Comments by "Stella Maris" (@SuperGreatSphinx) on "Al Jazeera English"
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Israeli law is based mostly on a common law legal system, though it also reflects the diverse history of the territory of the State of Israel throughout the last hundred years (which was at various times prior to independence under Ottoman, then British sovereignty), as well as the legal systems of its major religious communities.
The Israeli legal system is based on common law, which also incorporates facets of civil law.
The Israeli Declaration of Independence asserted that a formal constitution would be written, though it has been continuously postponed since 1950.
Instead, the Basic Laws of Israel (Hebrew: חוקי היסוד, ħuqey ha-yesod) function as the country's constitutional laws.
Statutes enacted by the Knesset, particularly the Basic Laws, provide a framework which is enriched by political precedent and jurisprudence.
Foreign and historical influences on modern-day Israeli law are varied and include the Mecelle (Hebrew: מג'לה; the civil code of the Ottoman Empire) and German civil law, religious law (Jewish Halakha and Muslim Sharia; mostly pertaining in the area of family law), and British common law.
The Israeli courts have been influenced in recent years by American Law and Canadian Law, and to a lesser extent by Continental Law (mostly from Germany).
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Yemen (Arabic: ٱلْيَمَن, romanized: al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia.
It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the north and Oman to the northeast, and shares maritime borders with Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia.
Yemen is the second-largest Arab sovereign state in the Arabian Peninsula, occupying 555,000 square kilometres (214,000 square miles), with a coastline stretching about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles).
Its constitutionally stated capital, and largest city, is Sanaa.
As of 2023, Yemen has an estimated population of 34.2 million.
In ancient times, Yemen was the home of the Sabaeans, a trading state that included parts of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Later, in 275 AD, the Himyarite Kingdom was influenced by Judaism.
Christianity arrived in the fourth century.
Islam spread quickly in the seventh century, and Yemenite troops were crucial in the early Islamic conquests.
Several dynasties emerged in the 9th to 16th centuries, such as the Rasulid dynasty.
The country was divided between the Ottoman and British empires in the 1800s.
The Zaydi Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was established after World War I, before the creation of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1962.
South Yemen remained a British protectorate - as the Aden Protectorate - until 1967, when it became an independent state, and later, a Marxist-Leninist state.
The two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah) in 1990.
President Ali Abdullah Saleh was the first president of the new republic, until his resignation in 2012 in the wake of the Arab Spring.
Since 2011, Yemen has been in a state of political crisis, starting with street protests against poverty, unemployment, corruption, and president Saleh's plan to amend Yemen's constitution and eliminate the presidential term limit.
Since then, the country has been in a civil war (alongside the Saudi Arabian-led military intervention, aimed at restoring Hadi's government against Iran-backed Houthi rebels) with several proto-state entities claiming to govern Yemen: the government of President Hadi - which became the Presidential Leadership Council in 2022, the Houthi movement's Supreme Political Council, and the separatist Southern Movement's Southern Transitional Council.
The ongoing humanitarian crisis and conflict has received widespread criticism for having a dramatic worsening effect on Yemen's humanitarian situation, that some say has reached the level of a "humanitarian disaster" - and some have even labelled it as a genocide.
Yemen is a member of the Arab League, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
It is one of the least developed countries, referring to its numerous "severe structural impediments to sustainable development", and has been the poorest country in the MENA region in recent history.
In 2019, the United Nations reported that Yemen is the country with the most people in need of humanitarian aid, about 24 million people, or just under 75% of its population at the time.
As of 2020, the country is placed the highest in the Fragile State Index, the second worst in the Global Hunger Index, surpassed only by the Central African Republic, and has the lowest Human Development Index out of all non-African countries.
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Enrique Peña Nieto, GCB, GCIH, RE (born 20 July 1966) is the 62nd President of Mexico.
Educated as a lawyer, Peña Nieto had served as Secretary of Administration for the State of Mexico from 2000-2002, as Representative of the 13th District of the State of Mexico from 2003-2004, and as Governor of the state from 2005-2011 prior to becoming President.
He was elected President on July 1, 2012, winning 39% of the vote and returning the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) to power after a twelve-year hiatus.
