Youtube comments of Kim Jong-un (@SupremeLeaderKimJong-un).
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Not just Azerbaijan, another big Caspian natural gas country is Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan is so rich in natural gas, that for a long period of time, gas, electricity, and water were all free of charge. They also used that wealth from all the natural gas to build tons of marble structures in the capital city Ashgabat (they actually have a Guinness World Record for it). Under late leader Saparmurat Niyazov aka Turkmenbashi, he built a marble monument honoring the country's neutrality with a spinning golden statue of him at the top. It spun so that it would always be facing the Sun, symbolizing that his era was the golden era. Like Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan has pipelines connecting its natural gas to neighboring countries like the Trans-Afghan pipeline connecting Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India and the Central Asia-China pipeline connecting Turkmenistan to Xinjiang (they also have pipelines to Iran). As part of the pipeline from Baku through Turkey at 6:00, a subsea pipeline has been proposed to connect Azerbaijan to Turkmenistan. Because of the natural gas, Western leaders aren't so keen on criticizing the Turkmen and Azerbaijani leaders when compared to criticizing me. Why? Because we're not rich in the specific resources (oil) they want
Back in the 70s when the country was still a Soviet republic, the Soviets were drilling in the northern portion of the country looking for an oil field. When they found a natural gas pocket, the drill suddenly collapsed into a crater. Because of the concern of poisonous gases being released, they decided to set it on fire....that fire is still burning to this day. And the problem of poisonous gases being released is still an issue, thus in addition to saving the environment it's been decided to seal the crater. As cool as the crater nicknamed the Door to Hell is, it's not so cool when you have health issues because of it like the locals
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Besides the South Pacific and Africa, the Germans also had the Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory from 1898 to 1914. They wanted a model colony by copying the UK and acquiring a Chinese harbor to show both the Chinese and the other powers what it means to have effective colonial policy. In 1860, a Prussian expeditionary fleet arrived in Asia and explored the region around Jiaozhou Bay. The following year, the Prussian-Chinese Treaty of Peking was signed. In November 1897, local peasants killed two German priests, and Wilhelm II ordered admiral Otto von Diederichs to respond. Despite occupying all the forts and disabling the telegraph line, Wilhelm II canceled the order and opted for a lease over outright cession.
As the territory was not a colony but a lease, and because of its importance to the German navy, it was placed under the supervision of the Imperial Naval Office rather than the colonial office. The impoverished fishing village of Tsingtau was laid out with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system, and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large parts of Asia at that time and later. The area had the highest density of schools and highest per capita student enrollment in all of China. During the German period, Tsingtao Brewery was founded in 1903 by an English-German joint stock company, and Tsingtao is still around today, and Qingdao has a thriving beer culture thanks to the Germans.
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The wildest thing Francisco Macías Nguema did: On Christmas Eve 1969, Francisco targeted dissidents by rounding them up in a stadium and having soldiers dressed as Santa aim at them while Mary Hopkin’s Those Were the Days played to cover their screaming. And for those who weren’t aimed at, had to bury themselves up to their necks and be eaten by red ants. But regarding the Black Beach prison where dissidents have been imprisoned, when his nephew overthrew him, Francisco was fittingly sent there where he was finally executed by firing squad in September 1979.
A fascinating fact about Francisco Macías Nguema is that Francisco's daughters and son Monica, Maribel, and Paco, were all sent to be raised in the DPRK with their mother in 1979 to study and reside under the care of Kim Il-sung. Monica for example was only seven when this happened. However, just months after their arrival, Francisco was ousted that year, so them and her mother were stranded in the DPRK. Soon afterwards, her mother left, abandoning them. Despite this, Kim Il-sung continued to fulfil his promise to take care of her and sent her to a military boarding school, regularly checked in on her, and helped her graduate Pyongyang University of Light Industry. She viewed him as a second father.
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To add more context about Kijong-dong: It was built in response to the real village of Daeseong-dong in South Korea. Under the 1953 armistice, Kijong-dong and Daeseong-dong are the only villages permitted in the DMZ. Because of its location, Daeseong-dong is quite unique among the places in South Korea, as only individuals who lived in the village before the Korean War, or are descendants of those who did, are allowed to move to the village. There is a curfew and headcount as their safety is paramount, and visitors need a military escort. It also comes with benefits as residents are exempt from national defense duties and taxation and are allocated large plots of land, having some of the highest farming income in the nation.
The flagpole of Kijong-dong is because of a flagpole war. South Korea built a 100 m/328 ft flagpole in Daeseong-dong in the 1980s. In response, the DPRK built an even taller flagpole at 525 feet or 160 meters. After the DPRK built this flagpole, it was the world's tallest flagpole for quite some time! But since then, places like Jeddah, Dushanbe, and the New Administrative Capital in Egypt building even bigger flagpoles. Kijong-dong and Daeseong-dong are also the places where the two governments have placed loudspeakers towards each other in the past to convince the other to leave, whether they're spouting patriotic marches or in South Korea's case, K-pop.
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If you're wondering about the phrase "10,000 Years", it's a way to wish someone a long life. In ancient China it was used to wish the emperor, while during the Cultural Revolution it was used to wish Chairman Mao. Nowadays in China, it's just used as an exclamation of joy in general. When Italy scored a goal in the 2006 World Cup's round of 16 against Australia, the Chinese commentator said "Italy ten thousand years!" interpreted as his way of saying "Forza Italia". So it's in no way a negative thing
Meanwhile in the DPRK, saying ten-thousand years is used for whenever the Supreme Leader enters a building. Or as the world knows it, "Manse/만세!" Whenever this happens for a big event, Song of Happiness for the Great Leader, the DPRK version of Hail to the Chief, is played in the background.
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Another weird, planned community in Florida is the town of Celebration just outside Disney World. In fact, it WAS created by Disney. So, you know how EPCOT was supposed to be this very futuristic city and that's why Walt bought so much land for it in FL? Well, that didn't happen, because Walt died, and EPCOT became a "permanent World Expo" theme park instead in 1982. However, the idea of the Walt Disney Company planning a community didn't die.
So during the 1990s, ambitious CEO Michael Eisner (Defunctland's favorite person) did just that. Took a part of Disney World property, separated it from Disney World and formed a master-planned community called Celebration gathering architects like Michael Graves and Philip Johnson to create a what they hoped to be a diverse and lively community...by 2000, the makeup was revealed to be over 80 percent White. Disney did SO much advertising towards Latinos and African-Americans, and yet no one wanted to move in. Maybe it's because Celebration looks like every boring Florida retirement community, or that they didn't build subsidized housing, instead choosing to donate 900K to Osceola residents to help them purchase homes worth under 80K...the houses in Celebration are worth more than that. Telecommunications and energy services are provided to the town by Smart City Telecom and Reedy Creek Energy Services, both operated by Walt Disney World.
