Youtube comments of Pretty Purple (@prettypurple7175).
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Abstract
Jews were deeply involved in Communist revolutions in Europe, and primarily in Russia, often in leading positions. This is understandable given their demographic location, extensive education and suffering over the years. However, how could we account for the fact that they also played a role in Communist revolutions in Asia, and especially in China? There were practically no Jewish communities to speak of and those few who lived there had been almost totally assimilated, and had no interest whatsoever in Chinese culture, history and politics. Still, Jews (who arrived out of China) not only took part in the revolution but had also helped igniting it and then stayed on or joined later. While dealing with this puzzle in my paper, I’ll try to offer a typology of Jewish activists and revolutionaries in China, to explain their motives (by choice or not), and to evaluate their contributions in perspective. It appears that their Jewish identity did not play a direct role in their revolutionary activism, but it did play an indirect role. Included in this study are Grigorii Gershuni, Grigorii Voitinski, Boris Shumiatsky, Michail Borodin, Adolf Joffe, Pavel Mif, David Crook, Sidney Rittenberg, Israel Epstein, Sidney Shapiro, Solomon Adler, Sam Ginsbourg, Michael Shapiro, and more. Their main value to the revolution was mainly writing, translation, communication and publication. Although they were all deeply committed to the Chinese Communist revolution, some of them were jailed – for years – and occasionally more than once. Nonetheless, they continued to believe in, and even to justify, the Chinese Communist Party.
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He began his career working for newspapers in Kentucky and Ohio, winning numerous awards, and building a reputation for investigative writing. Hired by the San Jose Mercury News, Webb contributed to the paper's Pulitzer Prize-winning coverage of the Loma Prieta earthquake.
Webb is best known for his "Dark Alliance" series, which appeared in The Mercury News in 1996. The series examined the origins of the crack cocaine trade in Los Angeles and claimed that members of the anti-communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua had played a major role in creating the trade, using cocaine profits to finance their fight against the government in Nicaragua. It also stated that the Contras may have acted with the knowledge and protection of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The series provoked outrage, particularly in the Los Angeles African-American community, and led to four major investigations of its charges.
The Los Angeles Times and other major papers published articles suggesting the "Dark Alliance" claims were overstated and, in November 1996, Jerome Ceppos, the executive editor at Mercury News, wrote about being "in the eye of the storm". In May 1997, after an internal review, Ceppos stated that, although the story was correct on many important points, there were shortcomings in the writing, editing, and production of the series. He wrote that the series likely "oversimplified" the crack epidemic in America and the supposed "critical role" the dealers written about in the series played in it. Webb disagreed with this conclusion.[1][2]
Webb resigned from The Mercury News in December 1997. He became an investigator for the California State Legislature, published a book based on the "Dark Alliance" series in 1998, and did freelance investigative reporting. He died by suicide on December 10, 2004.
The "Dark Alliance" series remains controversial. Critics view the series' claims as inaccurate or overstated, while supporters point to the results of a later CIA investigation as vindicating the series. The follow-up reporting in the Los Angeles Times and other papers has been criticised for focusing on problems in the series rather than re-examining the earlier CIA-Contra claims.[3]
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Those who choose that difficult path over the southern border now may come from different walks of life, but see their “livelihood and various interests being violated” in China, according to Ma Ju, a Chinese-Muslim community leader who won asylum in the US in 2019.
He would know – he’s running a shelter in New York City for new arrivals from China, largely those who say they are fleeing political or religious oppression. For many, it takes more than a year for a work permit in the US, he says, leaving them stuck in under-the-table jobs without labor protections as they wait to learn if they can stay.
But within the wait, there’s hope.
“Regardless of whether they’re here for economic reasons or other things, it’s for dignity – something they’ve never had in their home country,” Ma said.
With contributions from CNN’s Norma Galeana reporting from Los Angeles and Abel Alvarado and Evelio Contreras reporting from Ecuador, Colombia and Panama.
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Nureongi
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The Nureongi (Korean: 누렁이; lit. yellow one[2]), also known as the Korean Yellow Spitz or Hwanggu (황구; 黃狗), is a common, spitz-type dog with yellowish coloring endemic to the Korean peninsula.[3][2]
Nureongi
A Nureongi
Other namesKorean Yellow Spitz
HwangguOriginSouth KoreaTraitsHeight50–55 cm (20–22 in)[1]Weight18–25 kg (40–55 lb)[1]Coloryellow, goldDog (domestic dog)Korean nameHangul
누렁이
Revised RomanizationNureongiMcCune–ReischauerNurŏngiAlternate nameHangul
황구
Hanja
黃狗
Revised RomanizationHwangguMcCune–ReischauerHwanggu
Nureongi has bat-like ears, a tail that stands upright, and a body with a square shape. They are characterized by a double coat, consisting of a longer outer layer and a soft, dense undercoat.[1] They are known for their athleticism, agility, and alertness, often seen hunting in packs. They are loyal to their owners, forming strong bonds with their families. However, they can sometimes be aggressive towards strangers.[1]
Nureongi is the primary dog breed raised in Korea for meat.[2][4]
References
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Society of Suriname
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The Society of Suriname (Dutch: Sociëteit van Suriname) was a Dutch private company, modelled on the ideas of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and set up on 21 May 1683 to profit from the management and defense of the Dutch Republic's colony of Suriname. It had three participants, with equal shares in the costs and benefits of the society; the city of Amsterdam, the family Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, and the Dutch West India Company. Only through mutual consent could these shareholders withdraw from the society.[1]
The Society of Suriname met temporarily in the Voetboogdoelen. The building (third from left) was rented in 1674 by the WIC and is sometimes known as the Westindisch Binnenhuis.The Jodensavanne
Although the organization and administration was of the colony was limited to these three shareholders, all citizens of the Dutch Republic were free to trade with Suriname.[2] Also, the planters were consulted in a Council of Police, which was a unique feature among the colonies of Guyana.[3]
Its governors included Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, Johan van Scharphuizen, and Paulus van der Veen.
The Society was nationalized by the Batavian Republic in November 1795, as the Patriottentijd deemed the governing of colonies by chartered companies a thing of the past.
See also
edit
Companies portal
List of colonial governors of Suriname
List of trading companies
Jeronimo Clifford
Society of Berbice
Notes
Sources
External links
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It was engaged in 46 military interventions from 1948–1991. “The National Interest”, an American bimonthly international affairs magazine, had carried a report in 2017, which had held: “The United States engaged in 46 military interventions from 1948–1991. From 1992–2017, this number had increased four-fold to 188. These statistics introduce two important puzzles. First, why would military interventions rise at the same time success in military interventions has been declining? Second, why would military interventions increase after the Cold War?”
The journal had added: “In other words, if the United States only intervenes with armed force when its vital interests are at stake, why intervene more often when there are arguably fewer vital interests at stake? The answer is that Washington too often intervenes militarily when it should not - and US security and prosperity have both suffered as a result.”
According to the prestigious “The Washington Post”, till December 2016, the United States had tried to change other countries’ governments 72 times during the Cold War.
The widely-read and quoted American media house had written: “Between 1947 and 1989, the United States tried to change other nations’ governments 72 times. That’s a remarkable number. It includes 66 covert operations and six overt ones. Of course, that doesn’t excuse Russia’s meddling in the 2016 US presidential election. These 72 US operations were during the Cold War - meaning that, in most cases, the Soviet Union was covertly supporting anti - US forces.”
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By the way, the United States also has a long history of rigging polls, supporting military coups, channelling funds and spreading political propaganda in other countries. The United States has been involved in a number of foreign interventions throughout its history.
It was engaged in 46 military interventions from 1948–1991. “The National Interest”, an American bimonthly international affairs magazine, had carried a report in 2017, which had held: “The United States engaged in 46 military interventions from 1948–1991. From 1992–2017, this number had increased four-fold to 188. These statistics introduce two important puzzles. First, why would military interventions rise at the same time success in military interventions has been declining? Second, why would military interventions increase after the Cold War?”
The journal had added: “In other words, if the United States only intervenes with armed force when its vital interests are at stake, why intervene more often when there are arguably fewer vital interests at stake? The answer is that Washington too often intervenes militarily when it should not - and US security and prosperity have both suffered as a result.”
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This means that the United States has been at war for more than 92 per cent of the time since its birth, making critics view that the rulers of the land found by Christopher Columbus have been addicted to the use of military might and intoxicated with their successes against weaker nations that could not defend themselves for one reason or the other. Or in other words, the United States has only been at peace for less than 20 years.
In one of its November 23, 2017 reports, a known British media house “Channel 4 News” had carried a research undertaken by the Institute for Politics and Strategy at Carnegie Mellon University, a private research university based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania State. The researcher had calculated the vast scale of election interventions by both the US and Russia.
The media outlet had stated: “According to his research, there were 117 “partisan electoral interventions” between 1946 and 2000. That’s around one of every nine competitive elections held since Second World War. The majority of these – almost 70 per cent – were cases of US interference. And these are not all from the Cold War era; 21 such interventions took place between 1990 and 2000, of which 18 were by the United States, and 60 different independent countries have been the targets of such interventions.” The researcher interviewed by “Channel News 4” had maintained: “But almost two thirds of interventions were done in secret, with voters having no idea that foreign powers were actively trying to influence the results. According to Levin’s research, those countries where secret tactics have been deployed by the US include: Guatemala, Brazil, El Salvador, Haiti, Panama, Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, South Vietnam and Japan.”
He had asserted: “For Russia, the list of covert interventions includes: France, Denmark, Italy, Greece, West Germany, Japan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Congo, Venezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, and the US.”
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The US Has Been at war 225 out of 243 years since 1776
The US Has Been at war for more than 92 percent of the time
By Sabir Shah
January 09, 2020

