Comments by "Historia, Magistra Vitae" (@Historia.Magistra.Vitae.) on "MeidasTouch"
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@WanderingExistence "Soc ialis ts? Have you read the Doctrine of Fa scis m?"
Yes, and additional writings from Giova nni Gen tile. He makes it very clear that fa scis m was a so cial ist ideology sourced from ma rxis m and sore lian syndic alism.
"The F asci st, on the other hand, conceives philosophy as a philosophy of prac tice (”praxis”). That concept was the product of certain Mar xist and Sore llian inspirations (many Fasci sts and the Duce, himself, received their first intellectual education in the school of Ma rx and So rel)—as well as the influence of contemporary Italian idealistic doctrines from which Fas cist mentality drew substance and achieved maturity.“
"It is necessary to distinguish between soci alism and socia lism—in fact, between idea and idea of the same social ist conception, in order to distinguish among them those that are inimical to Fasc ism. It is well known that Sorel lian syndic alism, out of which the thought and the political method of Fas cism emerged—conceived itself the genuine interpretation of Marx ist comm unism. The dynamic conception of history, in which force as violence functions as an essential, is of unquestioned Mar xist origin. Those notions flowed into other currents of contem porary thought, that have themselves, via alternative routes, arrived at a vindication of the form of St ate—implacable, but absolutely rational—that finds historic necessity in the very spiritual dynamism through which it realizes itself.“
— Giovanni Gentile, “The Philosophy of Fasc ism,” first published in English in the Spectator, November 1928. Reprinted in Origins and Doctrine of Fas cism, A. James Gregor, translator and editor, Transaction Publishers (2003)
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@WanderingExistence "In 1934 there was a pur ge called The Nig ht of the Long Kn ives, in which soci alist fasc ists, like Otto Stras ser (who was earlier exiled in 1930), and other people less loyal to his cause where purged. "
The Nig ht of the Lo ng Kni ves had nothing to do with socialism actually. It was all about the internal power struggle between Hi tler and Ernst Röhm.
By 1934, the main threat to Hit ler’s continued control of the govern ment came from within the N azi Par ty, specifically the SA. SA men were eager to punish enemies and cash in on the Na zi takeover. Their violence and intimidation was met with increasing public disapproval. To reassure the nation, Hit ler announced that the revolutionary phase of the “national uprising” had ended. Among the SA, however, there was talk of a second revolution. This was to be led by SA commander Ernst Röhm. By this time, the SA had 4.5 million members. It far outnumbered the Reic hswehr, Germany’s armed forces. Röhm made no secret of his desire to subordinate the military to the SA. In June 1934, Germany's generals made clear to Hit ler that he had to tame the SA or face a military coup.
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Wrong. That has nothing to do with the definition of Fascism whatsoever. For starters, Fascism had nothing to do with Right wing of any kind whatsoever. Fascism was a totalitarian far-left, socialist 3rd position ideology based on National Syndicalism which they adapted from a French Marxist, known as Georges Sorel. It rejected individualism, capitalism, liberalism, democracy, and marxist interpretation of socialism ("class warfare"). Instead, it advocated for class collaboration where the means of production was organized by national worker syndicals (i.e. trade unions / Fascist Corporatism), and the guiding philosophy of the state was Actual Idealism (Neo-Hegelianism).
Being an outgrowth of Sorelian Syndicalism, (which itself was an outgrowth from Marxist socialism), its idea was that society would be consolidated (i.e., incorporated) into syndicates (in the Italian context, fascio/fasci) which would be regulated by and serve as organs for the State, or "embody" the State (corpus = body). The purpose was the centralization and synchronization of society under the State, as an end unto itself. To quote Mussolini's infamous aphorism: "All within the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State."
As finalized by Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile ("the Doctrine of Fascism"), Fascism came from the belief that the "Stateless and Classless society" Communism calls for after its "dictatorship of the proletariat" cannot be achieved, and that only the State can properly organize a socialist society. Therefore, Fascism cared about unity in a strong central government with society being brought together by syndicalist organizations obedient to the State.
[01] "La Dottrina Del Fascismo / the Doctrine of Fascism", by Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile
[02] "Che cosa è il Fascismo: Discorsi e polemiche / Origins and Doctrine of Fascism", by Giovanni Gentile
[03] "the Philosophy of Fascism", by Mario Palmieri
[04] "Fascism: An Informal Introduction to Its Theory and Practice", by Renzo De Felice
[05] "Mussolini's Intellectuals", by A. James Gregor
[06] "La Camera dei Fasci e delle Corporazioni", by Rabaglietti Giuseppe & Sergio Panunzio
[07] "Teoria generale dello Stato Fascista", by Sergio Panunzio
[08] "The Birth of Fascist Ideology" by Zeev Sternhell
[09] Any work from Emilio Gentile
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