Comments by "" (@jboss1073) on "NYTN" channel.

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  8.  @susancrawford5927  Exactly. As an example, from the bone structure - specifically the skull - the craniological analysis, as it is called, despite the stereotypical differences in skin tones between southern Europeans and northern Europeans, finds them virtually indistinguishable, and it is rather that both of them group together as long-skulled as opposed to a more central European type which is broad-skulled and bridges the geographical gap between the northern and the southern Europeans. However, these methods have today been largely superseded by genetic analysis, in particular what is called genetic drift, to define the degree of relationship between populations - which in itself reveals surprising results not obvious at first sight, such as Iberians being more similar to Swiss Germans than Swiss Germans are similar to southern Germans, and as similar as the Orkney are from the Manx, which you wouldn't think considering Portugal is 3.3x farther from Switzerland than Orkney is to Manx, and 6.4x farther from Switzerland than southern Germany is from Switzerland. The source is most Fst (fixation index) genetic distance tables provided as supplemental materials to most papers on this subject. Iberians are also closer to the English than Iberians are to northern Italians. So it is very counter-intuitive unless you understand the Bell-Beaker phenomenon happened as the last major genetically defining feature of Iberians, the rest after that being trivial contributions. Olalde et al (2019) revealed Iberians are 60% Germany_Beaker in DNA which is composed of half Yamnaya and half EEF, and whose people looked like today's Britons (by that I mean the Welsh).
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