoes, except for wellies ... barbed wire and wellies don't mix.
    11
  21. Probably worth a visit to Fairfield Heritage Centre, Govan, if you're ever in Glasgow. They've obviously amassed more primary sources than they could ever possibly display in a museum dedicated to shipbuilding.
    11
  22. All the items were fascinating with influences from across the globe, so many of them had echoes in late 20thC fashion. You'll be too young to remember the pompom fashions of the 1960/70s or the 'pixie boots' of the 80's. I've still got a pair with studded chain pseudo-spurs on them that in themselves resemble Napoleonic hussars boots, combined with a british army fatigues jacket slung over one shoulder held on by a chain across the neck .... those were the days ..... I'm sure it'll all come back into fashion 🤣
    10
  23.  @RCAvhstape  There's a Cathedral in Liverpool that's secretly a Thunderbirds spaceship that will get me up there as well. Next time Americans buy a 'London Bridge' they need to check exactly which one it is😊
    10
  24. Having torn cartilage on the lower spine (nauseatingly sickening) I had to wear a lumber support, velcro stays, for about six months. Okay, it wasn't by choice and I definitely wasn't doing cartwheels in it - could never do cartwheels anyway - but the support made life bearable. By the end of the first month I didn't notice I was wearing it. I certainly did notice it when I wasn't. None of the above is truly equitable to historical stays; the actors obviously aren't method actors, the corsets were probably not made to measure and their reaction to the underwear is filtered through the press, which is just looking through a glass darkly. Can't say I've ever enjoyed Jane Austen type series, more of a Bronte Sisters man myself.
    10
  25.  @gloriamontgomery6900  Hi Gloria, I'm not making a religious or faith point here; as I respect everyone's belief system; as long as it doesn't harm others. I'm certainly not picking a disagreement, except maybe on a semantic level. However I would like to state that I find it is the person that is modest (or immodest) not the clothing.
    10
  26. Your patience is incredible and the skirt looks amazing. It recently took me two days to make a new sash belt to a 1970's dressing gown in gold paisley (very Hugh Hefner), hand stitched because my machine kept dragging the shiny fabric.
    9
  27. Its no surprise that such a multi-ethnic empire didn't leave a particularly strong ethnic trace in any of its provinces. The two particular place names that I think may be linked to the Roman Empire in our neck of the woods are Dumfries (Fort of the Frisians - Roman Germanic Auxiliary troops) and I suspect Loch Humphrey may be connected as well, as Humphrey meaning Hun friend (lets keep football aside for the moment) might also link to Roman Auxiliaries, it being basically on the western end of the Antonine Wall. Its rather pleasing, as I live in the territory of the Meaetae, that we sent Septimius Severus packing, only for him to retreat south and die in York.
    8
  28. Although I use quite a lot of 'victorian' and natural products for household tasks, I've a bit of a phobia of gloopy stuff on my skin, sun cream, grease, butter, egg white ...... so I'll give this a miss 🤔 Anyway, up to date, looking forwards to further varied content.
    8
  29. Mother deep brown eyes, Father pale blue/grey eyes, Great-grandfather Hazel eyes (according to his Army records) Me lighter in summer, darker in winter, grey/blue/green/hazel/brown - what I proudly describe as 'spilt diesel in a muddy puddle' eyes. Its difficult to define the colour of people's eyes. I'd say many people of that most far travelled section of world population, colonisation and emigration north-west Europeans, have the least definable eye colours, despite what might be recorded on a passport. We certainly have the most variation.
    8
  30. Who said the German's don't have a sense of humour ? 😉
    8
  31. I'm with Nick generally on this. I suspect a pad of cheaper more absorbent material was being used that required less washing or could simply be thrown away, inside of a subligaculum of lighter material. I'd always presumed the basic design of a subligaculum was used across many parts of the world in pre-industrial societies, perhaps just a long rectangle of cloth with tie strings at one end.
    8
  32. Kass is such a great mentor. I'd love to meet her some day. Such a pity that the word m'carriage is a trigger word for You Tube. Unfortunately USA's mores is often a decade behind that of the Old World. Considering that the education system in the States is generally fantastic and very comprehensive (taking into account an individual's ability to access it affordably) it can still suffer from puritanical (using the term very loosely) overtones. My wife (of the time) was still wearing a 17th C dress until a week before the due date of our first child. She simply removed the stiffening from the stomacher. We did however have a trained nurse on site just incase of emergencies and a plan to get to the nearest maternity unit.
    8
  33. No idea where you were going with the Science analogy at the beginning. Science is hypothesis followed by repeated empirical testing until you're fairly sure there will be the same result given the same circumstances. Intellectualism cannot be empirically tested, however I'd be fairly happy at calling somebody an intellectual if they're smart enough to know that they really don't know enough to be absolutely sure, just sure beyond reasonable doubt and can clearly explain through logical processes how they came to that conclusion. A pseudo-intellectual is someone who is too dumb to know that they cannot be sure beyond reasonable doubt. Those that know what they are saying is untrue and cannot be reasonably proven ... are just bullshitters that can't answer a direct question ... but just keep repeating a statement because they know that there are dumb people out there that want to believe in simplistic answers to complicated issues.
    7
  34.  @Nastyswimmer  I'm sure its probably 250,000 'mugs' by now. Should be illegal. The company will not be registered in Scotland for sure.
    7
  35. Let me preface this by saying the bombing of Dresden in WWII was morally questionable. However my mother was 'bombed out' of homes three times by the Germans during the Second World War, watching the bones of her neighbours being carried out of their houses in their remaining clothing, eventually your patience wears thin. Although the drone/missile attacks on Russian territory may be no more than a matter of bringing home the cost of the war to ordinary Russians (not that Putin actually cares about ordinary Russians) it is a result of Ukraine's frustration with the Russian population's unwillingness to rein it its political leaders. Have no doubt, Ukraine is this century's Czechoslovakia. Those that support democracy have to accept that this is our war against totalitarianism. Moving defense production into Ukraine, for financial gain, into Russian strike range is simply commercial gain. Do that after Ukraine has removed Russian boots from their soil, when they are both part of the EU (economic market) and NATO (military confederation). Republicskis in the USA are using the argument that Europe is falling back on their tax dollars, when in reality it would be much cheaper for the USA to support democratic ideals in Europe rather than having to pour resources into eastern Europe over a longer period of time due to Russian military success. Spend less now in conventional weapons, USA and Europe, and create an effective buffer between you and any Dictator (South East Asia included).
    7
  36. So half the Campbells could be illegitimate. I'm really surprised ... only half ??? 😊😅😂
    7
  37.  @Kanasubigi896  You got there just before me. Its biome related, not temperature dependent.
    7
  38. You eat with your right hand, which is why we hold the knife in the right hand ( in the old world ), as you said the fork was really a renaissance addition spreading out from the French aristocracy. In Arabic culture, where a lot of eating is still done with the hand, you always and only use the right hand (the left hand is used for 'unclean' tasks - use your imagination !)
    7
  39. Every time I hear about the 'British Royal Family' I have this terrible temptation to blurt out 'Deutschers in Disguise' aka 'Transformers'.
    6
  40. Okay, I'm going to disagree with you over something; a bit of the battle of the sexes here ! For a gent going to the loo can be a bit of a nightmare. Multiple buttons, braces, a long shirt, and nightmare upon nightmare long lacey sleeves. Never leave going to the toilet to the last moment, especially if its a portaloo 🤨
    6
  41. My father, a very fit Scot (RAOC), was attached to the Gurkhas in the 1950's, went to his grave with kukris tattooed on his arms. Promoted twice , busted twice. Very proud of my father that he would refuse a medal of the British state but was proud to serve alongside Gurkhas.
    6
  42. Loathed though I am to vaguely half agree with Roman propaganda I think the Ninth survived but got such a gubbing during Agricola's Invasion of Caledonia that it was pulled back to York and the second Brigantian revolt further thinned them out (Yorkshiremen are revolting). The remnants then being sent to the Rhine frontier to rest and recruit. Once that frontier had been stabalised they were sent to the Middle East where they got a severe case of sunburn and effectively ceased to exist. They were an elite Legion but attrition eventually bled them out. Did you know that much of the Eagle of the Ninth TV series was filmed just north of Fintry because there were a lack of power lines there in the late 70's, including a partial rebuild of a wooden Roman fort.
    6
  43. I don't think its unbalanced if its historically accurate. I've no sympathy with the royals of any country (who got their wealth by the hard work of others) but I can't really criticise Yanks, Germans or Russians for looting and not also say it was a breach of military discipline and the rules of war when the British do it. Legal redistribution of wealth fine, all for it; stealing off people with a gun in your hand not okay, no matter what uniform you wear.
    6
  44. Well, in amongst all this EU caring, sharing and planning for the future by diversifying energy sources there's just one little problem ... the UK is not in the EU, we shivered through the winter whilst being charged three times more for the fuel we weren't actually using. Thanks for reminding me how Little Englander parts of the UK became led by people who couldn't tell the truth if their whole political career depended on it. You've really cheered me up Simon no end !
    6
  45. I think, as you stated, its important to emphasise that anthropological ethno-DNA science is in its infancy, as we are as yet making very general interpretations based on statistically insignificant numbers of examples. One of the big unanswered questions of the prehistoric period is 'Where did all the bodies go ?' There's a lot of people that respond to archaic history channels thinking they've got some sort of definitive ethnic/cultural bloodline from a swab test by companies that give wooly nebulous definitions of an individuals ancestry, without clarifying historical timescales, or that some DNA hangs around for a long time, whereas some 'washes' away fairly quickly even between living descendants and we don't know why. We all carry around bits of junk DNA that is totally recessive and will never effect our bodies, even down to the bacterial level. Some people (not all) read absolutes into these nebulous results because the numbers add up to 100% (lies, damned lies and statistics). We all know where genetic absolutes lead.
    6
  46. Ahh Stirling, the location of a terribly famous battle ... and a famously terrible football team.
    6
  47. You can feel your passion running through this one. I'd push the anti-Gaelic culture element even further back in history. All the Stewart kings were consistently paranoid about their northern 'subjects'; in fact probably all Scottish kings, post Macbeth, were intent on weakening Gaelic culture in Scotland. Of course as soon as the Crown went south it became worse as the ability of Scotland to influence any decisions made in London effectively disappeared ... to this day. I think its important to mention here that the Highland Clearances were not a unique or even a new concept. The same thing had happened in England/Wales since the C16th with the Agricultural Revolution/s and Enclosure Acts that denied common property rights to land and forced migration to towns, cities and the colonies. I don't think greed is cultural, racist or religionist. Its just the acquisition of as much wealth/power into as few hands as possible.
    6
  48. I once knew a half northern Italian and half Swiss girl. 4 feet 11 inches of pure uncompromising attitude. A real 'Boudicca'. I nearly got into a fight with the 80's band 'The Christians' because they pushed in front of her in a chip shop cue late at night .... big mistake ... they apologised.
    6
  49.  @minadoro  The Romans called it Cisalpine Gaul (Gaul this side of the Alps).
    6
  50. Yeah, yeah, yeah ..... the Romans won a glorious victory (so says the General's son-in-law) and then like all victorious armies chose to retreat. Would still like to see a statue of Calgacus outside the Scottish Parliament one day though, just to remind others that Empires have their twilight. Celtica gu Brath !
    5
  51. Here's one you can have for nothing ... the areas of the world with the greatest resources (oil/coal/food etc) have the greatest variation in eye colour over time.
    5
  52. If things keep going it's going to be in Russia 😢
    5
  53. Now you really have opened a whole can of worms. This Agriculturalist/Pastoralist origin of (Proto) Indo-European has been a big bone of contention for philologists for decades and oddly enough the DNA evidence is still patchy enough to not give a definitive answer to which group had the greatest westward influence of genetics, culture and language. You did refer to something in passing that does absolutely fascinate me. The vast genetic replacement of over 90% of the, probably very sparse, population of Western Hunter Gathers by the incoming Indo-Europeanish peoples. Evidenced by other large scale population replacements, North and South America for example, are we actually looking at the most successful genocide in European pre-history or the introduction of a virus that only affected the WHG population. Simple removal of the WHG males from the gene pool wouldn't give such an overwhelming result. In the Orkney and Shetland Isles the matriarchal Celtic gene is still strong there. The Celtic woman were not removed from the gene pool, just the men. We basically have just as much Neanderthal DNA in us as WHG. What happened to them, as far as I know nobody is doing any academic research on this ???
    5
  54. I would tend to agree and of course this tribalistic viewpoint of history still causes major wars in the modern day ... however, and its a pretty big however, in Britain the DNA evidence is fairly clear, even to this day, that populations did not move much up to and including the 19th C. The descendants of those northern British tribes are still living in and around the geographical locations of their ancient ancestors. This isn't to back up some sort of 'racial purity' rubbish, as we are all an admixture of people from various parts of the world. The Roman Empire brought many people into Britain that wouldn't have been there without it ... but they didn't leave a significant DNA marker behind them; there were never enough of them to do so. Whereas you can find distinct Scandinavian, Germanic, 'P' Celtic (British) and 'Q' Celtic (Irish/Scots) DNA marker areas in the British Isles.
    5
  55. He was conveniently late to every battle in the Jacobite Risings he turned up to so my guess is he was timing his appearance to benefit his clan. His lands adjoined Campbell lands, who were largely (not all) supporting the Hanoverians, so I don't really blame him for being cagey. Rob Roy is supposed to have hidden behind our village Oak and awaited the passing of Graham of Killearn one morning, who had been one of the accusers of Rob Roy's youngest son (Robin) in the abduction and forced marriage of a local girl. Rob Roy stepped out from behind the tree and promptly slew the man before heading swiftly north, only to find out the man he killed he'd misidentified and he was completely innocent; so he's not the gallant hero hereabouts.
    5
  56. Can't remember where I picked this wee gem from but I definitely remember a history of genetics book stating there were almost no skeletal examples of arthritis in Britain before the Viking settlements. There does seem to be a definite link between Viking ancestry and a condition named 'Depuytren Contracture', which causes the fingers of the hand to contract towards the palm.
    5
  57. Putting aside all the accretions over time of multiple authors, past and present, and the claims that he was this or that historical person from this or that area of Britain; none of which hold up to professional peer scrutiny, it leads us back to the one one line 'though he was no Arthur' from a praise poem. that may have been composed by a bard named Aneurin. Not much to hang a legend on. However, somebody famed for being a great warrior, was known as Arthur (or something like it) for the comparison to be made. Its a pity all that oral history wasn't written down, but that was not the way of the bard.
    5
  58. Totally with you on the generics, petticoats, chemises, underclothes in general if the outer garment covers them up can all be re-used (It depends here if you're wearing things for your own satisfaction or for the public eye). A wide brimmed straw or felt hat can often be manipulated into several shapes and accessorized to period. Stomachers can also be re-used on different gowns as well. Older people tend to wear the fashion from the generation before, certain professions, eg. doctors, clerics, have an almost institutional conservatism in dress. I have an 18th century greatcoat with a wide 19th century collar, as the wide collar balances out stylistically the turnback cuffs I don't really care that its an anachronism, it keeps the wind off the back of my neck and can be topped off by either a tricorn or a bicorn. The point you make about practical working people's clothing is spot on, fashion changes for those that can afford it. I guess the general point, as you stated, is not everything has to be up to date, whatever that date happens to be.
    5
  59. Wales is from the Anglo-Saxon word for 'foreigner'. It doesn't fit your hypothesis.
    5
  60. Don't worry, you're not the only one that gets it. I got 'Why are you dressed up ?' yesterday, although I thought it was just a relaxed early 2Oth C look, a warm tweed jacket with a pocket square. It elicited a polite but end of conversation response. If it gets any colder I'm going to dig out my fur trimmed 17th C cassock with 100 buttons.... that will draw glances 😊
    5
  61.  @veronicalogotheti1162  Genetic theory has been around for a lot longer than that but unravelling the human genome is relatively new and the number of ancient bodies found is still infinitesimally small and good DNA from them is still not large, although getting scientifically better.
    5
  62. I love your guests every time. Thought provoking and informative. I guess a common thread ( pun intended ) is that they come from a culture that has resisted being subsumed by more powerful neighbours and have largely 'reclaimed' their working class (national) dress from the monetised cliché.
    5
  63.  @backintimealwyn5736  Amazingly it was the US that stopped the corsair trade in slavery. The newly formed USA couldn't afford to pay off the corsairs and as they were so far away from North Africa they couldn't maintain naval patrols to protect US trading vessels ... so they simple sent every warship they had to Algiers and bombarded it, boarding and scuttling every ship they found. Crude but effective. Both the British and French paid the corsairs to leave their ships alone and only target the other side. The corsairs just took the money from both sides and carried on as normal. In terms of eye colour taking slaves would definitely bring variable eye colours in but as North Africa has had migration in and out of Europe for millennia then its probably had variable eye colour for millennia as well.
    5
  64.  @bugzyhardrada3168  I'm fine with people having faith but when they keep parking their bus in the parking space reserved for scientists it kinda gets on your nerves.
