Youtube comments of Dr Gamma D (@DrDeuteron).
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OK, ppl. this is getting out of hand. Yes, the speed of light is constant, and nothing (including information) can go faster, and anything with mass must go slower.
The speed of light can measure w/o light, all you need to do is measure the permittivity (epsilon_0) and permeability (mu_0) of free space, and find c = 1 /sqrt(e0*u0).
The permittivity measure the strength of the coupling of the electric field to charge (mu does the magnetic part).
So...in a medium like air or water or glass, the electric field of the lightwave polarizes the atoms/molecules, thereby creating little dipoles of charge, thereby increasing the local coupling of the field to charge (epsilon > epsilon0)
This makes light travel slower in a medium. Nevertheless, it is still dispersion less for constant "n(f)" (though it usually does disperse, hence: rainbows).
So it's not "ionized particles" that cause Cherenkov, it's "ionizing particles", which are energetic charge particles.
As they pass through the medium, their electric field is strong enough to ionize the nearby molecules/atoms in the medium. The point of ionization follows the particle, which is faster than the speed of light in the medium, which is c/n, where n is the index of refraction. Hence the similarity to sonic booms, where the air pressure disturbance position is moving faster than sound, so at a forward point, you hear (see) all the sound (light) from everywhere at once...that's just trigonometry.
In air, n = 1.000278 (see: The Particle Data Group). that c/n is totally out of reach for nuclear fission; however, in water n ~ 1.5: so you can Cherenkov in water and not in air with fission/beta-decay. (Beta decay is a few MeV, while the threshold for electrons in air is 21 MeV, which is a number I used in 1989 and have not since recalculated).
Air glow is caused by scintillation: ionized air recombines with free electrons and emits blue light in random directions. In these accident cases, its neutrons knock protons out, which then ionize. Very deadly. 1 neutron can blast a lot of atoms before tossing energy. Think: golf ball bouncing of bowling ball, golf ball keeps moving.
Cherenkov is focused in a forward cone with opening angle arc-cos(1/n). Moreover, the spectral power depends on n (bigger=better) and the photon energy, so it is strongly weight to blue (and even more in the ultraviolet). It is cut-off at the point where the Cherenkov photon energy can ionize the atom...otherwise it would extend to X-ray like synchrotron radiation.
An even whackier effect is called "Transition Radiation", which requires ultra-relativistic particles traversing a boundary between 2 media.
Finally: the comment about space expanding faster than light is not relevant. The speed of light is constant for all observers in flat spacetime locally. No matter how fast you go, the speed of light always moves a "c" in all directions...so which way do you go to reach "c"? It's a hyperbolic geometry.
In curved / expanding space time. There is no unique way to even define the relative speed of distance objects. Nevertheless, if two particles/people/galaxies are moving apart fast then "c", then they are separated by a horizon: either a black hole's event horizon, or the cosmological horizon.
Source: Me. I did get the highest degree (PhD) in the hardest subject (Nuclear Physics) from the worlds toughest school, and I built Cherenkov detectors for several projects in high background environments (read: scintillation). So it's hella studied. Re: general relativity, I am not an expert, but both my teacher and one of my fellow students won Nobel Prizes for black holes, so: osmosis of genius?
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slice is fantastic. I have a complicated space instrument with around 500 channels, and it comes in so fast the electronics can't keep up, so there are 4 separate amplifier chains...which are all identical. but of course they aren't, so each needs to be calibrated separately, The guys were doing it in Matlab with handwritten if chain=='north': idx = [1, 5, ...] else./...repeated everywhere.
So I enlightened them (oh, and it had a time stamp in position 0), so I just made a dictionary of slice object vs amplifier chain (named after the cardinal directions):
AMP = dict(time=slice(0,1), north=slice(1, None, 4), east=slice(2, None, 4), south=(3, None, 4), west=(4, None, 4))
so a
calibration = {amp: sensor.data[AMP[amp]].mean() for amp in ('north', 'east', 'south', 'west')}
gave me a dictionary of time stamped calibration sample averages (when the system was in calibration mode). Then you save that and scale environmental data until the next cal measurment 2 seconds later.
`No ifs, no loops. cyclomatic complexity minimized. Nothing is WETT (write everything twice), it's all DRY (don't repeat yourself).
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See, that’s just wrong. Trump has total self control. In the last debate, when he called out Bidens lies, that was part of the plan, because he was also debating little Chrissy Wallace. When he goes into an interview, he pushes back as part of the plan,
Here, the plan was let Biden look mental, so that’s what he did.
This whole , trump is a toddler thing, is really a naive take..or it’s believed because the media told you to believe it
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@NeovanGoth yes, I know how index of refraction works. Nevertheless, the information travels at the group velocity, which is less than c. If this were not the case, the photon could never change (since there is no delta t). If it beam splits, it slows down in the splitter, if the polarization rotates, it's slowing down in the ionosphere. The point is, you can't use the zero-time argument to explain the quantum behavior. (Quantum mechanics, quantum optics/photonics is inherently non-relativistic anyway: it uses a Hamiltonian, so it's no surprise you get spooky action at a distance, as v < c is not in the theory...QED, on the other hand, uses a Lagrangian and is a fully relativistic theory...which leads to weird things like the spin-statistics theorem).
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when I write code that is a tool, let's say something about LEO assets... when python goes wrong, I throw a builtin exception, (and if it;s I/O, I import errors and figure out which I/O thing went wrong), but if it's a domain specific user mistake, I send a custom exception. for example, they set orbit altitude to 2000 km, I'll throw a:
>>>class LEOAltitude(ValueError):
telling them LEO is 200 - 1600 km.
If it's more general, I may go nuts and have an mro that looks like:
LEOAltitudeError [or MEO, GEO]
AltitudeError. [or Inclination, RightAscension, Eccentricity, MeanAnomaly, ...]
OrbitParameterError [or Epoch or Classification... any thing in aTwo Line Element]
ValueError. [now it's python's mro from here on out]
StandardError
Exception
BaseException
object
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@thomasszuba6875 ok. our gov lies: absolutely--just b/c my 4 decades of salary has been the result of DOE, NSF, and DOD (and NRC/Canada) money doesn't mean I'm deluded. I am just talking physics. I have a PhD in medium energy nuke fizz, and a lot of what I have done is about the interaction of radiation with regular matter, esp in the gamma energy range. The atmosphere is transparent in visible (which is why it evolved to visible) and much of infrared, which is why one would be cooked by a nuke. The gamma rays from nuclear interactions, and the hard X-rays from thermal emission cannot make it through the atmosphere. This is why X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes (Chandra, Fermi, irrc) have to be in space.
No for real, I have been radiated at several national labs (mostly BATES and SLAC, and maybe LANL & ANL) and take this stuff seriously. Not to mention international labs such as DESY and TRIMUF.
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It's true: we can handle the rest ourselves. We're adults, after all.
Dems elect government to pay for school, school lunch, doctors, meds, and to normalize deviancy, fight the weather, sand bag the police, free criminals, tell us what to drive, how much to flush, what kind of bags (if any) we can use, tell us which light bulbs and straws are "OK", and other things I can't mention on YT because we need to have safe space on line.
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@Shut-up-Shelly G1:26 "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." Who is "our", well, at the time there were animals and God. The animals evolved, providing a physical platform (with 20 amino acids and an incredibly overload 2-bit (GATC) instruction set to build the hardware from dust), and then God put software on that platform, however he didn't give us the license key for moral knowledge. That was hanging on a tree called "The Tree of Knowledge of God and Evil",, If you upload that, you could then be like a god: you could define good and evil as you see fit. Not only was that problematic, there was malware that introduced MANY bugs (features?), one being we would have to have sex to keep it going, and that's how we got into this mess of a video in the 1st place.
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Yes! But the Coulomb central force is exactly solvable super degenerate (read: easy), and spin and relativistic effects are tiny perturbations.
In nuclei, you have a non-coulomb central force (it's a mix of repulsion and attraction). the spin-spin and spin-orbit terms are of the same size, and there's a non-central (tensor) force, and individual spin-orbit and helicity terms.
Back to atoms, you can treat the electron orbits as independent...each one just see a central force electric charge, in nuclei, each nucleon sees all the nearby nucleons...so it's a many body problem.
for charge particles, only charge matters, but in nucleons there's a strong force, and then there's another one that cares if you're a proton or neutron, in a way that is independent of being a proton or neutron---and protons and neutrons lose their identity in a nucleus....the colored ball picture is wrong...they're all in entangled states of being part proton, part neutron.
No matter how big an atom is, it's a sum of 2-body interactions. The strong force has 3 and even 4 body interactions that cannot be broken down further---it's just a huge mess.