The American history of overt and covert foreign interventions dates back to 1811, when it had invaded Chile, just a year after this South American country had gained independence from Spain.
Advertisement
Research conducted by the “Jang Group and Geo Television Network” reveals that the United States has been at war for about 225 of the 243 years since its inception in 1776. While the number of US foreign military interventions had stood at 188 till 2017, the world super power was found involved in 117 “partisan electoral interventions” between 1946 and 2000 or around one of every nine ballot exercises held since Second World War.
This means that the United States has been at war for more than 92 per cent of the time since its birth, making critics view that the rulers of the land found by Christopher Columbus have been addicted to the use of military might and intoxicated with their successes against weaker nations that could not defend themselves for one reason or the other. Or in other words, the United States has only been at peace for less than 20 years.
In one of its November 23, 2017 reports, a known British media house “Channel 4 News” had carried a research undertaken by the Institute for Politics and Strategy at Carnegie Mellon University, a private research university based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania State. The researcher had calculated the vast scale of election interventions by both the US and Russia.
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Joseph Sassoon sonsedit
Learn more
This section does not cite any sources. (April 2018)
Joseph Sassoon went to Aleppo, Syria, where he established a merchant house and later his business interests spread to Alexandria, Thessaloniki, and Athens, which included a shipping company and a money exchange house. His five sons branched out in many directions: his son Moses Sassoon (1828–1909) returned to Baghdad before moving to Egypt where he built the financial house Joseph Sassoon & Sons, which later expanded and became an agent for Crédit Foncier in Egypt. In 1871 Moses' son Jacob Sassoon (1850–1936) was one of the largest cotton plantation owners in Egypt, and owned cotton mills; during the American civil war, his older brother Nissim (1840–1917) had made a fortune exporting Egyptian cotton to England making him Egypt's largest cotton exporter. In 1927, with Misr Bank and other Egyptian businessmen, Jacob Sassoon founded the Misr Spinning and Weaving Company (Arabic: شركة مصر للغزل والنسيج), also known as Misr Helwan or the El-Ghazl factory owning 61% of the company's shares. Jacob Sassoon also founded Egypt Crédit Foncier with Joseph Vita Mosseri, his grandson Eliau Joseph Sassoon was an architect, and designed the Assicurazioni Generali di Trieste Building. Eliau Sassoon was also a real estate investor and developer, who foresaw the unparalleled growth of Cairo and the lucrative effect such expansion would have on land values. It is not surprising, therefore, that many of the properties he invested in were located at the nexus of the elegant European quarter of Ismailia or in the choicest parts of Kasr al-Dubara, and later, in Garden City, Zamalek, and Giza. In 1952 his grandson Eliau (Elias) Nissim Eliau Joseph Sassoon (1928–2010) founded Banque du Caire with Maurice Joseph Cattaui (1925–2009).
Eliau (Elias) Nissim Joseph Sassoon
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on, and had little or no access to education or religious training.[1][52] "Cracker" was especially used in the South. These people – trappers, miners, and small farmers of the backwoods – brought with them the "customs, routines and beliefs" of the old country, orally-based ethics and morality which were recapitulated in their new environment. These included concepts of personal worthiness and honor, as well as the desire to protect the community from outside dangers by, for instance, the abhorrence for and prevention of race-mixing.[53]
The Brandeis University historian David Hackett Fischer makes a case for an enduring genetic basis for a "willingness to resort to violence" – citing especially the finding of high blood levels of testosterone – in the four main chapters of his book Albion's Seed.[54] He proposes that a propensity of violence in the Mid-Atlantic, Southern and Western states is inheritable by genetic changes wrought over generations living in traditional herding societies in Northern England, the Scottish Borders, and Irish Border Region. He proposes that this propensity has been transferred to other ethnic groups by shared culture, whence it can be traced to different urban populations of the United States.[55][b]
Even before there was any scientific investigation into the roots of the poor white people of the South, social critic H. L. Mencken, in his 1919 essay "Sahara of the Bozart", challenged the prevailing myth at the time that "poor white trash", and, indeed, most of the South's population, were primarily of Anglo-Saxon stock. Mencken wrote:
The chief strain down there, I believe, is Celtic rather than Saxon, particularly in the hill country French blood, too, shows itself here and there, and so does Spanish, and so does German. The last-named entered from the northward, by way of the limestone belt just east of the Alleghenies. Again, it is very likely that in some parts of the South a good many of the plebeian whites have more than a trace of Negro blood. Interbreeding under concubinage produced some very light half-breeds at an early day, and no doubt appreciable numbers of them went over into the white race by the simple process of changing their abode.[57][c]
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AI Overview



As of 2023, there were approximately 15.7 million people who identify as Jewish worldwide, which is about 0.2% of the world's population. This number includes people who identify as Jewish above all else.
Countries with large Jewish populations:

Israel
Home to the largest Jewish population in the world, with 7.2 million people

United States
Home to 6.3 million people who identify as Jewish

France
Home to 440,000 people who identify as Jewish

Canada
Home to 398,000 people who identify as Jewish

United Kingdom
Home to 312,000 people who identify as Jewish
Other Jewish population statistics:
The number of people who identify as Jewish could be higher if a broader definition were used, such as having a Jewish grandparent
The number of people who identify as Jewish could be lower if a stricter definition were used, such as an unbroken line of matrilineal Jewish descent
The Jewish population peaked at 16.7 million before World War II
During World War II, Nazi Germany murdered approximately six million Jews in Europe in the Holocaust
Judaism originated in the ancient region of Canaan, which is now Israel and the Palestinian territories.
Jewish population by country - Wikipedia
As of 2023, the world's core Jewish population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 bi...

