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  11. My parents lived in the Soviet Union for most of their lives. My father was born in 1949 and my mother in 1952 (Stalin was still at power at this time). They were descendants of Germans who emigrated to Czarist Russia in the late 18th century. Central Europe faced widespread poverty after the Thirty Years 'and Seven Years' War and the Russian government offered portions of land to good conditions. 150 years went by and an own republic, north of Tsaritsyn (later known as Stalingrad) and south of Saratov, mostly inhabited by ethnic Germans had formed. Here in Germany the inhabitants of this former republic, who lived near the Volga stream, are called "Volga Germans" by the historians. After Nazi Germany launched its wide scale military operation in Summer 1941, many German communities (mostly located near the Black Sea) and the above mentioned Republic (which at least on paper to this point had something of an autonomous status) were forcefully dissolved by Stalin's order and its people got deported to Siberia and bare steppe of today's Kazakhstan. My paternal grandmother faced this harsh fate when she was only 18 years young and soon saw herself laboring in the "Трудовая армия" (a giant multi-ethnic working force consisting of forced laborers who were considered a severe thread to communism and state integrity during the war). And even after the Red Army and Western Allies won in 1945, my grandmother and her husband, whom she met in the labor camp, didn't get their citizens rights back till 1956, as Khrushchev already began to debunk the constructed myths and lies surrounding Stalin. Wherever they went afterwards, there were soon or later labeled fascist pigs, those who didn't get "rightfully shot or beaten to death". Even as my father and uncle grew older, they were still sometimes confronted with such verbal attacks. My mother's parents... just had bad luck. Her father, an Estonian, tried to flee from his country after Soviet occupation in 1940 with a small boat. 50 kilometers away or so from Swedish territorial waters, he got caught with others following the same intention. Needless to say where he had to went, after he was sentenced a traitor. Her mother, who lived in Ukraine at the time, sympathized with the invading Germans and was soon brought "back to the Reich", as she could prove her German ancestry and ability to speak fluently German, and was housed in Spandau (Berlin). Not knowing of the atrocities the Wehrmacht and SS units did on the Eastern Front and within the conquered territory, she had hoped that Hitler would win the war and free Ukraine (and foremost German villages) from Bolshevist rule. Especially Ukraine has suffered horribly under artificial famines in the 1930s caused by Stalin's five-year plans to modernize and industrialize the Soviet union. April 1945, as the Red Army was about to close its encirclement around Berlin, my maternal grandmother and others in her district were told to wait till they'll be evacuated to West Germany. Preparations were about to be completed but it was too late. All escaping routes were blocked by the Red Army and in 1946, she was sent to where many of my family members already had to work off their labor sentence for some years. This text doesn't have much to do with the video. But I still wanted to share this story. YouTube recommended me your videos recently and I like your content. Keep up the good work. Greetings from Germany, Artur PS: I look forward to buying your book.
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  15. As has been mentioned by Joanne, Khrushchev established the Patrice Lumumba University in 1960. Its stated intention was to offer higher education to Africans who were unable to obtain it at home. The Soviets made a big deal about how they were practicing racial equality at a time when many blacks were not being admitted to de facto white universities in the US. In reality, the Soviets built the the school in an isolated section of Moscow specifically to isolated them, and black students were not permitted to go to the city centers unaccompanied. Students complained of being segregated from most Russians, and that Russians treated them like a colonial power. The university was admitting students from sub-Saharan Africa that didn't even have a secondary education all the way through students from places like Libya and Tunisia that had educations comparable with most European schools. This not only caused a very high dropout rate, but the more highly educated students, who were generally light skinned, demanded that the black students be segregated to a different section of the university so their lack of education wouldn't hold them back. Although the University started out mostly offering education in engineering and construction, all the students were required to take courses in communist theory and third world liberation. As the school became more political, more and more of the students went back to their countries to become political agitators and revolutionaries. Almost all African countries were dictatorships at the time, and even avowedly Marxist countries like Ghana stopped allowing students to study at Patrice Lumumba. The university started admitting more students form Central and South America to keep up enrollment, but the political education caused the same issues when they returned home, and more racial clashes broke out. There were actually demonstrations by African students in the late 60's and early 70's demanding things like a bus line that would allow them to get to the city centers, the end of prohibition of interracial dating, and more education in science and medicine with less political indoctrination. Over time, the university "social agencies", the ones that really ran the place, gave into these demands after the western press started reporting on the demonstrations. This was the start of African students being able to mingle with the Russian population and the incipient antiblack racism you talked about started to emerge. It was easy to be for racial equality until your daughter started dating an African or Africans demanded the same public accommodations as Russians. There were near riots in Moscow and other cities when Africans were allowed in the same bars as Russians and alcohol fueled fights broke out. Soviet police were rumored to use street beatings as a non-judicial punishment for Africans they felt "got out of line". Some African students left because they felt their treatment was no better than what they would have gotten in the US and the quality of the education was worse. Soviet leadership was aghast at the lack of gratitude when these student returned home ad started criticizing the USSR. The end for Patrice Lumumba U came along with demise of the USSR. The university was renamed The Russian Peoples’ Friendship University, or RUDN. It still exists, but mainly serves students from Russia's minority regions, other former Soviet republics, and a smattering of foreign students. Educational standards have declined dramatically, and, even within Russia and the former CIS republics, an RUDN degree isn't accepted in many places. There have been moves in recent years to increase standards, but that would mean not admitting many of their preferred students, so the battle between education and ideology continues.
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