Youtube comments of Kim Jong-un (@SupremeLeaderKimJong-un).

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  102. Not just Azerbaijan, another big Caspian natural gas country is Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan is so rich in natural gas, that for a long period of time, gas, electricity, and water were all free of charge. They also used that wealth from all the natural gas to build tons of marble structures in the capital city Ashgabat (they actually have a Guinness World Record for it). Under late leader Saparmurat Niyazov aka Turkmenbashi, he built a marble monument honoring the country's neutrality with a spinning golden statue of him at the top. It spun so that it would always be facing the Sun, symbolizing that his era was the golden era. Like Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan has pipelines connecting its natural gas to neighboring countries like the Trans-Afghan pipeline connecting Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India and the Central Asia-China pipeline connecting Turkmenistan to Xinjiang (they also have pipelines to Iran). As part of the pipeline from Baku through Turkey at 6:00, a subsea pipeline has been proposed to connect Azerbaijan to Turkmenistan. Because of the natural gas, Western leaders aren't so keen on criticizing the Turkmen and Azerbaijani leaders when compared to criticizing me. Why? Because we're not rich in the specific resources (oil) they want Back in the 70s when the country was still a Soviet republic, the Soviets were drilling in the northern portion of the country looking for an oil field. When they found a natural gas pocket, the drill suddenly collapsed into a crater. Because of the concern of poisonous gases being released, they decided to set it on fire....that fire is still burning to this day. And the problem of poisonous gases being released is still an issue, thus in addition to saving the environment it's been decided to seal the crater. As cool as the crater nicknamed the Door to Hell is, it's not so cool when you have health issues because of it like the locals
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  395. The Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens you visited is important because not only is it one of the oldest zoological and botanical centers in the world as it was founded in 1864, but also all of the cultivated trees of the Hong Kong orchid, Hong Kong's symbol, derive from one cultivated at the Hong Kong Botanical Gardens and widely planted in Hong Kong starting in 1914! The Hong Kong orchid is a hybrid leguminous tree of the genus Bauhinia. This tree was discovered in around 1880 by a French Catholic Missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions near the ruins of a house by Pok Fu Lam and propagated to the formal botanical gardens in Victoria/Central! I love funicular systems! A favorite funicular system of mine is Haifa's Carmelit which goes up the religiously important Mount Carmel! It's quite the unique system since the oldest underground transit system in the Middle East, as it opened in 1959, is actually a funicular that's only 1.1 miles long! Not to mention it serves the beautiful Baháʼí World Centre. Another funicular that's also underground like the Carmelit is the Tünel line in Istanbul! Inaugurated in January 1875, the Tünel is the second-oldest fully underground urban railway in the world after the London Underground and the oldest in continental Europe as it pre-dated the Budapest Metro by 21 years! French engineer Eugène-Henri Gavand was inspired to create the line after he visited the city as a tourist and noticed how many people struggled walking up and down Yüksek Kaldırım Avenue
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  560. My favorite example of Brutalism is the DC Metro! The stations of the DC Metro are a sight to behold. The flashing lights, the hexagonal floor tiles, the waffles...chef's kiss design. Many Metro stations were designed by Chicago architect Harry Weese, and they not only have aspects of Brutalist design, but also reflect the influence of Washington's neoclassical architecture in their overarching coffered ceiling vaults! Weese worked with lighting designer Bill Lam from Cambridge, MA on the indirect lighting used throughout the system. Weese and his employees visited European cities like Lisbon, Moscow, Milan, Paris, Rome, and Stockholm, hoping to take the best elements of each and combine them into the perfect system for DC. In Lisbon, they noted the design of the ticket booth and the attendant’s uniform, as well as the minimal interruption of the subway stairs on a typical street. In Moscow, they took note of the palatial glories of the underground stations, from cut-glass lanterns to marble paneling. In Milan, they took note of its Modernist design. Weese created a proposal with dozens of views for station interiors with a simple semiellipse, with a flat bottom and curved top. For cut-and-cover stations, the vault was proposed to have straight, vertical walls supporting a curved ceiling. In Weese’s first presentations to the US Commission of Fine Arts during the spring and summer of 1967, he attempted to assimilate his European travels into something Washingtonian, stations are shallow when possible, entered through cuts in the sidewalk, as in Lisbon, with minimal interruptions between street and platform. But the CFA wanted it to feel monumental, no exposed rock walls like Stockholm, and something like the inside of a thermos bottle. So he changed his thought. He felt the necessities of each station would produce the variety, that "You don't try to make them different for different's sake. We think it's very appropriate for Washington. After all". To Weese, the sweeping, swooping, floating lines of Metro's plazas, stations and mezzanines are the system's best feature. Once they were chosen, he said, the long, long escalators and the indirect, somewhat dim lighting in stations fell into step as a result.