Finally: quantum field theory effect (the Lamb shift) are tiny corrections to atomic orbitals. In the effective field theory of the strong interactions, the nucleus is full of virtual pions, sigmas, even kaons...
so as messy as you can imagine, it is far worse...while an atom is basically Laguerre and Legendre polynomials.
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@paulmichaelfreedman8334 partial nonsense. EM is a dipole, but that’s called “a vector theory”. Gravity is a tensor, but looks like a scalar (monopole) because mc2 dominates other terms like kinetic energy mv2, momentum change, energy gradient, stress, and pressure. Those are normal geometric concerns, color goes off into a hole nother thing that follows the geometry of an 8 dimensional space (one dimension per gluon), which has a sqrt(8+1)=3 charge types, called color. It’s so mathy, it’s very hard to find a nontechnical explanation.
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@CalebBaynton yeah, he got it wrong. I think it's hard to imagine the size of this mine, or the 2 story elevator, which was compresses to 1/3 it/s height. The www says a normal RR engine is 430,000 pounds, and the one in the incident was 24,000--so it was a "little" shunter working the mine. Moreover, the elevator had 100+ ppl on it, so it was around 20,000 pounds of "meat"--unfortunately, The other thing he skips is that as you descend into Earth, it get's hot fast (c.f. Hell), so this truly had to be the worst possible scene in accident history. At least airplanes CFIT-ing at 300 knots into the Alps disperses the mess, and it's cold.
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for me, when I'm reading 545 data fields of space craft telemetry, which is a helluva dunder init. Instead I just cut and paste the attributes from an excel file into a data class and it calls for a single mouse click. Moreover, dataclass comes with "fields", which can be used to describe the fields, the LaTex formulas for them. expected ranges, alarm ranges, broke ranges, and there is an astuple functions, which can be stuck in dunder iter, possible zip with the fields, and in about 3 lines of executable code, you can flag out-of-range telemetry. Very little dynamic code, and lots of static could is much simpler and less bug prone.
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Also: A scientist should not be using the political term "Climate Deniers"...esp. not a German, but that's a hole nutha thing. A more accurate term would be "climate catastrophe denier". Ofc, "climate catastrophe" is unscientific, and it is now appearing in formerly reputable publications like Scientific American.
Furthermore: climate scientist who advocate policy to non-policymakers are being unscientific, they are engaging in politics, and we know that corrupts. A scientist job is say "we're gonna die if we do X". Here's what happens when we do "Y +/- dY" or "Z +/- dZ". Elected officials then choose X, Y, Z, ..., and the People choose the elected officials.
Once the scientist skips the middle and tells the ppl who to choose--s/he's lost objectivity, and it is a scientific fact s/he will be biased. So it's antiscience to deny your own bias. They become bias-denier.
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the ban only makes sense if you are right. They agree it will turn into something else, to avoid bans, we'll say OE turning to NE. Ok, you want to see OE and not NE, meanwhile they say that NE > OE. Now you didn't say OE > NE, you just said you want to see OE before it's gone. A lot of ppl want to see something before it's gone.
Now, they like NE because it's overrun with the 3W, so that's can't be the problem. I mean are they saying it's not 3W? they literally say in DEI aggitprop: we need the 3W in our spaces so that Ox can be come Nx, for x = E, F, G, USA...etc.
So you all agree on the facts and how things can be changed.
So your preference is to see OE, and you never said any thing negative about the 3W....so they assumed 3W is inferior, and you are racist and banned you.
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"Misinformation" (whatever that is) doesn't live in a vacuum: it has a source, and is thus not born equal in perilousness. What's worse, misinformation from a rando-poster like me, or from Big Gov, Big Media, Big Academia, Big Tech, Big Rx, Big Insurance, Big.,....?
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@drslump9314 no, but I use his equations. I am in complete agreement with J. All fields are sourced from charge, current, and their time derivatives on the past lightcone, in manner such the time derivative of one is the curl of the other. In this view, an EM wave is not a self sustaining propagation (which leads the incorrect view posted above: that E and B swap energy out of phase….they are ofc in phase in the far field), rather it’s just fields at a point in space time cause by sources on the past light cone, and that cause propagates away from the source at c.
I recently adopted this (classical) view after seeing too many comments about photons experiencing no time and questions about how they know to oscillate if they don’t have time. Ug. Not to mention all the misconceptions about the speed of propagation in media: the nonzero fields are caused by q, j, and their dots on the past light one, end of story.
Don’t even get me started on virtual photons and their pop sci description has confused many a layman
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@br1920 So I"ve lived in several foreign countries, and everyone I worked with always wanted to improve their English. Since I am a fantastic writer and pretty good public speaker, I always helped them, with the difficult nuances of the language, and they always appreciate it. Moreover, since I work in a smart-af field, they lock on pretty quick. Of course, some spoke better English than I, and always with an "Oxford" accent, never-the-less, my deep knowledge of several regionals slangs was always skookum to a jive turkey.
Since OP is rock solid, I'm just helping, since he's Eastern European, and may need want speak better English. I'm old enough that the Eastern Europeans professionals I worked with spoke Russian before English.
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So I worked in a 10 mile long underground facility, that would kill you in 30s when on (from X-rays and gamma rays). Once it was closed and searched--a full day process, any access required removing one of 6 keys from a an interlock bank. That key was required to get through a double door system in which only one door could open at a time w/o canceling the "searched" interlock. When you exited, the key was returned to the bank. Any screwups, and the search interlock was canceled (the day long search required check ins along the way at certain time intervals--you can not fake it).
In the event that a human got inside, when in operation, there were red sirens every twenty feet (you cannot tell the machine is one, otherwise)...and under each red sirens was a big a$$ shutoff button that killed everything---and probably cost $1,000,000 of damage (idk, these thing have a lot of inductance)...but, it's better than a fatality.
I also worked at LANL, where there was a (unclassified) device (simulating neutrons from a nuclear weapon), that if you saw it when on, you died. There was a mirror system to look at, no camera could survive the radiation. I didn't work on it, tho--just in the tunnel when it was under shutdown maintenance. I do recall a sign that said "30,000 RAD/hr at this location when in operation". I think 500 RAD is LD-50, iirc. So you had 60 seconds to live, if you got in there..and then 2 weeks to die if you got it turned off "in time".
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no, that's not how it works. This is guy is across the board bad, so his case can't be used effectively for social division. Such a case needs to elevate a bad person, but not too bad, there needs to be a redemption arc. See for example,
1) a petty crook / armed mugger who is passing fake money and dealing drugs, and he winds up overdosing on his own supply while in custody (a saint, hunted b/c his skin color).
2) A petty crook who has just strong arm robbed a hard working immigrant shop keeper and is celebrating by smoking blunts in the middle of the street. LE makes contact, he attacks LE and catches Pb. (A hero, gunned down while surrendering)
...this case doesn't have that,
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Exactly. So weird that it makes no sense. It's a spin-0 nuclear after all. After some thinking and looking at Clebsch-Gordan tables, I'm guessing , the 2 alphas are in an L=2 state (D-wave), and so are the neutrons l=2. With |Mm> referring to the alpha, neutron z-projection, the CG tables says:
(|2, -2> - |1, -1> + |0, 0> - |-1, 1> + |-2, 2>) / sqrt(5)
is spin zero.
...ofc that violates the Pauli-exclusion principle since neutrons are fermions, while alphas are bosons....no, never mind....the neutron spins are antisymmetric.
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@chpella so, close enough. I was wondering about that 6400.I figured it was nice b/c it's divisible by 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 64, 80, ...and complements.
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@TheLivirus the synchrotron I saw was from 28 GeV positrons going around Hamburg. But on second thought… it may have been a black and white camera. Since the visible spectrum is so far below the critical frequency for any reasonable source …power would go like the cube root of frequency….which is pretty mild, so white is reasonable. Cherenkov has number of photons proportion to frequency, power as the square of frequency, and it is most certainly blue (and UV)…. But I have on,y done Cherenkov and bremstrahlung professionally…and the latter was in the few GeV range, far from visible.
Regarding the color..idk my atomic and molecular lines, but it comes from solar wind ionizing or exciting atmospheric gases, and then in recombination or deexcitation, characteristic lines are emitted (scintillation) but note: it depends strongly on pressure and temp, because the mean collision time can be much less than the excited atom/molecule lifetime, and collisions quench the emission. Oh, and I worked in gas scintillation, since it is background noise for gas Cherenkov detectors. So I worked in everything but synchrotron.
Except for the fact that DESY used synchrotron emission to polarize the positron beam via the Sokolov Ternov effect.
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@mikemondano3624 one of the bigs....I think Poincare? We had newtons laws, thermodynamic, EM, and in Lagrangian, Hamilton, and Hamilton-Jacobian formalisms. Given the correct initial conditions: all could be predicted.