Wikipedia
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In the late 19th century in New York City, Monk Eastman (who himself was most likely not Jewish) operated a powerful Jewish gang that competed with Italian and Irish gangs, notably Paul Kelly's Five Points Gang, for control of New York City's underworld. Another notorious gang, known as the Lenox Avenue Gang, led by Harry "Gyp the Blood" Horowitz, consisted of mostly Jewish members and some Italian members (such as Francesco Cirofisi). It was one of the most violent gangs of the early 20th century and became famous for the murder of gambler and gangster Herman Rosenthal.
In the early 1920s, stimulated by the economic opportunities of the Roaring Twenties, and later stimulated by Prohibition, Jewish organized crime figures such as Arnold Rothstein were controlling a wide range of criminal enterprises, including bootlegging, loansharking, gambling, and bookmaking. According to crime writer Leo Katcher, Rothstein "transformed organized crime from a thuggish activity by hoodlums into a big business, run like a corporation, with himself at the top."[4][page needed] Rothstein was allegedly responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series.[5][page needed] At the same time, the Jewish bootlegging mob known as The Purple Gang dominated the Detroit underworld during Prohibition, while the Jewish Bugs and Meyer Mob operated in the Lower East Side of New York City before being absorbed into Murder, Inc. and becoming affiliates of the Italian-American Mafia.
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Now, the southern border has emerged as a better-known route amid a broader increase in the number of people from around the world crossing there since the pandemic ended.
Those who’ve entered illegally on that route must typically pass an initial screening in order to stay in the US and apply for asylum, though different migrants may face different circumstances amid an overwhelmed system.
Congress is expected to act to update immigration rules for the border in the coming days, which could change and narrow existing rules, experts say.
Within the overall increase in such crossings, the rising number of Chinese nationals who are willing to take the treacherous route – even at a time of sharp political tensions between the US and China – appears as a new and telling trend.
Beijing has condemned the border crossings, with its Foreign Ministry telling CNN in a statement that it “opposes and resolutely cracks down on any form of illegal immigration activities, and is willing to actively engage in international cooperation on this matter.”
The ‘walking route’
For people like Zheng, even beginning the journey comes with a high price.
Those who rely on gathering information themselves and making their own way up through South and Central America, will spend at least $5,000 – more than a third of a Chinese factory worker’s average annual salary.
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People escaping famine in mainland China were detained by Hong Kong police and British troops after crossing the border into the city in May 1962.
Chinese emigration to the US took off after the opening of China’s economy in the early 1980s, a little more than a decade after restrictive US immigration policies were dropped. Then, the number of people from China gaining permanent residency – a pathway often linked to family ties, employment, and political asylum – started to climb significantly, US data shows.
As China’s economy boomed in the early 2000s, dynamics shifted: there were more opportunity for workers there, while wealthier Chinese had greater resources to immigrate or study in the US.
But the country has also seen an intensified crackdown on civil society – and any form of dissent – during the past decade under Xi, its most authoritarian leader in decades.
In that period, China also has increased its control over religion and has been accused by the United Nations’ highest human rights body of perpetuating serious abuses that could amount to crimes against humanity for the way it treats Muslim minorities, a charge Beijing denies.
View this interactive content on CNN.com
UN data shows the number of people from China seeking political asylum in the US and elsewhere around the world has sharply risen during Xi’s rule – climbing from nearly 25,000 in 2013 to more than 120,000 globally in the first six months of 2023.
Those who cross at the southern US border, who include not just single adults but families, are also typically seeking asylum, an immigration category for people escaping persecution. Previously, asylum seekers from China might apply after entering the US on a tourist visa, or via a different route that may not involve being detained at a border, immigration experts say.
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Julia Lovell, author of “The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China,” said the trade tension between the Trump administration and Beijing reminds some mainland commentators of the mid-19th century conflicts so integral to the history of Jardines and colonial Hong Kong.
That came about after China seized opium from British traders in Canton, now Guangzhou, and began destroying it by the ton. Back in London, William Jardine lobbied for British action that would eventually lead to Hong Kong’s surrender. While these events are absent from Jardine Matheson’s history page on its website, they still resonate in Chinese society.
“It is never far from the front of public memory in China today,” Lovell said. Indeed, up the river from Hong Kong on the mainland, portraits of William Jardine and James Matheson stare down from walls inside the Opium War Museum in the industrial city of Dongguan. Beneath them, a label reads: “Opium Smuggler.”
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Overview
Lyrics
Listen
Artists
Other recordings
Mr Billy Flynn and the press conference rag
Notice how his mouth never moves
Almost
Where'd you come from?
Mississippi
And your parents?
Very wealthy
Where are they now?
Six feet under
But she was granted one more start
The convent of The Sacred Heart!
When'd you get here?
1920
How old were you?
Don't remember
Then what happened?
I met Amos
And he stole my heart away
Convinced me to elope one day
Oh, you poor dear, I can't believe what you've been through
A convent girl, a runaway marriage
Now tell us Roxie
Who's Fred Casely?
My ex-boyfriend
Why'd you shoot him?
I was leavin'
Was he angry?
Like a madman
Still I said, Fred, move along
She knew that she was doin' wrong
Then describe it
He came toward me
With a pistol?
From my bureau
Did you fight him?
Like a tiger
He had strength and she had none
And yet we both reached for the gun
Oh yes, oh yes, oh yes we both
Oh yes we both
Oh yes, we both reached for
The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun
Oh yes, we both reached for the gun
For the gun
Oh yes, oh yes, oh yes they both
Oh yes, they both
Oh yes, they both reached for
The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun
Oh yes, they both reached for the gun
For the gun
Understandable, understandable
Yes, it's perfectly understandable
Comprehensible, Comprehensible
Not a bit reprehensible
It's so defensible!
How're you feeling?
Very frightened
Are you sorry?
Are you kidding?
What's your statement?
All I'd say is
Though my choo-choo jumped the track
I'd give my life to bring him back
And?
Stay away from
What?
Jazz and liquor
And?
And the men who
What?
Play for fun
And what?
That's the thought that
Yeah
Came upon me
When?
When we both reached for the gun!
Understandable, understandable
Yes, it's perfectly understandable
Comprehensible, comprehensible
Not a bit reprehensible
It's so defensible!
Oh yes, oh yes, oh yes, they both
Oh yes, they both
Oh yes, they both reached for
Let me hear it!
The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun
Oh yes, they both reached for the gun
For the gun
A little louder!
Oh yes, oh yes, oh yes, they both
Oh yes, they both
Oh yes, they both reached for (Oh yeah)
The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun
Oh yes, they both reached for the gun
For the gun (Now you've got it!)
Oh yes, oh yes, oh yes, they both
Oh yes, they both
Oh yes, they both reached for
The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun
Oh yes, they both reached for the gun
For the gun
Oh yes, oh yes, oh yes, they both
Oh yes, they both, oh yes, they both reached for
The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun
The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun
The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun
The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun
Both reached for the
Gun (The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun)
(The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun)
(The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun)
(The gun, the gun, the gun, the gun)
(Both reached for the gun!)
Source: Musixmatch
Songwriters: John Kander / Fred Ebb
We Both Reached For The Gun lyrics © Unichappell Music Inc., Kander & Ebb, Inc.
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Research conducted by the “Jang Group and Geo Television Network” reveals that the United States has been at war for about 225 of the 243 years since its inception in 1776. While the number of US foreign military interventions had stood at 188 till 2017, the world super power was found involved in 117 “partisan electoral interventions” between 1946 and 2000 or around one of every nine ballot exercises held since Second World War.
This means that the United States has been at war for more than 92 per cent of the time since its birth, making critics view that the rulers of the land found by Christopher Columbus have been addicted to the use of military might and intoxicated with their successes against weaker nations that could not defend themselves for one reason or the other. Or in other words, the United States has only been at peace for less than 20 years.
In one of its November 23, 2017 reports, a known British media house “Channel 4 News” had carried a research undertaken by the Institute for Politics and Strategy at Carnegie Mellon University, a private research university based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania State. The researcher had calculated the vast scale of election interventions by both the US and Russia.
The media outlet had stated: “According to his research, there were 117 “partisan electoral interventions” between 1946 and 2000. That’s around one of every nine competitive elections held since Second World War. The majority of these – almost 70 per cent – were cases of US interference. And these are not all from the Cold War era; 21 such interventions took place between 1990 and 2000, of which 18 were by the United States, and 60 different independent countries have been the targets of such interventions.” The researcher interviewed by “Channel News 4” had maintained: “But almost two thirds of interventions were done in secret, with voters having no idea that foreign powers were actively trying to influence the results. According to Levin’s research, those countries where secret tactics have been deployed by the US include: Guatemala, Brazil, El Salvador, Haiti, Panama, Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, South Vietnam and Japan.”
He had asserted: “For Russia, the list of covert interventions includes: France, Denmark, Italy, Greece, West Germany, Japan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Congo, Venezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, and the US.”
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Viceroy Linlithgow declared that India was at war with Germany without consultations with Indian politicians.[6] Political parties such as the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha supported the British war effort while the largest and most influential political party existing in India at the time, the Indian National Congress, demanded independence before it would help Britain.[7][8] London refused, and when Congress announced a "Quit India" campaign in August 1942, tens of thousands of its leaders were imprisoned by the British for the duration. Meanwhile, under the leadership of Indian leader Subhash Chandra Bose, Japan set up an army of Indian POWs known as the Indian National Army, which fought against the British. A major famine in Bengal in 1943 led to between 0.8 and 3.8 million deaths due to starvation, and a highly controversial issue remains regarding Churchill's alleged decision to not provide emergency food relief.[9][10]
Indian participation in the Allied campaign remained strong. The financial, industrial and military assistance of India formed a crucial component of the British campaign against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.[11] India's strategic location at the tip of the Indian Ocean, its large production of armaments, and its huge armed forces played a decisive role in halting the progress of Imperial Japan in the South-East Asian theatre.[12] The Indian Army during World War II was one of the largest Allied forces contingents which took part in the North and East African Campaign, Western Desert Campaign. At the height of the second World War, more than 2.5 million Indian troops were fighting Axis forces around the globe.[13] After the end of the war, India emerged as the world's fourth largest industrial power and its increased political, economic and military influence paved the way for its independence from the United Kingdom in 1947.[14]
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Of those who settled in England, Sir Edward Albert Sassoon (1856–1912), the son of Albert, married Aline Caroline de Rothschild, and was a Conservative member of Parliament from 1899 until his death. The seat was then inherited by his son Sir Philip Sassoon (1888–1939) from 1912 until his death. Philip served in the First World War as military secretary to Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig and, during the 1920s and 1930s, as Britain's undersecretary of state for air. The twentieth-century English poet, one of the best known World War I poets, Siegfried Sassoon (1886–1967) was David's great-grandson.
Another descendant of David Sassoon is the British banker and former Treasury's commercial secretary James Meyer Sassoon. He was mentioned in the Paradise Papers as one of the beneficiaries of a tax-exempt Cayman Island trust fund worth $236 million in 2007 and defended it as being of non-UK origin.[4]
The branch which carried on the rabbinical tradition has been represented by Rabbi Solomon David Sassoon (1915–1985), who moved from Letchworth to London and then to Jerusalem in 1970. He was the son of one David Solomon Sassoon (1880–1942) who collected Jewish books and manuscripts and catalogued them in two volumes.
The bulk of this collection is stored at the British Library in London, England. Some examples of this collection are maintained at the University of Toronto Library in Toronto, Canada. None of these priceless works are presently stored in the United States.[citation needed]
David Sassoon was the son of Flora Abraham, who had moved from India to England in 1901 and established a famous salon in her London home. Solomon Sassoon had two sons, Isaac S. D. Sassoon and David Solomon Sassoon, who are both rabbis.
Vidal Sassoon was distantly related to the family via his father, David Sassoon, from London.[citation needed]
Family tree
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AI Overview


