Comments by "1" (@user-yt3xd2jl6d) on "Celtic History Decoded" channel.

Western Finns are characterized by having more DNA from Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers SHG, the first inhabitants of Scandinavia 10 thousand years ago, Eastern Finns have more DNA associated with Nganasan or Siberian indigenous, Southern Finland has a genetic flow from the Baltic, then there is a bit of Viking genetic impact coming from Sweden, more on the coasts of Finland
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According to genetic studies, the Greeks have Slavic ancestry, for the last 1000 years they have been mixing with them, they do not have significant Viking ancestry. Studies of Haplogroup R1a reinforce this.
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In reality, Haplogroup I1 originated in Germany and moved to Scandinavia, these Europeans were different from the current Europeans, since they were Western Hunter Gatherers, these WHG were absorbed by the European Farmers from the South, and the Pastoralists from the Western Steppes (Indo-Europeans), from Ukraine and Southern Russia.
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50% Indo-European DNA + 25% Scandinavian Hunter Gatherer DNA + 15% Anatolian + 10% Nganasan (indigenous Siberian) = 100% Finnish. Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers differ from Western Hunter Gatherers by having 19% ANE DNA (central Siberian component), the Indo-Europeans themselves have between 25% to 50% ANE DNA, but the Nganasan themselves are 60% Neo-Siberian and 40% ANE.
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I am South American, but most people here can digest milk, I guess only natives of pure ancestry have serious problems tolerating it. According to studies, only East Asians and Native Americans are almost completely intolerant, South Asians, Middle Easterners and Africans have tolerance although at lower frequencies than Europeans.
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Haplogroup I1 (WHG) survived the population replacement of the R1b (IndoEuropeans) and mixed with them, currently the Germans have 10% Autosomal WHG DNA.
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Europeans have three ancestries: WHG, Anatolian Farmers, Yamnaya (Proto-Indo-European). Yamnaya DNA is dominant in Northern Europeans, while Anatolian DNA is dominant in Southern Europeans. The DNA of the Anatolian Farmers extended from the Aegean Sea (Greece), Turkey to Syria and Lebanon, the Anatolian Farmers spread throughout Europe and the Middle East, the Southern Europeans own on average between 60% of Anatolian and the Syrian and Lebanese populations 50%, Northern Europeans on average, possess 30% Anatolian DNA.
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Middle Eastern populations are not genetically homogeneous. They have at least five distinct ancestries: Anatolian farmers (ancient Turks and Greeks), Natufians (ancestral population of the Middle East), farmers of the Levant, hunter gatherers of the Caucasus, and Iranian farmers.
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It is genetic drift. Ethnic Finns or 100% Finns = 50% Indo-European, 25% Scandinavian Hunter Gatherer, 15% Anatolian, 10% Nganasan (Indigenous Siberian). The Inuit are grouped with the Eastern Siberians and are genetically closer to the Amerindians than other Siberians. Populations such as the Sami or the Lapps the Siberian Nganasan component rises to 25%.
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@noahtylerpritchett2682 It is not yet understood why Asian or Oceanic populations have more Neanderthal related DNA. Three hypotheses; the first that Neanderthals and Denisovans in Asia mixed, this makes sense since Denisovans found in Siberia have between 16% and 50% Neanderthal DNA, when anatomically modern humans left Africa they first mixed with Neanderthals from the Middle East and then mixed with Denisovans (who already had Neanderthal admixture). The second hypothesis, Denisovan populations collapsed in Asia and were replaced by Siberian Neanderthals, then the humans who arrived mixed with these Neanderthals, however this second theory cannot explain why Oceanic populations have high frequencies of Neanderthal DNA. Third hypothesis, Neanderthals in Europe were highly inbred (studies have shown this), inbreeding led to the accumulation of many genes associated with genetic diseases, so natural selection simply weeded out the harmful genes in Europeans, but Asian & Denisovan Neanderthals were not as inbred, so they weeded out fewer Neanderthal genes.