    5
  65. General response to all previous responses from initial comment. 'Celtic', although I self-identify as a Celt myself, just isn't a term we can hammer down to one thing or another, is it linguistic (not entirely), is it cultural (not entirely), is it genetic (not entirely), is it time period specific (not entirely), is it geographic (not entirely). Do we exist ... well yeah, sort of ... or are we a classical author's misrepresentation of just 'not Greek or Roman'. It might explain why 'Celtic Art' often looks like an existential crisis; where did we start, where are we going, where are we now ... on your feet for 'Strip the Willow' and get the next round of drinks in ?
    5
  66. The one really good thing about the advances in DNA in recent decades is that its finally scientifically destroyed any racial purity arguments. Its surprising how far our ancestors travelled in an age before ocean going transport. Although in the past couple of generations my roots are 'British' , somewhere down the line I know they'll be Scandinavian, French, and a whole host of other western Europeans, push further back eastern european pastoralists and fertile crescent farmers; not to mention our early homosapian ancestors from Africa, chuck in a bit of Neanderthal for good measure and you end up with C21st .... us. If I hadn't seen the picture of your granny I would have said there's quite a bit of Pictish in your features, dark eyes, pale skin and a slighter frame than the more Gaelic side of celtdom, but I'm quite sure you're cool with whatever admixture of regions your ancestors were from. Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
    4
  67.  @M_Thornton98  Yeap, as British as a calamari and sauerkraut salad.
    4
  68.  @mariiris1403  Sorry I confused my terminology, which is as close to 'I got the words wrong' as I'm probably going to admit to. Of course there is a difference between DNA and chromosomal inheritance. What I was trying to say was as all mtDNA only passes through the female line, ie male grandchildren do not inherit their paternal grandmothers mtDNA, only their maternal grandmothers, and they themselves do not pass that on to their offspring, then female genetic inheritence is lost. I hope that makes it clearer. If not please note I'm not a geneticist and my only science qualification is in Geology, which means I can probably tell you what your great grandmothers grave stone is made of, useful hey 🤷‍♂
    4
  69. Canada, Scotland on Steroids ... and maple syrup !
    4
  70. As a male I'm going to amass a whole load of 'negative' comments here. I'll qualify it by saying my daughters always complained I had more shoes and wardrobe space then both of them put together ... and they were right; so I sort of buck the trend. However, and its a big HOWEVER, you go into any multi-floored clothing store, eg H&M, and its first floor women's clothes, second floor women's clothes, third floor split half and half men and children's. Go into any charity shop (thrift store) and it is 80% women's clothing, same with any 'vintage' store. The choice of men's clothing IS limited compared to women's. To claim that this is just a social construct falls down if we accept that women have the choice to buy this greater variety of clothing or not. If they don't then clothes shops would simply be 50/50 female/male clothing. A matter of supply and demand not patriarchal misogynistic expectation. As a male who takes a keen interest in clothes and shoes I'm not taking responsibility or the blame for others (largely women) funding a global industry that has an appalling ecological (and employment rights) record. A spendthrift fashion victim only has themselves to blame ... blaming 'men' is simply a cop-out.
    4
  71. Interested in your 4th point specifically. The evidence of Neolithic plagues. I'd be interested in reading the published scientific papers or journal if they're publicly accessible.
    4
  72. Homo Sapiens (modern humans) came out of Africa, that was long long before the topic of this video.
    4
  73. Keep hydrated with Dupretayn's, it seems to be a contributing factor.
    4
  74. Look at this from the other viewpoint, men are much more bound by 'conservative' societal expectations of how they dress ... women have greater freedom of what they wear. If a male politician (regardless of party affiliations) turns out in white shoes, sky blue trousers and an orange polo shirt ... he's going to lose; however he may just be on the way to the golf course.
    4
  75.  @jennypaxton8159  Unfortunately you're probably in the minority. The press would have a field day, much more so than if a female politician had on white shoes, a sky blue skirt (or trousers) and an orange silk scarf. In terms of clothing as a woman you simply have more freedom. I remember being pulled into the office as a trainee by the manager and being told 'don't dress like that', it was considered flamboyant. I had a black fedora and a wooly black scarf on when I entered and exited the workplace, it was cold and I was using public transport. Conform or your card is marked !
    4
  76. The eating carrots to see in the dark is a British WWII disinformation/propaganda project. The government got night fighter pilots to extol eating carrots to be able to see better in the dark and shoot down German aircraft. The object of this was two fold, to encourage people to eat carrots, which we had plenty of (we had limited un-rationed snack items) and most importantly to cover up the fact that we had a good radar system that could spot German aircraft at night. The advertising campaign didn't last that long but it left a mark on the British psyche that remains to this day. Unfortunately the truth is you'd have to eat so many carrots you'd turn orange before it had any real effect on your eyesight. The boring answer to better eyesight is a balanced diet and staying hydrated ... and not getting old !
    4
  77. I was disappointed to find out recently that the Newgrange monument (the outside bit) is an early C20th reconstruction with almost no archaeological basis whatsoever; rather like Arthur Evans re-imagining of Knossos. Ever thought Knossos looked quite Art Deco, answer - Art Deco came first.
    4
  78.  @benbaker2965  Yep, I've drawn a star on this piece of paper, dunked it in a sink full of water and named it Ben, yesterday I named it Fred, the day before I named it Sophie ... or was it Sadie 🤔
    4
  79. Remember that a lot of people can't tell the difference between genetics, religion and nationality; that's a minefield you don't want to enter ... same goes with Judaism or Christianity for that matter. You did put it in context but you really have to repeatedly emphasise the difference ... there's no religious gene ! Although R1bs seem to be the quintessential western Celtic gene I'm actually with Barry Cunliffe on his Atlantic Realm hypothesis. I'm quite open to be corrected but there seems to be a north of the Alps flow towards Britain but also a flow from North Africa early on up the Atlantic coast and into Britain, this neatly explains the North Africa/Western Iberian genetic overlap, that was genetically subsumed in Britain by Beaker People immigration. As somebody else pointed out North Africa was part of the Phoenician/Carthaginian Empire for centuries as well, who were more than willing to sail beyond the 'Pillars of Hercules' to trade for tin. Question - is there a link between North African/Western Iberian and Neolithic British DNA ?
    4
  80. Congratulations Neil, you pointed out some of the serious problems we have in our society ... and as you know we have had these problems since the advent of settled farming took over from hunting and gathering. Unfortunately you completely missed out the bit about what we should do about it !
    4
  81. 'Thunder Runs' have been a Ukrainian/Cossack/Tartar/Golden Horde specialty for a while now. If you meet entrenched resistance flow around it and cut the enemies supply lines, keep pressing forwards until you start to run out of logistics.
    4
  82. Have you ever tried to sit down in a tail coat, they're absolute murder, hence the dinner jacket. Servants remained in tailcoats because they don't get to sit down. I'm presuming the reference to 'Cowes' probably stems from the Cowes Regatta on the Isle of Wight off the south coast of England, where it would be suitable, a more colourful version would be the rowing jacket, complete with straw 'boater' hats. Whatever your colourful DJ is it still won't compete with my tartan double breasted jacket. I seem to be the only person that understands that its black tie for all male events but if there's ladies present (and you're on your best behaviour) then its white tie. You wear white tie for the formal dinner and as it becomes less formal and the ladies 'retire' you change to black tie and can wear a smoking jacket ... maybe I was just brought up differently !
    4
  83. Certainly no historian would criticise your own personal make-up as being unhistorical. How we 'see' the past inevitably has reflections of modern styles, and that doesn't become obvious until the next generation of historians/re-enacters/enthusiasts reassess the previous generations visual perception of history. And of course you're far too ladylike to tell them exactly what they can do with their ill-informed, un-researched and inaccurate comment. A great talk by Laura, I'd heard some of it before from other sources, but this was the best comprehensive overview in such a short time.
    4
  84. Thanks for pursuing this issue of early genetic replacement. I'm with the proto-Celtic theory here, in terms of DNA, regarding BB people. The rest, for me. is cultural (technology and art) development rather than much migration. Same probably holds true for the Anglo-Saxon incursions except in eastern England where it seems to be a genetic replacement. Interesting that someone else is edging towards a viral plague theory.
    4
  85. As far as I know there is a high prevalence of R1b in early (medieval and earlier) Irish genes, with a later overlay of Norse, then Anglo-Irish.
    4
  86. I have to say that riding habits always look the most elegant but your 'history bounding' (not heard the phrase before yourself) is fantastic and I've always mixed and matched different historical elements in my own personal style, when not having to present a certain business persona for work.
    4
  87. What's your first source in a 'Celtic' language describing their language/kingdom/culture as being Celtic? As much as I call myself a Celt, and am proud of it, the only literary sources in the Ancient period are not written by native Celtic speakers. By the time we are in the Dark Ages (post Romans buggering off, pre-unified Kingdom of Scotland) people writing in Celtic languages are describing themselves or their neighbours as being Erse, Scots, Dalriadans, Picts, Cymric, British, Kernow or Sasunn Relying on secondary sources (Greek and Roman) for what Celtic speaking people called themselves is hanging your cultural coat on a shoogly peg.
    4
  88. Its the shamrock (Clover). Its just a very common plant in Ireland (and in Britain). There is a story that St. Patrick explained the Trinity as being like the shamrock, Father, Son and Holy Spirit but all are unified as the one God. The story is probably made up ... but sometimes fiction is better than truth.
    4
  89. Perhaps we should organise Buckingham Palace on the same basis as the Louvre, Paris and the Winter Palace, St Petersburg ... I wonder how we could arrange that !
    3
  90. Got to say this channel gets better and better. Bravo !
    3
  91. Nigel Green got all the best lines. Sergeant Bourne was a hell of a man. God knows how many times NCO's have saved the day ehen the Ruperts have got stagefright. Although I would say that, I'm the son of a 5'3'' NCO.
    3
  92. Its a quirk of genetic science but I always find it frustrating that mtDNA only passes through the maternal line after the second generation and is so limited in variety compared to Y-chromosomes. Imagine how much more we would know about female migration if that limitation was gone. I guess that as we already can't cope with making much sense of convoluted male DNA migration it might save us from a further headache.
    3
  93.  @somethingclever8916  It is changing ... improving somewhat, but the choice and freedom of clothing for men still has a long way to go before we catch up with women. Try to buy an 'interesting' clothing present for a 'middle aged' male and you're still down to socks or ties, which he probably can't wear for work; without being told to dress down or getting flack off his colleagues.
    3
  94. Yeap, more Bible bashers and racists turning up to the party. You put out a vlog about how diverse the British Isles are genetically and all they see is a reflection of their own beliefs. I'm still fascinated by the lack of WHG genes remaining, agree that Britain was probably very sparsely populated before the Anatolian farmers turned up; although I'm hedging my bets and stating that genetics does not denote lifestyle and the R1b's could have turned to a semi-hunter-gatherer lifestyle in Europe as well. I'm not convinced of a genetic cowboys versus sod-buster scenario. Romans - just so genetically diverse across the Empire that finding a genetic fingerprint in Britain is nigh impossible. Roman soldiers were not officially allowed wives for the first couple of centuries of the Empire, but I can't see that 'local marriages' or more temporary relationships didn't happen; we've probably all got a bit of Parthian merchant or North African cavalryman knocking about our back catalogue ... even for those claiming purely 'British' ancestry !
    3
  95.  @thomaslacornette1282  I saw something recently that basically explained that you only really carry traces of your last ten generations of specific ancestors. After that its just generic haplogroups. Described as genetic 'rinsing'. Personally, as I've said, any 'absolutes' in terms of culture, genetics, nationality (I've avoided the word 'race' throughout) are just people seeking simplistic models to adhere to. We are a unknown mixture of antecedents ... and to fool yourself otherwise is not just intellectually futile but can be dangerous.
    3
  96. You'll be telling us Germans are a pure Aryan race next 😐
    3
  97. Nationless people crammed into a tiny area of land, attacked by the army of the nation state next door with the intention of ethnic cleansing, those that resist are described as terrorists .... I of course refer to the heroic defenders of the Warsaw Ghetto. If nations are serious about peace in the Levant (which I don't think many nations are) would it not be critical to cease providing arms to those trying to kill each other, perhaps then Levantines would start trading goods and not lives.
    3
  98. Its an impressive site and I can see what the Irish were trying to do. Unfortunately the archaeologist Michael J. O'Kelly essentially decided to 'rebuild' the outside in the 1960's; thus buggering up the chance for later archaeologist to study the site properly. A 'Schliemannlike' combination of enthusiasm, showmanship and ego. There's also elements of Ireland, that was in a financial mess in the early'60's losing its population to abroad (Britain), trying to prove it was a great civilisation to the world. Not to say that I wouldn't visit it given the chance. I'd just look at it with different eyes given its recent history.  @TheEggmaniac ​
    3
  99. Varney is a far better vampire than Dracula, although the book version could do with a good edit (longer than Lord of the Rings). Varney has the Jekyll and Hyde psycho-drama that means you end up rooting for him, although he ends up with the Groundhog Day scenario time and time again. A penny dreadful with personality. A Vampire who is as much victim as the victims he targets.
    3
  100.  @VBirchwood  About 18 years ago. I was never too supple in the first place but if for some reason I end up on my back I resemble an upturned turtle (not the teenage mutant ninja variety) which made my Aikido classes a bit challenging/comical. My guess of your 'favourite' book would be Jane Eyre ?
    3
  101. I miss being around ladies who wear historical fashion, my life is less 'colourful' than it was. I loved everything that Adelaide wore ..... until she produced that Hydra headed stole .... eeeeegh. You have to draw the line somewhere 😲
    3
  102. Your loss will be truly missed ... ciao !
    3
  103. Naargh, I reckon the MacGregors were just pissed off about the price of an ice cream in the Luss giftshop.
    3
  104.  @cattymajiv  I think I'd largely agree with you, however eyes rarely, in people who have Indo-European (I realise that this is an ethno-language term) extraction have eyes of a singular colour, even though they are called blue or brown. I think the point I was trying to make, maybe unclearly, was we generalize with our language regarding eye colour and just go with the predominant colour. Nothing wrong with grey eyes. My father had grey eyes, or was it just the dreich Scottish skies reflecting in them 😁
    3
  105. I know how to ensure that gingas with blue eyes definately don't die out. Put them all together in Falkirk and then build a very high wall around it, problem solved .... Mind you, the Romans did that twice and it didn't really work. I guess we'll just have to live with it 🤣
    3
  106.  @piccalillipit9211  Vat ist rung viv mein jackboots, dear Kusinen ?
    3
  107. You must finally be a real Youtuber, you're getting comments from the racists and the bible bashers. That's the problem with history, genetics and culture ... somebody always wants to twist it into 'We are the Chosen People', rather than 'its amazing how diverse and multi-layered we are'.
    3
  108. You hit perfection and stopped growing 😉
    3
  109.  @lisasuhr6433  I trained in and taught European Martial Arts as well as doing a bit of Aikido. Unfortunately I had the sort of job where being able to send somebody quickly to the floor was a prerequisite (as a last resort of course !) Height and reach are no longer an advantage when you get a foot closer. I now avoid anything that looks like its could turn nasty. I only meet people I want to meet, which is far more civilized. 🙏🏻
    3
  110.  @rasapplepipe  Although I appreciate your Cornish patriotism it has been administered as part of England since the Norman Conquest and had substantial inroads made into it by the Anglo-Saxons (Wessex) before that. We can't turn back time to a pre-English age, we can in the present day protect and encourage the use of languages and allow for regional devolution and government (it works on the Isle of Man). As to giving back Cornwall to the Cornish if you could just define who the Cornish are, are you talking about the people who live there now or people who own property there now, people who have a Cornish name, where the border would be, the Tamar, the Fowey ? There's also the little matter of how it would finance itself, as it has a large population of rural poor and no industry to speak of other than largely tourism and some agriculture. I'm not against the idea but practicalities would have to be worked out.
    3
  111. 1.Your logic falls down on your first point in that Sealion was cancelled nine months before Barbarossa began. Nazi Germany did not achieve superiority in the air or at sea and as Britain is a bit of a distance away from occupied France and there's a bit of water in-between any German troops in boats or airborne would have come to a nasty end. Hitler presumed Britain could be knocked out of the war by isolating it into surrender, failing to acknowledge that it had a friend on the other side of the Atlantic (Canada) and that it had an Empire of resources to draw upon. 2.Your second point falls down on the fact the British had been in North Eastern Africa for some time and could be resupplied via the Red Sea from again, the Empire. The Axis powers couldn't turn their back on it. If the Mediterranean wasn't completely in axis hands it was always the back door to southern Europe and the Balkans. 3. Your third point falls down on if you don't take Stalingrad then German forces in the Caucuses oilfields will at some point be cut off by the Russians closing the door behind you. Germany simply had to hope for a short successful war and bring the other European powers to the negotiating table to sue for peace. It overextended itself and didn't have the manpower or resources to successfully progress the war into 1942. From the point where the gamble of a complete morale collapse of both Britain and Russia failed the result was always a long drawn out inevitability.
    3
  112. I am not a Viking, I am not a viking, skol, I am not a viking, skol, I am not a skol, I am a skol, I am skol, I skol, I skol, skol, Skol, Skol, Skol, SKol, SKOL, SKOL, SKOL, SKOL !
    3
  113. Its often forgotten that Britain also had a white slave (political prisoner) trade before its Colonial expansion in the 18th Century. The same thing happened with Jacobites a century later.