Chinese Jews are descendants of Han Chinese and Sephardic Jews who have lived in China for thousands of years. They have a history that spans centuries, though the community is small in size.
History
The first Jewish immigrants arrived in China in the 8th century CE.
Jewish merchants from Persia settled in Kaifeng in the 9th century.
During the Han and Song dynasties, Jewish communities developed in relative isolation.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants traded in Chinese ports.
Thousands of Jewish refugees arrived in China from the Russian Empire in the first half of the 20th century.
Current status
There is no formal representative body for the Jewish community in China.
There are small active expat groups in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.
Since 2015, descendants of the Kaifeng Jews have been under government pressure and suspicion.
Notable examples
Kaifeng Jews, a small community in Kaifeng, Henan province
Simon Kaspé
Abraham Kaufman
Klara Blum
Samuel Kotz
Notable experiences
The Kaifeng experience is unique in Jewish history.
China saved more than 20,000 Jews during World War II.
History of the Jews in China - Wikipedia
Though a small minority, Chinese Jews have had an open presence in the country since the arrival of the first Jewish immigrants during the 8th century CE. Relat...

Wikipedia
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White trash
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For other uses, see White trash (disambiguation).
White trash is a derogatory racial and class-related slur[1][2] used in American English to refer to poor white people, especially in the rural areas of the southern United States. The label signifies a social class inside the white population and especially a degraded standard of living.[3] It is used as a way to separate the "noble and hardworking" "good poor" from the lazy, "undisciplined, ungrateful and disgusting" "bad poor". The use of the term provides middle- and upper-class whites a means of distancing themselves from the poverty and powerlessness of poor whites, who cannot enjoy those privileges, as well as a way to disown their perceived behavior.[1]
This poor white family from Alabama was presented in 1913 as "celebrities" because they had escaped the debilitating effects of hookworm disease, which, along with pellagra was endemic among poor Southern whites due to poor sanitation and the phenomenon of "clay eating" or "dirt eating" (geophagia).
The term has been adopted for people living on the fringes of the social order, who are seen as dangerous because they may be criminal, unpredictable, and without respect for political, legal, or moral authority.[4] While the term is mostly used pejoratively by urban and middle-class whites as a class signifier,[5] some white entertainers self-identify as "white trash", considering it a badge of honor, and celebrate the stereotypes and social marginalization of lower-class whiteness.[1][6][7][8]
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Indians fought with distinction throughout the world, including in the European theatre against Germany, North African Campaign against fascist Italy, and in the southeast Asian theatre; while also defending the Indian subcontinent against the Japanese forces, including British Burma and the Crown colony of Ceylon. Indian troops were also redeployed in former colonies such as Singapore and Hong Kong, with the Japanese surrender in August 1945, after the end of World War II. Over 87,000 Indian troops, and 3 million civilians died in World War II.[2][3] Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, former Commander-in-Chief, India, stated that Britain "couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II] if they hadn't had the Indian Army."[4][5]
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EverFXEdit
Kezerashvili appears to be associated with unregulated investment scams(including EverFX, now called Axiance) which have overseen large financial losses by many clients. [13][14]
NotesEdit
^ On the hunt for the businessmen behind a billion-dollar scam BBC News April 12, 2023.
^ Ex-Defense Minister Sentenced 10 Years In Absentia. Civil Georgia. September 7, 2021.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
^ Itar-TASS (13 Nov 2006), Territorial unity remains key goal of Georgia-new defense minister Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
^ More Cabinet Shake-Ups in Georgia. New York Times. December 5, 2008.
^ On the hunt for the businessmen behind a billion-dollar scam BBC News April 12, 2023.
^ UNA Georgia information service (accessed 15 November 2005) Saakashvili-National movement bloc Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ Civil Georgia, Anjaparidze, Zaal (NoIrakli Okruashvili proves that one's as good as none in politics Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Georgian defense, foreign ministers fired". The Associated Press. 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
^ Founder of opposition TV channel in Georgia sentenced to five years in prison. JAMnews. September 7, 2021.
^ "Tbilisi Seeks Extradition of Ex-Defense Minister Detained in France". Civil Georgia. October 15, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
^ "Israel may charge 4 for evading taxes on $11m of income from defense deals in Georgia under UNM gov't". Agenda.ge. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ https://celsolicitors.co.uk/is-everfx-a-scam/ Is EverFX a scam?
^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-65038949
See also
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On a recent winter day, dozens of Chinese nationals waited in different makeshift camps scattered outside San Diego, California, just north of the Mexican border.