The PRI had governed Mexico uninterrupted for 71 years until it was defeated by the National Action Party (PAN) in 2000.
Peña Nieto took office on December 1, 2012, succeeding Felipe Calderón.
Protests against the election of Peña Nieto drew tens of thousands of people across Mexico, particularly from the #YoSoy132 student movement, who protested alleged voting irregularities and media bias.
Peña Nieto began his term as President with an approval rating of approximately 50%, but the falling value of the Mexican Peso and sluggish economic growth had caused this figure to drop to 35% by 2015.
Prone to gaffes, Nieto has also faced several major controversies as President, including the escape of famed drug lord Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman from Altiplano prison in 2015, and accusations that he had plagiarized his law school thesis.
He has also faced criticism for his handling of the abduction and murder of 43 teachers' college students in the State of Guerrero in 2014.
According to the Newspaper Reforma, Peña Nieto's approval ratings had dropped to 23% by August 2016 - the lowest for any president since Ernesto Zedillo in 1995 (who was also from the PRI).
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Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, is a charity that provides humanitarian medical care.
It is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) of French origin known for its projects in conflict zones and in countries affected by endemic diseases.
The organisation provides care for diabetes, drug-resistant infections, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, tropical and neglected diseases, tuberculosis, vaccines and COVID-19.
In 2019, the charity was active in 70 countries with over 35,000 personnel; mostly local doctors, nurses and other medical professionals, logistical experts, water and sanitation engineers, and administrators.
Private donors provide about 90% of the organisation's funding, while corporate donations provide the rest, giving MSF an annual budget of approximately US$1.63 billion.
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Mali - officially the Republic of Mali - is a landlocked country in West Africa.
Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi).
The country is bordered on the north by Algeria, on the east by Niger, on the northwest by Mauritania, on the south by Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire, and on the west by Guinea and Senegal.
The population of Mali is 21.9 million.
67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017.
Its capital and largest city is Bamako.
The sovereign state of Mali consists of nineteen regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert.
The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through.
The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining.
One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the continent of Africa.
Mali was home to the man reputed to be the richest man who has ever lived, known as Mansa Musa.
The country is also known for its exports of salt.
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Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the "news of the day" and that informs society to at least some degree of accuracy.
The word, a noun, applies to the occupation (professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles.
The appropriate role for journalism varies from countries to country, as do perceptions of the profession, and the resulting status.
In some nations, the news media are controlled by government and are not independent.
In others, news media are independent of the government and operate as private industry.
In addition, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech, freedom of the press - as well as slander and libel cases.
The proliferation of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century.
This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers, magazines, or television news channels.
News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print.
Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues.
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Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία, dēmokratía literally "rule of the people"), in modern usage, is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament.
Democracy is sometimes referred to as "rule of the majority".
Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes.
The uncertainty of outcomes is inherent in democracy, which makes all forces struggle repeatedly for the realization of their interests, being the devolution of power from a group of people to a set of rules.
Western democracy, as distinct from that which existed in pre-modern societies, is generally considered to have originated in city states such as Classical Athens and the Roman Republic, where various schemes and degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population were observed before the form disappeared in the West at the beginning of late antiquity.
The English word dates to the 16th century, from the older Middle French and Middle Latin equivalents.
According to political scientist Larry Diamond, democracy consists of four key elements: (a) A political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; (b) The active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; (c) Protection of the human rights of all citizens, and (d) A rule of law, in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens.
In the 5th century BC, to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens, the term is an antonym to aristocracy (ἀριστοκρατία, aristokratía), meaning "rule of an elite".
While theoretically these definitions are in opposition, in practice the distinction has been blurred historically.
The political system of Classical Athens, for example, granted democratic citizenship to free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation.
In 1906, Finland became the first government to herald a more inclusive democracy at the national level.
In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history, democratic citizenship consisted of an elite class until full enfranchisement was won for all adult citizens in most modern democracies through the suffrage movements of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is either held by an individual, as in an absolute monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of individuals, as in an oligarchy.
Nevertheless, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic elements.
Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders and to oust them without the need for a revolution.
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