At this point, they didn't understand chaos , which is still classical, so infinite precision can transform it from chaos to basic dynamics.
The addition of relativity didn't change that.
Of course, if you think classically, it's very difficult to come up with a microscopic theory of matter. Without the Pauli exclusion principle, it really should collapse. And then ofc, full blown quantum mechanics is totally different. And QFT--yikes, and all that led to the Standard Model , which is awesome, but leaves some questions. When particle physics entered cosmology and computers allow us to model galaxy-clusters (or bigger or smaller sized) systems...here we are.
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prof < 'stroid < nobel < unit < SI unit < particle < Element < Theory
e.g, Einstein has: prof, 'stroid, nobel, unit, element, theory.
while newton: prof, stroid 2x (+1 one for his book), SI Unit, Theory.
Feynman: prof, 'stroid, Element 137
though he does have a "gauge", as do Lorentz and Couloub. Oh, and by theory, I mean a whole sector of physics: Newtonian Physics, Einstein Theory of Relativity...and that's it. I don't mean "Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory"...no.
Where Boson and Fermion go idk, the latter has a unit and an element, but his weak interaction theory does not, But he has a Paradox. idk where that goes.
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so I get massive data files from each orbit of a satellite. Since it orbits 9 times per day, I want to create a "daily output". This could be a real pain. I've seen the dog crap Matlab code ppl have tried: it's unmaintable. So I overload "<<" to concatenate. Since the orbits are downland asynchronously at Thule, Macurdo, Kwagilon [sic], they are out of order, so in one line I fix it all and create a day of data in order to help support our national defense:
day = reduce(operator.lshift, sorted( [orbit3, orbit1, ..., orbit9], key=partial(getattr, 'star time')))
so sweet. The fortran code (yes, we still use it in space), is like 300 lines.
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The metric unit of flavor was based on a global salt, sweet, bitter, sour SU(4) symmetry, which, with the addition of umami ….the enhanced flavor scale… is now SU(5). Much like color, it’s confusing af, but the total magnitude uses base units of gnoms, which like the SI candela, involves standard human sensory response. It is a base unit. The standard freedom unit, the McDonald’s French fire, is around 787 pico gnoms…..which is typical of metric units being wildly off scale for any sensible measurement.
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@justforever96 well, ppl used to say Scot, Finn, Brit…and that has fallen out of usage, idk, maybe it’s xenophobic? Ipthen the Irishman, Englishman is no good for the Man excluding F and enby. (Ofc it doesn’t, but that doesn’t matter).
So in woke world, you must be passive, so the English Person is a transitory phrase on the way to:
I am a person of an English background….
Unless we fight it. So I am an American, but my ancestors were Scots and Finns, while on dads side Swiss, with one Italian climbing over the alps, with one Sardinian getting to Italy, with one sub Saharan African getting to Sardinia …make me a really (10x) light skinned brother. So black square emoji. 🤛
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@christophermullins7163 c is c, duh. But people who work with EM waves in media say "the speed of light" to refer to the speed in the medium, which doesn't mean anything because it's frequency dependent, that is: most media are dispersive. And I've worked in gamma, X, near UV, vis., IR, mm, and microwave: W, V, "G", Ka, K, Ku, X, C, L, P...no S, bands, and VHF..that I can remember)...and that's just how it's done.
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"He was the test case"....100%. Dum libbies didn't see it coming. Same with "Flat Earth", it was the test case for banning ideas on-line, misinformation, disinformation, "causing harm", and other software like those goofy "fact" warnings. Scientist are like, "yeah we should ban flat earth", next thing you know they're banning XX v XY, gene therapy vs "Maxines", climate "denier", etc, etc
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@redcomet613 What goal posts? Where were they moved? You're just brainlessly reaching in the bag of cliche's. I don't see ppl saying he wasn't a trumper, I see libs sayin he was. But neither of those are logical conclusions, they are statements, and since we (afaik) don't know which is correct, they are axioms from which logical conclusions can be derived. and all I have seen is:
>he was maga (axiom)
>therefore maga is a cult
which isn't even good logic for a variety of reasons.
The point is, you stated:
> maga says he was a lib (axiom)
> therefore maga has no logic.
which isn't even a logical line of reasoning, its an axiom and a conclusion that can't even be derived from the axiom.
Moreover, your assumption that I'm pro this or that is baseless, I'm just pointing out that your argument is true garbage, regardless of whatever the facts of the case are, when we learn them.
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Here's a predict (for what it's worth):
>Invoke 25A--thereby removing him Constitutionally.
>President Harris takes the oath, and that's it: History is in the bag.
>She appoints X as vice president (by law), and that is the true candidate, X is in (Gavin, Hillary, Big Mike)
Kamala can't run, ofc, so...at the convention..she steps aside, with the story: it's not that I can't do the job, it's that democracy is at stake, and America is still so racist and sexist, that she is too risky,,,and for the good of History, she moves over--saying she has completed her job by stepping in for Joe.
It has it all: don't look weak, follow the Constitution (for optics only, ofc they don't care), DEI History is made and can't be undone, Kamala looks like George Washington refusing to be King, and radical X becomes president to complete the destruction of the most ra/sex-ist homo/xeno/islamo/trans-phobic country ever.
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@Dane3804 no, not really. It's because ppl have forgotten the definition of words, mostly from our pathetically uneducated media. Moreover, the Usage Panel (those who define words and usage in the dictionary) are woke, and hence do not want to persevere the definition of words, because: muh history. Anyway, tragic is supposed to imply an aspect of randomness with a lack of moral culpability: earthquakes, volcanoes, rando viruses, cancer, ....etc. That is a tragedy. If it is the result of human motivations, the death is tragic, but the event is not a tragedy. It could be an atrocity, or an enormity, or some other word. Basically: if you have a decent vocabulary, listening to ppl in positions of authority misuse simple words is maddening.
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@boycott2720 so I ride the LA metro to work, and they took the cops off because a guy overdosed on his own fentanyl supply. No fare, no cops: the victims of income inequality fill the trains. Not sure why being broke means you need to smoke crack, use IV needles, drink, yell, fight, scream, randomly stab people and murder people, and leave garbage and human waste everywhere--when there are clear signs saying "no smoking, no food or drinks, no making noise, no taking up two seats, no littering"
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It's true, if you only listen and care about people in Manhattan and The District of Columbia and no nothing of the American people, then Donald Trump will never be president of the United States. twice, after being impeached, twice, after assassination attempts, twice, after catching 4 criminal cases with 38 felony convictions, and multiple fake civil cases for hundreds of millions of dollars, after ending two(2) political dynasties: Bush and Clinton, after attempts to remove his name from state ballots, or giving his electoral votes to the state's loser, after a $38,000,0000 special council investigation kicked off by illegal NSA spying that would destroy ANY democrat or RINO, after ARMED AGENTS with LETHAL: FORCE authorization went through his wife's panty drawer [pause for deep breath ...] etc etc.
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GOP is terrible at verbal warfare. Every issue is named after democrat misinformation: gender pay gap, mass incarceration, insurrection, vaccine, overturn an election, gay marriage, don’t say gay bill, banning books, Muslim ban, good na zis, mostly peaceful protest, women’s healthcare, life saving healthcare, gender, gender affirmation, and so on and so on
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@SweetMamaG pls, borrow my buzzword cheat sheet:
underserved, marginalized, of color, any "space" other than outer, anti-de-Sitter, Minkowski, Hilbert, ..., genocide, oppression, privilege, assigned at birth / on exit of a birthing person, people with/out vulvas, body positive / transitioning to moving through spaces in a smaller body (that's how they say: dieting), unpaid domestic labor (cooking), science, ..I quit.
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Matt, you posted an L with 35 cm of snow….it’s the metric system. That’s one foot.
Also: global warming is suppposed to warm winters first, based on molecular spectra, and warmer air holds more water, so it snows more.
You can retain my services for scientific consulting. HMU, 20K? Atmosphere, aerospace, mars, nuclear, quantum, cosmology, penis and vagina stuff…I know it all.
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@kolbyashton3483 most truly likeable people don't have what it takes to withstand 38 millions dollar criminal probes, 5000 subpoenas, 140 hours of depositions for the family, 4 criminal cases with trials leading to 38 felony convictions, the counter intel agencies wiretapping your people, the FBI searching your wife's panty drawer, 1 bullet "in" the ear, and another that missed you and kills a man in front of his family, a fake grape law suit and a 8 figure settlement for saying "I did not grape her", 2 impeachments for "contradicting the interagency agenda", and to top it all off: A big baby in diapers effigy balloon at protests. Ouch.