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The Volga Tatars are the reddest people in the world, along with the Scots, but the Tatars, unlike other Europeans, have large amounts of DNA associated with Siberia and Central Asia. I myself have done an analysis of their genome and it is quite exotic compared to the typical European.
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@glory4645 The Vikings are characterized by having high levels of Steppe and high levels of Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers, the SHG component is not found in Southern Europe, but the steppe does exist in small to moderate quantities
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According to the G25 ethnic calculator they are genetically closest to the Samaritans with a genetic distance of 0.022 followed by Palestinian Christians 0.022, followed by Jordanian Christians 0.023, followed by Syrian Christians 0.028, followed by Lebanese Christians 0.028, followed by the Druze 0.031, these would be the closest. Then slightly further away would be in first place Palestinian Muslims 0.042, Lebanese Christians 0.044, Syrian Muslims 0.045.
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Christian groups in the Middle East, all that Syria, Libya and Palestine seem to be strongly correlated with ancient Jews
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It seems that the Samaritans are the closest descendants of the original Jews at least from a genetic perspective. The Samaritans are an ethnic group that always lived in Israel, then the Christian groups of the Middle East (Palestinians, Lebanese and Syrians). The Ancient Jews were farmers from the Levant, and today the Syrians and Lebanese are 90% farmers from the Levant, which would explain their genetic affinity.
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If among Europeans, Scandinavians have more alleles related to Neanderthals, in fact Northeastern Europe has the highest frequencies as do Finns and Uralic-speaking Russians. However, the highest frequencies are not related to Europeans, it has been observed that Asians have higher allelic frequencies related to Neanderthals, more specifically in Northeastern Asians, Tibetans and in Oceania more specifically in Papuans. Higher frequencies of archaic HLA genes have been observed in Finnish populations, these genes are related to resistance to certain types of pathogens, which African populations did not have.
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The populations of North Africa have on average 20% Anatolian DNA and 10% Yamnaya DNA, Yamnaya DNA is currently associated with Northern Europe, this DNA is not present in much of the Middle East but surprising if it is present in North Africa.
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@JOSE-m3x2t Although the Celtiberian populations have more admixture of Moors, Phenotypically they are more similar to other Celtic populations than to other Iberians, having the highest frequencies of hair, red hair, blonde and light eyes in the Iberian Peninsula. Other purer Iberian populations have much lower frequencies of red, blonde hair and light eyes. The Andalusians have more olive skin and lived further south, which is why it was thought that they had more Moorish DNA. Surprisingly, their more olive skin is a phenotype more related to other Mediterranean populations in Europe, such as the Southern Italians or even the Greeks, to understand the origin of this Mediterranean phenotype, we must go back to the Neolithic, where the Anatolian Farmers spread throughout Europe and the Middle East, where the Southern Europeans, the Syrians, Libyans and other Mediterranean populations, concentrated most of of Anatolian DNA.
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Many Siberians have light skin and even some red hair, such as the Komi, Mari and Khanty.
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The oldest humans recorded to have red hair are the EHG or Eastern Hunter Gatherers, who lived in Eastern Europe in the Mesolithic (10 thousand years ago), and the Tarim mummies (Central Asia), although the Tarim mummies are more recent in age, their autosomal DNA is 80% ANE, indicating that they are an ancestral population that survived until relatively modern times. The ANE lived in central Siberia 20 thousand years ago, although no ANE have been found to have red hair. Modern Europeans have between 9% to 25% ANE DNA, Southern Europeans 9% and Northern Europeans up to 25%.