    3
  114. I was going to say, a bloody cheek just calling Edinburgh a town, unless they're just referring to the 'Old Town'. It makes sense if they were co-nominal with US towns.
    3
  115.  @hadrenrailway9971  Is there a red wobbly line under your name of the Scottish capital ?
    3
  116. You'd perhaps be interested in 'What the Victorians did for us' by Adam Hart-Davies TV series and book. He also did a Tudors & Stuarts version. Anything by him is engaging. Its easy to have a negative attitude on the Victorian 'Dark Satanic Mills' and the low life expectancy. I find the whole era of industrialisation depressing but it did eventually force through many of the benefits of 'modern' life in developed nations. Whether we are actually happier because of it is a whole other debate.
    3
  117. There never was a large diaspora of Normans in Britain. They replaced the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy but not the general population who were derived of Celtic and Germanic stock. There were also previous 'movements' from Britain into Ireland before the Reformation (often called the 'Old English' ) from the Norman period onwards, families like the Burke's and the Fitzgeralds, who were Catholic. You have to be careful of your terminology. Serfdom had effectively disappeared in England by 1500, although tithed labour that replaced it wasn't much different in effect on the poor. Ireland had also tried to carve out kingdoms in Britain during the early medieval period (Dark Ages). The simple truth is there has always being population movement between Britain and Ireland, sometimes peaceful, sometimes less so; as in some places you can see the other shore from the coast on a clear day. When people from a similar genetically mixed stock move from one part of the British Isles (Ireland is part of the British Isles ... but isn't Britain) to another part their genetics is simply indistinguishable, which is where we fall back on History ... which may not be accurate either. The motto of this tale is - Never believe anyone who expounds simplistic viewpoints on Nationality, Ethnicity or who their Ancestors were ... including those companies promising to tell you where your DNA came from.
    3
  118. Okay, now explain the R1B1s Y chromosome in Central Africa 😊
    3
  119. Hey, why don't we all just ignore Science and believe a story somebody told you because they reckoned you were gullible. Believe what you want personally but don't try to pass on the unsubstantiated unhistorical nonsense you've been fed. God gave you a brain to think !
    3
  120. Simple, clear and logical ....... going to do the same for turning up sleeves with linings (my pet hate). There must be an easier method than my try, adjust, try. adjust, try ....... stick it in a corner and leave it for a week, feel guilty, try it again, then bodge it with wonky lining. 🤔 You're not a random person ..... you're my favourite colonial !
    3
  121. Ultimately do you want Hungary and Ukraine in Democracy's orbit or do you want them in the orbit of Totalitarian states. As for the cost/manpower required just think how much more expensive it would be if the good old USA did not have European allies, as nearly happened in the mid C20th. You can't be a world superpower and stick your head in the sand when it comes to world events. Political and financial instability effects American markets, that's where the big loses would be felt. A couple of billion here and there in State Aid is pin money.
    2
  122. Getting out was probably a good idea, but you did take a little while to catch up on the old slavery thing and as for your politicians ... as bad as ours. Wealth and power, whether monarchical or presidential leads to greed and corruption, but at least you get to choose whose ripping you off.
    2
  123.  @michaelf4506  It certainly is from Berlin 🤣
    2
  124. For God sake, sort out the photo's or sack the algorithm that came up with them. Its better to have just stick to you than obviously incorrect shots from the wrong war.
    2
  125. Aye, yer very funny but they must be real 'cos I always cheer for the team they're playing against 😆
    2
  126. If you want to see a local scaled down version of the octagonal columns go to Dunglass near to Strathblane (park at the church, follow the old railway track eastwards about a kilometer). There's some on the side of Ballagan Glen, almost opposite, as well. Every vlog about giants will inevitably attract some religious zealots/conspiracy theorists that talk about the Nephilim from the Old Testament - just to forewarn you.
    2
  127. He's fae Fankerton, ootside the Roman Empire.
    2
  128. Hi Harriet, just acknowledging your response. On the 'Clovis' DNA, sounds like you've had a test done, take the results with a pinch of salt, they like to use terms that are completely inaccurate. Clovis is a term even more woolly than Celtic; its really just a bunch of arrowheads in a particular shape, rather than genes. That 'Clovis' DNA could come from the Eastern Steppes of Russia all the way down to South America. I can recommend a Youtube channel with more info on that, 'Nathanael Fosaaen', an archeologist specialising in the eastern woodlands of the USA.  @harrietharlow9929 
    2
  129. Bede and the Declaration of Arbroath are primary sources but are hardly primary sources of Scot's genetic ancestory. I'm with you, and Barry Cunliffe, on the importance of the Atlantic Coast Culture and believe that people came into Britain (displacing the Western Hunter Gatherers) along a seaborne western route long before there was much immigration across the Channel, the only thing that hints at this though is that Neolithic culture seems to have drifted south from Orkney and Shetland rather than moving north from what's now eastern England. I can highly recommend 'An Atlas for Celtic Studies' by John T. Koch as the clearest and most archeo-historical book on the spread of Celtic culture and migrations. I really enjoy these vlogs, usually because I'm location spotting Central Scotland from your B-roll, but it would really improve them if you could cut out verbal repetition.
    2
  130. I think you're getting more traction from the pre-history stuff (mesolithic, neolithic, bronze age, iron age) and Roman, which our local area is hooching with, rather than the medieval period that's covered by multiple websites. Type in 'William Wallace' or 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' to Youtube and they'll be thousands of vids by people that have never set foot in Scotland. Keep it Local ...
    2
  131. Thanks for that, something that was missing off my radar. If I'm ever in the area I'll visit. Probably worth mentioning that our trans-Atlantic cousins erected a statue to an Englishman, 'Thomas Paine' one of the father's of American democracy, in the middle of Thetford, Norfolk, where he was born.
    2
  132.  @neoqwerty  Yeah, or you could just say women buy more clothes and donate them when they've run out of wardrobe space or they're 'unfashionable'. And yeap, I'll darn socks and turn old tee shirts into clothes to polish shoes. On average I'll throw out two pieces of clothing a year. I'm still regularly wearing a sweatshirt I bought 35 years ago, although its got more holes in it than a sieve, sort of genuine post-punk chic ... in truth just old and tatty.
    2
  133. Although I'm a R1b, supposedly with some R1a via genealogy, I really hope there's some Western Hunter Gatherer still knocking about in there. As to the theories: Although logical, there isn't any greater evidence of WHG coming through the matriarchal DNA, as far as I know. So I'm not convinced of the 'kill all the men and take all the women' theory. I still think there's a larger underlying 'failure to reproduce' issue here; whether that is the WHGs were already teetering on the edge of extinction (like our Neanderthal cousins before them) or a viral pandemic carried by the Yamnaya that principally effected the WHGs, or a massive and immensely effective genocide. The genocide theory seems too centralised and too based on a massive cultural investment of all Yamnaya in removing the 'natives'; although possible we're not finding mass war graves (as yet). The 'technological superiority' theory doesn't hold in any way true as better technology always assimilates into earlier cultures after the shock of the new is absorbed, eg: the horse and the gun into Native American culture. Lactose tolerance would also have been assimilated genetically by interbreeding (if people from the two cultures interbred, as did Homo Sapien and Neanderthal before) after a few generations, no surprise that our first herder ancestors developed lactose tolerance. Not convinced that WHGs all committed suicide by drinking milk either. The jury is still out on this ... I'm edging closer to the 'plague' idea though, which might explain why we're not finding inhumations or cremations of WHGs. You die the survivors simply walk away from the body, no ceremony, just fear. If anyone knows of any relatively up-to-date scientific/academic research relating to this mystery, that is publicly available (no space aliens or ancient Atlanteans, thank you) I'd be really interested to know.
    2
  134. Define 'greatest' ?
    2
  135. Being a Republican (no, not the USA type) and English born I have some sympathy for Cromwell, being of Irish Catholic descent I have very different views on British colonialism. The reality is that Ethnic, Cultural and Political toleration where not high on the agenda in a pre-democratic age.  @celtichistorydecoded 
    2
  136. There's an Andy Scott sculpture trail which is well worth a day or twos drive around, all statues being in the Central Belt. When my oldest daughter was three I got an old rusty metal 1970's rocking horse, painted it and turned it into a Kelpie for her, with celtic art knotwork for mane and fetlocks, then made a bridle of seaweed green tasseled cord and stirrups of driftwood. She went on to become an excellent horsewoman and a swimming instructor. How about that for foreshadowing. She never did get that real pony for Christmas though !
    2
  137. I think he's German, although the ancient Germans and Celts had many cultural overlaps.
    2
  138.  @thomaslacornette1282  As I said people in Britain, either in the Iron Age or now, don't share much genetic material with those in south central Europe, except for Indo-European, Middle Eastern Agriculturalist, Pastoralist, Urnfield, Beaker etc etc, that makes up the foundations of our pan-European haplogroups. I think we are coming to an agreement that Celticness is a lot more than just being about a small gene pool, it is about language, art, music, social structures, laws ... and these days nationality. Neither is it bound by time or geography. As 'Celtic' is quite possibly an exonym, a generic Greek term for a European that doesn't speak a classical language, being part of the larger barbarian population, and as it also had a renaissance in usage in the Victorian period, I feel a strict definition is not only not possible but also not helpful. Personally, I'm not convinced by tight definitions of 'Celticness' by historians, academics, genealogists or geneticists, although I respect their endeavours. It is and probably always has been a loose term for a disunified but recognisable culture. Maybe it is more readily understood in relation to what it isn't ... classical, germanic, scandinavian, slavic. I'm a Celt (self-identified) ... not born in a 'Celtic' country, not speaking a 'Celtic' language, not living in the Iron Age ... but having a long ancestral history in Britain. A combination of all the immigrants that came to seek shelter in these far north-west european shores.
    2
  139.  @Ajemone  We may have been fighting the long defeat for 2000 years but the tenacity of the Celt will endure. Anyone that has been to a Celtic music festival or has taken pride in their heritage will know that a spirit of independence endures; but that spirit does not and cannot exist in splendid isolation; it is an interactive part of a vibrant culture looking outwards across the globe. The Insular Celts do not fear the English, we've been slowly civilising them. These Germanic migrants have even come to call Britain home. We have endured, we will survive and we will flourish (there's advantages to being stubborn and proud)... but not by being inward looking. You'll tend to find the nationalist parties in Celtic countries being the most progressive and internationalist and not the least 'conservative'. There is no sense of needing a hegemony of 'celticness' in Scotland, Wales or Ireland ... although I'd be in favour of a loose unofficial confederation of nation states within Britain, rather than the political situation as it stands.
    2
  140.  @Ajemone  I'll keep voting for it until it happens.
    2
  141. I'm bi-phasic and have been for about the last ten years, but not through choice, which is a long story which isn't relevant. I truly wish this wasn't my usual sleep pattern and is highly inconvenient. I'm going to disagree with you on the practicality of intentional bi-phasia for most Victorians. By the mid-Victorian period the rural/urban mix was about 50/50. The rural population would have risen with the cockerel and made most use of the daylight hours, summer and winter. Most of the urban population were either doing 'piece work' at home and needed the daylight to see the loom/spindles etc without the cost of candles or were working 15 hour shifts in a factory and went to work when the whistle blew, leaving again at the sound of the same mournful drone. Industrial production was often 24/7 so before one shift finished another shift had 'clocked on' After going for food (most homes only had a rudimentary kitchen) and seeking some entertainment then sleep was brought on by physical exhaustion (and alcohol) and the necessity of having to be up for work. The cost of candles would have prohibited intentionally working at night; although I'm quite sure many people still did so to make ends meet if there wasn't enough daylight to finish enough 'pieces' in the winter months. I suspect being intentionally bi-phasic would have been for the people who had the wealth to take lunch and a nap afterwards (shades of Jane Austin); however I'm willing to be dissuaded of this opinion given a lot of well researched primary source evidence.
    2
  142. As does the Louvre and the Palace in St Petersburg ... now what happened to their monarchies again ??? I think they're cheaper to get into than Buck House as well.
    2
  143. There's no such thing as a British citizen ... by definition you are a subject.
    2
  144. Blunt trauma tends to damage soft tissue/organs (think about car accidents); this doesn't survive into the archaeological record, which is why the statistics are always skewed towards cuts/missile weapons causing skeletal damage. Towton was a particularly bloody battle because of the numbers involved (less room for maneuver) and the losing side had a deep ditch and swollen river behind them (no escape route).
    2
  145. Unless it was that freckly guy who used to deliver Yak milk to all those yurts ... what was his name again, oh yeah, Gingas Khan .... (sorry, really couldn't resist it).
    2
  146. Just a wee historical point : Battle of Aughrim 12th July (1691), Battle of the Boyne 1st July (1690) ... which battle are you celebrating the victory of ?
    2
  147. With you there Brother. As the present King's father's surname (note I state SURNAME) was Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, if we're sticking to patrilinear descent guess what the name of the reigning house sitting on the British throne is ?
    2
  148. Raising a military socio-economic point, the Roman army may have been able to win victories in Wales and set up some well garrisoned 'civic' centers on the good farm land of the east, they may have been able to extract taxes or possibly even tribute from local tribes but that money went back out of the door in paying off tribal leaders not to raid into what land had been 'civilised'. The Romans never felt safe enough there to supplant the local rulers and the local chieftains did not Romanise their tribes. There is not one single villa in present Wales. As for Scotland it was always beyond the effective reach of Roman 'civilisation', being the vanity project of several Roman emperors. The Romans could march an army in, the tribes would make way and hit Roman supply lines. Watch towers and forts were set up to defend supply lines, then defensive walls, none of which Rome could hold militarily over the medium to long term; never mind setting up civic centers. Much higher bribes went out to local chieftains than could be raised in any form of taxed economy. A drain on military and financial resources. A good analogy would be Afghanistan, hilly, tribal and liable to erupt into revolt at any moment. And of course the only literary evidence of military victories came from whom ... Romans, not biased at all of course. Case in point Mons Graupius .... Yeah, Rome wins another brilliant military victory ... now lets retreat smartish before the Emperor has me executed for this fiasco, besides these bloody midges are eating me alive !
    2
  149. Tolerance levels increase with greater exposure, even within the lifetime of an individual. Not just to foodstuffs but also to allergies, bacteria or viruses. So there can't be any surprise that those people that live in an environment well suited to the production of certain foodstuffs become tolerant of it, even at a genetic level, over a few generations. Evolution isn't a steady progression, its episodic, with sudden rushes and lulls. For example, Japanese people were genetically very unsuited to the high levels of salt in processed food that came with American 'culture' after WWll. This created quite a lot of severe ill health, soring levels of high blood pressure. Within two generations this has almost levelled out on a par with western tolerance levels. Another Japanese example, there are some women in Japan, generally older ladies, that catch (by hand) water snakes; a bite from which would kill a westerner within hours, not so these old ladies. You put a young Japanese woman from a city in the same work environment I suspect they'd be in intensive care within the week. Environmental tolerance adaption is a powerful human tool, genetics take a while to catch up. The short version of the above is - survival is probably based on you adapting to the biome you live in, rather than your genetic make up. This, over time, is written into the genetics and probably not the other way round.
    2
  150. For a Scottish person, he is speaking slowly.
    2
  151. I have short legs ... they run to catch up in my family 😁
    2
  152. I love the channel but you continue to slaughter pronunciation at times. French Gallic pronounced Ga-lick. Irish Gaelic pronounced Gay-lick. Scottish Gaelic pronounced Ga-lick ... simples 😁 Jacobite Wars in Scotland - there were more Scots fighting, highland and lowland, for the Hanoverians than for the Jacobites. The Jacobites had a large contingent of Irish troops 'donated' from the French army as well as a few English Jacobites, mainly from Manchester. Simply saying 'the Scots' isn't historically accurate.
    2
  153. 😊😁😆🤣👍🏻
    2
  154.  @mspennywhistle  Apologies for the post-ironic comment. I guess if you keep drawing lines somebodies just going to accuse you of being an Architect .... which oddly enough I have been accused of, but that's another story. My point was only that I appreciated everything that Adelaide wore but the stole made my toes curl, 21st century aesthetics.
    2
  155. I never thought I'd agree with Idi Amin ... !
    2
  156. Who says Americans don't have a ironic sense of humour 😊
    2
  157. Yeah, that's my family; there's a rammy going on over there lets get on a boat and join in. I'm directly related to the last Viking king of Dublin, Sitric Silkhair, but the tall, blond or blue eyed bit didn't make it down to me; although my father was a fairly typical pale freckly salt and pepper haired Hebridean type.
    2
  158. Don't look much like the 'Master Race' do they ?
    2
  159. For the same reason that many Scottish tombstones were written in Latin, Gaelic, French and Scots. It was a multilingual society, amongst the aristocracy. There are four different words for waterfall in the area as well - Fall (English), Eas (Gaelic), Linn (French) and Loup (Scots).
    2
  160. The bonnet looks beautiful on you and is well worth all the effort put in. I just spent 10 hours making a simple bow tie. I didn't leave enough seam allowance so it wouldn't turn inside out, despite my best efforts with the magic chopstick, and I put interfacing in which wasn't necessary in medium weight fabric. Easier next time. Счастливого Рождества ❄
    2
  161. You are the richest country in the world .... time to ask yourself why you've got poor and homeless. Who's got all of the money ?