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And the thing is, while Brunei may be small now, it used to be bigger as it once stretched around the whole Bornean coast! So the place definitely has cool history! This is exactly why more people need to give things a chance! Judging the whole population of a country based on just one bad experience is unfair. As you said, you didn't know better back then, and now that you have a local to show you around, you get to better understand a country instead of just viewing it from a tourist point of view. Of course Brunei isn't a touristy place, but that doesn't mean the country doesn't have places to see! Many people don't visit Libya and Afghanistan and yet you showed that even those two places can have its charm
And it's no lie about their palace! Guinness World Records states it is the world's largest palace. It indeed has 1,788 rooms, which includes 257 bathrooms, a banquet hall for up to 5,000 guests, a mosque for 1,500 people, a 110-car garage, and stable for 200 polo ponies, and five swimming pools. The palace is open to the public for Eid-ul-Fitr (three days a year)
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My favorite example of Brutalism is the DC Metro! The stations of the DC Metro are a sight to behold. The flashing lights, the hexagonal floor tiles, the waffles...chef's kiss design. Many Metro stations were designed by Chicago architect Harry Weese, and they not only have aspects of Brutalist design, but also reflect the influence of Washington's neoclassical architecture in their overarching coffered ceiling vaults! Weese worked with lighting designer Bill Lam from Cambridge, MA on the indirect lighting used throughout the system. Weese and his employees visited European cities like Lisbon, Moscow, Milan, Paris, Rome, and Stockholm, hoping to take the best elements of each and combine them into the perfect system for DC. In Lisbon, they noted the design of the ticket booth and the attendant’s uniform, as well as the minimal interruption of the subway stairs on a typical street. In Moscow, they took note of the palatial glories of the underground stations, from cut-glass lanterns to marble paneling. In Milan, they took note of its Modernist design.
Weese created a proposal with dozens of views for station interiors with a simple semiellipse, with a flat bottom and curved top. For cut-and-cover stations, the vault was proposed to have straight, vertical walls supporting a curved ceiling. In Weese’s first presentations to the US Commission of Fine Arts during the spring and summer of 1967, he attempted to assimilate his European travels into something Washingtonian, stations are shallow when possible, entered through cuts in the sidewalk, as in Lisbon, with minimal interruptions between street and platform. But the CFA wanted it to feel monumental, no exposed rock walls like Stockholm, and something like the inside of a thermos bottle. So he changed his thought. He felt the necessities of each station would produce the variety, that "You don't try to make them different for different's sake. We think it's very appropriate for Washington. After all". To Weese, the sweeping, swooping, floating lines of Metro's plazas, stations and mezzanines are the system's best feature. Once they were chosen, he said, the long, long escalators and the indirect, somewhat dim lighting in stations fell into step as a result.
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What a beaut of a country! Hope to visit someday. The closest country to Sydney isn't even NZ, it's FRANCE thanks to New Caledonia (1,969 km from Sydney to Nouméa; 2,155 km to Auckland)! I know people like to say Australia and NZ are next to each other, but considering the size of the Tasman Sea when compared to the small gap of the English Channel between the UK and France, two countries legitimately next to each other...they're really not. The US is also closer to Greenland than NZ is to Australia! Crazy thought! That aside, when you were comparing the population density with the UK at 1:47, you used the AUSTRALIAN flag for New Zealand!
New Zealand's flag has RED stars, and the flag does NOT have another star under the Union Jack, just the Southern Cross. Australia's flag does because that seven-pointed star below the Union Jack is the Commonwealth Star. Originally it had six points, representing the six original states of Australia. But an extra point was added in 1909 when the Territory of Papua (of course now part of modern-day Papua New Guinea) was proclaimed in 1905. This point now represents any current and future territory.
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Oslo fun facts: Oslo became the capital of Norway in 1299, but it wasn't always the capital as before that, it was Bergen! In fact, in 1600, Bergen was the largest city in Scandinavia at a population of 15,000. Oslo also used to be called Christiania! After a fire ripped through the city in 1624, King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway ordered the city to be rebuilt across the bay, near Akershus Castle, and called the ‘new' Oslo, Christiania. The name Oslo was kept for the now poor suburb where the original city stood, which today is known as Gamlebyen (the Old Town). Oslo wouldn't be restored as the city's name until 1925, because they realized having a Norwegian city named after a Danish monarch didn't seem right.
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Another instance of the DPRK outdoing South Korea when it comes to height is flagpoles. In the 1980s, the South Korean/ROK government built a 99.8 m (327 ft) flagpole in Daeseong-dong, which flies the ROK flag weighing 130 kilograms (287 pounds). Naturally, the DPRK responded by building an even taller one, the Panmunjom flagpole, at 160 m (525 ft) with a 270 kg (595 pounds) flag in the village of Kijong-dong. For over a decade, the flagpole was the tallest supported flagpole in the world. But in 2010, Azerbaijan took the record as they built one in Baku at 162 m (531 ft). Currently, the Panmunjom flagpole is the sixth-tallest flagpole in the world.
And another famous megaproject is of course our Rungrado 1st of May Stadium. After the 1988 Summer Olympics had been awarded to Seoul, the DPRK intensified its efforts to present itself as the legitimate Korean state. As part of these efforts, it successfully bid to organize the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in Pyongyang in 1989. Massive construction projects were initiated in preparation for the festival, one of which was the Rungrado 1st of May Stadium. It has a capacity of 114,000 and is home to the Arirang Mass Games, which is the world's largest gymnastics display. It was the world's largest stadium from 1989 to 2020 when India rebuilt Motera Stadium and renamed it Narendra Modi Stadium.
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This movie was/is a masterclass on how to make a legendary film. From the preparation to the sets, all the way to the cinematography. This movie ticks every box. The passion James Cameron has for the Titanic translated on screen in a way that only select films throughout history has done. The care he took with the ship to get it right (to the best of their knowledge at that time), the details throughout the ship, the significant moments that happened and bringing the emotion out of the sinking scene - is top notch directing. As someone who has spent their life fascinated by all things Titanic, this film left me stunned.
I remember being in the theater opening night. The excitement and sheer awe of seeing the REAL ship at the beginning. The moment the movie introduced the ship in all its glory. The laughter that rang out in the softer moments and the tears that fell in the emotional moments. I also remember the dead silence when Jack & Rose were in the water and the lifeboats finally came back to look for survivors. Never have I ever had a theater experience like that before or since. James truly took one of the most mesmerizing ships of all time, as well as one of the saddest tragedies of all time, and made us all EXPERIENCE the ship and FEEL that moment in history. And whether or not you think Jack, Rose and the story set on the ship was cheesy, is whatever. This movie is still a masterclass of cinema. And the passion that went into it behind the scenes is the reason why. Lots of hard work, but it paid off. Not only for Cameron & his team, but for us that are fascinated with the Titanic and moviegoers in general.
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Some important notes that should be included: The first Czechoslovak republic created a notion of common Czechoslovak nationality because there were more Germans than Slovaks in the new state. When it comes to communism, it was much more popular in what is now Czechia than Slovakia which put a strain on the relation. During Prague Spring, Husák was originally a supporter of the reform, but changed sides when Dubček refused to federalize the republic. After 1968, a federal structure was created, comprised of the Slovak and Czech Socialist Republics.
The half-million protest was not at Wenceslas Square but at the Letná Plain (though it began at the square). You can't fit that many people there. Slovaks had to fight much harder for their survival as a nation and thus were more nationalistic. In the early 90s, the leading political party in Czechia was based on economic issues, but the main Slovak political party was based on nationalism. The Czechs, led by Klaus, wanted a unitary state or a tight federation. While Slovaks, led by Mečiar, wanted a loose confederation. That was the main issue Czechoslovakia split on.