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I think a DC thriller film portraying (through similar characters, not copies) SanFranGranNan as the architect of a fake insurrection, a kink affair between "the whistle blower" and a house impeacher, incompetent and/or evil DEI cabinet, a drunk veep, a dementia'd potus, an ex-potus [jamie foxx] and his man wife [lavern cox] (not based on anyone real, ofc) running things from the shadows--all trying to get the opposition party's top dog out (with a clueless establishment GOP helping)....I'm talking full Hollywood production....Gene Hackman or J Voight staring as the hero, [Zeta-Jones/Hurley/Beckensdale as his elegant ex FLOTUS] James Wood as a complicit FBI director, John Leguzamo as weasel homeland chief, Giamatti as chief worm at DOJ
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@ I mention the northern hemisphere b/c I watch the sky here. We have Polaris, the North Star, in the Big Dipper, and it's a life saver (literally), so you can look at it an immediately know:
1) which was it North
2) you latitude
The video was in the southern hemisphere, which can be deduced from 2 things:
1) the stars are spinning around point that doesn't have a bright star very close to it.
2) You see the Milky Way, but you also see 2 fuzzy clouds, which are dwarf galaxies, first reported to science via Magellan, as he circumnavigated the globe in 1519. They are 163- and 296- hundred thousand light years away (! kinda amazing).
They are not visible from above 20 degrees north latitude, because the Earth is in the way.
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I don't think you need to take down the BiCEP video, just pin an editorial comment. I have lived through cold fusion, FTL neutrinos, the 17 KeV neutrino, a 780 GeV pp --> X --> 2gamma hype at LHC, high Tc superconductor, fusion break-even BS, pentaquarks, charm in the proton, EMC effect (oh wait, that's was real), universe is 27B y/o, and idk what else. It's part of science.
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@n4n4sh1_ that's tautological. If it were untrue, dumb people wouldn't be able to survive, so they would be removed from the gene pool and the level of dumbness-floor would be raised, and we would have a new definition of dumb, if it were true, then there would be a lower dumb floor. Of course, we have no way knowing where the dumb floor should be, but either way: dumb people can survive.
See, that's called "abstract thinking", which is what dumb ppl can't do, which is why they suck on IQ tests. Moreover, when you have a high IQ, it talks longer to write the dumb-floor-tautology (like 2 minutes?) then it does to discover it (idk, maybe 0.3 seconds?).
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Shape of the curve doesn’t matter. Just use rank statistics. If 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 maps to 2,1,3,5,6,4,8,7,9 , theres a correlation and we don’t even have any curves.
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@fjarran4782 Neither. The quantum origins of electromagnetism is local gauge invariance. In this picture, the invariance of physics under a local phase change of the wavefunction of a charged (e) particle (A so-called U(1) gauge symmetry) is restored by replacing the derivative (read: kinetic momentum, p) with the covariant derivative (p-ieA)...aka the canonical momentum. A is then identified as (electric potential, magnetic vector potential). Math ppl say "A" is a connection on the manifold, and the gauge symmetry leads to conservation of charge.
The power of this way of thinking becomes evident when considering quantum chromodynamics, where the gauge symmetry is SU(3), and 'charge' now becomes a fundamental representation with 3 types of charges: red, green, blue (and their anti-charges). The single photon is replaced with 3^2-1=8 color/anti-color charged gluons. Likewise for the SU(2) symmetry of the weak interaction and the 2^2-1 = 3 vector boson, W+, W-, W0...but there are some Higgs shenanigans that mix the W0 with a photon-like B, leading to two states: the massless photon of electromagnetism and the heavier Z0. It's pretty wild stuff.
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@TheRetsehc Understand Bell's Spaceship paradox (where the space ships are two electrons), and all questions will be answer. Now, it did confuse professionals for a number of years.
The electrons all accelerate to "cat speed" simultaneously in the lab (wire) frame, so their lab spacing never changes and the wire is always neutral--by definition.
In any other frame, "simultaneous" is different. In the cat frame, the leading electrons accelerate 1st, and the lagging one last: the cat see them dilated by gamma (g).
The proton lattice is one physical object, so the cat sees it contracted by gamma (g) (see: Born Rigidity).
If the lab charge density is +q and -q, the total is q+(-q)=0, while the ` cat sees [+gq - q/g] = q(g-1/g) =
qg(1-1/g2) = qg(1 - (1-b2)) = qgb2
where b2 is b^2, and b is beta is v/c. With c=1, v=b.
The lab has E=0 (neutral) , and B=qv (moving charges is current), the transformation of those fields to the cat frame goes E' = g(E + v X B) -> g(0+v(qv)) = qgb2....the exact same factor.
It always works out.
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@SK-ow4vw This is a thought experiment, not a description of holes in a semiconductor. That adds needless complexity.
It's best imagined as a linear 1D 'solid' lattice of N protons and N independent electrons with equal lab spacing at all times. It then becomes Bell's Spaceship Paradox with N spaceships.
The only way to understand it is to do the Lorentz transform, the results which I posted above. (It can be done, with plots, in 100 lines of python).
You can then use the E, B transformation rules, and verify it all works out, as it always does, b/c SR is internally consistent. But the electron spacing must be dilated in the cat frame relative to the lab frame, a la Bell's Spaceship Paradox where the string does indeed break.
In conclusion: do the Lorentz transform, it is of the form y = mx + b, a line: it's not as intimidating as it appears.
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@IdeasAboveStation Just look up "Lorentz transformation of EM field". The Lorentz scalars are the invariants of the electromagnetic 4-tensor:
(F_ab)(F_ ab)= -2(E^2-B^2)
(e_abcd)(F_ab)(F_cd) = -4E.B
The EM field strength tensor is:
F_ab = d_aA_b - d_bA_a
where the indices run over (t, x, y, z).
d = (d/dt, d/dx, d/dy, d/dz) is the covariant 4-derivate and A=(phi, A_x, A_y, A_z) is the 4-vector potential. Phi is electric scalar potential and A_i (i=x,y,z) is the magnetic vector potential.
In general, it's called "The covariant formulation of Maxwell's Equations".
The last ingredient is the 4-vector current density j_a = (rho, j_x, j_y, j_z), so it's charge density (rho) and standard current density (j). Since it transforms under Lorentz transformations, and so does "A", you are guaranteed to always satisfy Maxwell equation in any frame.
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@Lepidopterous. I am by no means an expert, but a period gun would be S/A: you must manually pull the hammer back, which rotates the cylinder and cocks it, and the trigger pull releases it, but you can pull it back partially and fire it. It's just the hammer hitting the bullet's primer.
I have examined a modern double action revolver: here, the initial trigger pull (12 pounds!) rotates the cylinder, pulls the hammer back, and releases into a firing pin that then initiates the primer. I tested it (dry) with my finger on the firing pin: it does move at all if you "drop the hammer" from any point less than fully cocked.
If you at first manually pull the hammer back, then it rotates the cylinder, and leaves the trigger in a much more sensitive state (like 2 pound maybe?).
Note that before the cylinder is rotated, you can usually see the bullet sitting there, waiting to be moved into the firing position.
In many films, you'll note an empty cylinder as they fire away.
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So a fundamental law of physics is that the brightness of a hot object goes as the fourth power of temperature. Mg burns at 2500K, which would be 8 times brighter than something burning at 1250K, which is sort of a black powder temp. When you get to lightning and spot welders in the 10,000-50,000K, it's a lot brighter, but a lot of energy is in ultraviolet, which you can't see.
A nuke fire ball is around 200,000K, and the core is around 100,000,000K....so the radiance (in X-rays) is just insane. A golf ball size nuke pit can radiate kilotons of light in a microsecond.
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so momentum is always conserved, but energy---not so much. Duh, it's conserved, but only if you consider ALL the degrees of freedom--the number of which is on the order of Avogadro's number: 602,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 ...that is: each molecule in the system, That's not tractable, so we instead we say the collision is inelastic (not conserving energy), so that the sum of post impact fragments (concrete & bullet)'s kinetic energy is less than the initial bullet kinetic energy.
As you point out, the missing energy goes to heat, sound, and there is also the change in potential energy of bound solids. Binding energy is negative, so it takes positive energy to break stuff and leave it at rest.
edit: on snap, now you head to mention sublimations. That's a hole nutha thang with latent heat--that's too much thermodynamics for yt.
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@grahamgillard3722 time runs slower. Time is measured by an atomic transition, where the period is determined by fundamental constants. Said transition on the table will oscillate 1,000,000,000,000,000 times, while the one on the floor does 999,999,999,999,999. Note that the atoms are identical and can even be in an entangled quantum state, so that the 2 atoms a both on the floor and table at the same time, with time flowing differently for each state. Time is relative, and physics with time as a universal parameter would be a mathematical mess.
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@DrZaheerAbbas08 again, a failure to abstract. Forget the universe, forget gravity, forget the earths the sun, and the galaxy. Twins paradox is about the geometry of Minkowski space, M4, which has neither.
