Comments by "Biały" (@Bialy_1) on "Asianometry"
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"Most ceramics resist the flow of electric current, and for this reason ceramic materials such as porcelain have traditionally been made into electric insulators. Some ceramics, however, are excellent conductors of electricity."
"Electric conductivity in ceramics, as in most materials, is of two types: electronic and ionic. Electronic conduction is the passage of free electrons through a material. In ceramics the ionic bonds holding the atoms together do not allow for free electrons. However, in some cases impurities of differing valence (that is, possessing different numbers of bonding electrons) may be included in the material, and these impurities may act as donors or acceptors of electrons. In other cases transition metals or rare-earth elements of varying valency may be included; these impurities may act as centres for polarons—species of electrons that create small regions of local polarization as they move from atom to atom. Electronically conductive ceramics are used as resistors, electrodes, and heating elements."
Try next time google the topic of your comment first...😅
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from wikipedia:
In 1925, Fred C. Koch joined MIT classmate Lewis E. Winkler at an engineering firm in Wichita, Kansas, which was renamed the Winkler-Koch Engineering Company. In 1927, they developed a more efficient thermal cracking process for turning crude oil into gasoline. This process, which the company sold to many independent refineries in the United States, threatened the competitive advantage of established oil companies, which sued for patent infringement. Temporarily forced out of business in the United States, they turned to other markets, including the Soviet Union, where Winkler-Koch built 15 cracking units between 1929 and 1932. During this time, Koch came to despise communism and Joseph Stalin's regime. In his 1960 book, A Business Man Looks at Communism, Koch wrote that he found the USSR to be "a land of hunger, misery, and terror". According to Charles Koch, "Virtually every engineer he worked with [there] was purged.
But Koch industries -> Founded: February 8, 1940
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