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There's even history behind the peregrine falcon and the raven on the Isle of Man coat of arms. In 1405 Henry IV, King of England granted the Isle of Man to John Stanley, who was given the island for providing him a pair of peregrine falcons, also to be provided to every future English king on his coronation. This formal bestowal of a pair of falcons continued until the coronation of George IV in 1822. As for the raven, it's strongly associated with Norse mythology, and appears in numerous place names on the island
The Bee Gees are from the Isle of Man! Yup, they're not Australian! Maurice, Robin, and Barry were all born on the Isle of Man. Their family later moved to Australia, but they were born in Man. Not all Manx cats are tailless! It’s not entirely clear how the local cats came to be tailless in the first place, although science suggests that it’s some kind of genetic mutation. Some litters are born with a mix of tailless and tailed kittens. Normal-length tails are known as “longies”, tailless are called “rumpies” while others with stumps are called “stumpies”. During a significant excavation on the site of Peel Castle during the 1980s, they made some discoveries dating back over 8000 years, it remains the most significant archaeological dig to happen on the Isle of Man.
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No one will think Pyongyang as the city they'd never want to live in because Pyongyang is the PERFECT city. People don't have to pay for apartments, universal healthcare, taxes are non-existent, there are great hot-pot restaurants with karaoke, phenomenal museums, and above all, exceptional transit. Pyongyang has a beautiful metro system with 16 stations and two lines, a tram system, and trolleybuses! The majority of Pyongyang citizens travel by transit or bike, so Pyongyang is a healthy city! That aside, we've seen what has happened to Iraq and this is why we'll never trust the US and always stand our ground
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Here are other examples: The Japanese Village was built in 1943 in Utah at the Dugway Proving Ground. The purpose of the replicas of Japanese homes, which were repeatedly rebuilt after being intentionally burned down, was to perfect the use of incendiary bombing tactics. Testing on the Japanese Village coincided with the erosion of precision bombing practice in the US Army Air Force. The principal architect for Japanese village was Antonin Raymond who had spent many years building in Japan. Boris Laiming, who had studied fires in Japan, writing a report on the 1923 Tokyo fire, also contributed. The most successful bomb to come out of the tests was the napalm-filled M-69 Incendiary cluster bomb.
Not whole cities but in NYC, there are buildings used to hide subway or other important infrastructure. One of them is 58 Joralemon Street in Brooklyn. The building resembles any other townhouse on the picturesque tree-lined street in Brooklyn Heights, but the building was acquired by the IRT in 1907 for a subway vent and emergency exit for the Joralemon Street Tunnel! On Pier 34 in Manhattan, what looks like a small factory is actually a vent for the Holland Tunnel, and this same design is also on a pier on the Jersey City side. On Roosevelt Island, the Strecker Memorial Laboratory was originally built in the 1890s, closed in the 1950s, designated a NYC landmark in 1976, and acquired by the MTA in the 1990s as a power conversion substation for the 53rd St Tunnel
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Wikipedia editors are the next level of reddit mods. Seems fitting for a discussion on anything Austro-Hungarian to be pretty much doomed from the start. Here's a flag with an interesting story: Anguilla (no, it's not because of Wikipedia). Anguilla is a British Overseas Territory located just north of St. Martin. Their flag has a shield with three dolphins, and these three dolphins represent unity, strength, and endurance. To the average person, it's just another shield with some detail but what many don't know is WHY there are three dolphins. And it's because for a short period of time, Anguilla was its own independent republic in the late 1960s, and the Three Dolphins were bigger as they were in the middle of the republic's flag.
Basically, the UK combined them with St. Kitts as an associated state but they didn't want to be associated with St. Kitts so they kicked their police off the island and held a referendum in July 1967 with over 99 percent of the island voted to leave St Kitts in favor of returning to being a British colony, but neither St. Kitts nor the UK recognized this and after talks went nowhere, they held another referendum in February 1969 and once again, the majority voted for independence, but this time as a republic. In response to this, the British occupied the island with 300 personnel and after successful talks, Anguilla was allowed to leave the union with St Kitts which they formally did in 1980 and has remained a British territory to this day.
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Some Denver Union Station history: Denver's first train station was constructed in 1868 to serve the new Denver Pacific Railway, which connected Denver to the main transcontinental line at Cheyenne, Wyoming. By 1875, there were four different railroad stations, making transfers between different railroad lines inconvenient. To remedy this issue, Union Pacific proposed creating one central "Union Station" to combine the various operations. In February 1880, the owners of the four lines (Union Pacific, Denver & Rio Grande, Denver, South Park & Pacific and Colorado Central) agreed to build a station at 17th and Wynkoop Streets. Architect A. Taylor of Kansas City was hired to develop the plans and the station opened in May 1881.
In 2001, RTD purchased Union Station and the surrounding site of its old rail yards. A master plan was developed in 2002 that envisioned both the building and surrounding 19.5 acre site be redeveloped as the hub of a multi-modal transportation network with transit-oriented private development. This was approved in 2004 as part of the FasTracks program.
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I'm glad you talked about such an interesting topic like this bridge to Sicily! The concept is cool! The prevalence of the mafia is largely a byproduct of its economic situation, and a bridge may not simply solve it. It would help Sicily, but both Sicily and Calabria lack the most basic land infrastructures that has to exist to let the bridge work at full capacity. The reasons why Southern Italy is poorer than the rest of the country is more complex than this. The South’s relative poverty is due to various historical, social, and economic factors. Italy until the 1870s was not a united country since the fall of the Roman Empire, and the South had been under control of the Bourbon monarchy and various other polities that had caused a more repressive, feudal social structure and an economic system far different to the North. The economy was almost entirely agrarian, and lacked industry, being exploited for a long time. Unlike the fertile Po Valley in the north, much of southern Italy lacks extensive plains suitable for large-scale agriculture.
This, in addition to the cultural differences with the North, their slight disdain for Southerners and the fact that the South was not even particularly wanted by the more advanced, industrialized Liberal North/Kingdom of Sardinia but more annexed as a result of chance due to Garibaldi’s expedition, led to a severe economic mismanagement of the South following the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. The economy of the South integrated very poorly with the Northern economic system, and the government employed harsh repressive measures against dissent and crime (caused by the dire economic situation) in the South in the latter half of the 19th century.
Due to the historical poverty of the South, crime and corruption tends to go hand in hand with economic woes and as such a situation arises where it is difficult for the South to alleviate its own situation. It had very little industry. In addition, Northern Italians tended to not sympathize with Southerners, some even calling for separation in the 21st century (Lega Nord, a once popular political party founded on the basis of Northern independence).
Ultimately, the South’s relative poverty is due to a mix of historical cultural, political and economic circumstances, where the South had mostly found itself lagging behind the North. When annexed into the Kingdom of Italy, the South was terribly mismanaged and found itself in a worse situation due to incompetence and apathy towards the South by the Northern Liberal Elite. The prevalent issues of crime, corruption, mafia and lack of industry did contribute to the situation but were also primarily the natural byproduct of economic and political trouble. Small private armies known as "mafie" took advantage of the chaos and extorted protection money from landowners, eventually evolving into the organized criminal groups we know today.