Moreover, the so-called fixed stars, now superseded by the CMB’s so called rest frame, implies an absolute frame of rest. That sort of thinking will spoil one’s understanding of M4, which is a space in which you are always at rest in your frame, no matter how much you moved to get there.
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The part around 4:00 has technicalities.
The hypocenter is point of detonation. The epicenter is ground zero, directly under it.
There is no “as the chain reaction unfolds”…. The nuclear reaction is so fast that it is over before the bomb case is destroyed.
The gamma flash is not a thing. Yes there are prompt gamma, but many are delayed fans are from the decay of fission products.
Now the initial flash is thermal radiation from the incredibly hot bomb debris, but that is X rays,….it’s too cold for thermal gammas. Moreover, air is opaque to X rays, so they just heat the air and create the initial fire ball.
There are lethal doses of prompt neutrons, but they don’t kill you instantly by radiation exposure. Instant death is a result of heat.
The surface of the fireball is shock heated air around 200,000C, and it hides the much hotter interior. So it’s a few time brighter, per area, than lightning ⚡️.
It may have cooled to 6000 C by the time it contacts the ground.
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@seancollett6 100. During the Cold War, I wondered how societies could go so astray and ppl act so effed up (I mean the people, not the governments), and here we are, with political prosecutions, political non-prosecutions, institutional racism (hint: down with the "majority"), erasure of history, changing classic books, speech control,.... we dont yet have a BIG LIE a la Adolph, but we got a few big lies, we got people shunning, mobs in the street,
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@charlesiragui2473 it’s not complicated: single mothers give birth to lil bass turds on purpose, denying them a father on purpose, completely handicapping them before they are born. (That’s a fact, not an opinion). The only way to be a single,mother is to,get fucked out of wedlock and have a baby. Moreover, they celebrate their strength, when in fact they are weak af.
This used to be common knowledge until feminists launched a campaign to change the language so the family no longer means mother father kids, and to eradicated the difference between divorced, single, widowed all to promote single mothers, and from the looks of this thread, y’all fell for it. And callous? Wtf is that about? OP is a divorced father mistakenly calling himself a single dad (there is no such thing, men cannot have kids out of wedlock). So Tl;dr
You’d say, and you’d be wrong, yes you are missing something…if not everything.
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@raycar1165 the neutron star is bound by gravity. A solar mass of neutrons is > 10^57 neutrons, and in a 10km radius, that is a surface gravity of > 100 billion gee, and a binding energy around (mc^2)/7.
The star is supported by degenerate pressure, which this video gets a little bit wrong...most do, even Dr Becky, and she's a working astronomer at a 1st tier institution.
I would understand white dwarfs 1st, they are supposed by electron degenerate pressure. Basically, electron's quantum state take up a certain volume, and they can't be compressed beyond that.
for a neutron star, the white dwarf is compressed beyond that, and the electrons need such high momentum to find an available quantum state (momentum --> energy), that it takes less energy to find a proton and turn it into a neutron---the light weight neutrino then escapes (low mass fermions need more space than high mass).
So that leaves a bunch of nuclear matter density neutrons, and some electrons and proton at white dwarf density, which is (M_n/m_e)^3 ~ 6 billion times less dense.
now the structure of the neutrons/nuclei has been an active area of research since I left the field, so idk...they lost me at nuclear pasta about 10y ago.
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he delivered Soylent Green in New Guinea, where he worked in a steel mine/coal mill when his son was kia in Iraq because of BURN PITS! and the house fire nearly took his cat, right after he saw two men at a bank kissing good bye in the 1954 south because, as his daddy said "Joey, they love each other"...but when the roaches sat on his lap because he had blond leg hairs he called corn pop "Esther", and it was on but he had a rust chain and they worked it out because Joe apologized, but was firm because Trump said there were good n*z*s, no joke I'm going to end the virus not the economy, but that was back when he was arrested with Nelson Mandela....look, don't mess with the women or you gonna get the benefit, which means you can describe America in one word:
I traveled 17,349 miles with President Xi (He/Him) and he said to me, "Mr pwezident can you describe America in one word" and said I was walking with President Xi (He/Him) and [whispers: possibilities].
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@robert-sn2cl compare her answers with what you imagine potus would say? If hers are better, she’s by definition, doing a good job. She’s never threatened to fight anyone, she’s never called anyone a lying 🤥 🐴 faced 🐕 soldier, she’s never waxed poetic about family members’s demises— no 🍖 🥣 , no fake KIA, no DUI 🍻 DOAs, more 🐈 lost in 🏡 🔥 , and afaik she always refers to potus as potus and not senator, nor called his wife his sister, and she doesn’t ask how dead people are doing nor spoken of recent conversations with long dead cold war leaders, nor confused Cambodia 🇰🇭 and Colombia 🇨🇴, and not one (pause) has she read stage directions from the teleprompter. Say that again. And not once has….forget it you you you know, the thing.
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@SavageGameHawk Sure, the use of the word "gender" was introduced by "Dr" John Money, a world famous s3x pervert. It remained jargon for academic perverts until RBG introduced it into the legal field, at which point the media lapped it up. It has no fundamental scientific meaning, and means what ever ppl say it means. Nevertheless, it slowly replaced the "sex" in the minds of sheep, squishes, and normies.
The fact that you used the term "biological sex", which is ofc, redundant, since it "sex" as a noun is sufficient, shows that even you have been affected by the newspeak creep.
So the statement, "There are only 2 genders" is an attempt to express a correct idea, but is deeply naive regarding the marxist manipulation of language.
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What was most annoying was that he claims discovery the geometry of the periodic table, which involved circles and triangles, as if atomic physics had missed the beauty.
The periodic tables is based on geometry, but it’s somewhat more advanced and beautiful than preschool shapes. It’s called SO(3), SU(2), and SO(4)…the last being hidden or accidental.
Now the octave thing comes from 8. We all know that. We have 8 appear in the periodic table because 8 = 2(1+3).
That 2 comes from SU(2), which has a two dimensional fundamental representation, also called the spinor rep…ie electron spin, while 1 and 3 come from the dimensions of the trivial and fundamental representations of SO(3). Also called scalar and vector.
All of this is under then century old field called representation theory of Lie groups, which was abstract mathematics, but became applied mathematics with the advent of quantum mechanics, esp in the Nobel works of Eugene Wigner and Wolfgang Pauli.
Further extensions in the 20th C by GellMan and Zweig in the quark sector, and Yang and Mills in gauge fields, and salam and Weinberg in the weak sector, and Sheldon cooper Glashow solidified Lie algebras as fundamental to all of particle physics.
Note that all of these aforementioned discoveries won Nobel prizes, and all are graduate level. Way out of Terrence’s league.
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@grumpyoldlady_rants idk, I am an genius and I completely get trumps absolute nonlinear thinking. Average iq ppl cannot not understand it. I mean I am pretty high…phd, mit, nuclear physics …even my contemporaries are like…no dr d is way smarter than the rest of us…he just knows stuff and connects stuff that we don’t see. But yeah, it’s just beyond you. Like when I explain quantum mechanics to my dog. He doesn’t get it.
Regarding 2020, well, we’re not allowed to talk about that on this platform. Have you ever wondered why? I haven’t. You should. Esp. Considering hilllary said she won the one six.
I mean fr fr , is this not obvious to you? I don’t know. I don’t know what it’s like to be dumb, nor brainwashed ..so I simply cannot empathize with your predicament, so help me out, pls. Ngl, fr fr.
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@EvanLeedsno, you are right, the ppl with these stupid ideas, whether voting tests, or parent tests, and esp. a prez test have not looked at all into the thoughts of the founding fathers on how to make a non tyrannical government, and what ppl will do to rank it.
The whole think about presidential immunity was because the founders knew a million jurisdictions would make fake charges against a prez they didn’t like. It happened under Biden, and now Biden says it challenges the very core of our country…i is the core of our country..straight from the FFs…they’re just so uniformed, illinformed, ignorant, and dumb
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@ChrisNoonetheFirst so this 'elections result' comment show what a media controlled rube you are being--and that is your choice.
You can't "overturn" an election until the election is certified. Any complaints prior to that is not "trying to overturn an election", but you believe it is b/c CNN told you so (or maybe the New York Times if you have a masters degree).
SO in 2020, when Hillary called the election "illegitimate" because of "Putin", did you complain about election integrity? No, no you did not. Well you did, but then, "election integrity" meant "the election must be questioned", but now it means something else, that is "questioning an election is a threat to democracy".
Do I need to break it down further, or is the cognitive dissonance apparent?
If it is not, all I can say is you need time on Dr Grande's sofa. Lots. of. time.
If you need more explanation, feel free to ask:
The Dr is IN (5 cents)
but I will waive my fee.