    2
  162.  @celtichistorydecoded  I believe its pronounced Van Houch, with the ch as in loch. Its definitely not a G sound as in gate, its much softer and is more glottal. Pretty easy for a Scottish voice to get around it.
    2
  163.  @100percentnonofyourbiz  I'm just going by the way my Dutch girlfriend from Amsterdam pronounced it. After your comment I went to youtube ('Dutch Lessons by Thomas' if anyone else wants to listen) to confirm it. Exactly as I stated, Glottal H (lower back of the throat) and a rolled ch as in Scottish loch (which is also back of the throat). Don't know where in Holland you come from ... maybe my explanation wasn't clear enough. Not a hard g as in gate, not an f or a k sound at the end either.
    2
  164. Ha, ha, ha, reading the comments section is really funny. Trump's uncle did his duty by his country and by democracy, fair enough .................. family trait ?????
    2
  165. Scottish Geology, there's a couple of YouTube channels dedicated to it. The British Geological Society also have a wide ranging website and a useful app.
    2
  166. I love the images of 'Old Masters' that pop up to break up the visuals. No idea how they directly relate to what is being said at that moment though. Better than AI images of smeary paintwork I guess.
    2
  167. Hey, I use most of these words when appropriate, although probably not in the context of 'Romantic' period poetry. Gloaming is a fairly common Scottish word we use instead of Dusk. I'd probably use Cerulean with a hard K as it has a Latin root. I'd noticed Verdant mainly from American C19th poetry (Walt Whitman), maybe Vermont has the same French root. A Forlorn Hope is a raiding party that's on effectively a suicide mission, the sort of unlucky 'volunteer' that's sent to put ladders up against a fort wall but not likely to get up the ladder. Anyway, the gloaming is nearly upon us and I've some rubbish to take to the council tip that is next to the verdant woods - see, not 'romantic' at all 😁
    2
  168. Scythians - one of your favourite peoples ... never would have guessed 😁 My money's on them being 'Treaty' stones between different tribal groupings, with the rings being settlements and the broken arrow symbolising the end of hostilities, possibly through marriage alliances.
    2
  169. Hey, a classical reference - good man !
    2
  170. The same Gallic cavalry were probably garrisoned at Castle Hill on the Antonine Wall between Milngavie and Clydebank. I can just see them now, drinking wine, enjoying a garlic baguette and eating cheese .... what did Groundskeeper Wullie call them ?
    2
  171. Yeah, but you can boot your Head of State out if you don't like what they're doing. That's the difference between being a Citizen of a Republic and a Subject in a Constitutional Monarchy (without a Constitution).
    2
  172. Its for rope making for fairly small ropes. Tie three or four strands to a tree branch or a stick with someone holding it for tensioning. Put strands through holes, walk backwards and turn., which explains the knobs. Tar or wax both ends and cut off. Tie up cow with rope. Putting strands through differnt holes would give you different designs of twist, just incase you wanted to ritually tie up your cow on the fourth tuesday after the full moon when there an 'r' in the month 😊
    2
  173. That wasn't God ... that was Timothy ! (although I agree with the sentiment).
    2
  174.  @wellston2826  Hey, Timothy may have been a Dummy, but at least he got his story published in a best selling anthology.
    2
  175.  @wellston2826  Yeah, I got the red line under ventriloquist the first time as well. I don't live in the States so although I was vaguely aware of the radio ventriloquist the Orson Wells radiocast was my point of entry. So a Dummy was a radio personality and a theological author as well, who would have guessed 😁
    2
  176.  @wellston2826  So True !
    2
  177. I thought it was just the inevitable development of society - Theocracy, Monarchy, Autocracy, Democracy and then Hypocrisy. You almost made me feel a little sorry for Matt Hancock ... almost, okay not really, nope, not at all.
    2
  178. There's something that still doesn't convince me about this R1b gene being specifically EHG/pastoralist. Its so prevalent in western ancient peoples I'm convinced we still have a piece of the DNA jigsaw missing; maybe its just a western bias mindset I can't shrug off.
    2
  179.  @kifi672  We all have an accent, I live 10 miles away from where Celtic History Decoded was brought up and the accents different (very different). If CHD said letter o instead of number zero I'm sure he'd be the first to admit it was just a slip of the tongue; which is why in continental Europe a diagonal bar is often put through zero so it cannot be mistaken for a capital O.
    2
  180. Its not that uncommon to have multiple unrelated mutations from different parts of the world, not just for humans but for all lifeforms. That's just evolution in action, sometimes it lasts, sometimes it lessens. Never convinced about the sexual selection arguments though, unless simply being different is a sexual attractor, which I suspect it is.
    2
  181. I'd just plump for the antique definition of anything over 100 years old is historical fashion, the rest is vintage, although there's a sense of post modern irony in calling stuff from the 90's forwards as vintage - I'd probably just describe that as 'tasteless' 😊 I finished the Viking shield, breaking a hook awl in the process; about 15 metres of 1mm thread to go around the circumference four times. I don't want to tell you how many years it had sat in the garage half finished. Looking for some heavy fabric for a new baker boy hat, always tempted to go eye catching but I'll probably settle for slate blue and tweedy.
    2
  182. The Scots learnt nothing from the Battle of Flodden ... have some patience, don't come down off the bloody hill !
    2
  183. Romanes Eunt Domus. What did the Roman's ever give us ? .... we'll now you come to mention it, gold, so we stopped killing them ... for a bit ! I live north of the short lived Antonine Wall.
    2
  184. Are you going to make the recipes available. I quite fancy the pear soup and quite a few of the others. As you don't eat wheat, oats etc I think maybe it swayed the food towards the 'above the salt' end of the table. If there was mixed class eating in the same room the wealthy would eat first, taking their choice and the food would be passed down the tressels so the further 'beneath the salt' you sat the less choice you got. I think the one thing that was missing as a common foodstuff for the working classes was salmon. It was of course not permitted to poach from the land of the wealthy but the Catholic church considered the rivers to be 'given by God' and thus the peasantry could fish as much as they wanted. There's even reference to indentured labourers complaining that their lord was a cheapskate because he kept feeding them salmon. There's one thing you said I feel I must correct. You both looked so pretty in the candlelight 😁
    2
  185. That's a heck of a lot of sewing as well as finishing an MA. I've got a blue and gold crushed velvet I've had in the boiler cupboard for ten years. I'm inspired to get it out and decide what to do with ........ 18thc waistcoat maybe ?
    2
  186.  @damionkeeling3103  I think you make my point exactly. Outside sources (Greek/Roman) may refer to those that live north west of the 'Civilised' world as being Celtic, rather like the developed world labelled people as 'Eskimo' who lived in the north of the American continent. Its not the term they used for themselves, neither is the term 'Inuit' an acceptable cultural/civilisational term to the people themselves, who view themselves as being smaller distinct units. The name of Vercingetorix's father is neither here nor there. Its the name of an individual through the rather murky lens of Julius Caesar. I am not doubting that people north west of the Greek/Roman world had overlaps of art, language, religion, hierarchy etc. That's not my point at all. I'm not even doubting that Celtic may be a convenient nomenclature for that civilisation at the present time, either in Britain or mainland Europe. My point is was this a name given by outsiders to that whole civilisation. The question remains - at what point through a written Celtic language do a diverse culture/civilisation start to call themselves Celtic (Source & Date).
    2
  187. Which is the point I made regarding Macbeth; although they were probably a bit more Anglo-Norman-Scottish than the present Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburgs.  @Briton666 
    2
  188. I know the traditional reason given for Breton 'Celticness' is the advance of the Saxons westward through what is now England, but I think it is no coincidence that Brittany is the furthest peninsular from Frankish incursions into northern Gaul; however I'm still with Groundskeeper Willy's opinion on our Gallic cousins.
    2
  189.  @hooverbaglegs  I think you're equating Brythonic and British (Insular). Brythonic (P Celtic) and Goidelic (Q Celtic) are linguistic terms not geographically in origin. People who spoke P Celtic (Brythonic) may have had regional dialectical differences, like modern day Swiss German and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern German, but it would have been mutually intelligible, given a chance to get the 'ear in'. If you are saying that British P-Celtic came later than Gaulish then that wouldn't hold true as there is plenty of evidence that Celtic tribes moved from Gaul to Britain, the Belgae being the most obvious example, although the Veneti are perhaps a more appropriate one for the connection between Armorica and Dumnonia (Cornwall) without apparent linguistic difficulties. I'm not saying that any of these languages were fossilised or did not have dialectical differentiation over time or geography. Only that in any one time period they could make themselves understood by their peers, perhaps not immediately by a Brythonic Brigantian to an Anatolian Galatian, but with attunement as a 'lingua franca' as needed.
    2
  190.  @noahtylerpritchett2682  Sorry Noah, I'm struggling with your meaning, so I don't know if we agree or not. I'm not disagreeing that the Normans had their eyes on Ireland, although the Normans in Britain thought of themselves as English, Scots or Welsh by the C14th. There has always been movement between the islands of Ireland and Britain for economic, political and military reasons; as I said some peaceful, some less so.
    2
  191. Historically accurate shoes is the great expensive bugbear, as you said. With a limited number of suppliers in any country what you often end up with at a period show is a lot of people with the same shoes, which of course is totally historically inaccurate. Totally with you on looking for something 'in the style of' and then adapting it. I'd never heard of shoe clips before (every day's a school day). I'd always wondered why so many people had lost their brooch and hadn't heard it fall. What does the back look like ? I know its early but I presume its not coincidence that its Suffragette colours. More of Runa, she's gorgeous; she's going to be a big doggy 🐶
    2
  192. Amazing how many people are just determined to second guess and interpret the timing of this vlog. These men, egotists and willing to de-humanise others for their own aggrandisement got what they deserved. Its a pity that more, that found sanctuary in other countries after the war, didn't also pay for their crimes against humanity.
    2
  193. The only point I'd make about this stitch is you need a seam allowance and a little bit more as each seam incrementally eats up a little bit more of the fabric. Not noticeable in 'simple' constructions but could make a multiple panel item a little snug. Definitely an adaptable stitch, especially if, like me, you hate stitching linings.
    2
  194. There's a torpedo boat usually moored in Bowling Marina (near Dumbarton). I think its a British MTB but its painted up in Imperial German Navy colours and flag (no swastikas).
    2
  195. That's a lot of sewing. Congrats on keeping going with it. You sewed the hood on backwards, presumably the opening to the collar and vice versa. So glad I'm not the only person whose mental map ends up upside down 🤣😂🤣. You've reminded me I've got a short 'musketeer' cloak, hand embroidered, in a box somewhere. Can't see me stoating down Sauchiehall Street in it just yet with the thigh length leather bucket boots. Already feel 'ancient' for still wearing a tie and polishing my shoes before I go out.
    2
  196.  @EarlDennis-l1l  I think you're talking about Eastern Hunter Gatherers. The population of Ireland were Western Hunter Gatherers overlain by the Agriculturalists from the Middle East and then the descendants of the Pastoralist Yamnaya Culture, who may themselves have been descendants of the Eastern Hunter Gatherers. In other words, the population of Ireland has probably got paler over time due to genetics and climatic conditions.
    2
  197. Supposedly we don't have British citizens ... we're all subjects. I just don't remember being ask to agree to it. You can afford to be empathetic towards your subjects, when your subjects are giving you the odd million every week.
    2
  198.  @ezzovonachalm9815  Define 'Celt'. Define 'Druid'. Define 'Civilisation'. Define 'Houses'. As the 'Indo-European hordes' were in Europe in approximately the 4th millennium BCE then that puts your Hallstadt at about the 9th millennium BCE. Approximately 7 millennia before the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia. Now I'm willing to believe that settlements began earlier than we thought, after all Gobekli Tepe had residents about 9500 BCE, but as Hallstadt A culture only began in about 1200 BCE then that's a long time before it developed from what I'm presuming you see as something like Skara Brae into an actual recognisable culture. If you could just reference your sources ... ?
    2
  199.  @ezzovonachalm9815  So you have a definition of Celt solely from two classical writers. No definition of Druids, Civilisation or Houses and no effective timeline for your Hallstadt claims. Personally, I'll just stick to Archeological, Linguistic, and Genetic evidence of there being a Northwest European culture, that developed from Indo-European speakers/settlers, spreading out from the northern rim of the Alps; which in some areas was called Gaulish, and developed a larger non-de-plume of 'Celtic' as linguistic similarities, as well as artistic ones, were noted in the C19th. I don't think anyone is stating that 'Celticism' culturally, linguistically, artistically or genetically had a singular source point in the village of Hallstadt. I'm certainly not and I don't think any of the other commenter are specifically stating this either, therefore we are probably, on that point, in agreement.
    2
  200.  @ezzovonachalm9815  I'm going to presume that English is not your first language. This is the first time you've mentioned Hecataeus of Miletus in a comment relating to this vlog, so I couldn't have read or forgotten it. If you read my response I base the common usage of 'Celtic' on Archaeological, Linguistic and Genetic evidence but also state clearly there was a C19th collectivising of these people as 'Celtic' based on linguistic and artistic grounds. Why did you suddenly drop all mention of Hallstadt ? As you not only do not read my comments, but neither your own, you'll forgive me if I ignore your erratic responses. I suggest you get a better online translator.
    2
  201. Hang on, go back to the pink map near the end ... there's R1b's in northern Russia and central Africa. I'd love to know why? Not relative to this video but I recently learnt that small parts of mitochondrial dna can be passed down theough the male line and is reseponsible for some genetic abnormalities.
    2
  202. You didn't book your hotel for the first night of a walking tour, how do Americans put it ... 'Rookie Mistake'. You arrived during the Rugby World Cup (that's the game where real men chase around an egg shaped ball, without several layers of armour and helmets, and don't stop to catch their breath every two minutes) ... didn't do your homework. Cherbourg is a working port town, its not Martha's Harbor. You didn't break in your hiking boots first ... see first comment. You can't measure distances on a map ... you say you've done trips like this before ? Hey Yank, welcome to the war 🤣
    2
  203. You know I've always wondered why that was; thanks for the enlightenment !
    1
  204. The majority of Scots say Ji, unless they're trying to sound posh. I'm with you on ancestry testing companies, they talk a lot of rubbish culled from various sources so generally don't waste your money; unless you're prepared to do your own in depth scientific research as to where the haplogroups have drifted from. There's also a lot of genetic 'rinsing' that goes on, where genes just don't pass on. The science of DNA analysis is still in its early days. There's also the risk of putting your DNA on the database of a profit making company, that may also have politic pressure put on them to divulge that info to state agencies - that all sound very conspiracy theorist, which I'm not; but data harvesting does happen without asking our permission.
    1
  205. The Swiss Waist looks wonderful, very Christmassy, although its supposed to be a summer fruit 🍓
    1
  206. ... and what is the purpose of Monarchy ???
    1
  207. So sell the castle and go live in a different one, if you can't afford it without further handouts from the tax-payer. The Treasury are accountable ... if you don't like what they spend money on you get the chance to boot them out every five years. Maybe we should just apply that to any monarchy .... as the Greeks did with Charles' Grandfather. Constitutional Monarchy ... all the perks, without any of the responsibility.
    1
  208.  @johnbrereton5229  Sorry Pal, Ah canne understand yer accent, waurs it frae ?
    1
  209. Maxwell, I take it your father's surname was Thornton ?  @M_Thornton98 
    1
  210. Operation Paperclip - The NAZA rocket program !
    1
  211. These would be the same 'Philosopher Kings' who Plato clearly stated were to own no property and could not benefit themselves from their elevated position in any way ... or are we talking about a different set of Philosopher Kings here ?
    1
  212. Your absence will be deeply missed ... cheerio !
    1
  213. Aye, he'd be right out there giving the neds a kick in the nads, right after he'd taken £100 aff yer for the privilege. @jamesbailey9140 
    1
  214. I'd vote for Plato ... got to be better than the 'uncommitted to anyone other than themselves politicians' that rise to the top. How about not paying politicians, not allowing them little side jobs, not allowing them to live in big houses, taking all of their property off them and distributing it to the disadvantaged and then seeing how many of them still want to be politicians ? Same for the Police/Army ... lets see who wants to serve society then !
    1
  215. Or is this just the American right wing politicians cynically banging a war drum to gain votes with simple 'answers' to complicated problems. Once elected they will quietly drop the idea as diplomatically, militarily and economically unworkable; whilst of course ignoring the social disaffection in both the USA and Mexico that is the root cause of the problem.
    1
  216.  @veronicalogotheti1162  Thank you for your succinct but historically limited comment. Huns were used as Roman Foederati Auxiliaries. It was the policy of the Roman Empire to recruit troops from not just the lands they conquered but also the borders of the empire and use them as auxiliaries in different areas of the Empire. Roman troops did not all come from Italy, most came from elsewhere, as latterly did their Emperors. By default, they were a mixture of peoples and cultures and would not have all been R1ab, however they still left very little genetic legacy in Britain after they withdrew in 410 AD.