Nowadays, although the South is not as bad, it still remains poorer due to lack of investment and brain drain. Why would anyone invest in an already dysfunctional area, when they can just invest in the richer North? Southern Italians have long internally migrated to the industrialized North in search of employment and better quality of life. These two issues go hand in hand. Although not as bad, the corruption caused by historical economic and political insecurity is still an issue that can deter investment, making it more expensive. Additionally, the regional form of government means that Southern regional governments lack the ability and money to effectively create, improve and repair infrastructure, contributing to the continual stunted development. Italian immigration to the Americas was overwhelming from the South. It's the reason why Southern Italian cuisine is far better known internationally than Northern Italian. Yes, they got a lot of tourism, but as shown by other places, you can't simply rely on tourism
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Thank you, Comrade Peter. This video made me cry a few times, especially the "beat our languages out of us" because it brought up historical trauma. It's something Koreans can relate to when it comes to the Japanese occupation of the peninsula. They banned use of the Korean language, forced Koreans to adopt Japanese names, made Koreans do forced labor, Koreans became tenants of Japanese landowners on Korean soil, and Japanese soldiers took Korean women as comfort women with them. Japan has swept our struggle under the rug, so we relate to the Native Americans and their struggles. But this made my heart smile. This was a great learning experience and Roger was certainly a treat!
Seeing the Pizza Hut and coffee/donut shop and knowing how their diet used to be is just sad because this change of their diet is one of the problems of the reservation (and the US in general). It reminds me of Nauru. Nauruans used to have a lot of farming but because of focusing on phosphate mining (which made them the richest in the 80s), that made most of the island non-arable. And when that industry collapsed, they started relying on Australian aid and whatever canned goods they can get from shipments at their only airport, which changed their diet completely. And they now have the highest rates of type 2. Westernization has and continues to destroy cultures.
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What truly sets this video apart from the rest is the story it tells. This is not just a simple tale of good versus evil or a generic love story. No, this is a complex, multilayered narrative that explores themes of humanity, morality, and the nature of existence itself. The characters are deep, complex, and fully-realized, each with their own motivations and desires. The dialogue is sharp and insightful, full of clever wordplay and profound insights. The pacing is perfect, with each scene building on the last, leading to a climax that is both thrilling and emotionally satisfying.
A house divided against itself cannot stand. And as we see here, the North was victorious as we were in our war and the North Vietnamese in their war. Koreans are culturally the same, and yet politically we have drifted so far apart because of a barrier that has divided us. We had so much hope for reunification when Moon Jae-in was their president, but all that hope crumbled up because things got in the way. Families separated by the barrier cannot see each other. All we ask is for a peaceful reunification. And peace cannot happen if the US remains on our doorstep. That is why we kept our weapons, it is our way of defending ourselves against a threat. We'd love to cease military activity, but only if they do the same.
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Specialty coffee provides a roast date instead of an "expiration" date because dry coffee, even if it's ground, never becomes unsafe to brew and consume, it just doesn't taste as good after 5 years. It's helpful for people that enjoy specialty coffee because we can grab the beans that will taste best when we'll use them (coffee is generally best 7-30 days after the roast date) without misrepresenting whether the coffee is actually safe to brew. Some roasters even provide information on the bag that explains when the coffee is best. This practice should be adopted by across the food industry.
Excellent video! I've almost always lived by the smell test for what I will eat, what I will give to the dogs or what I will toss. And I always encourage others to do the same. And now I'm going to add composting to my list (I never thought about that before). I can't do much about nationwide waste, but I will do what I can for my small corner of the world. I want to add that, again, car-centric urbanism is at play. When you have to do a long car trip and get all your food at once, you have to take the freshest because it might go bad in your fridge. With smaller pedestrian cities, you can walk to the groceries store back from work and such. As you do more groceries trips but smaller ones, you can go for products that are closer to expiration (the real one, with the nose).
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Portugal fun facts: In Porto, they opened a McDonald's in 1995 inside the historic Cafe Imperial, a former coffeeshop that was in the city since the 1930s. It has massive stained-glass windows and chandeliers. On top of that, it has a GIANT bronze eagle at the entrance designed by sculptor Henrique Moreira. Many call it the world's most beautiful McDonald's. Goes to show you there are still locations that resist the minimalistic design changes that many McDonald's locations have made.
The Portuguese Empire lasted from 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta (now in Spanish hands) and ended in 1999 when Macau was transferred to China. In the wake of the Reconquista, Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418–1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography, and maritime technology such as the caravel, with the aim of finding a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. They'd eventually go around Africa to reach Asia.
Portugal is famous for tarts known as pastel de nata. These were created by many Catholic monks sometime before the 18th century. At the monastery, they used egg whites for starch (laundry and all that), but what to do with the egg yolks? Bake ‘em into stuff, of course! Thus the tastiest custard tart in the world was born.
Tempura originated in Portugal! Toward the end of the 16th century, the technique of fritter-cooking with a batter of flour and eggs was acquired in Nagasaki from Portuguese missionaries. It was a way to fulfill the fasting and abstinence rules for Catholics surrounding the quarterly ember days.
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Haiti didn't exactly...get independence on good terms. In 1825, the French demanded they paid 150 million francs as compensation, this was reduced to 90 million in 1838 but it put quite the dent on their development. Not to mention this forced them to take huge loans as well as the US receiving interest payments when it acquired Haiti's treasury in 1911. Haiti finally paid off the debt in 1947. The DR-Haiti border just shows the differences in their development. When you just look at the two sides, you can see that the Dominican side is much greener than the Haitian side. And this is because of many factors. There was a lot of deforestation in 1954 after Hurricane Hazel drowned many trees, and concessionaires stepped up their logging operations in response to intensified demand for charcoal on top of rapid population growth. The geographic makeup of the Island of Hispaniola is such that the mountainous regions tend to cut off the rainfall needed to grow crops and sustain livestock. The northeast trade winds that blow across the island often favor the DR.
Compared to the DR, the area of flat land good for intensive agriculture in Haiti is much smaller, as a higher percentage of Haiti's area is mountainous. There is more limestone terrain, and the soils are thinner and less fertile and have a lower capacity for recovery. Haiti's semiarid climate makes cultivation more challenging. On top of this, the French destroyed the soil by aggressively harvesting the same crops over and over again. France wanted the colony to be extremely profitable. Not just sugar, but coffee too. Over the course of fifty years, a quarter of the colony was all coffee with the original forests cleared. They were also forced to export timber to the French as part of paying off the millions of francs.
