Comments by "PAPAZA TAKLA ATTIRAN İMAM" (@papazataklaattiranimam) on "MasterofRoflness" channel.

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  18. Arab dominance did not, however, continue in the political sphere, and one may describe the premodern history of Islam as falling into three periods of political regime. Until the tenth cen- tury, most regions of Islamdom were under the rule of Arabs; in the 10th and 11th centuries, many regions came under the rule of Persians; and from the 11th until the 19th century, almost all areas of the Muslim world were ruled by ethnic Turks or Mongols, whose dominance continued in the Middle East until World War I and the abolishment of the Ottoman Empire in 1924. For nearly a millennium in the Persianate world, the upper echelons of society were seen as divided along ethnic lines into Turks, who constituted the military and ruling class, and Tajiks, Persians, or non-Turks, who were the administrators, accountants, tax-collectors, and land owners. The division was viewed as natural and not unfair because Turks and Mongols were considered ethnically suited to military exploits because of their sturdiness, fierce nature, ability to endure hardship, and superior skills in horsemanship and archery. Even in contexts where Turks did not make up the bulk of the military, rul- ers often used troops belonging to foreign ethnic groups because of their military skills, internal solidarity, lack of attachment to the local populace, and direct allegiance to the ruler. The Fatimids in Egypt (969-1171) employed both troops who belonged to the Berber Kutama tribal confederation from North Africa and "Suda- nese" troops from sub-Saharan Africa. The 14th-century historian Ibn Khaldun argued, reflecting primarily on the Berber dynasties of North Africa, that there was a strong relationship between the life of political regimes and ethnic groups. Tribal groups from outside settled regions have much stronger ethnic solidarity than settled peoples, and this enabled them to work as efficient military units, conquering territories and establishing new dynasties. The settled life of the conquerors, however, corrupted them and made them lose their ethnic solidarity in just a few generations, and this made them vulnerable to new tribal invaders.
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  22. Turks indeed had a decisive role in triggering historical major events like the Migration Period, Crusades, Age of Discovery as well as ending the Middle Ages with the conquest of Constantinople, fall of the Roman Empire. The Turks were considered as the best warriors due to their horsemanship and skill in archery. Kaushik Roy., n.d. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships (Bloomsbury Studies in Military History). p.24. The Turks too , the great warriors of the steppes , were almost haughty in the assumption that they inherited the jihad fighting spirit of the tradition and carried it half - way into Europe . Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective p.94 The Seljukian Turks had had some great warriors ; the period of their power was during the eleventh and twelfth centuries ; they had taken the place of the Arabs as the great Moslem power of the east , though an Arab caliph still nominally reigned at Baghdad . The Divine Aspect of History Volume 2 p.324 In the west the Seljuq invasion of Asia Minor began the process which was to make it the modern land of the Turks and the base from which the greatest Islamic empire of the past 600 years would expand into southeast Europe . MacEachern, S., 2010. The new cultural atlas of the Islamic world. p.32. THE TURKS AND THE WEST. Europe stood in awe of the Ottomans who crushed many states and conquered vast territories, going, as all patriotic Turks will proudly point out, "all the way to the gates of Vienna." European literature is replete with the depictions of the Turk as the hated enemy. The English often thought of the Turk as awe-inspiring and destructive. Thomas Fuller wrote in The Holy Warre (1639): "The Turkish Empire is the greatest... the sun ever saw. ...Grass springeth not where the grand signior's horse setteth his foot." Halman, T. and Warner, J., 2007. Rapture and revolution. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, Crescent Hill Publications, p.9. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries , understanding the Turks ' military organization , given the credit for the greatest empire since antiquity , became a major European preoccupation . Speake, J., n.d. Literature of travel and exploration. p.891. By the middle of the 16th century, the Turks arguably possessed the greatest empire in the world. A History of the Middle East Paperback – March 15, 2006 by Saul S. Friedman (Author) p.181