Evelio Contreras/CNN
A group of Chinese migrants gathered at a temporary camp near the US-Mexican border after illegally crossing into the US.
Bundled in hoodies and jackets, they huddled around fires as they, and others there, counted the time before US border control agents would take them away for processing – and what they hoped would be the start to their lives in America.
These arrivals are part of a staggering new trend. In the first 11 months of 2023, more than 31,000 Chinese citizens were picked up by law enforcement crossing illegally into the US from Mexico, government data shows – compared with an average of roughly 1,500 per year over the preceding decade.
Their numbers are still dwarfed by those from regional neighbors like Mexico, Venezuela, and Guatemala, and they are not alone in coming from other parts of the world. But the influx of people from China making that crossing spotlights the urgency many now feel to leave their native country, even in the midst of what leader Xi Jinping has claimed is a “national rejuvenation.”
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The Indian National Congress, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Maulana Azad, denounced Nazi Germany but would not fight it or anyone else until India was independent.[15] Congress launched the Quit India Movement in August 1942, refusing to co-operate in any way with the government until independence was granted. The government, not ready for this, immediately arrested over 60,000 national and local Congress leaders, and then moved to suppress the violent reaction of Congress supporters. Key leaders were kept in prison until June 1945, although Gandhi was released in May 1944 because of his health. Congress, with its leaders incommunicado, played little role on the home front. Unlike the predominately Hindu Congress, the Muslim League rejected the Quit India movement and worked closely with the Raj authorities.[16]
Supporters of the British Raj argued that decolonisation was impossible in the middle of a great war. So, in 1939, the British Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow declared India's entry into the War without consulting prominent Indian Congress leaders who were just elected in previous elections.[1]
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白色垃圾 文章讨论 语言 下载PDF 手表 编辑 关于其他用法，请见“白色垃圾 (消歧义)”。 白色垃圾是美式英语中一种带有贬义性的种族和阶级相关的诽谤语[1][2]，用来指代贫穷的白人，特别是在美国南部的农村地区。这个标签标志着白人内部的社会阶层，尤其是生活水平的下降。 [3]它被用来区分“高贵而勤奋”的“好穷人”和懒惰的“不守纪律、忘恩负义、令人厌恶”的“坏穷人”。该术语的使用为中上层阶级白人提供了一种远离贫困白人的贫困和无能为力的方式，他们无法享受这些特权，同时也提供了一种否认他们的行为的方式。 [1] 户外场景中，一男一女坐在十个不同年龄的孩子面前的椅子上，光着脚，穿着简单的衣服 这个来自阿拉巴马州的贫困白人家庭在 1913 年被称为“名人”，因为他们摆脱了钩虫病的影响，由于卫生条件差和“吃粘土”或“吃粘土”的现象，钩虫病与糙皮病一起在南方贫困白人中流行。吃泥土”（食土癖）。 该术语适用于生活在社会秩序边缘的人们，他们被视为危险的，因为他们可能犯罪、不可预测，并且不尊重政治、法律或道德权威。 [4]虽然这个词大多被城市和中产阶级白人贬义地用作阶级象征，[5]一些白人艺人自我认同为“白人垃圾”，认为这是一种荣誉徽章，并庆祝下层阶级的刻板印象和社会边缘化。级白度。[1][6][7][8]
Báisè lèsè wénzhāng tǎolùn yǔyán xiàzài PDF shǒubiǎo biānjí guānyú qítā yòngfǎ, qǐng jiàn “báisè lèsè (xiāo qíyì)”. Báisè lèsè shì měishì yīngyǔ zhòng yī zhǒng dài yǒu biǎnyì xìng de zhǒngzú hé jiējí xiāngguān de fěibàng yǔ [1][2], yòng lái zhǐ dài pínqióng de báirén, tèbié shì zài měiguó nánbù de nóngcūn dìqū. Zhège biāoqiān biāozhìzhe báirén nèibù de shèhuì jiēcéng, yóuqí shì shēnghuó shuǐpíng de xiàjiàng. [3] Tā bèi yòng lái qūfēn “gāoguì ér qínfèn” de “hǎo qióngrén” hé lǎnduò de “bù shǒu jìlǜ, wàng'ēnfùyì, lìng rén yànwù” de “huài qióngrén”. Gāi shùyǔ de shǐyòng wéi zhōng shàngcéng jiējí báirén tígōngle yī zhǒng yuǎnlí pínkùn báirén de pínkùn hé wúnéngwéilì de fāngshì, tāmen wúfǎ xiǎngshòu zhèxiē tèquán, tóngshí yě tígōngle yī zhǒng fǒurèn tāmen de xíngwéi de fāngshì. [1] Hùwài chǎngjǐng zhōng, yīnán yī nǚ zuò zài shí gè bùtóng niánlíng de háizi miànqián de yǐzi shàng, guāngzhe jiǎo, chuānzhuó jiǎndān de yīfú zhège láizì ālā bā mǎ zhōu de pínkùn báirén jiātíng zài 1913 nián bèi chēng wèi “míngrén”, yīnwèi tāmen bǎituōle gōu chóng bìng de yǐngxiǎng, yóuyú wèishēng tiáojiàn chà hé “chī niántǔ” huò “chī niántǔ” de xiànxiàng, gōu chóng bìng yǔ cào pí bìng yīqǐ zài nánfāng pínkùn báirén zhōng liúxíng. Chī nítǔ”(shí tǔ pǐ). Gāi shùyǔ shìyòng yú shēnghuó zài shèhuì zhìxù biānyuán de rénmen, tāmen bèi shì wéi wéixiǎn de, yīnwèi tāmen kěnéng fànzuì, bùkě yùcè, bìngqiě bù zūnzhòng zhèngzhì, fǎlǜ huò dàodé quánwēi. [4] Suīrán zhège cí dàduō bèi chéngshì hé zhōngchǎn jiējí báirén biǎnyì dì yòng zuò jiējí xiàngzhēng,[5] yīxiē báirén yìrén zìwǒ rèntóng wèi “báirén lèsè”, rènwéi zhè shì yī zhǒng róngyù huīzhāng, bìng qìngzhù xiàcéng jiējí de kèbǎn yìnxiàng hé shèhuì biānyuán huà. Jí bái dù.[1][6][7][8]
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AI Overview



+2
Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group with a shared ancestry, culture, and history. They are descended from the ancient Israelites who lived in the Land of Israel.
Major Jewish ethnic groups:
Ashkenazi
The largest Jewish ethnic group today, made up of people who fled to northern Europe during Roman oppression. Their ancestors lived in France, Germany, and Central and Eastern Europe.
Sephardi
Jewish people with cultural backgrounds in Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East. The word "Sephardi" means "Spain" in Hebrew.
Beta Israel
Also known as Ethiopian Jews, this group lived in the territory of the Kingdom of Aksum for thousands of years.
Jewish ethnicity and identity
Jews share a rich cultural heritage, including language (Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino), religious traditions, customs, and historical narratives.
Many Jews identify as being part of both an ethnic and religious group.
Even secular Jews may maintain a sense of cultural and ethnic Jewish identity.
Genetic studies have found that Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews have Middle Eastern ancestry.
What Ethnicity are Jews? | Institute for Curriculum Services
Jun 11, 2024 — Jews are a distinct ethnicity due to a combination of shared cultural, historical, and ancestral ties. Below are some examples of key factors that m...

Institute for Curriculum Services
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History of Ukraine
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Prehistoric Ukraine, as a part of the Pontic steppe in Eastern Europe, played an important role in Eurasian cultural events, including the spread of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages, Indo-European migrations, and the domestication of the horse.[1][2][3]
A part of Scythia in antiquity, Ukraine was largely settled by Greuthungi, Getae, Goths, and Huns in the Migration Period, while southern parts of Ukraine were previously colonized by Greeks and then Romans. In the Early Middle Ages it was also a site of early Slavic expansion. The hinterland entered into written history with the establishment of the medieval state of Kievan Rus', which emerged as a powerful nation but disintegrated during the High Middle Ages, and was destroyed by the Mongol Empire in the 13th century.
During the 14th and 15th centuries, present-day Ukrainian territories came under the rule of four external powers: the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. The latter two would then merge into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth following the Union of Krewo and Union of Lublin. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire emerged as a major regional power in and around the Black Sea, through protectorates like the Crimean Khanate, as well as directly-administered territory.
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company Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles) a private family investment group, which is not required to register with the SEC or comply with reporting requirements under the Dodd–Frank, reform act. It is said that at the time of the formation of the Fund, the total value of assets under management in 1961 was £25million.
The Fund invested in commercial real estate properties in the U.S., Canada, and Greece as well as in precious metals, oil & gas, and securities. The fund also speculated in the currency markets, among its many holdings are: BHP, the co-investor in Le Méridien hotel company with Air France, American Express, General Motors, Wells Fargo, HSBC, Lehman Brothers, ExxonMobil, Conoco Phillips, Fendi, Giorgio Armani, Microsoft, Sun Microsystems, Midland Bank, stockbroking firm Frankel Pollak (which was later sold to Sasfin Bank, a Sassoon family bank based in South Africa) and S&P Global. It is rumoured that at the time of Elias Sassoon's death, the Fund, which is not required to file its financials with the SEC had over $100 billion of assets under management, most of which are assets of both the Sassoon and Cattaui families.
David S. Sassoon sons
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Of those who settled in England, Sir Edward Albert Sassoon (1856–1912), the son of Albert, married Aline Caroline de Rothschild, and was a Conservative member of Parliament from 1899 until his death. The seat was then inherited by his son Sir Philip Sassoon (1888–1939) from 1912 until his death. Philip served in the First World War as military secretary to Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig and, during the 1920s and 1930s, as Britain's undersecretary of state for air. The twentieth-century English poet, one of the best known World War I poets, Siegfried Sassoon (1886–1967) was David's great-grandson.
Another descendant of David Sassoon is the British banker and former Treasury's commercial secretary James Meyer Sassoon. He was mentioned in the Paradise Papers as one of the beneficiaries of a tax-exempt Cayman Island trust fund worth $236 million in 2007 and defended it as being of non-UK origin.[4]
The branch which carried on the rabbinical tradition has been represented by Rabbi Solomon David Sassoon (1915–1985), who moved from Letchworth to London and then to Jerusalem in 1970. He was the son of one David Solomon Sassoon (1880–1942) who collected Jewish books and manuscripts and catalogued them in two volumes.
The bulk of this collection is stored at the British Library in London, England. Some examples of this collection are maintained at the University of Toronto Library in Toronto, Canada. None of these priceless works are presently stored in the United States.[citation needed]
David Sassoon was the son of Flora Abraham, who had moved from India to England in 1901 and established a famous salon in her London home. Solomon Sassoon had two sons, Isaac S. D. Sassoon and David Solomon Sassoon, who are both rabbis.
Vidal Sassoon was distantly related to the family via his father, David Sassoon, from London.[citation needed]
Family tree
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I wish I was never born … living feels so exhausting.”
Zheng Shiqing, migrant from China
He started factory work mixing glue for shoe boxes in his late teens, and later switched between jobs, including at an assembly line making smartphone parts for Apple. During the pandemic, he was locked down in another factory fabricating internet routers, unable to leave. After the lockdown ended, Zheng switched to another job, where he says his wages were never paid, even after he filed a formal complaint.
“There is no way out … unless your parents are officials or businesspeople. But if you are from the lower-class, even if you get married and have children, you will still follow the old path … it’s painful just thinking about it,” he said. “I wish I was never born … living feels so exhausting.”
Earlier this year, like thousands of other Chinese, Zheng decided to try “zou xian” or taking the “walking route” to America.
The phrase has become a euphemism for the perilous journey, as has “global travels” – one of the search terms people can key in to find online tutorials in Chinese for how to prepare, what to do at each leg and even what to say to immigration officials.
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The British government began expelling the population of the Chagos Archipelago between 1967 and 1973, a process that was largely completed by 1973. This forced displacement, motivated by the desire to establish a US military base on Diego Garcia, resulted in the relocation of the Chagossian people, mostly to Mauritius and the Seychelles.
Elaboration:
Expulsion:
The UK, at the request of the US, began forcibly removing the Chagossian population from the Chagos Archipelago, starting in 1967.
Forced Displacement:
The expulsion continued until 1973, resulting in the relocation of most of the Chagossians to Mauritius and the Seychelles, with some later resettling in the UK.
Establishment of the Base:
The primary reason for the forced displacement was to clear the way for the construction of a US military base on Diego Garcia.
Expulsion of the Chagossians - Wikipedia
The United Kingdom, at the request of the United States, began expelling the inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago in 1968, concluding its forced deportations o...