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"I've eaten at McDonald's in over 70 countries"
shows Puerto Rico, Sudan (WITH South Sudan), Sierra Leone, Senegal, Tanzania, Syria, and Tajikistan
Puerto Rico is a US territory. And Sudan, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Syria, Tanzania, and Tajikistan don't have any golden arches what so ever
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2:16 While that is “a” Penn Station, it’s not THAT Penn Station! Your photo is of the very much still standing NEWARK Penn Station in Newark, NJ which opened in 1935. Aside from an elevated bridge going right into its front, it is still a pretty Deco building in a city that, while still Newark, is sure as heck better than it was in the 80s! Downtown Newark has a state-of-the art arena called the Prudential Center, new local restaurants, and the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. Newark Penn is shared by the Newark Light Rail (aka the Newark City Subway because some stations are underground), NJT rail, Amtrak, PATH (subway between NJ and NYC), NJT buses, and Greyhound buses so it's very much a hub.
The Moynihan Train Hall upgrade to NY Penn Station was definitely needed! I like the mix of the old and the new, not to mention it's within the James A. Farley post office building that was also designed by the McKim, Mead & White trio who worked on the original Penn Station that was once next door (they worked on the Brooklyn Museum and Columbia's main campus too). Sure it's different from the original Penn, but it's better than nothing! NYC is the "If you can make it here, you can make it anywhere" city, and it deserves an Amtrak hub that welcomes tourists with a grand "Yes, you CAN make it here!"
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Worth mentioning the Dutch approach to biking, by analogy. They've done a lot of work to make biking safe and convenient, but that also include making driving inconvenient for urban trips, the "redesign your city" mentioned briefly in the video. Modal filtering means that bikes have direct routes, cars have to go around. People will bike when it's the fastest way to get where they're going. Same with transit, which can mean bypassing traffic and more direct routes. Also, frequency, frequency, frequency. Another example of a transit city in Asia is Pyongyang. Pyongyang has a lot of transit! Before war in the 1950s, the city had trams but said tram system was destroyed during US air raids, so it built a new system from scratch. Before this system was built, trolleybus lines and a metro system were created. The trolleybus system first opened in 1962, with opening of a line from the Three Revolutions Exhibition at Ryonmot-dong to the Pyongyang railway station. Today, the system has 12 lines with a length of 56.6 km, serving Pyongyang and its suburbs. The Pyongyang Metro has two lines, the Chollima Line and the Hyŏksin Line, with the lines opening 1973 and 1978 respectively. This means the Pyongyang Metro opened one year before the Seoul Subway Line 1 did in 1974. The fare costs 5 DPRK won, or half a US cent. The Pyongyang Metro is among the deepest metros in the world, with the track at over 110 meters (360 ft) deep underground. Due to the depth of the metro and the lack of outside segments, its stations can double as bomb shelters, with blast doors in place at hallways. Most of the 16 public stations were built in the 1970s, except for the two most grandiose stations, Puhŭng and Yŏnggwang, which were constructed in 1987. The Pyongyang Metro artwork is incredible too. Like Moscow and St. Petersburg Metro stations, Pyongyang's stations have chandeliers too! At Yonggwang (Glory) station, its chandeliers represent the fireworks that celebrated the Koreans' victory, and the pillars are sculpted in the shape of victory torches. At Kwangbok (Liberation) station, there are murals showing scenes of the forest from which Kim Il-sung led guerrilla anti-Japanese attacks.
The trams finally opened in 1991 as a solution for overcrowded trolleybuses, with three lines, and the Kumsusan shuttle that connects Samhung station with the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun. The tram shuttle line opened in 1995 when the mausoleum opened, to replace the closed Kwangmyong station as the palace became a sacred site and as Kwangmyong was located below the mausoleum, it closed. A number of Tatra T4 trams and its trailer B4 were bought from Dresden, Magdeburg and Leipzig in 1997–1998, while the Kumsusan shuttle uses VBZ Be 4/4 Type Ib rolling stock from late 1940s that was retired from the Zurich network in 1994 on a gauge of 1,000 mm, different from the 1,435 mm gauge of the other lines. In 2008, the City Transportation Company of Prague sold 20 used T3s to Pyongyang. In August 2018, following the introduction of new trolleybuses and metro cars, new partially domestically-produced tram cars were introduced in Pyongyang for the first time in about twenty years. The bodies were manufactured by Pyongyang Bus Repair Factory and named Thongil-181, on the chassis of the Tatra KT8D5K. A ban on bikes was lifted in 1992, and now many people also bike alongside taking transit, and the government has built bike lanes and even introduced Ryomyong bikeshare. Almost all cities in the DPRK have one primary central square, often the site of a monument, a revolutionary museum, a children's traffic park (where kids learn to drive in mini cars), or other significant buildings that either political or cultural. DPRK urban-planning also includes limited urban sprawl, as new developments in DPRK cities tend to take the place of older areas of the city, rather than building new developments further out. In Pyongyang, this is the case with the developments of Mirae (Future) Scientists Street in 2015, Changjon Street in 2012, Songhwa Street in 2022, Hwasong Street in 2024, and Ryomyong (Dawn) Street in 2023. Micro-districts are made up of residences alongside their supporting amenities like public spaces, offices, shops, and schools. A key aspect is both the equality of the residential buildings and the encouragement of people to spend more time in the community, hence the focus on parks and playgrounds
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Trains are certainly incredible. Taking a train through a country is how you truly discover its soul. My family has regularly used trains. I still have my own private train that was passed down from my grandpa and father (it was actually on this train that my father died from a heart attack). It's the train I've used to get to summits in Beijing, Hanoi, and Vladivostok. And my grandpa's longest journey was in 1984 (ten years before he passed) when he did a huge trip by train via China to the Soviet Union, Poland, GDR, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia, and then back to the DPRK through the USSR again. Life is a train that stops at no stations; you either jump abroad or stand on the platform and watch as it passes.
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As the Supreme Leader, I'm obligated to say NORTH DAKOTA, BEST DAKOTA! Some North Dakota facts, the world's largest French fry feed is held every year in Grand Forks, during Potato Bowl USA. A new record was set on September 10, 2015, when 5,220 pounds of French fries were served. It is believed to host the geographic center of North America, Rugby, and is home to the tallest man-made structure in the Western Hemisphere, the KVLY-TV mast. It took an act of Congress in the US and Royal Assent in Canada to build the International Peace Garden which is a beautiful symbol of peace and friendship straddling the border of North Dakota and Manitoba. North Dakota is also home to more wildlife refuges (63!) than any other state.
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That pineapple bun looks similar to a Japanese melonpan! Melonpan is lighter in weight and taste, slightly drier and has a firmer outer layer (including top cookie crust) which resists flaking. The fact that the Central-Mid Levels escalator system fueled the proliferation of different businesses along the system goes to show you that if you build a type of transit whether it's a train line or even an escalator system as shown here, people will come! Caojiawan in Chongqing opened in 2015 with nothing around it, and then it became surrounded by developments by 2019! When the IRT Flushing Line first opened in Queens, stations had basically nothing around them, so all the diverse neighborhoods that now surround that line in Queens, developed because of the subway. Because it gave people a reason to live there! To put things into perspective, approximately 800 languages are spoken in NYC, with 300 spoken along Roosevelt Ave that the 7 serves! Really shows that NYC is truly the international city!