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  605. This movie was/is a masterclass on how to make a legendary film. From the preparation to the sets, all the way to the cinematography. This movie ticks every box. The passion James Cameron has for the Titanic translated on screen in a way that only select films throughout history has done. The care he took with the ship to get it right (to the best of their knowledge at that time), the details throughout the ship, the significant moments that happened and bringing the emotion out of the sinking scene - is top notch directing. As someone who has spent their life fascinated by all things Titanic, this film left me stunned. I remember being in the theater opening night. The excitement and sheer awe of seeing the REAL ship at the beginning. The moment the movie introduced the ship in all its glory. The laughter that rang out in the softer moments and the tears that fell in the emotional moments. I also remember the dead silence when Jack & Rose were in the water and the lifeboats finally came back to look for survivors. Never have I ever had a theater experience like that before or since. James truly took one of the most mesmerizing ships of all time, as well as one of the saddest tragedies of all time, and made us all EXPERIENCE the ship and FEEL that moment in history. And whether or not you think Jack, Rose and the story set on the ship was cheesy, is whatever. This movie is still a masterclass of cinema. And the passion that went into it behind the scenes is the reason why. Lots of hard work, but it paid off. Not only for Cameron & his team, but for us that are fascinated with the Titanic and moviegoers in general.
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  809. I'm glad you talked about such an interesting topic like this bridge to Sicily! The concept is cool! The prevalence of the mafia is largely a byproduct of its economic situation, and a bridge may not simply solve it. It would help Sicily, but both Sicily and Calabria lack the most basic land infrastructures that has to exist to let the bridge work at full capacity. The reasons why Southern Italy is poorer than the rest of the country is more complex than this. The South’s relative poverty is due to various historical, social, and economic factors. Italy until the 1870s was not a united country since the fall of the Roman Empire, and the South had been under control of the Bourbon monarchy and various other polities that had caused a more repressive, feudal social structure and an economic system far different to the North. The economy was almost entirely agrarian, and lacked industry, being exploited for a long time. Unlike the fertile Po Valley in the north, much of southern Italy lacks extensive plains suitable for large-scale agriculture. This, in addition to the cultural differences with the North, their slight disdain for Southerners and the fact that the South was not even particularly wanted by the more advanced, industrialized Liberal North/Kingdom of Sardinia but more annexed as a result of chance due to Garibaldi’s expedition, led to a severe economic mismanagement of the South following the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. The economy of the South integrated very poorly with the Northern economic system, and the government employed harsh repressive measures against dissent and crime (caused by the dire economic situation) in the South in the latter half of the 19th century. Due to the historical poverty of the South, crime and corruption tends to go hand in hand with economic woes and as such a situation arises where it is difficult for the South to alleviate its own situation. It had very little industry. In addition, Northern Italians tended to not sympathize with Southerners, some even calling for separation in the 21st century (Lega Nord, a once popular political party founded on the basis of Northern independence). Ultimately, the South’s relative poverty is due to a mix of historical cultural, political and economic circumstances, where the South had mostly found itself lagging behind the North. When annexed into the Kingdom of Italy, the South was terribly mismanaged and found itself in a worse situation due to incompetence and apathy towards the South by the Northern Liberal Elite. The prevalent issues of crime, corruption, mafia and lack of industry did contribute to the situation but were also primarily the natural byproduct of economic and political trouble. Small private armies known as "mafie" took advantage of the chaos and extorted protection money from landowners, eventually