Wikipedia
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11. Economics and well-being among U.S. Jews
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Most Jewish adults report that they are satisfied with multiple aspects of their lives, including at least eight-in-ten who describe their family life, physical health and community as “good” or “excellent.”
As a whole, U.S. Jews are a relatively high-income group, with roughly half saying their annual household income is at least $100,000 – much higher than the percentage of all U.S. households at that level. In addition, about half of the Jewish adults surveyed describe themselves as living “comfortably,” while three-in-ten say they are able to meet basic expenses with a little money left over; another 15% say they just meet basic expenses.
However, some Jews, particularly those with lower household incomes, report that they have difficulty paying for necessities. For example, 26% of all U.S. Jews – including 55% of those who earn less than $50,000 per year – say that, in the year prior to taking the survey, they had difficulty paying for medical care, their rent or mortgage, food, or other bills or debts.

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CRIMINALITY AMONG JEWS - AN OVERVIEW
NCJ Number
6180
Journal
ISSUES IN CRIMINOLOGY Volume: 6 Issue: 2 Dated: (SUMMER 1971) Pages: 1-39
Author(s)
A MENACHEM
Date Published
1971
Length
15 pages
Annotation
CRITIQUE OF STUDIES EXAMINING COMMISSION OF CRIMES BY JEWS AND SUGGESTION THAT THE NATURE OF CRIME AMONG JEWS IS A PRODUCT OF THEIR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.
Abstract
THE CONCLUSION OF MOST STUDIES IS THAT JEWS HAVE A LOW CRIME RATE. IT IS LOWER THAN THAT OF NON-JEWS TAKEN AS A WHOLE, LOWER THAN THAT OF OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS, AND LOWER THAN A RATE BASED SIMPLY ON THE JEWISH PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION (THE EXPECTED RATE). HOWEVER, THE JEWISH CRIME RATE TENDS TO BE HIGHER THAN THAT OF NONJEWS AND OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS FOR WHITE-COLLAR OFFENSES, THAT IS, COMMERCIAL OR COMMERCIALLY RELATED CRIMES, SUCH AS FRAUD, FRAUDULENT BANKRUPTCY, AND EMBEZZLEMENT. THE AUTHOR SUGGESTS THAT THERE IS A NEED FOR STUDIES WHICH WOULD COMPARE THE JEWS WITH SOCIALLY SIMILAR GROUPS ON VARIABLES SUCH AS - MIDDLE-CLASS POSITION, COMMUNITY INTEGRATION, URBANITY, SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATION INTO AMERICAN SOCIETY, ETC. UNFORTUNATELY, SUCH STUDIES ARE IMPRACTICABLE IN THE UNITED STATES BECAUSE MUCH OF THE NECESSARY DATA, AS WE HAVE POINTED OUT, ARE NOT READILY AVAILABLE. AUTHOR ABSTRACT MODIFIED
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The Sassoon family, known as "Rothschilds of the East" due to the immense wealth they accumulated in finance and opium trade,[1] are a Baghdadi Jewish family.
Sassoon House, Shanghai, China
Originally based in Baghdad, Iraq, they later moved to Mumbai, India, and then emigrated to China, England, and other nations.
The family's businesses in China, India and Hong Kong especially, were built to capitalise on the opium business. As more family members gravitated toward London, they became prominent in England and were ennobled by Queen Victoria.
From the 18th century, the Sassoons were one of the wealthiest families in the world, with a corporate empire spanning the entire continent of Asia.[2]
Etymology
Origins
Joseph Sassoon sons
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The term has been adopted for people living on the fringes of the social order, who are seen as dangerous because they may be criminal, unpredictable, and without respect for political, legal, or moral authority.[4] While the term is mostly used pejoratively by urban and middle-class whites as a class signifier,[5] some white entertainers self-identify as "white trash", considering it a badge of honor, and celebrate the stereotypes and social marginalization of lower-class whiteness.[1][6][7][8]
In common usage, "white trash" overlaps in meaning with "cracker", used of people in the backcountry of the Southern states; "hillbilly", regarding poor people from Appalachia; "Okie" regarding those with origins in Oklahoma; and "redneck", regarding rural origins, especially from the South.[9] The primary difference is that "redneck", "cracker", "Okie", and "hillbilly" emphasize that a person is poor and uneducated and comes from the backwoods with little awareness of and interaction with the modern world, while "white trash" – and the modern term "trailer trash" – emphasizes the person's supposed moral failings, without regard to the setting of their upbringing. While the other terms suggest rural origins, "white trash" and "trailer trash" may be urban or suburban as well.[10]
Scholars from the late 19th to the early 21st century explored generations of families who were considered "disreputable", such as the Jukes family and the Kallikak family, both pseudonyms for real families.[11]
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MENU
Countless Journeys. One Canada.
FR
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Immigration History
Settling the West: Immigration to the Prairies from 1867 to 1914
Settling the West: Immigration to the Prairies from 1867 to 1914
Summary
Western Canada received millions of immigrant settlers from 1867 to 1914, creating key industries such as agriculture, mining, and oil, and causing the Prairies to grow rapidly. Accessible transportation, free homesteads, safety, and work in Canada contributed to this immigration boom, as well as overpopulation, underemployment, discrimination, and environmental conditions in the immigrants’ home countries. This period of population growth later shaped Canada’s society, economy, and culture.
by Erica Gagnon, Former Collections Researcher
(Updated January 28, 2022)
Introduction: The Immigration Boom to the Canadian West
From 1867 to 1914, the Canadian West became home to millions of immigrant settlers seeking a new life. Their resettlement in the region was underpinned by the displacement of Indigenous peoples. The resulting immigration boom created key industries still important to Canada’s international role – like agriculture, mining, and oil. The Prairie Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta grew rapidly in these years as settlers began to transform the Prairie flatland and establish unique cultural settlements. Many motivations brought immigrants to Canada: greater economic opportunity and improved quality of life, an escape from oppression and persecution, and opportunities and adventures presented to ‘desirable’ immigrant groups by Canadian immigration agencies. By examining these motivations, we can better understand Prairie immigration experiences and the evolution of settlement patterns.
The immigration boom leading up to 1914 was one of the most important periods of Canadian population growth. Several significant changes occurred in Canada after 1867 that made the Prairie immigration boom possible. In 1871, the Canadian government entered into Treaty 1 and Treaty 2 to secure consent from Indigenous nations of those lands for immigrant settlement and for the development of natural resources. The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 created free and fertile homesteads (of 160 acres) for settlers from land previously inhabited by Indigenous peoples. The establishment of the North-West Mounted Police in 1873 guaranteed the safety of Prairie settlers and further dispossessed Indigenous residents. The creation of the Department of the Interior in 1873, helped to attract economic immigrants, and established the minister responsible as “…the Superintendent General of Indian affairs, and… have the control and management of the lands and property of the Indians in Canada.”[1] The construction of a transcontinental railroad made transportation and travel accessible greatly expanding European settlement in the Prairies and further entrenched settler colonialism in Western Canada.
In 1870, no urban centres existed on the Prairies. By 1911, thirteen cities with populations over 5,000 had been established.[2]
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AI Overview


According to historical records, Jews first arrived in Spain, or the Iberian Peninsula as it was known then, following the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem around 70 CE, settling along the Mediterranean coast and gradually spreading throughout the region; this early Jewish presence in Spain is supported by archaeological evidence like inscriptions on Roman-era sarcophagi and mosaics in synagogues.
Key points about the arrival of Jews in Spain:
Biblical connection:
Some Jewish traditions claim a presence in Spain even earlier, dating back to the time of King Solomon.
Roman period:
The most widely accepted historical evidence points to Jewish settlement in Spain after the Roman destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, with early communities established along the Mediterranean coast.
Muslim rule:
During the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century, Jews experienced a period of relative prosperity and cultural flourishing under the "dhimmi" system, which granted protected status to non-Muslim minorities.
"Sepharad":
In Hebrew, the Iberian Peninsula is referred to as "Sepharad," which is why Jews from Spain are called Sephardic Jews.
History of the Jews in Spain - Wikipedia
The history of the Jews in the current-day Spanish territory stretches back to Biblical times according to Jewish tradition, but the settlement of organised Jew...