Star Ferry was first founded in 1888 as the Kowloon Ferry Company but was renamed to Star Ferry in 1898. Before the steam ferry service was first established, people would cross in sampans. In 1870, a man named Grant Smith brought a twin-screw wooden-hulled boat from England for operations between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon. In July 1873, an attempt was made to run steam ferries between Hong Kong and Kowloon. This was stopped at the request of the British consul in Canton, who feared it would enable visits to gambling houses in Kowloon. The company was founded by Parsee (the Indian Zoroastrian community) merchant Dorabjee Naorojee Mithaiwala and Naorojee bought Smith's boat and later acquired two steam vessels, naming them Morning Star and Evening Star. Its popularity led him to increase the fleet.
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A just as impressive stadium is the Rungrado 1st of May Stadium in Pyongyang! After the 1988 Summer Olympics had been awarded to Seoul, the DPRK intensified its efforts to present itself in the global stage, and successfully bid to organize the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in Pyongyang in 1989. The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium was built for this festival. Today the stadium is known for being the venue of the Arirang Mass Games, a mass gymnastics and artistic festival. It is listed in the Guinness World Records as the largest gymnastic display with over 100,000 participants. The stadium's scalloped roof features 16 arches arranged in a ring and resembles a magnolia blossom.
When it opened in 1989, it had a capacity of 150,000! But this capacity was reduced to 114,000 in 2014. From 1989 to 2020, it was the world's largest stadium! However, it was beaten in 2020 by India's Narendra Modi Stadium in Gujarat when it was renovated to have a capacity of 132,000.
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It was more than just a fight against a Habsburg emperor. It was the time the French invaded, the REAL reason Mexicans celebrate Cinco de Mayo, not the day Mexico got independence like many Americans believe. In the 1860s, monarchists wanted to bring back a monarchist government, so conservatives sought the aid of French emperor Napoleon III. With the US too busy dealing with its Civil War and thus not being able to enforce its Monroe Doctrine, France saw it as the perfect opportunity to exert its power in Mexico. Cinco de Mayo celebrates the Battle of Puebla, a key battle in 1862 where Mexicans were able to defeat the French and slow their progress.
And don't forget the time Mexico had three presidents in ONE day! February 19, 1913! The day began with Francisco Madero as the president, but he was deposed in a military coup. He and his vice president were arrested and then assassinated. The minister of foreign affairs, Pedro Lascuráin, briefly took over. Less than one half hour later, he was succeeded by General José Victoriano Huerta Márquez
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Soviet Union: 1. Release vassal Kazakhstan. 2. Play as released vassal.
Kazakhstan: We have gained a core on the Soviet Union Area. We have gained the "reconquest" casus belli against Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.
Honecker wasn't a Stalinist. In fact, he helped steer East Germany AWAY from Stalinism in the beginning of his political career. Referring to any hardline socialist leader as a "Stalinist" is very misleading
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A more interesting example of a circular design is the borough of Pitman in New Jersey. Located in Gloucester County outside Philadelphia. The borough was named for Rev. Charles Pitman, a Methodist minister. In 1871, land was chosen in both Glassboro and Mantua Township to be set aside for a Methodist summer camp meeting. The New Jersey Conference Camp Meeting Association was officially chartered and given authority over the land grant in 1872, and began planning the campground and organizing meetings. It was chosen to have an auditorium located on a central meeting ground, and twelve avenues originated from the central area as spokes on a wheel, with each of these avenues being a walkway, today still not used for cars.
This area became known as the Pitman Grove, and while worshipers' tents originally lined each of the twelve avenues, cottages slowly replaced the tents and formed the foundation of the town of Pitman. By the 1880s, the number of cottages increased to 400 and residents had begun staying year-round, both of which led to the establishment of the first public school in 1884. The Grove directors resisted the secularization of the Methodist retreat but in 1904, Grove residents voted 122 to 35 for incorporation as an autonomous borough. In 1905, Governor of New Jersey Edward C. Stokes signed a law granting the incorporation. Until 2014, Pitman was a dry town!
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As part of the Japanese influencing Korea before annexing it, Japan assassinated the defiant Korean queen Empress Myeongseong and intervened in the 1894-1895 Donghak Peasant Revolution. In the revolution, Joseon requested the Qing for assistance in stopping the revolution, which the Japanese were angry because Qing did not inform them (which was part of an agreement of the Convention of Tientsin) with and started the First Sino-Japanese War! By the time of her death in 1895, the queen had acquired basically more political power than even her husband the Gwangmu Emperor Gojong. Because of this, she made many enemies, among them were the king's father the Heungseon Daewongun, pro-Japanese ministers of the court, and the Japanese-trained Korean army regiment, the Hullyeondae. Weeks before her death, Japan replaced their emissary to Korea with a new one, Miura Gorō. Miura was a former military man who was inexperienced in diplomacy and was frustrated with dealing with such a powerful empress.
Less than a month after his arrival in Korea, Empress Myeongseong ordered the disbanding of the Hullyeondae militia. Miura saw this as a first step in an attempt to remove pro-Japanese members of the government and loyalists to the Heungseon Daewongun, aligning Korea with the Russians to offset Japanese influence. Miura struck a deal with Adachi Kenzō of the newspaper Kanjō Shinpō and the Daewongun to carry out her killing in October of that year. The agents were let into the palace by pro-Japanese Korean guards. Once inside, they beat and threatened the royal family and the occupants of the palace during their search for the queen. Two women suspected of being the queen were killed. When the queen was eventually located, her killer jumped on her chest three times, then finished her off with a sword. The Japanese government arrested the assassins, but were acquitted of all charges, despite the court acknowledging that the defendants had conspired to take her down. Later, after the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910, Miura became a privy councilor and focused on eliminating vestiges of the clan-based factionalism from politics
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Macau has a neat flag! It's a lotus with a bridge and lines for water below it with stars above it, on a nice shade of green. The lotus flower in full bloom represents the everlasting prosperity of Macau (which they're certainly not wrong about that; gambling being banned in Mainland China definitely helps). The bridge is the Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge, that links Macau Peninsula with Taipa. The bridge and water represent Macau's position as a port and its important role. And like the stars of Hong Kong's flag, the stars represent the PRC and Macau's relation with it, only this time the stars are yellow like the PRC's flag instead of red like Hong Kong's
Macau has its own language too, called patuá. Called the sweet language, it's more than just a Portuguese-based language as it's combined with Malay, Cantonese, and Sinhala too! It's the result of Macau being such a major hub. The language developed first mainly among the descendants of Portuguese settlers. They'd marry women from Portuguese Malacca, Portuguese India and Portuguese Ceylon rather than from neighboring China. The modern version arose in the late 19th century, when Macanese men began marrying Chinese women from Macau and the Pearl River Delta region. British influence from neighboring Hong Kong also added English words.
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Another thing the DDR did to show superiority was build the Fernsehturn. They purposefully built it so tall to dominate the Berlin skyline as symbolism that socialism dominates. But the most interesting GDR/DDR fact of them all...the Palast der Republik lives on through the Burj Khalifa in Dubai! About 35K tonnes of steel from it was shipped to the UAE for the Burj Khalifa. The Palast der Republik opened in 1976 and was the main gathering place of the DDR in East Berlin. Besides parliament, it also had restaurants, a performing arts center, a post office, a casino, galleries, a bowling alley, and even an indoor swimming pool! The Palast was demolished in the 2000s to rebuild the old Stadtschloss.