    1
  217.  @veronicalogotheti1162  Let me just copy and paste from Wikipedia. 'The term foederati had its usage and meaning extended by the Romans' practice of subsidising entire barbarian tribes such as the Franks, Vandals, Alans, Huns and the Visigoths, the last being the best known, in exchange for providing warriors to fight in the Roman armies.' BTW the Roman Empire did not fall in 400 CE. I think you need to do some basic research first before making definitive statements.
    1
  218. Humza Yousaf was born in Rutherglen, you Muppet ! The people (in Scotland) haven't voted for the last five UK Prime Ministers ... if it hadn't escaped your notice, but we're still lumbered with them.
    1
  219. I absolutely agree with everything, literally everything, you said ... but please, no more of the zoomed in and out jump cuts.
    1
  220.  @RuthvenMurgatroyd  Although I think this is a very minor problem in terms of gender equality, what has been noticeable in the UK (can't speak for the States, which is a much larger and more stable economy) is the doubling of prices in UK charity shops as they've tried to turn themselves in to 'boutiques', just as the poorest people are struggling to pay the extra cost of housing, food and energy. I'd still rather support a charity but sometimes the cost is equivalent to or higher than the cheaper high street stores.
    1
  221. Suwalki Gap ... otherwise known as a Bear Trap. I think its more of a headache for Putin. Good luck at Russia invading Ireland ... a nation where everyone hates invaders.
    1
  222. And then they have the bloody cheek to put average speed cameras on it, as if anybody's going to get past two caravans and a tractor.
    1
  223. What, do you mean like an ex-President found guilty of multiple felonies ...
    1
  224.  @fyrdman2185  Fyrdman, considering that Cromwell was offered the crown and refused it I think that negates your monarchist accusation. Cromwell actively removed MPs from Parliament that would have been against the execution, so he was not forced. He was in a position of absolute power at the time and his will was effectively law. Was he the head of the military, yes. Was he to become Lord Protector, yes. However, and it was a big HOWEVER Britain had nothing resembling democracy before and a solid hand was needed at the tiller to steer some sort of course. I'm not an apologist for Cromwell. He executed Levellers and persecuted Diggers and Ranters. He also increased the taxes even more than Charles I; which had been the spark to the revolt of the up and coming merchant classes in the first place. Effectively he lost the support of the richest, the poorest, the middle classes as well as never having the support of religious 'extremes' Presbyterian and Catholic. Would you like to discuss it further ???
    1
  225. The Empire was already unsustainable by then. That was obvious by the end of WWI. Always considered Roosevelt as your greatest American President, perhaps the greatest politician of the C20th.
    1
  226.  @jimtaylor294  Aye, keep the salt for ya porridge !
    1
  227. I don't have much sympathy for the Royals (who gained their wealth off the hard work of others) of any nation, especially not ones that were taking refuge with the Nazi's, but thievery is thievery. I think Mark Felton is simply trying to get to the truth. I'm not sure what the gender or sexuality of your children has to do with this historical event.
    1
  228. Can't we find a document that proves British rubble was on 'Lease Loan' to the US, then maybe we can claim back some of the $61 Billion we paid the US to join in the 'Fight for Civilisation'.
    1
  229. Muirs are quite disparate places, bushes, trees, ditches, bog, rocks and burns. Its really just uncultivated land. The National Trust for Scotland have control over part of the battlefield site, which is also a Conservation Area. Thankfully the NTfS have managed to resist attempts for planning permission for holiday parks on the site of the battlefield outwith the land they maintain. There's also the problem of controlling public access so that the site isn't damaged by visitor numbers. They'll always be a compromise between, nature, history, safe public access and the local population. Personally I'm not a great fan of Visitor's Centers and consider them a blot on the landscape ( Including the Bannockburn and Callanish ones in that) but I'm probably in the minority on that issue, I guess coach loads of barely informed tourists need toilet stops and gift shops.
    1
  230. I take your point but can't help feeling that most people's view of a muir is a bleak open landscape, which muirs generally aren't, unless heavily grazed by sheep and cows. Its probably just keeping the sheep off it and the encroachment of more people keeping the deer away that's allowing birch to grow. I used to live just east of Culloden in Nairn, thirty years ago, and the area's changed over that short time, never mind 270 years ago. I doubt there's any 'political' decision making regarding obscuring history, in this case. @andrewheaney6858 
    1
  231. What a project. I guess when you stretch yourself you learn 'work arounds' and manage to unravel what the original maker/describer intended. A form of experimental archeology. Stunning results. Perhaps time to look for some 'extras' work in media productions Miss Doolittle or is it Miss Eyre ..... just don't get too Russian and throw yourself under a train.
    1
  232. That's a lot of time and its not the first ceilidh I've been to where someone says I can't take the jacket off the bodice is held together with safety pins, I ran out of time! I'm struggling just to find the time and enthusiasm to sew on the leather edging of a viking shield at present. Thank goodness the laudanum tincture didn't have too long lasting an effect in the vlog; did you look anything like William Shakespeare, thankfully not 😉
    1
  233. I'm sure Johann Springer would hold records of such a prestige piece, they'd be the only 'surefire' provenance. They'd need to have the piece physically over there to certify it.
    1
  234.  @MarkFeltonProductions  Nothing to do with the second little Anglo-German dispute was it ?
    1
  235. Marcus Aurelius slaughtered thousands ...
    1
  236. I've no doubt that some Dumnonians 'fled' to Brittany at the Saxon encroachments as there was always trade across that stretch of water, just as there has always been trade between the Isle of Man, Scotland and Ireland. The Brythonic form of Celtic unites the Breton's and Kernow just as Goidelic Celtic unites the Manx, Scots and Irish, although they are different in some grammar, spelling and syntax. I think my main point is that the Kernow were not moving to territory that did not have an already Brythonic speaking population. I'm sure many also found homes amongst their Cymric cousins as well.
    1
  237.  @thomaslacornette1282  Nobody doubts that anybody who had trade with Rome reflected some latin culture, this of course went both ways as Rome was greatly influenced by different cultures it came into contact with. Neither does anyone question the role of the Scandinavian genetic diaspora across northern Europe. To state that the Kernow that left Britain for the Breton peninsular were only Celtic by 'culture' is patently incorrect. The language was Brythonic Celtic and even today, after over a thousand years of being incorporated into England, there are specifically 'Celtic' associated genes in many areas of Cornwall. You can still draw a genetic marker line across England from Bristol to Hull were north west of which there are less Anglo-Saxon genetic markers, although they speak English and self-identify as being English, the fact is there are more Celtic British genes in these areas than Germanic even after 1500 years of integration.
    1
  238.  @thomaslacornette1282  I think we can agree that mass migration theories haven't been accepted for some time now, although the Yamnaya seem to give us reasons to look carefully at it again. So now we have to agree on what is 'Celtic' genetics. You appear to consider Hallstadt (Austria) is the definition of 'Celticness' genetically. I'm including, not just in terms of geography but also in terms of time, the descendants of Beaker people across North Western Europe, as well as including some that travelled southwards into the Balkans and eastwards into Anatolia. If you are holding to the Hallstadt only definition (Hallstadt D ending in 459 BCE approx) and thus excluding La Tene, then Roman Gaul wasn't Celtic either. Celtic isn't really defined purely by genetics, or purely by 'culture' or in terms of linguistics, or even timescale. I take your initial point that the people of Hallstadt (1200 - 459 BCE) do not share much of a genetic overlap with Brythonic or Goidelic speakers ... but I think your definition of 'Celtic' is much too narrow and most academics would describe Hallstadt as being proto-Celtic. The post-Roman people in Cornwall share many genetic overlaps with the people of Brittany as they had contact with their Brythonic cousins and some did travel there to avoid Saxon incursions into Dumnonia. If you don't accept them as being Celtic I respect your right to disagree.
    1
  239.  @brunol-p_g8800  Yeah, I'd agree with you, largely ... sort of. It again comes down to what 'Celtic' is, ... cultural, artistic, linguistic, genetic. Those factor's do not move as a monobloc. Barry Cunliffe has a 'Celtic from the West' theory that is worth looking into. I take a rather earlier viewpoint that neolithic culture came down from the north and mixed with bronze age agriculturalism, Urnfield and later Beaker. Add the Yamnaya to this and you've got a dynamic mixture as the Bronze Age transmutes into the Iron Age. I wonder where we'd be if only those pesty Roman's hadn't have interfered 😁
    1
  240.  @Ajemone  Or maybe our sense of independence, even from our own Celtic cousins, is why we are still here and the Roman Empire is just a bunch of crumbling ruins; occasionally burlesqued by organisations that have a fondness for fasces in their symbolism.
    1
  241.  @Ajemone  I'm glad your relatives and region did not agree with fascist ideologies; although I didn't imply they did. My point is, and remains, that those with dreams of Empire intend to 'unify' people under their sway; something that Celts have never been known for. It is our very refusal to be unified that has for the past two and a half thousand years allowed us to be a vibrant and living culture, a mixture of language, art, music, genetics and geography; not merely a fallen Empire for the history books.
    1
  242. I'm surprised the sources you used didn't pick up on the most common waterproofing, lanolin. As a by-product of woolmaking the raw wool is boiled and the lanolin floats to the top, scoop it off (eeerrr gross) and re-apply it to foul weather fabrics. Most medievalists would have picked this up. Sheep were plentiful, farming bees was more specialist, often done by religious communities (the economic history of religious communities is fascinating). Beeswax was expensive and only for the rich, which is why common people used rushlights instead of candles. Conversely, Lanolin is now a 'luxury' product but beeswax furniture polish is dirt cheap ..... and you can use it on fabric. Lanolin was replaced by whale fat by-products in the 18th century and as another commentator mentioned it burns like ...... well an oil lamp ! Happily modern oilcloth coatings are pretty fire retardant, unlike plastics (nasty melty stuff !). P.S. on the matter of polishing shoe leather, secret ingredient - castor oil, softens and shines better than any polish.
    1
  243. The evidence is sketchy at least; besides which the Romans definitely made it to Falkirk, which everyone agrees is the absolute very arse-end of the World 😖
    1
  244. I spotted this on Youtube by a cobbler's business. A tear down and restore of a pair of Victorian ladies boots; they don't usually do many ladies shoes as they're made of inferior materials. I thought you might find it interesting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XH4o9nkGpMg&ab_channel=Trenton%26Heath
    1
  245. If you want the common sense approach to any historical period always look at what the working classes were doing. Then add on the social constructs of the wealthy for 'special occasions'. However, I still think elastic is one of the world's greatest 'inventions'. 'Prepared for all weathers' - you're sounding more British by the day. Go on, tell me how you grow your own bananas ...... 🤔😉
    1
  246. Yeah, but you didn't complain when the Indians, the Nepalese, the Caribbean's, Fijians and others came to help Britain during the First and Second World Wars. My family fought against a regimes of bigotry and racism (Germany and Japan) during the the Second World War. They were proud to serve beside brave men (and women), regardless of their skin colour, religion or nationality. If that's your attitude the next time you go into hospital I suggest you insist that you are only treated by people with white skin or non-immigrants ... and see how long you wait ! Its the rich and greedy that are taking from British people, and they're laughing at you blaming anyone with a dark skin, whilst you can't afford your heating bill.
    1
  247. Oh God, we're back to the bloody Scythians !!! As much as I love the Declaration of Independence it can hardly be used as a credible source for what happened multiple millennia before it was written. Can't we leave that to the Ancient Aliens crew ?
    1
  248. @chrisnewbury3793  Yes I realised the typo after posting. However it does amount to a declaration of independence from English suzerainty. Where's your evidence that Scots specifically descended from Scythians, the D of A and Bede are not evidence, they're national myth making. If it's that Scythians had some red hair and Celts have some red hair that's correlation not causation. the same thing happens in non-Celtic countries. Next you'll be saying it was a ship with an Egyptian princess in it because some Celts are dark skinned, or maybe it was wrecked Spanish Armada sailors.
    1
  249. It just shows how much this gene technology is in its infancy and is at best vague. Genes do not have a religion. I really wish long ancestry sites would stop using the word 'Jewish', they don't state Christian, Hindu, Buddhist or Islamic etc etc. Most Europeans have at least some central/eastern European DNA - people have wandered around backwards and forwards for quite a while. What is labelled as 'Jewish' DNA is often connected to the Ashkenazi population (whose religion is largely Jewish) which has its origins largely in Europe and not the Levant. (Please note - this is not a comment on anyone's religion and as far as I'm concerned we are all just human beings trying to survive; nationality, religion, culture and ethnicity are not the prime factors in our common humanity).
    1
  250. Best thing about this vlog, the memes were more illustrative than the 'paintings in the classical style'.
    1
  251.  @antivari100  Which of course stretches from western Europe to the Indian sub-continent, quite a diverse mix.
    1
  252.  @antivari100  😊
    1
  253. Someday, I hope we'll find a 'Rosetta Stone' for Pictish symbols, with old Erse on one side and Pictish symbols on the other. There was such an interplay between Gael and Pict, or even Pict and Briton that something, even an early manuscript, must turn up ... eventually. Until then 'the Wee Dark Men (and women)' will seem almost myth like, despite all the physical evidence we have for their culture. Maybe even the Romans may come to our rescue on this one.
    1
  254.  @celtichistorydecoded  Higher levels of Vitamin A in offal and fish, neither of which were rationed during WWII. I suspect it was the sugar hit from carrots that did have a 'feel good' effect, as sugar from the colonies had effectively ceased. I'm sure they knew of sugar beet but it's an energy wasteful process to mash it (like beer) ... and stinks; as anyone driving past Bury St Edmunds will tell you, might explain why East Anglian beer tastes like dishwater. Probably more efficient to feed livestock on it. The history of rationing is fascinating.
    1
  255. I used to live in Thetford, where Paine was born in what used to be a pub on a main street. The local Yank flyboys put up a big gold painted statue to him in the middle of the town. British history hardly mentions him. We're still lumbered with the shower of rakes and spongers that your forefathers rejected way back when.
    1
  256. On average, more than 50% of the time, relatively speaking the illustrations of classical paintings in Unsolicited Advice's videos will have no objective relation to the point being made anything other than to re-enforce the viewers acceptance that Unsolicited Advice's taste and classical education is generally above that of the ordinary Joe on the street, and thus is to be more trusted ... is this Correlation, Causation and Attribution combined ?
    1
  257. Sister, we speak with the same voice; although I started to feel better when I realised that therapists are bound up in their own world model. Simply giving myself time, rather than looking towards others for answers, helped me more than anything. I also learnt to let others make their own mistakes rather than trying to steer them away from their pitfalls took a great weight off my shoulders. I often say that I used to work with people with mental health issues until I finally caught it. I still find myself tutting at myself but letting the cat fall asleep on my arm helps (although she loves the radiator much more than me !) Know that you are a wonderful, intelligent and caring person, despite the past, and live in the day.
    1
  258. Hang on ... Stalin gave ships back. How did Attlee swing that one ?
    1
  259.  @celtichistorydecoded  Its on YouTube. 'The Eagle' movie was also partially shot in Finnich Glen 'The Devils Pulpit'.
    1
  260. Aye, we all have our cross to bear; you can tell a Yorkshireman .... you just can't tell him much. I've spent many a happy hour wandering the Yorkshire Moors on various holidays, miles and miles of bugger all😉 . @Kevin-mx1vi 
    1
  261. They aren't representing me ... but they still take the money. By the way there aren't any 'citizens' in the UK ... we're all 'subjects', whether we like it or not.
    1
  262. Back in the day I had a Dutch girlfriend, who's father, as a Socialist, was part of the Dutch Resistance. Mussert's fate should have been the fate of so many more petty little men that choose their own aggrandisement over their nation's welfare. Anyone promising simple answers to world problems by targeting minority groups should never be trusted in any position of authority. Oi, my Dad was a corporal !
    1
  263. I've bad news. Its Alan, he's dead. He tripped and fell. I told him not to run with that red pointy stone .... but he wouldn't listen. Yeah, he was definitely dead, all the grey stuff was coming out of his head. We weren't arguing .... honest !
    1
  264. Agate's a metamorphic semi-precious gemstones usually washed out from any previously volcanic area, which means it can turn up pretty much anywhere. Its also very varied in colour even within a local area, every colour of the rainbow. Defining what exactly Agate is by chemical composition is, well ... just as variable, as different parts of the world call it by different general names.
    1
  265. Their properties generate revenue .. like the Louvre in Paris and the Winter Palace in St Petersburg. All trade issues, the 'UK Brand' is dealt with by Civil Servants and has nothing to do with the Royal Family; they are effectively banned from interfering in International affairs, Foreign Policy is also dealt with by Civil Servants, who generally have more idea about what they're doing than the very temporary Ministers in charge of the Department. Essentially the Royal Family are a very well paid figurehead of a ship, totally unnecessary to the sea-worthiness, but pretty to look at by those not actually sailing on the ship who are doing all the work.
    1
  266. Hey, hang on. I only live two thirds of the way up mainland Britain and I'm further north than Copenhagen ... Southern Softee 😁
    1
  267. The next time you phone for an ambulance just have a little think if its going to be driven by a chauffeur or a paramedic that's struggling to pay their mortgage. I'd bet 9 times out of ten its not going to be driven by a chauffeur. Lets give the real people who keep our society running the easy life .. and not the landlord who owns the parking lot.
