Comments by "Sam Aronow" (@SamAronow) on "Overly Sarcastic Productions"
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Quick note on the Jewish War: most of the Jews were already living outside of Judea at the time as a result of the Hellenistic period. Some of the defenders of Jerusalem were sent as slaves to Rome (and the Jews of Rome today can still trace their specific ancestry to them!), but most of the general population stayed. In fact, after the Kitos War, Hadrian had many of the Jews of the Diaspora repatriated to Judea, only to betray us again by building a temple to Jupiter on the Temple Mount. This led to the Bar Kochba revolt, the bloodiest of all the Roman-Jewish wars in which hundreds of thousands died. At this, the Romans forbade the Jews from entering Jerusalem and spitefully renamed the province Syria Palaestina after the ancient Philistines.
That was it for a while, but the Sanhedrin kept operating out of Yavne and later Tiberias. In the last big revolt, the Jews with Persian assistance began building a Third Temple but were stopped short when the Byzantines retook Judea. By this point, the Jews of Judea were only a small minority of the Jewish population worldwide, but Judea remained majority-Jewish or nearly so until being almost wiped out in the First Crusade. A small but visible community called the Old Yishuv remained present until the Napoleonic Wars, when diaspora Jews began returning in larger numbers, leading to the Zionist movement in the late 19th century.
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Theology Note! Heaven as a paradise for God's chosen is not a thing in Judaism. The only person taken "to the heavens" is the prophet Elijah, who canonically is still alive up there and waiting to come back. Sheol is a holdover from the Old Gods as the domain of Horon, who later migrated into Greek paganism as Hades, but beyond the oldest parts of the Old Testament, the afterlife only becomes more ambiguous. By the time we get to Second Temple Judaism– i.e. the non-beta version of Judaism– there was open debate as to whether there even is an afterlife.
Eventually, the House of Hillel prevailed with its belief that there was an immortal soul, but the fate of that soul was ambiguous, and it's been there ever since. Many schools of Jewish thought even believe in reincarnation, but unlike in Dante's own Roman Catholicism with its universal doctrines and Papal infallibility, Judaism doesn't have any central authority to decide what's what, and every idea about the afterlife out there is emphatically a hypothesis, and nobody claims to be certain. Generally speaking, Judaism teaches that our actions always have consequences in this world, both for ourselves and for the next generation, and that's what's most important.
Anyway, shameless plug: if you like what I have to say, I have a channel that's all about ancient Jewish history. Come check it out!
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