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multiplication is short hand for repeated addition. Addition is short for repeated increments, and the increment is the fundamental operation on integers, so:
1 x 2 is defined to be two ones added:
1 + 1 which is defined to a single increment operation starting at 1. So, you look at the number line
-1 0 1 2 3 4 and start at "1" and move to the right one space to get "2", so
1 x 2 = 2
since the ops commute,
2 x 1 = 2, which is starting a 2 and moving to the right zero times, landing you on 2.
1 x 1 is the same, but starting on 1. If you start on 1 and move 0 times,,,guess where you land?
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@dam11232 that's funny. I think you're closed minded. That that is your retort shows liberal brainwash. I suspect you could not make an argument for any of my complaints, since you are only exposed to libby agitprop. I can make all the arguments for why you think I'm close minded. I suspect you would not get past "muh white nationalism".. But prove me wrong, to use a Lex phrase: can you steel man any of my complaints (Tay tay excluded: too trivial).
or: guess my (based on my closed mind)
1) state or town: red or blue
2) income within a factor of[1/3.3 -- 3.3]
3) family: white or "mixed"
4) education: non, ged, HS, Assoc., BA/S, MA/S, PhD
4b) International rank of schools of highest degree.
5) number of countries I've lived in: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5?
6) Languages I speak fluently 1-5.
7) Have I gotten to second base with Dianne Feinstein's teenage step daughter: Y/N?
8) No of professional papers published: 0, 1-9, 10-30, 31 - 99, 100 - 300, 301+
9) total number of super gay men I have roomed with and/or worked directly as an immediate boss: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5+
It will be a good test of your unconscious bias, or confirm your wisdom.
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@eternisedDragon7 v_e + p -> e + n Is not dark. The neutrino couples to a charged W boson, and once charge appears, it’s not dark.
The WIMP was once thought to be right handed neutrinos, which would interact with a massive right handed weak interaction, which is not the standard model left handed weak interaction. The right handed boson would have a huge mass, making it so weak that we can’t see it, which makes particle physics sense, but since then, advances in cosmology have thrown a 🔧 in that idea.
And the dark energy thing cannot be a particle, because it’s not energy…it’s a scalar general relativity thing, and putting energy in the name has only confused laymen.
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this guys feels he's not trying hard enough:
2005 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers[56]
2010 Nakasone Award, Human Frontier Science Program[57]
2010 Koetser Award for Brain Research[58]
2011 W. Alden Spencer Award[59]
2012 Zuelch Prize, with Peter Hegemann, Georg Nagel, and Ernst Bamberg[60]
2012 Perl-UNC Prize[61]
2013 Premio Città di Firenze[62]
2013 Goldman-Rakic award, Brain & Behavior Research Foundation[63]
2013 Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award[64]
2013 Brain Prize, Lundbeckfonden[65]
2013 Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Medical Research Award[citation needed]
2013 Richard Lounsbery Award[66]
2013 Dickson Prize in Science[67]
2014 Keio Medical Science Prize[68]
2015 Albany Medical Center Prize[69]
2015 Lurie Prize in Biomedical Sciences[70]
2015 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences[6]
2015 Dickson Prize in Medicine[71]
2015 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award[72]
2016 Massry Prize, with Peter Hegemann and Gero Miesenböck[73]
2017 Redelsheimer Award, Society for Biological Psychiatry[74]
2017 Fresenius Prize, Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation[75]
2017 Harvey Prize, with Peter Hegemann[76]
2018 Leibinger Prize[77]
2018 Eisenberg Prize, University of Michigan[78]
2018 Canada Gairdner International Award[79]
2018 Kyoto Prize (Advanced Technology)[80]
2019 Warren Alpert Foundation Prize, with Ed Boyden, Peter Hegemann, and Gero Miesenböck[11]
2019 National Academy of Engineering Membership
2020 Heineken Prize for Medicine[53]
2021 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research[81]
2022 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize[82]
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liberals also need to stop using energy for the planet, because without a planet there is no democracy.
All of the 1st A is out: speech (harmful), press (disinformation), protest/redress (J6), exercise (not in public--keep that bible in the nightstand).
2A (duh, it's out)
3A: gone already. Foreign soldiers are already moving in and moving on up!
4A: gone already....FLOTUS's panty drawer, violated. Tuckers laptop: violated
5A: Out. Silence IS VIOLENCE, and violence is banned.
6/7/8A: trial stuff, see: Donald Trump..it's no longer applicable.
9th cant make crap up to violate other right, "democracy" tossed that already
10th democracy trashed this one, see the screaming old man at SOTU., Texas, and states boycotting other states over bathrooms.
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@GeoffryGifari (1) is my favorite question, and no AI has ever got it right. In the chiral limit, p and n are two states of the same particle. P is isospin up, and n is isospin down, and the nuclear force depends on the dot product of isospin…which is called an isoscalar force….the math is the same as the math of spin or magnetic moments in zero field….and the chiral symmetry breaking is like turning on a weak field that slightly differentiates the two states…e.g the neutron is slight more massive than the proton. But not much.
Anyway, there are 4 n p combos that are isospin states, which, like quantum spin of two,electrons are divided up into:
Isospin 1, symmetric under particle interchange
pp
nn
(pn + np) / sqrt 2
And isospin 0, antisymetric under interchange:
(pn - np) / sqrt 2
So the isospin force is repulsive, and the anti symmetric one has a 0 factor, leaving other attractive forces working, hence the deuteron is isospin 0. The isospin 1 wave functions are not bound.
So here the AI question: There is no helium-2 isotope, nor an di-neutron: what is the spin of the deuteron?
Btw: try to answer it. It’s simple, but don’t feel bad, many PhDs have failed. Not nuclear physics PhDs, but others.
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@GeoffryGifari on (2), electromagnetism is 137 times weaker than the strong force, and the you need to square that to get and energy difference. So less than one part in ten thousand. It only starts to matter in large nuclei, which pick up a factor of Z squared, and the nucleus is bigger than the range of the strong force.
T and He3 are mirror nuclei, so have the exact same structure….in the chiral limit. But chiral symmetry breaking…which just means down quarks are heavier than up quarks, makes neutrons heavier than protons….that means the density of final states is go for the decay, the decay happens.
HE3 is heavily studied because it can be polarized, so it’s a stand in for a stable polarized neutron target. See proton Spin crisis and the Bjorken Sum rule….both of which are backed by brutal theory….way harder than high energy particle physics…(it’s called medium energy physics, and doesn’t get as much press. Btw, I’ve been out of it for 25 years, so my info may be dated. I do 🛰️ stuff now…more job opportunities).
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@grimmertwin2148 right wing conspiracies, in contrast to: it was zootonic, it is safe, it is effective, Biden is the sharpest guy in the room, 🇷🇺 💻,doctors guess your sex when you’re born but sometimes they guess wrong, birthing people, vulva presenting people, drag shows aren’t sex shows and they’re good for kids, and those kids have a constitutional,right to,taxpayer funded porno.
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@MLBlue30 flavor is an arbitrary name given to quark types. They come in pairs: (up, down), named after the proton/neutron 3rd component of isospin. Then strange for being strange, then charm for charmingly completing the (s, c) doublet. Finally the boring (top, bottom). Strong and EM interactions conserve flavor (i.e, up quarks stay up etc). Cabibbo figured out the the weak interaction works on quark mixtures:
u' = u cos(theta) + d sin(theta)
d' =-u sin(theta) + d cos(theta)
so it could change flavors (e.g. neutron decay) Theta is the cabbibo angle.
Then with strange, it was generalized to the CKM mixing matrix. K & M won the Nobel prize and Cabibbo got nothing. Being 3D, the CKM matrix allows baryon number violation and was thought to solve the "baryogengesis problem" aka: where'd the antimatter go, but it didn't work.
Then over in the lepton sector, Pontecorvo, Maki, Nakagawa & Sakata made the PMNS matrix to explain neutrino mixing.
Weak interaction does a lot of weird stuff.
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@enadegheeghaghe6369 you're doubly wrong (it's a common misunderstand):
1) The latter violates
T^u_v;u = 0, a fundamental part of GR, so anything you claim that happens afterwards is meaningless.
2) The latter is in fact the former, because in classical GR, the singularity is not part of spacetime, and the blackhole is made entirely from spacetime.
1 +2 -> the only way the sun can disappear w/ predictable results is to collapse to a singularity, so only case (1) is relevant.
The problem is the EFE are local. The curvature that keeps earth in orbit is a vacuum solution, it requires no mass at the Earth's orbit, and is entirely dependent on the nearby by metric, which is extended by enforcing G_uv=0.
This is true right up to the sun's surface, so if the sun disappears--there is no way to say what would happen to the local curvature where the sun was.