    1
  268. Take a 'truism', obfuscate it with symbolism but tell people you are analysing it (really its just his rambling interpretation) and you have a book and a series of lecture tours. I thought that only happened on 'Training Days' and TedX Talks that you click off after ten minutes. The ability to string together two sentences that are logically connected but by the time you've got to the end of the paragraph it is intentionally (so it can't be criticised) amorphous and unclear what any of it means. Peterson should go into politics. Reminds me of J.G. Frazer, lets interpret the world through the lens of western tradition and then decide its best. At least Frazer spent time amongst some of the societies he goes on to patronise in the inimical way of C19th academics. Of course Peterson is going to say the Bible is quintessentially the primary text to understand existence; its the only religious tradition he's spent any time studying. I eagerly await his breakdown on the Bhagavad Gitas - but I won't hold my breath !
    1
  269. @XavierY828  French isn't a Gaulish tongue, it's Germanic, with some Romanche as it's basis, which explains the connection to Anglo-Saxon 'Wales'.
    1
  270. @XavierY828  Only to the extent that Gaulish and French are part of the same Indo-European language group, I've no doubt there are a few Gaulish remnants in French, but as French only became the national language under Napoleon, as he suppressed the other regional languages of France (as an attempt at unification/centralisation) it is making a big leap in time between French and Gaulish. This discussion is drifting away from my original point that 'Wales' is a Germanic exonym and doesn't fit a hypothesis that wal/val/gal denotes a population of Celtic origin - which may have some larger merit to some degree but the word 'Wales' doesn't fit it specifically due to it's Anglo-Saxon origin . As soon as hypotheses start making large jumps in time, geography, culture and linguistics to make things 'fit' they become tenuous is the overall point I was heading towards. (I realise it wasn't your hypothesis I made my original reply to).
    1
  271. @mikakev1  Sorry, I'm struggling to get a clear understanding of your meaning. I'm not saying French isn't an old language but it's not Gaulish. It is Frankish, with Romanche, and some Latin. I'm not saying there aren't descendents in France from the Gaulish people's. Other languages in France (Occitans, Basque, Savoyard, Alsatian etc) were repressed during the Revolutionary Years in an attempt to centralise society in France. The same way that Welsh, Cornish, Manx, Scottish and Irish Gaelic were in Britain by the English speaking state. I am not telling anyone that they have to be one thing or the other but we cannot deny history to fit our own hypotheses.
    1
  272. @ashton1952  Thanks for agreeing but I'm finding the whole thing more ridiculous. To make the hypothesis fit we are now including bits of Celtic self-naming (Gaels), a probably Latin exonym (Gauls) and a probably Iberian exonym Gales, which might come through a Latin root. I'm going to muddy the water even further by saying that the Gaelic word for foreigners is Gall. Then chuck in all the Val's and Wals ... it's a Mulligans Stew of if, buts and maybies. Unless somebody does a well researched linguistics tree of the 'possibilities' rather than a simplistic joint the dots hypothesis I'm going to leave this idea aside ...
    1
  273. You're very talented and put me to shame regarding just how much prevarication I allow myself to get away with, regarding most projects, sewing or otherwise. However, as my wardrobe bulges and coat hangers break under the strain maybe I should get the message.
    1
  274. It always gives me a warm feeling inside knowing the Nazi's (and the population that supported them) must have had a slow and ever gut gnawing desperate certainty that Nemesis was slowly creeping up on them.
    1
  275.  @quintrankid8045  I think David Bickle means the people who live in the country, in this case specifically, the taxpayers.
    1
  276. I wasn't joking about the food. I made Turnip and Swede soup a few nights ago with a wee bit of pork loin and some carrot, using up some spaghetti leftovers from the night before to give it some starch. Seasoned it with a bit of mixed spice for winter warmth and a little black pepper in the bowl. Also added some fried croutons to use up the end of a stale baguette. Making the same tomorrow night but I'll try a different spice, possibly smoked paprika and coriander seeds.
    1
  277. Its so very true that 'Britain went to war, whilst America went to loot'. The one consolation is that I hope Goldsmith was Jewish.
    1
  278. I preface this by saying I effectively know nothing about the Austro-Hungarian Empire in this period. What I'm wondering is what resources came from overseas to the AHE that these ships were designed to protect and would the money simply have been better spent on landbound defences on the Adriatic coast. Simply put, was this just a vanity project by another old empire limping along.
    1
  279.  @bluelemming5296  Thanks for that, but essentially by mid WWI none of the trade/ports that the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica lists that Trieste was engaged in trading for/with was any longer available to them. If there was any northern Levant trade presumably that would have been through Ottoman territory. Thus we're thrown back on protecting the Croatian coast from Italian/British/French landings, which is still probably easier and more cheaply done by big guns around the deep water ports and lesser sized guns along shallow beaches. I suppose that if you flip it AH were maybe thinking about the use of the battleships offensively rather than in purely defensive terms, but by this point of the war that's probably semi-delusional. As I said I know diddly squat about AHE by this point (my period is really C17/18th) but I feel seagoing battleships is somewhat financial overkill.
    1
  280.  @bluelemming5296  Yeah, I sort of missed that point ... they were battleships on paper only 😐
    1
  281. Roosevelt had spent a lot of time and effort 'massaging' the USA into joining the war. Do I think though the USA would have come in without Pearl Harbor, probably not. Strategic mistake by the Japanese and probably done without German foreknowledge. Am I glad the American's eventually joined in, several years late ... like WWI, definitely. D-Day wouldn't have happened without them. Its just a pity that we (UK) were paying for their stalwart defence of democracy until 29th December 2006 (Lend Lease) ... what, you don't think they 'gave' us those planes, tanks or ships do you ? Not a fan of Churchill generally, a political opportunist, but during WWII we probably needed a politician with broad military experience; Atlee was the right man to rebuild British society after the war though.
    1
  282.  @paulwalker5822  I totally agree with you. I would have fully supported him during the war, even if I didn't personally like him; then promptly voted for Atlee after it.
    1
  283. Gurkas 1-0
    1
  284. Tanks are death traps, there has always been a high mortality rate of tank crews (over 50% in any sustained conflict), military aircraft are death traps, same stats as above, sitting in a trench under sustained artillery fire is a death trap. These are the consumables of war. Only the badly informed megalomaniac doesn't appreciate this; funny (not) how vast wealth and idiocy skip merrily through the blood soaked fields of history. Putin gambled on a swift war as Russian forces were not prepared for a sustained slogging match, he lost the gamble. Combined arms is and always has been the only long term way of taking and holding ground. Even then if the general populace will not succumb you still lose.
    1
  285. No, there were. British officers at the beginning of the WWI were expected to lead their troops into battle by being first up and over into the hale of machine gun fire trying to wade through the barbed wire resulting in a terrible loss of young officers at the beginning of the war. Then they realised that many of them had been killed by a .303 bullet in the back. Suddenly they were given new orders to tell the ordinary squaddies to get out of the trench first or they'd shoot them with their pistol. The number of young officers being killed by German bullets remained the same ... but less were killed by British ones. As for no foreign entanglements ... this isn't the ancient world, missiles travel thousands of miles, wars creep across borders regardless of anyone's intended neutrality. You want to be a world player or have influence on world events ... you are entangled if you like it or not. Not having alliances with other countries leaves you open to aggressive neighbours ... look at Ukraine.
    1
  286. @dukeon  Yeah, I read those ten years ago or so. Not bad books considering they are just aimed at children. I believe there was an animated version as well.
    1
  287. Ye see yon birkie ca’d a lord, Wha struts, an’ stares, an’ a’ that, Tho’ hundreds worship at his word, He’s but a coof for a’ that. For a’ that, an’ a’ that, His ribband, star, an’ a’ that, The man o’ independent mind, He looks an’ laughs at a’ that. I loved how Midge Ure sang this at the opening of our Parliament one year, looking directly at the Queen and Prince Phillip.
    1
  288. Thanks for this well researched video; that states clearly that research is ongoing (because that's what academia does). Unfortunately in the comments there's still so many science, linguistics and cultural history deniers with such a poor basic grasp of how societies change. I'm not an expert, but I tend to trust experts in their field above the outdated opinions of the 'We're (special) different' brigade.
    1
  289. Now, remember he's a 'Colonial' and sometimes they pronounce thing funny 😊 Now you really need to do a video about Victorian Muscle Mommies. Cats really did civilize us, they taught us everything that we really required to call a place a home: food, water, infestation free, cushions to sit and sleep on ... plus a source of warmth. If it was left to dogs (much as I love them) we'd still be living in drafty caves.
    1
  290. If you live in the UK you don't live in a Democracy, You live in a Constitutional Monarchy; its sort of all the perks with none of the responsibility.
    1
  291. A slight aside (and this is coming from a very British Colonial viewpoint) maybe we should have a sign over every museum entrance that says 'Stuff we Stole or Conned the Natives out of'. I can imagine if Germany had won WWII their museums would be jam packed of the worlds riches ... 'To the Victor the Spoils !'
    1
  292.  @VBirchwood  Stitches ripped down one long side, flipped right way out, seam pushed into the inside and then tiny stitches on the outside to keep it together, multiple wee bits of the seam popped back out so lots of three stitches here and five stitches there. Usable but a sense of spezzatura of construction that wasn't initially intended 🤷‍♂
    1
  293. May I suggest a simpler method, that wouldn't burden tourists with paying for a British Institution. Have a form, one simple tick box, that is sent out electronically every year, to each taxpayer within the UK asking 'Would you like to donate 1% of your income to the Monarchy, tick for Yes'. The Monarchy receives all of that 1% to spend as they wish ... and the Civil List and monies from Duchies is cancelled. The Monarchists can then fully fund the Monarchy, whilst those who do not want to give them any money don't have to, ... its simple really.
    1
  294.  @100percentnonofyourbiz  The Dutch gh is pronounced as ch as in loch. The g at the beginning is a glottal h, thus Houch; much closer to hook than goff.
    1
  295.  @100percentnonofyourbiz  I'm just trying to explain to people how to pronounce Van Gogh as I've learnt it, as I've heard it pronounced by Dutch people and how it is exampled by the YouTube Dutch language channel I've quoted. If you choose to pronounce it differently, that's up to you. Unless you can show an example on video that is publicly accessible of an alternate pronunciation I'll leave it at that, tot ziens.
    1
  296.  @100percentnonofyourbiz  Which is the same as the Youtube example I gave you ... closest phonetic English pronunciation in writing I can come up with is 'Houch'. Apologies for missing your previous link. I think we are arguing the same point here mijn vriend.
    1
  297.  @100percentnonofyourbiz  I think we can both agree CHD didn't get the pronunciation right. All the best Pal😉
    1
  298. Interesting to see it by drone. I used to teach re-enactment swordsmanship then moved over to HEMA but due to the hell for leather, I'm not going to get harmed by several bashes with all this protection on I'll just motor on attitude I dropped HEMA and took up Aikido before I got too old and slow. I guess its the difference between Rugby and American Football.
    1
  299. Aye, nostalgia isn't what it used to be !
    1
  300. Yeah ...... lets all praise Swiss neutrality. Its the sort of neutrality that lets totalitarian regimes stomp over all the 'lesser races' in the world whilst profiteering from it. Classic case of 'I'm All Right Jack'. I've no doubt that individual Swiss people helped others escape the Fascists but I'm also sure that others bent over backwards to 'appease' fascism or were actual sympathisers; anyway they weren't so neutral, the Swiss Army provided a medical corp for the German Army. I've got a lot more admiration for those that fight against the bad guys.
    1
  301.  @MAKDavid-1  Interesting hypothesis as well. Unfortunately we can't make direct comparisons between different cultures across different periods of time. Anything we put forwards in the present time can only be at best 'educated' guesswork. Our best hope is that a Roman text ,as yet undiscovered, sheds some light on Pictish symbolism.
    1
  302.  @MAKDavid-1  1 - Essentially you are saying there was genetic movement east and west, no doubt there was; as well as north to south, or from any other point of the compass. Gauls settled in Anatolia (St Paul's Letter to the Galatians) and were used as mercenaries across Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. 2 - Taking from that that Pictish symbol stones and specifically a broken arrow symbol are related directly to Hunnic/Scythian tribal symbolism is at best tenuous and anthropologically unproven. 3 - My point about the Romans is that they did have contact with the early Picts and as the Picts did not have a phonetic writing system that we know of the best we can hope for is an as yet undiscovered ancient latin text giving some insight as to what Pictish symbols meant. BTW - your link was blocked by Google Chrome.
    1
  303.  @MAKDavid-1  Dear Mr Makai, as we say in Scotland - you are trying to weave a very big plaid from very few threads, jumping from the very broad (genetic diaspora) to a few possible linguistic Indo-European links. Of course there are linguistic and genetic connections between western Asia and Europe (eg. Afghanistan) that's why they are called INDO-European languages. Alexander the Great also had a whole Empire out there. There is no such phrase as Indo-Jewropean ! You seem to have the opinion that none of the 'Hunnic/Scythian/Magyar' peoples or 'Celtic' peoples had contact with the Ancient Classical world, which is nonsense. The Picts are north-west European Pastoral Agriculturalists, that interbred and supplanted with the north-west European Hunter Gatherers to a greater or lesser extent. Do not put too much trust in ethno-DNA analysis. It is in its very early days with statistically insignificant numerical samples to work from, as yet.
    1
  304. You make a good point about the naming on the wee graphic. However, you're not living in a Nation. You're living in a Province or Region with a non-functioning devolved government. @asanulsterman1025 
    1
  305. Funny how 'waves' pop up on the same day on different channels, that have no apparent connection. The other channel was discussing if gravitational waves interfere with each other at the quantum level, in relation particularly to binary neutron stars (the short answer is Yes), although they described interference as constructive and de-constructive. Oddly enough, the quantum physics seemed so much easier to understand than the naval stuff ... but theory is always simpler than practice 🤔
    1
  306. Maybe a one off collaboration, 'Navigation by the Stars'. Drach and Becky on one screen 😁 @gbcb8853 
    1
  307. This sounds improbable, but it is true. My arms are proportionally shorter than my torso. I also have a fused spine, so I cannot bend or twist easily ... however I can draw a long hand and a half over the shoulder of my dominant hand. Use a soft scabbard, grasp the end of the scabbard with the non-dominant hand and pull it down and away from the body as you reach up to the hilt with the dominant hand, draw up and to the side, the sword is now at 30 degrees to the vertical. Pull the hilt down towards the centre of the body, dominant hand travelling in an arc downwards until you feel the tip of the blade release from the scabbard. Watch opponent's face go pale. The trick is the soft scabbard and it being long enough to get hold of the bottom of it with the non-dominant hand. Then it's just practice. Get it right -you're Conan. Get it wrong - you're the Statue of Liberty with a broom up the back of your dress 😂
    1
  308. Let me answer your initial question ..... No ! It would take approximately one hour before the choreography went to $h!t. I can't foresee China coming to the rescue. In truth I could China removing North Korea's leadership before this was allowed to happen as it would not be in China's interest to see the US military rolling up to China's border a fortnight after the war began. I'm not a gun totting American patriot, I'm a sensible European realist, and as I presume this was a rather tongue in cheek vlog from yourself, then I don't really expect a response.
    1
  309. Technically Australasia is a continent, Australia, New Zealand etc etc, so I suppose you could call Australia a sub-continent; although I've only really heard it in reference to the Indian sub-continent, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
    1
  310. Simple answer to why the US did not come out the victors in the Vietnam War. No Gurkas. Communist insurgents were not scared of Americans in Vietnam or the British in Malaya .... but they were scared of Gurkas. The last thing you want to do to a Gurka is 'Grab his belt to fight him', you'd soon be minus both hands.
    1
  311. You realise not everybody in Britain has fine clothes or fancy cars ... you do realise that ... but the people without the fine clothes and the fancy cars still have to pay taxes that are given to the monarchy ... you can't be living in that much of a bubble can you ? Now you're absolutely free to support the Monarchy with your heart and soul and money, just don't expect everybody to chip in when you put the hat round.
    1
  312. Its a beautiful garment, beautifully made and I can see how much pleasure and pride you have in the making of it, and I need to add better than I could do (and you also look wonderful in it ! ) ... but I do have a doubt and that is the colour, purple is one of my favourite colours but in this case for a simple kirtle the dye would have been extraordinarily expensive in the medieval period and natural mordants would not have been able to hold the colour in place. Although most 'ordinary' people wouldn't have known about sumptuary laws and they would vary by geographical location over time certainly the aristocracy would have steered clear of it; the Earl of Surrey was prosecuted for High Treason against Henry VIII of England for wearing purple, which only the monarch could do. A successful cheap chemical purple dye was only produced in 1856 by William Henry Perkin; which is why, generally referred to as Mauve, it became so popular in the Victorian period, (brilliant short book by Simon Garfield about this). I also know and absolutely accept that not everything has to be entirely historically accurate. I re-emphasise that its a beautiful garment, beautifully made and you look wonderful in it. Please don't look at this as a personal slight or knocking you in any way. I appreciate everything you make and vlog. (I'm not an 'authenti-fascist', honest)
    1
  313. If I bumped into you in the woods I'd be convinced I'd encountered a sidhe 🧝‍♀ For what is a relatively simple dress there's still a lot of work in it. I take it you attached the right edge of the hood this time ?