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G25 Mixture Modeling: 44.2% Sintasha (Central Asian Indoeuropean), 23.6% Nganasan (Indigenous Siberian), 15.8% Northeast Asia, 1.6% WHG, 1.4% Pima (Native American) , 0.6% Taforalf ( Ancient North Africa), Lapodo_Santos9600BP ( Native American)
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Northern Europeans have more Steppe Indoeuropean DNA with an average of 45%, Southern Europeans have more Anatolian DNA with an average of 60% Anatolian DNA. But we can separate by Western and Eastern axis, Western Europeans have more Western Hunter Gatherer DNA with 25%, and Eastern Europeans have more Eastern Hunter Gatherer DNA with 10%, the EHG component is exclusive to Eastern Europe, in addition Northeastern Europeans have more genetic affinity towards Siberians due to the high amount of DNA from Ancient Northern Eurasians, and associated genetic flow by Siberian indigenous people represented by the N1a1 lineage. If we talk about phenotypic characteristics, Western Europeans have Dolichocephalic skulls more similar to Southern and Middle Eastern Europeans, Eastern Europeans have Brachycephalic skulls slightly more similar to Siberian Indigenous people
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Celtiberians lived in the North and Northwest of Spain.
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@glory4645 Genetic studies do not find Viking ancestry in the Greeks. But if they find Steppe and Slavic ancestry related to blonde hair, Steppe people are one of the main components that form the Autosomal DNA of modern Europeans, they are found in all Europeans, also in populations of Central Asia and parts of South Asia. .
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Although the Celtiberian populations have more admixture of Moors, Phenotypically they are more similar to other Celtic populations than to other Iberians, having the highest frequencies of hair, red hair, blonde and light eyes in the Iberian Peninsula. Other purer Iberian populations have much lower frequencies of red, blonde hair and light eyes. The Andalusians have more olive skin and lived further south, which is why it was thought that they had more Moorish DNA. Surprisingly, their more olive skin is a phenotype more related to other Mediterranean populations in Europe, such as the Southern Italians or even the Greeks.
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@JOSE-m3x2t The Celts originated in Central Europe, they migrated to the Iberian Peninsula where they mixed with the Ancient Iberians, the mixture gave rise to the Celtiberians, the Basques are the most similar to the Ancient Iberians. The Celtiberians of the Northwest mixed again with the Moors, giving rise to the current Celtiberians as the people of Galicia.
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@JOSE-m3x2t The blonde hair phenotype did not arise in Europe, it emerged from a Central Siberian population called Ancient Northern Eurasians. The first individual to express this phenotype is Anfotova Gora 3, 16 thousand years old, she was genetically more related to the Western Siberians and The Native Americans, the Eastern Hunter Gatherers (75% ANE + 25% WHG) brought this phenotype to Europe, however the first humans to express the phenotype in large quantities were the Corded Ware IndoEuropeans in Northeastern Europe. The Corded Ware IndoEuropeans were direct descendants of Yamnaya, which is why this phenotype is associated with the Steppe peoples, however the original Yamnaya did not have the blonde hair phenotype in large quantities. The Corded Ware culture was responsible for spreading this phenotype in Scandinavia and Northern Europe.
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@jerzypawlowski7999 Inuit have genes associated with light skin, MC1R, KITG, MFSD12. But they are not positively selected. The MFSD12 genes are unique to Siberian and Native American populations, the East Asian-exclusive versions of MC1R and KITG cause light skin, and the SLC24A5 and SLC24A2 genes cause light skin in Europeans and Middle Eastern populations. Given these distributions, we can assume that light skin evolved independently in different parts of the world, but it is also evident that there was mixing, creating a gradient in populations that can be seen with the naked eye.
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@jerzypawlowski7999 The two main genes for blue eyes are OCA2 and Herc2, with OCA2 being the most important. The Herc2 variant that causes blue eyes is almost exclusively found in Europe, but the OCA2 gene that greatly influences pigmentation is widespread in Middle Eastern, South Asian and Native American populations, but the OCA2 variant does not exist in East Asians.
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@georgecyp.4581 No, skin color is not associated with resistance. The physical resistance of the skin of a European and an African is the same, where they differ is in the resistance to solar radiation, the skin of Africans is much more resistant. If we talk about physical resistance (such as blows or bites), the skin of Siberian Asians and East Asians is more resistant, this is due to two reasons, that the skin of Asians is thicker and the second is that they have more collagen, which makes them more flexible. Both characteristics are caused by a mutation in the MC1R gene that is not present in Africans, but is present in some Europeans, especially those with Siberian ancestry, such as Finns or Northern Russians.