evolving into the organized criminal groups we know today. Nowadays, although the South is not as bad, it still remains poorer due to lack of investment and brain drain. Why would anyone invest in an already dysfunctional area, when they can just invest in the richer North? Southern Italians have long internally migrated to the industrialized North in search of employment and better quality of life. These two issues go hand in hand. Although not as bad, the corruption caused by historical economic and political insecurity is still an issue that can deter investment, making it more expensive. Additionally, the regional form of government means that Southern regional governments lack the ability and money to effectively create, improve and repair infrastructure, contributing to the continual stunted development. Italian immigration to the Americas was overwhelming from the South. It's the reason why Southern Italian cuisine is far better known internationally than Northern Italian. Yes, they got a lot of tourism, but as shown by other places, you can't simply rely on tourism
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  916. Portugal fun facts: In Porto, they opened a McDonald's in 1995 inside the historic Cafe Imperial, a former coffeeshop that was in the city since the 1930s. It has massive stained-glass windows and chandeliers. On top of that, it has a GIANT bronze eagle at the entrance designed by sculptor Henrique Moreira. Many call it the world's most beautiful McDonald's. Goes to show you there are still locations that resist the minimalistic design changes that many McDonald's locations have made. The Portuguese Empire lasted from 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta (now in Spanish hands) and ended in 1999 when Macau was transferred to China. In the wake of the Reconquista, Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418–1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography, and maritime technology such as the caravel, with the aim of finding a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. They'd eventually go around Africa to reach Asia. Portugal is famous for tarts known as pastel de nata. These were created by many Catholic monks sometime before the 18th century. At the monastery, they used egg whites for starch (laundry and all that), but what to do with the egg yolks? Bake ‘em into stuff, of course! Thus the tastiest custard tart in the world was born. Tempura originated in Portugal! Toward the end of the 16th century, the technique of fritter-cooking with a batter of flour and eggs was acquired in Nagasaki from Portuguese missionaries. It was a way to fulfill the fasting and abstinence rules for Catholics surrounding the quarterly ember days.
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  935. Haiti didn't exactly...get independence on good terms. In 1825, the French demanded they paid 150 million francs as compensation, this was reduced to 90 million in 1838 but it put quite the dent on their development. Not to mention this forced them to take huge loans as well as the US receiving interest payments when it acquired Haiti's treasury in 1911. Haiti finally paid off the debt in 1947. The DR-Haiti border just shows the differences in their development. When you just look at the two sides, you can see that the Dominican side is much greener than the Haitian side. And this is because of many factors. There was a lot of deforestation in 1954 after Hurricane Hazel drowned many trees, and concessionaires stepped up their logging operations in response to intensified demand for charcoal on top of rapid population growth. The geographic makeup of the Island of Hispaniola is such that the mountainous regions tend to cut off the rainfall needed to grow crops and sustain livestock. The northeast trade winds that blow across the island often favor the DR. Compared to the DR, the area of flat land good for intensive agriculture in Haiti is much smaller, as a higher percentage of Haiti's area is mountainous. There is more limestone terrain, and the soils are thinner and less fertile and have a lower capacity for recovery. Haiti's semiarid climate makes cultivation more challenging. On top of this, the French destroyed the soil by aggressively harvesting the same crops over and over again. France wanted the colony to be extremely profitable. Not just sugar, but coffee too. Over the course of fifty years, a quarter of the colony was all coffee with the original forests cleared. They were also forced to export timber to the French as part of paying off the millions of francs.