Wikipedia
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Nureongi
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The Nureongi (Korean: 누렁이; lit. yellow one[2]), also known as the Korean Yellow Spitz or Hwanggu (황구; 黃狗), is a common, spitz-type dog with yellowish coloring endemic to the Korean peninsula.[3][2]
Nureongi
A Nureongi
Other namesKorean Yellow Spitz
HwangguOriginSouth KoreaTraitsHeight50–55 cm (20–22 in)[1]Weight18–25 kg (40–55 lb)[1]Coloryellow, goldDog (domestic dog)Korean nameHangul
누렁이
Revised RomanizationNureongiMcCune–ReischauerNurŏngiAlternate nameHangul
황구
Hanja
黃狗
Revised RomanizationHwangguMcCune–ReischauerHwanggu
Nureongi has bat-like ears, a tail that stands upright, and a body with a square shape. They are characterized by a double coat, consisting of a longer outer layer and a soft, dense undercoat.[1] They are known for their athleticism, agility, and alertness, often seen hunting in packs. They are loyal to their owners, forming strong bonds with their families. However, they can sometimes be aggressive towards strangers.[1]
Nureongi is the primary dog breed raised in Korea for meat.[2][4]
References
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Sassoon's eight sons also branched out in many directions. The Sassoon family was heavily involved in the shipping and opium production industry in China and India. Elias David (1820–1880), his son by his first wife, had been the first of the sons to go to China, in 1844. He later returned to Bombay, before leaving the firm to establish E.D. Sassoon & Co. in 1867, with offices in Bombay and Shanghai. Another son, Albert Abdullah David Sassoon (1818–1896) took on the running of the firm on his father's death, and notably constructed the Sassoon Docks, the first wet dock built in western India. With two of his brothers he later became prominent in England, and the family were friends of the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII. One daughter of the family, Rachel Sassoon Beer, joined her husband in running a number of British newspapers, including The Sunday Times (1893–1904) and The Observer, which she also edited.
Portrait of Siegfried Sassoon by Glyn Warren Philpot, 1917. Fitzwilliam Museum
Of those who settled in England, Sir Edward Albert Sassoon (1856–1912), the son of Albert, married Aline Caroline de Rothschild, and was a Conservative member of Parliament from 1899 until his death. The seat was then inherited by his son Sir Philip Sassoon (1888–1939) from 1912 until his death. Philip served in the First World War as military secretary to Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig and, during the 1920s and 1930s, as Britain's undersecretary of state for air. The twentieth-century English poet, one of the best known World War I poets, Siegfried Sassoon (1886–1967) was David's great-grandson.
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‘Dire straits’
China’s Covid-19 controls, relaxed only a year ago, hit blue collar workers in cities and residents in rural areas hard.
And now the economy continues to struggle under a property market crisis, high local government debt and the effects of a government crack-down on the once-booming private sector, all of which has cost jobs.

China’s economy had a miserable year. 2024 might be even worse
After urban youth unemployment hit record levels last year, the government stopped publishing data for the metric altogether. The Communist Party pledged to do more to bolster the economy — and quash bad news about it.
“It’s striking that so many are making this perilous journey to South America and up to the US when politically the country is very stable,” said Victor Shih, director of the 21st Century China Center at the University of California San Diego, pointing to a contrast with periods of emigration from China amid political turmoil.
“It suggests that a significant segment of the population is in economic dire straits.”
Hundreds of thousands fled the mainland for Hong Kong in the mid-20th Century amid civil war and, later, political turmoil and famine under the policies of Communist China’s founder Mao Zedong.