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The oldest recorded humans with red hair are the Tarim mummies (Central Asia) and the Eastern Hunter Gatherers (Ancient Eastern Europeans), both the EHG and Tarim had something in common, the EHG had 70% ANE dna with 30% WHG origin, and the Tarim were 80% ANE with 20% Northeast Asian. ANE or Ancient North Eurasians, were an ancient central Siberian population, however analysis found no red hair in ANE.
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Modern Europeans derive 9% to 25% of their DNA from ANE, Southern Europeans 9% and Northern Europeans 25%
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If the Paternal I1 lineage is the result of mixing Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers with Yamnaya women, however the Autosomal DNA indicates that the Scandinavians for the most part are of Yamnaya ancestry. This is the composition: 50% Yamnaya, 30% Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers, 20% Anatolian Farmers. It should also be noted that the Vikings are only a Subgroup of the Scandinavians, and do not represent all Scandinavians, only the Westerners, but in Scandinavia there are at least two different genetic profiles, those of the Germanic type and those of the Finnish & Sami type.
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These are just DNA interpretations from the companies, it's misleading if you don't have context. The three main components are Anatolians, Steppe Indo-Europeans and Western Hunter Gatherers, all Europeans are made up of these three components in varying degrees of admixture. Southern Europeans are more Anatolian and Northern Europeans are more Steppe. If you want to see the different genetics I recommend the PCA charts, Icelanders cluster genetically with other Northwestern Europeans like Norwegians, Denmark, Germany and the British Isles, Balts and Poland cluster genetically more with other Eastern Europeans like Russians and Ukrainians, Northern Italians cluster genetically more with Central Europeans like Switzerland, whereby Southern Italians cluster more with Greeks.
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The problem is that the alleles responsible for red hair in modern humans are different from those of Neanderthals, which implies that it has another origin and is probably more modern.
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In some ways it is not incorrect, Asians are characterized by having higher levels than Western Eurasians. Finns and Finn-Ugric peoples are modeled as 4% Neanderthal DNA that is twice the European average and very similar to Asians
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Western Siberians, Central Asians and Iranians display red hair. Iranians and Central Asian peoples are associated with Sintashta ancestry.
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@the_tone7167 Maternal haplogroup analysis indicates that they are Finnugric populations that were culturally assimilated by the Mongol Turks, despite having been conquered by the Mongols, although they had a great impact on their culture, these did not have a great genetic impact. Currently the Volga Tatars are genetically grouped at an intermediate point between the ethnic Russians of the North and the indigenous Siberian Nganasan, in genetic distance they are closer to the Europeans, however they share more genetic drift with the Siberian Nganasan, this implies that they have more shared genetic history with the Siberian indigenous people and the Europeans of the Bronze Age, but little with modern Europeans, this is reflected in the low levels of WHG and EEF typical characteristics of modern Europeans. With ancient populations they have more affinity towards the Eastern Sintasha (a subgroup of Sintasha displaced geographically and genetically to the East). According to history, Sintasha is characterized by having red hair, although she was not the only one, since the Tarim Mummies also had red hair, although the Tarim Mummies seem to have a quite different origin from the Udmurt Tartars, but curiously, due to their intermediate DNA between Europeans and Siberians, in genetic distance they score close to the Bashkirs and the Tartars.
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Interesting, that's what I was also commenting, that the EHG of the Mesolithic are the first to have red hair, the two populations with the most red hair in the world are the Irish and the Tartars, but the Tartars themselves have almost no DNA from Mesolithic Europeans, only 1.4%, but they have a lot of DNA of ANE origin with 40%. The Tarim Mummies had 80% ANE DNA. Also in that period Central Asia was very hostile due to the Ice Age, something you are not taking into account.
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Do you think redhead is of ANE origin or its derivative EHG?