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  1026. Worth mentioning the Dutch approach to biking, by analogy. They've done a lot of work to make biking safe and convenient, but that also include making driving inconvenient for urban trips, the "redesign your city" mentioned briefly in the video. Modal filtering means that bikes have direct routes, cars have to go around. People will bike when it's the fastest way to get where they're going. Same with transit, which can mean bypassing traffic and more direct routes. Also, frequency, frequency, frequency. Another example of a transit city in Asia is Pyongyang. Pyongyang has a lot of transit! Before war in the 1950s, the city had trams but said tram system was destroyed during US air raids, so it built a new system from scratch. Before this system was built, trolleybus lines and a metro system were created. The trolleybus system first opened in 1962, with opening of a line from the Three Revolutions Exhibition at Ryonmot-dong to the Pyongyang railway station. Today, the system has 12 lines with a length of 56.6 km, serving Pyongyang and its suburbs. The Pyongyang Metro has two lines, the Chollima Line and the Hyŏksin Line, with the lines opening 1973 and 1978 respectively. This means the Pyongyang Metro opened one year before the Seoul Subway Line 1 did in 1974. The fare costs 5 DPRK won, or half a US cent. The Pyongyang Metro is among the deepest metros in the world, with the track at over 110 meters (360 ft) deep underground. Due to the depth of the metro and the lack of outside segments, its stations can double as bomb shelters, with blast doors in place at hallways. Most of the 16 public stations were built in the 1970s, except for the two most grandiose stations, Puhŭng and Yŏnggwang, which were constructed in 1987. The Pyongyang Metro artwork is incredible too. Like Moscow and St. Petersburg Metro stations, Pyongyang's stations have chandeliers too! At Yonggwang (Glory) station, its chandeliers represent the fireworks that celebrated the Koreans' victory, and the pillars are sculpted in the shape of victory torches. At Kwangbok (Liberation) station, there are murals showing scenes of the forest from which Kim Il-sung led guerrilla anti-Japanese attacks. The trams finally opened in 1991 as a solution for overcrowded trolleybuses, with three lines, and the Kumsusan shuttle that connects Samhung station with the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun. The tram shuttle line opened in 1995 when the mausoleum opened, to replace the closed Kwangmyong station as the palace became a sacred site and as Kwangmyong was located below the mausoleum, it closed. A number of Tatra T4 trams and its trailer B4 were bought from Dresden, Magdeburg and Leipzig in 1997–1998, while the Kumsusan shuttle uses VBZ Be 4/4 Type Ib rolling stock from late 1940s that was retired from the Zurich network in 1994 on a gauge of 1,000 mm, different from the 1,435 mm gauge of the other lines. In 2008, the City Transportation Company of Prague sold 20 used T3s to Pyongyang. In August 2018, following the introduction of new trolleybuses and metro cars, new partially domestically-produced tram cars were introduced in Pyongyang for the first time in about twenty years. The bodies were manufactured by Pyongyang Bus Repair Factory and named Thongil-181, on the chassis of the Tatra KT8D5K. A ban on bikes was lifted in 1992, and now many people also bike alongside taking transit, and the government has built bike lanes and even introduced Ryomyong bikeshare. Almost all cities in the DPRK have one primary central square, often the site of a monument, a revolutionary museum, a children's traffic park (where kids learn to drive in mini cars), or other significant buildings that either political or cultural. DPRK urban-planning also includes limited urban sprawl, as new developments in DPRK cities tend to take the place of older areas of the city, rather than building new developments further out. In Pyongyang, this is the case with the developments of Mirae (Future) Scientists Street in 2015, Changjon Street in 2012, Songhwa Street in 2022, Hwasong Street in 2024, and Ryomyong (Dawn) Street in 2023. Micro-districts are made up of residences alongside their supporting amenities like public spaces, offices, shops, and schools. A key aspect is both the equality of the residential buildings and the encouragement of people to spend more time in the community, hence the focus on parks and playgrounds
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  1094. That pineapple bun looks similar to a Japanese melonpan! Melonpan is lighter in weight and taste, slightly drier and has a firmer outer layer (including top cookie crust) which resists flaking. The fact that the Central-Mid Levels escalator system fueled the proliferation of different businesses along the system goes to show you that if you build a type of transit whether it's a train line or even an escalator system as shown here, people will come! Caojiawan in Chongqing opened in 2015 with nothing around it, and then it became surrounded by developments by 2019! When the IRT Flushing Line first opened in Queens, stations had basically nothing around them, so all the diverse neighborhoods that now surround that line in Queens, developed because of the subway. Because it gave people a reason to live there! To put things into perspective, approximately 800 languages are spoken in NYC, with 300 spoken along Roosevelt Ave that the 7 serves! Really shows that NYC is truly the international city! Star Ferry was first founded in 1888 as the Kowloon Ferry Company but was renamed to Star Ferry in 1898. Before the steam ferry service was first established, people would cross in sampans. In 1870, a man named Grant Smith brought a twin-screw wooden-hulled boat from England for operations between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon. In July 1873, an attempt was made to run steam ferries between Hong Kong and Kowloon. This was stopped at the request of the British consul in Canton, who feared it would enable visits to gambling houses in Kowloon. The company was founded by Parsee (the Indian Zoroastrian community) merchant Dorabjee Naorojee Mithaiwala and Naorojee bought Smith's boat and later acquired two steam vessels, naming them Morning Star and Evening Star. Its popularity led him to increase the fleet.