AP
People escaping famine in mainland China were detained by Hong Kong police and British troops after crossing the border into the city in May 1962.
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Opinion
OPINION - Israel needs to face trial for organ trafficking: Claims and confessions
2015 report by European Parliament, Trafficking in Human Organs, listed Israel as one of the central countries involved in organ trafficking
Cagdas Yuksel |27.09.2024 - Update : 22.11.2024
File Photo
The author is a researcher at TRT World Research Center based in Istanbul, Türkiye.
ISTANBUL
Israel’s ongoing wars to subjugate the Palestinians are often viewed through the lens of military operations, territorial disputes, and political deadlock. However, lurking behind these events may be a darker dimension where the vulnerable bodies of the oppressed are commodified for the organ trade industry.
Allegations that Israel has harvested organs from Palestinian detainees and victims of war for use in the international organ trade market or has become a hub for organ tourism have been long-standing. These claims are not limited to times of conflict but suggest that Palestinians’ bodies are commodified even in times of peace, adding a chilling and disturbing perspective to the ongoing human rights violations in the region.
Organ trafficking in conflict zones is not a new phenomenon. War zones, where law has collapsed, and human life is devalued, provide fertile ground for illegal activities. The removal of organs from war victims has been documented in conflict areas worldwide, including the Balkans and Sub-Saharan Africa. In this context, the United Nations Human Rights Conventions and the Geneva Conventions have established clear rules for the protection of civilians during conflicts. However, Israel has not ratified the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949, which mandates respect for the dignity of the dead and prohibits the looting or mutilation of bodies.
Is Israel stealing organs from Palestinians?
In addition to Israel's avoidance of these international obligations, ethical and religious differences surrounding organ transplants feed into the controversy. While Jewish teachings highlight the principle of "pikuach nefesh" (saving a life), orthodox Jews, in particular, reject organ donation, arguing that a person who is brain-dead is still alive. As a result, organ donation rates in Israel remain low. In Western countries, about 30% of people have organ donor cards, while in Israel, this figure hovers around 14%. This gap fuels allegations that Israelis travel abroad for organ transplants and that Palestinian organs are being targeted.
The first significant emergence of organ trafficking accusations against Israel came during the First Palestinian Intifada in the late 1980s and early ‘90s. During this period, many Palestinian families claimed that the bodies of relatives who died in operations undertaken by Israeli forces were returned missing organs. Although initially dismissed as unfounded propaganda, the increase in similar reports strengthened speculation and concern. The case of young Palestinian Bilal Ahmed Ghanem, killed by Israeli soldiers in 1992, and a 2009 article in the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet titled Our Sons’ Organs Were Stolen further highlighted these claims. The article included interviews with families who alleged that Israel had harvested organs from deceased Palestinians and suggested a broader organ trafficking network connected to Israeli medical institutions.
Israeli officials have previously admitted removing body parts from Palestinians and other groups. In a controversial 2014 Israeli television program, senior officials confessed to harvesting skin from deceased Palestinians and African workers, which was used to treat burns on Israeli soldiers. The director of the Israeli Skin Bank revealed that the country’s human skin reserves had reached 17 square meters (183 square feet), a significant amount for a small population, suggesting a more extensive organ collection practice. Israeli doctor and anthropologist Meira Weiss, in her book Over Their Dead Bodies (2002), provided details about the systematic harvesting of organs from Palestinians, which were used for medical research in Israeli universities and transplanted into Israeli patients.
A report released by Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor in October 2023 rekindled concerns over allegations of organ harvesting involving Palestinians, particularly in cases where bodies returned from Israeli custody showed signs of tampering. Gaza health officials have reported inconsistencies in the bodies released, pointing to organ removal. According to the report, Israeli forces collected dozens of Palestinian bodies from hospitals in northern Gaza, which were returned in a mutilated state. In July 2024, Israeli daily Haaretz reported that the Israeli military held the bodies of 1,500 Palestinians at the Sde Teiman detention center. All these allegations highlight the urgent need for a thorough investigation into the dignity of war dead and broader human rights violations.
EP lists Israel as one of the central countries involved in organ trafficking
Additionally, Israel has long been criticized as a destination for organ transplant tourism. A 2015 report by the European Parliament, Trafficking in Human Organs, listed Israel as one of the central countries involved in organ trafficking, describing it as an importer and consumer of organs. The same report noted Israel’s refusal to sign the 2008 Istanbul Declaration, which aimed to combat organ trafficking.
Interest in organ transplants in Israel can also be tracked through internet searches and online activity. The Israeli Health Ministry’s official website lists hospitals with organ transplant units. According to my research, Google searches related to organ transplants in Israeli hospitals spiked within the US following the start of war on Gaza on Oct. 7, 2023. Google Trends data show that searches for terms like "kidney in Israel" and hospitals such as Sheba Medical Center, Soroka Medical Center, and Rambam Health Campus saw a Google trend score increase from 0 to 100 in October 2023, whereas hospitals without transplant units, like Lis Maternity Hospital and Assuta Hospital, showed no such rise and the score is 0.
Israel needs to be subjected to thorough investigation
In 2008, Israel enacted the Organ Transplant Law to more strictly regulate organ donations and transplants. However, Israel’s onslaught on Gaza and ongoing allegations fueled continued concerns about organ exploitation.
Corroborating the allegations that Israel is harvesting Palestinians’ organs would require a complex investigative process. First, concrete evidence is needed to substantiate the crime, but Israel’s military occupation makes independent investigations nearly impossible. Legal obstacles also persist. Such actions by Israel would constitute clear violations of international law. The Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits the plundering of bodies and mandates the protection of civilians under occupation. Article 16
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Zheng Shiqing takes a bus from Quito to Tulcan on Ecuador's Colombian border.
Images shared with CNN by Zheng and others from China show the perils of that miles-long jungle stretch. There, guided groups typically travel through dense rainforest and along rocky riverbanks, at times clambering over steep, slippery stretches – or gripping ropes to cross swiftly moving or deep river water.
In the final leg, clad in orange life jackets and seated in wooden boats, they follow a winding river to the next destination – temporary migrant camps in Panama, where they register, have a free meal and rest.
In Panama, authorities have resorted to busing people from these southern border camps to their northern ones - all in the dark of night, a Panamanian official told CNN. Then it’s on through Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico – if they’re not stopped by police or thieves.
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50 ways food has changed in the last 50 years
With combined sales in the U.S. of $7.44 trillion, it's hard to imagine any industry bigger than the food retail and services sector.
In modern America, foodies rule. Here, chefs are celebrities who release cookbooks as if it's part of their job description. These cookbooks have more than survived the otherwise-overwhelming transition to digital, with baking cookbook sales up 42% year over year in October 2021. Meanwhile, personality, competition, and lifestyle food shows draw huge viewership. Food-related documentaries flood streaming services. Once upon a time, naysayers questioned whether the Food Network could survive; now, Hollywood can't get enough culinary programming.
The same is true with food and social media. Instagram could spin off an entirely new social network just with the mountain of food pictures its users post. Celebrity chefs who take Instagram seriously command millions of followers. Meanwhile, unknowns regularly become overnight sensations thanks to social media.
From meticulous gardens to brutal slaughterhouses, the nature of food—how we cook it, grow it, raise it, eat it, buy it, and organize around it politically—has changed so much over the last 50 years that the modern consumer would scarcely recognize the cuisine and nutrition landscape as it existed in 1969. Stacker researched the evolution of food over the last half-century, the driving forces behind the changes, and the impact those changes have had on nearly every corner of society.
You may also like: What the average American eats in a year
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Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, The Near and Middle East, Volume IX, Part 1
611.80/5–953
No. 606
Department of State Position Paper1
confidential
STA D–4
[Washington, May 5, 1953.]
Jordan
Summary Paper2
1.Relations with Israel—Extremely bad because of (a) the state of affairs along the artificial Israel-Jordan armistice line and (b) the hundreds of thousands of Palestine Arab refugees living in Jordan. Sporadic fighting along the armistice line and pressure from other Arab states as well as from Jordan’s discontented population has effectively blocked any progress in solving the Palestine issue as it affects Jordan. Only a handful of Jordanians are even [Page 1200]willing to consider a permanent settlement with Israel. The United States has urged Jordan to follow a policy of patience and restraint and to rely on the United Nations in approaching its problems with Israel.2.Refugees—About 450,000 or one half of the Palestine Arab refugees live in Jordan. They are a great burden on Jordan’s weak economy and exert considerable influence on the Jordan Government, especially by their deep hatred of Israel and the Western powers. They manage a bare subsistence through the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, to which the United States contributes about 70% budgetwise.3.Economic Development—United States Aid—Jordan is not economically viable and has always had to be supported by British subsidies and loans. The country’s basic economic need is the reintegration of the Palestine refugees (see above) within its borders, together with such development as can be achieved of its meager resources. Jordan wants foreign economic assistance. The TCA program in Jordan for FY 1953 was approximately $3,000,000. There are plans to expand this assistance.
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Economic Development—United States Aid—Jordan is not economically viable and has always had to be supported by British subsidies and loans. The country’s basic economic need is the reintegration of the Palestine refugees (see above) within its borders, together with such development as can be achieved of its meager resources. Jordan wants foreign economic assistance. The TCA program in Jordan for FY 1953 was approximately $3,000,000. There are plans to expand this assistance.4.Fertile Crescent Idea—The Kings of… Jordan and oil-rich Iraq are of the same family. Syria opposes Jordan-Iraq union, since Syria would be placed at a disadvantage. Syria would prefer a Syria-Jordan union, which would be to Iraq’s disadvantage. There have been no recent indications of Jordan–Iraq, Jordan-Syria, or Jordan–Iraq–Syria union, and recent Jordan governments have not promoted a union. The United States would not oppose Arab union if it were achieved in accordance with the wishes of the peoples concerned. A union would have economic advantages for the area and possible political disadvantages for the West, since a larger, more powerful state might be more difficult to deal with.
[Tab 1]
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Historians have characterized Jardine Matheson as unscrupulous drug smugglers and ruthless warmongers. However, after the Opium Wars, the firm rapidly diversified its business activities. From its dominant position in Hong Kong, Jardine Matheson had withdrawn entirely from the opium trade by the 1870s.

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Jardine Matheson | 11 | Drugs, War, and Empire | Stan Neal | Taylor &
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Jardine-Matheson: How Opium Wars Founded Hong Kong
Apr 16, 2020 — Jardine-Matheson: How Opium Wars Founded Hong Kong ... Generals animated historical documentary will cover the rise of the Jardine-Matheson, ...

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William Jardine: Architect of the First Opium War
by B Cassan · Cited by 4 — Since the early 1830's. Jardine & Matheson Co. had made a fortune as one of the premiere opium smugglers into China. The perfect way to expand the already.

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The Scots who hooked China on opium
Jul 25, 2016 — The antics of William Jardine and James Matheson are said to have had an “incalculable” effect on the health of China as they shipped in the ...


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History of Jardine Matheson & Co.
Trade with China, especially in illegal opium, grew, and so did the firm of Jardine, Matheson and Co, by that time already known as the "Princely Hong" for its ...
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White trash
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For other uses, see White trash (disambiguation).
White trash is a derogatory racial and class-related slur[1][2] used in American English to refer to poor white people, especially in the rural areas of the southern United States. The label signifies a social class inside the white population and especially a degraded standard of living.[3] It is used as a way to separate the "noble and hardworking" "good poor" from the lazy, "undisciplined, ungrateful and disgusting" "bad poor". The use of the term provides middle- and upper-class whites a means of distancing themselves from the poverty and powerlessness of poor whites, who cannot enjoy those privileges, as well as a way to disown their perceived behavior.[1]
This poor white family from Alabama was presented in 1913 as "celebrities" because they had escaped the debilitating effects of hookworm disease, which, along with pellagra was endemic among poor Southern whites due to poor sanitation and the phenomenon of "clay eating" or "dirt eating" (geophagia).
The term has been adopted for people living on the fringes of the social order, who are seen as dangerous because they may be criminal, unpredictable, and without respect for political, legal, or moral authority.[4] While the term is mostly used pejoratively by urban and middle-class whites as a class signifier,[5] some white entertainers self-identify as "white trash", considering it a badge of honor, and celebrate the stereotypes and social marginalization of lower-class whiteness.[1][6][7][8]
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