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The EEF and the ANE already had alleles related to blonde hair, but they were not very blonde, the same happens with Yamnaya, it was not until men from the Pontic steppe mixed with EEF populations, from the Funnelbeaker and Globular Amphora culture, giving rise to the Corded Ware culture that the Blonde phenotype became dominant. When the blonde hair alleles are at frequencies less than 50%, then the phenotype is rare, it is when the phenotype is exceeded 50% that the phenotype becomes common. Funnelbeaker had high frequencies but not high enough, apparently the Men of the Steppes selected blonde-haired women, the only culture that passed through this selection was Corded Ware, then Corded Ware spread throughout Northern Europe, carrying the phenotype.
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The Celts originated in Central Europe, they migrated to the Iberian Peninsula where they mixed with the Ancient Iberians, the mixture gave rise to the Celtiberians, the Basques are the most similar to the Ancient Iberians. The Celtiberians of the Northwest mixed again with the Moors, giving rise to the current Celtiberians as the people of Galicia.
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Scandinavians have no direct connection to the Sintasha. Scandinavians are divided into 4 Paternal lineages, I1, R1b, N1a1 and R1a. Scandinavians like Vikings, Norwegians or Swedes are I1 and R1b, so they have no direct connection to the Sintasha. The Finns have N1a1 and R1a in considerable numbers, the Sintasha were of the R1a lineage, but the R1a that the Finns inherited come from the Corded Ware culture, a culture that covered the Baltic and Northwestern Russia. The Sintasha are a population related to Corded Ware, hence there is some indirect connection with the Finns or Eastern Europe.
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Haplogroup R originated from P associated with Basal populations of East Asia, P-145 originated from K2, K originated from F possibly in the Middle East or the Indian Subcontinent, Haplogroup F originated from CF, Haplogroup CF originated from CT in Africa about 100 thousand years ago. The first Cro-Magnons were of Haplogroup C and K2, although 25 thousand years ago Haplogroups I associated with the Gravettian culture and the Hunter Gatherers of the Mesolithic entered (10 thousand years).
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@PhansiKhongoloza The first skeletons of anatomically modern humans were found in East Africa, in Ethiopia, with an age of more than 220 thousand years. They also found another older one in Morocco called Jebel Irhoud, with 300 thousand years, but many do not consider it a modern human because it exhibited characteristics of archaic humans. If we talk about Autosomal DNA and genetic Haplogroups, it shows us that the Khoisan of the Namibian desert are the oldest humans, they have Haplogroup A in 60%, in contrast, most Sub-Saharan Africans are E1b1. Ancient connection between Eurasians and Africans, research has found that Western Eurasians from both Europeans and Middle East, exhibit a 30% autosomal admixture of a deep genetic component called Basal Eurasian, in Paleolithic Natufians a 50% and in Paleolithic Iberomursians a 65%, this deep component possibly associated with Haplogroups DE and CF, shows a strong genetic affinity to Hadza, a tribe of Hunter Gatherers living in East Africa. Genetic studies reveal that Hadza are made up of 70% ancient East African Hunter Gatherers and 30% Khoisan (genetically the oldest living human population).
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The Celts originated in Central Europe, they migrated to the Iberian Peninsula where they mixed with the Ancient Iberians, the mixture gave rise to the Celtiberians, the Basques are the most similar to the Ancient Iberians. The Celtiberians of the Northwest mixed again with the Moors, giving rise to the current Celtiberians as the people of Galicia.
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Although the Celtiberian populations have more admixture of Moors, Phenotypically they are more similar to other Celtic populations than to other Iberians, having the highest frequencies of hair, red hair, blonde and light eyes in the Iberian Peninsula. Other purer Iberian populations have much lower frequencies of red, blonde hair and light eyes.
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@rb98769 There are many types of Jews, there was a large diaspora, some went to Europe, to other parts of the Middle East, others to North Africa, this diaspora ended up mixing with the local population. The Mizarjies Jews, are the Jews from the Middle East and Western Asia, who mixed with other peoples of the Middle East, the Sephardic Jews are the Jews who mixed with Southern Europeans, the Ashkenazi Jews are the Jews who mixed with Eastern Europeans and then emigrated to Western Europe, finally there are two more, such as the Ethiopian Jews and a group of Jews from India.
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