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  1235. As part of the Japanese influencing Korea before annexing it, Japan assassinated the defiant Korean queen Empress Myeongseong and intervened in the 1894-1895 Donghak Peasant Revolution. In the revolution, Joseon requested the Qing for assistance in stopping the revolution, which the Japanese were angry because Qing did not inform them (which was part of an agreement of the Convention of Tientsin) with and started the First Sino-Japanese War! By the time of her death in 1895, the queen had acquired basically more political power than even her husband the Gwangmu Emperor Gojong. Because of this, she made many enemies, among them were the king's father the Heungseon Daewongun, pro-Japanese ministers of the court, and the Japanese-trained Korean army regiment, the Hullyeondae. Weeks before her death, Japan replaced their emissary to Korea with a new one, Miura Gorō. Miura was a former military man who was inexperienced in diplomacy and was frustrated with dealing with such a powerful empress. Less than a month after his arrival in Korea, Empress Myeongseong ordered the disbanding of the Hullyeondae militia. Miura saw this as a first step in an attempt to remove pro-Japanese members of the government and loyalists to the Heungseon Daewongun, aligning Korea with the Russians to offset Japanese influence. Miura struck a deal with Adachi Kenzō of the newspaper Kanjō Shinpō and the Daewongun to carry out her killing in October of that year. The agents were let into the palace by pro-Japanese Korean guards. Once inside, they beat and threatened the royal family and the occupants of the palace during their search for the queen. Two women suspected of being the queen were killed. When the queen was eventually located, her killer jumped on her chest three times, then finished her off with a sword. The Japanese government arrested the assassins, but were acquitted of all charges, despite the court acknowledging that the defendants had conspired to take her down. Later, after the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910, Miura became a privy councilor and focused on eliminating vestiges of the clan-based factionalism from politics
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  1362. While Jacob's Ladder was formerly a funicular built to connect to the fort, today the staircase connects Jamestown to its suburb of Half Tree Hollow at the top! Half Tree Hollow actually has a bigger population than Jamestown, and that's why it exists. As James Valley of course lacks room for expansion, Half Tree Hollow at the top of Ladder Hill where there was more space, grew in the 1960s. Besides the slave trade and Napoleon, St. Helena also had a minor role in WWII. A U-Boat targeted the oil tanker RFA Darkdale in James Bay in October 1941 with only nine of the 50-man crew surviving. Darkdale had been sent to St Helena a few months earlier to refuel ships operating in the South Atlantic. The wreck leaked small amounts of oil until its gradual deterioration caused the Ministry of Defence to send a team of divers to pump out all the remaining oil in June 2015 Napoleon's stay on Elba was famously temporary (which of course led the UK to send him even further from Europe), but it's interesting too. He was made sovereign of the non-hereditary Principality of Elba, as in he would be its only ruler and under the Treaty of Fontainebleau, once he died, the principality would pass to Tuscany. He was also granted a stipend of two million francs per year to be paid by France. As well as creating a small navy and army, Napoleon developed the island's iron mines, oversaw the construction of new roads, issued decrees on modern agricultural methods, and overhauled the island's legal and educational system. But of course after being on Elba for ten months, he escaped to France in February 1815.