It is really a profoundly Newtonian view to think that no sun means no gravity. The curvature can't just spontaneously change, as there is no reason to, it is already a vacuum solution, and it's still a vacuum solution with no sun, b/c there is no action at a distance irl.
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It specified in the set-up that they do not act as a single body. The only specification is that they have the same acceleration profiles, and hence the same velocity profiles, with respect to time as measured in the Earth's frame. If you boost those profiles into the average-ship-frame, you get two different time coordinates for each. Colloquially, the from ship's clock is running ahead of the rear ship's clock (it's a clock bias/offset, not time dilation), hence, the front ship is moving a little bit faster than the rear, and it tears the string.
Conversely, for one large ship accelerating uniformly in its own reference frame, Earth will see the nose cone's velocity profile lagging the tail's profile as the ship Lorentz contracts.
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@jgreen2015 maybe you should just do the Lorentz transformation. If something is simultaneous in the Earth's frame (say, reaching 0.9c), then it simply cannot be simultaneous in a moving frame, since the relativistic invariant is s^2 =(ct)^2 - x^2. In this case, if the string length L, the invariant is s^2 = -L^2. In the moving frame, the spatial separation is (gL)^2 where g>1 is the Lorentz factor. The time separation then must satisfy:
(cT)^2 - (gL)^2 = -L^2 so that:
|T| = gLv/c > 0.
If you need clarification, that's fine, but if you want to argue that I am wrong: please don't.
Anyone here who thinks I am wrong, is wrong. I studied this stuff under the greatest masters at the time, not from a rando youtuber.
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@garywhitt98 so glad you asked. You're looking at from a normie "lens": barrack ain't do s**t. I used to think that, but no: to understand Stockholm, you have to think like Stockholm.
1) The Cold War was just "different ways of knowing". Peace Prizes accordingly.
2) OK, Ante-Cold-Bellum: What is the biggest threat to world peace?
The remaining super power.
Who dat?
USA.
What's their problem?
Capitalist, white, christian, nationalist, colonialist, imperialist, etc, etc. (sound like a lecture at the Kennedy School of Government).
What the best way to end that threat?
Elect a non-white (non-chrsitian (no-capitalist (foreign born (....etc)))), with the 1st one being the most important.
So it's not what he did (nothing), it's what he represented: a destabilization of the identity of the greatest threat to world peace: boom, peace prize.
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@Mentaculus42 1) if you can do electromagentics, that is good. Many a spy satellite actively uses some part of the EM spectrum, and I tell you, these engineers just don't understand it deeply 1b) there's also the passive blackbody domain. 2) In simulation, engineers are terrible at uncertainties, e.g you sim the 99.7% success in your Mars landing and ask them : what the uncertainty on that? Boom: blank stares. 3) Hypersonic reentry? does quantum degeneracy (identical particles) mean the Apollo reentry code doesn't work on Mars? Yes. Do aerospace engineer understand that? No. How many mars rovers go long before they figure it out? 4) Star tracking: does special relativity matter? Yes it does, do AE understand it? No. Same for GPS. 5) does knowledge differential geometry make a better interfermometric synthetic aperture radar processor, in FORTRAN, yes it does. 6) GN&C: flight software loves quaternion, hates "direction cosine" matrices. Do AE understand representation theory of Lie group (and hence: quanternions) No. They do not.
7) plasmas and ionosphere stuff: forget about it. Saha equation is a mystery to them. 8) Kramers-Kronig relation--does it come up in AE? Yes. Do AE's understand it? No...same for Fokker-Planck fluctuation dissipation theorem and other forms of noise. They just see colors (white, brown, pink, blue)....we see: physics. 9) they can't do anything "coordinate-free", everything needs a reference frame and "components"--yuck. It inhibits understanding.
So that's just off the top of my head. I am sure there's more reasons why a giant DoD prime or FFRDC would want someone who knows physics on staff.
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@tinahalder8416 Imma disagree with that. He called it a "two-dimensional list", and then later, "the array". lists don't have dimensions, just "len", and they're not arrays. If your data model is an array, use an array. If your data model is a mutable ordered collection of whatever, use a list. If it immutable, use a tuple, if it's unordered, use a set. If you need to count repeats...write a multiset class (maybe from collections.Counter)....anyway, you get the idea.
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I like that. Let's say each line comes from
header = 'yyyy mm dd gain(dB) pol"
looking like
line = '2023 07 28 104.5449 HV'
you just make
slicer = [slice(header.index(item), header.index(item) + len(item) for item in header.split()]
and
caster = [int] * 4 + [float, str]
and read your lines and cast the words all at once:
def iread(name):
with open(name, 'r') as fsrc:
for line in iter(fsrc.readline, ""):
yield [cast(value) for cast, value in zip(caster, [line.strip()[slice_] for slice_ in slicer]]
date = list(iread(name))
the point is, if the file format changes or gets another column, you just change static variables and not executables. Static complexity over dynamic complexity.
plus we got context management, zip, Sentinel Pattern use of iter(), slices, list comps, and a generator, and not an integer index in sight. classic python.
Question: can itertools.islice make this tighter?
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Here's my one liner for creating a cyclomatic polynomial class instance (in 2x):
cyclomatic = type('CyclotomicPolynomial', (object,),
{'__call__': lambda self, n, x: self[n](x),
'__getitem__’: lambda self, n:
scipy.poly1d(
map(
scipy.real,
reduce(
scipy.polymul,
[
scipy.poly1d(
[1,0]
)-
scipy.exp(1j*(2*scipy.pi/n))**k
for k in
filter(
lambda a:
(
2*sum(
[
(k*n//a) for k in range(1,a)
]
)+a+n-a*n)==1,
range(1,n+1)
)
]
)
)
)
}
)()
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@spaghettiking653 I know I side stepped your point, but it's also meta: how would you type hint the I/O of iter()? I sent it a class method and a str, though in general use: the sentinel can be any object. The point: useful functions take a lot of types.
If I have a function that takes a specific object, I'd make it an object.method(). If it takes two specific objects, I'd think about coupling and cohesion. I don't know if I want to send it a different duck later.
IRL, I had a processor that looked at data from a satellite: it took rev number (orbits since launch)....an obvious int. But no, later, b/c bandwidth and available downlink stations, the rev nums could be split with an appended str....so the whole thing was a string, so in the code I just took str(arg) and dealt with it. Older code could still pass ints, but the new str cases were handled. I didn't care what was passed, as long as it had a __str__(), and if it failed then, I'd raise an InvalidRevNum(ValueError), which then tells users: you f*** up.
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I use classmethods all the time, esp. as constructor helpers...since I never do work in __init__, that method is for setting instance attributes, and that is it. If I need to, say make the instance from a file...I am not reading a file in init, rather:
@classmethod
def fromfile(cls, filename):
with open(filename, 'r') as fsrc:
return cls(*some_function(fsrc.readlines())
and I get a new instance with the file data loaded.
For static methods, say I have a class whose attributes are different real time series, well if I want an fft or something:
@staticmethod
def rfft(x_i):
return np.fft.rfff(x_i)
the reason I put it in class is that I want the object to be able to do everything that needs to be done to it to be part of the interface. I don't want a user looking for np.ftt.rftt and doing it themselves, or making the mistake of using a full fft for complex inputs. A class should contain ALL the functions you would want to use on it,,,even if they don't depend on instance/class attributes.
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since the str object offers isdigit(), isalpha(), isalphanum() functions, which all follow a well known python builtin pattern, I would create my own version for vowels, which is:
>>>isvowel = 'aeiouAEIOUàáâäǎæãåāaèéêëěẽēėęìíîïǐĩīıįòóôöǒœøõōùúûüǔũūűű'._contains_
From there, summing booleans is a trick. A violation of POLA (principle of least astonishment), so I agree, it's gotta go. We are NOT summing, we are COUNTING, so call a well known count method:
>>>return list(map(isvowel, text)).count(True)
That is tight, with zero "if" blocks and zero loops. Minimum cyclomatic complexity. No (implicit) casting bools to int, just counting True's in a list. Clear as day.
But, maybe too compact, so comment your code:
try
# create mapper to check is vowel
is_vowel_map = map(isvowel, text)
except TypeError as err:
raise [some message] from err
# check each character's vowel status
check_list = list(is_vowel_map)
# count isvowel == True in check_list
vowel_count = check_list.count(True)
return vowel_count
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I hear a common cut is levamisole. check that out, and cut your connect out of your contacts. Here's the side effects, pls reply w/ a Y or N on each:
nausea,
vomiting,
increased salivation,
frequent urination and defecation,
colic,
dizziness,
headache,
muscle tremors,
ataxia (loss of coordination)
anxiety,
hyperesthesia with irritability (increased senisitivty to stimuli),
clonic convulsions,
depression,
rapid respiration,
dyspnea (shortness of breath),
prostration (weakness, exhaustion),
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Here's how it goes, for a module:
"""docstring"""
import [python standard library]
import [public 3rd party libs]
import [private 3rd party (your other packages)
from package import module (local package imports)
from . import stuff (relative imports)
CONSTANTS = "module constants"
def func():
"""module functions: pure function with no state and no side effects"""
class Noun
"""classes in the module. Classes are Nouns, they respect things"""
class_attrs = "class attribute 1st""
@classmethod
def from_other_information(cls, ....)