The Palast may be gone from Museum Island, but across from the former site is the former State Council Building, which houses the ESMT Berlin campus. They've been quite passionate about preserving its history. The interior has a large glass socialist mosaic by Walter Womacka. The interior also has a ballroom with a preserved GDR emblem made of one million mosaic stones. And the building's entrance is actually a balcony kept from the ORIGINAL Stadtschloss and was added to the State Council Building. The balcony is significant because it was the balcony Karl Liebknecht, who led the Spartacist uprising declared a new socialist republic in 1918. It's also the same balcony the Kaiser declared war against Russia
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Parking meter history: An early patent for a parking meter was filed by Roger W. Babson in August 1928. The meter was intended to operate on power from the battery of the parking vehicle and required a connection from the vehicle to the meter. The concept of parking and regulations surrounding it were almost nonexistent in cities until along came Carl C. Magee, a newspaperman from Oklahoma City. Magee, a businessman himself, shared in the collective frustrations of shopkeepers in the city who were losing business due to inadequate parking spots for customers. Inspired to find a solution to the inefficient parking management system across cities, Magee sponsored a contest at the University of Oklahoma.
The design contest asked students to develop a timing device that allowed vehicles to park at a location for a fixed duration. In 1932, Magee and the winner, Gerald A. Hale, launched the Magee-Hale Park-O-Meter Company. Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale designed the first working parking meter, the Black Maria, in 1935. That year in July, the first parking meter in the world was installed on First Street and Robinson Avenue, charging a nickel per hour.
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While Jacob's Ladder was formerly a funicular built to connect to the fort, today the staircase connects Jamestown to its suburb of Half Tree Hollow at the top! Half Tree Hollow actually has a bigger population than Jamestown, and that's why it exists. As James Valley of course lacks room for expansion, Half Tree Hollow at the top of Ladder Hill where there was more space, grew in the 1960s. Besides the slave trade and Napoleon, St. Helena also had a minor role in WWII. A U-Boat targeted the oil tanker RFA Darkdale in James Bay in October 1941 with only nine of the 50-man crew surviving. Darkdale had been sent to St Helena a few months earlier to refuel ships operating in the South Atlantic. The wreck leaked small amounts of oil until its gradual deterioration caused the Ministry of Defence to send a team of divers to pump out all the remaining oil in June 2015
Napoleon's stay on Elba was famously temporary (which of course led the UK to send him even further from Europe), but it's interesting too. He was made sovereign of the non-hereditary Principality of Elba, as in he would be its only ruler and under the Treaty of Fontainebleau, once he died, the principality would pass to Tuscany. He was also granted a stipend of two million francs per year to be paid by France. As well as creating a small navy and army, Napoleon developed the island's iron mines, oversaw the construction of new roads, issued decrees on modern agricultural methods, and overhauled the island's legal and educational system. But of course after being on Elba for ten months, he escaped to France in February 1815.
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That's not the only cool transit in St. Louis, there's also the MetroLink light-rail system which serves the airport as well as Illinois, and the really cool part about it is the Eads Bridge section. Laclede's Landing station is within the bridge, and when you get off there, you see a view of the Arch...from the bricked arches of the bridge! The bridge is named for its designer and builder, James Buchanan Eads. Work began in 1867, and it was completed in 1874. The Eads Bridge was the first bridge across the Mississippi south of the Missouri River. Earlier bridges were located north of the Missouri, where the Mississippi is smaller. None of the earlier bridges survive, which means that the Eads Bridge is also the OLDEST bridge on the river!
Its foundations, more than 100 feet below water level, were the deepest underwater constructions at the time. They were installed using pneumatic caissons, a pioneering application of caisson technology in the United States and, at the time, by far the largest caissons ever built. Its 520-foot center arch was the longest rigid span ever built at the time. The arches were built suspended from temporary wooden towers, sometimes cited as the first use of the "cantilever principle" for a large bridge. These engineering principles were used for later bridges, including the famous Brooklyn Bridge, which began construction in 1870.
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So the name Poughkeepsie is derived from a term in the Wappinger (a sadly extinct) language called U-puku-ipi-sing which means "the reed-covered lodge by the little-water place" referring to a stream (Fall Kill) that feeds into the Hudson. In fact the train tracks actually go over the stream!
Why is it currently the least popular? Because quite simply, it's serving Vermont. As you saw on the 2019 ridership data, the Vermonter also had low numbers. Vermont has just over 600,000 people, making it second to last when it comes to the population of states. A population lower than Washington, DC. So when you're serving a sparsely populated state like Vermont, you're gonna be seeing less people get on (though perhaps its extension to Burlington will change some things). Not to mention the peak season for them is Winter, so of course numbers will be down the rest of the year. Also, the Ethan Allen can go 80 because it's not just Ethan Allen, it's an EXPRESS train. It is a higher-speed/semi-high speed intercity train. And that train you saw in Albany definitely wasn't Northeast Regional, they don't go up to Albany so that train wouldn't be the most popular
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As you mentioned, the Hōzanji Line is the oldest commercially operated funicular in Japan as it opened all the way back in 1918! Hōzanji station serves the Hōzan-ji temple which wasbuilt in the 1670s and was officially dedicated to the deity Acala/Fudō Myōō, though it has become a cult-center of the deity Kangiten or the god of bliss, the Japanese Buddhist equivalent to Hindu god Ganesha. What's now the temple was originally a place for the training of Buddhist monks as Mount Ikoma was originally an object of worship for the ancient people in the region, and thus this area was selected as a place for religious training. The training area is said to have opened in 655 by En no Gyōja, the founder of Shugendō, and it's where monks like Kūkai, who founded Shingon Buddhism, was trained. When the Ikoma rail tunnel was built after a difficult construction, Ikoma got rail access to places like Nara and Osaka, and thus more people moved to the area, eventually leading to the Ikoma Cable Car and the amusement park!
For those who don't know: Deer are a symbol of Nara because the deer in Nara were historically viewed as sacred! Historically, they were considered divine messengers. The legend goes that the thunder god, Takemikazuchi, appeared in Nara riding on a white deer. The deer carried a scroll in its mouth, and Takemikazuchi warned the awestruck mortals who beheld him that from that point on, the deer would report their actions to the gods. The humans took note, built shrines, and granted the deer protection. Killing one of these sacred Nara deer was punishable by death, and so for hundreds of years, the animals roamed freely. They became semi-tame around humans, losing the fearfulness that most deer species possess. After World War II, when many Japanese were eager to cast off the past, the deer’s sacred status was officially revoked but were instead designated as natural monument and are protected as such!