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  1548. As you mentioned, the Hōzanji Line is the oldest commercially operated funicular in Japan as it opened all the way back in 1918! Hōzanji station serves the Hōzan-ji temple which wasbuilt in the 1670s and was officially dedicated to the deity Acala/Fudō Myōō, though it has become a cult-center of the deity Kangiten or the god of bliss, the Japanese Buddhist equivalent to Hindu god Ganesha. What's now the temple was originally a place for the training of Buddhist monks as Mount Ikoma was originally an object of worship for the ancient people in the region, and thus this area was selected as a place for religious training. The training area is said to have opened in 655 by En no Gyōja, the founder of Shugendō, and it's where monks like Kūkai, who founded Shingon Buddhism, was trained. When the Ikoma rail tunnel was built after a difficult construction, Ikoma got rail access to places like Nara and Osaka, and thus more people moved to the area, eventually leading to the Ikoma Cable Car and the amusement park! For those who don't know: Deer are a symbol of Nara because the deer in Nara were historically viewed as sacred! Historically, they were considered divine messengers. The legend goes that the thunder god, Takemikazuchi, appeared in Nara riding on a white deer. The deer carried a scroll in its mouth, and Takemikazuchi warned the awestruck mortals who beheld him that from that point on, the deer would report their actions to the gods. The humans took note, built shrines, and granted the deer protection. Killing one of these sacred Nara deer was punishable by death, and so for hundreds of years, the animals roamed freely. They became semi-tame around humans, losing the fearfulness that most deer species possess. After World War II, when many Japanese were eager to cast off the past, the deer’s sacred status was officially revoked but were instead designated as natural monument and are protected as such!
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  1568. When it comes to controversial capitols, Albany's Empire State Plaza around NY's state capitol comes to mind. Empire State Plaza was the idea of Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who was inspired to create the complex after Queen Juliana of the Netherlands visited Albany for a celebration of the area's Dutch history. It's sadly another example of diverse neighborhoods being ripped apart for big 1960s projects by the state as an African and Italian neighborhood was destroyed to make way for it. It was inspired by Brasília and India's Chandigarh and designed by Wallace Harrison, who also worked on the Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center (a Robert Moses project that destroyed the African/Puerto Rican neighborhood of San Juan Hill). The NY State Capitol itself on the other hand is pretty cool. As you briefly mentioned, it's unique for its architecture. It was built between 1867 and 1899. Three teams of architects worked on the design of the Capitol during the 32 years of its construction which were Thomas Fuller (from 1867 to 1875), Leopold Eidlitz and Henry Hobson Richardson (1875 to 1883), and Isaac G. Perry (1883 to 1899). Thomas Fuller was the same guy who designed the buildings of Parliament Hill in Ottawa! As the result of the different architects, the state capitol is in different styles throughout including Romanesque and French Renaissance. Inside are 25 murals created by William deLeftwich Dodge that depict everything from Samuel de Champlain to New York troops serving in World War I.
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  1669. Two of my favorite original modern buildings with a stunning design that fit so nice are right next to each other: The Bird's Nest Stadium (Beijing National Stadium) and the Water Cube. The Bird's Nest Stadium was a joint venture among architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron, project architect Stefan Marbach and CADG, which was led by chief architect Li Xinggang. It's a combination of the crackle glazed pottery that is local to Beijing, and the heavily veined Chinese scholar stones. This inspiration shows just how passionate the Chinese are with their history and culture. And while not being a bird's nest, Li Xinggang said it's still a compliment as eating bird's nest is something for special occasions. For the Water Cube, Chinese partners felt a square was more symbolic to Chinese culture and its relationship to the Bird's Nest stadium while the Sydney-based PTW Architects came up with the idea of covering the cube' with bubbles, symbolizing water. Contextually, the Cube symbolizes Earth, while the circle (represented by the elliptic stadium) represents heaven, a common motif in ancient Chinese art. Using the Weaire–Phelan geometry, the Water Cube's exterior cladding is made of 4,000 ETFE bubbles. The ETFE cladding, supplied and installed by the firm Vector Foiltec, allows more light and heat penetration than traditional glass, resulting in a 30% decrease in energy costs. The venue was also designed to capture and recycle 80% of the water falling on the roof or lost from the pools.