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  26.  Letnistonwandif ​​⁠ Although the Turks often comprised the bulk of the Mongol army as well as the bulk of armies opposed to the Mongols, throughout the domains of the Mongol Empire there was a diffusion of military technology, which has already bee and also ethnic groups. In addition to the Mongols and Turks, other ethnicities served in the Mongol military machine and found themselves distant from home. May, T.M., 2012. The Mongol conquests in world history, London: Reaktion Books. p.222 The earliest reference to the Mongols classifies them as a Tang dynasty tribe of Shiwei during the eighth century. It was only after the fall of the Liao dynasty in 1125 that they became an important tribe on the Central Asian steppe, but tribal wars weakened their power over the ensuing century. During the thirteenth century, the term Mongol was used to refer to the Mongolic and Turkic tribes who fell under the control of Genghis Khan. The Mongols are primarily a shamanist society; their central deity is the sky god Tenger. Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues By Steven L. Danver, p.225 When Temüjin was a boy, the center of the steppe world was the Orkhon Valley, the old imperial site of the Türks. The valley was dominated by the Kereit. To the west, on the upper Irtysh River, lay Naiman territory. The Kereit and Naiman, not the Mongols, were masters of the steppe. The Kereit and Naiman elites spoke Turkic and had partially converted to Christianity under the influence of the Nestorian Church. In an effort to out do each other, To'oril of the Kereit and Tayang Qan of the Naiman accumulated men, weapons, alliances, and prestige. Yesügei Ba'atur sided with the Kereit. Later Chinggis Khan would subdue the Kereit and the Naiman in the course of a protracted effort to defeat all challengers among the steppe peoples. The Horde How the Mongols Changed the World Marie Favereau, p.32-33
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  29. One of the most impressive portraits is that of Nur-ad-Din, emir of Aleppo and Damascus. William credited him with foresight and circumspec tion, with wisdom and restraint in his judgment, and with prudence. He con sidered Nur-ad-Din to be a just, godfearing, religious, and hence happy, blessed man (justus, timens Deum, religiosus, felix). These traits, comple mented by intelligence, imaginativeness and vigor, qualified him as both an excellent leader of the Muslims and a dangerous opponent of the Christians. William was very much aware of this discrepancy. However, he did not pres ent the two sides separately; rather, he integrated these qualities in a rounded portrait. Thus, in what amounts to an obituary, William noted on the death of the prince: "Nur-ad-Din (is dead), the greatest persecutor of the Christian name and faith, yet a just, shrewd and provident man, and religious accord ing to his people's tradition." It seems to me that William of Tyre has thus acknowledged the Muslim leader as a religious person. One is reminded of St. Peter's speech in the house of the Roman centurion Cornelius in Cae sarea, who is said in the Acts to be a vir religiosus, timens Deum (Acts, 10:2) and justus (Acts, 10:22): "But in every nation he that fears him, and works righteousness, is accepted with him" (Acts, 10:35)". This idea has not ex actly had a great influence on the Christian's external relationships. It is all the more remarkable to find one of its advocates on the scene during the Crusades. Some of his battle victories: Siege of Edessa (1146) Fall of Turbessel Battle of Harim Battle of Lake Huleh (1157) Battle of Inab Battle of Aintab First Crusader invasion, 1163 Second Crusader invasion, 1164
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  50. The Kashmirian historian Lateef described him as follows: "Nader Shah, the horror of Asia, the pride and savior of his country, the restorer of her freedom and conqueror of India, who, having a simple origin, rose to such greatness that monarchs rarely have from birth". Joseph Stalin used to read about Nader Shah and admired him, calling him, along with Ivan the Terrible, a teacher. In Europe, Nader Shah was compared to Alexander the Great. Starting from a young age, Napoleon Bonaparte also used to read about and admire Nader Shah. Napoleon considered himself new Nader, and he himself was later called European Nader Shah Some of his Battle Victories: Khorasan Campaign (1726-1727) Battle of Sangan (1727) Sabzevar expedition (1727-1728) Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne (1729) Liberation of Isfahan (1729) Western Persia campaign of 1730 Caucasus Campaign (1735) Siege of Kandahar (1737) Afsharid Conquests in the Persian Gulf & Oman (1730-1747) Nader Shah's invasion of India (1738-1740) Nader Shah's Conquest of Central Asia (1737-1740) Nader's campaigns in Dagestan (1741-1745) Battle of Damghan (1729) Battle of Khwar Pass (1729) Battle of Murche-Khort (1729) Battle of Zarghan (1730) The Battle of Malayer Valley (1730) Battle of Kirkuk (1733) The Siege of Mashad (1726-1727) Nader's Conquest of Khorasan (1726-1727) Herat Campaign (1729) Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani (1730) Herat Campaign of 1731 Mohammad Khan Baluch's Rebellion (1733) Siege of Ganja (1734) Battle of Yeghevārd (1735) Submission of Eastern Georgia Nader Shah`s (1735) Battle of Khyber Pass (1738) Battle of Karnal (1739) Nader's Sindh Expedition (1739) Moḥammad Taqi Khan Shirazi's Rebellion (1744) Battle of Kars (1745) Battle of Kafer Qal'eh (1729) Capture of Ghazni The Siege of Kabul Sack of Jalalabad Capture of Peshawar Capture of Lahore
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