"""constructor helpers, iff WORK needs to be done to convert args to instance attributes""
return cls(..., attr)
def __init__(self, ..., attr):
"""though shalt not do work in init!"""
super().__init__(...) # call super 1st, if needed
self.attr = attr # just set attrs in init, Do. Not. Do. Work.
@property
def derived_attr(self):...
"""now include properties, if needed"""
def __magic_methods__(self...)
"""1st define unary, then binary, ternary magic methods"""
def _protected_method(self....):
"""...from lowest level on up. Alway push work up the method chain as far as possible"""
def public_method(self...):
"""here and only here will you change the state of self, or further up in a protected method""""
def the_single_responsibilty_method(self..):
"""since your class has a single responsibility, only one reason to change, the raison detre will be
in the last method that calls all other methods"""
unit_test() # if you do that.
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I use meta classes not only to make classes, but also to choose classes. Say I have a Euclid class to do vectors in R3, and a Gibbs class to do vectors in C3. I don’t want the user to decide which class to call, I want a meta class to decide based on the components being real or complex:
class Vector(type):
klasses = {True: Gibbs, False: Euclid}
def __new__(cls, x, y, z):
return cls.klasses[any([isinstance(item, complex) for item in (x, y, z)])](x, y, z)
I mean I could do that in a function, but that hides the internals. The point is, the user just defines Vectors and does operations on them without worrying about how to define an inner product properly. I may also do this if I have vectors in different numbers of dimensions, with a look-up table based on the number of parameters passes to dunder new.
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@nirajraut9408 so it calls new and returns a class, otherwise it calls object.__new__() and then tries to instantiate with __init__. His example is bit too simple, in that it just wraps type to show functionality (which needs to be done), but in a real life use case, you may want to choose a class based on the inputs...and only type can do that.
For instance, I have spacecraft telemetry in classes: Current, Voltage, Temperature, and I can tell which one I want by the filename. So I'll do something like:
class Telemetry(type):
klasses = dict(current=Current, voltage=Voltage, temperature=Temperature)
def __new__(cls, name):
return cls.klasses[name].fromfile(name)
Here fromfile are a class method (constructor helpers) that reads the file (in a context manager), and instantiates the object with values.
So in use, I just say:
>>>telemetry = Telemetry(filename)
and get the data unpacked according to protocol w/o having to worry about picking the right object to put it in.
Then I just just say:
>>>telemetry.plot()
and a house keeping plot is generated, without the code explicitly worrying about what kind of telemetry I need to look at.
Note that the whole thing is accomplished with ZERO if/then clauses, reducing cyclomatic complexity.
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that's because you have a length 1 array of generators, not of the generator''s In
[17]: x1 = array(i**2 for i in range(10))
In [18]: x1
Out[18]: array(<generator object <genexpr> at 0x7f95cd5c4be0>, dtype=object)
In [19]: x2 = array([i**2 for i in range(10)])
In [20]: x2
Out[20]: array([ 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81])
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@Khetroid well the gravitational accerlation doesn't matter. In weak fields, it's the difference between newtonian gravitational potential energy that leads to time dilation. Since you have a real degree, you know that in strong fields it's a non-linear mess, and you don't even need coordinates with a "time" axis, should you choose to do so.
No if you do the twin paradox, the "missing time" is a product of the total velocity change at turnaround, times the distance back to earth (with a gamma in there). Basically changing clock bias on earth, as seen from space. If you frame (no pun intended) this as the space-twin being in universal uniform gravitational field (due to acceleration), that is equivalent to a "g", times a distance..as in mgh = gravitational potential energy. Of course the value of "g" matters, but it is uniform, so the variation does not.
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@Khetroid gravitational force does,not cause time dilation, so the strength on orbit being weaker is not the cause. Time dilation is strictly due to different in potential energy. E.g, there is no gravity at the center of the earth, but is the most dilated place in the planet.
For weak fields…I.e, far from the Schwarzschild radius,the time dilation formula is the same as the Lorentz factor formula, just replace the term for Newtonian kinetic energy Per mass, with Newtonian gravitational potential energy, per unit mass. Seems too simple for GR, but it works.
Ofc that means the gravitational time dilation btw two heights is the same as the Lorentz factor the high one would gain falling to the lower one.
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@Nonzinope bc soccer ⚽️ doesn’t have points, futbal has goals 🥅. While proper football 🏈 has field goals, touchdowns, extra points aka point-afters, two point conversions, and finally, safeties (worth 3, 6, 1, 2 & 2 points, respectively).
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no, it's not forgotten. Assuming that talking about an idea is the same as supporting it is a standard tool, possibly with some twists, used to silence debate. It's basically a cloaked ad hominem. It is used daily, and applied liberally when needed. Here's a hypothetical (with a twist, since we go from ideas to basic word association):
A comedian tells a joke about a neglected US territory's landfill problem that has been growing since it was hit by a hurricane 4 years ago; the comedic twist occurs when were led to believe the subject matter is major environmental problem that has the word "island" in it (oh, and the Territory is also an island). The crowd, being not to bright, boos the joke due to the negative word association. Nevertheless, the entire incident is used as an ad hominem "proving" the subject believes unacceptable things about the citizens of the US Territory. It's easy to do, and it works on dumb people, emotional people, and reasoned smart people with deep biases.
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@a64738 well Fermat's principle says it takes the longest path (in time), but if you change increasing time to (fixed) frequency times increasing phase, the extremal path has stationary phase so amplitudes add coherently for that path...this works classically (e.g, Fresnel Zone in telecom) and quantum (Feynman path integral).
regarding index of refraction, idk if it works in space, one retort that the atom spacing is>> wavelength was a legit complaint--it's not measurable anyway...but ppl talk about light traveling at c in material, and the phase shift makes it look slower.
It's true, but saying light travels slower is fine too.
Now if you toss Maxwell's eq and use Jeffimenko's (equivalent) version: there is no light propagation, there is just causality propagation where light is only caused by charges and currents on the past light cone, not by changing fields from the prior cycle. rn I prefer Jeffimenkos's Eq, even though I can't stand "c is the speed of causality" posts...but all views have their regions of application, so it's best to know all of them (which I do b/c I've been doing it for 45 years...shit I'm a decade older than Sabine...I musta twin paradoxed, cause I look good).
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@rodschmidt8952 and it's traveling slower than light. Now on this thread I've been told I'm "ignorant" for not knowing the opposite of what you said it true (that non-linear QED effects, which should occur above the Schwinger Limit are observable at all magnetic field strengths, which would mean a photon doesn't need to be in a medium to have a finite n-1.)
Personally, I've worked with both real and virtual photons (both near shell and deeply-virtual..polarized, even) in the GeV range, optical/IR quantum light, and classical EM from hundreds of MHz to sub-THz, and photons from atomic/molecular scintillation, Cherenkov radiation and its weird cousin: Transition Radiation,...and interferometry (both amplitude and intensity, the latter with pions, tho)..oh and with the photon's hadronic content as in VMD/diffractive rho & phi production/pomerons..oh snap, and with parity violating photon/Z-boson interference coupling to the strange sea, so I think I have a decent understanding.
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In the future, all our DNA will be catalogued and used for ID. Moreover, the profile will allow the ministry of history to compute our racial guilt or victimhood, which will be used to adjust all financial transactions (digital and centralized, ofc) in real-time (to make up for historical wrongs).
Now the pessimistic view is much worse, and that is when we use the above information to make population adjustments to save the 🌎 from 🤒, of course AI will decide the optimal mix of 🧬 to maximize a harmonious future. This may require losing so, uh, information, but it will be stored in a bank, just in case we need those people again.
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it doesn't really matter. We had scientific criteria to say a product is safe and effective [heretofore SNE] (and it takes like 5-10 years), and whatever was done, was done in under 1 year, so it is manifestly impossible that the criteria were satisfied, and the statement that it is SNE is not, cannot be (by definition), scientific. It could be true, it could be false, we may know in the within the next 5 years.
Moreover, the definition of a "vax" has certain specifications that are not met by "a prophylactic", yet we use the former term, not the latter.
This has the added benefit of labeling "people questioning the prophylactic" as anti-vaxxers, which is already a nut-job conspiracy group, who got started from a peer-reviewed (iirc) scientific publication that has since been retracted.
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