Comments by "Biały" (@Bialy_1) on "Asianometry"
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"Most ceramics resist the flow of electric current, and for this reason ceramic materials such as porcelain have traditionally been made into electric insulators. Some ceramics, however, are excellent conductors of electricity."
"Electric conductivity in ceramics, as in most materials, is of two types: electronic and ionic. Electronic conduction is the passage of free electrons through a material. In ceramics the ionic bonds holding the atoms together do not allow for free electrons. However, in some cases impurities of differing valence (that is, possessing different numbers of bonding electrons) may be included in the material, and these impurities may act as donors or acceptors of electrons. In other cases transition metals or rare-earth elements of varying valency may be included; these impurities may act as centres for polarons—species of electrons that create small regions of local polarization as they move from atom to atom. Electronically conductive ceramics are used as resistors, electrodes, and heating elements."
Try next time google the topic of your comment first...😅
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from wikipedia:
In 1925, Fred C. Koch joined MIT classmate Lewis E. Winkler at an engineering firm in Wichita, Kansas, which was renamed the Winkler-Koch Engineering Company. In 1927, they developed a more efficient thermal cracking process for turning crude oil into gasoline. This process, which the company sold to many independent refineries in the United States, threatened the competitive advantage of established oil companies, which sued for patent infringement. Temporarily forced out of business in the United States, they turned to other markets, including the Soviet Union, where Winkler-Koch built 15 cracking units between 1929 and 1932. During this time, Koch came to despise communism and Joseph Stalin's regime. In his 1960 book, A Business Man Looks at Communism, Koch wrote that he found the USSR to be "a land of hunger, misery, and terror". According to Charles Koch, "Virtually every engineer he worked with [there] was purged.
But Koch industries -> Founded: February 8, 1940
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"In 1859, when Edwin Drake and Wiliam Smith took their first steps in the oil industry and made the first drilling in Pennsylvania in the United States, the Łukasiewicz mine in Bóbrka already employed over 100 workers and achieved a turnover of 20,000 Rhenish zlotys a year. In the field of petrochemistry, Łukasiewicz was a respected authority of international fame. Entrepreneurs from Germany, Romania and the United States traveled to his mine, where they learned the secrets of his knowledge. There is a legend related to one of the visits that Americans paid to Łukasiewicz. The Polish inventor showed the Americans all the secrets of his company, the entire process from extraction to distillation. The Americans allegedly wanted to pay him for it at the time, but Łukasiewicz refused. The American who visited Łukasiewicz's enterprise with his associates was supposed to be ... John Rockefeller himself. The American entrepreneur was to call the Pole a "madman" - does he have valuable knowledge and share it for next to nothing? In 1883, a year after the death of Ignacy Łukasiewicz, 51,000 tons of crude oil were produced in the Polish Lands annually. At that time, Poland was the third oil power in the world, after the United States and Russia."
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