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Tortoises can't swim, as they are land-based. So that second "tortoise" is a sea turtle. Nothing bizarre about me. Chance revolves around me because I am simply built different. Now here is some turnip lore: The turnip or white turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, fleshy taproot. The word turnip is a compound of turn as in turned/rounded on a lathe and neep, derived from Latin napus, the word for the plant. Small, tender varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties are grown as feed for livestock
Wild forms of the turnip and its relatives, the mustards and radishes, are found over western Asia and Europe. Starting as early as 2000 BC, related oilseed subspecies of Brassica rapa like oleifera may have been domesticated several times from the Mediterranean to India, though these are not the same turnips cultivated for its roots. Edible turnips were possibly first cultivated in northern Europe, and were an important food in the Hellenistic and Roman world. The turnip eventually spread east to China, and reached Japan by 700 AD
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Two of my favorite original modern buildings with a stunning design that fit so nice are right next to each other: The Bird's Nest Stadium (Beijing National Stadium) and the Water Cube. The Bird's Nest Stadium was a joint venture among architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron, project architect Stefan Marbach and CADG, which was led by chief architect Li Xinggang. It's a combination of the crackle glazed pottery that is local to Beijing, and the heavily veined Chinese scholar stones. This inspiration shows just how passionate the Chinese are with their history and culture. And while not being a bird's nest, Li Xinggang said it's still a compliment as eating bird's nest is something for special occasions.
For the Water Cube, Chinese partners felt a square was more symbolic to Chinese culture and its relationship to the Bird's Nest stadium while the Sydney-based PTW Architects came up with the idea of covering the cube' with bubbles, symbolizing water. Contextually, the Cube symbolizes Earth, while the circle (represented by the elliptic stadium) represents heaven, a common motif in ancient Chinese art. Using the Weaire–Phelan geometry, the Water Cube's exterior cladding is made of 4,000 ETFE bubbles. The ETFE cladding, supplied and installed by the firm Vector Foiltec, allows more light and heat penetration than traditional glass, resulting in a 30% decrease in energy costs. The venue was also designed to capture and recycle 80% of the water falling on the roof or lost from the pools.
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More on Kim Il-sung and his guerrilla history: Kim's family participated in anti-Japanese activities and fled to Manchuria in 1920. While in China, he attended Whasung Military Academy in 1926, but found the academy's training methods outdated and quit in 1927. He then attended Yuwen Middle School in Jilin province until 1930, when he rejected feudal traditions and became interested in communism. The then seventeen-year-old Kim became the youngest member of the Korean Communist Youth Association, an underground Marxist organization with fewer than twenty members. The police discovered the group three weeks after it formed in 1929, and jailed Kim for several months. His formal education ended after his arrest and imprisonment.
In 1932, he joined the CCP. In 1935, Kim became a member of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, a guerrilla group led by the CCP. Kim met the man who would become his mentor, Wei Zhengmin, Kim's immediate superior officer, who served at the time as chairman of the Political Committee of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. Wei reported directly to Kang Sheng, a high-ranking party member close to Mao Zedong in Yan'an, until Wei's death in March 1941. Kim's actions during the Minsaengdan incident (a series of purges by the CCP against Koreans) helped solidify his leadership. Kim was arrested in late 1933 and exonerated in early 1934. His memoirs, and those of the guerrillas who fought alongside him, cite Kim's seizing and burning the suspect files of the Purge Committee as key to solidifying his leadership. After the destruction of the suspect files and the rehabilitation of suspects, those who had fled the purge rallied around him.
Thus in 1935, he took the name "Kim become the sun". In June 1937, he led 200 guerrillas in a raid on Pochonbo, destroying the local government offices and setting fire to a Japanese police station and post office. The success of the raid demonstrated his talents as a military leader. Even more significant than the military success itself was the political coordination and organization between the guerrillas and the Korean Fatherland Restoration Association, an anti-Japanese united front group based in Manchuria.
For their part, the Japanese regarded Kim as one of the most effective and popular Korean guerrilla leaders ever. He appeared on Japanese wanted lists as the "Tiger". The Japanese "Maeda Unit" was even sent to hunt him in February 1940, and the Japanese kidnapped a wife who they believed to be Kim Il-sung's first wife and used her as a hostage to get him before killing her. This made Kim and his troops cross to the Soviet Union, and while there, Kim Jong-il was born in 1941 (though the DPRK officially claims he was born around Mount Paektu).
To commemorate the Korean resistance during the Japanese period by Kim Il-sung and celebrate his 70th birthday in 1982, the DPRK government created the Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang! The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang was based off the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller than the Arc de Triomphe at 60 m. Each of its 25,500 blocks of finely-dressed granite represents a day of his life up to that point!
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For the Guggenheim: In 1943, Frank Lloyd Wright was commissioned to design a building to house the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, which had been established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939. Wright actually didn't want the museum to be in NYC as he criticized the city for not having "architectural merit" (guess NYC icons like the Flatiron Building, Chrysler Building, and Grand Central Terminal don't exist). Wright’s inverted-ziggurat design was not built until 1959. Numerous factors contributed to this 16-year delay: modifications to the design, the acquisition of additional property, and the rising costs of building materials following World War II. The death of the museum’s benefactor, Solomon R. Guggenheim, in 1949 further delayed the project. It was not until 1956 that construction of the museum, renamed in Guggenheim’s memory, finally began.
It took 7,000 cubic feet of concrete and 700 tons of structural steel to form the structure and shell of the museum. Various subcontractors worked together to create the one-of-a-kind plywood forms that shaped the sweeping curves of the building. The museum is constructed of “gun-placed concrete” (also referred to as “gunite”), which is sprayed into a plywood formwork rather than poured. A nautilus shell inspired the spiral ramp and that the radial symmetry of a spider web informed the design of the rotunda skylight. Eric Lloyd Wright, Frank Lloyd Wright’s grandson, was one of his grandfather’s apprentices during the 1940s and 50s, when the Guggenheim Museum was designed. He recalls, “…every Sunday at breakfast he’d give us a talk… And sometimes he would have placed before him a whole bunch of seashells. And he said, 'Look here, fellows. This is what nature produces. These shells all are based on the same basic principles, but all of them are different, and they’re all created as a function of the interior use of that shell.'” Because of the spiral, paintings can't be properly hung in the shallow, windowless, concave exhibition niches around the main gallery. And as a ten-story tower for studios and stuff to go next door wasn't built due largely to financial reasons, William Wesley Peters (Wright was his father-in-law) added a two-story one (which was downsized further from a four-story one because of resident complaints) last minute in 1968. A 10-story annex wasn't realized until the 1990s.
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While the potato led to famine in Ireland, it did the OPPOSITE for us regarding our Arduous March. When the USSR dissolved, and economic collapse caused an electricity shortage that stopped agriculture reliant on irrigation systems, our people faced an Arduous March. The solution my father saw to save the nation? The potato. Easy to grow in the mountainous terrain, grow lots of them, and can use them for so many things.
It's really sad to see the Irish language decline. There are a good few Gaeltachts in Ireland today, and with regular Irish schools teaching it as a subject, but the damage has already been done, Irish is now considered as a "dying language". The education system in Ireland doesn't help either, you don't even learn the language and how to fluently speak it, you just learn how to translate English to Irish.
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Thanks for making this video! “and in their greed they will exploit you with false words; their judgment from long ago is not idle, and their destruction is not asleep. having eyes full of adultery that never cease from sin, enticing unstable souls, having a heart trained in greed, accursed children;” 2 Peter 2:3,14
Christianity is about understanding struggle, helping the community, being better people, and never giving up. Similar to our Juche idea which is also about struggle, helping the community, and never giving up despite the challenges. Lose your sense, and you lose that connection to yourself.
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