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  1759. More on Kim Il-sung and his guerrilla history: Kim's family participated in anti-Japanese activities and fled to Manchuria in 1920. While in China, he attended Whasung Military Academy in 1926, but found the academy's training methods outdated and quit in 1927. He then attended Yuwen Middle School in Jilin province until 1930, when he rejected feudal traditions and became interested in communism. The then seventeen-year-old Kim became the youngest member of the Korean Communist Youth Association, an underground Marxist organization with fewer than twenty members. The police discovered the group three weeks after it formed in 1929, and jailed Kim for several months. His formal education ended after his arrest and imprisonment. In 1932, he joined the CCP. In 1935, Kim became a member of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, a guerrilla group led by the CCP. Kim met the man who would become his mentor, Wei Zhengmin, Kim's immediate superior officer, who served at the time as chairman of the Political Committee of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. Wei reported directly to Kang Sheng, a high-ranking party member close to Mao Zedong in Yan'an, until Wei's death in March 1941. Kim's actions during the Minsaengdan incident (a series of purges by the CCP against Koreans) helped solidify his leadership. Kim was arrested in late 1933 and exonerated in early 1934. His memoirs, and those of the guerrillas who fought alongside him, cite Kim's seizing and burning the suspect files of the Purge Committee as key to solidifying his leadership. After the destruction of the suspect files and the rehabilitation of suspects, those who had fled the purge rallied around him. Thus in 1935, he took the name "Kim become the sun". In June 1937, he led 200 guerrillas in a raid on Pochonbo, destroying the local government offices and setting fire to a Japanese police station and post office. The success of the raid demonstrated his talents as a military leader. Even more significant than the military success itself was the political coordination and organization between the guerrillas and the Korean Fatherland Restoration Association, an anti-Japanese united front group based in Manchuria. For their part, the Japanese regarded Kim as one of the most effective and popular Korean guerrilla leaders ever. He appeared on Japanese wanted lists as the "Tiger". The Japanese "Maeda Unit" was even sent to hunt him in February 1940, and the Japanese kidnapped a wife who they believed to be Kim Il-sung's first wife and used her as a hostage to get him before killing her. This made Kim and his troops cross to the Soviet Union, and while there, Kim Jong-il was born in 1941 (though the DPRK officially claims he was born around Mount Paektu). To commemorate the Korean resistance during the Japanese period by Kim Il-sung and celebrate his 70th birthday in 1982, the DPRK government created the Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang! The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang was based off the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller than the Arc de Triomphe at 60 m. Each of its 25,500 blocks of finely-dressed granite represents a day of his life up to that point!
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  1793. For the Guggenheim: In 1943, Frank Lloyd Wright was commissioned to design a building to house the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, which had been established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939. Wright actually didn't want the museum to be in NYC as he criticized the city for not having "architectural merit" (guess NYC icons like the Flatiron Building, Chrysler Building, and Grand Central Terminal don't exist). Wright’s inverted-ziggurat design was not built until 1959. Numerous factors contributed to this 16-year delay: modifications to the design, the acquisition of additional property, and the rising costs of building materials following World War II. The death of the museum’s benefactor, Solomon R. Guggenheim, in 1949 further delayed the project. It was not until 1956 that construction of the museum, renamed in Guggenheim’s memory, finally began. It took 7,000 cubic feet of concrete and 700 tons of structural steel to form the structure and shell of the museum. Various subcontractors worked together to create the one-of-a-kind plywood forms that shaped the sweeping curves of the building. The museum is constructed of “gun-placed concrete” (also referred to as “gunite”), which is sprayed into a plywood formwork rather than poured. A nautilus shell inspired the spiral ramp and that the radial symmetry of a spider web informed the design of the rotunda skylight. Eric Lloyd Wright, Frank Lloyd Wright’s grandson, was one of his grandfather’s apprentices during the 1940s and 50s, when the Guggenheim Museum was designed. He recalls, “…every Sunday at breakfast he’d give us a talk… And sometimes he would have placed before him a whole bunch of seashells. And he said, 'Look here, fellows. This is what nature produces. These shells all are based on the same basic principles, but all of them are different, and they’re all created as a function of the interior use of that shell.'” Because of the spiral, paintings can't be properly hung in the shallow, windowless, concave exhibition niches around the main gallery. And as a ten-story tower for studios and stuff to go next door wasn't built due largely to financial reasons, William Wesley Peters (Wright was his father-in-law) added a two-story one (which was downsized further from a four-story one because of resident complaints) last minute in 1968. A 10-story annex wasn't realized until the 1990s.
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