    1
  314. No, as your property is not in the UK and presuming you don't have a bank account here; your personal belongings would be returned with your body to Oz, presuming you have that covered in your travel insurance. Of course, the short answer to all this is have a will, or be clear who is your next of kin ... wife, children, brother, sister etc. If you have absolutely no living relatives and no property ... spend every penny you've got and die with a massive debt that is unpayable 😁
    1
  315.  @wellston2826  So was Timothy hearing voices or was he just a good ventriloquist 🤷‍♂ ?
    1
  316.  @wellston2826  There's a book in the Bible called the 'Gospel of Charley' ?
    1
  317.  @wellston2826  I've been working with dummies all my life. The trick is to work out who the ventriloquist is ?
    1
  318. Vadoksam, I've got no gripe with anyone coming from any part of the world but I'm sure wherever you hail from you have traits of pronunciation (an accent).
    1
  319.  @nostalji93  Hey, at least he admits to his viewpoint ... rather than pretending he's objective.
    1
  320.  @nostalji93  Lets break it down into two parts: 1, Sandy accepts that he has a viewpoint from a certain perspective. 2, This perspective may result in a particularly subjective opinion. I am presuming, of course, that the other commenter believes in their own objectivity rather than accepting their own individual subjectivity.
    1
  321.  @nostalji93  I have definitely not tried to answer your questions on Sandy's behalf, I merely said that Sandy has stated he has a viewpoint he is coming from. As you ask about all the 'horrible things claimed in the Bible' that you cannot mention because 'yt' (Bible, YouTube ?) would censor you, I simply presume you come at it also from an individual subjectivity that differs from Sandy's. To answer your question 'So what's your point?', I make a point about accepting that each of us comes to a discussion from a subjective viewpoint. I am not in a position to question or query either of your positions on any issue, as you haven't stated them. You may 'prefer it' if nobody else responds to your comment ... but that really isn't the way that an open channel like YouTube works and as long as that 'dude' is polite and not abusive in an open society then I guess you'll just have to live with it. As you said in your original comment, 'you don't have to answer' (although, technically, I haven't asked you a question).
    1
  322.  @nostalji93  There is no contradiction. Sandy states his background immediately; perhaps in contrast to the raising of undefined yet 'horrible stuff' in the Bible. I remain neutral in relation to religious, faith or biblical matters. Neither implying agreement or criticism of anyone's religious beliefs or lack of them. The value I share is in being aware of ones own subjectivity, which is a key principle of philosophy; rather like awareness of Confirmation Bias in Science. If you are not interested in a 'pointless exchange' or 'BS', why do you answer/respond ?
    1
  323.  @nostalji93  Yeap, asking offensively tinged questions could easily be mistaken as a lack of objectivity and an eagerness for disputation. All I did was hold the mirror up until you realised it. Now are you surprised that it elicited no response from Sandy ?
    1
  324.  @nostalji93  As you offensively undermined Sandy's self-espoused 'fundamentalism' in your very first comment and as your eagerness for disputation is evidenced in your responses, perhaps the reflection is a little uncomfortable to stare at. I am not trying to save you, who would I be saving you from; Sandy, YouTube, God ... Yourself ? Feel free to reject other's subjective opinion or unsolicited advice.
    1
  325.  @nostalji93  What appears to be evidenced is your annoyance at being queried on your initial comment to Sandy. What is obvious is your inability to resist sliding into personal abuse rather than constructing a balanced rebuttal. Luckily I have a thick enough skin to ignore it. Let's try to get back to the two essential points that we began with: 1, Sandy, from his single comment, states he has a background perspective on philosophical debate. This admission is be commended, I hope we agree. 2. The only thing we may differ on is what the 'horrible things claimed in the Bible' are, and how subjective our different opinions may be on this. When you say 'sins' are you referring to 'original sin', breaking the ten commandments or more modern, as opposed to biblical, interpretations; and can we have a reasoned discussion without being patronising or personally abusive ? I'm interested in your viewpoint, without the need to go into personal details on an open forum.
    1
  326. ​ @nostalji93  I accept you apology regarding being rude and dismissive, lets move on. I don't understand why you were so defensive as I only responded to your initial comment to Sandy as I found Sandy's comment genuine and open, where I found your comment combative and dismissive to his whole world view. My 'quick assumption' was that you were looking for a response to oppose, you just got it off me not Sandy. I don't think that was 'bad faith' as it was borne out by subsequent responses; I doubt that a young fundamentalist would have either the confidence or dialectic background to wade into that discussion, as your summing up of the OT as 'horrible' would probably have put him off, as may have your jumping from gender specific pro-noun to another. Sandy's avatar icon is ostensibly male, he spells his name the male way, and as a Christian Fundamentalist I'm presuming he may be disinclined to be gender neutral; if unsure its acceptable to describe someone as 'they' when referring to them in the third person, (it might be worth noting here I'd probably not agree with much of Sandy's 'fundamentalist' viewpoint; its worth also noting his concept of ;fundamentalism' may not be either yours or mine) and I appreciate that you wanted a discussion coming from someone of a different religious viewpoint - which I didn't give you. I don't think that dismissing the whole of the Old Testament as 'horrible' is justified. There are elements of both the Old and New Testaments that I would describe as 'dubious' in the modern timeframe but as the Bible is an anthology of so many different authors over a long period of time, not to mention multiple translations, from Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin then English, then it is not surprising there are different viewpoints within it; different Christian denominations also have their own preferred editions. There were also several Councils in the early Church to decide what was Canonical and what to simply leave out, which isn't agreed upon by all denominations, particularly the western and Orthodox churches. In reference to my original phrasing and re-phrasing using 'background' 'perspective' and 'viewpoint' ; all I was trying to say was that Sandy was making it clear he was aware he was subjective ... I was less sure from your initial comment to him you were aware of your own subjectivity, and it took a few responses for you to say so. I just kept responding until you stated it. There was no 'virtue signaling' or religious/faith viewpoint expressed throughout any of my responses (except included, in passing, in this response). I was genuine in saying I'm neutral on such things (also taking into account my own background/subjectivity). There was no constructive criticism offered as you didn't appear to have any defined stated viewpoint on any matter of religious theology (or statistics); your comments appeared to be merely aimed at myself for querying you. Although I can swear like a trooper, there's a time and place. Responding to a stranger online, even one that you perceive as annoying, with you immediately telling them their saying BS doesn't come across well. If you feel I have contradicted myself or become incoherent in any way I'd be willing to try to clarify my meaning, the same goes for any direct questions you think I've dodged. I too found it difficult to follow your narrative/meaning at times. They do say that America and Britain are two countries separated by the same language, I'm assuming you are American as you called me 'Dude'.
    1
  327. ​ @nostalji93  I wouldn't say that English was most Americans first language either 😊. Perhaps it might be an idea just to say English isn't my first language right at the beginning of any lengthy conversation. Your English is a darned site better than my German. I don't know how old you are, presumably older than Sandy and younger than myself (mid 50's). There was a female singer in the mid-sixties called Sandie Shaw. In truth I was quite sexist in presuming a respondent on a philosophy channel was male and then checked his avatar afterwards. I still don't know if you dismiss the whole of the OT entirely or on what basis, moral, historical or if its just pre-Christian. I possibly (probably) came in too quickly on your response to Sandy but as you realise you'd probably closed it down with the OT comment. My concern (objective) initially was that a young man might innocently walk into having to justify his faith to someone else but not have the ability to do so, the context was a vlog about statistics and not religious belief after all. As to myself I was brought up in 'Faith' schools, what type isn't really relevant. I studied Greek and Roman history at college, where I picked up an appreciation of philosophy and dialectics. I then went on to study the Reformation at university but from a historical viewpoint not a theological one. I then went into teaching. I'm more interested in how religion shapes culture rather than holding any particular faith strongly myself. Respecting everyone's right to differ without necessarily agreeing with them. Now semi-retired. If there is a take away from this its, if I can use a British phrases, not to go in like a bull in a china shop i.e. you can do a lot of damage quickly. Using words that could be perceived as negative usually results in people not listening to what you have to say; even if your points are relevant and succinct and your curiosity is genuine. I'm not trying to 'save you' in any way. We can only do that from within. Take care.
    1
  328.  @nostalji93  There's no 'one size fits all' way of dealing with understanding other people's perspectives on life. There's another old English phrase, you've got two ears but only one mouth for a reason, in other words listen twice as much as you say. Education isn't everything, having a true and honest spirit, mixed with a little humility is more important. I probably spent more time studying the Wars of Religion (Thirty Years War) than anything else and how politics took over from religious conviction. I can't say that anybody comes out of the 15/16th century looking particularly gallant or saintly, Erasmus probably came closest to being moderate in his words and actions. Its fine having strong convictions but when you start killing people over it you need to take a step back, not that I'm a pacifist either, I definitely don't have the courage to be a martyr of any sort. I've got no idea if Sandy would have been offended ... I know him less than I know you. If it particularly bothers you I'd put a singular comment in in response to him directly just stating you intended no malice and leave it at that. Find your own path, tread carefully, trust your instincts, we can learn from each other but we may come to different conclusions, don't be weighed down by regrets, start each day afresh ... Nobody can teach you more than you can find out for yourself, and don't spend your life listening to stupid old men who haven't got their own shit together either 😁
    1
  329.  @nostalji93  I forgot to recommend a You Tube channel you might be interested in 'Let's Talk Religion'. If the creator has a subjective position it is that of a liberal minded westerner, which in my book isn't a bad place for a human being to be coming from.
    1
  330. I've never been to Sheffield and I was turned down for degree courses for Archaeology twice (no name no pack drill to the uni involved) but I'm still signing the petition. Covid has been an excuse for bean counters to decimate the humanities the way it was done to the arts at the end of the 20th C. It seems that unless you're making money for somebody richer than you and you already come from a more 'comfortable' background you're not going to get the opportunity to develop your interests. Thank God I don't live in England anymore and my children were born in a more rational part of the UK that still invests in the education of all its young people ... otherwise my children couldn't afford the opportunities I had by getting my Degree and Post Grad.
    1
  331. Admixture is just the mixing of genetics from people of different geographical/ethic backgrounds. Ireland's been the target of multiple invasions/settlements, even though it is one of the furthest outposts of Europe. As you stated, Vikings, also Norman (often referred to as 'Old English' in Irish History), then the protestant plantations by Scots and English in the C16/17th are the major ones in the last two millennia. Scots and English are both more genetically diverse than Irish, just because they are closer to the European mainland. That 2% Norse in your DNA sounds about right for most Irish.  @Jinglylenny 
    1
  332. I never said it was more than a small percentage of genetics. Most Europeans carry R1b to a greater or lesser extent, the greater the further west you go. Basically that just means its a very old genetic grouping that has had less 'admixture' from other parts of the world. If you've really not come across Norse, Norman, Scots and English elements in Irish Culture and History I'd start with Wikipedia and work your way up; there's a lifetime of study ahead of you.  @Jinglylenny 
    1
  333. 'Overlay' as in veneer; not mostly, not mainly, not in the majority. The way you interpreted it is your opinion, not my intent or responsibility. Congratulations on being an Irish Citizen, being a British Citizen however does not make me an expert on the Empire. My knowledge of Irish and Celtic history only comes from having a B.A. Hons in it.  @Jinglylenny 
    1
  334. Sounds a lot like WASP well-heeled, monocultural, un-empirical, anecdotal, sour grapes to me. I'm white, English, male, middle-aged and never felt threatened by the diverse society around me. What are being claimed as being British and Christian (both of which I am) values are not any more unique to Britain or Christianity than they are to any other state or religion. People the world over are good, bad or indifferent. You're not racist to believe in the 'uniqueness' of our culture (your concept of what 'our' culture is may not be mine) but it does tend to lead to 'us and them' ism, that implicitly becomes dangerous to those you perceive as being 'other' if you use it to justify treating them as being different or lesser. There are no 'holy cows', and everything should be questioned; including how Britain relates to the world, past, present and future. That isn't 'revisionism', its historical research. Neither is it a religion, there is no coda or set path to enlightenment. We have always presented an image of history that reflects ourselves in the present time, however questioning perceptions of the past is a necessity for each generation. Simply accepting them at face value is neither healthy nor intellectually valid. The past is not sacrosanct, neither is any historical figure. Ignoring information because you don't like what you see doesn't make it any less true; although you are always filtering this information through the veil of your own experiences, values and the age in which you live. As you get older your value sets change and so do societies. Although, ostensibly, Mr Fox and I may look and sound alike he does not speak for me and doesn't represent my perception of white, English, male, middle-aged culture. I'm afraid it looks more like he is seriously concerned that there is less deference given to the received wisdom of the leaders of society; even though, by enlarge, they remain in charge. He speaks loudly of the need to query and debate the status quo but I fear his 'party' will attract precisely those that will tenaciously resist any attempt to compromise the status quo of their own opinions. There is the seed of his 'silent majorities' downfall. I defend his right to speak as he finds but I still perceive that he speaks in defense of unrepresentative 'privilege', white or otherwise, as does Mr Anderson.
    1
  335. Is there any philosopher that is actually cheerful ... I'm not talking being in La La Land, just, at the root of it, hopeful and seeing the better natures of humans ?
    1
  336.  @ragnkja  Hi Ragnhild, in the UK we usually talk of 'Classic' cars, but there's no definition of classic. More a matter of memorable and/or desirable.
    1
  337. Only the best caliber of people travel in cannons 😆
    1
  338. Neanderthal Stag Night. What you coming as ? Bison. What you coming as ? Bison .... Bison ... Bison ... Bison .. me too. Rhinoceros ..... oooooww !
    1
  339. Hi Sally, thanks for the extra info regarding backstrap looms. I'd just picked up 'narrow' @sallythekolcat from my reading for the hakama and hadn't taken it any further than that. Coming from a village whose prime trade was weaving in the industrial era I should know the difference. We even had weavers riots as people lost their jobs as machinery 'improved'. I strongly suspect that sails may have been made, like the Polynesians did, from grasses (bamboo) for most of Japan's history; although that again is a presumption rather than expert opinion 😁
    1
  340. This was achingly funny. Greek Hoplites scared of scratching each others pretty shields clad in leather and cloth in nice bright aniline dyes that weren't invented until the Victorian period. Sorry, its a nice middle class aesthetic that undermines historical reality. Let's have re-enactors and not history play-actors.
    1
  341. Beautiful cloak. The gather and collar of any cloak is always a pain in the bahookie, trying to keep it from looking heavy and inelegant. Probably a wise move to only line it partially, which also keeps the weight at the bottom. I have to say that a well draped plaid or arisaid feels less constrictive and has a more adaptable usage, plus the joy of not having to sew it 😁
    1
  342. The dress looks stunning on you. Well worth every stitch. Excellent boning technique. Nice videography throughout. I'm so glad you didn't slip and fall on the muddy bank. How did you get the boots clean again ?
    1
  343. All the photo's were in black and white so I couldn't work out who was Captain Scarlet and who was Captain Black(shirt). Appalling that there's stolen objects and gold from WWII in Swiss banks to this day. Rather proves the point about rich men and passing through the eye of a needle applies still.
    1
  344. Yeah, the great Roman War Machine that wins battles and then retreats because it can't hold the ground. Still happens today, militarily superior nations that finds the population doesn't accept their presence. Afghanistan is the prime example. @thomasbaker6563 
    1
  345. 😊😁😂🤣 @zeedub8560 
    1
  346. Power feeds greed. Hereditary power feeds hereditary greed. However our democratically elected politicians are rarely of a less grasping nature, better than autocrats or dictators ... but only barely so in many cases.
    1
  347.  @michaelchampion3056  It doesn't take much of an internet search to prove my point. Here's a large cut and paste from the first site I came across, talking about post 1068 ... ''Soon afterwards most of Cornwall was granted to a Count Brian of Brittany, but he is an elusive figure and little is known about him; he fought at Hastings/Senlac Ridge and took part in the 1068 campaign, but subsequently forfeited his lands after he took part in a baronial rebellion against the King [William 1st] in 1075. Soon after his lands in Cornwall and Devon were bestowed on a much more important figure, Robert, Count of Mortain. The great Domesday Survey of 1086 shows Robert to have been the holder of 277 Cornish manors, valued at £424, which virtually represented the whole of the county apart from a further 18 royal and 44 ecclesiastical estates.' As to specifically 'Cornish' DNA could you just reference your source and how this differs from southern Cymric DNA and or Breton DNA or DNA from any other Brythonic Celtic area. I'm all for regional patriotism, and I'd never dare to say you are not what you 'feel' to be but that must also be tempered by a realistic view of cultural, linguistic, genetic and political variance over time. You haven't answered who the 'Cornish' are that England would be giving Cornwall back to in 2024.
    1
  348.  @DerekLangdon-w9e  So, if Cornwall wants its freedom from England (and I'm not in any way questioning your right to feel non-English) organise a Referendum, decide who's allowed to vote ... is it anyone who lives in Cornwall, anyone who owns property in Cornwall, anyone whose got a Cornish name or do you have to prove that one or both of your parents were born in Cornwall, or maybe have three generations of antecedents all born in Cornwall, or you actually have to be a able to speak Cornish ... decide what the qualifying factors are to vote in a Referendum. Don't just complain about it ... get organised and form a political party. BTW good luck at persuading Westminster to allow you a Referendum. All three of the present largest political parties are firmly Unionist.
