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  32. The water problem is to pump water from the nearby TonlĂ© Sap (Great Lake). Part of the TonlĂ© Sap Biosphere Reserve, this is Southeast Asia’s largest lake and one of the world’s most significant wetland ecosystems, due to its unique environmental qualities and extraordinary biodiversity. The variety of fauna and flora of TonlĂ© Sap is depicted in the bas-reliefs of Angkor’s Bayon Temple. Many of its plant species are used for religious and medicinal purposes by Cambodians. Two million Cambodians also depend on the bounty of the lake’s freshwater fisheries – one of the most productive in the world, with an annual fish harvest of over 250,000 metric tons. It is crucial for the Cambodian government to weigh the environmental impact before it approves any project to pump water to Siem Reap. The biosphere, which is also the cradle of the TonlĂ© Sap River, has enormous significance for Cambodians. It acts as a flood mediator for the Mekong River, which flows through five other Southeast Asian countries, so its significance reaches far beyond Cambodia. Each year, during the rainy season, the Mekong water level rises and overflows into the TonlĂ© Sap River which, instead of draining the lake as it does during the dry season, is forced to change direction and flow back ‘up’ into the lake. This phenomenon makes the Mekong the only major river in the world to flow in two directions at different times of the year. This annual flood raises the lake level from 1 to 1.5 meters up to 8 to 10 meters, increasing its area fivefold, as it spills out over the floodplain. One of the world’s great conservation success stories, which includes the revival of several species of endangered birds since protection efforts started in 1999, TonlĂ© Sap and its floodplain have been listed as the TonlĂ© Sap Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB). The 20% year-on-year increase in tourism has also contributed to environmental pollution. Waste control remains an ongoing problem, though many of the temples are swept and cleaned ritually. Rubbish heaps are a common sight in Siem Reap, and tourists and locals think nothing of dumping garbage and wastewater directly into the river. Residents living along the Siem Reap river have complained the water is too dirty to use or bathe in. They say that twelve years ago, the water was so clean, they could use it in their homes. Today, the river is dark and dirty, and the water stinks, according to residents. While Phnom Kulen (“Mountain of Lychees”), twenty-five miles northeast of Angkor Wat, is off the beaten track for the hordes of tourists that descend upon the temples each day, the ill effects of deforestation have eaten into the lush tree cover there. Located upstream, water from the Kulen mountain is another source that flows through the Siem Reap river basin and runs into the TonlĂ© Sap lake. Here, illegal logging and the planting of cash crops such as cashew trees and beans have adversely affected hydrological patterns in the entire ecosystem and impacted fish productivity. UNESCO recently launched a pilot project: “Enhancing and Restoring Water Systems in Angkor World Heritage Site and Siem Reap City(link is external)”. It uses the sustainability science approach to propose solutions and initiate a sustainable transformation of socio-environmental interactions in the river basin. Policy, legal and institutional frameworks are strengthened through collaborative linkages, learning alliances and targeted interventions for capacity-building at the pilot area, at the national, regional and community levels.
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