    1
  349. Wow, with all those swords and medals he must have been a very brave man and fought in lots of battles ...............
    1
  350. As much as I'm not the greatest fan of posh Anglo-Irish British Generals (Wellington) has anyone ever considered that if Monty had been allowed to 'get on with it' that the Russians would not have been able to claim eastern Germany and Poland without a much more favourable agreement to the West.
    1
  351. I thought it was just so every other kid knew who to pick on (I am joking .... really 😁) I doubt there's going to be any defined origin place or time for red hair; polycentric, as with so many human traits.
    1
  352. Sorry J Boss, you're wrong. Plenty of people call themselves Celts, either by nationality, language, perceived ethnicity or DNA analysis. The question I pose is when an individual or group of people self-define as 'Celtic' and then leave documentary or physical evidence behind. Specifically I question the accuracy of ancient Greco-Latin sources as defining other cultures as Celtic. I have no doubt that what we call Celto-Iberians as falling into this 'other' category and not being Greco-Latins, although that is date subjective as the south of France was a Greco-Latin colony pretty early on. This is of course also ignoring the Phoenician and Carthaginian influence on Iberia as well.
    1
  353. Thank you for the response. Unfortunately I missed your past tense; however you didn't clearly define the period you referred to, only mentioning tombstones and pottery evidence. You need to cite your sources to assert claims that Romanticism was simply 'Biblical fanatacism', although I'm not sure what you mean by the phrase. (not that this is an exercise in the writing of footnotes). Neither do you define your source for linguists that do not defend the connection of insular P&Q Celtic to Gaulish and other transcontinental Celtic languages. It would also help if your named your 'number one textbook' on Celtic languages. I take note of your endonymic evidence from western Iberia and southern France, which rather supports my initial comment on the site about 'self-identification' as Celtic, which I agree is largely the result of the Romanticist and Nationalist movements of the 19th century. To this extent we are arguing the same point. I did use loosely the term Celto-Iberian (meaning the Celts in Iberia) but avoided using the word Celtiberians. It is worth pointing out there was no hard and fast borders between one tribal grouping and another. This was not done out of ignorance, as Celtiberian was a loose heading used in classical times and there is still no definitive agreed list of tribes or tribal borders that fall under the generic modern heading Celtiberian today (did Celtiberians self-define as Celtiberians, probably not); although I think the spirit of the phrase is the fluid mixing of Celtic peoples and the pre-Celtic Iberians. No hard and fast cultural, genetic, linguistic or artistic borders. In conclusion, I think we are largely making the same point regarding the issue of self-identification issues in contrast to the problems of cultural labelling from outwith (classical sources in this case). Feel free to stick to Celts only coming from southern France and western Iberia. You will hopefully forgive me for erring on the side of a linguistic, artistic, genetic diaspora across Europe that went by different tribal names but had many cultural overlaps, who probably did not define themselves as Celtic, as a useful shorthand, until the 19th century.  @jboss1073 
    1
  354. Thank you for your prompt references. I shall certainly try to source them and read over them. I largely think that we tend to agree in most matters (the modernity of self-identification) although we may differ in the overall cultural overview. Those people of southern France and western Iberia that used the word Celt on their pottery and tombstones didn't develop their culture in either geographical or historical isolation, but as a process of migration of Indo-Europeans that developed many distinct but related hybrid agricultural and pasturalist societies in the pre-classical age. I do note that you originally said 19th century Romanticism sprung from Biblical fanatacism; which is rather different from Biblical Romanticism. Early 19th century Romanticism certainly did not develop out of a profound biblical or religious belief but out of a rejection, in general, of neo-classicism (artistic and literary) and the 'Ancien Regime', as well as a move towards democracy and universal suffrage. I do however totally accept that you probably meant that the political development of national creation myths came about at the same time as Romanticism; but don't let me put words in your mouth. We wouldn't agree on a strong Biblical fanaticism to these national creation myths, or the literary or artistic movements, although obviously people then as now made reference to the Bible as a cultural keystone of western society. If anything I'd probably say that Romanticism glorified nature itself and not its inferred maker. Not quite on the same page is my own pet theory, and I would be interested to hear your thoughts on it, that the word celt is derived from what I believe is the ancient Phoenician word for a flat metal ingot about the size of a modern chessboard, generally in the shape of a cow hide, used in trade. I suspect that as, shall we call them Central Europeans, were some of the first iron workers that this may have a linguistic root connection. Let me clarify, I don't mean Celts and Pheonicians are genetically or culturally closely related, (the Celtic/Scythian/Pharaoh's daughter stories are absolutely just creation myths I'm sure) just that as 'Central Europeans' were one of the first proponents of iron smelting that the trade ingot and the people who worked it could be connected, although I haven't found any studies on the subject, and it simply could be a remarkable coincidence. @jboss1073 
    1
  355. So they went away from the un-initiated and performed rituals in symbolic places - bloody hell, Neanderthals were Masons. 'I'll get you in on the bear hunt if you show me where all those 'special' stones come from that make good tools.' On a more prosaic level, they could have been burning poo as fuel.
    1
  356.  @hadrenrailway9971  That's cheating 😆
    1
  357. Wonderful coat, beautifully made. Sort of a mixture between Edwardian and C18th. I'm going to disagree about it looking feminine, I rather think it does; but as you look feminine then its kind of difficult to separate out the two. I still think my tartan (MacLeod of Lewis) double breasted would give it a run for its money 😎
    1
  358. Scottish borderers
    1
  359. There are borers in marine environments that make exactly those type of holes in molluscs, moon snails and dog whelks are the obvious candidates, however that's hundreds of miles from the site. Some freshwater fish are also raspers, but they generally eat algae. You've also got the perennial possibility of water action, either dripping or flowing around a static shell with grains of sand caught in it. Personally I'd be more likely to go with a snail smart enough to know there was food inside a washed up shell. How did all the other shells get there if it wasn't a midden, presumably some natural event ? You've an interesting hypothesis that 'Humans aren't the only people that can break rocks', I'm going to go out on a limb here and say, Yes humans are the only 'people' that can break rocks, presuming that our other primate relatives, chimps, bonobos, past and present, don't quite count as people, or crows, or clumsy elephants, or earthquakes etc etc 😉
    1
  360. In Scotland, when pizza became popular, but the chip shops didn't have pizza ovens they simply covered it in batter and deep fried it. A Pizza Crunch is still a standard item on the menu of the country with the highest rate of heart disease in Europe. But so is battered deep fried Mars Bar.
    1
  361.  @CorePathway  I understand where you are coming from. I believe the U.S. only came into the war due to Pearl Harbor. Japan was an ally of Germany and Germany declared war on the U.S. Whether the U.S. should have entered the war beforehand I think you have to consider the terrible evil of Fascist regimes across occupied Europe (and within Germany itself) and the resultant political and economic turmoil, that the U.S. could not cushion itself from. Personally, I'm with Rooseveldt, it was necessity and if you'd come in earlier the war would have been shorter and less bloody. I'm sorry for the loss of life of U.S. citizens but the war would have come to the U.S. mainland eventually. Military regimes don't stop until somebody, hopefully Democracies, stop them. I'm not a fan of Churchill or the posh entitled class either ... but he was better than his predecessor in an ongoing war. Britain did remove him immediately afterwards and had a much more progressive government.
    1
  362.  @hooverbaglegs  Just to clarify your 'not really'; when the Merovingian Frankish King Clovis conquered the Romano-Gaulish territory of Soissons in 486 AD and then captured the towns of Blois and Nantes in 491 AD where do you think that those Gaulish (Brythonic) speaking people went to ? I've no doubt that many stayed put and just accepted a change in the aristocracy and slowly learnt a new language but I'm also sure many fled further west where there were already Brythonic speakers in Armorica/Brittany, some of which had fled Saxon incursions in Britain. Or are you just saying Gaulish is not Brythonic (P Celtic) ?
    1
  363. Script written by Private Pike, October 1939, in an old school textbook he had left over, whilst whistling 'Colonel Bogey. Come on Dr Felton ...
    1
  364. Nollaig chridheil agus bliadhna mhath ur - except if you're a bloody Roman.
    1
  365. They filmed the TV series in the very early 80's just up the road from me. Even built a roman gateway for an exterior shot. Long since gone I'm afraid. @waynemcauliffe-fv5yf 
    1
  366.  @VBirchwood  Whoops, missed the back of the shoe clips when I skip watched it to check the date of the dress. I am presuming that shoe clips and scarf clips are thus interchangeable. Forever puppies are best; I've got a forever kitten, fully grown runt of the litter 🐈
    1
  367. Discharged from the Navy and joined the Nazi Party, says it all really. Even taking in to account the reprisals (murder) of so many Czechs if we had managed to remove the top ten Nazis it would have saved hundreds of thousands of lives. Just another example of a man who's ego was so much larger than his humanity.
    1
  368. I'm stating it up front I'm not a monarchist. I've never quite been sure why England has always been so interested in German affairs, excepting that it was founded by germanic tribes in the 6th Century. Britain has always been happy it seems to accept some other nations monarchy cast offs, as we have Graeco-Germanics installed at the moment. It is no surprise that a member of this 'caste' hoped for a non-democratic power grab. Thankfully I don't think the American would have entertained this even if Edward was willing. Democratising (West) Germany was the only option, and Europe has been kept relatively stable because of that.
    1
  369. I think you'll find that's 'misspelt'. @skaldlouiscyphre2453 
    1
  370.  @VBirchwood  Definitely a case of 'It'll do'.
    1
  371. Just to get back to a little reality here. I've never seen so much clean, pristine and obviously unused equipment carried by re-enactors before. Perhaps standing guard in a couple of rainstorms on some cold northern european nights might take the newness off some things. I also doubt that soldiers, especially foederati, have ever been allowed to wander off on leave with expensive military equipment, which I'm sure would be safely stored for them, until they returned ...... if they returned !
    1
  372.  @Diogolindir  Foederati as a title was used from the early Republic right through to the end of the Empire with slightly different meanings. I think the defining line between auxiliary and foederati is more a matter of whether they were stationed away from their home area or kept there as a soft border between the Empire proper and the barbarian lands beyond. Either way they're germanic troops in Roman service on the border of Germania. Their kits too clean and the quartermaster wouldn't have let them wander off with it.
    1
  373.  @Diogolindir  I'm no roman expert either. I live just outside the Roman Empire and their legacy still lives on even in the mindset of those that consider themselves 'civilised' or 'free' 👍
    1
  374. I hope your health is holding up. You look happy enough. cHiTon looks great. If you can pull off simple clothing and look elegant then you must be doing something right. Odysseus would have had enough sense to stay in Ithaca and forgotten about that silly war if you'd stood there smiling at him.
    1
  375. Neanderthals are definitely still with us, you only need to walk around the Asda in Falkirk to watch them gathering in the drinks aisle on a Friday night. Seriously, I'd love to have a higher level of Neanderthal DNA just for bragging rights. Alice Roberts (Osteoarcheologist) has got a higher neanderthal DNA count than most people, so it can't be bad.
    1
  376.  @Ponto-zv9vf  You seriously have no taste😖
    1
  377. According to David Reich, DNA analysis has shown that Western Hunter Gatherers were typically dark skinned, dark haired, and blue eyed.[41] The dark skin was due to their Out-of-Africa origin (all Homo sapiens populations having had initially dark skin), while the blue eyes were the result of a variation in their OCA2 gene, which caused iris depigmentation.[42] Archaeologist Graeme Warren has said that their skin color ranged from olive to black, and speculated that they may have had some regional variety of eye and hair colors.[43] This is strikingly different from the distantly related eastern hunter-gatherers (EHG)—who have been suggested to be light-skinned, brown-eyed or blue eyed and dark-haired or light-haired.[44] Two WHG skeletons with incomplete SNPs, La Braña and Cheddar Man, are predicted to have had dark or dark to black skin, whereas two other WHG skeletons with complete SNPs, "Sven" and Loschbour man, are predicted to have had dark or intermediate-to-dark and intermediate skin, respectively.[45][26][b] Spanish biologist Carles Lalueza-Fox said the La Braña-1 individual had dark skin, "although we cannot know the exact shade."[47] According to a 2020 study, the arrival of Early European Farmers (EEFs) from western Anatolia from 8500 to 5000 years ago, along with Western Steppe Herders during the Bronze Age, caused a rapid evolution of European populations towards lighter skin and hair.[42] Admixture between hunter-gatherer and agriculturist populations was apparently occasional, but not extensive.[48] Evolution of Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic phenotypes in Eurasia. Dark-skinned western hunter-gatherers resided in Western Europe, and expanded to some extent towards north and eastern Europe.[42] Some authors have expressed caution regarding skin pigmentation reconstructions: Quillen et al. (2019) acknowledge studies that generally show that "lighter skin color was uncommon across much of Europe during the Mesolithic", including studies regarding the “dark or dark to black” predictions for the Cheddar Man, but warn that "reconstructions of Mesolithic and Neolithic pigmentation phenotype using loci common in modern populations should be interpreted with some caution, as it is possible that other as yet unexamined loci may have also influenced phenotype."[49] Geneticist Susan Walsh at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, who worked on Cheddar Man project, said that "we simply don't know his skin colour".[50] German biochemist Johannes Krause stated that we do not know whether the skin color of Western European hunter-gatherers was more similar to the skin color of people from present-day Central Africa or people from the Arab region. It is only certain that they did not carry any known mutation responsible for the light skin in subsequent populations of Europeans.[51] A 2024 research into the genomic ancestry and social dynamics of the last hunter-gatherers of Atlantic France has stated that "phenotypically, we find some diversity during the Late Mesolithic in France", at which two of the WHG's sequenced in the study "likely had pale to intermediate skin pigmentation", but "most individuals carry the dark skin and blue eyes characteristic of WHGs" of the studied samples.[52] Cut and Paste from Wikipedia ... although they probably chatted over computers and tested samples like Scientists rather than stood around shipboard water fountains and interjected with a lack of any professional knowledge and training !
    1
  378. There's two basic points here. If you want to look at it in visual terms, it might help. Genealogically - You are the result of all of your ancestors. You are the point 🔽 that all of your ancestors combine to on your family tree. (You are highly likely to have ancestors from multiple continents and countries) Genetically - The DNA that you have inherited from each ancestor gets less and less with each generation that passes 🔼the further back in time you go. (You can't claim to be intellectually or racially superior because your GGGGGGGGGG Granddad was a Viking called Eric) These, of course, are not nice neat broad equilateral triangles, regardless of whether you are speaking genetically or genealogically. Politely put, there's overlap. If there is an attempt to keep bloodlines limited the triangles become narrower (isosceles) both genetically and genealogically, leading to in-bred diseases. The same happens with pockets of populations in outlying areas with limited transport. (Don't sleep with your cousin because her bus is cancelled and she can't get home tonight). What did strike me recently regarding genetic 'rinsing' over seven to ten generations is this might be evolutions way of eliminating debilitating conditions that are passed on from parents to their children, eg If your great great Grandmother had cerebral palsy genes that might not affect your generation of siblings at all. (I'm not medically trained, it just crossed my mind) Reminder - Its the last day of the Para-Olympics today
    1
  379.  @davidsoulsby1102  I read Arthur Koestler's book 'The Act of Creation'. It made me think differently about evolution. Its often three steps forwards and four steps back, with a lot of wasted energy on developing lifeforms that just aren't going anywhere. Random, Irrational and not in any way Intentionally Progressive. Not Gaia, not God , just pure luck and coincidence. Maybe my idea that genetic 'rinsing' is just wanting to see some sort of order in the Universe
    1
  380. Add to that list of invasive disasters Rhododendrons and South African Veldt Grass. You can't just let anything grow back in the place of plantations. There's plenty of other wild non-native species that clog the land up.
    1
  381. Three voting systems in Scotland - First past the post in UK elections (MPs), Transferrable vote Scottish elections (MSPs), Proportional representation (Councillors). Age for voting in Scottish elections is about to drop to 14. We already have voting for non-UK citizens. You're welcome to move to Scotland, you seem pretty rational; although we do have a history of resisting the Roman Empire !
    1
  382.  @jasbadsirron6424  At what point did I say Faith or Religion was scientific ? I think the point is belief and opinion are generally non-Empirically testable, unlike Science. I think you're trying to bring a third element into the debate, and that's politics. Von Clausewitz said 'War is the continuation of Policy with other means'. I don't doubt him, but I'd like to add that 'Politics is the continuation of Belief with other means'. As to the near east I believe the solution is for both sides to trade goods not lives ... which requires neighbouring regions to have some form of developed stable economy ... you can interpret that as you wish.
    1
  383.  @Ajemone  Could have been a worse insult ... I could have called you Roman 😁
    1
  384. Now if you'd been in search of fish, bars and houses of ill repute I'm sure you wouldn't have been disappointed 😁 @FlashPointHx 
    1
  385. Yeah, not Atlee's finest moment; but they did give the civilized world the National Health Service.
    1
  386. Wasn't really expecting this from your channel, which is generally thought provoking. I notice you dropped the posing with a gun and sunglasses ... perhaps not the right image. The Pope seems like a genuine guy, its difficult to steer a monolithic organisation like the Catholic Church, especially through such tumultuous times.
    1